Pharaoh Pharaoh What does the word 'pharaoh' mean? 'Pharaoh' is the term we use today to describe the rulers of ancient Egypt. Where does the word 'pharaoh' come from? 'Pharaoh' is actually a Greek word that is based on an Egyptian word that meant 'great house'. When this word was first used, it referred to the palace of the king and its greatness, not just to the king himself. We use the word 'pharaoh' today to mean the ruler of ancient Egypt. Did any women become the pharaoh of Egypt? There was one woman to claim the throne of Egypt, and call herself the pharaoh - her name was Hatshepsut. She claimed that she had the right to rule Egypt. Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for about fifteen years before she was succeeded by her step-son Thutmosis III.

King of Egypt (Pharaoh) | Resources | American Bible Society King of Egypt (Pharaoh) Audience: Adult Youth Format: Web Pharaoh is the title for the chief ruler of Egypt and comes from two Egyptian words that mean “great house.” To the pharaoh’s name was added other titles of honor, such as “Son of Re” (the Egyptian sun god) or “King of Upper and Lower Egypt.” About the time of Abraham, “pharaoh” meant “king,” so the Bible uses both these terms to refer to the ruler of Egypt. When the Egyptian king died, he was identified with Osiris, the god who died and overcame death, and was thought to rule in the world of the dead. Ancient pictures of the pharaohs often show them holding a symbol of power, such as a shepherd’s crook, a mace (a club-like weapon), or a curved sword. On the headpiece was a cobra snake symbol, which was supposed to protect the pharaoh from his enemies. A number of Egypt’s pharaoh kings are mentioned in the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament).

EGYPTIAN KINGS (PHARAOHS) IN THE BIBLE Unnamed Befriended Abraham and took Sarah into his household (Gen 12:14-20) Unnamed Put Joseph in charge of food supply in Egypt (Gen 41:37-57) Sety I (Sethos) Ruled 1291–1279 B.C. Possibly the “New King” (Exod 1:8) who was Pharaoh during the Hebrews’ time of slavery in Egypt (Exod 1–14) Rameses II Ruled 1279–1212 B.C. Followed Sety I and may have been the Pharaoh at the time of the Hebrews’ exodus from Egypt (Exod 1–14) Unnamed Father of King Solomon’s Egyptian wife (1 Kgs 3:1; 7:8) Shishak Ruled 945–924 B.C.

Raided the Jerusalem temple during the reign of Rehoboam of Judah, but let King Jeroboam of Israel hide in his palace (1 Kgs 14:25,26; 2 Chr 12:2-9) So Ruled 727–720 B.C. This may have been Pharaoh Osorkon IV, who was sent a message by King Hoshea of Israel just before the Israelites rebelled against the king of Assyria (2 Kgs 17:1-4) Tirhakah Ruled 690–664 B.C. Called “King of Ethiopia” who battled with Assyria during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah (2 Kgs 19:9; Isa 37:9) Neco Ruled 610–595 B.C.

Killed King Josiah of Judah at Megiddo, replaced Jehoahaz with Jehoiakim as Judah’s ruler, and was defeated by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia (2 Kgs 23:29-34; 2 Chr 35:20—36:4) Hophra Ruled 589–570 B.C. The prophet Jeremiah said Hophra would be captured by his enemy Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia (Jer 43:6-13; 44:30) Other kings Little is known about the kings mentioned in 1 Kgs 11:14-22; 2 Kgs 18:21; 1 Chr 4:17-18 Thanks to the support of our faithful financial partners, American Bible Society has been engaging people with the life-changing message of God’s Word for nearly 200 years. Help us share God's Word where needed most. Sign up to receive regular email updates from the Bible Resource Center. Also receive Bible-reading tips, tools and resources. What does pharaoh mean? Origin: [Heb.

parh; of Egyptian origin: cf. L. pharao, Gr. faraw`. Cf. Faro.] Freebase(5.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition: Pharaoh Pharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the rulers of all Ancient Egyptian dynasties. The title originates in the Egyptian term pr ˤ3, literally "great house", describing the royal palace. Historically, however, "pharaoh" only started being used as a title for the king during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty, after the reign of Hatshepsut. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Pharaoh fā′rō, n. a title of the kings of ancient Egypt.—adj. Pharaon′ic.

