Atlas - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics For other uses, see Atlas (disambiguation) . An atlas is a collection of maps , typically of Earth or a region of Earth, but there are atlases of the other planets (and their satellites) in the solar system. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical , social , religious and economic statistics . Contents 7 External links "Atlas" mythology The origin of the term atlas is a common source of misconception, perhaps because two different mythical figures named 'Atlas' are associated with map making . King Atlas, a mythical King of Mauretania , was also known as Aparajit in Hindusim , according to legend, a wise philosopher, mathematician and astronomer who supposedly made the first celestial globe.

It was this Atlas that Mercator was referring to when he first used the name 'Atlas', and he included a depiction of the King on the title-page. However, the more widely known Atlas is a figure from Greek mythology . He is the son of the Titan Iapetus and Clymene (or Asia), and brother of Prometheus . Atlas was punished by Zeus and made to bear the weight of the heavens (the idea of Atlas carrying the Earth isn't correct according to the original myth) on his back. One of Heracles's labours was to collect the apples of the Hesperides. Heracles went to Atlas and reasoned with him. Eventually, Atlas agreed to collect the apples, and Heracles was left to carry the weight. Atlas tried to leave Heracles there, but Heracles tricked him and Atlas was left to carry the heavens forever. In his epic Odyssey , Homer refers to this Atlas as "one who knows the depths of the whole sea, and keeps the tall pillars who hold heaven and earth asunder". In works of art, this Atlas is represented as carrying the heavens or the Celestial Sphere , on his shoulders.

The earliest such depiction is the Farnese Atlas , now housed at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale Napoli in Naples, Italy . This figure is frequently found on the cover or title-pages of atlases. This is particularly true of atlases published by Dutch publishers during the second half of the seventeenth century. The image became associated with Dutch merchants, and a statue of this figure adorns the front of the World Trade Center in Amsterdam . The first publisher to associate the Titan Atlas with a group of maps was Lafreri, on the title-page to "Tavole Moderne Di Geografia De La Maggior Parte Del Mondo Di Diversi Autori ...". However, he did not use the word "atlas" in the title of his work. Modern atlas With the coming of the global market, publishers in different countries can reprint maps from plates made elsewhere. This means that the place names on the maps often use the designations or abbreviations of the language of the country in which the feature is located, to serve the widest market. For example, islands near Russia have the abbreviation "O." for "ostrov", not "I." for "island".

This practice differs from what is standard for any given language, and it reaches its extremity concerning transliterations from other languages. Particularly, German mapmakers use the transliterations from Cyrillic developed by the Czechs which are hardly used in English-speaking countries. Online Atlas of Canada Natural Resources Canada (NRC) has a government website ( ), that provides an online atlas to the general public, which they can interact with and gain knowledge from. Similar to the Statistics Canada website, the Natural Resources Canada site offers a wide range of free download-able data through the linked site Geo Gratis. The Atlas of Canada has been around since 1906 and offers maps on the environment , people and society, the economy , history , climate change , freshwater and health , as well as reference, archival and topographic maps . Also available through the Atlas of Canada website is the Learning Resources tab, which provides interactive and non-interactive lesson plans for grades as low as 6 and as high as 12. In cartography many scholars are interested in how information or phenomenon from the real world can be better represented on a map [1] . The key word being re-present, since maps bring to life a situation that has already occurred in the past to the present.

The Atlas of Canada complies with cartography in that it is targeted toward educating youths in elementary and high school, which would develop their cognitive representation skills. Although there are some aspects of the website that can be improved upon. These are mostly fine details, but some times the smallest changes make the largest impacts and part of growing and developing a better functioning education tool requires improvements. Pro - Downs and Liben, 1988 [2] write about maps being opaque and it requires skills, which are taught before they can be read and understand properly. They believe that something that does not have prior context has to be learned because without cognitive representations misinterpretations of maps is easily done. The Online Atlas of Canada supports this really well by providing numerous lessons plans under its Learning Resources tab Con - The Atlas of Canada is largely promoted as a learning tool for students to become more knowledgeable in GIS , poor colors used in their thematic maps could be influencing bad practices [3] . Some of the sites thematic maps have unsatisfying color schemes based on the fact that the colors are too close in richness, making it difficult to decipher one color from the color above or below it.

