Acetylene | Define Acetylene at Dictionary.com acetylene [uh-set-l-een, -in] /əˈsɛt lˌin, -ɪn/ Spell noun, Chemistry. 1. a colorless gas, C 2 H 2 , having an etherlike odor, produced usually by the action of water on calcium carbide or by pyrolysis of natural gas: used especially in metal cutting and welding, as an illuminant, and in organic synthesis. Expand [uh-set-l-en-ik] /əˌsɛt lˈɛn ɪk/ (Show IPA), adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for acetylene Expand Historical Examples They had put a table at the back of this cave, and an acetylene light illuminated it. Csar or Nothing Po Baroja Baroja Finer grades are cut into slate pencils and acetylene burners. Practical Cinematography and Its Applications Frederick Arthur Ambrose Talbot acetylene, a compound of carbon and hydrogen, is used in this way. British Dictionary definitions for acetylene Expand noun 1. a colourless flammable gas used in the manufacture of organic chemicals and in cutting and welding metals.

Formula: C2H2 Systematic name ethyne 2. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for acetylene Expand n. gaseous hydrocarbon, 1864, from French acétylène, coined by French chemist Marcelin-Pierre-Eugène Berthelot (1823-1907) from chemical ending -ene + acetyl, which was coined from acetic in 1839 by German chemist Justus von Liebig; see acetic . Liebig's coinage was in reference to a different radical; acetyl was transferred to its current sense in 1850s, but Berthelot's coinage was based on the original use of acetyl.

The name acetylene is an unfortunate one as the hydrocarbon is not directly related to the modern acetyl radical and the molecule ... contains a triple bond, not a double bond which the suffix -ene (q.v.) implies. [Flood, "Origins of Chemical Names," 1963] Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC2). CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) â C2H2(g) + 2 Ca(OH)2(aq) Determine... - Chemistry homework help Hand shake with Prof.aishikwww2 : In progress alaous bought 0 out of 1 answered question(s) Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC2). CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) â C2H2(g) + 2 Ca(OH)2(aq) Determine... Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC2).

CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) → C2H2(g) + 2 Ca(OH)2(aq) Determine how many grams of CaC2 are needed to react completely with 1.92 g of H2O. Submitted by Prof.aishikwww2 on Wed, 2014-02-12 15:05 teacher rated 116 times Answer to acetylene stoichiometry problem body preview (56 words) xxxxxxxxx to xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx of xxx xxxxx reaction (note my xxxxxxxxxxx in xxx given xxxxxxxx xx xxx xxx balanced chemical xxxxxxxxxx CaC2(s) + x xxxxxx xxx C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq.) 2*(2*1+1*16), xxxx 36 x xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx with xxxxxxxxxx xxxx 64 g xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxx g xx H2O would xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx with (64*1.92)/36.5, i.e.

xxxx g CaC2x xx Commercialization of Calcium Carbide and Acetylene - Landmark - American Chemical Society Commercialization of Calcium Carbide and Acetylene Commercial Process for Producing Calcium Carbide and Acetylene International Historic Chemical Landmark Dedicated May 2, 1998, at Spray Cotton Mills in Eden, North Carolina, USA, and October 15, 1999, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Commemorative Booklet (PDF) In his search for a more economical way to make aluminum, Canadian inventor Thomas Leopold Willson accidentally discovered the first commercially viable process for making calcium carbide, which is used for production of acetylene gas, at a location in North Carolina. This chance discovery produced a series of products, from improved lighting in remote locations to the synthesis of a host of organic substances. Contents “Discovery of the Commercial Processes for Making Calcium Carbide and Acetylene” commemorative booklet produced by the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program of the American Chemical Society in 1998 (PDF). Thomas L.

Willson Discovers the Processes for Making Calcium Carbide and Acetylene May 2, 1998, marked the 106th anniversary of an unexpected discovery in the village of Spray (now Eden), North Carolina, that proved to be a milestone in the history of the chemical industry. On that date, Thomas L. Willson, a struggling young Canadian inventor, accidentally discovered the processes for making calcium carbide and acetylene in commercial quantities. Acetylene, when burned in air, gave a light far brighter than any in use at the time for home lighting. When burned with oxygen, it gave a flame that was 1000° C hotter than any other, leading to the development of commercial oxyacetylene welding and cutting. Most importantly, acetylene later became the starting material in the synthesis of hundreds of aliphatic organic chemicals used worldwide, particularly solvents, plastics, and synthetic rubber. Thomas Leopold Willson (1860-1915), discoverer of these processes, was born in Princeton, Ontario, the grandson of John Willson, speaker of the United Canadian Assembly.

He attended Hamilton Collegiate Institute; but after his father died, he withdrew from school to develop an arc-lighting system, the first seen at Hamilton. At age 22, he moved to the United States where he held various jobs in the mechanical and electrical trades before settling in Brooklyn, New York, in 1887. His work over the next three years resulted in six patents, which secured for him the rights in the United States for use of the electric-arc furnace in ore smelting. Aluminum metal was a primary target. In December 1890, the Willson Aluminum Company was formed to exploit Willson's patents. In 1891, Willson moved to Spray to build a small 300-horsepower plant along the Smith River on land owned by one of the company's financial backers, James Turner Morehead (1840-1908). Morehead, a graduate of the University of North Carolina and a Confederate army veteran, was a textile manufacturer, land and water power developer, and former state senator. Although most of Morehead's business ventures prospered, failure of a railroad in which he had invested left him deeply in debt.

