Esperanto language, alphabet and pronunciation Esperanto Esperanto is an international auxiliary language devised in 1887 by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859-1917), an eye doctor, under the pseudonym of " Doktoro Esperanto ". He originally called the language " La Internacia Lingvo " (The International Language), but it soon became known as Esperanto, which means "the hoping one". Zamenhof was born in the Polish city of Bialystok which at that time was home to a polyglot, multiethnic mixture of Poles, Russians, Jews, Lithuanians and Germans. He believed that much of the distrust and misunderstanding between the different ethnic groups was a result of language differences, so he resolved to create an international language which could be used as an neutral lingua franca and could help break down the language barriers.

Zamenhof's first work on Esperanto, the " Unua Libro " (First Book) published in 1887, contained 920 roots from which tens of thousands of words could be formed, together with the " Fundamenta Gramatiko " (Fundamental Grammar), which consisted of 16 basic grammatical rules. Zamenhof renounced all rights to Esperanto and encouraged comments and suggestions on the development of the language. The first Universal Esperanto Congress ( La Unua Universala Esperanto Kongreso ) was held at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1905. The majority of Esperanto roots are based on Latin, though some vocabulary is taken from modern Romance languages, and from English, German, Polish and Russian. Roots can be combined with affixes to form new words, for example: lerni = to learn, lernejo = a school, lernanto = a pupil/student, lernejestro = a headmaster. The affixes can also stand alone: ejo = place, estro = leader/head, etc.

Spelling conventions are somewhat similar to Polish, though Zamenhof came up with a number of new letters for Esperanto ( Ĉĉ, Ĝĝ, Ĥĥ, Ĵĵ, Ŝŝ, Ŭŭ ). These new letters are not used to write any other language and only feature in special Esperanto fonts or in Unicode fonts, so are often replaced with ch, gh, jh or cx, gx, jx, or c', g', j', etc. Zamenhof recognised this problem and favoured using the former method when the special letters were not available. Today Esperanto is the most widely used international auxiliary language and is particularly popular in Eastern Europe and China. There is a flourishing Esperanto literature including books, magazines and poetry. Some of the literary works are originally written in Esperanto while others are translated from other languages. There are also Esperanto songs and a number of radio stations broadcast news bulletins in Esperanto.

There are approximately 1,000 native speakers of Esperanto, 10,000 people can speak Esperanto fluently, 100,000 can use it actively, 1 million understand a lot of Esperanto, and about 10 million have studied it to some extent. Recordings in the text by Jan Jurčík Esperanto alphabet & pronunciation A recording of the Esperanto alphabet by Jan Jurčík Sample text in Esperanto Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco. A recording of this text by Oliver Ash < Another version of the sample text by Julijan Jovanovic Ĉiuj homoj naskiĝas liberaj kaj egalaj en digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito en frateco. Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Esperanto | Define Esperanto at Dictionary.com Esperanto [es-puh-rahn-toh, -ran-] /ˌɛs pəˈrɑn toʊ, -ˈræn-/ Spell noun 1. an artificial language invented in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof (1859–1917), a Polish physician and philologist, and intended for international use. It is based on word roots common to the major European languages. Origin of Esperanto 1890-95; orig. pseudonym of inventor; literally, the hoping one. See esperance Related forms Examples from the Web for Esperanto Expand International Language Walter J. Clark True, individuals have invented Esperanto and other artificial languages. Darkness and Dawn George Allan England British Dictionary definitions for Esperanto Expand noun 1. an international artificial language based on words common to the chief European languages, invented in 1887 Derived Forms C19: literally: the one who hopes, pseudonym of Dr. L. L.

Zamenhof, who invented it Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Esperanto Expand n. 1892, from Doktoro Esperanto, whose name means in Esperanto, "one who hopes," pen name used on the title page of a book about the artificial would-be universal language published 1887 by its inventor, Lazarus Ludwig Zamenhof (1859-1917). Cf. Spanish esperanza "hope," from esperar, from Latin sperare (see speed (n.)). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Esperanto facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Esperanto The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.

