What Are Red Blood Cells? - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center What Are Red Blood Cells? Red blood cells play an important role in your health by carrying fresh oxygen throughout the body. Click to Enlarge Red blood cells are round with a flattish, indented center, like doughnuts without a hole. Your healthcare provider can check on the size, shape, and health of your red blood cells using tests, such as the complete blood count screening. Red blood cells at work Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from your body, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale. Red blood cells are made inside your bones, in the bone marrow. They typically live for about 120 days, and then they die. Click to Enlarge Nutrition and red blood cells Foods rich in iron help you maintain healthy red blood cells. Vitamins are also necessary to build healthy red blood cells.

These include vitamin E, found in foods such as dark green vegetables, nuts and seeds, mango, and avocados; vitamins B2, B12, and B3, found in foods such as eggs, whole grains, and bananas; and folate, available in fortified cereals, dried beans and lentils, orange juice, and green leafy vegetables. Illnesses of the red blood cells Most people don't think about their red blood cells unless they have a disease that affects these cells. Problems with red blood cells can be caused by illnesses or a lack of iron or vitamins in your diet. Some diseases of the red blood cells are inherited. Diseases of the red blood cells include many types of anemia, a condition in which there are too few red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout the body. People with anemia may have red blood cells that have an unusual shape or that look normal, larger than normal, or smaller than normal. Symptoms of anemia include tiredness, irregular heartbeats, pale skin, feeling cold, and, in severe cases, heart failure. Children who don't have enough healthy red blood cells grow and develop more slowly than other children.

These symptoms demonstrate how important red blood cells are to your daily life. These are common types of anemia: Iron-deficiency anemia. If you don't have enough iron in your body, your body won't be able to make enough red blood cells. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia. Among the causes of iron deficiency are a diet low in iron, a sudden loss of blood, a chronic loss of blood (such as from heavy menstrual periods), or the inability to absorb enough iron from food. Sickle cell anemia. In this inherited disease, the red blood cells are shaped like half moons rather than the normal indented circles. This change in shape can make the cells "sticky" and unable to flow smoothly through blood vessels. This causes a blockage in blood flow. This blockage may cause acute or chronic pain and can also lead to infection or organ damage. Sickle cells die much more quickly than normal blood cells—in about 10 to 20 days instead of 120 days—causing a shortage of red blood cells. Normocytic anemia.

This type of anemia happens when your red blood cells are normal in shape and size, but you don't have enough of them to meet your body's needs. Diseases that cause this type of anemia are usually long-term conditions, like kidney disease, cancer, or rheumatoid arthritis. Hemolytic anemia. This type of anemia happens when red blood cells are destroyed by an abnormal process in your body before their lifespan is over. As a result, your body doesn't have enough red blood cells to function, and your bone marrow cannot make enough to keep up with demand. Fanconi anemia. This is a rare inherited disorder in which your bone marrow isn't able to make enough of any of the components of blood, including red blood cells. Children born with this disorder often have serious birth defects because of the problems with their blood and may develop leukemia.

Medical Reviewers: Anemia - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health Chronic Kidney Disease (Partial Update): Early Identification and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care The Renal National Service Framework (NSF), and the subsequent NICE Clinical Practice Guideline for early identification and management of adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in primary and secondary care (CG73), served to emphasise the change in focus in renal medicine from treatment of established kidney disease to earlier identification and prevention of kidney disease. Blood transfusion for anaemia in patients with advanced cancer Many patients admitted to a hospice are anaemic but only a small proportion receive a blood transfusion. Two of the main symptoms of anaemia are fatigue and breathlessness. This review aimed to identify whether blood transfusion was a useful treatment for patients with advanced cancer who were anaemic. We identified only 12 relevant studies but all were of low quality. They indicated that fatigue and breathlessness improved immediately after the transfusion but this began to wane after a period of two weeks. Of those receiving a transfusion, 31% to 70% had a transient benefit that lasted about two weeks.