One of the ways Harrower and Brewer suggest to combat this issue is to utilize an online tool called the ColourBrewer, which assists map makers in picking the best suitable colours. Selected general atlases Some cartographically or commercially important atlases include the following: 17th century and earlier Willem & Joan Blaeu – Tagged "Greece" – Classical Images Willem Blaeu (1571 - 1638) Joan Blaeu 1596-1673 Profile : At the beginning of the seventeenth century Amsterdam was becoming one of the wealthiest trading cities in Europe, the base of the Dutch East India Company and a center of banking and the diamond trade, its people noted for their intellectual skills and splendid craftsmanship. At this propitious time in the history of the Northern Provinces, Willem Janszoon Blaeu, who was born at Alkmaar in 1571 and trained in astronomy and the sciences by Tycho Brahe, the celebrated Danish astronomer, founded a business in Amsterdam in 1599 as a globe and instrument maker.

It was not long before the business expanded, publishing maps, topographical works and books of sea charts as well as constructing globes. His most notable early work was a map of Holland (1604), a fine World Map (1605-06) and Het Licht der Zeevaerdt (The Light of Navigation), a marine atlas, which went through many editions in different languages and under a variety of titles. At the same time Blaeu was planning a major atlas intended to include the most up-to-date maps of the whole of the known world but progress on so vast a project was slow and not until he bought between 30 and 40 plates of the Mercator Atlas from Jodocus Hondius II to add to his own collection was he able to publish, in 1630, a 60-map volume with the title Atlantis Appendix. It was another five years before the first two volumes of his planned world atlas, Atlas Novus or the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum were issued. About this time he was appointed Hydrographer to the East India Company.

In 1638 Blaeu died and the business passed into the hands of his sons, Joan and Cornelis, who continued and expanded their father's ambitious plans. After the death of Cornelis, Joan directed the work alone and the whole series of 6 volumes was eventually completed about 1655. As soon as it was finished he began the preparation of the even larger work, the Atlas Major, which reached publication in 1662 in II volumes (later editions in 9-12 volumes) and contained nearly 6oo double-page maps and 3,000 pages of text. This was, and indeed remains, the most magnificent work of its kind ever produced; perhaps its geographical content was not as up-to-date or as accurate as its author could have wished, but any deficiencies in that direction were more than compensated for by the fine engraving and colouring, the elaborate cartouches and pictorial and heraldic detail and especially the splendid calligraphy. In 1672 a disastrous fire destroyed Blaeu's printing house in the Gravenstraat and a year afterwards Joan Blaeu died.

The firm's surviving stocks of plates and maps were gradually dispersed, some of the plates being bought by F. de Wit and Schenk and Valck, before final closure in about 1695. It ought to be mentioned here that there is often confusion between the elder Blaeu and his rival Jan J ansson (Johannes Janssonius). Up to about 1619 Blaeu often signed his works Guilielmus Janssonius or Willems Jans Zoon but after that time he seems to have decided on Guilielmus or G. Blaeu. Willem & Joan Blaeu (1) Title : Morea olim Peloponnesus..Guil. Blaeu exc. Date : 1640 Size: 22in x 19in (560mm x 485mm) Description: This beautifully engraved hand coloured original 1st edition antique map of the southern Greek peninsular of the Peloponnesusor Morea was published in the 1640 Latin edition of Joan Blaeu's Atlas Nouvs. The peninsula has been inhabited since prehistoric times.

Its modern name derives from ancient Greek mythology, specifically the legend of the hero Pelops who was said to have conquered the entire region. The namePeloponnesos means "Island of Pelops". During the Middle Ages, the peninsula was known as the Morea. According to folk etymology, this is because the Crusaders found it densely planted with mulberry trees (Greek: moreai) used by the flourishing silk industry. Blaeu is one of the most revered map makers of all time and it is easy to see why in this beautiful original map. The high level of the topographical detail, the quality of the paper, the artistic professionalism of the engraving and the beauty of the original hand colouring combine to produce a work of art that is both functional and of exceptional beauty.

(Ref: Koeman; M&B) General Description: Paper thickness and quality: - Heavy and stable Paper color: - off white Age of map color: - Original Colors used: - Yellow, pink, red, blue, green General color appearance: - Authentic Paper size: - 22in x 19in (560mm x 485mm) Plate size: - 22in x 19in (560mm x 485mm) Margins: - Min 1in (25mm) A Mirror of the World: Five Centuries of Geographical Atlases. Exhibition in the National Library of Russia. (electronic resource) It was dated and described both from the copy of Ptolemy's Geographia, held in the Russian State Library in Moscow, and also from A.E.Nordenskiold's Facsimile-atlas… Vol. XXXII, Briquet C.M. [3], no. 6280. The collection of the maps to Ptolemy's Geographia was published in Rome in 1508.

