Table 3.--Index of common names of tree species Table 3.--Index of common names of tree species Common name Scientific name abelia, glossy Abelia chinensis var. grandiflora acacia Acacia spp.

acacia, Bailey Acacia baileyana acacia, catclaw Acacia greggii acacia, koa Acacia koa acacia, sweet Acacia farnesiana acacia, twisted Acacia tortuosa acacia, Wright Acacia wrightii ailanthus Ailanthus altissima alder, Arizona Alnus oblongifolia alder, hazel Alnus serrulata alder, mountain Alnus tenuifolia alder, seaside Alnus maritima alder, Sitka Alnus sinuata alder, smooth Alnus serrulata alder, speckled Alnus rugosa alder, thinleaf Alnus tenuifolia alder, white Alnus rhombifolia allspice, Carolina Calycanthus floridus allspice, hairy Calycanthus floridus almond, dwarf flowering Prunus glandulosa apple, common Pyrus malus apple, crab Pyrus spp.

apple, Oregon crab Pyrus fusca apple, prairie crab Pyrus ioensis apple, southern crab Pyrus angustifolia apple, sweet crab Pyrus coronaria apricot, desert Prunus fremontii apricot Prunus armeniaca aralia, Japanese Fatsia japonica arbor vitae, Chinese Thuja orientalis arbor vitae, oriental Thuja orientalis ardisia Ardisia japonica arrowwood, downy Viburnum pubescens arrowwood, maple leaved Viburnum acerifolium ash Fraxinus spp.

ash, black Fraxinus nigra ash, blue Fraxinus quadrangulata ash, Carolina Fraxinus caroliniana ash, European Fraxinus excelsior ash, fragrant Fraxinus cuspidata ash, green Fraxinus pennsylvanica ash, Gregg Fraxinus greggii ash, Oregon Fraxinus latifolia ash, pumpkin Fraxinus profunda ash, singleleaf Fraxinus anomala ash, Texas Fraxinus texensis ash, velvet Fraxinus velutina ash, white Fraxinus americana aspen, bigtooth Populus grandidentata aspen, quaking Populus tremuloides avocado Persea americana Bahama strongback Bourreria ovata baldcypress Taxodium distichum basswood, American Tilia americana basswood, Carolina Tilia caroliniana basswood, Florida Tilia floridana basswood, white Tilia heterophylla bayberry Myrica cerifera bayberry, Pacific Myrica californica bayberry, southern Myrica cerifera beech, American Fagus grandifolia beech, European Fagus sylvatica birch, black Betula lenta birch, bog Betula p

umila birch, cut leaf weeping Betula pendula birch, cut leaved Betula alba birch, European white Betula verrucosa birch, gray Betula populifolia birch, paper Betula papyrifera birch, red Betula nigra birch, river Betula nigra birch, sweet Betula lenta birch, water Betula occidentalis birch, yellow Betula alleghaniensis bitterbush Picramnia pentandra black calabash Amphitecna latifolia black haw Viburnum prunifolium black mangrove Avicennia germinans blue Chinese fir Cunninghamia lanceolata blueblossom Ceanothus thyrsiflorus boxelder Acer negundo buckeye, California Aesculus californica buckeye, Ohio Aesculus glabra buckeye, painted Aesculus sylvatica buckeye, red Aesculus pavia buckeye, yellow Aesculus octandra buckthorn, California Rhamnus californica buckthorn, Carolina Rhamnus caroliniana buckthorn, cascara Rhamnus purshiana buckthorn, European Rhamnus cathart

ica buckthorn, glossy Rhamnus frangula buckwheat tree Cliftonia monophylla burningbush, eastern Euonymus atropurpureus burningbush, western Euonymus occidentalis butternut Juglans cinerea buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis cajeput tree Melaleuca quinquenervia camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora canella Canella winterana canotia Canotia holacantha catalpa Catalpa spp.

catalpa, hardy Catalpa speciosa catalpa, northern Catalpa speciosa catalpa, southern Catalpa bignonioides catclaw, Gregg Acacia greggii catclaw, Wright Acacia wrightii ceanothus Ceanothus maritimus ceanothus Ceanothus spp. ceanothus, feltleaf Ceanothus arboreus ceanothus, greenbark Ceanothus spinosus ceanothus, spiny Ceanothus spinosus Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani cedar, Alaska Chamaecyparis nootkatensis cedar, Atlantic white Chamaecyparis thyoides cedar, Atlas Cedrus atlantica cedar, deodar Cedrus deodara cedar, Port Orford Chamaecyparis lawsoniana cercocarpus, alderleaf Cercocarpus montanus cercocarpus, birchleaf Cercocarpus betuloides cercocarpus, curlleaf Cercocarpus ledifolius cercocarpus, hairy Cercocarpus breviflorus cercocarpus, little Cercocarpus intricatus leaf cherry Prunus spp.