The use of erythropoietin improve anaemia and reduces blood transfusions in surgery for cancer of the large bowel. Patients with cancer of the large bowel are often anaemic and sometimes receive transfusions which may be harmful. The medication erythropoietin can be used to increase hemoglobin levels in a variety of situations and several studies have looked at this in patients who have surgery for their large bowel cancer. This systematic review of four studies found there is insufficient evidence to support the use of erythropoietin in the preoperative and post‐operative period for improving anaemia and decreasing blood transfusions. There was also no evidence that the medication was the cause of increased complications or deaths. Future studies or erythropoietin in large bowel cancer surgery should increase the dose or duration of treatment. Blood transfusion for anaemia in patients with advanced cancer Many patients admitted to a hospice are anaemic but only a small proportion receive a blood transfusion. Two of the main symptoms of anaemia are fatigue and breathlessness. This review aimed to identify whether blood transfusion was a useful treatment for patients with advanced cancer who were anaemic. We identified only 12 relevant studies but all were of low quality.

They indicated that fatigue and breathlessness improved immediately after the transfusion but this began to wane after a period of two weeks. Of those receiving a transfusion, 31% to 70% had a transient benefit that lasted about two weeks. The use of erythropoietin improve anaemia and reduces blood transfusions in surgery for cancer of the large bowel. Patients with cancer of the large bowel are often anaemic and sometimes receive transfusions which may be harmful. The medication erythropoietin can be used to increase hemoglobin levels in a variety of situations and several studies have looked at this in patients who have surgery for their large bowel cancer. This systematic review of four studies found there is insufficient evidence to support the use of erythropoietin in the preoperative and post‐operative period for improving anaemia and decreasing blood transfusions. There was also no evidence that the medication was the cause of increased complications or deaths. Future studies or erythropoietin in large bowel cancer surgery should increase the dose or duration of treatment. Erythropoietin helps people with kidney failure and symptoms from anaemia who are not yet on dialysis Anaemia (low red blood cells) is a common complication of kidney failure.

Anaemia causes some of the tiredness and problems associated with kidney failure. Manufactured erythropoietin (a hormone that increases red blood cell production) improves this, and is used by people on dialysis (treatment from an artificial kidney machine). This review found it can also reduce anaemia for people with kidney failure who are not yet on dialysis. It is not known if erythropoietin use can delay the need for dialysis. Anemia | University of Maryland Medical Center Anemia Introduction Anemia happens when blood does not have enough red blood cells to properly carry oxygen to your organs and tissues. Because your body does not get enough oxygen, you feel tired. Feeling tired is one of the primary symptoms of anemia. Your blood contains three types of cells: white blood cells, which fight off infection; platelets, which help blood to clot; and red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs throughout your body. Red blood cells are made in your bone marrow. They contain hemoglobin, an iron-based protein that helps blood cells carry oxygen. With anemia, your body either does not make enough red blood cells, or loses them faster than they can be replaced. There are several types of anemia.

The most common type is iron-deficiency anemia, which is caused by a lack of iron in your body. Other types include: Vitamin-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, caused by a lack of folic acid and vitamin B12 in your body. Anemia of chronic disease is caused when certain chronic diseases (such as cancer, kidney failure, or Crohn disease) interfere with the production of red blood cells. Aplastic anemia is caused when bone marrow cannot make all three types of blood cells. Aplastic anemia is life threatening. Hemolytic anemias are caused when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a type of hemoglobin that makes red blood cells form a crescent or sickle shape. These sickle cells die early, meaning the body is always short of red blood cells. The abnormal shape can block blood flow through small vessels, causing pain. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition that mainly affects people of African, Mediterranean, Arabic, or South American descent. Signs and Symptoms Many people with mild anemia have no complaints.

Symptoms of anemia can be mild at first, and can be mistaken for symptoms of other conditions. They include: Tiredness What Causes It? Anemia may have the following causes: Iron-deficiency anemia may be caused by blood loss, such as from an ulcer or heavy menstruation or after surgery; not getting enough iron in your diet; pregnancy; side effect of medication Vitamin-deficiency anemia may result from not getting enough folic acid and vitamin B12 in your diet, or not being able to absorb these vitamins (due to celiac disease, for example); side effect of medication Aplastic anemia may be caused by an autoimmune disorder Hemolytic anemia can be caused by medication, autoimmune disorders Sickle cell anemia is inherited Anemia of inflammation, which is the second most common anemia after iron-deficiency anemia, occurs as a result of a chronic disease. What to Expect at Your Provider's Office Anemia is often caused by another disease. Your doctor will draw blood and run lab tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) that measures the amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin in your blood. If you are anemic, your doctor may run more tests to see what type of anemia you have.

