The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein Prize share: 1/1 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was awarded to Albert Einstein "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". Albert Einstein received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1922. During the selection process in 1921, the Nobel Committee for Physics decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Albert Einstein therefore received his Nobel Prize for 1921 one year later, in 1922. Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2017.

< Albert Einstein awarded Nobel Prize in Physics | World History Project 1921 Albert Einstein awarded Nobel Prize in Physics In 1922, Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics,[97] "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". This refers to his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect, "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", which was well supported by the experimental evidence by that time. The presentation speech began by mentioning "his theory of relativity [which had] been the subject of lively debate in philosophical circles [and] also has astrophysical implications which are being rigorously examined at the present time." (Einstein 1923) It was long reported that Einstein gave the Nobel prize money directly to his first wife, Mileva Marić, in compliance with their 1919 divorce settlement. However, personal correspondence made public in 2006[98] shows that he invested much of it in the United States, and saw much of it wiped out in the Great Depression.

Source: Wikipedia Added by: Kevin Rogers In the case of Albert Einstein, his 1921 Nobel Prize was awarded principally for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and not for his work on relativity. 1921 Albert Einstein: for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Source: Nobel Prize - 1921, Albert, Einstein, 1922, Niels, Bohr, 1932, Werner, Heisenberg, 1933, Erwin, Schrödinger, and, Paul, Dirac, 1935 Added by: Kevin Rogers he Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German, "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)." This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Albert Einstein German Born Physicist Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 Giclee Print at Art.com Home / Shop / Physics / Item# 12379116APhysics235548 Albert Einstein German Born Physicist Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 This is a machine translation of the product title to English. Since we have thousands of products, we cannot manually translate all their titles in a timely manner. To help you discover the right product, we provide you with a machine translation of the product title in the interim. In most cases, the machine translations are linguistically accurate (or at the very least helpful in your discovery process), but in some cases you may notice strange or incorrect translations. We apologize for these situations.

Our machine translation engine is Google Translate. Print Nobel Prize in Physics - 2 | Britannica.com Nobel Prize in Physics any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.... Displaying 1 - 100 of 202 results Abrikosov, Alexey A. Russian physicist, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2003 for his pioneering contribution to the theory of superconductivity. He shared the award with Vitaly L. Ginzburg of Russia and Anthony J. Leggett of Great Britain. Abrikosov received doctorates... Akasaki Isamu Japanese materials scientist who was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics for inventing blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), paving the way for future innovation. He shared the prize with Japanese materials scientist Amano Hiroshi and Japanese-born... Alferov, Zhores Soviet physicist who, with Herbert Kroemer and Jack S.

Kilby, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000 for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era of computers and information technology. Alferov received a doctorate in physics... Alfvén, Hannes astrophysicist and winner, with Louis Néel of France, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his essential contributions in founding plasma physics—the study of plasmas (ionized gases). Alfvén was educated at Uppsala University and in 1940 joined... Alvarez, Luis American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for work that included the discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions).... Amano Hiroshi Japanese materials scientist who was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). He shared the prize with Japanese materials scientist Akasaki Isamu and Japanese-born American materials scientist Shuji Nakamura....

Anderson, Carl David American physicist who, with Victor Francis Hess of Austria, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1936 for his discovery of the positron, or positive electron, the first known particle of antimatter. Anderson received his Ph.D. in 1930 from the California... Anderson, Philip W. American physicist and corecipient, with John H. Van Vleck and Sir Nevill F. Mott, of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physics for his research on semiconductors, superconductivity, and magnetism. Educated at Harvard University, Anderson received his doctorate... Appleton, Sir Edward Victor British winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1947 for his discovery of the so-called Appleton layer of the ionosphere, which is a dependable reflector of radio waves and as such is useful in communication. Other ionospheric layers reflect radio waves... Bardeen, John American physicist who was cowinner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in both 1956 and 1972. He shared the 1956 prize with William B. Shockley and Walter H. Brattain for their joint invention of the transistor. With Leon N.

Cooper and John R. Schrieffer... Barkla, Charles Glover British physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1917 for his work on X-ray scattering, which occurs when X-rays pass through a material and are deflected by the atomic electrons. This technique proved to be particularly useful in the... Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich Soviet physicist, one of the founders of quantum electronics, and a corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1964, with Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov of the Soviet Union and Charles H. Townes of the United States, for research leading to the... Becquerel, Henri French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie. He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations,... Bednorz, J. Georg German physicist who, along with Karl Alex Müller, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint discovery of superconductivity in certain substances at temperatures higher than had previously been thought attainable. Bednorz graduated...