To raise cash, he looked for new uses for his abundant supply of water power. This search led him to Willson. Thomas Willson was just one among many seeking an economical way to make aluminum. His approach was to reduce the aluminum ore with carbon in a high-temperature, electric-arc furnace, a process explored in the laboratory at about the same time by the French chemist Henri Moissan. In practice, Willson was able to produce only a few globules of aluminum. He then reasoned that if he could make a more chemically active metal, such as calcium, he could, in turn, use the calcium to reduce alumina. Accordingly, on May 2, 1892, a mixture of lime (calcium oxide) and coal tar (carbon) was subjected to the heat of the arc. When the furnace was tapped and the resulting product thrown into water, it produced a flammable gas thought to be hydrogen, as was expected from calcium. However, unlike clean-burning hydrogen, this gas burned with a sooty flame, for which there was no ready explanation. Willson then retained Francis P.

Venable (1856-1954), of the University of North Carolina, as a consultant. During the summer and fall of 1892, Venable proved that the furnace product was calcium carbide and that the gas as it evolved with water was acetylene, a reaction identified in 1862 by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler. Although there were no uses for either calcium carbide or acetylene at the time, Willson filed for a patent on this process on August 9, 1892. Meanwhile, the experimental work to make aluminum continued. By the spring of 1893, however, it was obvious that Willson's process was a failure. The stock market crash in May 1893 and the ensuing depression bankrupted the company, leaving Morehead virtually penniless. Back to top Commercial Production of Calcium Carbide and Acetylene Failing to find anyone willing to buy their calcium carbide and acetylene patents, Morehead and Willson turned their attention to finding and promoting uses for the products themselves, beginning with acetylene in lighting.

After they showed that acetylene could produce a flame 10 to 12 times brighter than that of coal gas, its use as an illuminant developed rapidly. Willson made the first sale of calcium carbide, 1 ton, to Eimer and Amend, a New York chemical and apparatus supply house, on January 29, 1894. Fortune smiled again when, in August 1894, they sold their patents for the use of carbide and acetylene in lighting to a new firm, the Electrogas Company, but retained the rights for chemical manufacturing. Electrogas Company, in turn, began to sell carbide manufacturing rights worldwide. As part of the agreement, Willson reserved all rights for Canada, and Morehead bought a manufacturing franchise. Willson moved back to New York in the fall of 1893 and set up a laboratory at Eimer and Amend to explore chemical uses for acetylene.

After making small quantities of chloroform and aldehydes, he filed for a patent in February 1894 to cover the use of acetylene in the manufacture of "hydrocarbon products." By borrowing more money, Morehead was able, in August 1894, to complete at Spray the first commercial calcium carbide plant. Its 8-foot high, double-sided furnace was capable of continuous operation. While a charge of lime and tar was being processed on one side, a completed run of carbide could be cooling on the other. The furnace produced 1 ton of carbide every 24 hours, which yielded 4.8 cubic feet of gas per pound, 80% of the theoretical. As publicity about acetylene's possibilities soared, so did the demand for carbide. On May 1, 1895, the plant began to operate around the clock. The months that followed were giddy with success, but then disaster struck; the Willson plant was destroyed by fire on March 29, 1896. Morehead built a much larger plant on the James River near Lynchburg, Virginia.

Almost simultaneously, he opened a plant at Kanawha Falls, West Virginia, to make ferro-alloys, processes that had been developed at Spray by Willson and Guillaume de Chalmot (1870-1899), the plant superintendent. Eventually, Morehead sold his holdings to the Union Carbide Company, which had been formed in 1898 to consolidate the interests of the Electrogas Company. He paid off his debts and, at his death, left an estate of $200,000. Willson returned to Canada in 1895, where he became one of its wealthiest and best-known citizens. By 1896, he was constructing a carbide plant at Merritton, Ontario, and later he built plants in Ottawa and Shawinigan Falls. As he sold rights for carbide manufacture to others, he developed many interests, forming new companies and plants as he proceeded to produce hydroelectric power, acetylene-lighted marine buoys, fertilizer, cement, ammonia, phosphoric acid, and paper.

He sold his marine buoy business in 1909 and his interests in carbide manufacture to a new firm, Canada Carbide Company, formed in 1911. He died of a heart attack in New York while raising money for yet another project. His home in Woodstock, Ontario, is now a national historic site, and his summer home on Meech Lake in Quebec is a government conference center and retreat. Back to top Uses for Calcium Carbide and Acetylene In 1800, while experimenting with a voltaic cell, Humphry Davy produced the first arc light by passing an electric current between two carbon rods, which touched each other, and then drawing them apart. When an electric current meets with resistance, its energy is transformed into heat, and because the carbon vapor in the arc offers high resistance to the electric current, temperatures as high as 3700° C are attainable, high enough to melt or vaporize any known substance. The carbon-arc furnace, which dates from 1845 when it was battery operated, was of no practical value until after the development in 1867 of the electrical dynamo for converting water or steam power into electricity.

Not until the work in Spray did the arc furnace become an industrial reality. Improved Lighting Over the half century following its discovery in 1836 by Edmund Davy, a cousin of Humphrey Davy, acetylene was only a laboratory curiosity. After Thomas L. Willson's discovery of a cheap commercial process for making acetylene in 1892, massive quantities of the gas were in demand for lighting. A newly developed acetylene burner, designed to bring adequate air to the flame to eliminate smoke and soot, gave a brilliant white light, 10 to 12 times brighter than that of any commercial fuel then in use. By 1897, acetylene generators and compressed acetylene were successfully competing with the fledgling electric light industry to provide excellent lighting, particularly in country homes and those not accessible to gas utilities. Portable acetylene generators, which worked simply by dropping water on calcium carbide, provided a practical way for lighting railways, mines, bicycles, and automobiles. Acetylene lighting was used in transportation for a decade or more until electrical generation systems and shock-resistant light bulbs were developed.