Treatment Options The cause of your anemia, and how serious your anemia is, will determine your treatment. Your doctor may suggest changes in your diet to make sure you get all the nutrients you need, such as vitamin B12, iron, and folic acid. Your doctor may also suggest nutritional supplements or medication. If your anemia is due to an underlying disease, your doctor will treat that disease. Drug Therapies Erythropoietin plus iron for anemia of chronic disease. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) for some hemolytic anemias. Corticosteroids suppress the immune system, and may help when anemia is caused by an autoimmune disorder. Medications that suppress the immune system, such as antithymocyte globulin or ATG and cyclosporine for aplastic anemia. Surgical and Other Procedures Removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be needed in cases of hereditary spherocytosis. Transfusions may help treat certain types of anemia, including anemia of chronic disease, sickle cell anemia, and aplastic anemia.

Bone marrow or stem cell transplant may be used in severe cases of aplastic anemia, or some cases of sickle cell anemia. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Most often, anemia is caused by a lack of iron or vitamins. Making changes to your diet or taking supplements usually help. You should, however, find out from your doctor the cause of your anemia. For example, too much iron is toxic, and you should not take supplements unless you have iron-deficiency anemia and your doctor recommends them. Herbal and nutritional treatments may help when used along with medical treatment. Nutrition and Supplements Iron: Ferrous fumerate, glycerate, or sulfate are the forms of iron your body can absorb most easily. Always ask your doctor before taking an iron supplement. Taking a smaller dose 3 times a day, or taking iron with meals, may reduce side effects. If you miss a dose, DO NOT take an extra dose the next time. Keep iron supplements away from children. Even a little excess iron can be fatal. Dietary sources of iron include red meat, especially calf liver, beans, beet greens, blackstrap molasses, almonds, and brewer's yeast.

Green leafy vegetables contain both iron and folic acid. Vitamin C helps your body absorb iron. Dietary sources include citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, broccoli, and cauliflower. Vitamin C supplements may interact with other medications, including chemotherapy drugs, estrogen, warfarin (Coumadin), and others. Vitamin B12 helps in cases of vitamin deficient or pernicious anemia. Dietary sources include liver, meats, eggs, tuna, and cheese. People with pernicious anemia cannot absorb the proper amount of vitamin B12 and may need lifelong supplements. Folic acid can be taken for folic acid deficiency, which can cause anemia. Good food sources include green leafy vegetables, orange juice, and grains. Taking a folic acid supplement can hide a vitamin B12 deficiency, so always take vitamin B12 when taking folic acid. Folic acid may interact with the chemotherapy drugs 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine (Xeloda). It may also interact with the antiseizure drugs phenytoin (Dilantin), phenobarbital, and primidone (Mysoline).

Blackstrap molasses, also known as pregnancy tea (1 tablespoon per day in a cup of hot water), is a good source of iron, B vitamins, and minerals. Blackstrap molasses is also a very gentle laxative. Herbs The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medicines. For these reasons, take herbs only under the supervision of a health care provider. Spirulina, or blue-green algae, may treat some anemias. Dose is 1 heaping teaspoon per day. If you take medications to suppress your immune system, ask your doctor before taking spirulina. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root or leaf, burdock ((Arctium lappa), and yellowdock (Rumex crispus): have traditionally been used to fortify and cleanse the blood. For mild cases of anemia, they may help bring levels of hemoglobin into normal range. Simmer roots for 20 minutes and leaves for 5 minutes.