Binnig, Gerd German-born physicist who shared with Heinrich Rohrer half of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for their invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. (Ernst Ruska won the other half of the prize.) Binnig graduated from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University... Blackett, Patrick M. S., Baron Blackett of Chelsea winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1948 for his discoveries in the field of cosmic radiation, which he accomplished primarily with cloud-chamber photographs that revealed the way in which a stable atomic nucleus can be disintegrated by bombarding... Bloch, Felix Swiss-born American physicist who shared (with E.M. Purcell) the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952 for developing the nuclear magnetic resonance method of measuring the magnetic field of atomic nuclei. Bloch’s doctoral dissertation (University of Leipzig,... Bloembergen, Nicolaas Dutch-born American physicist, corecipient with Arthur Leonard Schawlow of the United States and Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn of Sweden of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for their revolutionary spectroscopic studies of the interaction of electromagnetic... Bohr, Aage N.

Danish physicist who shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physics with Ben R. Mottelson and James Rainwater for their work in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei. Bohr was educated at the University of Copenhagen, where he received... Bohr, Niels Danish physicist who is generally regarded as one of the foremost physicists of the 20th century. He was the first to apply the quantum concept, which restricts the energy of a system to certain discrete values, to the problem of atomic and molecular... Born, Max German physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 with Walther Bothe for his probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Born came from an upper-middle-class, assimilated, Jewish family. At first he was considered too frail to attend... Bothe, Walther German physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 with Max Born for his invention of a new method of detecting subatomic particles and for other resulting discoveries. Bothe taught at the universities of Berlin (1920–31), Giessen (1931–34),... Boyle, Willard physicist who was awarded, with American physicist George E.

Smith, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009 for their invention of the charge-coupled device (CCD). They shared the prize with physicist Charles Kao, who discovered how light could be transmitted... Bragg, Sir Lawrence Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint winner (with his father, Sir William Bragg) of the Nobel Prize... Bragg, Sir William pioneer British scientist in solid-state physics who was a joint winner (with his son Sir Lawrence Bragg) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915 for his research on the determination of crystal structures. He was knighted in 1920. William Bragg came... Brattain, Walter Houser American scientist who, along with John Bardeen and William B. Shockley, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for his investigation of the properties of semiconductors—materials of which transistors are made—and for the development of the transistor....

Braun, Ferdinand German physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909 with Guglielmo Marconi for the development of wireless telegraphy. Braun received his doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1872. After appointments at Würzburg, Leipzig, Marburg, Karlsruhe,... Bridgman, Percy Williams American experimental physicist noted for his studies of materials at high temperatures and pressures. For his work he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1946. Bridgman was the son of a journalist. He entered Harvard University in 1900, receiving... Brockhouse, Bertram N. Canadian physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1994 with American physicist Clifford G. Shull for their separate but concurrent development of neutron- scattering techniques. Brockhouse was educated at the University of British Columbia... Broglie, Louis de French physicist best known for his research on quantum theory and for predicting the wave nature of electrons. He was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize for Physics. Early life De Broglie was the second son of a member of the French nobility. From the Broglie...

Chadwick, James English physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron. Chadwick was educated at the University of Manchester, where he worked under Ernest Rutherford and earned a master’s degree in 1913. He then studied... Chamberlain, Owen American physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959 with Emilio Segrè for their discovery of the antiproton. This previously postulated subatomic particle was the second antiparticle to be discovered and led directly to the discovery of... Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir... Charpak, Georges Polish-born French physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for his invention of subatomic particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber. Charpak’s family moved from Poland to Paris when he was seven years old....

Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich Soviet physicist who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physics with fellow Soviet scientists Igor Y. Tamm and Ilya M. Frank for the discovery and theoretical interpretation of the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation. A peasant’s son, Cherenkov graduated... Chu, Steven American physicist who, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics for their independent pioneering research in cooling and trapping atoms using laser light. He later served as secretary of energy... Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas British physicist, joint winner, with Ernest T.S. Walton of Ireland, of the 1951 Nobel Prize for Physics for pioneering the use of particle accelerators in studying the atomic nucleus. Educated at the University of Manchester and St. John’s College,... Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude French physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1997 with Steven Chu and William D. Phillips. They received the award for their development of techniques that use laser light to cool atoms to extremely low temperatures. At such temperatures... Compton, Arthur Holly American physicist and joint winner, with C.T.R.

Wilson of England, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927 for his discovery and explanation of the change in the wavelength of X rays when they collide with electrons in metals. This so-called Compton... Cooper, Leon N. American physicist and winner of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics, along with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, for his role in developing the BCS (for their initials) theory of superconductivity. The concept of Cooper electron pairs was named... Cornell, Eric A. American physicist who, with Carl E. Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001 for creating a new ultracold state of matter, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). After studying at Stanford University (B.S., 1985),... Cronin, James Watson American particle physicist, corecipient with Val Logsdon Fitch of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physics for an experiment that implied that reversing the direction of time would not precisely reverse the course of certain reactions of subatomic particles....

