Glossary part 1 AETHIOPID (Hamitic ( Gï¿½nther )) Negrid subtype of northeastern Africa. Aethiopids are dolichocephalic , tall and slender, with generally narrow features, highly variable skin color and hair texture. The nose is high and narrow, and not seldom convex, and the chin is often strong. Whether these arguably Europoid features of the Aethiopid physique are the result of significant Europid ( Mediterranid , Arabid ) influence, or of divergence within the Negrid stock, is a much debated and so far unresolved issue. Aethiopid (Iman) AFALOU BOU RUMMEL A series of skulls excavated at Afalou bou Rummel in Algeria. The skulls are robust , and characterized by brachycephaly , broad- and large-headedness, a low, square face, great bigonial breadth , and a general resemblance to European Cro-Magnoids (they are not unlike the semi- alpinized Borreby crania). Afalou bou Rummel is usually referred to merely as Afalou.

Afalou bou Rummel AFGHANIAN The prehistoric skeletal type, so named by Coon , which is reflected in the living Iranid type ( Coon 's Irano-Afghan race). AFRICAN REPLACEMENT HYPOTHESIS ALLELE Alternate forms of a gene . Alleles occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait. The term is often used synonymously with gene . ALLENï¿½S RULE The biological rule, posited by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, which states that endotherms (mammals and birds) from colder climates usually have shorter and bulkier limbs than the equivalent animals from warmer climates. This process is directly related to the retention (in cold climates) or loss (in warm climates) of heat, in that it effects the ratio of body mass to body surface. Cf. Bergmann's Rule , borealization . ALLOMETRY The study of the relative growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the whole.

The ï¿½modeï¿½ of speciation by which a population splits into two (or more) geographically isolated groups, resulting in divergence and subsequent reproductive isolation (new biological species ). Cf. peripheral isolate speciation . Allopatric speciation ALPINID (Ostisch ("Eastern", Gï¿½nther ); West-Alpinid; Western European ( Deniker )) Named by Ripley (Alpine), the Alpinid is an important western and central European Europid type, short- to medium-statured, brachycephalic , characteristically round-headed and -featured, broad-faced, and of intermediate to dark pigmentation. Alpinids predominate in central parts of France, and are common in southern Germany (especially Bavaria) and the Alps. the central European Alpinid is probably derived from Cro-Magnoids through a process of alpinization (cf. Borreby , Gorid ). ANDAMANID (Mincopies (Huxley)) The pygmy -sized Negritid type of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal.

Andamanids are slightly built and dark-skinned, with tightly curled hair, and are similar in most respects to the Semang of the Malay Peninsula and the Aeta of the Philippines, all members of the Negritid race. There are several more or less isolated tribes, such as the Onge, the Jarawa, the Great Andamanese and the Sentineli, which may be distinguished by certain (very minor) differences. For instance, the Sentineli (of North Sentinel Island) are slightly taller than the remainder of the group. Andamanid Jarawa ARMENID (Assyroid (Deniker); vorderasiatischer Typus ("Hither-Asiatic type", Gï¿½nther )) Mostly b runet , large-headed Taurid type, first carefully described by von Luschan (as Armenoid). It resembles the European Dinarid , with the main exceptions of greater absolute facial dimensions and a larger nose. Armenids are prevalent among Armenians, and common throughout the Middle East, where they blend with Arabid s to produce an easily recognizable Middle Eastern phenotype (cf. Assyrid ).

According to Coon, the Armenid (Armenoid, in his typology) type is the result of dinaricization of Iranids (Irano-Afghans, in his typology). Cf. Anatolid , Caucasid . Armenid (after Armenid skull (after Gï¿½nther ) Glowatzki) Near Eastern Taurid parafamily, pertaining to the Armenid (relatively unmixed Taurid), Anatolid ( Mediterranid -mixed Armenid ), Assyrid and Caucasid ( Dinarid -mixed Armenid ) types. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Selective breeding carried out by humans to alter a population , e.g. of dogs. ASCENDING RAMUS The paired portion of the jawbone which rises from the gonial region at the back of the tooth-bearing portion of the jaw to the condyle and coronoid process. ASH-BLOND (cendrï¿½) A class of hair- blondism in which rufosity is totally absent; ash-blond hair has a grayish or "platinum" appearance. Ash-blond hair Generic term, denoting any alpinized extra-European Eurasian population.