cherry laurel, common Prunus laurocerasus cherry, bitter Prunus emarginata cherry, black Prunus serotina cherry, Catalina Prunus lyonii cherry, European bird Prunus padus cherry, pin Prunus pensylvanica cherry, sand Prunus pumila cherry, sweet Prunus avium cherry, West Indies Prunus myrtifolia chestnut, American Castanea dentata China berry Melia azedarach chinkapin, Allegheny Castanea pumila chinkapin, giant Castanopsis chrysophylla chinkapin, Ozark Castanea ozarkensis chittamwood Bumelia lanuginosa chokecherry Prunus virginiana Christmasberry Heteromeles arbutifolia cliffrose Cowania mexicana coast beefwood Casuarina stricta coconut palm Cocos nucifera cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco coffeetree, Kentucky Gymnocladus dioicus coralbean, eastern Erythrina herbacea coralbean, southeastern Erythrina herbacea corkwood Leitneria floridana cottonwood, black Populus trichocarpa

 cottonwood, eastern Populus deltoides cottonwood, Fremont Populus fremontii cottonwood, narrowleaf Populus angustifolia cottonwood, plains Populus sargentii cottonwood, swamp Populus heterophylla crabapple Pyrus spp.

cranberry bush Viburnum opulus cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata cypress pine, white Callitris glaucophylla cypress, Arizona Cupressus arizonica cypress, Baker Cupressus bakeri cypress, Gowen Cupressus goveniana cypress, Guadalupe Cupressus guadalupensis cypress, Leyland Cupressocyparis leylandii cypress, MacNab Cupressus macnabiana cypress, Monterey Cupressus macrocarpa cypress, Sargent Cupressus sargentii cypress, Tecate Cupressus guadalupensis cyrilla, swamp Cyrilla racemiflora dahoon Ilex cassine deer brush Ceanothus integerrimus desertwillow Chilopsis linearis devils walkingstick Aralia spinosa devilwood Osmanthus americanus dogwood Cornus spp.

dogwood, alternate leaf Cornus alternifolia dogwood, flowering Cornus florida dogwood, gray Cornus racemosa dogwood, Pacific Cornus nuttallii dogwood, red osier Cornus stolonifera dogwood, roughleaf Cornus drummondii dogwood, roundleaf Cornus rugosa doveplum Coccoloba diversifolia elder, American Sambucus canadensis elder, Pacific red Sambucus callicarpa elliottia Elliottia racemosa elm Ulmus spp. elm, American Ulmus americana elm, cedar Ulmus crassifolia elm, Chinese Ulmus parvifolia elm, European Ulmus procera elm, rock Ulmus thomasii elm, September Ulmus serotina elm, Siberian Ulmus pumila elm, slippery Ulmus rubra elm, water Planera aquatica elm, winged Ulmus alata elm, Wych Ulmus glabra eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp.

eucalyptus, bluegum Eucalyptus globulus eucalyptus, horncap Eucalyptus tereticornis eucalyptus, silver Eucalyptus cinerea dollar euonymus, evergreen Euonymus japonicus falsebox Gyminda latifolia falsebox, West Indies Gyminda latifolia fig, benjamin Ficus benjamina fig, common Ficus carica fig, fiddle leaf Ficus lyrata fig, Florida strangler Ficus aurea filbert, European Corylus avellana fir, balsam Abies balsamea fir, bigcone Douglas Pseudotsuga macrocarpa fir, blue Chinese Cunninghamia lanceolata fir, bristlecone Abies bracteata fir, California red Abies magnifica fir, California white Abies lowiana fir, Douglas Pseudotsuga menziesii fir, Fraser Abies fraseri fir, grand Abies grandis fir, Manchurian Abies holophylla fir, noble Abies procera fir, Pacific silver Abies amabilis fir, Rocky Mountain Abies bifolia alpine fir, Sierra white Abies lowiana fir, subalpine

 Abies lasiocarpa fir, white Abies concolor fire thorn Pyracantha coccinea fishpoison tree, Piscidia piscipula Florida Florida fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum Florida silverpalm Coccothrinax argentata fringe tree Chionanthus virginicus gallberry, large Ilex coriacea geiger tree Cordia sebestena ginko Ginkgo biloba Grevillea Grevillea 'noellii' guava, common Psidium guajava Guiana plum Drypetes lateriflora guiana rapanea Rapanea guianensis gum bumelia Bumelia lanuginosa gum, black Nyssa sylvatica gum, cider Eucalyptus gunnii gum, desert Eucalyptus rudis gum, red Eucalyptus camaldulensis gum, silver dollar Eucalyptus polyanthemos gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba hackberry, dwarf Celtis tenuifolia hackberry, Georgia Celtis tenuifolia hackberry, northern Celtis occidentalis Hakea Hakea spp.

hawthorn Crataegus spp.

hawthorn, barberry Crataegus berberifolia hawthorn, barberryleaf Crataegus berberifolia hawthorn, Biltmore Crataegus intricata hawthorn, black Crataegus douglasii hawthorn, blueberry Crataegus brachyacantha hawthorn, cockspur Crataegus crus-galli hawthorn, downy Crataegus mollis hawthorn, English Crataegus oxyacantha hawthorn, frosted Crataegus pruinosa hawthorn, littlehip Crataegus spathulata hawthorn, oneseed Crataegus monogyna hawthorn, parsley Crataegus marshallii hawthorn, riverflat Crataegus opaca hawthorn, scarlet Crataegus coccinea hawthorn, willow Crataegus saligna hazelnut, American Corylus americana hazelnut, beaked Corylus cornuta hemlock, Carolina Tsuga caroliniana hemlock, eastern Tsuga canadensis hemlock, mountain