Twenty seven of the thirty three maps accord with those included in the previous editions of 1478 and 1490. The maps Tabula moderna Hispaniae, Tabula moderna Franciae, Tabula moderna Italiae, Tabula moderna Terra Sanctae, Tabula moderna Prussiae, Livoniae, Norvegiae et Gotiae, Universalior cogniti… were issued in the edition of 1507 and reprinted in this edition. The last two mentioned were the first published representations of parts of Scandinavia and the coastal line of the New World, respectively. It was at the very time that the tradition of including morden maps into Ptolemy's classical work started, since the atlas as a form of publication had not yet become established. Several decades later, this practice resulted in a complete confusion of ancient and new geography. This collection is the oldest dated atlas in the holdings of the Cartographic Department of the National Library of Russia. Gerardi Mercatoris et J. Hondii Atlas ou representation du monde universal… Amsterdam, Henry Hondius, 1633. T. I. 1 vol. (303 pp.) 47х30 cm.

Copperplate engraving. Shelfmark: K 0-Mir-8/48 (electronic resource) This French-language work, dating from 1633, is a reprint of Mercator's Atlas. The celebrated world atlas of Gerardus Mercator was first issued in 1595, a year after his death. The atlas contained a treatise on the creation of the world and 107 maps with geographical descriptions, of wich 102 were compiled by Mercator himself. In 1602 the heirs of Mercator brought out a second edition of the atlas. In 1604 they sold all the copper plates from which the atlas was printed, to the Amsterdam publisher Jodocus Hondius the Elder, together with the rights to issue the atlas. Hondius continued to publish Mercator's work, constantly adding new maps and information. After Hondius' death in 1612, the atlas was continued by his sons. In 1638 publication was transferred to Jan Janssonius, who removed Mercator and Hondius' names from the title page of the Atlas and separate maps.

In Russia, the text of the Atlas was translated into Russian in 1630 and given the title Cosmography in Seventy Six Chapters (Semidesyatishestiglavaya Kosmografia). In 1637, a new translation called the Description of the Whole Earth, Lands, and Great States (Kniga glagolema sirech opisaniya sego sveta, zemel', i gosudarstv velikikh) was made by order Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich. A third translation also appeared. These translations were not printed, but were widely read in manuscript form, they are valuable landmarks of literature of the era in translation. They were used in the compilation of the map Description of the Whole Earth, Lands, and Great States, which was printed at the beginning of the 18th century and was extremly popular, eventually becoming a cheap popular picture known as the Illustrated Cosmography (Litsevaya kosmografia) Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive Atlas Novus…Editae Guiljl. Et Joanne Blaeu. T.1. Amsterdam, J. G. Blaeu, 1645. 1 vol.

(295 pl.) 46х31 cm. Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured. Shelfmark: K 0-Mir-8/112-1 (electronic resource) The Novus Atlas is one of the most important works of Willem Blaeu, the founder of the well-known publishing house. It was originally issued in two volumes (1635), but subsequently expanded by Joan Blaeu to four volumes (this edition), and in 1655 a six-volume publication appeared. The atlas contains maps of the world, single continents, countries and parts of countries. It is accompanied by five highly coloured and extensive discriptions. Blaeu's works were unparalleled in their size and the richness of their decoration, and were a brilliant examples of the Golden Age of Dutch Cartography. Nova totius terrarum orbis geographica ac hydrographica tabula. [1645]. 1 pl. 30х49 cm. Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured.

Scale: [1:93 000 000] (electronic resource) It is one of the most impressive world maps from the seventeenth-century Dutch atlases, compiled by Blaeu and engraved by Joshua van den Enden. The map was originally published separately in 1606. From 1606 to 1658 it was included in atlases. The map shows state frontiers, countries, towns, and mountains. Supplementary maps of the Polar Regions are located in the bottom corners of the map. The map is divided into four climatic zones, based on the duration of the longest day of the year (the summer solstice), and into four latitudinal zones. The zones are designated along the edges of the map. The decorative borders consist of allegorical representations of the Sun and Moon, the five known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn); the four basic elements (Fire, Air, Water and Earth); the seasons and the Seven Wonders of the World. Systema solare et Planetarium. [1742]. 1 pl. 50х57 cm. Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured.