ASSORTATIVE MATING The tendency of like to mate with like. Mating can be assortative for a certain genotype (e.g., individuals with genotype AA tend to mate with other individuals of genotype AA) or phenotype (e.g., tall individuals mate with other tall individuals). AURICULARE (au) Point on the lateral aspect of the root of the zygomatic process at the deepest incurvature, wherever it may be. AURICULAR HEAD HEIGHT (v-po) Measured with a head spanner. The distance between bregma and a line connecting the superior borders of the auditory meatus. The head spanner ideally has a device for orientation in the Frankfort Horizontal Plane . The two horizontal pieces fit into the ear openings ( porion ) and when the attachment is placed on the left orbitale , the auricular height is read directly when the calibrated bar is placed at the apex . If measuring skeletally, it should be noted that this measurement depends upon the presence of the face to locate the left orbitale . Porion-bregma height is similar to this measurement, and does not require the presence of the face. Resembling or approaching the Australid form in certain respects.

AUSTRALID (Homo sapiens australasicus; New Holland Race (Agassiz)) One of the major subspecies or races of Homo sapiens; the type of the Australian Aborigines, including the semi-extinct Tasmanians. Like the Veddid race of South Asia, the Australid has retained much of the generalized Pleistocene sapiens morphology. It is characterized by a long, low and narrow head, a low, broad and oval face with a receding forehead, a strongly marked supraorbital region, a rather broad, typically concave nose springing from a deep nasion depression, and very strong prognathy. The eyeballs are deep-set, and the lips are thick. The skin ranges from brown to dark brown. Pilous growth is strong; the hair is usually wavy, sometimes frizzy, and typically dark brown or black, although lighter, more reddish tones do occur. The eyes are dark brown. Subtypes: Barrinean , Carpentarian , BALTID (Osteuropid ( v. Eickstedt )) Balticized northeastern European Cro-Magnoid ( East-Cro-Magnid ).

Baltid (proper) assumes an intermediate position between mostly unreduced, only slightly balticized and fully Europid forms ( West-Baltids ) and more fully balticized and Lappoid -influenced forms ( East-Baltids ) in a continuum or cline which, in a broader and rougher sense, delineates the transition from Cro-Magnoid to Lappoid in northeastern Europe. The term may denote the entire range, and is used interchangeably for mostly un- balticized West-Baltids as well as strongly Lappoid -influenced East-Baltids . SNPA account here . Baltid (Russia) BAMBUTID (African Pygmid) The infantile Negrid type of the African Pygmies . The Bambutid type illustrates the effects of total reduction and partial infantilization , possibly resulting from adaption to an unfavourable tropical environment. The average stature is less than 1.5 m, and the trunk is very long in relation to the legs. The nose is notable for its excessive width, a feature in which the Bambutid exceeds all other human types.

Bambutid (from the BARRINEAN (Atherton Plateau Pygmy ; Queensland Negrito) Australid subtype of North Queensland, distinguished by its exceptionally small stature, the result of a process of reduction (probably an in situ development). Barrineans are often referred to as "Australian pygmies " and sometimes confused with Negritids . They are associated by some with an alleged first wave of Australian aborigines, predating the Murrayians and Carpentarians . Barrinean youth BASION (ba) The point where the anterior margin of the foramen magnum is intersected by the median sagittal plane . The point is located on the inner border of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum directly opposite of opisthion . In rare cases, the determination of the position of basion may be made difficult by a thickening of the anterior margin. In height measurements of the braincase, basion is positioned somewhat farther onto the underside of the margin of the foramen magnum (hypobasion), so that the observer may distinguish between an inferior and a posterior basion for reasons of convenience and technical demands.

BASION-BREGMA HEIGHT (ba-n) The distance between basion and bregma , on the cranium . Place one end of the (spreading) calipers on basion , the other on bregma . If measuring skeletally, and bregma is depressed (the sutures are much below the exterior surface of the vault), take the reading from the surface and not in the depression. Basion-bregma height BASION-PORION HEIGHT (ba-po) Measured with coordinate calipers . Place the ends of the sliding calipers on the right and left porion . Move the coordinate -attachment until it is over basion and read basion-porion height from calibrated bar when tip of bar is placed on basion . Measuring basion-porion BEDDOE, JOHN (1826 - 1911) A British physician and anthropologist who published several of the earliest works on the living races, and who established himself as one of the first authorities on the subject. He was a founder member of the Ethnological Society, and President of the Anthropological Society (1869 ï¿½ 70).