Curie, Marie Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel... Curie, Pierre French physical chemist, cowinner with his wife Marie Curie of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. He and Marie discovered radium and polonium in their investigation of radioactivity. An exceptional physicist, he was one of the main founders of modern... Dalén, Nils Swedish engineer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1912 for his invention of the automatic sun valve, or Solventil, which regulates a gaslight source by the action of sunlight, turning it off at dawn and on at dusk or at other periods of darkness.... Davis, Raymond, Jr. American physicist who, with Koshiba Masatoshi, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002 for detecting neutrino s. Riccardo Giacconi also won a share of the award for his work on X-rays. Davis received a Ph.D.

from Yale University in 1942. After military... Davisson, Clinton Joseph American experimental physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 with George P. Thomson of England for discovering that electrons can be diffracted like light waves, thus verifying the thesis of Louis de Broglie that electrons behave both... Dehmelt, Hans Georg German-born American physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German physicist Wolfgang Paul. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman Foster Ramsey.) Dehmelt received his share of... Dirac, P. A. M. English theoretical physicist who was one of the founders of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Dirac is most famous for his 1928 relativistic quantum theory of the electron and his prediction of the existence of antiparticles. In 1933 he... Einstein, Albert German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th...

Englert, François Belgian physicist who was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics for proposing the existence of the Higgs field, which endows all elementary particles with mass through its interactions with them. He shared the prize with British physicist Peter Higgs,... Esaki, Leo Japanese solid-state physicist and researcher in superconductivity who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson. Esaki was a 1947 graduate in physics from Tokyo University and immediately joined the Kobe Kogyo... Fermi, Enrico Italian-born American scientist who was one of the chief architects of the nuclear age. He developed the mathematical statistics required to clarify a large class of subatomic phenomena, explored nuclear transformations caused by neutrons, and directed... Fert, Albert French scientist who, with Peter Grünberg, received the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent codiscovery of giant magnetoresistance. Fert received master’s degrees in mathematics and physics from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1962....

Feynman, Richard American theoretical physicist who was widely regarded as the most brilliant, influential, and iconoclastic figure in his field in the post-World War II era. Feynman remade quantum electrodynamics —the theory of the interaction between light and matter... Fitch, Val Logsdon American particle physicist who was corecipient, with James Watson Cronin, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1980 for experiments conducted in 1964 that disproved the long-held theory that particle interaction should be indifferent to the direction of... Fowler, William American nuclear astrophysicist who, with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 for his role in formulating a widely accepted theory of element generation. Fowler studied at the Ohio State University (B.S., 1933) and at... Franck, James German-born American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1925 with Gustav Hertz for research on the excitation and ionization of atoms by electron bombardment that verified the quantized nature of energy transfer. Franck studied at the...

Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel A. Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union. He received the award for explaining the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation. After graduating from Moscow State University... Friedman, Jerome Isaac American physicist who, together with Richard E. Taylor and Henry W. Kendall, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1990 for their joint experimental confirmation of the fundamental particles known as quarks. Friedman was educated at the University... Gabor, Dennis Hungarian-born electrical engineer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971 for his invention of holography, a system of lensless, three-dimensional photography that has many applications. A research engineer for the firm of Siemens and Halske in... Geim, Sir Andre physicist who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for Physics for his experiments with graphene. He shared the prize with his colleague and former student Konstantin Novoselov. Geim held dual citizenship in the Netherlands and Great Britain. Geim received...

Gell-Mann, Murray American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1969 for his work pertaining to the classification of subatomic particles and their interactions. Having entered Yale University at age 15, Gell-Mann received a B.S. in physics in 1948 and... Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de French physicist, who was awarded the 1991 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discoveries about the ordering of molecules in liquid crystals and polymers. The son of a physician, Gennes studied at the École Normale Supérieure. He was employed as an engineer... Giacconi, Riccardo Italian-born physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002 for his seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays, which helped lay the foundations for the field of X-ray astronomy. Raymond Davis, Jr., and Koshiba Masatoshi also won a share... Giaever, Ivar Norwegian-born American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson for work in solid-state physics. Giaever received an engineering degree at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim in 1952...

Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich Russian physicist and astrophysicist, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2003 for his pioneering work on superconductivity. He shared the award with Alexey A. Abrikosov of Russia and Anthony J. Leggett of Great Britain. Ginzburg was also noted for... Glaser, Donald A. American physicist and recipient of the 1960 Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention (1952) and development of the bubble chamber, a research instrument used in high-energy physics laboratories to observe the behaviour of subatomic particles. After... Glashow, Sheldon Lee American theoretical physicist who, with Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1979 for their complementary efforts in formulating the electroweak theory, which explains the unity of electromagnetism and the weak force.... Glauber, Roy J. American physicist, who won one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2005 for contributions to the field of optics, the branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of light and its interactions with matter. (The other half of the award... Gross, David J.

