Function of the Spleen Function of the Spleen By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrate animals. It mainly acts as a filter for purifying the blood, removing microbes and worn out or damaged red blood cells. It is also an important organ in the immune system, producing the white blood cells that fight infection and synthesize antibodies. Although the spleen is important for many functions in the body, the spleen is not vital to survival and it is possible to live without a spleen. Without the spleen, other organs in the body (particularly the liver) adapt and increase their ability to fight infection and remove redundant red blood cells. Anatomy and function of the spleen The spleen is located in the left upper quarter of the abdomen, beneath the ninth to the twelfth rib. In healthy adults, the organ measures around 10 to 12 centimetres in length and weighs around 150 to 200 grams. The spleen is divided into two main compartments, the red pulp and the white pulp, and is surrounded by a dense fibrous covering called the splenic capsule.

The white pulp is the infection-fighting lymphoid tissue where white blood cells are produced and mature. This pulp is made up of periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) and lymphatic nodules. The sheaths surround central arteries within the spleen and contain T lymphocytes that attack foreign bodies as the blood is filtered into the spleen. The lymphatic nodules are where B-lymphocytes predominate, producing antibodies to coat pathogens and flag them up for removal by scavenger cells. The splenic artery delivers blood to the spleen where it is filtered by the red pulp. The red pulp is made up of cords of connective tissue and wide blood vessels called splenic sinusoids. Blood passes through the cords and into the sinusoids where it is drained into the large trabecular veins of the spleen. Blood is filtered through gaps in the sinusoid lining, which prevents old, damaged or abnormal red blood cells from passing into the bloodstream. These unwanted cells are targeted by phagocytes, which also ingest any invading pathogens that are present such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Other debris such as denatured hemoglobin is also prevented from entering the blood stream by the sinusoids.

The channels of the red pulp also act as a reservoir for storing various blood components, particularly phagocytes and platelets, which can be released and travel to sites of injury to regulate inflammation and facilitate healing. Reviewed by April Cashin-Garbutt , BA Hons (Cantab) Lymphatic System and Immune System | Medical Terminology for Cancer Medical Terminology for Cancer 9: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Found this page useful? Functions of the lymphatic system The key functions of the lymphatic system: Drains excess fluids and proteins from tissues all around the body and returns them back into the bloodstream. Removes waste products produced by cells. Fights infections. Immage source: Wikimedia License: CC-BY-3.0 Lymph Lymph is a fluid that circulates throughout the body in the lymphatic system. It forms when tissue fluids/blood plasma (mostly water, with proteins and other dissolved substances) drain into the lymphatic system. It contains a high number of lymphocytes (white cells that fight infection). Lymph that forms in the digestive system called chyle, this contains higher levels of fats, and looks milky white.

Lymph vessels Walled, valved structures that carry lymph around the body Lymph nodes Small bean-shaped glands that produce lymphocytes, filter harmful substances from the tissues, and contain macrophages, which are cells that digest cellular debris, pathogens and other foreign substances. Major groups of lymph nodes are located in the tonsils, adenoids, armpits, neck, groin and mediastinum. Thymus The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system, located between the breast bone and heart. It produces lymphocytes, is important for T cell maturation (T for thymus-derived). Spleen The spleen is an organ in the upper left abdomen, which filters blood, disposes of worn-out red blood cells, and provides a 'reserve supply' of blood. It contains both red tissue, and white lymphatic tissue. Different parts of the the spleen specialize in different kinds of immune cells. The major (encapsulated) lymphatic organs are the lymph nodes, thymus and spleen.

In addition the lymphoid tissues include: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) These are bundles of lymphatic cells, called lymphatic nodules, located within the mucus membranes that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts. These nodules contain lymphocytes and macrophages which defend against invading bacteria and other pathogens that enter these passages along with food, air, or urine. These nodules can be solitary or grouped together in clusters. Major clusters of lymphatic nodules include: Tonsils: these are clusters of lymphatic tissue under the mucous membrane lining of the nose, mouth, and throat. Lymphocytes and macrophages in the tonsils provide protection against foreign substances and pathogens that enter the body through the nose or mouth. Adenoids: A cluster of lymphatic tissue that hangs from the upper part of the back of the nasal cavity. Adenoids get bigger after birth but usually stop growing by the age of 7. Like the Tonsils, they can be removed without significantly increased risk of infections. Peyer's patches: these are clusters of lymphatic nodules in the mucosa that lines the ileum of the small intestine.