BELL BEAKER A type of Early Bronze Age pottery characteristic of a culture which is believed to have arisen in Spain, and which had wide ramifications in western and central Europe. BELL CURVE (normal probability curve) A statistical phenomenon; the distribution curve which results under conditions of random sampling when frequencies of consecutive metrical categories are plotted in a significant biometric sample. Cro-Magnoid type of North Africa, usually diluted by Mediterranid . Berberid (from the The maximum distance between the lateral surfaces of the condyles, measured with sliding calipers . Measuring bicondylar BIGONIAL DIAMETER (go-go) (bigonial breadth) The maximum distance between the external gonial angles of the mandible , taken both on the dry mandible and on the living. BIOCULAR WIDTH (ex-ex) Measured with sliding calipers . Covering tips of the calipers as in en-en , place fixed tip of the calipers above subject's right exocanthion, slide movable tip to position above subject's left exocanthion; use fingers to steady the instrument above the subject's face. BIODIVERSITY The totality of genes , species , and ecosystems in a region or the world.

BIOLOGICAL SPECIES Pertaining to the accurate measurement of living beings. BIZYGOMATIC DIAMETER = maximum facial breadth . BLACK ASIAN In popular speech, any member of the various dark-skinned, non- Mongolid and non- Europid populations of (East) Asia, including Melanesids , Negritids and Veddids . The term is largely useless in the context of racial typology. BLACK RACE = Negrid , in Blumenbach's typology. BLENDING INHERITANCE The historically influential but factually erroneous theory that organisms contain a blend of their parents' hereditary factors and pass that blend on to their offspring. Compare with Mendelian inheritance . BLONDISM The result of significant depigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes. It has been suggested that this feature, which is possibly the expression of a mutation at the gene known as MC1R, arose in early (Paleolithic) northern European populations as a selective response to relatively low levels of ultraviolet radiation, resulting in insufficient synthesis of Vitamin D in the human body (Vitamin D is essential to the strength of the bone structure).

Lighter-pigmented skin supposedly allows more ultraviolet radiation to enter, enabling an adequate production of Vitamin D. Sexual selection of novel, distinctive characters such as blond hair and light eyes (probably non-selected "side effects" of the general reduction in melanin ) may have contributed greatly to the propagation of the phenotype. Contrary to popular belief, blondism is not in essence a distinctive or intrinsically Nordid feature, but is shared by most Europid (mostly Cro-Magnid ) populations within a certain geographical range centered on the Baltic Sea ( Dalo-Falids , Borrebys , Baltids , etc.). The lack of similar selection in Eskimids and other arctic peoples probably results from adequate levels of Vitamin D in their diets. BOREALID B.H.I. - 91.99 = tapeinocranial (low- skulled ) B.H.I. 92.00 - 97.99 = merriocranial (of moderate skull height) B.H.I. 98.00 - = acrocranial (high- skulled ) BREGMA (b) The point where the sagittal and coronal sutures meet.

In those cases where the most anterior segment of the sagittal suture deflects to one side, the point of the junction of the two sutures must be projected. Bregma is impossible to determine exactly on childrenï¿½s crania with open fontanelles, skulls with "Fontanelle" bones, and in skulls with total obliteration of the sutures. In the latter case it may be possible to see existing traces of the sutures by slightly moistening the area. In case of the presence of a "Fontanelle" bone, a straight extension of the sagittal suture is drawn across the forehead while a similar connection is drawn between the two sections of the coronal suture. Bregma is positioned at the point of intersection of these two imaginary lines or extensions. CARPENTARIAN Australid subtype of northern and central Australia, comparatively tall, straight-haired and dark skinned, with very little body hair. Similarities to the Veddids of India have been considered. The Carpentarians are associated by some with an alleged third wave of Australian aborigines, following that of the Murrayians .