Copyright The Columbia University Press Esperanto (ĕspərän´tō), an artificial language introduced in 1887 and intended by its inventor, Dr. Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (1859–1917), a Polish oculist and linguist, to ease communication between speakers of different languages. In the 20th cent. it has been taught in schools and universities throughout the world but has not received wide acceptance as an international language. Its grammar and lexicon are relatively unfamiliar to users who do not know other Indo-European languages; its syntax, spelling, and pronunciation are influenced especially by Slavonic. See international language . Cite this article Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes © Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.

Esperanto •bateau, chateau, gateau, gelato, mulatto, plateau •de facto, ipso facto •alto •canto, Esperanto, manteau, panto, portmanteau •antipasto, impasto - •agitato, Ambato, castrato, esparto, inamorato, legato, moderato, obbligato (US obligato), ostinato, pizzicato, rubato, staccato, tomato, vibrato, Waikato •contralto •allegretto, amaretto, amoretto, Canaletto , cornetto, falsetto, ghetto, larghetto, libretto, Loreto, Orvieto, Soweto , stiletto, Tintoretto , vaporetto, zucchetto •perfecto, recto •cento, cinquecento, divertimento, lento, memento, pimiento, portamento, Risorgimento , Sacramento , Sorrento, Trento •manifesto, pesto, presto •concerto •Cato, Plato , potato •Benito, bonito, burrito, coquito,

 graffito, Hirohito, incognito, Ito, magneto, Miskito, mosquito, Quito , Tito, veto •ditto • in flagrante delicto • mistletoe •pinto, Shinto •tiptoe •Callisto, fritto misto •cogito • Felixstowe • Sillitoe Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

MLA Esperanto Esperanto —Esperantism, n. — Esperantist , n. /es'peuh rahn"toh, -ran"-/, n. an artificial language invented in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), a Polish physician and philologist, and intended for international use. It is based on word roots common to the major European languages. [1890-95; orig. pseudonym of inventor; lit., the hoping one. See ESPERANCE] * * * Artificial language created in 1887 by Lazarus Ludwig Zamenhof (1859–1917), a Polish oculist, for use as an international second language. Zamenhof's Fundamento de Esperanto (1905) outlines its basic principles. All words, derived from roots commonly found in the European languages, are spelled as pronounced, and grammar is simple and regular. Nouns have no gender and end in -o, and there is only one definite article, la (e.g., la amiko, "the friend"). Adjectives are marked by the ending -a.

Verbs are regular and have only one form for each tense or mood. The Universal Esperanto Association (founded 1908) has members in 83 countries. Estimates of the number of Esperanto-speakers range from 100,000 to several million. * * * ▪ language artificial language constructed in 1887 by L.L. Zamenhof ( Zamenhof, L.L. ), a Polish oculist, and intended for use as an international second language. Zamenhof's Fundamento de Esperanto, published in 1905, lays down the basic principles of the language's structure and formation. Esperanto is relatively simple for Europeans to learn because its words are derived from roots commonly found in the European languages, particularly in the Romance languages. Orthography is phonetic, all words being spelled as pronounced. Grammar is simple and regular; there are characteristic word endings for nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

Nouns have no gender and are marked by the ending -o; the plural is indicated by -oj ( pronounced -oy), and the objective ( accusative ) case by -on , plural ojn: amiko “friend,” amikoj “friends,” amikon “friend ( accusative ),” amikojn “friends ( accusative ).” There is only one definite article, la (e.g., la amiko “the friend”), and no indefinite article. Adjectives end in -a (e.g., bona amiko “good friend”) and take plural and objective endings to agree with nouns (e.g., la bonaj amikoj estas tie “the good friends are there,” mi havas bonajn amikojn “I have good friends”). Verbs are all regular and have only one form for each tense or mood; they are not inflected for person or number (mi havas, vi havas, ŝi havas, ili havas “I have, you have, she has, they have”). There is an extensive set of suffixes that can be added to word roots to allow various shades of meaning or newly derived forms; compound words are also used.