 Tsuga mertensiana hemlock, western Tsuga heterophylla Hercules club Zanthoxylum clava-herculis hibiscus, Chinese Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hibiscus, sea Hibiscus tiliaceus hickory Carya spp.

hickory, bitternut Carya cordiformis hickory, black Carya texana hickory, mockernut Carya tomentosa hickory, nutmeg Carya myristiciformis hickory, pignut Carya glabra hickory, red Carya ovalis hickory, sand Carya pallida hickory, scrub Carya floridana hickory, shagbark Carya ovata hickory, shellbark Carya laciniosa hickory, water Carya aquatica holly, American Ilex opaca holly, English Ilex aquifolium holly, tawnyberry Ilex krugiana honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos hophornbeam, eastern Ostrya virginiana hophornbeam, Knowlton Ostrya knowltonii hoptree, common Ptelea trifoliata hornbeam, American Carpinus caroliniana horsechestnut Aesculus hippocastanum horsetail casuarina Casuarina equisetifolia horsetail tree Casuarina equisetifolia huisache Acacia farnesiana huisachillo Acacia tortuosa

 incense cedar Calocedrus decurrens inkberry Ilex glabra inkwood Exothea paniculata ironbark, red Eucalyptus sideroxylon ironbark, white Eucalyptus leucoxylon Jamaica caper Capparis cynophallophora jasmine, winter Jasminum nudiflorum Jerusalem thorn Parkinsonia aculeata juniper, alligator Juniperus deppeana juniper, Ashe Juniperus ashei juniper, California Juniperus californica juniper, common Juniperus communis juniper, drooping Juniperus flaccida juniper, one seed Juniperus monosperma juniper, Pinchot Juniperus pinchotii juniper, redberry Juniperus pinchotii juniper, redberry Juniperus erythrocarpa juniper, Rocky Mountain Juniperus scopulorum juniper, Utah Juniperus osteosperma juniper, western Juniperus occidentalis larch, European Larix decidua larch, subalpine Larix lyallii larch, western Larix occidentalis laurel, California Umbellularia californica laurelcherry, Carolina

 Prunus caroliniana leadwood Krugiodendron ferreum lemon Citrus limon lemonade berry Rhus integrifolia lime Citrus aurantifolia linden, European Tilia europaea linden, little leaf Tilia cordata loblolly bay Gordonia lasianthus locust Robinia spp.

locust, black Robinia pseudoacacia locust, clammy Robinia viscosa locust, honey Gleditsia triacanthos locust, New Mexico Robinia neomexicana locust, water Gleditsia aquatica loquat tree Eriobotrya japonica Lyontree Lyonothamnus floribundus lysiloma, Bahama Lysiloma latisiliquum madrone, Arizona Arbutus arizonica madrone, Pacific Arbutus menziesii madrone, Texas Arbutus texana magnolia, Ashe Magnolia ashei magnolia, bigleaf Magnolia macrophylla magnolia, cucumber Magnolia acuminata magnolia, Fraser Magnolia fraseri magnolia, pyramid Magnolia pyramidata magnolia, southern Magnolia grandiflora magnolia, umbrella Magnolia tripetala mahogany, West Indies Swietenia mahogani manchineel Hippomane mancinella mangrove, button Conocarpus erectus mangrove, red Rhizophora mangle mangrove, white Laguncularia racemosa maple, Amur Acer ginnala maple, bigleaf Acer macrophyllum maple, bigtooth Acer grandidentatum

 maple, black Acer nigrum maple, boxelder Acer negundo maple, canyon Acer grandidentatum maple, chalk Acer leucoderme maple, Florida Acer barbatum maple, fullmoon Acer japonicum maple, hedge Acer campestre maple, Japanese Acer palmatum maple, mountain Acer spicatum maple, Norway Acer platanoides maple, red Acer rubrum maple, Rocky Mountain Acer glabrum maple, silver Acer saccharinum maple, striped Acer pensylvanicum maple, sugar Acer saccharum maple, sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus maple, Tatar Acer tataricum maple, vine Acer circinatum marlberry Ardisia escallonioides mastic, false Mastichodendron foetidissimum mazzard Prunus avium medlar, Chinese Photinia serrulata medlar, European Mespilus germanica melaleuca, lilac Melaleuca decussata mescalbean Sophora secundiflora mesquite, honey Prosopis glandulosa mesquite, screwbean Prosopis pubescens Mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides mountain ash, American Sorbus americana mountain ash, European

 Sorbus aucuparia mulberry, black Morus nigra mulberry, paper Broussonetia papyrifera mulberry, red Morus rubra mulberry, Russian Morus alba var.