CARRYING CAPACITY The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a given part of the environment can maintain indefinitely. CASPID = East-Mediterranid , as applied by e.g. Lundman to a large number of dolichocephalic brunet types, including Pontid and Indid . CAUCASIAN CAUCASID (Mtebid (Lundman)) Tall-statured Taurid indigenous to the northern Caucasus and adjacent regions, possibly initially a Dinarid - Armenoid intermediate. Caucasids are typical of the Georgian population, and the type is common among the Chechens, Ingushes, and Ossetians. A good example of the process of dinaricization , Caucasid features are probably a result of adaptation to life in mountainous regions. Not to be confused with Caucasian/Caucasoid. Caucasid = Europid ; present popular usage, along with Caucasian. CAUDAL CAVALLI-SFORZA, LUIGI LUCA (1922 -) Italian population geneticist , one of the most influential scholars of his field in the 20th Century.

Cavalli-Sforzaï¿½s research in genetic clustering within human population s has incited his official conclusion that strict racial classification is ï¿½futileï¿½. Cavalli-Sforza CHANCELADE A male skeleton found in the Raymonden cave, near Chancelade in Dordogne, France, in 1888, dating from ~15,000 BC, and associated with the Magdalenian. At 155 cm, It is rather small (yet robust ) as compared to Crï¿½-Magnon and Předmost . The skull is dolicho- and hypsicranial , large- and high-faced, with a steep forehead and a rounded but steep occipital region, the latter of which is unusual for modern dolichocephals . In life, the nose of Chancelade was highly rooted, beak-like, and very thin. A resemblance to Eskimid or other Mongolid / Mongoloid types has been noted ( Carleton Coon called it "incipiently Mongoloid"), but a close connection is unlikely, on account of the prominent chin and lack of flaring gonial angles .

Chancelade CHEILION (ch) The outer corner of the mouth where the outer edges of the upper and lower vermilions meet. CHERKESS TYPE = Pontid , in the typologies of several Russian anthropologists. CHIGNON CORDED TYPE (Battle-Axe type) A tall, leptomorphic , dolichocephalic , long-faced and high-headed type originally affiliated with the western Eurasian steppes. The Corded type is characterized by a linear but muscular build; its browridges and muscular markings are medium to strong, the mandible is deep and the chin is marked, but narrow through the gonial angles . The nose is leptorrhine and often prominent. Its name derives from its association with the Corded Ware culture; it was the principal type of the Battle-Axe and Boat-Axe populations in the north. In connection with the Nordid types, Corded influence is of the essence, and individuals of Nordid derivation, especially East-Nordids and Trï¿½nders , often completely recapitulate the original Corded type. The ultimate origin of the Corded type is uncertain.

It has been theorized that this type is at least partially associated with the propagation of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a, which is found at significant frequencies along a northwestern-southeastern continuum running between the extremes of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Subcontinent. Accordingly, tribes of predominantly Corded type have been credited with the propagation of Indo-European languages throughout western Eurasia. Corded female skull from CRï¿½-MAGNON The first five skeletons of this kind were discovered in 1868 near les Eyzies-de-Tayac, with the definitive specimen from this excavation being known as Crï¿½-Magnon I. The remains are assumed to date from ~25,000 BC. In life, this man was probably about 170 cm tall, and quite robustly built. The skull is quite large, dolichocranial , with a pentagonal outline in vertical view. The parietal bones bulge outward to the sides. The forehead is straight, the browridges slightly projecting, the cranial vault is noticeably flattened, and the occipital bone projects backward. Despite the long, narrow shape of the skull , the face appears rather short and wide.

The maxillae are to some extent projecting. The orbits are low-set, wide, and square-shape. The nasal aperture of the skull is narrow, and strongly projecting. The mandible is robust , with massive ascending ramus, strongly developed points of muscular attachment, and a quite prominent chin. Crï¿½-Magnon I CZEKANOWSKI, JAN (1882 - 1965) A Polish anthropologist, statistician and linguist, who, in the course of his studies of African populations, developed various statistical methods and contributed to the field of taxonomy . He also made certain important contributions to Indo-European comparative linguistics. Here ( legend ) is an outline of his general racial typology. Jan Czekanowski DACRYON (d) The point on the medial border of the orbit at which the frontal, lacrimal, and maxilla intersect. In other words, dacryon lies at the intersection of the lacrimomaxillary suture and the frontal bone . There is often a small foramen at this point.