[Heb.,—Egyptian.] The Nuttall Encyclopedia(2.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition: Pharaoh a name, now proper, now common, given in the Old Testament to the kings of Egypt, identified with that of the sun-god Phra, and applied to the king as his representative on earth; some 10 of the name occur in the Bible, and it is matter of difficulty often to distinguish one from another. Numerology The numerical value of pharaoh in Chaldean Numerology is: 2 Pythagorean Numerology Ancient Egypt Culture; the names of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt Horus name The oldest known part of the royal titulary is the Horus-name (sometimes also called the banner-name or the Ka-name). It asserts that the king is the earthly embodiment of the god Horus , patron of the Egyptian kings, and is generally inscribed within a Serekh (a rectangular form representing the palace wall). Horus in the form of a falcon perches on top of the Serekh.

During the second dynasty Seth-Peribsen had a Seth animal on top of his Serekh prompting some to suggest a factional war between the followers of Horus ( Upper Egypt ) and the followers of Seth ( Lower Egypt ). The next ruler, Khasekhemwy, had both Horus and Seth on his Serekh, but all of his successors left Seth off their Serekhs. During the Early Dynastic Period , the falcon of Horus was in fact part of the name of the king (Aha was known as Horus-Aha, "Horus who fights" or "fighting hawk"), but it soon became symbolic of Kingships in itself. Until the early Old Kingdom , it was the king´s official name. After this time the nomen and prenomen became more popular for official texts. However, the title was still used and by the New Kingdom elaborate designs showed Horus is wearing the double crown and is accompanied by the sun and a uraeus.

Nebti name The Nebti-name carries with it the epithet "He of the two ladies" and refers to two goddesses; the vulture-goddess Nekhbet of Upper Egypt and the cobra-goddess Wadjet (or Uto) of Lower Egypt. Thus the Nebti confirms that the Pharaoh is king of Upper and Lower Egypt and embodies the duality often found in ancient Egyptian mythology. Den (dynasty one) was the first Pharaoh known to us the Nebti, and it is suggested that it was adopted following reform to the bureaucratic structure of the two lands. Golden Horus name The golden Horus name represents the falcon god Horus perched on a symbol that usually represents "gold". However, its meaning is hotly disputed. The Greek equivalent of the title (on the Rosetta stone) translates as "superior to (his) foes", and so it is suggested that the title indicates that Horus has been victorious over Seth, "the Ombite" (Ombos was called "Nubet" in Egyptian and was written using the glyph for gold to represent the phonetic elements "Nub").

However, this explanation seems to have originated from Greek sources, and it is more likely that the sign did to relate gold, which represented eternity. Thus it may have simply expressed the Pharaohs wish to be an "eternal Horus", and may in fact have been an epithet rather than a separate name (due to the similarity with the Nebti-name). Prenomen The prenomen or throne name became the most important title as it was only granted to the king on his coronation. It was always inscribed within a cartouche. Strictly translated, it reads as Nesw-bitu ("He of the sedge and the bee"), but it indicates that the Pharaoh is king of Upper (sedge) and Lower (bee) Egypt. Sometimes the Nsw-bity was replaced by the phrase Nb-twy ("lord of the two lands"). Den also introduced this name (at least, his is the earliest recorded version of it), but it was not used much until the end of the third dynasty. Eventually it replaced the Horus-name as most important official royal name. The prenomen almost always contained the name of the sun god, Re (after the eleventh dynasty they all referred to re).