tatarica mulberry, Texas Morus microphylla mulberry, white Morus alba myrtle of the river Calyptranthes zuzygium nannyberry Viburnum lentago nectarine Prunus persica oak Quercus spp.

oak, Arizona gray Quercus grisea oak, Arizona white Quercus arizonica oak, bear Quercus ilicifolia oak, black Quercus velutina oak, blackjack Quercus marilandica oak, blue Quercus douglasii oak, bluejack Quercus cinerea oak, bluejack Quercus incana oak, bluff Quercus austrina oak, bur Quercus macrocarpa oak, California black Quercus kelloggii oak, California red Quercus kelloggii oak, California white Quercus lobata oak, canyon live Quercus chrysolepis oak, Chapman Quercus chapmanii oak, cherrybark Quercus pagoda oak, chestnut Quercus prinus oak, chinkapin Quercus muehlenbergii oak, coast live Quercus agrifolia oak, cork Quercus suber oak, Darlington Quercus hemisphaerica oak, Durand Quercus durandii oak, Emory Quercus emoryi oak, Engelmann Quercus engelmannii oak, Gambel Quercus gambelii oak, gray Quercus grisea oak

, interior live Quercus wislizenii oak, laurel Quercus laurifolia oak, live Quercus virginiana oak, Mexican blue Quercus oblongifolia oak, myrtle Quercus myrtifolia oak, northern pin Quercus ellipsoidalis oak, northern red Quercus rubra oak, Nuttall Quercus nuttallii oak, Oglethorpe Quercus oglethorpensis oak, Oregon white Quercus garryana oak, overcup Quercus lyrata oak, pin Quercus palustris oak, post Quercus stellata oak, sand post Quercus margaretta oak, scarlet Quercus coccinea oak, shingle Quercus imbricaria oak, Shumard Quercus shumardii oak, silverleaf Quercus hypoleucoides oak, southern red Quercus falcata oak, swamp chestnut Quercus michauxii oak, swamp white Quercus bicolor oak, turkey (scrub) Quercus laevis oak, valley Quercus lobata oak, water Quercus nigra oak, white Quercus alba

 oak, willow Quercus phellos olive Olea europaea olive, Russian Elaeagnus angustifolia orange Citrus sinensis orange, Osage Maclura pomifera oysterwood Gymnanthes lucida pagoda tree, Japanese Sophora japonica pale lidflower Calyptranthes pallens palm, buccaneer Pseudophoenix sargentii palm, California Washingtonia filifera palm, coconut Cocos nucifera palm, Manila Adonidia merrillii palm, paurotis Acoelorrhaphe wrightii palm, queen Arecastrum romanzoffianum palm, wine Caryota urens palmetto, cabbage Sabal palmetto paloverde, blue Cercidium floridum paloverde, yellow Cercidium microphyllum papaya Carica papaya paradise tree Simarouba glauca parasoltree, Chinese Firmiana simplex paulownia, royal Paulownia tomentosa pawpaw Asimina triloba peach Prunus persica pear Pyrus communis pecan Carya illinoensis pepperbush Clethra spp.

pepperbush, sweet Clethra alnifolia peppermint, white Eucalyptus pulchella peppertree, California Schinus molle persimmon, common Diospyros virginiana persimmon, Texas Diospyros texana photinia Photinia spp.

photinia, Japanese Photinia glabra pigeonplum Coccoloba diversifolia pinckneya Pinckneya pubens pine, Aleppo Pinus halepensis pine, Apache Pinus engelmannii pine, Austrian Pinus nigra pine, bishop Pinus muricata pine, bristlecone Pinus aristata pine, Coulter Pinus coulteri pine, Digger Pinus sabiniana pine, eastern white Pinus strobus pine, foxtail Pinus balfouriana pine, intermountain Pinus longaeva bristlecone pine, Italian stone Pinus pinea pine, jack Pinus banksiana pine, Japanese black Pinus thunbergiana pine, Jeffrey Pinus jeffreyi pine, knobcone Pinus attenuata pine, limber Pinus flexilis pine, loblolly Pinus taeda pine, lodgepole Pinus contorta pine, longleaf Pinus palustris pine, Monterey Pinus radiata pine, pitch Pinus rigida pine, pond Pinus serotina pine, ponderosa Pinus ponderosa pine, red Pinus resinosa pine, sand Pinus clausa pine, Scotch Pinus sylvestris pine, Scots Pinus

 sylvestris pine, shortleaf Pinus echinata pine, slash Pinus elliottii pine, southwestern Pinus strobiformis white pine, spruce Pinus glabra pine, sugar Pinus lambertiana pine, Swiss mountain Pinus mugo pine, table mountain Pinus pungens pine, Torrey Pinus torreyana pine, Virginia Pinus virginiana pine, Washoe Pinus washoensis pine, western white Pinus monticola pine, whitebark Pinus albicaulis pinyon Pinus edulis pinyon, border Pinus discolor pinyon, Mexican Pinus cembroides pinyon, Parry Pinus quadrifolia pinyon, singleleaf Pinus monophylla pistache, Texas Pistacia texana pistachio Pistacia vera planetree, Oriental Platanus orientalis plum, Allegheny Prunus alleghaniensis plum, American Prunus americana plum, beach Prunus maritima plum, Canada Prunus nigra plum, Chickasaw Prunus angustifolia plum, common Prunus domestica plum, darling Reynosia septentrionalis plum, flatwoods Prunus

 umbellata plum, Guiana Drypetes lateriflora plum, hortulan Prunus hortulana plum, Japanese Prunus japonica plum, Klamath Prunus subcordata plum, Mexican Prunus mexicana plum, purple leaved Prunus cerasifera var.