Miners continued to use carbide lights on their caps until long-lasting, dry-cell electric batteries were perfected in the 1920s. Acetylene also replaced oil in marine buoys because it provided a far brighter light. The automatic carbide acetylene generators used at first were not very reliable and were replaced by compressed acetylene. Swedish engineer Gustaf DalÉn received the 1912 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of techniques that allowed safe compression of acetylene. A few of the acetylene buoys were still in operation in the 1960s. High-Quality Alloy Steels In 1894, Thomas Willson began experiments at Spray with smelting metals in the carbon-arc furnace. After 1895, this work was carried on by Guillaume de Chalmot. The high temperature of the arc furnace provided a more efficient means for alloying iron with chromium, manganese, and other metals. As a group, these low-iron alloys, called ferro-alloys, can be readily dissolved in steel to impart predictable properties according to the type and amount of metal added.

For the first time, steels could be tailor-made for such properties as toughness, impact strength, high strength at high temperatures, and corrosion resistance. Improved armor plate for battle ships, high-speed tool steels, and stainless steels are just three of the hundreds of specialized steel products now in use. Rapid Welding and Cutting of Metals During the 19th century, the only means of continuously joining two pieces of iron or steel was to heat them in a forge and hammer them together. In 1886, electric welding was introduced, but it was of no practical value because the electric power industry was not sufficiently developed to sustain it. Oxyhydrogen and thermite welding were known but had not been perfected. When burned with oxygen instead of air, acetylene gave a flame temperature of 3000 °C compared with 1900 °C for the Bunsen burner flame. This high flame temperature was reported in 1895 but not exploited until about 1901, when a commercial oxyacetylene welding apparatus was developed in France.

The first oxyacetylene welding shop in the United States was set up in 1906, and in 1907 the technique was adopted at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. There, oxyacetylene torches could cut a porthole in 3-inch armor plate in 30 minutes, a task that formerly had required five men working for two weeks to complete. The sudden, great demand for oxygen for welding launched oxygen as a commodity product. Nitrogen Fixation and Fertilizer Manufacture Henri Moissan observed in 1893 that calcium carbide absorbed atmospheric nitrogen. In 1898, Fritz Rothe of Germany found that the compound formed by this absorption was calcium cyanamide. In the soil, calcium cyanamide decomposes to yield urea and ammonium carbonate, both potent fertilizers. A commercial process patented by Adolf Frank and Nikodem Caro for making calcium cyanamide from carbide was perfected in Germany in 1903 and was widely adopted almost immediately. This was the first commercial process that was used worldwide to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

World output of calcium cyanamide increased from 1,700 tons in 1907 to an estimated peak production of 1.5 million tons in 1945. Organic Chemicals and Macromolecules Following Willson's synthesis of chloroform and aldehydes from acetylene in 1894, acetylene soon became the starting material in the synthesis of a host of organic substances, particularly for the solvent, plastics, and synthetic rubber and fiber industries. By 1896, work in Germany led to chlorinated solvents by partial or complete chlorination of acetylene, and in 1908 to a full-scale plant producing 1,1,2-trichloroethene. These solvents were used extensively after 1920 for degreasing metals in preparation for electroplating or painting. By 1912, Germany was producing polyvinyl acetate for use in varnishes. Subsequently, polyvinyl acetate was used in adhesives, paints, paper, textiles, glue, and flooring materials.

During World War I, commercial processes for the production of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and acetone (by passing acetic acid over a hot catalyst) were installed in Canada; acetone in particular was needed for making explosives. Similar processes in the United States in the 1920s served the cellulose acetate industry for the production of fibers and film. In the same decade, the synthesis of vinyl acetylene by Julius Nieuwland led to the development in 1932 of the synthetic rubber, neoprene, by DuPont. Its annual output reached 120,000 tons by 1960. In Germany after World War I, butadiene made from acetylene was the basis of a rubber substitute that made the country self-sufficient in rubber. Also in Germany, beginning in 1925, J. Walter Reppe pioneered the study of acetylene chemistry at pressures as high as 200 atmospheres.

This opened up a vast new field, often known as "Reppe chemistry." Reppe even managed to form cyclooctatetraene by linking four acetylene molecules in a ring, confirming Richard Willstïtter's much contested claim that he had made the same compound in 1911. With hydrocyanic acid, acetylene forms acrylonitrile, which can then be polymerized and spun into acrylic fibers. World production of acrylic fibers in 1988 was 2,523,000 tons. In the past 40 years or so, acetylene has increasingly been derived from petroleum, but if petroleum reserves dwindle sufficiently to raise the price above that of coal, industry might return to coal, and calcium carbide would again become a main path to organic chemicals. Landmark Designation and Acknowledgments Landmark Designation The American Chemical Society dedicated the Discovery of the Commercial Processes for Making Calcium Carbide and Acetylene a National Historic Chemical Landmark on May 2, 1998, in Eden, North Carolina.