It is a scheme for the heliocentric system of the world with images of zodiac constellations. The map has a scheme for comparative sizes of the Sun and the planets, a massage to the reader, a scheme for the solar eclipse of May 12, 1776; and Ptolemaic, Tychonic and Coppernican world systems in its corners. From: Atlas coelestis…exhibentur a Joh. Gabriele Doppelmaiero… Nurnberg,Heredum Homannianorum,1742. 1 vol. (30 pl.) 54х36 cm. Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured. Shelfmark: K 1-Astr 8/5a It is one of the first atlases of the sky, compiled on basis of the work of the German scholar Johann Doppelmeier and published by Homann. In addition to maps of the night sky with symbolic representations of constellations, the atlas includes schemes for the structure of the Solar System, schemes for the planetary motions, and a map of the Moon.

The West-India atlas or compendious description of the West-Indies… taken from actual survey actual survey …by Late Thomas Jefferis. London: R.Sayer a. J. Bennet, 1775. 1 vol. (27 pp., 39 pl.) 58х40 cm. Copperplate engraving. Shelfmark: K 1-TSAm-8/36 This atlas of the West Indies (the Caribbean region and the Pacific coast of the noth-west part of South America) was compiled by Thomas Jefferis. The atlas contains a detailed description of the geographical locations, populations, economies, religions of the West Indian countries, with special attention paid to trading opportunities and export goods. Atlas of the World's Commerce. A new series of maps with descriptive text and diagrams showing products, imports, exports commercial conditions and economic statistics of the countries of the world. Compiled from the latest official returns at the Edinburgh Geographical institute and edited by J.G.Bartholomew etc. London: George Newnes, [1907]. 1 vol. (274 pp.) 39,5х25 cm. Coloured. Lithograph.

Shelfmark: K 3-Mir 7/232 The atlas gives a general idea of production and consumption of the most popular agricultural and industrial goods. The maps, diagrams and graphs show many different aspects of international trade. A large amount of statistics are also included, and there is an index with about 600 names. This was the first atlas of that kind and scope to be published in the Great Britain. Work on the atlas took several years, trade data from all of the world countries were used in its creation. Languages of commerce. From: Atlas of the World's Commerce. 1 pl. 21х35,5 cm. Scale: [1:76 000 000]. The map depicts the distribution of languages that were prevalent in different market zones of the world, and commercial shipping routes with distances in miles. [Portolan Atlas von Battista Agnese (1546)]. Disentis, Graz, Moscow: Desertina, Akademishe Druck-u.Verlagsanstalt, Autor, 1993. 1 vol. (21 pl.) 37,5х 26 cm.

Shelfmark: K 4-Mir-27/3306 It is a facsimile edition of a manuscript atlas by the renowned Italian map-maker Battista Agnese from the collection of the Cartography Department of the National Library of Russia, produced through the joint efforts of publishing firms in Austria, Switzerland and Russia. Nautical navigational maps from the Middle Ages were the predecessors of Agnese's atlas, although, it is characterised by a number of new traits. The comparatively small scales of the maps, additional inland features, and the special attention paid to its artistic decoration - all this indicates that the Portolan Atlas was not suitable for use in practical navigation. It was intended primarily for libraries as a reference publication. In this edition, one of the finest illustrations is especially interesting in connection with the origin of the term "atlas". The first person to use the word "atlas" in the title of his work was Gerardus Mercator, who also included a depiction of the Greek Titan Atlas on the title-page. The same figure can be seen in Agnese's work, although the map collection itself does not has a title. [The Сoasts of Central America]. 1 pl.

41,2х53,4 cm The map covers the north-east part of the Pacific Ocean, the coasts of Central America (California, Mexico, the Caribbean, the Isthmus of Panama) and the north-west extremity of South America. The map has four 32-point compass roses with crosses indicating the east which are a common feature of all Portuguese nautical charts. There are illustrations: vessels, fishes, perspective representations of towns and figures of rulers. The map includes the coat of arms of Spain. From: [Atlas Universal. 1565]. Barcelona: M. Moleiro, 2002 1 vol. (19 pl.) 46х30 cm Shelfmark: K 4-Mir-28/3794 It is a facsimile edition of a manuscript atlas of the renowned Portuguese map-maker Diogo Homem from the collection of the Manuscripts Department of the National Library of Russia, produced through the joint efforts of the Library and the publishing house Manuel Moleiro Editor, in Barcelona. The wold atlas comprises ninteenth plates (sixteen map plates, including two maps of the world, a calendar, the zodiac circle, and an astronomical table).

