How does gum disease affect my body? - Healthy Teeth & Mouth - Sharecare Healthy Teeth & Mouth Topics | Oral Health | Healthy Teeth & Mouth | How does gum disease affect my body? A Answers (5) A American Dental Association answered Research between systemic diseases and periodontal diseases is ongoing. While a link is not conclusive, some studies indicate that severe gum disease may be associated with several other health conditions such as diabetes or stroke. It is possible to have gum disease and have no warning signs. That is one reason why regular dental checkups and periodontal examinations are very important. Treatment methods depend upon the type of disease and how far the condition has progressed. Good dental care at home is essential to help keep periodontal disease from becoming more serious or recurring. A Dr. Mehmet Oz, MD , Cardiology (Cardiovascular Disease), answered The plaque that builds up around your teeth can hurt your heart as well as your gums. Watch this animation to see how plaque in your mouth can build up and block the arteries leading to the heart. Helpful? 1 person found this helpful. A Dr. Todd A.

Welch, DMD , Periodontics, answered Current models of mucosal surfaces of oral, gut, lung, and skin tissue postulate that local bacterial antigens, derived from biofilms on surfaces, regulate local tolerance, local immune response, and systemic response by way of an "information relay system" through a series of nuclear factor-kappa beta pathways to synthesize and secrete cytokines and chemokines to regulate the inflammatory process at local as well as distant sites. Evidence is also accumulating that the predominant cells of the periodontium, gingival fibroblasts, are capable of producing prostaglandins, interleukins (IL-1beta [β], IL-6, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon- gamma (IFN-γ). It is hypothesized that these mediators modulate inflammation locally as well as at a distant site of infection. One presupposes the direct role of oral bacteria or their products in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque in myocardial infarctions. An alternative explanation is the possible role of mediators in inflammation initiated by periodontal pathogens in the development of chronic complications.

There is general agreement that chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and diabetes, are multifactorial in origin. But there is growing evidence that these diseases are influenced by gingival inflammation and chronic periodontal infections. In a series of cross-sectional studies, a strong relationship has been found between acutephase C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and the severity of periodontal diseases. CRP is triggered by infections, trauma, necrosis, and malignancy, and is also linked to heart disease and diabetes. CRP is synthesized in the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6. TNF-α, IFN-γ, and transforming growth factor also participate in the production. The current therapeutic strategy to control periodontal infections involves mechanical removal of deposits, both supra- and subgingival. A Carol Jahn , Dentist, answered Gum disease hurts your body in many ways. First and foremost; it can lead to pain, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss. Our teeth are essential to healthy eating; when we lose the ability to chew well, it affects our overall nutrition and our body.

Second, our teeth are integral to our smile. Tooth loss or discomfort with the way our mouth looks can lead to a loss of self-esteem and confidence. When we lose teeth, we also lose bone and that effects the structure of our face causing premature aging. There is also growing evidence that the gum disease may effect the rest of our bodies too. When you have gum disease, your mouth is inflamed and these inflammatory agents may increase inflammation in other parts of your body. It has been observed that people with heart disease are more likely to have gum disease and vice versa. People with diabetes who have gum disease may have a harder time controlling their blood sugar. Helpful? 1 person found this helpful. A RealAge answered Gum disease hurts your mouth, but it also can affect your entire body. Researchers have found a link between periodontal (gum) disease and chronic health conditions, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Gum disease produces bacteria in your mouth that can flow into your bloodstream to other parts of your body. If you're already unhealthy, the bacteria can lead to heart disease and stroke. If you have diabetes, your condition can worsen due to gum disease.

Maintain proper oral health to help prevent gum disease and damage to your body. How Plaque and Gum Disease Affect Your Health Rheumatoid arthritis Premature birth What's behind the links? Experts can't say for certain, but they believe that oral bacteria can escape into the bloodstream and injure major organs. Inflammation is probably a common denominator, experts say. Periodontal disease, marked by inflammation, may increase inflammation throughout the body. Inflammation, in turn, is an underlying problem in diseases including heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis . Gum Disease and Heart Disease Over the years, many studies have found that people with gum disease are more likely to also have poor heart health , including heart attacks . A 2009 paper on the relationship between heart disease and gum disease was issued by the American Academy of Periodontology and The American Journal of Cardiology. Its joint recommendations encourage cardiologists to ask their patients about any gum disease problems. In addition, periodontists are encouraged to ask their patients about any family history of heart disease as well as their own heart health . Continued Gum Disease and Diabetes If you have diabetes , you are more likely than people who don't have diabetes to have gum disease. Why?