Esperanto is probably the most successful of the artificial international languages. The number of Esperanto speakers is estimated at more than 100,000. The Universala Esperanto-Asocio (founded 1908) has members in 83 countries, and there are 50 national Esperanto associations and 22 international professional associations that use Esperanto. There is an annual World Esperanto Congress, and more than 100 periodicals are published in the language. More than 30,000 books have been published in Esperanto. * * * fUSION Anomaly. Esperanto Esperanto (ès´pe-ràn´to, -rän´-) noun An artificial international language with a vocabulary based on word roots common to many European languages and a regularized system of inflection. [After Dr.

Esperanto, "one who hopes," pseudonym of Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (1859-1917), Polish philologist.] - Es´peran´tist adjective & noun Esperanto (noun) language: artificial language, Esperanto, Ido, Volapuk Communications and Media, 1887 Esperanto is invented by Polish oculist-philologist Lazarus Ludwig Zemenhof, 28, who hopes his universal language will help achieve world peace and understanding. art rock track _Esperanto Socialiste_ MP3 by Holger Czukay off of _Der Osten Ist Rot_ 12" (1984) abstract breakbeat track _Esperanto_ MP3 (192k) by Codebase off of _Two Hundred & Forty Volts Vol.

2_ compilation 12"x2 on Swayzak #004 (2002) ambient track _Esperanto_ MP3 (192k) by Another Fine Day off of _Life Before Land_ CD on Beyond #007 (1994) film _Incubus_ (vhs/ntsc) was filmed with dialogue in Esperanto - video copy i have has very clear english subtitles In the film Biographical Dictionary - names starting with Z Biographical Dictionary - names starting with Z A concise biographical dictionary. Zablocki, Franciszek Pol. comic dram. & satirist _1754-1821 Zacconi, Lodovico It. composer & music theorist _1555-1627 Zach, Baron Franz Xaver von Ger. astronomer _1754-1832 Zachary (also Zacharias) It. saint & pope 741-752 _6XX-752 Zadkine, Ossip Rus. sculptor _1890-1967 Zafy, Albert Malagasy polit.; pres.

of Madagascar 1993-- _19XX-- Zaghlul, Saad (also Sa'ad Zaglul, Sa'd Zaghlul Pasha ibn Ibrahim) Egyptian polit.; prime min. of Egypt 1924 _1860?-1927 Zaharias, Mildred Ella (nee Didrikson; Babe Didrikson Zaharias) US athlete _1914-1956 Zaharoff, Basil, Sir (orig. Zacharias Basileios) Fr. (Rus.-born) financier & munitions manufacturer _1850-1936 Zahir Shah, Muhammad last king of Afghanistan 1933-1973; overthrown; son of Muhammad Nadir Shah _1914-- Zahle, Carl Theodor Danish polit.; prime min. of Denmark 1909-1910, 1913-1920 _1866-1946 Zaimes, Alexandros (also Alexandros Zaimis) Gk. polit.; prime min.

of Greece 1897-1899, 1901-1902, 1904-1906; pres. of Greece 1929-1935 _1855-1936 Zaldua, Francisco Javier Colombian polit.; pres. of Colombia 1882 _1811-1882 Zaleucus Gk. lawgiver; devised 1st written Gk. law code (Locrian code) _6XXb Zamenhof, [Lazarus] Ludwig (pseud. Dr. Esperanto) Pol. oculist & amateur linguist; devised artificial language Esperanto 1887 _1859-1917 Zamboni, Frank US inventor; invented zamboni 1949; source of word "zamboni" _1900?-- Zamyatin, Yegveny Ivanovich (also Evgeny Zamyatin) Rus. aut.; wrote anti-utopian novel "We" 1920 _1884-1937 Zanardelli, Giuseppe It.