They play an important role in defending against the large number of pathogens that enter the gastrointestinal system. Circulation of tissue fluids Fluid in the spaces between tissues is called interstitial fluid, or 'tissue fluid'. This provides the cells of the body with nutrients (via the blood supply) and a means of waste removal. Lymph is formed when the interstitial fluid is collected through tiny lymph capillaries (see diagram), which are located throughout the body. It is then transported through lymph vessels to lymph nodes, which clean and filter it. Lymph then flows on to the lymphatic ducts, before emptying into the right or the left subclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood. Blood is enriched with oxygen (by the respiratory system) and nutrients (by the digestive system), which are circulated all around the body (by the cardiovascular system). Some fluid (blood plasma) leaks out into the tissues via tiny capillaries, contributing to interstitial fluid, which eventually drains back into the lymphatic system. The immune system includes a variety of defenses against viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, and parasites (such as thread worms). The lympatic system is part of the broader Immune System.

Innate immune system This are the non-specific, unchanging lines of defenses which include: Physical and chemical barriers to pathogens. Producing cytokines and other chemical factors to recruit immune cells to sites of infection. Activates the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and to promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes. Identifies and removes foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialised white blood cells. Activation of the adaptive immune system, through a process known as antigen presentation. Adaptive immune system Adaptive (or acquired) immunity is where immunological memory is made after an initial response to a new pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to future exposure to that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. This is essential because bacteria and viruses are continually adapting and evolving in an 'arms race' with our immune systems. Features of the adaptive immune system include: Recognition of specific "non-self" antigens, during the process of antigen presentation. The generation of responses tailored to destroy specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. Development of immunological memory, in which each pathogen is "remembered" by signature antibodies or T cell receptors.

These memory cells can be called upon to quickly eliminate a pathogen should subsequent infections occur. Cells of the Immune System There are many different cell types and sub-types involved in the immune system. Some of the main types include: Lymphocytes: are white cells which circulate between blood and lymph. They play an important role in fighting infection. There are many kinds of lymphocytes; the main types are T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. Lymphocytes initially develop in the bone marrow. Some migrate to the thymus, where they mature into T cells ; others mature in the bone marrow as B cells. Neutrophils: are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are an important part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte (cells which engulf and then digest, cellular debris and pathogens). They are normally found in the blood stream, but are quickly recruited to the site of injury or infection following chemical signals such as Interleukin-8. Macrophages: are another type of phagocyte and have a role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. They attack foreign substances, infectious microbes and cancer cells.

Macrophages also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to pathogens. Dendritic cells: are antigen-presenting cells which act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems. They are usually located in tissues in contact with the external environment such as the skin, linings of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. In response to pathogens they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with T cells and B cells to initiate the adaptive immune response. Antigens and Antibodies Antibodies (also known as an immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B-cells,that bind to specific antigens on the surface of foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. This identifies and 'tags' the foreign object as 'non-self', signalling other immune cells to attack them. Hormones and the Immune System There are several hormones generated by the immune system. These hormones are generally known as lymphokines. Steroids and corticosteroids (components of adrenaline) suppress the immune system. Cancer Focus Metastatic spread of cancer via the lymph nodes Lymph nodes close to the primary tumor are often the first site of metastases (spread of cancer).

Lymph node metastases are rarely life threatening, but their detection is a prognostic factor for many types of cancer as it shows the tumor has developed the ability to spread. Tumor cells may travel via the lymphatic system and spread to to lymph nodes and distant organs. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy A dye is injected near the primary tumor to identify the position of the sentinel lymph node (the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread as the lympatic system drains fluid away from the tumor). The sentinel node is surgically removed and a pathologist checks for the presence of cancer cells. SLNB is most frequently used to help stage breast cancer and melanoma. It is a less extensive operation compared to standard lymph node surgery. Immunosuppression This is reduced activity or efficiency of the immune system and its ability to fight infections and other diseases. Certain diseases such as AIDS or lymphoma can cause immunosuppression. It is also a common side-effect of anticancer chemotherapy, leading to cancer patients having an increased risk of infections during treatment. Lymphoma A general term form for malignant disease of the lymphatic tissue characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.

There are a number of types of lymphoma, including Hodgkin Lymphoma, with most other types classed together as Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hodgkin Lymphoma A malignancy of the lymphatic tissue that occurs most often in males, and the peak incidence is between ages 15 and 35. It is characterised by progressive, painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymph tissue. In Hodgkin Lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cells (a specific type of lymphocyte) become abnormal and grow in an uncontrolled way. AIDS related lymphoma Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has increased in parallel with the AIDS epidemic. Lymphomas affecting HIV infected people are mostly of the aggressive B-cell types (diffuse large cell, B-immunoblastic, or small non-cleaved Burkitt's / Burkitt's like lymphoma) which are less common in non-HIV infected lymphoma patients.