Again, inflammation may be partly to blame. And, those with diabetes are more likely to contract infections, including gum disease. If your diabetes is not under control, you are at even higher risk of gum disease. Gum Disease and Dementia Gum disease has also been found to raise the risk of dementia later in life. Other researchers have found that periodontal problems may also be associated with milder cognitive impairment, such as memory problems that make activities of daily life more difficult. In a recent study, participants who had the worst gum disease scored the worst on memory tests and calculations. Periodontal Disease and RA Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease marked by inflammation and painful joints. People with RA are more likely to have periodontal disease, and one study found that they had more missing teeth than people who don't have RA. Chronic inflammation is common to both conditions. Although scientists haven't found evidence that one condition causes the other, a 2009 study found that people with a severe form of RA had less pain, swelling, and morning stiffness after their periodontal disease was treated. Gum Disease and Premature Birth Studies on the link between periodontal disease and preterm birth have produced conflicting results.

Some show that women with gum disease are more likely to deliver a baby before term, which sets up the baby for health risks. Others, though, have not found a link. Studies are ongoing. Other research has found that treating periodontal disease in pregnant women helps them carry their infants to term. One recent study showed that women with periodontal disease who completed periodontal treatment before the 35th week were less likely than those who did not get treatment to deliver their babies early. Minimizing the Dangers of Plaque & Gingivitis To keep plaque under control, brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and floss daily. Use an antimicrobial mouthwash to reduce the bacteria in your mouth . Get your teeth cleaned professionally on a regular basis. Ask your dentist about the best cleaning schedule for you. Find out if you might benefit from a protective coating or sealant applied to the chewing surfaces of the teeth in the back of your mouth where tooth decay often begins.

WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Michael Friedman, DDS on November 29, 2015 Sources SOURCES: David Cochran, president of the American Academy of Periodontology, and professor and chair of the Department of Periodontics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Sally Cram, DDS, periodontist, Washington, D.C., and consumer advisor, American Dental Association. American Academy of Periodontology: "Gum Disease and Diabetes," "Inflammation: Connecting the Mouth and Body?", "Journal of Periodontology and the American Journal of Cardiology develop joint clinical recommendations," "Frequently Asked Questions," "Healthy Gums and a Healthy Heart: The Perio-Cardio Connection." Offenbacher, S. Journal of Periodontology, October 1996; vol 67: pp 1103-1113. Seymour R. British Dental Journal, May 23, 2009; vol 206: pp 551-552. Radnai, M. Journal of Dental Research, March 2009; vol 88: pp 280-284.

American Dental Association: "Plaque," "Cleaning Your Teeth and Gums," "Tooth Decay." Noble, J. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery Psychiatry, online May 5, 2009. Kaisare, S. British Dental Journal, Aug. 11, 2007; vol 203: pp 144-145. Srinivas, S. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, May 2009; vol 200: p 497 and e1-8. Smolik, I. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, May 2009; vol 30: pp 188-90, 192, 194, 198, 210. Kamer, A. Alzheimer's & Dementia, July 2008; vol 4: pp 242-50. Wang, T. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, May 2009, vol 36: pp 372-379. Ortiz, P.

Journal of Periodontology, 2009, vol 80: pp 535-540. Mercado, FB. Journal of Periodontology, June 2001; vol 72: pp 779-787. © 2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. Pagination How does gingivitis affect the body? - Gingivitis - Sharecare How does gingivitis affect the body? Topics | Oral Health | Periodontal Diseases | Gingivitis | How does gingivitis affect the body? A Answers (2) A American Dental Association answered If you have gingivitis, your gums may become red, swollen and bleed easily. At this stage, the disease is still reversible and can usually be eliminated by a professional cleaning at your dental office, followed by daily brushing and flossing. However, untreated gingivitis can lead to advanced gum disease, which lead to bone and tissue loss. If that happens, your teeth will feel loose and start moving around in your mouth. They also can fall out if the condition is not treated early. Research between systemic diseases and gum diseases is ongoing.

While a link is not conclusive, some studies indicate that severe gum disease may be associated with several other health conditions such as diabetes or stroke. Helpful? 1 person found this helpful. A RealAge answered Gingivitis affects the gums, making them red and swollen, and with a tendency to bleed. Left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which is a more serious and destructive condition. Periodontitis can result in the loss of a tooth or even multiple teeth. There is also a body of evidence to suggest that periodontitis increases a person’s risk of having a stroke or heart attack. In addition, a pregnant woman with periodontitis may be at risk for pre-term delivery. Helpful? 1 person found this helpful. This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs.