For example the twelfth dynasty Pharaoh Amenemhet I has the throne name Sehet-ib-Re ("satisfied is the heart of Re") while the twentieth dynasty Pharaoh used the throne name Heqa-Maat-Re ("Ruler of justice like Re"). This reinforced Re´s position as the king of the gods and underlined the importance of solar theology to kingship. Nomen The nomen or birth name was included in the royal titles from the fourth dynasty to indicate the divine nature of the Pharaoh. His name was inscribed within a cartouche, introduced by the epithet "son of Re" It is almost the equivalent of our family name, resulting in dynasties of Pharaohs with the same nomen (for example Intef I , Intef II and Intef III ; Montuhotep I , Montuhotep II Montuhotep III and Montuhotep IV in the eleventh dynasty ; and Amenemhet and Thuthmosis in the eighteen dynasty). The Pharaohs nomen sometimes included the titles Ntr-nfr ("the good god"), Di-'nh-mi-Re ("given life like Re") and Nb-h´ ("lord of appearances") sometimes appears instead of "son of Re".

In a few cases the cartouche is topped by the sign for gold and two serpents encircling a sun disk. The Serekh and the Cartouche The Serekh was formed by a rectangular frame with a section below representing a type of niched or paneled wall facade which was common in early Egyptian architecture. It represented the palace facade and echoes the term "great house" as an indicator of kingship. The name "srkh" only appears in later records, and its meaning is not clear. It may be related to the verb "rh" -to know or learn, so some have translated it as "to make known" or "to display". Another meaning is suggested by an alabaster statue of the Sixth Dynasty king, Pepy I . The serekh symbol is carved on the back of the throne, and the Horus falcon perches above the seated king. This turns the statue into a 3-D version of the king´s name, and prompted some to translate "srkh" as "throne". The serekh was also featured in several other contexts including some Middle and New Kingdom coffins.

The cartouche is a stylized rope looped and tied around the name of the Pharaoh. The ancient Egyptians called it "Shenu" as it was based on the sign shen (meaning "eternity") and the verb sheni ("to encircle"), but French scholars named it a "cartouche" (referring to its cartridge-like shape) during the Napoleonic excursion in Egypt, and the name has stuck. Strictly speaking the loop should be round, but it is elongated to accommodate the Pharaoh's name. Osiris and Isis had their names recorded in this manner during the Greek and Roman periods, but generally only kings names will be found inside a cartouche. During the Eighteenth Dynasty, royal sarcophagi were constructed in the shape of the cartouche and the entire burial chamber of Thutmosis III was shaped like a cartouche. Ancient Egyptian History for Kids: Pharaohs History >> Ancient Egypt The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt were the supreme leaders of the land. They were like kings or emperors. They ruled both upper and lower Egypt and were both the political and religious leader. The Pharaoh was often thought of as one of the gods.

Akhenaten wearing the Egyptian Blue Crown of War by Jon Bodsworth The name Pharaoh comes from a word meaning "great house" describing a palace or kingdom. The Pharaoh's wife, or Queen of Egypt, was also considered a powerful ruler. She was called "the Great Royal Wife". Sometimes women became the rulers and were called Pharaoh, but it was generally men. The son of the current Pharaoh would inherit the title and would often go through training, so he could be a good leader. Historians divide up the timeline of Ancient Egyptian history by the dynasties of the Pharaohs. A dynasty was when one family maintained power, handing down the throne to an heir. There are generally considered to be 31 dynasties over the 3000 years of Ancient Egyptian history. There were many great Pharaohs throughout the history of Ancient Egypt. Here are some of the more famous ones: Akhenaten - Akhenaten was famous for saying there was only one god, the sun god. He ruled with his wife, Nefertiti, and they closed many of the temples to other gods. He was the father of the famous King Tut.

Tutankhamun - Often called King Tut today, Tutankhamun is largely famous today because much of his tomb remained intact and we have one of the greatest Egyptian treasures from his rule. He became Pharaoh at the age of 9. He tried to bring back the gods that his father had banished. Golden funeral mask of Tutankhamun by Jon Bodsworth Hatshepsut - A lady Pharaoh, Hatshepsut was originally regent for her son, but she took on the power of Pharaoh. She also dressed like the Pharaoh to reinforce her power including the crown and ceremonial beard. Many consider her to be not only the greatest woman Pharaoh, but one of the greatest Pharaohs in the history of Egypt. Amenhotep III - Amenhotep III ruled for 39 years of great prosperity. He brought Egypt to its peak of power. During his rule the country was at peace and he was able to enlarge many cities and construct temples. Ramses II - Often called Ramses the Great, he ruled Egypt for 67 years. He is famous today because he built more statues and monuments than any other Pharaoh.