It is the second largest atlas by Homem. This atlas was not really used aboard ship; instead, its content, scales, decoration and purpose suggests that it is an universal reference work. The ornamentation of the atlas clearly shows traditions of the Portuguese cartographic school. All maps are characterized by drawn scales of distance in leagues and numerous ornate compass roses. Diego Homem's atlases were some of the best works of the Golden Age of the Portuguese cartography, based on the results of many years of the Great Geographical Discoveries by the Portuguese. They are some of the impressive examples of the manuscript atlases, which were soon replaced by Dutch printed atlases. Supplement: Atlas Universal [Commentaries]/Marques A.P., Kildushevskaya L. Barcelona, 2002. [Atlas of the Baltic Sea]. Kniga rozmernaya gradusnykh kart Ost-Zee ili Varyazhskogo moray napechatana poveleniem Tsarskogo velichestva v Sanktpiterburkhe Leta gospodnya 1719. Maya v 20 den'. St.-Petersburg, 1719. 1vol.

(12 pl.) 53х30 cm. Copperplate engraving. Shelfmark: K 1-Balt 8/1 (electronic resource) It is the second edition of the first Russian maritime atlas. The maps were re-engraved from maps in a Swedish atlas of the Baltic Sea, which was compiled on the basis of surveys carried out under the supervision of Swedish admirals Werner von Rosenfelt and Peter Gedda in the 1670s and 1680s. The first edition appeared in 1714. In 1718 and 1719 the atlas was re-issued with identical content. Three new maps, based on surveys by I.L. Lyuberas and A.N. Nagaev, were added to the later edition of the atlas, published in 1723. Only the first edition of the atlas has survived in two copies, of the other editions only a single copy remaines. [The Map of Easten Part of the Baltic Sea].

Rozmernaya gradusnaya karta nad Ost-Zee ili Varyazhskim morem nachinayushchayasya ot Skagena dazhe Do nord Bodem iSankt Piters Burkha. Predely imesta pri-smotreny opisany, vvmeste svedeny, Poprilezhnomu opisaniyu Vitse Admirala Shvetskogo Berna Rosenfelta. 1694. Godu. [1714]. From: [Atlas of the Baltic Sea] 1pl. 61х53 cm. Copperplate engraving. Scale: [1:1 850 000]. (electronic resource) The map shows states, populated places along the coast, anchorages, navigation channels, mouths of the inflowing rivers, water depths, shoals and sandbanks, rocks and reefs, compass points. Swedish coats of arms of the individual areas are also depicted on the map.

The title of the map is within a decorative cartouche with an image of the crowned double-headed eagle holding oak and laurel branches in its beaks and a shield with Peter the Great's monogram in its claw, and figures of navigators with a sounding lead, a nautical map and a measuring instrument. [Map of Ingermanland, 1727] Siyu novuyu Idostovernuyu vsei Ingermanlandii lant kartu obderzhashchuyu vsebe Gorody kreposti slobody zavody myzy derevni melnitsy reki ozera ichast'Zaliva finskago iozera Laduzhskogo takozhde Ladozhskoi i inyia kanaly iperspektivnyia dorogi iprotchaya, yazhe vse sobrano oseleniyakh dorogakh ikanalach ponovomu v 1726 godu opisaniyu uchinennomu chrez rosiiskikh Geodezistov areki iozera slant karty pechatnoi sankt.

peter burkh 1727 iyunya d.29. ...Kirilov. Grydoroval Aleksey rostovtsev. [St.-Petersburg: Synodal printing house], 1727. 1 pl. 44.5х55.5 cm (52.6х71.7 cm) Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured. In Russian and Latin. Shelfmark: K 1-Ross 8/4 It is the first atlas of Russia, created on the basis of materials from the systematic topographic instrumental survey of the whole state begun by order of Peter the Great in 1720. Ivan Kirilov managed Russia's first astrogeodetic and cartographic work and himself produced several maps; he was also the initiator and organizer of the compilation of the atlas, and its publisher. The work was left unfinished for some reasons, just thirty five maps were made, of which seven are lost. The maps include a lot of information pertaining to the country's phisical geography, administrative and political matters, while the texts provide a certain amount of economic information. The maps are decorated with decorative cartouches.