Videos (6) How Gum Disease Affects The Whole Body You Are Here: Wellness Mama » Blog » Health » How Gum Disease Affects The Whole Body How Gum Disease Affects The Whole Body As much as 50% in the reversal of cancer is in the mouth. -Burton Goldberg, expert in the field of alternative medicine How can a two time cancer survivor and expert in alternative cancer treatments make such a statement? In this article we will explore how the health of the mouth affects the whole body and how gum disease can increase the risk of things like cancer and heart disease. Sound crazy? There is a well researched link between gum disease and other problems in the body… What is Gum Disease? Gum disease, or periodontal disease, is the name for a range of oral health problems ranging from gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) to the more serious periodontitis (where gums pull away from the teeth and serious infection can result). Many people may have the early signs of gum disease and not even realize it! Symptoms like persistent bad breath, swollen gums, gums that bleed when flossing, sensitive teeth or painful spots on the gums when chewing can all be early signs on gum disease.

In fact, if you are reading this, there is a good chance you could have some form of gum disease and not even realize it! According to David Kennedy, DDS and past president of the International Association for Oral Medicine and Toxicology: Over 90% of adults over age 30 have some stage of active gum disease. 65% of 15 year olds already have active gum disease (yikes!) How Gum Disease Affects the Body It is well established that gum disease can be devastating to the mouth and is the leading cause of adult tooth loss and other oral problems. What is less well-known is that gum disease can also have negative impact on other parts of the body. The mouth is not an isolated ecosystem, but an integral part of the immune system. The mouth is intimately connected to many other parts of the body and a bacterial imbalance or gum disease in the mouth can create immune problems and inflammation in other parts of the body as well. In fact, it is well documented that gum disease can increase the risk of various types of cancer (including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer and others), heart disease, stroke and other serious problems.

Pregnancy complications and low-birth weight in babies have also been linked to gum disease. Gum Disease = Active Bacterial Infection The reason the negative impact of gum disease goes beyond the mouth is gum disease is an active bacterial infection that has access to the whole body via the bloodstream! The ‘bad bugs’ involved with gum disease are very mobile. They can and do swim upstream and colonize other areas of the body. In fact, the plaque deposits from bad bugs in the mouth are the same types of plaque found in arterial walls in heart disease sufferers! Given the understanding that these bacteria in the mouth travel through the bloodstream, it makes sense that gum disease could affect the rest of the body. Gum disease increases the risk of many conditions, including: Bacteria Enter the Bloodstream Through the Mouth We now understand that the harmful bacteria present in gum disease colonize in the mouth, but are then able to access the rest of the body via the bloodstream. In essence, a person with active gum disease has an enemy “inside the gates” slowly but surely eroding his or her health by poisoning the system with bacteria.

The known risks of this common situation are two fold: The actual damage caused by the bacteria in the mouth How the body responds to this chronic bacterial attack and the resulting inflammation First, these bacteria can destroy flesh and bone tissue in the mouth, leading to severe gum problems and tooth loss. In fact, these bacteria have been documented by microscope attacking and killing white blood cells! as a byproduct of this attack, they also dump toxins into the system. The second risk is how the body responds to this chronic bacterial attack with an immune response and the resulting inflammation. How the Body Responds to Bacterial Infection in the Mouth The immune system recognizes the gum disease as the rampant bacterial infection it is. One way the body defeats an infection is to increase the inflammation in the local area of the infection in an effort to increase blood flow thus increase the number of white blood cells to fight the infections. Swollen, painful gums, bleeding when brushing or flossing are clear signs of an active bacterial infection in the mouth and an early warning sign of serious gum disease (this is also a sign that many people ignore). The problem arises when the infection is a chronic one, like with gum disease.

In the case of chronic infection, the body’s infection fighting reaction becomes habit, thus creating a state of chronic inflammation. Chronic Infection = Chronic Inflammation More serious problems begin to occur when the bacteria present in the mouth from gum disease travel to other parts of the body. At this point, it is now a system wide chronic inflammation that contributes to and sets the stage for other diseases like arthritis,diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Thus, gum disease really is one of the main pathways, like a gateway disease, that helps support the conditions that allow system wide diseases to establish and flourish. Thankfully, while gum disease is a serious problem with links to even more serious conditions, there are ways to address gum disease and return the mouth (and body) to health. Improve the Body Through Oral Health There is a two-part approach to improving oral health: In the Mouth: Improving oral health in the mouth and working to remove harmful bacteria that lead to gum disease to reduce the bacterial load on the body Throughout the Body: Improving immunological health throughout the body to create address health on a cellular level The first part of this approach focuses on what can be done in the mouth to create greater oral health as well as whole being wellness.