Cleopatra VII - Cleopatra VII is often considered the last Pharaoh of Egypt. She maintained power by making alliances with famous Romans such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Cleopatra by Louis le Grand Fun Facts about Pharaohs Pepy II became Pharaoh at the age of 6. He would rule Egypt for 94 years. The Pharaohs wore a crown that had an image of the cobra goddess. Only the Pharaoh was allowed to wear the cobra goddess. It was said that she would protect them by spitting flames at their enemies. Pharaohs built great tombs for themselves so they could live well in the afterlife. The first Pharaoh was a king named Menes who united both upper and lower Egypt into a single country. Khufu is the Pharaoh who built the largest pyramid. Take a ten question quiz about this page. More information on the civilization of Ancient Egypt: Overview Dynasties [ushistory.org] 3c. Dynasties Ancient Egyptian cities which flourished during the Dynastic periods were located close to the Nile River, the life source of the region. What's a dynasty? It's a powerful group or family that maintains its position for a number of years.

The New York Yankees baseball team of the 1920s is considered a dynasty because they went to the World Series almost every year and had great leaders, such as Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. Ancient Egypt, also had dynasties. They were families who often ruled for a considerable number of years and did impressive things — such as building pyramids — during their rule. The history of ancient Egypt is divided into three main periods: the Old Kingdom (about 2,700-2,200 B.C.E.), the Middle Kingdom (2,050-1,800 B.C.E.), and the New Kingdom (about 1,550-1,100 B.C.E.). The New Kingdom was followed by a period called the Late New Kingdom, which lasted to about 343 B.C.E. (Intermediate kingdoms — those without strong ruling families — filled the gaps of time in between the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.) During these periods, power passed from one dynasty to another. A dynasty ruled until it was overthrown or there were no heirs left to rule. Each kingdom ended in turmoil either after a period of infighting or after being invaded.

There were more than 30 dynasties in Egyptian history. Dynasties helped keep Egypt united, which was no easy task. Leaders faced periods of chaos, ambitious rivals, and also foreigners who wanted to conquer the region. All pharaohs wore beards — even female rulers, as shown by this bust of Hatshepsut. The Earliest Dynasties Beginning in about 4,000 B.C.E., all of Egyptian society existed in two kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Around 3,100 B.C.E., Menes, the king of Upper Egypt, started the long string of dynasties by conquering Lower Egypt. He unified the regions and built his capital city at Memphis, near the border of these two kingdoms. Because Memphis was located on an island in the Nile, it was easy to defend. So began the first dynasty, an age appropriately called the Early Dynastic Period. Little is known of the pharaohs (rulers) of the early dynasties. The Egyptian word "pharaoh" literally means "great house." Pharaohs were more than just rulers. They were considered gods and were believed to possess the secrets of heaven and earth.

Pharaohs led the government and the army and wielded unlimited power. The step pyramid of Netjerikhet in Saqqara (left) believed to have been the first pyramid constructed in Egypt, was completed in the 27th century B.C.E. during the Third Dynasty. Pyramid building progressed through the dynasties, culminating in the Pyramids of Giza (right). The Old Kingdom About 300 years after Menes united Egypt, its rulers formed a central government in which they held supreme power. This was the beginning of the Old Kingdom. (Kings tend to rule from a central place, which is why the early dynastic period is not considered a kingdom.) Photo courtesy of State Hermitage Museum Amenemhat III was one of the great rulers of the Middle Kingdom. During his time as pharaoh, the Pyramid of Hawara was built. During the Old Kingdom, pyramid building flourished. Cheops had the six-million-ton Great Pyramid of Giza constructed as his tomb. Under Chephren, a Fourth Dynasty ruler, the Great Sphinx was built. The end of the Old Kingdom was marked by civil wars between pharaohs and nobles.