DALISCH DALO-FALID (Dalisch ( Paudler ); Dalofaelid; Dalo-Nordic ( von Eickstedt ); Faelid ( Lundman ); Fï¿½lisch ( Gï¿½nther ); Phalian/Phalid) Un reduced and depigmented northern European Upper Paleolithic survivor of Cro-Magnid type, similar to the Irish " Brï¿½nn ". The Dalo-Falid type is prevalent in northern Germany, and constitutes an important element in southern Scandinavia (incl. Lundman's Vï¿½stmanland type ). Certain scholars have considered it within the context of a "general Nordid " category (cf. Nordish ). SNPA account here . DARWIN, CHARLES (1809 ï¿½ 1882) A British naturalist who achieved lasting fame by convincing the scientific community of the occurrence of evolution and proposing the theory that this could be explained through natural and sexual selection . This theory is now considered the central explanatory paradigm in biology. Charles Darwin DARWINISM The theoretical approach to biological evolution first presented by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858.

The central concept of the theory is natural selection , referring to the greater probability of survival and reproduction of those individuals of a species having adaptive characteristics for a given environment. DAYAKID = Proto-Malayid . DEME Local population of a species ; the community of potentially interbreeding individuals at a given locality; a population or race sampled over time. DEMOGRAPHY The analysis of the size, composition, and rate of change of a population . DENDROGRAM A branching, or tree-like, diagram. Population s on closer branches are more closely related to each other than are populatio ns on distant branches. DENIKER, JOSEPH (1852 - 1918) A French naturalist/anthropologist, the first to evolve the notion of a "Nordic race" (la race nordique). Deniker's racial typology for Europe assumed ten types ("ethnic groups"), six primary and four secondary. Here is an outline of his general racial typology. Joseph Deniker DINARID (Adriatic ( Deniker ); Epirotic) Central and southeastern Europid, named with reference to the Dinaric Alps.

The Dinarid is considered a Taurid , being a product of the dinaricization of an ancestral population of uncertain affiliation (a Borreby -like Cro-Magnoid type has been suggested). Dinarids are typically brachycephalic and planoccipital , long-faced and long- and convex-nosed, and intermediate to dark in pigmentation. They are most common in the Balkans, especially in the region of former Yugoslavia, and a Dinarid "belt" extends from France through southern Germany, the Alps and northern Italy, terminating in the western shoreline populations of the Black Sea. Cf. Norid . DINARICIZATION An evolutionary process involving brachycephalization , flattening of the occipital region , and development of a long and prominent nasal apparatus, typically of extreme convexity. Dinaricization, whatever its precise nature, could be an adaptation to life in mountainous regions, and is allegedly correlated with herding populations. The Eurasian Taurid types (including the European Dinarid ) are classic examples of dinaricization, but a tendency may also be observed outside of the Europid group, e.g. in certain Indianid populations.

Based on observations made by the budding physical anthropologist Byron O. Hughes in his doctor's thesis (The Physical Anthropology of Native Born Armenians), Coon explained the special set of features as the divergent outcome of interbreeding between Alpinid and Mediterranid populations of certain proportions (2/3 Mediterranid , 1/3 Alpinid ; see The Races of Europe , Photographic Supplement, plate 35 ). It has also been suggested that brachycephalized Cro-Magnoids and/or similar strains have been involved in the various formations. DISRUPTIVE SELECTION Selection for both extremes of a trait and against the middle. In the case of polygenic traits that are expressed as a continuum of phenotypes , such as stature, it would be selection for both very tall and very short people and against those who are average in height. The result would be a progressive increase in both of the extreme forms of this trait and a reduction in the middle range. In the case of a trait controlled by only two alleles , it would be selection for both recesssive and dominant homozygotes and against heterozygotes .