nationalist & polit.; prime min. of Italy 1901-1903 _1829-1903 Zangara, Giuseppe (also Joseph Zangara) It. attempted assassin of Franklin Roosevelt; assassinated Anton Cermak in attempt; executed _1900-1933 Zangwill, Israel Eng. dram., nov., & Zionist _1864-1926 Zanuck, Darryl Francis US movie businessman & producer; founded Twentieth Century Pictures 1933; produced movies "The Grapes of Wrath" 1940, "How Green Was My Valley" 1941, "All About Eve" 1950, "The Longest Day" 1962 _1902-1979 Zapata, Emiliano Mex. reformer & revolutionary; killed _1877?-1919 Zapolya, John Sigismund (John II) king of Hungary 1540-1571 _1540-1571 Zapotocky, Antonin Czechoslovakian polit.; prime min.

of Czechoslovakia 1948-1953; pres. of Czechoslovakia 1953-1957 _1884-1957 Zappa, Francis Vincent Jr. (Frank) US musician, singer, & songwriter _1940-1993 Zawadzki, Aleksander Pol. Communist polit.; head of state of Poland 1952-1964 _1899-1964 Zawditu (Woizero Zawditu; also Zauditu, Judith) empress of Ethiopia 1916-1930; daughter of Menelik II _1876-1930 Zayas [y Alonso], Alfredo Cuban gen. & polit.; pres. of Cuba 1921-1925 _1861-1934 Zechariah (also Zachariah) king of Israel 744b _7XXb-744b Zedekiah (orig.

Mattaniah) last king of Judah 597b-586b _6XXb-5XXb Zedillo [Ponce de Leon], Ernesto Mex. polit.; Mex. planning & budget minister 1989-1992; Mex. education minister 1992-1993; pres.-elect of Mexico 1994 _1952?-- Zedlitz, Joseph Christian, Baron von Aus. dram. & epic poet _1790-1862 Zeeman, Pieter Dutch phys.; discoverer & eponym of Zeeman effect; NP Phys. 1902 _1865-1943 Zeffirelli, Franco (orig. Gian Franco Corsi) It.

movie director; directed movies "La Boheme" 1965, "The Taming of the Shrew" 1967, "Romeo and Juliet" 1968, "La Traviata" 1982, "Otello" 1986, "Hamlet" 1990, "Sparrow" 1993 _1923-- Zeilin, Jacob US Marine Corps gen.; commandant of Marine Corps 1864-1876 _1806-1880 Zelaya, Jose Santos Nicaraguan polit.; pres. of Nicaragua 1893-1909 _1853-1919 Zeller, Eduard Ger. philos. & theol. _1814-1908 Zeller, Jules Sylvain Fr.

historian _1819-1900 Zemeckis, Robert US movie director; directed movies "Romancing the Stone" 1984, "Back to the Future" 1985, "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?" 1988, "Death Becomes Her" 1992, "Forrest Gump" 1994 _1952-- Zenawi, Meles (also Meliss Zenaoui) Ethiopian Tigrean polit. & revolutionary; overthrew Haile Mengistu 1991; pres. of Ethiopia 1991-- _19XX-- Zener, Clarence Melvin US engineer & phys.; eponym of Zener diode _1905-1993 Zenger, John Peter American (Ger.-born) journalist; acquitted of libel in court case on freedom of press 1735 _1680-1746 Zenker, Friedrich Albert von Ger. pathologist _1825-1898 Zenker, Hans Ger. adm.