This includes things like good oral hygiene, brushing, flossing and other methods. The second perspective focuses on tools and techniques that raise immunological health. Increasing the health of our immune system is the primary tool we have to create greater oral health. Supporting the immune system properly can create an environment in the body that is unsuitable for the bacteria that cause gum disease. Like all aspects of health, it is important to remember that the body works as a whole and to address the source of the problem (the mouth) as well as the rest of the body. Improving Immunological Health to Fight Gum Disease There are many factors that affect the immune system and the body’s ability to effectively handle bacteria in the mouth, including: Diet: To support oral health, it is important to eat a mineral rich diet, consume plenty of quality fats and eliminate foods like vegetable oils and sugar. Lifestyle: For immune health, it is important to get enough sleep, address stress, and avoid lifestyle habits like smoking that can affect oral health. Oral Hygiene: Understanding the mouth/body connection makes it easy to see how good oral health habits can greatly affect the immune system as a whole.

( Here is a peek into my own oral health routine ) Stop Putting Toxins into the System Fundamental to any attempt at creating greater oral health as well as whole being wellness is to stop putting toxins into the system. It is important to understand the two main ways that toxins can be introduced to the system through the mouth: The toxins that gum-disease causing bacteria dump or trigger in our system. The toxins that are inadvertently introduced to prevent disease through the use of oral hygiene products. Prevent Disease or Create Health… Which Comes First? These two concepts, to prevent disease and to create health, are central to fighting gum disease and they are important in different ways. We can see this debate most clearly in history with the example of Louis Pasteur, the ‘father’ of modern medicine and germ theory and Antoine Beauchamp, a contemporary of Pasteur’s who promoted a related theory but with a different focus called cellular (or terrain) theory. These two theories support the realization that if we want to create optimal health, our primary focus must be to create health, then to secondarily address disease prevention. So, our primary intent must be on wellness protocols of creating health.

Therefore, we must be aware of introducing any additional harmful substances into our system as these may impair our immunological efforts to create health. This especially applies if the sunstances we introduce to the system are under the guise of preventing disease. For example, if we introduce toxins into the system by applying germ theory (prevent disease) approach, we are not addressing the primary focus, to create health. (If you want more information on this interesting subject, here’s a video discussing this subject from OraWellness .) How to Reduce Harmful Bacteria from Gum Disease While supporting the body as a whole to improve immune health through diet and lifestyle is vital and should be addressed first, it is also important to address the colonization of harmful bacteria in the mouth directly to fight gum disease: Brush Your Teeth Correctly to Reduce Gum Disease Just like other notable doctors and researchers from history like Weston A Price and Edward and May Mellanby, Dr. Charles Bass was an early pioneer of oral health and medicine and he shed some light on a technique proven to reduce the population of bad bugs in the mouth. It is known as the Bass Brushing technique and it works to break up colonies of harmful bacteria hidden within the gum line.

It is much more gentle and effective than traditional brushing methods and has been shown to help fight gum disease and gingivitis. In fact, Dr. Bass was once told that he needed to have all of his teeth pulled due to his severe gum disease and used his knowledge of microbiology, his microscope and trial and error to discover this method of brushing. He was able to save his teeth and died with all of his original teeth intact. Learn the Bass Brushing Method in this post . Floss Consciously Conscious flossing goes hand in hand with proper brushing. Paying attention to what our flossing uncovers is a huge step toward creating greater oral health in our lives. OraWellness explains how to floss consciously: 1. Take a piece of floss that is long enough so you can use a new segment of floss between each set of teeth. 2. Stop and look at the floss after each flossing point. Look for any discoloration on the floss. Any color (blood or yellowish color) is a clear sign you have active infection in the gum pockets around those teeth. 3. Step three requires some courage, so be strong! Smell the floss.

Yep, smell it after each contact you clean. 4. Feel as you floss for any pain, sensitivity or signs of swelling. Bottom line here is if you have any color on the floss (bleeding gums) or bad small, you have an active infection in the gum pockets between those two teeth. Clean the Mouth with Non-toxic Oral Health Products One crucial factor when addressing products for oral health is to be sure not to put any additional toxins into the system in the process. Introducing harmful substances into the system while working to remove existing toxins from bacteria in the mouth is really taking one step forward and two steps back. In other words, introducing toxins into the system that will lower and limit immune health is counterproductive since immune health is a primary focus when working to fight gum disease. Using oral health products that contain toxic ingredients which impair our immune function is short sighted at best if not downright injurious to overall health. Some of my favorite non-toxic oral health products are: Using Charcoal to Improve Oral health Learn About Oil Pulling Oil pulling is a technique out of ancient Indian (ayurvedic) medicine. This excellent technique not only cleanses the mouth, it also helps to detoxify the whole system.