The Middle Kingdom Montuhotep II (2,007-1,956 B.C.E.), an Eleventh dynasty pharaoh, was the last ruler of the Old Kingdom and the first ruler of the Middle Kingdom. He and his successors restored political order. The Middle Kingdom is remembered as a time of flourishing arts, particularly in jewelry making. Egypt became a great trading power during this period and continued massive construction projects. Eventually, the long reign of prosperity gave way to old problems: crop failures, economic woes, dynastic power struggles, and foreign invaders. Amenemhet III (1817-1772 B.C.E.), of the Twelfth Dynasty, was responsible for the construction of two great projects. He completed the building of the giant waterwheels of the Faiyum region that diverted the floodwaters of the Nile. Amenemhet also constructed the Pyramid of Hawara, which became known as the Labyrinth. It contained about 3,000 rooms. Trouble struck when a group of foreigners, the Hyksos, a Semitic-Asiatic group, invaded the Nile Delta region. These advanced warriors used new tools for war: bronze weapons and horse-drawn chariots.

They defeated the Egyptians, who fought on foot with copper-and-stone weapons. The New Kingdom Early pharaohs of the New Kingdom evicted the Hyksos. The New Kingdom is remembered as a time of renaissance in artistic creation, but also as the end of dynastic rule. This period was also marred by corrupt priests and tomb-robbing by government officials. Tutankhamun may be the most famous of Egypt's pharaohs because of the discovery of his untouched tomb in 1922. The tombs of more prominent pharaohs had been pillaged, but Tut's resting place and its golden treasures had escaped the hands of looters. A famed pharaoh of the new period was Amenhotep IV, who triggered a religious revolution. Before Amenhotep's rule, Egypt was a polytheistic society that believed in many gods, the most important named Amon. But, Amenhotep believed only in Aton, the sun god. Belief in only one god (monotheism) was a radical notion. To show his devotion to Aton, the pharaoh changed his name to Akenhaton ("he who is loyal to Aton").

Akenhaton moved his capital from Thebes, where Amon was worshipped, to Tell el Amarna. Naturally, the priests who represented the other gods did not like this change one bit. Many Egyptians also did not like the pharaoh discrediting their gods. After the death of Akenhaton, the powerful priests forced the new capital to be moved back to Thebes . Tut-Tut The pharaoh who moved the capital back to Thebes was a boy-king. He ruled for nine years, attempted to pacify the priests, and was responsible for some modest building projects. He began his reign at the age of 10 but died of a head injury at 19. But, his name is famous: Tutankhamun, or more familiarly, King Tut. Tut is mostly remembered because of his beautiful tomb — one of the very few that was not pillaged by grave robbers. Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, was another important ruler during this period. He reigned for 67 years and died in about 1,213 B.C.E. at age 96.

His nearly 200 wives and concubines bore 96 sons and 60 daughters. Not only did Ramesses build a great family, he also built two temples at Abu Simbel, a covered hall of giant pillars at Karnak, additions at the Luxor Temple, and the Ramesseum, a compound consisting of two temples and a palace. After Ramses' rule, Egypt fell into steady decline. Today, his 3,000-year-old mummy lies in a display case on the second floor of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Egypt's capital. Over the course of the next nine centuries, the Nubians, the Assyrians, and the Persians bounded into Egypt and ravaged the area. When Pharaoh Nectanebo II retreated to Memphis to avoid death at the hands of oncoming Persian invaders in 343 B.C.E., he became the last Egyptian-born pharaoh, ending over 2,500 years of Egyptian self-rule. Ancient Egyptian Kings Queens Check Out Ancient Egyptian Kings & Queens Ancient Egyptian Kings & Queens – A complete dynasty lists from the old kingdom to the last Pharaoh of Egypt and detailed stories of some of the most famous rulers.

List of Egyptian Dynasties Egyptian Pharaohs Crowns, Headdresses and Regalia When the king sat on his throne wearing all of his symbols of office—the crowns, scepters, and other ceremonial items—the spirit of the great god Horus spoke through him. These symbols of authority included a crook and a flail. The crook was a short stick curved at the top, much like a shepherd’s crook. The flail was a long handle with three strings of beads. Crowns and headdresses were mostly made of organic materials and have not survived but we know what they looked like from many pictures and statues. The best known crown is from Tutankhamun’s golden death mask. The White Crown represented Upper Egypt, and the Red Crown, Lower Egypt (around the Nile Delta). Sometimes these crowns were worn together and called the Double Crown, and were the symbol of a united Egypt. There was also a third crown worn by the kings of the New Kingdom, called the Blue Crown or war helmet. This was called the Nemes crown (shown above) and was made of striped cloth. It was tied around the head, covered the neck and shoulders, and was knotted into a tail at the back.