The HIV virus is not thought to a direct cause of lymphoma, rather it weakens the body's defences and may increase susceptibility to other infections such as the Epstein-Barr and HHV-8 viruses which are associated with these types of lymphomas. Internet Resources for AIDS related Lymphoma Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia This is a rare malignant condition, involving an excess of beta-lymphocytes (a type of cell in the immune system) which secrete immunoglobulins (a type of antibody). WM usually occurs in people over sixty, but has been detected in younger adults. Internet Resources for Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Cancer Immunotherapy This is treatment to stimulate the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer cells. Different approaches include: 1) cancer vaccination to train the immune system to recognise the cancer cells as targets to be destroyed, 2) giving therapeutic antibodies to recruit immune system cells to destroy tumor cells, and 3) cell based immunotherapy which is either transfusing immune cells (such as Natural killer Cells) or by administering cytokines (such as Interleukins) which activate the immune cells.

HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of infection. There are over 100 different sub-types of HPV. HPV types 16 and 18 cause 70% of cervical cancers and are also linked to cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis, as well as the mouth and throat. Over time these can cause cells in the cervix to change, leading to precancerous conditions - cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), with a higher risk of developing cancer. Vaccination against HPV 16, 18 and other 'high risk' types of HPV reduces the risk of developing cervical and other HPV-related cancers. Internet Resources for HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Lymphedema Lymphedma is an abnormal build up of interstitial fluid due to problems in the lymphatic system. It can have many causes. In the context of cancer it is often a result of obstruction by a tumor or enlarged lymph nodes. It can also be a side effect of radiotherapy or surgery, which has damaged the lymph vessels.

The components of the immune system National Library of Medicine A section, with diagrams from: Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The Immune System Paul Andersen Paul Andersen explains how your body protects itself from invading viruses and bacteria. He starts by describing the nonspecific immune responses of skin and inflammation. He then explains how we use antibodies to disrupt the function of antigens and mark them for destruction. He then explains both the homoral and cell-mediated immune response highlighting the importance of B and T lymphocytes. He finally describes the process of long term immunity. lympatic and immune / kellys flashcards at Tennessee Technology Center - Nashville - StudyBlue what is the immune system made up of? a network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. the series of steps which the immune system attacks organisms which invade our systems and cause disease is what? immune response what cells are part of this defense system that protect our body's?

white blood cells ( leukocytes) name three places leukocytes are stored thymus, spleen and bone marrow clumps of lymphoid tissue throughout the body are primarily in the form of lymph nodes leukocytes circulate throughout the body between organs and nodes by means of the.

(think of a highway between rest stops that are lymphoid organs and lymph nodes) lymphatic vessels Name the two basic types of leukocytes phagocytes and lymphocytes cells that chew up invading organisms (pac man) phagocytes cells that allow the body to remember previous invaders and help the body destroy them lymphocytes the most common type of phagocyte is (primarily fights bacteris) neutrophil what are the two kinds of lymphocytes B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes where do lymphocytes start out in bone marrow throughout our lives we develop this immunity as a second kind of protection adaptive (active) immunity what type of immunity is borrowed from another source that lasts for a short time passive mothers breast milk is an example of what type of immunity ( provides temporary immunity to diseases that the mother has been exposed to passive immunity Four categories of immune system disorders immunodeficiency (primary or acquired), autoimmune (body's own immune system attacks its own tissues), allergic (immune system overreacts in response to an antigen), cancers of the immune system what system is similar to the circulatory system lymphatic system what is the function of the lymphatic system filtering mechanism for microorganisms and a protective device against foreign invaders such as cancer the network of vessels that make up the lymph

atic system lymphatic vessels what do the lymphatic vessels carry lymph clear, watery fluid containing protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea and other substances lymph where is the spleen located upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage what is the spleens function works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing out worn out red blood cells and other foreign bodies germs are filtered out from where in the lymphatic system lymph nodes small masses of tissue located along the network of lymph vessels lymph nodes special proteins that fight off germs and stop infections and are made by lymphocutes antibodies major parts of the lymph tissue is located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes and the tonsils what other organs also contain lymphatic tissue heart, lungs, intestines, liver and skin one of the major lymphatic vessels thoracic duct thoracic duct collects lymph from the pelvis, abdomen and lower chest the other major lymphatic vessel right lymphatic duct the right lymphatic duct collects lymph from what side of the neck, chest and arm right the lymphocytes located inside of the lymph nodes that help the body fight infection B cells and T cells lymph fluid drains into role of body with active immunity product of the bodies own