American physicist who, with H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2004 for discoveries regarding the strong force —the nuclear force that binds together quarks (the smallest building blocks of matter) and holds... Grünberg, Peter Czech-born German scientist who, with Albert Fert, received the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent codiscovery of giant magnetoresistance. Grünberg completed his undergraduate studies in physics in 1962 at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University... Guillaume, Charles Édouard French physicist whose exhaustive studies of ferronickel alloys culminated in the discovery of invar (a nickel–steel alloy) and gained him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920. In 1883 Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures,... Haldane, Duncan British-born American physicist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on explaining properties of one-dimensional chains of atomic magnets and of two-dimensional semiconductors. He shared the prize with British-born American physicists... Hall, John L.

American physicist, who shared one-half of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Physics with Theodor W. Hänsch for their contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy, the use of lasers to determine the frequency (colour) of light emitted by atoms and molecules.... Hänsch, Theodor W. German physicist, who shared one-half of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Physics with John L. Hall for their contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy, the use of lasers to determine the frequency (colour) of light emitted by atoms and molecules.... Haroche, Serge French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics for devising methods to study the quantum mechanical behaviour of individual photons. He shared the prize with American physicist David Wineland. Haroche received degrees in physics in... Heisenberg, Werner German physicist and philosopher who discovered (1925) a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices. For that discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932. In 1927 he published his uncertainty principle, upon which he built...

Hertz, Gustav German physicist who, with James Franck, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1925 for the Franck-Hertz experiment, which confirmed the quantum theory that energy can be absorbed by an atom only in definite amounts and provided an important confirmation... Hess, Victor Francis Austrian-born physicist who was a joint recipient, with Carl D. Anderson of the United States, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1936 for his discovery of cosmic rays —high-energy radiation originating in outer space. Educated at the University of Graz,... Hewish, Antony British astrophysicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for his discovery of pulsars (cosmic objects that emit extremely regular pulses of radio waves). Hewish was educated at the University of Cambridge and in 1946 joined the radio astronomy... Higgs, Peter British physicist who was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics for proposing the existence of the Higgs boson, a subatomic particle that is the carrier particle of a field that endows all elementary particles with mass through its interactions with...

Hofstadter, Robert American scientist who was a joint recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1961 for his investigations of protons and neutrons, which revealed the hitherto unknown structure of these particles. He shared the prize with Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer of... Hooft, Gerardus ’t Dutch physicist, corecipient with Martinus J.G. Veltman of the 1999 Nobel Prize for Physics for their development of a mathematical model that enabled scientists to predict the properties of both the subatomic particles that constitute the universe and... Hulse, Russell Alan American physicist who in 1993 shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with his former teacher, the astrophysicist Joseph H. Taylor, Jr., for their joint discovery of the first binary pulsar. Hulse studied at Cooper Union College in New York City (B.S., 1970)... Jensen, J. Hans D. German physicist who shared half of the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physics with Maria Goeppert Mayer for their proposal of the shell nuclear model. (The other half of the prize was awarded to Eugene P. Wigner for unrelated work.) After obtaining his Ph.D....

Josephson, Brian D. British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect while a 22-year-old graduate student won him a share (with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever) of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics. At Trinity College, Cambridge, Josephson studied mathematics before... Kajita Takaaki Japanese physicist who was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the oscillations of neutrinos from one flavour to another, which proved that those subatomic particles have mass. He shared the prize with Canadian physicist Arthur B.... Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike Dutch winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1913 for his work on low-temperature physics and his production of liquid helium. He discovered superconductivity, the almost total lack of electrical resistance in certain materials when cooled to a temperature... Kao, Charles physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009 for his discovery of how light can be transmitted through fibre-optic cables. He shared the prize with physicists Willard Boyle and George E. Smith, who won for their work in inventing the...

Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich Soviet physicist who invented new machines for liquefaction of gases and in 1937 discovered the superfluidity of liquid helium. He was a corecipient of the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature... Kastler, Alfred French physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1966 for his discovery and development of methods for observing Hertzian resonances within atoms. In 1920 Kastler went to Paris to study at the École Normale Supérieure. After serving on the science... Kendall, Henry Way American nuclear physicist who shared the 1990 Nobel Prize for Physics with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor for obtaining experimental evidence for the existence of the subatomic particles known as quarks. Kendall received his B.A. from Amherst... Ketterle, Wolfgang German-born physicist who, with Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001 for creating a new ultracold state of matter, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).

In 1986 Ketterle received a Ph.D. from the University... Klitzing, Klaus von German physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1985 for his discovery that under appropriate conditions the resistance offered by an electrical conductor is quantized; that is, it varies by discrete steps rather than smoothly and continuously.... Kobayashi Makoto Japanese scientist who was a corecipient, with Yoichiro Nambu and Maskawa Toshihide, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Physics. Kobayashi and Maskawa shared half the prize for their discovery of the origin of broken symmetry, which created at least six quarks... Koshiba Masatoshi Japanese physicist who, with Raymond Davis, Jr., won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002 for their detection of neutrino s. Riccardo Giacconi also won a share of the award for his work on the cosmic sources of X rays. Koshiba earned a Ph.D. from the... Kosterlitz, Michael British-born American physicist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in using topology to explain superconductivity in two-dimensional materials.