The brow was decorated with the “uraeus,” a cobra and vulture. Officials called “viziers” helped the king govern. The viziers acted as mayors, tax collectors, and judges. Other high officials who served the king included a treasurer and an army commander. Ancient Egyptian Anecdotes Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt | The Great Courses Send the Gift of Lifelong Learning! Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt x Frequently Asked Questions With an eGift, you can instantly send a Great Course to a friend or loved one via email. It's simple: Find the course you would like to eGift. Under “Choose a Format,” click on Video Download or Audio Download. Click ‘Send e-Gift’ Fill out the details on the next page. You will need the email address of your friend or family member. Proceed with the checkout process as usual. Once you have paid for your order, your friend or loved one will receive an email letting them know that they have a gift waiting for them at TheGreatCourses.com. That gift will be added to their My Digital Library when they log in and click to redeem it. Why do I need to specify the email of the recipient?

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Additionally, the audio audience may refer to the accompanying course guidebook for names, works, and examples that are cited throughout the course. You should buy video if you prefer learning visually and wish to take advantage of the visual elements featured in this course. The video version is well illustrated and features more than 230 illustrations, maps, and photographs. Many of these photographs bring you up close with Egyptian mummies, the Narmer Palette, the Temple of Karnak, the tomb of King Tut, and more. Maps reveal how ancient Egypt's great pharaohs expanded their empires. And historical illustrations and sculptures bring to life icons including Akhenaten, Ramses the Great, and Cleopatra. There are on-screen spellings and definitions to help reinforce material for visual learners. Audio Streaming Included Free Questions & Answers Course Overview No great civilization continues to speak to us like that of ancient Egypt. But what is it about this ancient civilization that still captures our imaginations? What made Egypt special, allowing it to grow, in Professor Bob Brier's words, "from a scattering of villages across the Nile to the greatest power the world had ever seen"? Professor Brier has designed this course to focus on the fascinating leaders of ancient Egypt.

The information in this course is also covered in our more extensive course, The History of Ancient Egypt. "My thesis in Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt is that what made Egypt great were the people—individuals who did great things," says Professor Brier. "By recounting the lives and accomplishments of the great ones of Egypt, we will present a history of Egypt spreading over 30 centuries. By the time we come to the last ruler of Egypt, Cleopatra, we will have peered into almost every aspect of ancient Egyptian life, seen what made Egypt great, and what finally brought about its downfall. "My hope is that by the end of the course you will have a sense that you personally know the men and women who made Egypt the greatest nation of the ancient world." A Great Teacher and Egyptologist Professor Brier is an Egyptologist and specialist in mummies who knows the ancient Egyptians—literally—from the inside out. In fact, in 1994, Dr. Brier became the first person in 2,000 years to mummify a human cadaver in the ancient Egyptian style. This research was the subject of a National Geographic television special, Mr. Mummy.

Relaxed, matter-of-fact, and wryly humorous, he weaves into the stories of the great pharaohs the daily realities of Egyptian life. You learn, for example, that the origin of eye makeup was not due to vanity. Instead, makeup was ground on small, personal palettes and worn by every Egyptian for the same reasons modern athletes wear black eyeliner under their eyes: to absorb the sun's glare. A Palette Launches 3,000 Years of Imagery It is a quite different palette—that of Narmer, the king who unified Egypt—that marks our real introduction to Egypt's great rulers. Considered the first historical document, the "Narmer Palette" reveals images of traditions Narmer created that would endure for 3,000 years, including the double crown of Egypt and the "smiting pose" in which all pharaohs ever after would be shown. Just as scholars look to the Narmer Palette as their earliest message from Egypt, it is the pyramids that perhaps serve that role for the rest of us.