 effort immediate developing immunity agent into the body (body not working, just passing the time of day) passive immunity development speed of protection with passive immunity immediate length of time of protection with passive immunity short lasting (few weeks) treat disease, modify disease and for immediate prevention role of body with passive immunity body takes no part in producing this immunity B-Cell development ( unable to penetrate living cells, memory and antibodies_ stem cells - 1st stage occurs in liver & bone marrow before birth and in bone marrow in adults - transplanted to lymph node - makes contact with antigen - plasma cells - antibodies = humoral immunity T cell development (attack body cells invaded with virus, provide memory but not antibodies) stem cells - 1st stage of development (thymus) shortly before birth and after birth - migrate to lymph node - contact with antigen - small sensitized lymphocytes = cell mediated immunity (cellular immunity) specialized fluid formed int he tissue spaces that will be transported by way of specialized vessels to reenter the circulatory system lymph blood plasma that has filtered out of capillaries into microscopic spaces between cells is called interstitial fluid network of tiny blind ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces is called lymphatic capillaries lymph eventually empties into two terminal vessels called

 the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct the thoracic duct has an enlarged pouch like structure called the cisterna chyli lymph is filtered moving through_____ which is located in clusters along the pathway of lymphatic vessels lymph nodes lymph enters the node through four ___________ lymph vessels afferent lymph exits from the node through a single ____________ lymph vessel efferent hypersensitivity of the immune system to harmless antigens allergy the most numerous cells of the immune system the lymphocytes what occurs last in the immune process antibodies what occurs third in the immune process activated b cells immature B cells have how many specific kind(s) of defense mechanisms on their cell membrane one development of an immature B cell depends on the B cell coming in contact with antigens the kind of cell that produces large numbers of antibodies is the memory cells develop into plasma cells and secrete large amounts of antibody plasma cells which are short lived cells that make antibodies can produce how many antibody molecules per second 2,000 Are all of the following statements true or false of memory cells: produce large numbers of antibodies, found in lymph nodes, develop into plasma cells, can react with antigens true t cell development beings in the thymus B cells function indirectly to product Humoral immunity T

 cells function to product cell mediated immunity The second stage of B cell development changes an immature B cell into a(n) activated B cell largest lymphoid organ in the body spleen connective tissue cells that are phagocytes macrophages protein compounds normally present in the body antibodies remain in reserve then turn into plasma cells when needed memory cells synthetically produced to fight certain diseases interferon lymph exists the node through this vessel efferent lymph enters the node through these vessels afferent secretes a copious amount of antibodies into the blood plasma cells Spleen and Lymphatic System Spleen and Lymphatic System El bazo y el sistema linfático The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.

The lymphatic system is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels. These vessels carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid containing protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body. The spleen is located in the upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage. It works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. Why They're Important One of the lymphatic system's major jobs is to collect extra lymph fluid from body tissues and return it to the blood. This process is important because water, proteins, and other substances are continuously leaking out of tiny blood capillaries into the surrounding body tissues. If the lymphatic system didn't drain the excess fluid, it would build up in the body's tissues and they would swell. The lymphatic system also helps defend the body against germs like viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause illnesses. Those germs are filtered out in the lymph nodes, which are small masses of tissue located along the network of lymph vessels. The nodes house lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

Some of those lymphocytes make antibodies, special proteins that fight off germs and stop infections from spreading by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them. The spleen also helps the body fight infection. The spleen contains lymphocytes and another kind of white blood cell called macrophages, which engulf and destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and foreign matter and remove them from the blood passing through the spleen. continue Basic Anatomy The lymphatic system is a network of very small tubes (vessels) that drain lymph fluid from all over the body. The major parts of the lymph tissue are located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue. One of the major lymphatic vessels is the thoracic duct, which begins near the lower part of the spine and collects lymph from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower chest. The thoracic duct runs up through the chest and empties into the blood through a large vein near the left side of the neck. The right lymphatic duct is the other major lymphatic vessel.

It collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm, and empties into a large vein near the right side of the neck. Lymph nodes are round or kidney shaped. Most lymph nodes are about 1 cm in diameter but they can vary in size. Most of the lymph nodes are found in clusters in the neck, armpit, and groin area. Nodes are also located along the lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, where they filter the blood. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. Lymphatic tissue is also scattered throughout the body in different major organs and in and around the gastrointestinal tract. The spleen helps control the amount of blood and blood cells that circulate through the body and helps destroy damaged cells. How It Works Carrying Away Waste Lymph fluid drains into tiny vessels called lymph capillaries. The fluid is then pushed along through the capillaries when a person breathes or the muscles contract. The lymph capillaries are very thin. They have many tiny openings that let gases, water, and nutrients pass through to the surrounding cells, nourishing them and taking away waste products.