The result would be a progressive reduction in the number of people who are heterozygous for the trait in the population . Cf. directional selection , stabilizing selection . DISTAL The distance between the preaurales . EAST-ALPINID = Gorid . EAST-BALTID (Homo arcticus fennicus (Sergi)) Northeastern European composite type, resulting from the influx and subsequent stabilization of Lappoid elements in a Baltid population. It represents one end of a "continuum", opposite to West-Baltid . SNPA account here . East-Baltid (after EAST-CRO-MAGNID The Cro-Magnid type, cognate with Dalo-Falid ("West- Cro-Magnid "), that lies at the back of the modern Baltid types. Single instances reflecting the original "un- balticized " type may be found in predominantly Baltid populations, but they are individual manifestarions of a substrate, and nowhere does the type form a population in its own right. West-Baltid refers to a slightly altered ( balticized ) East-Cro-Magnid, which forms a greater population element.

EASTERN AMERICAN TEMPERATE RACE ECTOCONCHION (ec) The intersection of the most anterior surface of the lateral border of the orbit and a line bisecting the orbit along its long axis. To mark ectoconchion, move a toothpick or other thin straight instrument up and down, keeping it parallel to the superior orbital border, until you divide the eye orbit into two equal halves. Mark the point on the anterior orbital margin with a pencil. ECTOMOLARE (ecm) The most lateral point on the outer surface of the alveolar margins, usually opposite the middle of the upper second molar tooth. (1892 - 1965) German anthropologist and ethnographer of considerable influence and legacy. Follow this link for von Eickstedt's racial map of Europe. Egon von Eickstedt ENDOMOLARE (enm) The most medial point on the inner surface of the alveolar ridge opposite the middle of the second upper molar tooth. ENDOMORPHIC = pyknic , in the somatotypology of Sheldon.

EPICANTHIC FOLD (epicanthus; palpebronasal fold; plica palpebronasalis) Skin fold of the upper eyelid (from the nose to the inner side of the eyebrow) covering the inner corner (medial canthus ) of the human eye. This fold covers and appears to lower the inner corners of the eyes, creating the appearance of "slanted eyes." It is commonly known amongst Asians as "single-eyelids", as opposed to "double eyelids". Epicanthus is primarily associated with the Mongolid and Khoisanid subspecies . EPIROTIC FOSTER'S RULE (Island rule) The evolutionary principle, posited by J. Bristol Foster in 1964, which states that members of a species will get smaller or bigger depending on the resources available in the environment. Cf. island dwarfing , island gigantism . FOUNDER EFFECT Type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of, larger populations . A horizontal line from the top of the external auditory canal to the lowest point on the inferior border of the orbit . Usually referred to simply as the Frankfort Plane.

The Frankfort Horizontal Plane FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION Selection in which the fitness of a genotype (or phenotype ) depends on its frequency in the population . FRISIAN TYPE FRITERPIAN TYPE (Frisian type) Slightly altered ( Cro-Magnid -influenced) Nordid variety found in the Netherlands and throughout the traditional Frisian areas of the northwestern European coast. It is similar to the Anglo-Saxon type , but less influenced by Cro-Magnid . The name was coined by Nyessen. Taxonomic category ranking below family and above species , generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics (pl. genera). GERONTOMORPHOUS Characterized by physical traits most fully developed in the aged male; the opposite of paedomorphous . GLABELLA (g) (nasal eminence) The most forwardly projecting point in the mid-sagittal plane at the lower margin of the frontal bone , which lies above the nasal root and between the superciliary arches. the point of glabella is depressed between the confining bony ridges, and is often delineated superiorly by a shallow gutter or a transversely running indentation on the surface of the frontal bone .

Note that in juvenile skulls with strongly forwardly vaulted foreheads, the most projecting point of the curve of the forehead is not that of glabella. However, its position is still possible to determine. GONION (go) The point on the mandible where the inferior margin of the mandibular corpus and the posterior margin of the ramus meet, i.e. the point on the mandibular angle which is directed most inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally. If the mandibular angle is not pronounced, position the mandible with the angle facing upward, so that the right and left posterior margin of the mandibular body declines inferiorly into horizontal lines. Gonion is positioned at the highest point of the curvature. When measuring the bigonial diameter the most lateral position of the angles should be chosen as measuring points. GORID (East-Alpinid) Estern European Alpinoid influenced by Baltid , yielding a more gracile and characteristically higher- skulled type. The name is derived from Polish gora, "mountain".