The pharaoh Sneferu, seeking a suitable way to house his own burial chamber, taught Egypt how to perfect the pyramid, a structure whose origins lay in the need to protect desert graves from exposure by the wind. Professor Brier makes it clear, however, that pyramids were far from Sneferu's only achievements. A Female Pharaoh Lost to History One of Egypt's greatest rulers, the female pharaoh Hatshepsut, raised magnificent obelisks at the Temple of Karnak and built what Professor Brier calls "perhaps the most beautiful temple in all of Egypt," Deir el-Bahri. The inscriptions on the temple's walls are the first known depictions of sub-Saharan Africa; Hatshepsut was so powerful a king she was able to send a trading expedition there. Ironically, most of the evidence of Hatshepsut's existence was systematically erased after her death; Egyptians simply did not want to acknowledge that a woman had been king. Professor Brier continues with the tale of one of Egypt's most controversial pharaohs, Akhenaten, who tried to alter the three stabilizing principles of Egyptian society—the religious, military, and artistic traditions of the most conservative nation on earth—and almost destroyed Egypt in the process.

Akhenaten's story left a legacy the ancients would attempt to erase. Ironically, this forgotten pharaoah would be the father of the most famous pharaoh in modern times: the boy-king Tutankhamen. Tutankhamen: Murdered by His Successor? The discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 is the most scrutinized episode in the history of Egyptology, and Professor Brier leads a fascinating exploration into the world of Egyptian tombs. For those who love a good mystery, Professor Brier introduces his own theory that Tutankhamen was actually murdered by Aye, the vizier of Egypt, as part of a successful plot to gain the crown for himself. The next major subject in the series is Ramses II, or Ramses the Great. His 67-year reign was the longest of all the pharaohs, but the last two-thirds of that reign began with a treaty with Egypt's ancient Hittite enemy and bear little resemblance to his early years of war, conquest, and monument-building. Ramses has been reputed to be the pharaoh of the biblical exodus.

And though there is no archaeological evidence to support the story, Professor Brier offers some tantalizing connections to what we know of Ramses's actual life. Nubia Tries to Restore Egypt's Greatness After the death of Ramses, Egypt entered a long decline. As Egypt weakened, Nubian neighbors to the south, in what is now Sudan, grew strong. They eventually moved north taking control and trying to rebuild—primarily through the efforts of five great Nubian kings—the great Egyptian traditions they had seen crumble away. Rather than conquer Egypt, they restored it. They celebrated Egyptian religious festivals and even took over some Egyptian burial practices. The first of these kings, a ruler named Piye, even built a pyramid, though it had been 1,000 years since the last Egyptian pyramid had risen from the desert. From the Nubians, Professor Brier takes you into the Greek era of Egyptian history, beginning with the career of Alexander the Great.

He discusses the three great events that marked his sojourn in Egypt: the declaration by the oracle at Siwa that Alexander's father was "the Sun"; his crowning as Pharaoh that the oracle's pronouncement made possible; and his creation of the city of Alexandria, which Alexander mapped out by dropping a trail of grain to show where the streets should go. The Reign of the Ptolomies The death of Alexander gave rise to the reign of a series of Ptolemies—15 rulers in all—beginning with Ptolemy I. Running Egypt like a business, the early Ptolemies had some notable achievements, including Ptolemy I's building of Alexandria's Pharos Lighthouse and its extraordinary library. The Ptolemies were unable to sustain their brilliant beginning. The last Ptolemy was Cleopatra, the enigmatic Grecian ruler who learned Egypt's language and tried to resurrect both the nation's religion and greatness. Her valiant attempts to save Egypt, with the aid of Julius Caesar, and afterwards with Marc Antony, were doomed. Egypt, no longer a nation, would become a Roman province.