pissardi plum, wildgoose Prunus munsoniana poisontree, Florida Metopium toxiferum pomegranate Punica granatum pond apple Annona glabra poplar Populus spp. poplar, balsam Populus balsamifera poplar, Lombardy Populus nigra var.

italica poplar, tulip Liriodendron tulipifera poplar, white Populus alba poplar, yellow Liriodendron tulipifera possum haw Ilex decidua prickly ash, common Zanthoxylum americanum prickly ash, lime Zanthoxylum fagara princewood Exostema caribaeum princewood, Caribbean Exostema caribaeum privet, swamp Forestiera acuminata quince Cydonia oblonga quince, Japanese Chaenomeles lagenaria rapanea, guiana Rapanea guianensis redbay Persea borbonia redbud, California Cercis occidentalis redbud, eastern Cercis canadensis redbud, western Cercis occidentalis redcedar, eastern Juniperus virginiana redcedar, western Thuja plicata redwood, coast Sequoia sempervirens redwood, dawn Metasequoia glyptostroboides rose Rosa spp.

rose, climbing prairie Rosa setigera rose, Macartney Rosa bracteata rose, sweetbriar Rosa eglanteria roseberry Juniperus coahuilensis roughbark lignumvitae Guaiacum sanctum royalpalm, Florida Roystonea elata rubber tree, India Ficus elastica Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia rustica rubra Magnolia soulangeana saguaro Cereus giganteus sassafras Sassafras albidum satinleaf Chrysophyllum oliviforme satinwood, West Indies Zanthoxylum flavum seagrape Coccoloba uvifera sequoia, giant Sequoiadendron giganteum serviceberry Amelanchier spp.

serviceberry, downy Amelanchier arborea serviceberry, eastern Amelanchier canadensis serviceberry, smooth Amelanchier laevis serviceberry, western Amelanchier alnifolia Siberian pea tree Caragana arborescens silk oak Grevillea robusta silk tassel Garrya fremontii silk tree Albizia julibrissin silver bell Halesia carolina silverbell, Carolina Halesia carolina sloe Prunus spinosa smokethorn Dalea spinosa smoke tree Cotinus coggygria smoketree, American Cotinus obovatus snowberry Symphoricarpos albus soapberry, Florida Sapindus marginatus soapberry, western Sapindus drummondii soapberry, wingleaf Sapindus saponaria soldierwood Colubrina elliptica sophora, Texas Sophora affinis sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum spicebush Lindera benzoin spindle tree, European Euonymus europaeus spirea Spirea bumalda spruce Picea spp.

spruce, black Picea mariana spruce, blue Picea pungens spruce, Brewer Picea brewerana spruce, dwarf Alberta Picea glauca var.

albertiana spruce, Engelmann Picea engelmannii spruce, Norway Picea abies spruce, red Picea rubens spruce, Sitka Picea sitchensis spruce, tigertail Picea polita spruce, white Picea glauca Stewartia Stewartia koreana Stewartia, mountain Stewartia ovata strawberry tree Arbutus unedo sugarberry Celtis laevigata sumac, lemonade Rhus integrifolia sumac, poison Toxicodendron vernix sumac, shining Rhus copallina sumac, smooth Rhus glabra sumac, staghorn Rhus typhina sweetbay Magnolia virginiana sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua sweetleaf, common Symplocos tinctoria sycamore Platanus occidentalis sycamore, American Platanus occidentalis sycamore, Arizona Platanus wrightii sycamore, California Platanus racemosa Sydney golden wattle Acacia longifolia tallowtree, Chinese Sapium sebiferum tallowwood Ximenia americana tamarack Larix laricina tamer

isk, smallflower Tamarix parviflora tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus tesota Olneya tesota thatchpalm, brittle Thrinax microcarpa thatchpalm, Jamaica Thrinax parviflora torchwood Amyris elemifera torreya, California Torreya californica torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia tree lyonia Lyonia ferruginea tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima trema, Florida Trema micrantha tulip poplar Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera tung oil tree Aleurites fordii tupelo, black Nyssa sylvatica tupelo, Ogeechee Nyssa ogeche tupelo, swamp Nyssa biflora tupelo, water Nyssa aquatica vauquelinia, Torrey Vauquelinia californica velvetseed, elliptic Guettarda elliptica leaf velvetseed, roughleaf Guettarda scabra viburnum Viburnum tomentosum viburnum, leatherleaf Viburnum rhytidophyllum vib

urnum, oval leafed Viburnum ellipticum wahoo, eastern Euonymus atropurpureus wahoo, western Euonymus occidentalis walnut, Arizona Juglans major walnut, black Juglans nigra walnut, Hinds Juglans hindsii walnut, little Juglans microcarpa walnut, northern Juglans hindsii California walnut, southern Juglans californica California waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica waxmyrtle, Pacific Myrica californica wayfaring tree Viburnum lantana white cedar, northern Thuja occidentalis wild dilly Manilkara bahamensis willow Salix spp.