When lymph fluid passes through in this way it is called interstitial fluid. Lymph vessels collect the interstitial fluid and then return it to the bloodstream by emptying it into large veins in the upper chest, near the neck. Fighting Infection Lymph fluid enters the lymph nodes, where macrophages fight off foreign bodies like bacteria, removing them from the bloodstream. After these substances have been filtered out, the lymph fluid leaves the lymph nodes and returns to the veins, where it re-enters the bloodstream. When a person has an infection, germs collect in the lymph nodes. If the throat is infected, for example, the lymph nodes of the neck may swell. That's why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometime called swollen "glands" — but they're actually lymph nodes) in the neck when your throat is infected. previous continue Things That Can Go Wrong Certain diseases can affect the lymph nodes, the spleen, or the collections of lymphoid tissue in certain areas of the body. Lymphadenopathy. This is a condition where the lymph nodes become swollen or enlarged, usually because of a nearby infection. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, for example, can be caused by a throat infection.

Once the infection is treated, the swelling usually goes away. If several lymph node groups throughout the body are swollen, that can indicate a more serious disease that needs further investigation by a doctor. Lymphadenitis. Also called adenitis, this inflammation of the lymph node is caused by an infection of the tissue in the node. The infection can cause the skin overlying the lymph node to swell, redden, and feel warm and tender to the touch. It usually affects the lymph nodes in the neck and is often caused by a bacterial infection that can be easily treated with an antibiotic. Lymphomas. These cancers start in the lymph nodes when lymphocytes undergo changes and start to multiply out of control. The lymph nodes swell, and the cancer cells crowd out healthy cells and may cause tumors (solid growths) in other parts of the body. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). In someone who is healthy, the spleen is usually small enough that it can't be felt when you press on the abdomen. But certain diseases can cause the spleen to swell to several times its normal size. Most commonly, this is due to a viral infection, such as mononucleosis.

But in some cases, more serious diseases such as cancer can cause the spleen to expand. If you have an enlarged spleen, your doctor will probably tell you to avoid contact sports like football for a while. If you're hit, the swollen spleen is vulnerable to rupturing (bursting). And if it ruptures, it can cause a huge amount of blood to be lost. Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is caused by an infection of the tonsils, the lymphoid tissues in the back of the mouth at the top of the throat that normally help to filter out bacteria. When the tonsils are infected, they become swollen and inflamed, and can cause a sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. The infection can also spread to the throat and surrounding areas, causing pain and inflammation. Someone with repeated tonsil infections may need to have them removed in a procedure called a tonsillectomy . Spleen and Lymphatic System - Health Tips for teens Kid's Health Spleen and Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels.

These vessels carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid containing protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body. The spleen is located in the upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage. It works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. Why They're Important One of the lymphatic system's major jobs is to collect extra lymph fluid from body tissues and return it to the blood. This process is important because water, proteins, and other substances are continuously leaking out of tiny blood capillaries into the surrounding body tissues. If the lymphatic system didn't drain the excess fluid, it would build up in the body's tissues and they would swell. The lymphatic system also helps defend the body against germs like viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause illnesses. Those germs are filtered out in the lymph nodes, which are small masses of tissue located along the network of lymph vessels. The nodes house lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

Some of those lymphocytes make antibodies, special proteins that fight off germs and stop infections from spreading by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them. The spleen also helps the body fight infection. The spleen contains lymphocytes and another kind of white blood cell called macrophages, which engulf and destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and foreign matter and remove them from the blood passing through the spleen. Basic Anatomy The lymphatic system is a network of very small tubes (vessels) that drain lymph fluid from all over the body. The major parts of the lymph tissue are located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue. One of the major lymphatic vessels is the thoracic duct, which begins near the lower part of the spine and collects lymph from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower chest. The thoracic duct runs up through the chest and empties into the blood through a large vein near the left side of the neck. The right lymphatic duct is the other major lymphatic vessel.

It collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm, and empties into a large vein near the right side of the neck. Lymph nodes are round or kidney shaped. Most lymph nodes are about 1 cm in diameter but they can vary in size. Most of the lymph nodes are found in clusters in the neck, armpit, and groin area. Nodes are also located along the lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, where they filter the blood. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. Lymphatic tissue is also scattered throughout the body in different major organs and in and around the gastrointestinal tract. The spleen helps control the amount of blood and blood cells that circulate through the body and helps destroy damaged cells. How It Works Carrying Away Waste Lymph fluid drains into tiny vessels called lymph capillaries. The fluid is then pushed along through the capillaries when a person breathes or the muscles contract. The lymph capillaries are very thin. They have many tiny openings that let gases, water, and nutrients pass through to the surrounding cells, nourishing them and taking away waste products.