In spite of the fact that the atlas contains many inaccuracies, it has great historical and geographical value as a memorial of the early years of Russian research cartography. [Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire]. Rossiiskoi atlas izsoroka chetyrekh kart sostoyashchii i na sorok na dva namestnichestva, imperiyu razdelyayushchii. Sochin. gravir.ipechat.pri Gornom Uchilishche 1792. Soch.А. Vil'brekht. Grav. Aleksei Savinkov, I. Leonov. Vyrez. T. Mikhailov. St.-Petersburg: Geographical Department of Her Imperial Majesty, 1792. 1 vol. (title-page with Catherine the Great's monogram, 90 pl.) 55х44 cm Copperplate engraving. Engravers: Alexei Savinkov, I. Leonov. Carver: T. Mikhailov. (electronic resource) The work was engraved and printed at the Mining Academy's engineering school in 1792.

After the Academy's Atlas of 1745, it is the second largest desktop reference atlas, representing the administrative structure of the Russian Empire, established from the New Regulations on Provinces of 1775. The atlas provides information about the density and character of populated places, about the extraction of mineral resources, about vegetation, with sub-divisions into deciduous, mixed, and evergreen forests and shrubs. In some cases, waterways are indicated down to small streams. Marshes are shown. Roads are not included. Each plate is embellished with a subject cartouche, illustrating the main occupations of the population of the represented area. In 1800 the atlas was re-issued because of changes in the country's administrative divisions. The Map of St. Petersburg Province. Compiler Аlexander Vil'brekht. Engraver Alexei Savinkov. [Engraver of the cartouche] G. Kharitonov. [1792]. Karta St. Peterburgskoi gubernii. Soch. Alek. Vil'brekht. Grav. Alek. Savinkov. [Grav. kartush] G.

Kharitonov. [1792]. From: [Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire] 1pl. 46х57 cm. (electronic resource) The map shows borders of provinces and disricts, populated places, fishermen's houses along the coast of Lake Ladoga, fortresses, monasteries, factories, windmills, the Ladoga and Syas Canals; forests, and marshs. The map is decorated with a subject decorative cartouche, featuring allegorical images: the goddess Athena is depicted with a ceptre in the foreground; Mercury with an unrolled scroll is on bended knees before her; next to him is a globe, books, a palette and brushes; symbols of the Tsar's power are on a support; triumphal gates are to the left of the pyramid; on a pediment is an allegory of the victories over Sweden - a chained lion, a banner with the coat of arms of Sweden, tilted down in dishonour, and military attributes; above them is a soaring double-headed eagle with lightnings of Jupiter; in the opening of the gates is the figure of the Bronze Horseman (a monument to Peter the Great); in the background are sailing boats.

The cartouche symbolizes the successes of Catherine's rule and the importance of St. Petersburg as the state capital, the residence of Emperors, a trading and port city, and a center for science and culture. A Yakut shaman invoking spirits to cure a sick person. Engraved by Englishman Sanders. 1803. To the p. 30. 1pl. 40х31 cm. Copperplate engraving.

(electronic resource) The atlas is a supplement to the book the Travels of Fleet Captain Sarychev in the Northeastern Part of Siberia, the Arctic Sea [Arctic Ocean] and Eastern [Pacific] Ocean in the Course of Eight Years on the Geographic and Astronomical Naval Expedition under Fleet Captain Billings from 1785 to 1793 (Puteshestvie flota Kapitana Carycheva po severo-vostochnomi chasti Sibiri, Ledovitomu Moryu i Vostochnomu okeanu, v prodolzhenii os'mi let pri geograficheskoi i astronomicheskoi Morskoi ekspeditsii, byvshei pod nahal'stvom flota Kapitana Billingsa s 1785 po 1793 goda). St.-Petersburg, 1802. During the expedition, Gavriil Sarychev made astronomical measurements and determinations and collected divers data which were used to compile new maps.

Among them are maps representing part of the coast of the Arctic Ocean around the mouth of the Kolyma River, parts of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, parts of the coastline of Kamchatks, and also maps of several gulfs on the islands of Unalashka and Kadyak and the coast of Alaska. The Atlas comprised fifteen maps, as well as, some illustrations with views of the coastline and harbours, plus drawings depicting the appearance and ways of living of the inhabitants of that places. View of the merchant Shelekhov's settlement on the island Kadyak in the harbour of Manikaksyak or Three Saints. From: [Atlas of Maps and Drawings of the Voyage in the Noth-East Part of Russia and on the Islands of the Northen Part of the Pacific Ocean by the Fleet of Captain G.Sarychev. St.-Petesburg, 1802]]. 1pl. 40х31 cm. Copperplate engraving. Shelfmark: K 3-Ross 8/306 (electronic resource) 1 vol. (70 pl.) 53х38 cm. Hand-Coloured borders. Lithograph.