willow bustic Dipholis salicifolia willow, arroyo Salix lasiolepis willow, basket Salix viminalis willow, Bebb Salix bebbiana willow, black Salix nigra willow, Bonpland Salix bonplandiana willow, coastal plain Salix caroliniana willow, crack Salix fragilis willow, diamond Salix eriocephala willow, feltleaf Salix alaxensis willow, golden weeping Salix alba var.

tristis willow, heart leaved Salix cordata willow, Hooker Salix hookerana willow, laurel leaved Salix pentandra willow, Mackenzie Salix mackenzieana willow, Pacific Salix lasiandra willow, peachleaf Salix amygdaloides willow, pussy Salix discolor willow, red Salix laevigata willow, sandbar Salix exigua willow, Scouler Salix scoulerana willow, shining Salix lucida willow, weeping Salix babylonica willow, white Salix alba willow, yewleaf Salix taxifolia winterberry, common Ilex verticillata winterberry, mountain Ilex montana witchhazel Hamamelis virginiana yaupon Ilex vomitoria yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera yellowwood Cladrastis lutea yew, Florida Taxus floridana yew, Pacific Taxus brevifolia American Beech - Fagus grandifolia American Beech Common Names: beech, carolina beech, gray beech, red beech, ridge beech, stone beech, white be

ech, winter beech.

Genus: Fagus Species: grandifolia The American Beech tree grows in the southern and eastern parts of the United States. It grows in deciduous forests all over Maine and northern Massachusetts. It grows best in deep, rich, moist, well-drained soils. The American beech is a tall and wide tree. The mature tree size is anywhere from 90 to 100 feet tall, and spreads 50 to 70 feet. The bark that grows on the tree is very smooth, pale and gray. The growth buds have a yellow tinge, looking a little like a bullet. The leaves are bright green and are about three inches in length. They start wide, and then get smaller and smaller, until they come to a point. The leaves have distinct, strong veins and toothed edges. The American Beech tree does not like city living, probably because of the carbon monoxide. The American Beech tree has a shallow root system and likes bottom land, and upland soil. There are two reasons why it is hard to grow anything beneath the tree. The first is because the leaves that grow on the tree block the sunlight and keep the ground constantly in shade.

The second reason is because much of the root system grows all over the ground's surface, and uses any moisture that may reach the ground. There are many different uses for the American Beech tree. This is a list of some of the things this tree is used for: furniture such as cabinets, benches, stools and tables. The American Beech tree produces a lot of paper. The animals that feed on the nuts that grow on this tree are: the opossum, black bears, white-tailed deer, rabbits, ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels, flying foxes, porcupines and others. The American Beech tree helps people because the nuts that fall off the tree can be harvested and sold for food. The american Beech's population is healthy throughout its range. Davey C. 2001 The Tree Pages Fruit Fruit is a prickly husk, up to 2.5 cm (1") long, on a hairy stem. Inside the husk are 2 to 3 triangular, edible nuts, each about 1.5 cm (5/8") long.

FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT Copper beech The cultivar This purple-leaved cultivar of European beech is one of many that are prized for their ornamental landscape value. Copper beech has been cultivated in Europe for centuries. Derivation of names The genus name, Fagus, refers to beeches, from the Greek word fagein, meaning to eat, a reference to the tree's edible fruits. The species name, sylvaticacomes from the Latin word sylva, for forest. The varietal name 'Purpurea' describes this tree's purple leaves. Related species Though easily distinguished in summer by its purple foliage, this and other cultivars of European beech is sometimes confused with American beech beech (Fagus grandifolia). The leaves of European beech and its cultivars have 5 to 9 pairs of veins, compared with the 9 to 14 pairs of veins in American beech. In winter, European beeches can be distinguished from American beech by their rougher bark and stout forked trunks.

Copper beech IN TORONTO Copper beech's place in Toronto's urban forest Because of its large size copper beech is a rare street tree, but is more common in parks, cemeteries, and golf courses. There is a large, impressive specimen (see photo above) growing next to the chapel at St. James' Cemetery & Crematorium that was planted by the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) on his visit to Canada in 1919. Landscape value and potential for home planting Cooper beech's low-hanging branches and shallow spreading roots make it a poor choice for small residential lots. It is better suited to park-like settings with ample space where its shape and foliage create a colourful spectacle. Copper beech grows best in moist, well-drained acidic soils. Beech (Fagus) Genus Level Details & Allergy Info Home « Fagus Beech Genus Details Beech trees are tall, deciduous trees that reach 60 to 75 feet in height. Beech trees have veined elliptical leaves with teeth-like edges.