When lymph fluid passes through in this way it is called interstitial fluid. Lymph vessels collect the interstitial fluid and then return it to the bloodstream by emptying it into large veins in the upper chest, near the neck. Fighting Infection Lymph fluid enters the lymph nodes, where macrophages fight off foreign bodies like bacteria, removing them from the bloodstream. After these substances have been filtered out, the lymph fluid leaves the lymph nodes and returns to the veins, where it re-enters the bloodstream. When a person has an infection, germs collect in the lymph nodes. If the throat is infected, for example, the lymph nodes of the neck may swell. That's why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometime called swollen "glands" — but they're actually lymph nodes) in the neck when your throat is infected. Things That Can Go Wrong Certain diseases can affect the lymph nodes, the spleen, or the collections of lymphoid tissue in certain areas of the body. Lymphadenopathy. This is a condition where the lymph nodes become swollen or enlarged, usually because of a nearby infection. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, for example, can be caused by a throat infection.

Once the infection is treated, the swelling usually goes away. If several lymph node groups throughout the body are swollen, that can indicate a more serious disease that needs further investigation by a doctor. Lymphadenitis. Also called adenitis, this inflammation of the lymph node is caused by an infection of the tissue in the node. The infection can cause the skin overlying the lymph node to swell, redden, and feel warm and tender to the touch. It usually affects the lymph nodes in the neck and is often caused by a bacterial infection that can be easily treated with an antibiotic. Lymphomas. These cancers start in the lymph nodes when lymphocytes undergo changes and start to multiply out of control. The lymph nodes swell, and the cancer cells crowd out healthy cells and may cause tumors (solid growths) in other parts of the body. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). In someone who is healthy, the spleen is usually small enough that it can't be felt when you press on the abdomen. But certain diseases can cause the spleen to swell to several times its normal size. Most commonly, this is due to a viral infection, such as mononucleosis.

But in some cases, more serious diseases such as cancer can cause the spleen to expand. If you have an enlarged spleen, your doctor will probably tell you to avoid contact sports like football for a while. If you're hit, the swollen spleen is vulnerable to rupturing (bursting). And if it ruptures, it can cause a huge amount of blood to be lost. Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is caused by an infection of the tonsils, the lymphoid tissues in the back of the mouth at the top of the throat that normally help to filter out bacteria. When the tonsils are infected, they become swollen and inflamed, and can cause a sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. The infection can also spread to the throat and surrounding areas, causing pain and inflammation. Someone with repeated tonsil infections may need to have them removed in a procedure called a tonsillectomy . Published on: 2016-08-11 The Lymphatic System | Lymphangiomatosis & Gorham's Disease Alliance Functions of the Lymphatic System The lymphatic system has three functions: The removal of excess fluids from body tissues.

This process is crucial because water, proteins, and other substances are continuously leaking out of tiny blood capillaries into the surrounding body tissues. If the lymphatic system didn’t drain the excess fluid from the tissues, the lymph fluid would build up in the body’s tissues, and they would swell. Absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, chyle, to the circulatory system. Production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells). Fluid and Protein Balance As blood moves through the arteries and veins, 10% of the fluid filtered by the capillaries, along with vital proteins, becomes trapped in the tissues of the body. This loss of this fluid (approximately 1-2 liters/day) would rapidly become life threatening if the lymphatic system did not properly function. The lymphatic system collects this fluid and returns it to the circulatory system. Immunity and Spread of Infection The lymphatic system plays an integral role in the immune functions of the body. It is the first line of defense against disease. This network of vessels and nodes transports and filters lymph fluid containing antibodies and lymphocytes (good) and bacteria (bad).

The body’s first contact with these invaders signals the lymphatics, calling upon this system to orchestrate the way the infection-fighting cells prevent illness and diseases from invading microorganisms. The spleen also helps the body fight infection. The spleen contains lymphocytes and another kind of white blood cell called macrophages, which engulf and destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and foreign matter and remove them from the blood passing through the spleen. Digestion Lymph vessels in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract absorb fats from food. A malfunction of this part of the lymphatic system can result in serious malnutrition. The lymphatic system also impacts diseases such as excessive obesity caused by abnormal fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Basic Anatomy The lymphatic system is a network of very small tubes (or vessels) that drain lymph fluid from all over the body. The major parts of the lymph tissue are located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue. One of the major lymphatic vessels is the thoracic duct, which begins near the lower part of the spine and collects lymph from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower chest.