_1870-1932 Zeno (also Zenon) Isaurian Rom. emperor of the E. 474-491 _426-491 Zeno of Elea Gk. philos.; student of Parmenides; formulater & eponym of Zeno's paradoxes _4XXb Zeno of Citium Gk. philos.; founder of Stoicism _335b?-264b? Zenobia queen of Palmyra 267?-271? _2XX Zephyrinus It. saint & pope 199?-217? _1XX-217? Zeppelin, Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich, Count von Ger. soldier, aviation pioneer, & inventor of rigid dirigible; source of word "zeppelin" _1838-1917 Zerbo, Saye Upper Volta army officer & polit.; pres. of Upper Volta 1980-1982 _1932-- Zermelo, Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Ger.

math.; founder of axiomatic set theory; co-eponym of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory _1871-1953 Zernike, Frits Dutch inventor & phys.; invented phase contrast microscope; NP Phys. 1953 _1888-1966 Zeroual, Liamine Algerian gen. & polit.; Algerian defense minister 1993--; pres. of Algeria 1994-- _1941?-- Zeuss, Johann Kaspar Ger. historian & Celtic philologist _1806-1856 Zeuxis Gk. painter _4XXb Zhang Heng Chinese sci.; invented 1st seismograph 132 _078-139 Zhao Ziyang (also Chao Tzu-yang; orig. Zhao Xiu-sheng) Chinese Communist polit.; premier of China 1980-1987; secy-gen. of Chinese Communist Party 1987-1989 _1918-- Zhdanov, Andrei Alexandrovich Rus. Soviet polit.

& Communist revolutionary; developed ideology of Stalinism _1896-1948 Zhelev, Zhelyu Bulgarian polit.; pres. of Bulgaria 1990-- _1935-- Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Volfovich Rus. (Kazakh-born) polit.; leader of Liberal Democratic Party 1990-- _1946-- Zhivkov, Todor Bulgarian polit.; secy-gen. of Bulgarian Communist Party 1954-1989; prime min. of Bulgaria 1962-1971; pres. of Bulgaria 1971-1989 _1911-- Zhivkovic, Petar (also Petar Zivkovic) Yugoslavian polit. & soldier; prime min. of Yugoslavia 1929-1932 _1880-1947 Zhu De (also Chy Teh) Chinese Communist gen.

& guerrilla revolutionary; led Long March 1934-1935; acting head of state of China 1975-1976 _1885-1976 Zhukov, Georgi Konstantinovich Rus. Soviet marshal in World War II; defeated Ger. siege of Moscow 1941; won battle of Stalingrad 1943; Soviet defense minister 1955-1957 _1895-1974 Zhukovski, Vasily Andreyevich Rus. poet; wrote imperial Rus. national anthem "Bozhe, tsarya khrani" (also "God Save the Tsar") _1783-1852 Zia, [Begum] Khaleda (also Khalida Zia) Bangladesh polit.; prime min. of Bangladesh 1991--; wife of Ziaur Rahman _1944-- Zia ul-Haq, Mohammed Pakistani (Indian-born) dictator, gen., & polit.; pres. of Pakistan 1978-1988; prime min.

of Pakistan 1978-1988; assassinated _1924-1988 Ziaur Rahman (Zia; also Zia ur-Rahman) Bangladesh gen. & polit.; military prime min. of Bangladesh 1976-1981; pres. of Bangladesh 1977-1981; assassinated _1936-1981 Zibhebhu (also Usibepu) Zulu chief 1883-1884; son of Cetshwayo _1841?-1904 Ziegfeld, Florenz US theatrical producer of revues _1867-1932 Ziegler, Karl Ger. chem.; NP Chem. 1963 _1898-1973 Ziegler, Ronald Louis US admin.; White House press secretary 1969-1974 _1939-- Zijlstra, Jelle Dutch banker & polit.; prime min. of Netherlands 1966-1967; pres.