Shelfmark: K 3-Ross 8/306 This atlas comprises general maps representing Russia's provinces, territories and regions, with plans of the most important towns. In addition, it includes several thematic maps of Russia (orohydrographical, ethnographical, administrative, etc.). The atlas is the only large publication of this kind. [Geographical and Statistical Pocket Atlas of Russia. Adolf Marx. St.-Petersburg: Adolf Marx's Publishing House, 1907.] Geograficheskii i statisticheskii Karmannii atlas Rossii. A.F.Marks. St.Petersburg: Izdanie Tovarishchestva A.F.Marks,1907. 1 vol. (172 pp., 46 pl.) 19х12 cm. Coloured. Lithograph. Shelfmark: K 3-Ross 6/217 (electronic resource) The atlas represents the state, social and economic life of the Russian Empire in simple and popular form. Physical geography, political and administrative, ethnographic, population density, transport, land-use maps are included.

Most of the information (on population, languages and dialects, popular education, natural resources, industry, trade, communication, finances) is given in tables and colourful diagrams. Illustrations show Russian flags and coins. The idea to create the atlas was formulated by Adolf Marx. He also developed the plan for the edition and the arrangement of the material. Work on the atlas took four years. Atlas of Asiatic Russia.Published under the direction of G.V.Glinka. Text is edited by I.I.Tkhorzhevskii. Maps are under the general editorship of M.A.Tsvetkov. St. Petersburg: The Migration Administration, 1914 Atlas Aziatskoi Rossii. Izdano pod rukovodstvom G.V.Glinki. Tekst redaktirovan I.I.Tkhorzhevskim. Obshchaya redaktsiya kart M.A.Tsvetkov. St. Petersburg: Pereselencheskoe Upravlenie 1 vol. (223 pp.) 55х43 cm. Coloured. Lithograph.

Shelfmark: K 3-SAz 8/61 (electronic resource) It is a composite atlas that contains more than seventy maps and diagrams, covering historical, physicogeographical and economic conditions of the area. In addition to maps representing Asiatic Russia as a whole, there are maps of individual provinces and regions, showing land ownership and land use among migrants. Explanatory texts accompany the maps. The atlas includes an index listing more than 9 000 place-names. The edition was published by the Migration Administration and printed by the Adolf Marx's printing house. The Atlas of Asiatic Russia is one of the finest achievements of pre-revolutionary Russian cartography. Coats of arms of the provinces and regions of Asiatic Russia. 1 pl. 34х49 cm. From: Atlas of Asiatic Russia.Published under the direction of G.V.Glinka. Text is edited by I.I.Tkhorzhevskii. Maps are under the general editorship of M.A.Tsvetkov. St. Petersburg: The Migration Administration, 1914. 1 pl. 68х49 cm. (electronic resource) Ethnographic Map of Asiatic Russia.

From: Atlas of Asiatic Russia.Published under the direction of G.V.Glinka. Text is edited by I.I.Tkhorzhevskii. Maps are under the general editorship of M.A.Tsvetkov. St. Petersburg: The Migration Administration, 1914. 1 pl. 68х49 cm. Scale: 1:12 600 000. This map shows the Sites of the Tribes of Asian Russia. Civitates orbis terrarum… Libr. 3... Col. Agr., [1581] 1 vol. (136 pl.) 43х31 cm. Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured. Shelfmark: K 0-Mir-7/ 27-3 (electronic resource) The Civitates Orbis Terrarum (Atlas of Cities of the World) by Hogenberg was the second oldest printed atlas in the history of the world cartography, and the first atlas of towns.

Its principal creators and authors were the theologist and editor Georg Braun, the most important engraver and publisher Franz Hogenberg, the engraver Simon van den Neuvel, the artist and draftsman Georg (Joris) Hoefnagel, the topographer Jacob van Deventer and others. Although published outside the Netherlands, the Civitates is, nevertheless, one of the best examples of the work of the Antwerp school of cartographers. Some of the key figures in the school were Abraham Ortelius, Gerardus Mercator, and a number of other geographers. The Civitates reflects the Flemish style of engraving which was typical of Dutch atlases of the period. In addition, the correspondence between Braun, Hogenberg, and Ortelius contains clear indications that the idea to create the atlas was formulated by them in Antwerp. The more than 500 maps, contained in the atlas, represent an entire era in the history of town-mapping. Six volumes of the atlas were published between 1572 and 1617. In order to obtain the originals for his work, Braun corresponded extensively with map sellers and scholars from different cities and countries. In addition, authors carried out their own investigations.