He shared the prize with British-born American physicists David Thouless and Duncan... Kroemer, Herbert German-born physicist who, with Zhores Alferov and Jack S. Kilby, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era of microchips, computers, and information technology. After receiving a Ph.D. (1952)... Kusch, Polykarp German-American physicist who, with Willis E. Lamb, Jr., was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955 for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron is greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of... Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 - Presentation Speech Presentation Speech The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein Share this: Award Ceremony Speech Presentation Speech by Professor S. Arrhenius , Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , on December 10, 1922 * Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen. There is probably no physicist living today whose name has become so widely known as that of Albert Einstein.

Most discussion centres on his theory of relativity. This pertains essentially to epistemology and has therefore been the subject of lively debate in philosophical circles. It will be no secret that the famous philosopher Bergson in Paris has challenged this theory, while other philosophers have acclaimed it wholeheartedly. The theory in question also has astrophysical implications which are being rigorously examined at the present time. Throughout the first decade of this century the so-called Brownian movement stimulated the keenest interest. In 1905 Einstein founded a kinetic theory to account for this movement by means of which he derived the chief properties of suspensions, i.e. liquids with solid particles suspended in them. This theory, based on classical mechanics, helps to explain the behaviour of what are known as colloidal solutions, a behaviour which has been studied by Svedberg , Perrin , Zsigmondy and countless other scientists within the context of what has grown into a large branch of science, colloid chemistry. A third group of studies, for which in particular Einstein has received the Nobel Prize, falls within the domain of the quantum theory founded by Planck in 1900.

This theory asserts that radiant energy consists of individual particles, termed "quanta", approximately in the same way as matter is made up of particles, i.e. atoms. This remarkable theory, for which Planck received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918 , suffered from a variety of drawbacks and about the middle of the first decade of this century it reached a kind of impasse. Then Einstein came forward with his work on specific heat and the photoelectric effect. This latter had been discovered by the famous physicist Hertz in 1887. He found that an electrical spark passing between two spheres does so more readily if its path is illuminated with the light from another electrical discharge. A more exhaustive study of this interesting phenomenon was carried out by Hallwachs who showed that under certain conditions a negatively charged body, e.g. a metal plate, illuminated with light of a particular colour - ultraviolet has the strongest effect - loses its negative charge and ultimately assumes a positive charge. In 1899 Lenard demonstrated the cause to be the emission of electrons at a certain velocity from the negatively charged body.

The most extraordinary aspect of this effect was that the electron emission velocity is independent of the intensity of the illuminating light, which is proportional only to the number of electrons, whereas the velocity increases with the frequency of the light. Lenard stressed that this phenomenon was not in good agreement with the then prevailing concepts. An associated phenomenon is photo-luminescence, i.e.phosphorescence and fluorescence. When light impinges on a substance the latter will occasionally become luminous as a result of phosphorescence or fluorescence. Since the energy of the light quantum increases with the frequency, it will be obvious that a light quantum with a certain frequency can only give rise to the formation of a light quantum of lower or, at most, equal frequency. Otherwise energy would be created. The phosphorescent or fluorescent light hence has a lower frequency than the light inducing the photo-luminescence. This is Stokes' rule which was explained in this way by Einstein by means of the quantum theory. Similarly, when a quantum of light falls on a metal plate it can at most yield the whole of its energy to an electron there. A part of this energy is consumed in carrying the electron out into the air, the remainder stays with the electron as kinetic energy.

This applies to an electron in the surface layer of the metal. From this can be calculated the positive potential to which the metal can be charged by irradiation. Only if the quantum contains sufficient energy for the electron to perform the work of detaching itself from the metal does the electron move out into the air. Consequently, only light having a frequency greater than a certain limit is capable of inducing a photo-electric effect, however high the intensity of the irradiating light. If this limit is exceeded the effect is proportional to the light intensity at constant frequency. Similar behaviour occurs in the ionisation of gas molecules and the so-called ionisation potential may be calculated, provided that the frequency of the light capable of ionising the gas is known. Einstein's law of the photo-electrical effect has been extremely rigorously tested by the American Millikan and his pupils and passed the test brilliantly. Owing to these studies by Einstein the quantum theory has been perfected to a high degree and an extensive literature grew up in this field whereby the extraordinary value of this theory was proved. Einstein's law has become the basis of quantitative photo-chemistry in the same way as Faraday's law is the basis of electro-chemistry.