The plaque commemorating the event reads: At this site on May 2, 1892, while searching for an economical process to make aluminum, Canadian inventor Thomas L. Willson (1860-1915) accidentally discovered the electric-arc process for preparing calcium carbide, which reacts with water to form acetylene. The first commercial calcium carbide plant, built by local entrepreneur James Turner Morehead (1840-1908), operated here between 1894 and 1896. From this beginning, calcium carbide and acetylene manufacturing spread around the world. Acetylene, used first for lighting homes, railways, mines, and marine buoys and then for oxyacetylene welding, became one of the foundations of the synthetic organic chemicals industry. The American Chemical Society and The Canadian Society for Chemistry dedicated the Discovery of the Commercial Processes for Making Calcium Carbide and Acetylene a National Historic Chemical Landmark on October 15, 1999, at the location of Willson’s home and laboratory on Metcalfe Street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

The plaque commemorating the event reads: Near this site lived Thomas Leopold “Carbide” Willson (1860-1915), discoverer of the commercial process for making calcium carbide, which reacts with water to form acetylene gas. After the accidental discovery, made in Spray, North Carolina, in 1892, Willson returned to Canada to foster carbide and other electrochemical industries at various sites, including St. Catharines, Ottawa, and Shawinigan. Acetylene, used first for lighting homes, railways, mines, and marine buoys, then in oxyacetylene welding, became one of the foundations of the synthetic organic chemicals industry. Acknowledgments Adapted for the internet from “Discovery of the Commercial Processes for Making Calcium Carbide and Acetylene” produced by the by the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program of the American Chemical Society in 1998 and a booklet by the same title produced by the American Chemical Society and The Canadian Society for Chemistry in 1999. Back to top Cite this Page American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of the Commercial Processes for Making Calcium Carbide and Acetylene.

(accessed Month Day, Year). Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC2), CaC2 + 2H2O ==&gt; C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 . How many grams of acetylene are Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC2), CaC2 + 2H2O ==&gt; C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 . How many grams of acetylene are Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced by adding water to calcium carbide (CaC2), CaC2 + 2H2O ==> C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 . How many grams of acetylene are produced by adding water to 48.3 g CaC2 ? Student posted a question · Feb 16, 2011 at 6:44pm 9 Chemistry experts found online! Average reply time is 3 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed!

We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! Acetylene production - Open Source Ecology Acetylene production Jump to: navigation , search Acetylene (useful for oxy-acetylene welding) is produced by reacting Calcium carbide (CaC2) with water. Calcium carbide is generated by the carbothermic reduction of lime (CaO) at 2000C. Lime can be produced by reducing limestone (calcium carbonate) in a furnace at 900C-1000C.

Once lime has been produced however, one does not need to continue to harvest more limestone to keep making acetylene. The reaction of calcium carbide with water produces acetylene and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The hydroxide dissociates back into water and lime at 512C. Carbon however, which is burned as acetylene, must be continually provided. Only the calcium is preserved. thus the closed loop is: Calcium hydroxide + 512C -> Calcium oxide (lime) + water Calcium oxide + Carbon + 2000C -> Calcium carbide + Carbon Monoxide Calcium carbide + water (room temp) -> Acetylene + calcium hydroxide. Carbon may be provided from biomass (ie: charcoal). It would be useful to know what effect the presence of hydrogen has on the reaction in order to determine if wood gas, bio gas, and other easily attainable simple organic molecules could be used in place of pure carbon. Halstead, P.E.; Moore, A.E. (1957). "The Thermal Dissociation Of Calcium Hydroxide". Journal of the Chemical Society 769: 3873.

doi:10.1039/JR9570003873 ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Phosphine Medical Management Guidelines CAS# 7803-51-2, Also: Aluminum Phosphide 20859-73-B, Zinc Phosphide 1314-84-7 UN# 2199, Aluminum Phosphide 1397, Zinc Phosphide 1714 PDF Version, 55 KB Synonyms of phosphine include hydrogen phosphide, phosphorus hydride, phosphorus trihydride, and phosphoretted hydrogen. Persons exposed only to phosphine gas do not pose substantial risks of secondary contamination; however, persons exposed to solid phosphides may present such risks. Metallic phosphides on clothes, skin, or hair can react with water or moisture to generate phosphine gas. Vomitus containing phosphides can also off-gas phosphine. Phosphine is extremely flammable and explosive; it may ignite spontaneously on contact, with air. Phosphine has a fish- or garlic-like odor, but may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations.

When phosphine burns it produces a dense white cloud of phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5 fume. This fume is a severe respiratory tract irritant due to the rapid formation of orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4, on contact with water. Phosphine is a respiratory tract irritant that attacks primarily the cardiovascular and respiratory systems causing peripheral vascular collapse, cardiac arrest and failure, and pulmonary edema. Most phosphine exposures occur by inhalation of the gas or ingestion of metallic phosphides, but dermal exposure to phosphides can also cause systemic effects. General Information Description Phosphine is a colorless, flammable, and toxic gas with an odor of garlic or decaying fish. It can ignite spontaneously on contact with air. The gas is shipped as a liquefied, compressed gas. Aluminum phosphide (Celphos, Phostoxin, Quick Phos) and zinc phosphide are solids used as grain fumigants and as a rodenticide, respectively. Zinc phosphide is often mixed with bait food such as cornmeal, which can be a danger to pets and children. When phosphides are ingested or exposed to moisture, they release phosphine gas.