These trees contain both male and female flowering parts, meaning they produce pollen, and can be pollinated either by themselves, or by other plants. American beech is the only native species of the genus in the U.S. The European beech is widely planted in the U.S. The edible nuts are found together in 2's or 3's, covered by a husk. The leaves and bark are poisonous. Flowering occurs during March to May depending on the latitude and elevation. The buoyant pollen is easily dispersed by wind. European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Lewis et al American beech (Fagus grandifolia) Beech Allergy Info Beech trees are related to oaks, and as such, have allergenic pollen. Usually beech is not considered as allergenic. The European beech sheds much more pollen than the American species, but both have been reported to have minor allergenic importance. Beech Pollen Description Pollen grains in this family are prolate subspheroidal or suboblate; the amb rounded, triangular, or trilobed and 3-colporate, 3-colporoidate, or 3-colpate.

The colpi are long and narrow and the ora have thickened margins. The sexine is tectate and the intine is thin. Pollen grains of Fagus are distinct due to their large size. They vary from 31-52 x 32-54 micrometers. Species in This Genus Fagus sylvatica (copper beech) | Plants & Fungi At Kew Fagus sylvatica (copper beech) Copper beech trees can be propagated by grafting to maintain the colour of the leaves. Copper beech (Fagus sylvatica 'Atropunicea') at Kew Gardens Species information copper beech (synonym: Fagus sylvatica 'Purpurea') Conservation status: IUCN status of Least Concern (LC) Habitat: Woodland, often on chalky soil. Known hazards: Genus: Fagus About this species Copper beeches first appeared as mutants independently in different parts of Europe and were already known in Germany before 1488.

Today this tree is planted extensively in parks and gardens, and whilst admired by some, others find the copper beech's dark purple leaves an unattractive and depressing addition to the landscape. Synonym: Fagus sylvatica is found throughout Europe, to the Caucasus. Description Spiky cases protect the fruits The copper beech is a large tree that often grows on chalky soil. The inconspicuous flowers are pollinated by the wind and the fruits are three-sided nuts (called beech mast) inside spiky cases (see image, right). The size and shape of Fagus sylvatica depends on its environment. Given space, the beech will spread its branches widely and can grow up to a massive 42 m (140 ft) high. In tightly packed woods, the tree will grow straight, with few side branches, to reach the light. This becomes an even greater priority with time. The arrangement of leaves is such that they overlap, which, while efficient for the tree, shades the ground beneath and can also prevent rain from reaching it. So if the floor of the English wood you're walking through comprises little more than fungi and rotting leaves, it's probably a beech wood.

Copper beech trees are quite variable in leaf colour as they are normally propagated by seed. Particularly dark clones have been selected over the years and those are grafted to maintain the true colour. The best-known are 'Cuprea', 'Nigra', 'Riversii' and 'Spaethiana'. Uses A copper beech at Kew Beech, like hazel, has been used for centuries for its wood, specifically in making furniture. The Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire are home to large areas of beech woodlands and in the past, chairmakers, also known as 'bodgers', actually worked in the woods themselves. In 1887 a group of sport-minded furniture makers from High Wycombe, then the centre of the industry, founded Wycombe Wanderers Football Club. To this day, the team's nickname is 'The Chairboys'. Beech timber is ideal for chairs as it bends without breaking, has a fine grain and is relatively free of knots. Beech has a history of being pollarded. Pollarding is the practice of removing all the branches to stimulate the growth of new, smaller shoots.

At Burnham Beeches, for example, beeches were historically pollarded as a source of fuelwood, amongst other uses. Beech tends not to be used for building as it decays quickly without protection and is not strong enough to bear any great weight. In addition to the utility of its timber, beech also provides nourishment for wildlife in the form of nuts, also known as beech mast. A bumper crop of these nuts is produced every four to five years when badgers, squirrels and many birds feast on them. Although edible they are rarely eaten by humans. Very young leaves are also edible. Cultivation The beech is easily cultivated, though slow-growing at first. It needs a lot of room as it can get very large. The tree is shallow-rooted so it is best to choose a sheltered spot to avoid it being blown over. The bark is very sensitive to sunlight and old trunks that suddenly become exposed to the sun (for example by the felling of surrounding trees or raising of the canopy) will get sunburn, which may cause the tree to die.

Leaves of Fagus sylvatica in autumn At Kew, beeches are propagated by grafting in order to retain genetic material from important old trees in the gardens, or to grow cultivars such as copper beeches. Root stocks for grafting are grown in the Arboretum Nursery by sowing seed. The seed is not viable for long and so needs to be sown as soon as it is ripe. If sown in the autumn it will germinate the following spring. The seed is either sown directly into the nursery field (with wire mesh protection from mice and squirrels) or into 12-litre pots, kept frost-free under glass, with plenty of natural light. Tony Hall, who manages this collection, says that when the seedlings emerge they look like miniature forests, but that this is the ideal way to create root stock material. Grafting is done in January with the unions warmed by a hot pipe system. The pipe temperature is kept at around 21˚C whilst the rootstock below is kept cooler at around 5 to 10˚C. The buds are sprayed once a day to keep them moist.