The thoracic duct runs up through the chest and empties into the blood through a large vein near the left side of the neck. The right lymphatic duct is the other major lymphatic vessel and collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm, and empties into a large vein near the right side of the neck. Lymph nodes are round or kidney-shaped, and can be up to 1 inch in diameter. Most of the lymph nodes are found in clusters in the neck, armpit, and groin area. Nodes are also located along the lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, where they filter the blood. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. Lymphatic tissue is also scattered throughout the body in different major organs and in and around the gastrointestinal tract. How a Healthy Lymph System Typically Works Carrying Away Waste Lymph fluid drains into lymph capillaries, which are tiny vessels. The fluid is then pushed along when a person breathes or the muscles contract.

The lymph capillaries are very thin, and they have many tiny openings that allow gases, water, and nutrients to pass through to the surrounding cells, nourishing them and taking away waste products. When lymph fluid leaks through in this way it is called interstitial fluid. Lymph vessels collect the interstitial fluid and then return it to the bloodstream by emptying it into large veins in the upper chest, near the neck. Fighting Infection Lymph fluid enters the lymph nodes, where macrophages fight off foreign bodies like bacteria, removing them from the bloodstream. After these substances have been filtered out, the lymph fluid leaves the lymph nodes and returns to the veins, where it re-enters the bloodstream. Looking at the Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes can be visualized by the process of lymphangiography. A radiopaque (not transparent to x-rays) contrast material is injected into a lymphatic vessel. This will show up the vessel and its’ connections to other lymph vessels. The fluid is left in the system for 24 hours and the lymph nodes can then be observed by X-rays. This technique is quite important in the treatment of neoplasms and other disorders of the lymphatic system.

The technique is also used to locate lymph nodes for radiation therapy or for surgical removal. Spleen and Lymphatic System Spleen and Lymphatic System Problems of the Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body. The spleen, located in the upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage, works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. About the Spleen and Lymphatic System One of the lymphatic system's major jobs is to collect extra lymph fluid from body tissues and return it to the blood. This is crucial because water, proteins, and other substances are always leaking out of tiny blood capillaries into the surrounding body tissues. If the lymphatic system didn't drain the excess fluid from the tissues, the lymph fluid would build up in the body's tissues, causing them to swell.

The lymphatic system also helps defend the body against germs (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) that can cause illnesses. Those germs are filtered out in the lymph nodes, which are small masses of tissue located along the network of lymph vessels. The nodes house lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Some of those lymphocytes make antibodies, special proteins that stop infections from spreading by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them. The spleen also helps the body fight infection. The spleen contains lymphocytes and another kind of white blood cell (called macrophages) that engulf and destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and foreign matter and remove them from the blood passing through the spleen. Basic Anatomy The lymphatic system is a network of very small tubes (or vessels) that drain lymph fluid from all over the body. The major parts of the lymph tissue are located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue. One of the major lymphatic vessels is the thoracic duct, which begins near the lower part of the spine and collects lymph from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower chest.

The thoracic duct runs up through the chest and empties into the blood through a large vein near the left side of the neck. The right lymphatic duct is the other major lymphatic vessel and collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm, and empties into a large vein near the right side of the neck. Lymph nodes are round or kidney-shaped. Most lymph nodes are about 1 cm in diameter but they can vary in size. Most of the lymph nodes are found in clusters in the neck, armpit, and groin area. Nodes are also located along the lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, where they filter the blood. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. Lymphatic tissue is also scattered throughout the body in different major organs and in and around the gastrointestinal tract. The spleen helps control the amount of blood and blood cells that circulate through the body and helps destroy damaged cells. How A Healthy Lymph System Works Carrying Away Waste Lymph fluid drains into lymph capillaries, which are tiny vessels. The fluid is then pushed along when a person breathes or the muscles contract.

The lymph capillaries are very thin, and they have many tiny openings that allow gases, water, and nutrients to pass through to the surrounding cells, nourishing them and taking away waste products. When lymph fluid leaks through in this way it is called interstitial fluid. Lymph vessels collect the interstitial fluid and then return it to the bloodstream by emptying it into large veins in the upper chest, near the neck. Fighting Infection Lymph fluid enters the lymph nodes, where macrophages fight off foreign bodies like bacteria, removing them from the bloodstream. After these substances have been filtered out, the lymph fluid leaves the lymph nodes and returns to the veins, where it re-enters the bloodstream. When a person has an infection, germs collect in the lymph nodes. If the throat is infected, for example, the lymph nodes of the neck may swell. That's why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometimes called swollen "glands" — but they're actually lymph nodes) in the neck when your throat is infected. Problems of the Lymphatic System Certain diseases can affect the lymph nodes, the spleen, or the collections of lymphoid tissue in certain areas of the body. Lymphadenopathy.