Hide Full Description 1 King Narmer—The Unification of Egypt This lecture discusses how Narmer, Egypt's first king, unified Upper and Lower Egypt and how the world's first nation came to dominate the Near East for thousands of years. x 2 Sneferu—The Pyramid Builder The founder of Egypt's "Fabulous Fourth" Dynasty oversaw the beginning of true pyramid construction, Egypt's rise to international power, and the establishment of artistic standards that would last for millennia. x 3 Hatshepsut—Female Pharaoh This lecture examines the life of one of the greatest individuals in Egyptian history, and discusses why her name was systematically erased from Egyptian records. x 4 Akhenaten—Heretic Pharaoh The reign of Egypt's most enigmatic and controversial ruler illustrates the consequences of attempting to alter all three of Egypt's fundamental societal pillars: religion, the military, and the role of pharaoh. x 5 Tutankhamen—The Lost Pharaoh This lecture details the fascinating events—including the first car wreck in Britain—that led to the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen.

x 6 Tutankhamen—A Murder Theory Professor Bob Brier presents his own research suggesting that Tutankhamen was murdered, showing what can be learned from the autopsy of a mummy. x 7 Ramses the Great—The Early Years Ramses II ruled for 67 years and was one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs, warriors, and builders. x 8 Ramses the Great—The Twilight Years The last 40 years of Ramses's reign differed markedly from his glorious beginning. This lecture examines the changes in his personality, as well as the assertion that he was the pharaoh of the biblical exodus. x 9 The Great Nubians—Egypt Restored In the twilight of Egypt's history, the once-dominated land of Nubia fought its way north to defend Egypt from invaders. Under the new rule of five great kings, the Nubians restored much of Egypt's glory. x 10 Alexander the Great—Anatomy of a Legend The rule of Alexander began 300 years of Greek control of Egypt. This lecture examines the three major stages of Alexander's career: young general, pharaoh, and legend.

x 11 The First Ptolemies—Greek Greatness This lecture examines the beginning of the end for ancient Egyptian civilization, beginning with the rule of the first Ptolemies, who ran Egypt "like a business" and whose great achievements were purely Greek conceptions. x 12 Cleopatra—The Last Pharaoh Although she was at one time probably the most famous woman in the world, Cleopatra remains an enigma. We reconstruct her history: before Caesar, after Caesar, and with Marc Antony. x Lecture Titles Clone Content from Your Professor tab What's Included Reviews Rated 4.6 out of 5 by 119 reviewers. Rated 4 out of 5 by bodywise Good but limited I have been listening to TGC tapes every day for years. This course was only fair. It only concentrates on the Pharaohs as the title suggests. There is precious little else discussed. Like tidbits about each. Egyptian history is so vast. It could be covered so much more thoroughly. That was what I was seeking. I particularly wanted to know more about civilian life, governmental structure and medicine in Egyptian history. Other courses on China and Roman history accomplish this.

December 8, 2016 Rated 5 out of 5 by Learningsfun Loved It! This course was excellent. I am going to have to order the course that goes into more detail. This course was quite short and it was not able to cover informationa about very many Pharaohs. The kings that it did cover though were well thought out and the professor was able to move from one king to the next which he was presenting without any difficulty. This was presented very well and I am sure that I will be listening to it again. November 17, 2016 Rated 5 out of 5 by mahduk Great Introductory Course To elaborate a little on my review title, let me say that if you know next to nothing about any of the Pharaohs then this is the place to start. I,personally, knew little more than names of some of the Pharaohs covered in this course. For the money, there is a wealth of great starting material to help you decide if you want to dig further or move on to something else. The professor himself helps make this course enjoyable by sheer force of his enthusiasm for the subject.

That goes a long way in my estimation toward making the subject just as interesting for the listener. I highly recommend this course. It's often available at a very reasonable price during their sales so there's really no excuse to not get it. October 29, 2016 Rated 5 out of 5 by PSHANS Fantastc lecturer The professor delivers an outstanding performance: his delivery is so engaging that my five year old has listened to this entire series of lectures twice in the car. Considering that this is advertised as a college-level course, this speaks volumes to the skill of the lecturer. His excitement for the subject matter really shines through, it’s by far the best course I have listened to from this company, and I wish the Professor had more courses available from The Great Courses than he does. October 15, 2016 2017-01-17

Question: Which ruler's name translates from the Egyptian for 'Great House'?
Answer: PHARAOH