of Bank of Netherlands 1967-1981 _1918-- Zimmermann, Alfred von Ger. diplomat; Ger. foreign minister 1916-1917; intended recipient of Zimmermann Telegram 1917 _1864-1940 Zimmermann, Philip (Phil) US computer sci. & cryptographer; inventor of PGP cryptography 1991 _1954?-- Zingarelli, Nicolo Antonio It. composer _1752-1837 Zinoviev, Grigori Evseyevich (orig. Hirsch Apfelbaum; Ovsel Gershon Aronov Radomyslsky) Rus. Soviet polit. & Communist revolutionary; executed by Stalin _1883-1936 Zinsou, Emile Derlin Benin polit.; pres. of Benin 1968-1969 _1918-- Zinsser, Hans US bacteriologist _1878-1940 Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig Ger.

religious reformer _1700-1760 Ziwar, Ahmad, Pasha Egyptian polit.; prime min. of Egypt 1924-1926 _1864-1945 Zizka, Jan, Count Bohemian gen. & leader of Hussites _1376?-1424 Zlenko, Anatoly Maximovich Ukrainian diplomat; Ukrainian foreign minister 1990-- _1938-- Zmelik, Robert Czech track athlete; won gold medal in Olympic decathlon 1992 _19XX-- Zog I (orig. Ahmed Bey Zogu) Albanian polit.; premier of Albania 1922-1924; pres. of Albania 1925-1928; king of Albania 1928-1946; overthrown _1895-1961 Zoilus (Homeromastix; the Scourge of Homer) Gk. critic & rhetorician; harsh critic of Homer _3XXb Zola, Emile Fr. Naturalist nov.

_1840-1902 Zollner, Johann Karl Friedrich Ger. astrophysicist; studied optical illusions _1834-1882 Zonaras, Joannes Byzantine historian _11XX Zorn, Anders Leonhard Swed. etcher, painter, & sculptor _1860-1920 Zorn, Max August US (Ger.-born) math.; stater & eponym of Zorn's lemma _1906-- Zoroaster (also Zarathustra, Zarathushtra) Persian prophet & religious leader; founder of Zoroastrianism _628b?-551b? Zorrilla, Manuel Ruiz Sp. polit.; prime min. of Spain 1871, 1872-1873 _1834-1895 Zorrilla de San Martin, Juan Uruguayan epic poet _1855-1931 Zorrilla y Moral, Jose Sp. dram. & poet _1817-1893 Zoshchenko, Mikhail Mikhailovich Rus. aut.

_1895-1958 Zosimus Gk. saint & pope 417-418 _3XX-418 Zosimus Byzantine historian _4XX Zouche, Richard Eng. international jurist _1590-1661 Zrinyi, Miklos Hung. gen., patriot, & epic poet; opposed Turkish & Hapsburg rule of Hungary; wrote epic poem "Szigeti Veszedelem" 1645-1646 (also "The Peril of Sziget") _1620-1664 Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf Ger. (Aus.-born) chem.; studied colloids; NP Chem. 1925 _1865-1929 Zubatov, Sergei Vasilyevich Rus. police admin.; director of Okhrana 1896-1902; organized pro-government workers' organizations to channel protest away from agitation 1901-1903; suicide _1864-1917 Zuccaro, Taddeo It.

painter _1529-1566 Zucker, David US movie director; directed movies "The Kentucky Fried Movie" 1977, "The Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear" 1991, co-directed "Airplane!" 1980, "Top Secret!" 1984, "The Naked Gun" 1988; brother of Jerry Zucker _1947-- Zucker, Jerry US movie director; co-directed movies "Airplane!" 1980, "Top Secret!" 1984, "Ruthless People" 1986, directed "Ghost" 1990; brother of David Zucker _1950-- Zuckerman, Mortimer Benjamin US (Can.-born) magazine editor, publisher, & real estate businessman; pres. & chairman of Atlantic Monthly Co. 1980-- _1937-- Zueblin, Charles US sociologist _1866-1924 Zuloaga, Felix Mex. polit. & soldier; pres.