This is a condition where the lymph nodes become swollen or enlarged, usually because of a nearby infection. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, for example, can be caused by a throat infection. Once the infection is treated, the swelling usually goes away. If several lymph node groups throughout the body are swollen, that can indicate a more serious disease that needs further investigation by a doctor. Lymphadenitis . Also called adenitis, this inflammation of the lymph node is caused by an infection of the tissue in the node. The infection can cause the skin overlying the lymph node to swell, redden, and feel warm and tender to the touch. This infection usually affects the lymph nodes in the neck, and it's usually caused by a bacterial infection that can be easily treated with an antibiotic. Lymphomas . These cancers start in the lymph nodes when lymphocytes undergo changes and start to multiply out of control. The lymph nodes swell, and the cancer cells crowd out healthy cells and may cause tumors (solid growths) in other parts of the body. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). In healthy people, the spleen is usually small enough that it can't be felt when you press on the abdomen.

But certain diseases can cause the spleen to swell to several times its normal size. Usually, this is due to a viral infection, such as mononucleosis . But in some cases, more serious diseases such as cancer can cause it to expand. Doctors usually tell someone with an enlarged spleen to avoid contact sports like football for a while because a swollen spleen is vulnerable to rupturing (bursting). And if it ruptures, it can cause a huge amount of blood loss. Tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is caused by an infection of the tonsils, the lymphoid tissues in the back of the mouth at the top of the throat that normally help to filter out bacteria. When the tonsils are infected, they become swollen and inflamed, and can cause a sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. The infection can also spread to the throat and surrounding areas, causing pain and inflammation. A child with repeated tonsil infections may need to have them removed (a tonsillectomy). The lymphatic system and cancer | Cancer Research UK The lymphatic system and cancer The lymphatic system and cancer This page tells you about the lymphatic system and how cancer may affect it.

There is information about What the lymphatic system is The lymphatic system is a system of thin tubes and lymph nodes that run throughout the body. These tubes are called lymph vessels or lymphatic vessels. The lymph system is an important part of our immune system. It plays a role in fighting bacteria and other infections and destroying old or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. You can read detailed information about the immune system and cancer . The lymphatic system The diagram shows the lymph vessels, lymph nodes and the other organs that make up the lymphatic system. diagram-of-the-lymphatic-system.jpg The lymphatic system is similar to the blood circulation. The lymph vessels branch through all parts of the body like the arteries and veins that carry blood. But the lymphatic system tubes are much finer and carry a colourless liquid called lymph. Lymph contains a high number of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight infection and destroy damaged or abnormal cells. As the blood circulates around the body, fluid leaks out from the blood vessels into the body tissues. This fluid carries food to the cells and bathes the body tissues to form tissue fluid. The fluid then collects waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells.

It also collects any cancer cells if these are present. This fluid then drains into the lymph vessels. diagram-of-a-lymphatic-capillary.jpg The lymph then flows through the lymph vessels into the lymph glands, which filter out any bacteria and damaged cells. From the lymph glands, the lymph moves into larger lymphatic vessels that join up. These eventually reach a very large lymph vessel at the base of the neck called the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct then empties the lymph back into the blood circulation. Lymph nodes (lymph glands) There are lymph nodes in many parts of the body including Under your arms, in your armpits In each groin (at the top of your legs) In your neck You may be able to feel some of them. There are also lymph nodes that you cannot feel in Your tummy (abdomen) pelvis Your chest The lymph nodes filter the lymph fluid as it passes through them. White blood cells attack any bacteria or viruses they find in the lymph. If cancer cells break away from a tumour, they may become stuck in one or more of the nearest lymph nodes. So doctors check the lymph nodes first when they are working out how far a cancer has grown or spread.

Other lymphatic system organs The lymphatic system includes other body organs. These include the spleen, the thymus, the tonsils and the adenoids. The spleen The spleen is under your ribs on the left side of your body. It has two main different types of tissue, red pulp and white pulp. The red pulp filters worn out and damaged red blood cells from the blood and recycles them. The white pulp contains many B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. These are white blood cells that are very important for fighting infection. As blood passes through the spleen, these blood cells pick up on any sign of infection or illness and begin to fight it. The thymus The thymus is a small gland under your breast bone. It helps to produce white blood cells to fight infection. It is usually most active in teenagers and shrinks in adulthood. The tonsils and adenoids The tonsils are two glands in the back of your throat. The adenoids are glands at the back of your nose, where it meets the back of your throat. The adenoids are also called the nasopharyngeal tonsils. The tonsils and adenoids help to protect the entrance to the digestive system and the lungs from bacteria and viruses.

Question: In which organ of the body are worn-out red blood cells removed and antibodies synthesised?
Answer: Spleen