You may use a single herb, or a combination of these four herbs. These herbs may interact with several medications, including warfarin (Coumadin), and other blood-thinning medications, as well as lithium, and digoxin, among others. Gentian (Gentiana lutea): is often used in Europe to treat anemia by stimulating the digestive system to more easily absorb iron and other nutrients. Chinese herbalists do not use gentian if someone has chronic pain or frequent urination. Gentian may lower blood pressure, so be careful if you already take medication for high blood pressure. Taking gentian could cause your blood pressure to drop too low. Homeopathy Although few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies for the treatment of anemia based on their knowledge and experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type, which is your physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual. A homeopath will usually consider anemia as symptomatic of an underlying condition, and treat that condition.

Ferrum phosphoricum: For iron deficiency Calcarea phosphorica: Particularly for children with nighttime bone aches, cool hands and feet, lack of energy, or poor digestion Following Up Eating a normal, balanced diet is very important if a nutrition problem is causing your anemia. You should avoid drugs that can cause stomach problems, and too much alcohol, if they are causing your anemia. A growing number of studies have reported an association between anemia and an increased risk of heart disease, including heart failure. Special Considerations Complications from anemia can range from loss of productivity due to weakness and fatigue to coma and death. Pregnant women need more iron and folic acid than women who are not pregnant. A folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can cause a group of birth defects known as neural-tube defects, such as spina bifida. Supporting Research Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1086-107. CDC Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep.

1998;47:1-29. Elia M. Oral or parenteral therapy for B12 deficiency. Lancet. 1998;352:1721-22. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. Hayden SJ, Albert TJ, Watkins TR, Swenson ER. Anemia in critical illness: insights into etiology, consequence, and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(10):1049-57. JAMA Patient Page. How much vitamin C do you need? JAMA. 1999;281(15):1460. Johnston CS. Recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA. 1999;282(22):2118-9. Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, Park JB, Wang Y. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA. 1999;281(15):1415-53.

Lu K, Cheng MC, Ge X, et al. A retrospective review of acupuncture use for the treatment of pain in sickle cell disease patients: descriptive analysis from a single institution. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(9):825-30. McClung JP, Karl JP, Cable SJ, Williams KW, Nindl BC, Young AJ, Lieberman HR. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation in female soldiers during military training: effects on iron status, physical performance, and mood. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):124-31. McCullough PA, Barnard D, Clare R, et al. Anemia and associated clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure due to reduced left ventricular systolic function. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(10):611-20. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Noori-Shadkam M, Fatehi F, Naghiaee Y. Once weekly low-dose iron supplementation effectively improved iron status in adolescent girls. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009 Aug 4.

[Epub ahead of print] O'Meara E, Rouleau JL, White M, et al. Heart failure with anemia: novel findings on the roles of renal disease, interleukins, and specific left ventricular remodeling processes. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(5):773-81. Peña-Rosas JP, Viteri FE. Effects and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD004736. Prakash D. Anemia in the ICU. Critical Care Clinics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. 2012;28(3). Ranucci M, Di Dedda U, Castelvecchio S, Menicanti L, Frigiola A, Pelissero G. Impact of preoperative anemia on outcome in adult cardiac surgery: a propensity-matched analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(4):1134-41. Rizack T, Rosene-Montella K. Special Hematologic Issues in the Pregnant Patient.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. 2012;26(2). Selmi C, Leung PS, Fischer L, German B, Yang CY, Kenny TP, Cysewski GR, Gershwin ME. The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011 May;8(3):248-54. Ullman D. The Consumer's Guide to Homeopathy. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam;1995:181. Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2007 Nov;232(10):1266-74. Review. Winther SA, Finer N, Sharma AM, Torp-Pedersen C, Andersson C. Association of anemia with the risk of cardiovascular adverse events in overweight/obese patients. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014; 38(3):432-7.

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Women in the childbearing years are particularly susceptible to a form of anaemia called iron -deficiency anaemia, because of the blood loss from menstruation and the increased blood supply demands during pregnancy . The elderly may also have a greater risk of developing anaemia because of poor diet and other medical conditions. There are many types of anaemia . All are very different in their causes and treatments. Iron-deficiency anaemia, the most common type, is easily treated with dietary changes and iron supplements . However, some types of anaemia may present lifelong health problems. What causes anaemia? There are more than 400 types of anaemia, which are divided into three groupings: Anaemia caused by blood loss Anaemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production Anaemia caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells Anaemia caused by blood loss Red blood cells can be lost through bleeding, which can occur slowly over a long period of time, and can often go undetected. This kind of chronic bleeding commonly results from the following: Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, haemorrhoids ( piles ), gastritis (inflammation of the stomach ) and cancer of the bowel .