of Mexico 1858; overthrown _1814-1876 Zuloaga, Ignacio Sp. painter _1870-1945 Zumarraga, Juan de Sp. Franciscan prelate; 1st bishop of Mexico _1468-1548 Zumwalt, Elmo Russell Jr. US adm.; chief of naval operations 1970-1974 _1920-- Zuniga y Azevedo, Gaspar de (Conde de Monterrey; Count of Monterey) Sp. colonial admin.; viceroy of Mexico 1595-1603 _1540?-1606 Zunser, Eliakim (Eliakim Badchen) Lithuanian Yiddish poet in US _1836-1913 Zunz, Leopold Ger. scholar of Judaism _1794-1886 Zurbaran, Francisco de Sp. painter _1598-1664? Zverev, Arseni Grigoryevich Rus.

Soviet admin.; Soviet finance minister 1938-1948, 1948-1960 _1900-1969 Zweig, Arnold Ger. dram., essayist, & nov.; brother of Stefan Zweig _1887-1968 Zweig, Stefan US (Aus.-born) aut.; suicide _1881-1942 Zwelithini, Goodwill Zulu chief 1968--; ruled under regency 1968-1971; son of Cyprian Bhekuzulu _1948-- Zwingli, Ulrich (also Huldreich Zwingli, Huldrych Zwingli) Swi. Protestant religious reformer; founder & eponym of Zwinglianism; killed at battle of Kappel _1484-1531 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma US (Rus.-born) engineer & inventor; invented iconoscope; father of television _1889-1982 Zyl, Gideon Brand van Brit. admin. in S. Africa; gov-gen.

of Union of S. Africa 1946-1950 _1873-1956 Zywny, Wojciech Adalbert Pol. pianist; 1st piano teacher of Frederic Chopin _1756-1840 constructed language - Wiktionary constructed language (linguistics) A human language that has been consciously devised by an individual or a small group , as opposed to having naturally evolved as part of a culture like a natural language . 2004, Steven Roger Fischer, [1] : The first practical constructed language was the south-west German Pastor Schleyer's Volapük from 1879; its complicated grammar and irregular vocabulary made learning difficult, however. The most successful has been Esperanto, devised by the Warsaw ophthalmologist Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887, that today can count some one million speakers.

2008, Inc Icon Group International, Repeat: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases [2] , ICON Group International, ISBN 9780546669817 , page 587: [...] Unas Language from the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 is a simplistic constructed language that lends itself to quick, sharp sentences. Any language, whether a human language, a programming language or markup language, that is not a natural language. 1972, Maurice Marois, Man and computer: proceedings [3] , S. Karger, page 120: So if the constructed language is machine code, that is very fine, because the syntax (the grammar) is very simple and the meaning of each instruction can be verified [...] 1974, Enid Mumford, Harold Sackman, International Federation for Information Processing, Human choice and computers: proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Human Choice and Computers, Vienna, April 1-5, 1974 [4] , North-Holland Pub.

Co., ISBN 9780444107749 , page 19: Considering the versatility of natural language, it is indeed astonishing that constructed languages like algebra and programming languages were introduced and became successful. 2010, Alex Scott, What Is Expression?: How a Formal Theory Can Clarify the Expressive Possibilities of Language , iUniverse, , page 107 : Among the kinds of expressive vocabularies that a speaker or writer may employ are emotional, moral, religious, aesthetic, scientific, technical, logical, mathematical, natural language, and constructed language (such as programming language or indexing language) vocabularies. (linguistics, archaic ) Any language used by people , as opposed to less civilized means of communication , such as the socialization between animals . 1844, Henry Cockton, , page 203-204 : It has been said that— when I made the observation, that if they were not married they ought to be—I endeavoured to stab their reputation. Now, I'll prove that I endeavoured to do nothing of the sort.