** * The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was announced on November 9, 1922. ** Being too remote from Sweden, Professor Einstein could not attend the ceremony. From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 Albert Einstein | Atomic Heritage Foundation Atomic Heritage Foundation Scientist, Nobel Prize Winner Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist and winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. Einstein influenced the beginning of the Manhattan Project. In collaboration with Leo Szilard, Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt in 1939 , warning of possible German nuclear weapons research and proposing that the United States begin its own research into atomic energy. Einstein played no role in the Manhattan Project, having been denied a security clearance in July 1940 due to his pacifist tendencies. After World War II, he worked to control nuclear proliferation.

He later regretted signing the letter to Roosevelt, saying in a Newsweek interview that "had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing." Scientific Contributions In 1896, Einstein began studying to be a physics and mathematics teacher at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. He graduated in 1901, the same year he became a citizen of Switzerland. He then worked at the Swiss Patent Office. Einstein earned his Ph.D from the University of Zurich during his “miracle year,” 1905, where he published four groundbreaking papers and won notice from academics. Einstein's special theory of relativity sought to harmonize the laws of mechanics and laws of the electromagnetic field. His investigations also helped establish the photon theory of light. Based on the special theory of relativity, he proposed a theory of gravitation, and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. In 1921, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." For more on Einstein's scientific contributions, visit the Nobel Prize website .

Later Years As the Nazis rose to power in Germany, Einstein left for the United States and accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ in 1933. Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Einstein turned down an offer to serve as President of Israel, and was a co-founder of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He died on April 18, 1955. Albert Einstein's Timeline 1879 Mar 14th Born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany. 1896 Entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. 1901 Received his diploma, acquired Swiss citizenship, and accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard working on the famous letter A signed portrait of Niels Bohr, James Franck, Albert Einstein, and Isidor I.

Rabi Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein Related Profiles Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Physics Wolf Prizes - פרסי וולף Top Surnames history The Nobel Prize in Physics was Awarded to 201 Nobel Laureates from 1901 to 2015 "The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: /- - -/ one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics ..." (Excerpt from the will of Alfred Nobel) Physics was the prize area which Alfred Nobel mentioned first in his will. At the end of the nineteenth century, many people considered physics as the foremost of the sciences, and perhaps Nobel saw it this way as well. His own research was also closely tied to physics. 47 Physics Prizes have been given to one Laureate only. 2 Women have been awarded the Physics Prize so far. 1 Person, John Bardeen, has been awarded the Physics Prize twice. 25 Years was the age of the youngest Physics Laureate ever, Lawrence Bragg, when he was awarded the 1915 Physics Prize together with his father.

________________________________________________________ 2016: divided, one half awarded to David J. Thouless (b. 1934) British and American condensed-matter physicist; the other half jointly to [ F. Duncan M. Haldane] (b. 1951) and J. Michael Kosterlitz (b. 1942) British and American condensed matter physicists, "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter". 2015: jointly to: Takaaki Kajita, 梶田隆章 (b. 1959) Japanese physicist and Arthur "Art" Bruce McDonald (b . 1943) Canadian physicist, "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" 2014: jointly to: Isamu Akasaki 赤崎 勇 (b. 1929) Japanese electric engineering scientist, to Hiroshi Amano 天野 浩 (b. 1960) Japanese physicist and to Shuji Nakamura 中村 修二 (b.

1954) Japanese American material scientist, "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources". 2013: jointly to: François Englert (b. 1932) Belgian physicist, and to: Peter W. Higgs (b. 1929) British physicist, "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" 2012: jointly to: Serge Haroche (b. 1944) French physicist, and to David J. Wineland (b. 1944) American physicist, "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems". 2011: one half to: Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959) American astrophysicist, and the other half jointly to: Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967) American-born Australian astrophysicist, and to: Adam G. Riess (b.

1969) American astrophysicist, "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae". 2010: jointly to Andre Geim (b. 1958) Russian-born Dutch-British physicist, and Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974) Russian-British physicist "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" 2009: divided, one half awarded to Charles Kuen Kao (b. 1933) Chinese physicist, "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication", the other half jointly to Willard S. Boyle (1924 - 2011) Canadian physicist, and George E. Smith (b. 1930) American physicist, "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor". 2008: divided, one half awarded to Yoichiro Nambu (1921-2015) Japanese-born American physicist "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics", the other half jointly to Makoto Kobayashi (b.

1944) Japanese physicist, and Toshihide Maskawa (b. 1940) Japanese physicist, "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature". 2007: jointly to Albert Fert (b. 1938) French physicist, and Peter Grünberg (b. 1939} Czech-born German physicist, "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance" 2006: jointly to John C. Mather (b. 1946) American physicist, and George F. Smoot (b. 1945) American physicist, "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" 2005: divided, one half awarded to Roy J. Glauber (b. 1925) American physicist "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", the other half jointly to John L. Hall (b. 1934) American physicist, and Theodor W. Hänsch (b.