Menstruation and childbirth in women, especially if menstrual bleeding is excessive and if there are multiple pregnancies Anaemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production The body may produce too few blood cells or the blood cells may not work properly. In either case, anaemia can result. Red blood cells may be faulty or decreased due to abnormal red blood cells or a lack of minerals and vitamins needed for red blood cells to work properly. Conditions associated with these causes of anaemia include the following: Bone marrow and stem cell problems Other health conditions Iron deficiency anaemia occurs because of a lack of the mineral iron in the body. Bone marrow, found in the centre of the long bones in the body, needs iron to make haemoglobin, the part of the red blood cell that transports oxygen to the body's organs. Without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough haemoglobin for red blood cells. The result is iron deficiency anaemia.

Iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by the following: An iron-poor diet , especially in infants, children , teens and vegetarians The metabolic demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding that deplete a woman's iron stores Menstruation About Thalassemia - Thalassemia.org the Cooleys Anemia Foundation site About Thalassemia We're Leaders in World Class Medical Research You Can Help Donate Now About Thalassemia A Basic Description | Alpha Thalassemia | Beta Thalassemia | Other Forms of Thalassemia | Downloadable Brochures on Thalassemia and its complications Thalassemia: A Basic Description Thalassemia is the name of a group of genetic blood disorders. To understand how thalassemia affects the human body, you must first understand a little about how blood is made. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying component of the red blood cells. It consists of two different proteins, an alpha and a beta. If the body doesn’t produce enough of either of these two proteins, the red blood cells do not form properly and cannot carry sufficient oxygen. The result is anemia that begins in early childhood and lasts throughout life.

Since thalassemia is not a single disorder but a group of related disorders that affect the human body in similar ways, it is important to understand the differences between the various types of thalassemia. Alpha Thalassemia People whose hemoglobin does not produce enough alpha protein have alpha thalassemia. It is commonly found in Africa, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, southern China, and occasionally the Mediterranean region. There are four types of alpha thalassemia that range from mild to severe in their effect on the body. Silent Carrier State. This condition generally causes no health problems because the lack of alpha protein is so small that the hemoglobin functions normally. It is called “silent carrier” because of how difficult it is to detect. Silent carrier state is “diagnosed” by deduction when an apparently normal individual has a child with hemoglobin H disease or alpha thalassemia trait. Hemoglobin Constant Spring. This is an unusual form of Silent Carrier state that is caused by a mutation of the alpha globin. It is called Constant Spring after the region of Jamaica in which it was discovered. As in silent carrier state, an individual with this condition usually experiences no related health problems.

Alpha Thalassemia Trait or Mild Alpha Thalassemia. In this condition, the lack of alpha protein is somewhat greater. Patients with this condition have smaller red blood cells and a mild anemia, although many patients do not experience symptoms. However, physicians often mistake mild alpha thalassemia for iron deficiency anemia and prescribe iron supplements that have no effect on the anemia. Hemoglobin H Disease. In this condition, the lack of alpha protein is great enough to cause severe anemia and serious health problems such as an enlarged spleen, bone deformities and fatigue. It is named for the abnormal hemoglobin H (created by the remaining beta globin) that destroys red blood cells. Hemoglobin H-Constant Spring. This condition is more severe than hemoglobin H disease. Individuals with this condition tend to have a more severe anemia and suffer more frequently from enlargement of the spleen and viral infections. Homozygous Constant Spring.