Gorid GRACILE-INDID " Indid proper", rhe prevalent Europid type of the Indian Subcontinent, perceived by some authors as the eastern continuation (and termination) of a "belt" running eastward through the largely lepto-dolichomorphic Mediterranid and Orientalid populations. Characterized by short stature, dolichocephaly , high-headedness, orthognathy , and a long and prominent but mesorrhine nose. The skin color varies between light and dark brown, the hair is straight to wavy and usually black, and the eyes are dark. GRACILE-MEDITERRANID (Ibero-Insular ( Deniker ); Small Mediterranean (Coon); West-Mediterranean ( Lundman )) The "typical Mediterranids " or " Mediterranids proper" of the northern Mediterranean coast and adjacent territories. They are characterized by a medium to short, gracile skeleton, mesomorphy and a small skull . Gracile-Mediterranids are relatively dark compared to Europeans in general (cf. Atlanto-Mediterranid ).

GRADUALISM (phyletic gradualism) The notion that the evolution of biological species is a slow and gradual process, without sudden and violent transitions. The opposite of punctuated equilibrium . Gï¿½NTHER, HANS FRIEDRICH KARL (1891 - 1968) Known variously as Rassengï¿½nther ("Race-Gï¿½nther") and Rassenpapst ("Race-Pope"), H. F. K. Gï¿½nther was a German anthropologist, infamous for his affiliation with and contributions to the German National Socialist racial program up until and during WWII. HALLSTATT NORDID (Gï¿½tatyp ( Lundman ); ï¿½sterdal-type ( Bryn ); Teutonordid ( von Eickstedt , Paudler )) The classic Nordid type, predominant in Sweden and southeastern Norway; common elsewhere in Scandinavia, and less important as a population element in northern Germany, the Be-Ne-Lux and the British Isles. SNPA account here .

Hallstatt Nordid (Max A racial type which has evolved part way in a Mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non- Mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently Mongoloid . Cf. Lappoid . INCIPIENT SPECIES Geographically isolated population ; with time, the accumulation of genetic differences in a population produces isolating mechanisms which inhibit the reproductive potential of the incipient population and its conspecific parent population . The single point at the incisal level of the upper central incisors; the lower edge of the upper central incisors. INDIANID (American or Red race (Blumenbach); Amerind; Homo sapiens americanus) Essentially Mongolid but significantly derived group associated with the Native Americans.

The general Indianid morphology is characterized by a high and large face, a broad lower jaw, mesognathy , a large and frequently aquiline nose, wide mouth, wider eyelids than Asian Mongolids , low frequencies of epicanthus , greater facial profile than Asian Mongolids , straight and sometimes gently waving hair, weak growth of facial hair, very dark eye and hair pigmentation, swarthy skin (usually bronze-like), a typically massive body build, and frequently tall stature, although this is rather variable. Subtypes are: Andid , Brazilid , Centralid , Lagid , Margid , Pacifid and Silvid . Indianids are found in North, Central and South America, in the Caribbean, and on surrounding islands. Distributional maps of Indianid INDID (Indo-Caucasian) Europid race of the Indian Subcontinent. Indids are medium-statured, gracile and slender. They are long-headed, longish- and oval-faced, with steep foreheads and straight noses, moderately thick lips and wide eyelid apertures. The skin is light brown, the hair is black or dark brown, and the eyes are dark brown.

Subvarieties are Gracile-Indid ("Indid proper"), North-Indid , and Indo-Brachid . INDO-ABORIGINAL INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE One of three scroll-like bones that project from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; the inferior nasal conchae articulate with the ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and palatine bones and form the lower part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. INFRA- INFRADENTALE (id) The point between the lower incisor teeth where the anterior margins of the alveolar processes are intersected by the mid-sagittal plane . The point corresponds to the antero-superior limit of the fetal symphyseal suture. INION (i) A single point at the intersection of the left and right superior nuchal lines, the most prominent point on the external occipital protuberance in the median sagittal plane . Inion may be absent in cases of occipital torus . IN SITU The distance between the endocanthia .