Phosphine gas may also be released when acetylene is made by the action of water on calcium carbide which is contaminated with calcium phosphide as is commonly the case. Routes of Exposure Inhalation Inhalation is the major route of phosphine toxicity. Odor is not an adequate indicator of phosphine's presence and may not provide reliable warning of hazardous concentrations. The OSHA PEL of 0.3 ppm is within the range of reported odor thresholds. Phosphine is heavier than air and may cause asphyxiation in enclosed, poorly ventilated, or low-lying areas. Children exposed to the same levels of phosphine as adults may receive a larger dose because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of phosphine found nearer to the ground. Skin/Eye Contact Phosphides may be absorbed dermally, especially through broken skin, and can cause systemic toxicity by this route. Phosphine gas produces no adverse effects on the skin or eyes, and contact does not result in systemic toxicity. Contact with liquefied or compressed phosphine gas may cause frostbite.

Ingestion Ingestion of phosphine is unlikely because it is a gas at room temperature. Ingestion of metallic phosphides can produce phosphine intoxication when the solid phosphide contacts gastric acid. Sources/Uses Phosphine is produced when metallic phosphides (e.g., aluminum, calcium, or zinc phosphides) react with water or acid. Both aluminum and zinc phosphides are used as rodenticides. Phosphine may be produced during the generation of acetylene gas. Phosphine is used in the semiconductor industry to introduce phosphorus into silicon crystals as an intentional impurity. Phosphine is also used as a fumigant and a polymerization initiator.

Standards and Guidelines OSHA PEL (permissible exposure limit) = 0.3 ppm (averaged over an 8-hour workshift) NIOSH IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health) = 50 ppm ERPG-2 (Emergency Response Planning Guideline) (maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious adverse health effects or symptoms that could impair an individuals's ability to take protective action) = 0.5 ppm Physical Properties - Calcium Hypochlorite Description: Colorless gas; odor of garlic or decaying fish Warning properties: Inadequate; nonirritating and garlic-like or fishy odor at 1 to 3 ppm.

Molecular weight: 34.0 daltons Boiling point (760 mm Hg): = -126ºF (- 87.7ºC) Vapor pressure: >760 mm Hg at 68ºF (20ºC) Gas density: 1.17 (air = 1) Water solubility: Slightly water soluble (0.3% at 68ºF) (20ºC) Flammability: Extremely flammable and explosive; may ignite spontaneously on contact with air. Incompatibilities top Health Effects Symptoms of phosphine intoxication are primarily related to the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems and may include restlessness, irritability, drowsiness, tremors, vertigo, diplopia, ataxia, cough, dyspnea, retrosternal discomfort, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The same symptoms may occur after ingestion of phosphide salts. Multiple signs may be seen representing various stages of cardiovascular collapse. Phosphine interferes with enzymes and protein synthesis, primarily in the mitochondria of heart and lung cells.

As a result, effects may include hypotension, reduction in cardiac output, tachycardia, oliguria, anuria, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, tachypnea, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, ileus, seizures, and diminished reflexes. Acute Exposure Phosphine interferes with enzymes and protein synthesis, primarily in the mitochondria of heart and lung cells. Metabolic changes in heart muscle cause cation disturbances that alter transmembrane potentials. Ultimately, cardiac arrest, peripheral vascular collapse and pulmonary edema can occur. Pulmonary edema and pneumonitis are believed to result from direct cytotoxicity to the pulmonary cells. In fatal cases, centrilobular necrosis of the liver has also been reported. Most deaths occur within the first 12 to 24 hours after exposure and are cardiovascular in origin. If the patient survives the initial 24 hours, the ECG typically returns to normal, indicating that heart damage is reversible. Deaths after 24 hours are usually due to liver failure. Children do not always respond to chemicals in the same way that adults do. Different protocols for managing their care may be needed. CNS Phosphine is a CNS depressant.

Initial effects may include headache, restlessness, dizziness, loss of feeling, impaired gait, trembling of the extremities during movement, and double vision. Severe exposure can cause seizures and coma. Respiratory Toxicity that occurs after inhalation is characterized by chest tightness, cough, and shortness of breath. Severe exposure can cause accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which may have a delayed onset of 72 hours or more after exposure. Pulmonary symptoms can also result from ingestion of metallic phosphides (e.g., aluminum or zinc phosphide). Children may be more vulnerable because of relatively increased minute ventilation per kg and failure to evacuate an area promptly when exposed. Cardiovascular Cardiovascular manifestations include hypotension, reduction in cardiac output, tachycardia, irregular heart beat, or cardiac arrest. Laboratory tests may reveal abnormal myocardial enzymes. Phosphine affects the small peripheral vessels, causing a profound decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Vascular changes may lead to marked low blood pressure that does not respond well to pressor agents. Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually the first to occur after exposure. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Hepatic Typically, liver injury does not become evident until 48 to 72 hours after exposure. Findings may include jaundice, enlarged liver, elevated serum transaminases, and increased bilirubin in the blood. Renal Blood and protein in the urine, and acute kidney failure can occur. Electrolyte Analysis of blood gases may reveal combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Also, there have been reports of significant hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia associated with massive focal myocardial damage. Potential Sequelae Although most survivors of acute phosphine exposure show no permanent disabilities, damage due to insufficient blood supply to the heart and brain have been reported. Subacute poisoning resulting from exposure for a few days may cause reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) months later. Chronic Exposure Chronic exposure to very low concentrations may result in anemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and visual, speech, and motor disturbances. Chronic exposure may be more serious for children because of their potential longer latency period. Carcinogenicity The EPA has determined that phosphine is not classifiable as to its human carcinogenicity.