This condition is a variation of hemoglobin H-Constant Spring that occurs when two Constant Spring carriers pass their genes on to their child (as opposed to hemoglobin H Constant Spring, in which one parent is a Constant Spring Carrier and the other a carrier of alpha thalassemia trait). This condition is generally less severe than hemoglobin H Constant Spring and more similar to hemoglobin H disease. Hydrops Fetalis or Alpha Thalassemia Major. In this condition, there are no alpha genes in the individual’s DNA, which causes the gamma globins produced by the fetus to form an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin Barts. Most individuals with this condition die before or shortly after birth. In some extremely rare cases where the condition is discovered before birth, in utero blood transfusions have allowed the birth of children with hydrops fetalis who then require lifelong blood transfusions and medical care. Beta Thalassemia People whose hemoglobin does not produce enough beta protein have beta thalassemia. It is found in people of Mediterranean descent, such as Italians and Greeks, and is also found in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Africa, Southeast Asia and southern China.

There are three types of beta thalassemia that also range from mild to severe in their effect on the body. Thalassemia Minor or Thalassemia Trait. In this condition, the lack of beta protein is not great enough to cause problems in the normal functioning of the hemoglobin. A person with this condition simply carries the genetic trait for thalassemia and will usually experience no health problems other than a possible mild anemia. As in mild alpha thalassemia, physicians often mistake the small red blood cells of the person with beta thalassemia minor as a sign of iron-deficiency anemia and incorrectly prescribe iron supplements. Thalassemia Intermedia. In this condition the lack of beta protein in the hemoglobin is great enough to cause a moderately severe anemia and significant health problems, including bone deformities and enlargement of the spleen. However, there is a wide range in the clinical severity of this condition, and the borderline between thalassemia intermedia and the most severe form, thalassemia major, can be confusing. The deciding factor seems to be the amount of blood transfusions required by the patient.

The more dependent the patient is on blood transfusions, the more likely he or she is to be classified as thalassemia major. Generally speaking, patients with thalassemia intermedia need blood transfusions to improve their quality of life, but not in order to survive. Thalassemia Major or Cooley’s Anemia. This is the most severe form of beta thalassemia in which the complete lack of beta protein in the hemoglobin causes a life-threatening anemia that requires regular blood transfusions and extensive ongoing medical care. These extensive, lifelong blood transfusions lead to iron-overload which must be treated with chelation therapy to prevent early death from organ failure. Other Forms of Thalassemia In addition to the alpha and beta thalassemias, there are other related disorders that occur when the gene for alpha or beta thalassemia combines with an abnormal or mutant gene. E Beta Thalassemia. Hemoglobin E is one of the most common abnormal hemoglobins. It is usually found in people of Southeast Asian ancestry, such as Cambodians, Vietnamese and Thai.

When combined with beta thalassemia, hemoglobin E produces E beta thalassemia, a moderately severe anemia which is similar in symptoms to beta thalassemia intermedia. Sickle Beta Thalassemia. This condition is caused by a combination of beta thalassemia and hemoglobin S, the abnormal hemoglobin found in people with sickle cell disease. It is commonly found in people of Mediterranean ancestry, such as Italians, Greeks and Turks. The condition varies according to the amount of normal beta globin produced by the beta gene. When no beta globin is produced by the beta gene, the condition is almost identical with sickle cell disease. The more beta globin produced by the beta gene, the less severe the condition. Downloadable Brochures on Thalassemia and Its Complications Downloadable pdf brochures about thalassemia and various complications associated with the disorder can be accessed by clicking on the links below.

Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment There are more than 400 types of anemia, which are divided into three groups: Anemia caused by blood loss Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells Anemia Caused by Blood Loss Red blood cells can be lost through bleeding, which often can occur slowly over a long period of time, and can go undetected. This kind of chronic bleeding commonly results from the following: Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, hemorrhoids , gastritis (inflammation of the stomach ), and cancer Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as aspirin or ibuprofen , which can cause ulcers and gastritis Menstruation and childbirth in women, especially if menstrual bleeding is excessive and if there are multiple pregnancies Continued Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production With this type of anemia, the body may produce too few blood cells or the blood cells may not function correctly. In either case, anemia can result. Red blood cells may be faulty or decreased due to abnormal red blood cells or a lack of minerals and vitamins needed for red blood cells to work properly.