Using this method it takes about two to three weeks for the union to form a callus. After this the new plants are grown on in their pots for a season, and then transplanted into the nursery field for growing on. Although rarely used, cuttings from newly emerged shoots can be easily rooted under mist. Mature trees generally do well in the Gardens as they like Kew’s sandy soil. However, beeches benefit from summer rainfall and like moisture and high humidity, so in recent years they have been showing signs of stress. References and credits Plants Profile for Fagus (beech) Fagus L. – beech Subordinate Taxa The Plants Database includes the following 2 species of Fagus. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles.

Beech (Fagus sylvatica) - British trees - Woodland Trust Leaves become darker green and lose their hairs as they mature (Photo: A Cleave/WTML) The leaves are oval and pointed at the tip, with a wavy edge (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) Both male and female flowers grow on the same tree, in April and May (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) The cup which surrounds the flowers becomes woody once pollinated (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) The woody cups enclose one or two beech nuts (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) The reddish brown, torpedo-shaped leaf buds form on short stalks (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) The bark is smooth, thin and grey, often with slight horizontal etchings (P Sterry/WTML) Mature trees grow to a height of more than 40m, and develop a huge domed crown (Photo: R Read/WTML) Common beech is a large, deciduous tree, native to southern England and South Wales.

Common name: common beech, European beech Scientific name: Fagus sylvatica Family: Fagaceae UK provenance: native Interesting fact: beech can live for hundreds of years with coppiced stands living for more than 1,000 years. What does beech look like? Overview: mature trees grow to a height of more than 40m and develop a huge domed crown. The bark is smooth, thin and grey, often with slight horizontal etchings. The reddish brown, torpedo-shaped leaf buds form on short stalks, and have a distinctive criss-cross pattern. Leaves: young leaves are lime green with silky hairs, which become darker green and lose their hairs as they mature. They are 4–9cm long, stalked, oval and pointed at the tip, with a wavy edge. Flowers: beech is monoecious, meaning both male and female flowers grow on the same tree, in April and May. The tassel-like male catkins hang from long stalks at the end of twigs, while female flowers grow in pairs, surrounded by a cup.

Fruits: the cup becomes woody once pollinated, and encloses one or two beech nuts (known as beechmast). Beech is wind pollinated. Look out for: the edges of the leaves are hairy. Triangular beech nuts form in prickly four lobed seed cases. Could be confused with: hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). Beech leaves have wavy edges with small hairs as opposed to the serrated margins of hornbeam. Identified in winter by: leaf buds are distinctively, sharply pointed and not pressed against the twigs. Where to find beech Its natural habitat extends over a large part of Eurpoe from southern Sweden to northern Sicily. It requires a humid atmosphere and well-drained soil. It can be sensitive to winter frost. It usually grows on drier, free-draining soils, such as chalk, limestone and light loams. Beech woodland is shady and is characterised by a dense carpet of fallen leaves and mast husks, which prevent most woodland plants from growing. Only specialist shade tolerant plants can survive beneath a beech canopy.

Value to wildlife Due to its dense canopy, rarer plant species are associated with beech woodland, such as box, coralroot bitter-cress, and a variety of orchids including red helleborine. Beech woodland makes an important habitat for many butterflies, particularly in open glades and along woodland rides. Beech foliage is eaten by the caterpillars of a number of moths, including the barred hook-tip, clay triple-lines and olive crescent. The seeds are eaten by mice, voles, squirrels and birds. Native truffle fungi grow in beech woods. These fungi are ectomycorrhizal, which means they help the host tree obtain nutrients in exchange for some of the sugar the tree produces through photosynthesis. Remember to take expert advice before picking or eating any wild fungi. Because beech trees live for so long they provide habitats for many deadwood specialists such as hole-nesting birds and wood-boring insects. The bark is often home to a variety of fungi, mosses and lichens. Mythology and symbolism Beech is associated with femininity and is often considered the queen of British trees, where oak is the king. In Celtic mythology, Fagus was the god of beech trees.

It was thought to have medicinal properties – beech leaves were used to relieve swellings, and boiling the leaves could make a poultice. Forked beech twigs are also traditionally used for divining. How we use beech Beech timber is used for a variety of purposes, including fuel, furniture, cooking utensils, tool handles and sports equipment. The wood burns well and was traditionally used to smoke herring. The edible nuts, or masts, were once used to feed pigs, and in France they are still sometimes roasted and used as a coffee substitute. Beech makes a popular hedging plant. If clipped it doesn't shed its leaves, and provides a year-round dense screen, which provides a great habitat for garden birds. Threats Beech trees are sometimes susceptible to root rot from a variety of fungal pathogens, including Phytophthora. Some trees can suffer from beech bark disease, caused by a combination of a sap-sucking scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga and canker fungus, Nectria coccinea. Severe infestations can kill affected trees. It is also very vulnerable to bark stripping by grey squirrels. Trees need your help...

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Question: What is the common name of the tree genus Fagus?
Answer: Beech