Reproductive and Developmental Effects Phosphine is not contained in the TERIS or Reprotext databases, nor is it mentioned in Shepards Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Phosphine is not included in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicants, a 1991 report published by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) that lists 30 chemicals of concern because of widely acknowledged reproductive and developmental consequences. No teratogenic effects form acute exposure are known. top Prehospital Management Victims exposed only to phosphine gas do not pose substantial risks of secondary contamination to personnel outside the Hot Zone. Victims exposed to solid phosphides, which react with moisture to produce phosphine, can pose such risks if phosphides are on clothes, skin, or hair. Protect personnel through the use of rubber gloves and aprons. Phosphine is a multisystem toxicant that can cause pulmonary irritation, CNS depression, and cardiovascular collapse. There is no antidote for phosphine poisoning. Treatment consists of support of respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Hot Zone Rescuers should be trained and appropriately attired before entering the Hot Zone.

If the proper equipment is not available, or if rescuers have not been trained in its use, assistance should be obtained from a local or regional HAZMAT team or other properly equipped response organization. Rescuer Protection Phosphine is a highly toxic systemic poison and a severe respiratory tract irritant. Respiratory Protection: Positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is recommended in response situations that involve exposure to potentially unsafe levels of phosphine. Skin Protection: Chemical-protective clothing is not generally required because phosphine gas is not absorbed through the skin, and skin irritation is unlikely. Use rubber gloves and aprons with victims exposed to phosphides. ABC Reminders Quickly access for a patent airway, ensure adequate respiration and pulse. If trauma is suspected, maintain cervical immobilization manually and apply a cervical collar and a backboard when feasible. Brush powder from the skin, hair, and clothes of victims before leaving the Hot Zone. Victim Removal If victims can walk, lead them out of the Hot Zone to the Decontamination Zone. Victims who are unable to walk may be removed on backboards or gurneys; if these are not available, carefully carry or drag victims to safety.

Consider appropriate management of chemically contaminated children, such as measures to reduce separation anxiety if a child is separated from a parent or other adult. Decontamination Zone Victims exposed only to phosphine gas do not need decontamination. They may be transferred immediately to the Support Zone. Victims exposed to metallic phosphides will require decontamination as described below. Rescuer Protection If exposure levels are determined to be safe, decontamination may be conducted by personnel wearing a lower level of protection than that worn in the Hot Zone (described above). ABC Reminders Quickly access for a patent airway, ensure adequate respiration and pulse. Stabilize the cervical spine with a collar and a backboard if trauma is suspected. Administer supplemental oxygen as required. Assist ventilation with a bag-valve-mask device if necessary. Basic Decontamination Victims who are able may assist with their own decontamination. Brush all visible particles from clothes, skin, and hair. Remove and double-bag contaminated clothing and personal belongings. Thoroughly flush exposed skin and hair with water for 3 to 5 minutes, then wash with mild soap. Rinse thoroughly with water. Use caution to avoid hypothermia when decontaminating children or the elderly.

Use blankets or warmers when appropriate. If phosphides have been ingested, do not induce emesis. Phosphides will release phosphine in the stomach; therefore, watch for signs similar to those produced by phosphine inhalation. Administer a slurry of activated charcoal at 1 gm/kg (usual adult dose 60-90 g, child dose 25-50 g). A soda can and a straw may be of assistance when offering charcoal to a child. Consider appropriate management of chemically contaminated children at the exposure site. Also, provide reassurance to the child during decontamination, especially if separation from a parent occurs. If possible, seek assistance from a child separation expert. Transfer to Support Zone As soon as basic decontamination is complete, move the victim to the Support Zone. Support Zone Be certain that victims exposed to metallic phosphides have been decontaminated properly (see Decontamination Zone above). Victims who have been exposed only to phosphine gas or who have undergone decontamination pose no serious risks of secondary contamination. Support Zone personnel require no specialized protective gear in such cases. ABC Reminders Quickly access for a patent airway.

If trauma is suspected, maintain cervical immobilization manually and apply a cervical collar and a backboard when feasible. Ensure adequate respiration and pulse. Administer supplemental oxygen as required and establish intravenous access if necessary. Place on a cardiac monitor. Additional Decontamination Continue irrigating exposed skin and eyes, as appropriate. If phosphides have been ingested, do not induce emesis. If it has not been given previously and the patient is alert and able to swallow, administer a slurry of activated charcoal at 1 gm/kg (usual adult dose 60-90 g, child dose 25-50 g). A soda can and a straw may be of assistance when offering charcoal to a child. Phosphides will release phosphine in the stomach; therefore, watch for signs similar to those produced by phosphine inhalation. Advanced Treatment In cases of respiratory compromise secure airway and respiration via endotracheal intubation. If not possible, perform cricothyroidotomy if equipped and trained to do so. Treat patients who have bronchospasm with aerosolized bronchodilators. The use of bronchial sensitizing agents in situations of multiple chemical exposures may pose additional risks.

Consider the health of the myocardium before choosing which type of bronchodilator should be administered. Cardiac sensitizing agents may be appropriate; however, the use of cardiac sensitizing agents after exposure to certain chemicals may pose enhanced risk of cardiac arrhythmias (especially in the elderly). Consider racemic epinephrine aerosol for children who develop stridor. Dose 0.25-0.75 mL of 2.25% racemic epinephrine solution in 2.5 cc water, repeat every 20 minutes as needed, cautioning for myocardial variability. Patients who are comatose, hypotensive, or having seizures or cardiac arrhythmias should be treated according to advanced life support (ALS) protocols. If evidence of shock or hypotension is observed begin fluid administration. For adults, bolus 1,000 mL/hour intravenous saline or lactated Ringer's solution if blood pressure is under 80 mm Hg; if systolic pressure is over 90 mm Hg, an infusion rate of 150 to 200 mL/hour is sufficient.