Conditions associated with these causes of anemia include the following: Other causes of vitamin deficiency: pregnancy, certain medications , alcohol abuse , intestinal diseases such as tropical sprue and celiac disease Continued During early pregnancy, sufficient folic acid can help prevent the fetus from developing neural tube defects such as spina bifida . Bone marrow and stem cell problems may prevent the body from producing enough red blood cells. Some of the stem cells found in bone marrow develop into red blood cells. If stem cells are too few, defective, or replaced by other cells such as metastatic cancer cells, anemia may result. Anemia resulting from bone marrow or stem cell problems include: Aplastic anemia occurs when there's a marked reduction in the number of stem cells or absence of these cells. Aplastic anemia can be inherited, can occur without apparent cause, or can occur when the bone marrow is injured by medications, radiation , chemotherapy , or infection. Thalassemia occurs when the red cells can't mature and grow properly. Thalassemia is an inherited condition that typically affects people of Mediterranean, African, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian descent.

This condition can range in severity from mild to life-threatening; the most severe form is called Cooley's anemia. Lead exposure is toxic to the bone marrow, leading to fewer red blood cells. Lead poisoning occurs in adults from work-related exposure and in children who eat paint chips, for example. Improperly glazed pottery can also taint food and liquids with lead. Anemia associated with other conditions usually occurs when there are too few hormones necessary for red blood cell production. Conditions causing this type of anemia include the following: Anemia Slideshow: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments for This Blood Disorder 3 / 23 Heart-Related Symptoms People with anemia have less oxygen in their blood, which means the heart must work harder to pump enough oxygen to their organs. Cardiac-related symptoms include arrhythmia (an abnormal heart rhythm), shortness of breath, and chest pain. Swipe to advance 4 / 23 Anemia in Children About one in seven children develop anemia by age 2, most often because they don’t have enough iron in their diet. People who have iron-deficiency anemia may feel the urge to eat inappropriate things like dirt, clay, ice, or starch, a behavior called pica.

Pediatricians test all children for anemia at 12 months. Without treatment, a severe case of anemia could permanently affect brain development. Swipe to advance 5 / 23 Anemia Risk Factors Women and people with chronic diseases have the greatest risk of anemia. When women lose blood in heavy menstrual periods, they may become anemic. Pregnancy also causes changes in a woman’s blood volume that can result in anemia. Chronic diseases such as kidney disease can affect the body’s ability to make red blood cells. A diet low in iron, folate, or vitamin B12 also increases your risk. And some types of anemia are hereditary. Swipe to advance 6 / 23 Teens and Anemia If your teen often is fatigued, anemia might be a cause. Teens are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because of their sudden growth spurts. Teen girls also are more prone to anemia because of their menstrual periods. Swipe to advance 8 / 23 Cause: Vitamin Deficiency The body needs both vitamin B12 and folate to make red blood cells. A diet too low in these vitamins sometimes can cause anemia.

An autoimmune disorder or digestive problem also can prevent your body from absorbing enough B12. Animal-based foods and fortified breakfast cereals are good sources of B-12. Folate is in leafy green vegetables, fruits, dried beans, and peas, and is added to breads, pastas, and cereals as folic acid. Swipe to advance 9 / 23 Cause: Illness Chronic illness or infection can cause the body to make fewer red blood cells. This can result in a mild drop in hemoglobin. If you have significant blood loss, then you may develop iron-deficiency anemia. And some drugs and medical treatments can also put you at risk for anemia. Consult your doctor to see if you need iron or other supplements. Swipe to advance 10 / 23 Cause: Aplastic Anemia Aplastic anemia is a rare disorder in which the bone marrow doesn’t make enough blood cells to supply the body. It affects only about three in one million people. It can be caused by high doses of radiation, certain chemical exposures, viruses, or an autoimmune disorder in which your body attacks the bone marrow. About one in five cases is inherited.

In severe cases, people need blood transfusions or even a bone marrow transplant. Swipe to advance 11 / 23 Cause: Blood Loss Losing too many red blood cells is a common cause of anemia. Heavy menstruation, ulcers, injury, or surgery can cause enough blood loss to lead to iron-deficiency anemia. Women who have heavy menstrual periods should be tested for anemia every year. Swipe to advance 12 / 23 Cause: Faulty Blood Cell Mechanics Inherited disorders can affect your body’s production of red blood cells. Thalassemias cause the body to make fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin -- and may be treated with blood transfusions. Among people with hemolytic anemia, red blood cells are destroyed and cleaned out of the bloodstream too quickly. Swipe to advance 13 / 23 Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder in which the body produces an abnormal form of hemoglobin. This causes red blood cells to change from round to a sickle shape and become stuck together. That can make it difficult for them to pass through blood vessels, leading to pain and damage to body tissues.