INTERMEMBRAL INDEX A relative measure of the upper and lower limbs: (humerus length + radius length) * 100 (femur length + tibia length)) INTEROCULAR DISTANCE (interocular diameter) (en-en) Measured with sliding calipers . Covering tips of the calipers with index fingers, place fixed tip above subject's right endocanthion ; use 3rd and 5th fingers to steady instrument above subject's face as you slide left tip to the left endocanthion . INTERORBITAL DISTANCE (interorbital breadth) The distance between the inner borders of the bony eye sockets (bilaterally the point where the posterior lacrimal crest meets the inferior border of the frontal). INTRASPECIFIC IRANID (Irano-Afghan ( Coon )) The relatively tall, dolicho-mesocephalic, long-faced, high-headed and hook-nosed type prevalent in Iran, Afghanistan and adjacent territories. In the typology of von Eickstedt , it is an Orientalid subtype, which thereby relates it to the Arabid .

Others regard it as an " East-Mediterranid "- Arabid blend, but the Iranid is morhologically more similar to Mediterranids and even Nordids (cf. Corded type) than to Arabids . Khoisanid subvariety of the Nama/Hottentots, characterized by less reduced features and more Negrid admixture than Sanids. Khoid Hottentot from Namibia (after Knuï¿½mann) KHOISANID (Cape of Good Hope Race (Agassiz); Capoid; Homo sapiens hottentotus) One of the major subspecies or races of Homo sapiens; indigenous to southern Africa, especially the Kalahari. Khoisanids are characterized by small stature and accompanying infantilism in bodily proportions (their Boskopid predecessor was full-sized). The females are often steatopygic . The faces are flat, with prominent malars, the noses are flat and wide, and the eyelid apertures are narrow. The latter feature is frequently accompanied by epicanthus , and the superficial similarity with southeastern Asian types is sometimes striking.

The skin is leathery-yellow, the hair is black and spiral-shaped, and the eyes are dark brown. Two Khoisanid varieties are sometimes distinguished ( Khoid and Sanid ). KRETSCHMER, ERNST (1888 - 1964) German psychiatrist, famous for his research into the relationship between human constitution and personality character, and the development of a constitutional typology. He posited three basic constitutional types: asthenic (tall, slender), athletic (muscular), and pyknic (rotund), each variously prone to certain psychological states, behavioural patterns, and disorders. Ernst Kretschmer KUMID Tungid subtype of Turkestan and Mongolia and the surrounding regions. Kumids are characterized by a low and wide skull (sometimes higher than with the Taigid subtype), high and wide face with somewhat smaller malars than the Taigid subtype, high frequency of epicanthus (however less so than with the Taigid subtype), and high and often rather large nose, of little projection.

The hair is coarse and black, the eyes are dark, the skin is darker than with the Taigid subtype, and beard growth is scant (but stronger than with the Taigid subtype). Kumid man LAMBDA (l) The point where the two branches of the lambdoidal suture meet with the sagittal suture. The determination of this point is uncertain in cases with strongly serrated sutures, as well as cases where sutures are totally obliterated. Locating lambda may be further complicated in crania with Wormian or sutural bones at the apex of the occipital squama. In such cases the general direction of the two branches of the lambdoidal sutures is determined and two straight lines are projected along the branches of the suture placing lambda at the point where these lines meet with one another and with the sagittal suture. LAMBDOID Pertaining to the region of lambda . LAMBDOID FLATTENING An inheritable and non-artificial flattening or depression of the segment of the sagittal suture of the skull immediately above lambda .

LAPPID (Lappish ( Coon ); Scando-Lappid race ( Lundman )) Borealized , infantilized and hyperbrachycephalic type of mostly Lappoid derivation, somewhat influenced by Mongolid . This type is associated with the Saami ("Lapps") of northern Scandinavia. A Swedish Lapp Lappid skull LAPPOID (Ladogan (Coon); Uralid) Partially reduced , incipiently Mongoloid brachycephal of the eastern forests, seldom found in its true form, but constituting an important substrate in eastern Europe, Russia, and the Baltic nations (the East-Baltid type is a more or less stabilized blend of Baltid and Lappoid). The Lappoid type belongs to the larger Upper Paleolithic group, and is probably related to Europid Cro-Magnoids on one hand, and Mongolids on the other (i.e. as an evolutionary intermediate, rather than a cross).

Question: What term is given to the biological phenomenon where the size of animals isolated on an island increases dramatically over generations?
Answer: Island gigantism