For children with compromised perfusion administer a 20 mL/kg bolus of normal saline over 10 to 20 minutes, then infuse at 2 to 3 mL/kg/hour. Transport to Medical Facility Only decontaminated patients or patients not requiring decontamination should be transported to a medical facility. "Body bags" are not recommended. Report to the base station and the receiving medical facility the condition of the patient, treatment given, and estimated time of arrival at the medical facility. If metallic phosphides have been ingested, prepare the ambulance in case the victim vomits toxic material. Have ready several towels and open plastic bags to quickly clean up and isolate vomitus. Multi-Casualty Triage Consult with the base station physician or the regional poison control center for further advice regarding triage of multiple victims. Because it is difficult to determine at the scene which patients have had the most serious inhalation exposure, and because some systemic symptoms may be delayed for up to 72 hours after exposure, all patients who have potentially significant exposures should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation. Those who have had massive exposures and those who have experienced a garlic- or fish-like odor should be transported first.

All patients who have ingested phosphides should be transported to a medical facility without delay. top Emergency Department Management Victims exposed only to phosphine gas do not pose substantial risks of secondary contamination to personnel outside the Hot Zone. However, solid phosphides, which react with moisture to produce phosphine, may present secondary contamination risks on clothes, skin, or hair. Phosphine is a multisystem toxicant that causes acute pulmonary irritation, CNS depression, and cardiovascular collapse. Fatal outcomes after the initial 24 hours are usually due to hepatic or renal failure. There is no antidote for phosphine poisoning. Treatment consists of support of respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Decontamination Area Previously decontaminated patients and patients exposed only to phosphine gas may be transferred immediately to the Critical Care Area. Other patients will require decontamination as described below. Be aware that use of protective equipment by the provider may cause fear in children, resulting in decreased compliance with further management efforts. Rubber gloves and aprons should be used with non-decontaminated victims exposed to phosphides. Emergency room personnel should examine children's mouths because of the frequency of hand-to-mouth activity among children. ABC Reminders Evaluate and support airway, breathing, and circulation.

In cases of respiratory compromise secure airway and respiration via endotracheal intubation. If not possible, surgically create an airway. Treat patients who have bronchospasm with aerosolized bronchodilators. The use of bronchial sensitizing agents in situations of multiple chemical exposures may pose additional risks. Consider the health of the myocardium before choosing which type of bronchodilator should be administered. Cardiac sensitizing agents may be appropriate; however, the use of cardiac sensitizing agents after exposure to certain chemicals may pose enhanced risk of cardiac arrhythmias (especially in the elderly). Consider racemic epinephrine aerosol for children who develop stridor. Dose 0.25-0.75 mL of 2.25% racemic epinephrine solution in 2.5 cc water, repeat every 20 minutes as needed, cautioning for myocardial variability. Patients who are comatose, hypotensive, or have seizures or ventricular arrhythmias should be treated in the conventional manner.

Correct acidosis in the patient who has coma, seizures or cardiac dysrhythmias by administering intravenously sodium bicarbonate (adult dose = 1 ampule; pediatric dose = 1 Eq/kg). Further bicarbonate therapy should be guided by ABG measurements. Basic Decontamination Patients who are able may assist with their own decontamination. If the patient has been exposed to solid phosphides, brush the powder from skin, hair, and clothes. Remove and double-bag the patient's clothing and personal belongings. Flush the skin and hair with water (preferably under a shower). Remove contact lenses if easily removable without additional trauma to the eye. Use caution to avoid hypothermia when decontaminating children or the elderly. Use blankets or warmers when appropriate. In cases of phosphide ingestion, do not induce emesis. If activated charcoal has not been given previously, administer a slurry of it at 1 gm/kg (usual adult dose 60-90 g, child dose 25-50 g). Phosphides will release phosphine in the stomach; therefore, watch for signs similar to those produced by phosphine inhalation. (More information is provided in Ingestion Exposure under Critical Care Area below).

Critical Care Area Be certain that patients who have ingested solid phosphides have been decontaminated as described above. Decontamination is not necessary for patients exposed only to phosphine gas. ABC Reminders Evaluate and support airway, breathing, and circulation as in ABC Reminders above. Watch for signs of airway compromise. Monitor cardiac rhythm. Hypotension may develop and may respond poorly to pressor agents. Patients who are comatose or have seizures should be treated in the conventional manner. Correct acidosis in the patient who has coma, seizures or cardiac dysrhythmias by administering intravenously sodium bicarbonate (adult dose = 1 ampule; pediatric dose = 1 Eq/kg). Inhalation Exposure Symptomatic patients should receive supplemental oxygen for dyspnea and should be observed for at least 72 hours with repeated chest examinations and other appropriate studies. Follow-up as clinically indicated. Treat patients who have bronchospasm with aerosolized bronchodilators. The use of bronchial sensitizing agents in situations of multiple chemical exposures may pose additional risks. Consider the health of the myocardium before choosing which type of bronchodilator should be administered.