The red blood cells also die more quickly than normal red blood cells. In the U.S., sickle cell anemia is more common among African-Americans and Hispanics. Swipe to advance 14 / 23 Diagnosis: Complete Blood Count A complete blood count test will check your levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. It will also check other factors such as average size, variability in size, volume, and hemoglobin concentration of red blood cells. If you have iron-deficiency anemia, your red blood cells may be smaller than normal. Your health care provider also may ask about your symptoms, medicines you take, and your family history. Swipe to advance 15 / 23 Diagnosis: Other Blood Tests If the complete blood count shows that you have anemia, you may have additional blood tests. Your blood cells may be checked for an abnormal appearance. Hemoglobin electrophoresis detects the type of hemoglobin in your blood. A reticulocyte count tests how well your bone marrow makes new red blood cells. Iron studies may be ordered to measure iron stores in your body, as well as iron levels in your blood.

Swipe to advance 16 / 23 Diagnosis: Bone Marrow Test If your body is producing too few or too many blood cells or their structure appears abnormal, you may need a bone marrow test. Bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones, contains stem cells that turn into blood cells. Your doctor will remove a small sample of bone marrow through a needle. The procedure takes about 30 minutes and will cause some soreness. Swipe to advance 17 / 23 Treatment: Iron Iron pills are often needed for anemia that's caused by a deficiency in that mineral. Ferrous iron is more easily absorbed than ferric iron. It's best taken with food, especially orange juice and other foods rich in vitamin C. But don't mix your iron pill with calcium, coffee, or tea, which can block absorption. And never take iron without a doctor's order or let children near the pills. An iron overdose can be dangerous. Some people may need folic acid or vitamin B12 supplements, too. Swipe to advance 18 / 23 Iron and Pregnancy About half of pregnant women have iron-deficiency anemia.

Pregnant women should get about 30milligrams of iron each day in their diet. Your prenatal vitamin also may contain iron. You may be tested for anemia at your first prenatal visit and after delivery. Swipe to advance 19 / 23 Treatment: Medicines Drugs for anemia often treat the root illness. So in some cases, where the anemia is due to chronic kidney disease, an injection of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) may be needed. If an autoimmune disorder causes your body to attack its own red blood cells, then a corticosteroid, such as prednisone, can slow the attack and help correct anemia. In sickle cell anemia, a cancer drug called hydroxyurea can lower the number of painful episodes. Swipe to advance 21 / 23 Preventing Anemia You can prevent some types of anemia with a healthy diet. Foods containing iron include lean red meat, liver, fish, tofu, lentils and beans, dark green leafy vegetables, and dried fruits. Also eat foods with vitamin B12 and folic acid, such as eggs and dairy products, spinach, and bananas.

Many breads, cereals, and other foods are fortified with all three key nutrients: iron, B12, and folic acid. Vitamin C, found in citrus, other fruits, and vegetables, will help your body absorb iron. Swipe to advance 22 / 23 Iron Overload Too much iron can cause serious problems. Iron overload can be a result of repeated blood transfusions or an inherited condition, but taking too much iron also is a risk. The many symptoms of iron overload are related to excess iron depositing into organs and causing problems in the liver, heart, and pancreas. Iron levels can be reduced through phlebotomy (blood removal) or medications. Swipe to advance 23 / 23 Living With Anemia Treating your anemia and eating a well-rounded diet can give you more energy and enhance your life. Most people can manage their anemia through a healthy diet and iron or vitamin supplements, if a doctor says they are deficient in one of the key nutrients. If you have a chronic disease, then good management of your condition also will help you prevent or manage anemia. Swipe to advance

Question: Which medical condition is caused by a lack of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood?
Answer: ANAEMIA