Howerver, these were not true geodetic surveys, but detailed on-location drawings of panoramic views of the towns made from some high point. Most of engravings, that decorate the Civitates from its first volume to its last, were made from such drawings by Georg Hoefnagel. Hoefnagel drew the images of many towns in France, Italy, England, and Spain. He and his son Jacob subsequently created representations of Austrian and Hungarian towns for the Civitates. Besides such overview plans, the atlas includes also more detailed maps based on topographic surveys, and particularly the surveys of Jacob van Devener (15??-1575). Correspondingly, the maps show the systematic structure of the towns' building up with the perspective representation of various quarters and individual buildings. The town is usually placed on the background, while on the foreground is the description of its surrounding countryside and the depictions of typical inhabitants of the town in every detail. These visual representations of people served for not only augmenting the contents of the maps but also for another purpose.

The pages of Braun and Hogenberg's Civitates were illustrated with figures of local inhabitants to prevent the maps from being used by the Turks for military goals, since Islam forbids images of humans. Of the total number of towns, only a couple of dozen are located outside Europe: in Asia, Africa,and south America. This is an evidence of extremely limited cartographic knowledge of the world, due to the insufficient development of science and practices of mapmaking in the second half of the sixth century. At the same time, it is impossible not to be astonished at the huge quantity - by the standards of the time - of material included in the atlas. Braun and Hogenberg's Civitates was an enormous success. It was republished and supplemented by new sections many times. Maps contained in it became exemplary; they were frequently reproduced in a smaller format by other publishers as illustrations for books and maps. After Franz Hogenberg's death, the typographic plates for the atlas remained in Cologne, in the possession of Abraham Hogenberg. When Abraham died in 1653, his heirs evidently sold them to Johannes Janssonius, an active and skilled publisher of books and atlases in Amsterdam.

In 1657, Janssonius issued the atlas in eight volumes in a completely revised edition, with illustrations arranged by country. A large number of quite new engravings were added to it, while outdated prints were omitted. Following Janssonius's death in 1664, the engravings became the property of his grandson Johannes Janssonius van Waesberge, who used some of them to compile his own atlas, which appeared in 1682. In 1694, van Waesberge's copper plates and equipment were purchased at auction by the energetic Amsterdam publisher Frederick de Wit, who was well-known for his numerous maps and atlases. De Wit organized a new edition which was also enriched with new engavings. After de Wit's time, at the turn of the eighteenth century, the copper plates for the atlas passed into the hand of the publisher Pieter van der Aa (1659 - 1733). He acquired them in Leyden and used for an atlas which came out in 1729. This publication included a diverse mixture of engraving from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.

After van der Aa, ownership of town maps with publisher's imprint of de Wit passed to the publishing house of Covens and Mortier. The multiple reproductions by various publishers of these 16th-century perspective views and maps over centuries can be explained by their rich historical and geographical content. At the same time, it is necessary to say that there is no atlas of the world's cities in the history of global cartography to equal the Civitates Orbis Terrarum in its size and fullness. In addition to its historical, geographical, and cartographic significance, the Civitates is also of great artistic value. That is why, up until now, the town-maps, contained in the atlas, have adorned the most exquisite interiors and attracted the attention not only of specialists in the field, but of all admirers of fine art. Mola. [1588] From: Civitates orbis terrarum… Libr. 3... Col. Agr., [1581] 1 pl. 30х43 cm. Copperplate engraving. Hand-Coloured. It is shows the immediate environs of the Italian town of Mola (Mola di Bari).

In the bottom left corner are depicted figures of Georg Hoefnagel and Abraham Ortelius. Cairos qvae olim Babylon... (electronic resource) It is a map of Cairo. Exactissima Amstelodami veteris et novissimi delineatio per F. de Wit. Amsterdam, gedr…by Fr. De Wit, [c. 1690]. 1 pl. 53х63 cm. Copperplate engraving. Oriented: South-west.

Question: Which figure from Greek mythology was depicted on the title page of the first publication of the map maker Mercator?
Answer: ATLAS