Cardiac sensitizing agents may be appropriate; however, the use of cardiac sensitizing agents after exposure to certain chemicals may pose enhanced risk of cardiac arrhythmias (especially in the elderly). Consider racemic epinephrine aerosol for children who develop stridor. Dose 0.25-0.75 mL of 2.25% racemic epinephrine solution in 2.5 cc water, repeat every 20 minutes as needed, cautioning for myocardial variability. Ingestion Exposure Remove phosphides from the stomach as soon as possible because most phosphides release phosphine gas on contact with water or acids. Administer a slurry of activated charcoal at 1 gm/kg (usual adult dose 60-90 g, child dose 25-50 g), if it has not been given previously. A mineral oil cathartic (100 mL) is recommended rather than a saline cathartic. Watch for signs and symptoms similar to those produced by inhalation exposure; treat accordingly. Gastric lavage with a potassium permanganate solution (1:10,000) is recommended if ingestion occurred.

Permanganate oxidizes phosphine in the stomach to form phosphate, thus reducing the available phosphine. Antidotes and Other Treatments There is no antidote for phosphine poisoning. Treatment consists of supportive measures. Hemodialysis is recommended only if renal failure develops. The effectiveness of exchange transfusions is questionable. The value of steroids for phosphine-exposed patients who develop acute pulmonary symptoms has not been proven. Laboratory Tests Routine laboratory studies for all exposed patients include CBC, glucose, and electrolyte determinations. Additional studies for patients exposed to phosphine include ECG monitoring, renal function tests, and liver-function tests. Chest radiography, pulse oximetry (or ABG measurements), and PFl3 are recommended to establish baseline for pulmonary status. Serial myocardial enzyme levels may also be helpful. Phosphine is metabolized to phosphite and hypophosphite, which are excreted in the urine. Although analysis for these metabolites is not clinically useful in an emergency setting, urine samples can be collected and frozen for future analysis, particularly if questions on the nature or extent of exposure are likely. Disposition and Follow-up Decisions to admit or discharge a patient should be based on exposure history, physical examination, and test results.

Delayed Effects Because onset of pulmonary edema and liver damage may be delayed for 72 hours or more after exposure, all patients who have significant exposure should be admitted and observed carefully. Patient Release Asymptomatic patients who have normal initial examinations, minimal exposure, and no signs of toxicity after observation for 4 to 6 hours may be discharged with instructions to return to the ED if symptoms develop (see the Phosphine-Patient Information Sheet below). Follow-up Obtain the name of the patient's primary care physician so the hospital can send a copy of the ED visit to the patient's doctor. Patients exposed to phosphine should be monitored for pulmonary dysfunction. Reporting If a work-related incident has occurred, you may be legally required to file a report; contact your state or local health department. Other persons may still be at risk in the setting where this incident occurred. If the incident occurred in the workplace, discussing it with company personnel may prevent future incidents. If a public health risk exists, notify your state or local health department or other responsible public agency. When appropriate, inform patients that they may request an evaluation of their workplace from OSHA or NIOSH. See Appendices III and IV for a list of agencies that may be of assistance.

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain [ ] No follow-up appointment is necessary unless you develop any of the symptoms listed above. [ ] Call for an appointment with Dr.____ in the practice of ________. When you call for your appointment, please say that you were treated in the Emergency Department at _________ Hospital by________and were advised to be seen again in ____days. [ ] Return to the Emergency Department/Clinic on ____ (date) at _____ AM/PM for a follow-up examination. [ ] Do not perform vigorous physical activities for 1 to 2 days. [ ] You may resume everyday activities including driving and operating machinery. [ ] Do not return to work for _____days. [ ] You may return to work on a limited basis. See instructions below. [ ] Avoid exposure to cigarette smoke for 72 hours; smoke may worsen the condition of your lungs. [ ] Avoid drinking alcoholic beverages for at least 24 hours; alcohol may worsen injury to your stomach or have other effects.

[ ] Avoid taking the following medications: ________________ [ ] You may continue taking the following medication(s) that your doctor(s) prescribed for you: _______________________________ [ ] Other instructions: ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Provide the Emergency Department with the name and the number of your primary care physician so that the ED can send him or her a record of your emergency department visit. You or your physician can get more information on the chemical by contacting: ____________ or _____________, or by checking out the following Internet Web sites: ___________;__________. Signature of patient _______________ Date ____________ top Where can I get more information? If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or: For more information, contact: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57 Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 Phone: 800-553-6847 or 703-605-6000 Disclaimer Some PDF files may be electronic conversions from paper copy or other electronic ASCII text files.

This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors. Users are referred to the original paper copy of the toxicological profile for the official text, figures, and tables. Original paper copies can be obtained via the directions on the toxicological profile home page , which also contains other important information about the profiles. The information contained here was correct at the time of publication. Please check with the appropriate agency for any changes to the regulations or guidelines cited. Carbide Floodlight Carbide Floodlight This light runs on acetylene gas produced by dripping water onto calcium carbide. One bucket of water and 64 pieces of carbide will keep it running continuously for 16 minecraft days. The light is turned on by a redstone signal; to conserve fuel, turn it off when it is not in use. Calcium carbide is produced by mixing bonemeal with charcoal and then heating it in a furnace. As well as water buckets, you can also use IndustrialCraft water cells and Forestry water cans and capsules as water sources. GUI Right-clicking on a Carbide Floodlight block opens a GUI for inserting water and fuel. The top left slot accepts a bucket of water, and the bottom right slot accepts a stack of calcium carbide.

If the water tank is empty, it is automatically filled from a bucket placed in the water slot. You can keep one spare bucket in the slot waiting to refill the tank. The presence of the water drip indicates that the light is active and using fuel. Pipes and Tubes When used with mods that have a pipe or tube system, access to the water slot is via the top, and the carbide slot via any side.

Question: Which gas is produced by the action of water on Calcium Carbide?
Answer: Acetylene