[...] I'll prove it by logic, and I defy all the mathematicians in the habitable globe to known it down. I'll prove it by the regular mathematical construction of the English language, and will any man tell me there's any constructed language in the universe more mathematically regular than that? 1855, Benjamin Humphrey Smart, Thought and language: an essay, having in view the revival, correction, and exclusive establishment of Locke's philosophy , Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, page 165 : Who does not understand, as single parts of speech, all the common combinations which serve to connect and carry on construction, such as in-consequence-of, on-this-account, [...], and the like? Indeed, we are entitled to say of ordinary common-place speakers, that as they scarcely use constructed language except in forms already existing, so, with them, each thought finds an immediate sign in some familiar sentence; but then, be it observed, the parts which compose the sign have ceased to be separately significant: the sentences so used have been brought back to the condition of original or natural language, that of exclamations, — they have ceased to be logical, by having become purely rhetorical.

1867, David King, , David King, page 384 : What we ordinarily term language is made up of vocal signs of an arbitrary character, with corresponding written signs. As general principles are recognized in the construction and arrangement of these signs, we see at once the reason that brutes have no artificial language — that is, no sign that are agreed upon as expressive of ideas. They do indeed have a natural language, made up of natural signs, cries, and motions, which vary in different tribes of animals; but artificial, that is, constructed language, is a wholly different thing, although it may incorporate into itself features from natural language. The parrot is indeed said to talk, but it is sheer imitation; and he never originates any language. Backers Talk Up Esperanto, Eying the U.N. - The New York Times The New York Times World |Backers Talk Up Esperanto, Eying the U.N. Search Backers Talk Up Esperanto, Eying the U.N. By REUTERS Continue reading the main story Backers of the global language Esperanto have given up hope of making it the world's lingua franca, but they are stepping up their campaign to increase its international acceptance in the new millennium.

''I think the times are becoming more favorable to Esperanto,'' Lee Chong Yeong, president of the Universal Esperanto Association, said recently. Mr. Lee is leading a campaign to put the artificial universal language, devised in 1887 and based on roots common to the chief European languages, on the United Nations' agenda by the turn of the century. The aim is to have the United Nations support the learning of Esperanto throughout the world and to use it, alongside English and French, in its international meetings, Mr. Lee said. The campaign will target United Nations countries that are ''powerful economically, but weak linguistically'' in terms of the global use of their languages, Mr. Lee said. He said Japan, Italy and Poland were potential allies. Advertisement Continue reading the main story More than a thousand Esperanto enthusiasts, from 55 countries, gathered at a biennial world congress in Adelaide last month. In addition to mulling the eternal question of how to sell an artificial language to the world, delegates put Esperanto to the test, using it to discuss anything from science to sports. Mr.

Lee, a former United Nations employee and professor of business administration who learned Esperanto as a schoolboy, said that the attraction of Esperanto was its simplicity. Other supporters said the conference proved an artificial universal language could work. ''You get involved in these passionate debates and you think, this is amazing,'' said Daniel Kane, an Australian at the conference. ''You have a Korean, a Japanese, a Ukrainian and a Pole and they are all going hammer and tongs in what is essentially an artificial language but they are all speaking it with such fluency and elegance.'' Esperanto, which has counted Tolstoy among its enthusiasts and was denounced by Hitler and Stalin, was invented 110 years ago by a Polish philologist, Ludwig Zamenhof, as an international auxiliary language. Esperanto was proposed, although unsuccessfully, as the official language of the United Nations' predecessor, the League of Nations. But Mr. Lee said any latter-day aspirations for Esperanto to compete internationally with English or to a lesser extent French were unrealistic. ''Times have changed,'' Mr. Lee said.

''The people we are aiming at are those who for personal or political reasons do not want to or cannot use English or French.'' As reasons for the use of Esperanto, he cited China's decision not to use English in official media briefings, moves by Russia and France to ban foreign languages in public notices, and 15 languages in the European Union.

Question: The artificial language Esperanto was devised in 1887 by Lazarus Ludwig who?
Answer: Zamenhof