1941) German physicist, "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique". 2004: jointly to David J. Gross (b. 1941) American physicist, to H. David Politzer (b. 1940) American physicist, and to Frank Wilczek (b. 1951) American physicist, "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction". 2003: jointly to Alexei A. Abrikosov (b. 1928) Russian-American physicist, to Vitaly L. Ginzburg (1916 - 2009) Russian physicist, and to Anthony J. Leggett (b. 1938) American physicist "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids". 2002: divided, one half jointly to Raymond Davis Jr. (1914 - 2006) American physicist. and Masatoshi Koshiba (b.

1926) Japanese physicist, "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" and the other half to Riccardo Giacconi (b. 1931) Italian-born American physicist "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources". 2001: jointly to Eric A. Cornell (b. 1961) American physicist, to Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1946) German-born American physicist, and to Carl E. Wieman (b. 1951) American physicist "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates". 2000: awarded "for basic work on information and communication technology" with one half jointly to Zhores I. Alferov (b. 1930) Russian physicist, and Herbert Kroemer (b. 1928) German physicist, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics", and the other half to Jack S.

Kilby (1923 - 2005) German-American applied physicist, "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit". 1999: jointly to Gerardus 't Hooft (b. 1946) Dutch physicist, and Martinus J.G. Veltman (b. 1931) American physicist, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" 1998: jointly to Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950) American physicist, to Horst L. Störmer (b. 1949) German-born American physicist, and to Daniel C. Tsui (b. 1939) Chinese-born American physicist, "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". 1997: jointly to Steven Chu (b. 1948) American Physicist, to Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933) French physicist, and to William D. Phillips (b. 1948) American Physicist, "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light".

1996: jointly to David M. Lee (b. 1931) American physicist , to Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945) American physicist, and to Robert C. Richardson (1937 - 2013) American physicist, "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3". 1995: awarded "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" jointly with one half to Martin L. Perl (1927 - 2014) American physicist, "for the discovery of the tau lepton", and with one half to Frederick Reines (1918 - 1998) American physicist, "for the detection of the neutrino". 1994: awarded "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" jointly with one half to Bertram N. Brockhouse (1918 - 2003) Canadian physicist, "for the development of neutron spectroscopy", and with one half to Clifford G. Shull (1915 - 2001) American physicist, "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique".

1993: jointly to Russell A. Hulse (b. 1950) American astrophysics, and Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (b. 1941) American astrophysics, "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" 1992: Georges Charpak (1924 - 2010) French , "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" 1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932 - 2007) French chemical physicist, "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers". 1990: jointly to: Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930) American physicist, to Henry W. Kendall (1926 -1999) American physicist, and to: Richard E. Taylor (b.

1929) Canadian-born American physicist, "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics". 1989: divided, one half awarded to Norman F. Ramsey (1915 - 2011) American physicist, "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks", the other half jointly to: Hans G. Dehmelt (b. 1922) German-born American physicist, and to Wolfgang Paul (1913 - 1933) German physicist, "for the development of the ion trap technique". 1988: jointly to: Leon M. Lederman (b. 1922) American physicist, to Melvin Schwartz (1932 - 2006) American physicist, and to Jack Steinberger (b. 1921) German physicist, "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino". 1987: jointly to J.

Georg Bednorz (b.1950) German physicist, and K. Alexander Müller (b. 1927) Swiss physicist, "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" 1986: divided, one half awarded to Ernst Ruska (1906 - 1988) German physicist, "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope", the other half jointly to: Gerd Binnig (b. 1947) German physicist, and Heinrich Rohrer (1933 - 2013) Swiss physicist, "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope". 1985: Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943) German physicist, "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect". 1984: jointly to Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934) Italian particle physicist, and Simon van der Meer (1925 - 2011) Dutch particle physicist, "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction".

1983: divided equally between Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (1910 - 1995) Indian American astrophysicist, "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars", and William Alfred Fowler (1911 - 1995) American nuclear physicist, later astrophysicist, "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe". 1982: Kenneth G. Wilson (1936 - 2013) American physicist, "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions". 1981: jointly, half prize to: Nicolaas Bloembergen (b. 1920) Dutch-American physicist, and to: Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921 – 1999) American physicist, "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"; and the other half to: Kai M.

Siegbahn (1918 – 2007) Swedish physicist, "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" 1980: jointly to James Watson Cronin (b. 1931) American physicist, and Val Logsdon Fitch (b. 1923) American physicist, "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" 1979: jointly to: Sheldon Lee Glashow (b. 1932) American physicist, to [ Abdus Salam] (1926 - 1996) Pakistani theoretical physicist, and to Steven Weinberg (b. 1933) American physicist, "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current". 1978: One half awarded to: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 - 1984), Russian Physicist, "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics", the other half jointly to: Arno Allan Penzias (b.

1933) American astrophysicist, & Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936) American astrophysicist "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation". 1977: jointly to: Philip Warren Anderson (b. 1923) American physicist, to Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1905 - 1996) British physicist, and to John Hasbrouck van Vleck (1899 - 1980) American physicist and mathematician, "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems". 1976: jointly to: Burton Richter (b. 1931) American physicist. and Samuel Chao Chung Ting (b. 1936) American physicist, "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" 1975: jointly to: Aage Niels Bohr (1922 - 2009) Danish nuclear physicist, to Ben Roy Mottelson (b.

1926) American-born Danish nuclear physicist, and to Leo James Rainwater (1917 - 1986) American physicist, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". 1974: jointly to Sir Martin Ryle (1918 - 1984) British astrophysicist, and Antony Hewish (b. 1924) American astrophysicist, "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" 1973: divided, one half jointly to Leo Esaki Japanese physicist (b.

1925) , and Ivar Giaever (1929) Norwegian-American physicist and biophysicist, "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively", and the other half to Brian David Josephson (1940) British physicist, "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects". 1972: jointly to: John Bardeen (1908 - 1991) American physicist and electrical engineer, to Leon Neil Cooper (b. 1930) American physicist, and to John Robert Schrieffer (b. 1931) American physicist, "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory". 1971: Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979) Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, "for his invention and development of the holographic method".

1970: divided equally between: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (1908 - 1995) Swedish physicist, "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" and to Louis Eugène Félix Néel (1904 - 2000) French physicist, "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics". 1969: Murray Gell-Mann (b.

1929) American physicist, "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" 1968: Luis Walter Alvarez (1911 - 1988) American physicist, "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" 1967: Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906 – 2005) German-American versatile theoretical physicist with important contributions to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics and astrophysics: "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars". 1966: Alfred Kastler (1902 - 1984) French physicist, "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms". 1965: jointly to: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (1906 - 1979) Japanese physicist, to Julian Schwinger (1918 - 1994) American physicist, and to Richard P.

Feynman (1918 - 1988) American physicist, "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". 1964: divided, one half awarded to Charles Hard Townes (b. 1915) American physicist, the other half jointly to Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922 - 2001) Russian physicist, and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1916 - 2002) Russian physicist, "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle". 1963: divided, half the prize to: Eugene Paul Wigner (1902 – 1995) Hungarian American theoretical physicist and mathematician, "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"; the other half jointly to Maria Goeppert Mayer (1906 – 1972) German-born American theoretical physicist, and to J. Hans D.

Jensen (1907 – 1973) German nuclear physicist, "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure". 1962: Lev Davidovich Landau (1908 – 1968) Russian Physicist and mathematician, "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium". 1961: divided equally between: Robert Hofstadter (1915 - 1960) American physicist, "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons", and Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (1929 - 2011) German physicist, "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name". 1960: Donald Arthur Glaser (1926 - 2013) American physicist, "for the invention of the bubble chamber".

1959: jointly to: Emilio Gino Segrè (1905 - 1989) Italian-American physicist, and Owen Chamberlain (1920 - 2006) American physicist, "for their discovery of the antiproton" 1958: jointly to: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904 - 1990) Russian physicist, to Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank (1908 - 1990) Russian physicist, and to Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895 - 1971) Russian physicist, "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect". 1957: jointly to: Chen-Ning Yang (b. 1922) Chinese-born American physicist, and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee (b.

1926) Chinese-born American physicist, "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" 1956: jointly to: William Bradford Shockley (1910 - 1989) American physicist and inventor, to John Bardeen (1908 - 1991) American physicist & electrical engineer, and to Walter Houser Brattain (1902 - 1987) American physicist, "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". 1955: divided equally between: Willis Eugene Lamb (1913 - 2008) American physicist, "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" and Polykarp Kusch (1911 - 1993) American physicist, "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron".

1954: divided equally between: Max Born (1882 - 1970) German-born British physicist, "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction", and Walther Bothe (1891 - 1957). German physicist, "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith". 1953: Frits (Frederik) Zernike (1888 - 1966) Dutch physicist, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope". 1952:: jointly to: Felix Bloch (1905 – 1983) Swiss-born American nuclear physicist, and to: Edward Mills Purcell (1912 – 1997) American nuclear physicist, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith".

1951: jointly to: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft OM KCB CBE FRS (1897 – 1967 ) British nuclear physicist & Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903 – 1955) Irish nuclear physicist, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles". 1950: Cecil Frank Powell (1903 - 1969) British physicist, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". 1949: Hideki Yukawa (1907 - 1981) Japanese physicist , "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". 1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897 – 1974) British particle physicist, "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation".

1947: Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892 - 1965) British physicist, "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer". 1946: Percy Williams Bridgman (1882 – 1961) American physicist, "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics". 1945: Wolfgang Pauli (1900 – 1958) Austrian born Swiss physicist of Jewish descent, "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle". 1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898 – 1988) Galicia born American physicist of Jewish descent, "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei". 1943: Otto Stern (1888 – 1969) American-German physicist of Jewish descent, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton". 1942: Not awarded.

Question: Which German-born physicist was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics?
Answer: Albert Einstein