Here is a link to an article that details the benefits, science, and technique of oil pulling. Learn Free Techniques to Improve Mouth Ecology There is a direct link between the amount of saliva we produce and our ability to maintain a healthy, disease free mouth environment. The unfortunate fact is saliva production declines as we age. It is no surprise that the risks of gum disease as we age increases in step with the decline in saliva production. Although all the above suggestions will drastically help create greater oral health, we have saved the most fundamental, perhaps the most important, aspect to create greater oral health for last. What do you do to help protect your oral health? Any tips you’d recommend? Share below! Periodontal Disease Part I: How Oral Health Affects the Body | Modern medicine Periodontal Disease Part I: How Oral Health Affects the Body December 01, 2002 By Maria Perez-Mera , Stewart Perim Ralph, a 55-year-old smoker, has a history of cardiac problems. More recently, he has complained of a sore and dry mouth. Shirley suffers from uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. When brushing her teeth, she noticed her gums were red, swollen, and bleeding.

A trip to the dentist found that this 30-year-old had high levels of plaque above and below the gum line. These examples demonstrate the link between infections of the mouth and other health conditions. Whether it is a sore mouth, gums that have grown over the teeth, or periodontal disease, the increase in bacterial growth around the teeth can potentially affect conditions elsewhere in the body. In fact, there is mounting evidence that periodontal disease (PD) contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease; increases the risk for strokes, pre-term births, and osteoporosis; and poses a serious threat to people whose health is already compromised due to diabetes, suppressed immune systems, and respiratory disorders. The inflammatory process associated with PD may also play a role in perpetuating or exacerbating other health conditions, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and arthritis. As reported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, an estimated 80 percent of adults in the U.S. have some form of PD. While this condition can be reversed and controlled if diagnosed in its early stages, many people do not realize they are at risk until they experience tooth loss.

And, according to the National Institutes of Health, at least 133 million Americans are missing one or more teeth. Given these disparaging statistics, it is imperative that travelers educate themselves, their coworkers, and their patients about this growing public health concern. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE PD is characterized by the inflammation and bacterial infection of gums surrounding the teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. This condition includes gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and periodontitis (inflammation and/or degeneration of dental periosteum, alveolar bone, cementum, and adjacent gingiva), as well as trauma from occlusion and periodontal atrophy. In its mildest form - gingivitis - the gums become reddened and swollen, often bleeding easily. Typically, there is no associated discomfort. Gingivitis, in many instances, is caused by poor home care and is reversible with professional treatment and good daily brushing and flossing. Untreated gingivitis can progress to the more severe form of PD, periodontitis, which is classified in several ways.

With marginal periodontitis, the disease can be "slowly progressing," "rapidly progressing," or "refractory." The first diagnosis, common in patients 50 or 60 years of age, is characterized by abundant plaque - a sticky film that forms daily around the teeth - and calculus deposits with little pain. Rapidly progressing periodontitis, affecting young adults up to 35, presents with less plaque and calculus but extreme inflammation. Those cases considered refractory do not respond well to therapy and often recur soon after treatment. In juvenile periodontitis, children and adolescents suffer from generalized or localized lesions associated with systemic conditions. Older patients - in the 18 to 30 range - with similar symptoms are said to have post-juvenile periodontitis. A third main classification, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, has deep ulcerated craters in localized and generalized areas. These lesions are common in patients with AIDS. Trauma from occlusion is related to gingival inflammation, which results in loosened teeth, increased mobility, and widening of the periodontal ligament. Vertical defects in the alveolar bone are also possible.

Tissue injury may occur from an acute change in force, such as biting a cherry pit, or from chronic trauma like clenching. Periodontal atrophy, on the other hand, is classified as presenile when the height of a uniform periodontium is lessened without cause. Disuse atrophy occurs as support for periodontal tissues weakens, either from a thinning periodontal ligament or reduction of fiber bundles, or as a result of bone loss through osteoporosis. ETIOLOGY OF PD If left undisturbed, microbial plaque accumulates in pockets between teeth and gums, progressing under the gum line. Research has shown that dental plaques can contain more than 400 species of bacteria, the differing strains of which are responsible for various types of oral disease. These bacteria produce toxins that irritate the gums and stimulate an inflammatory response. When the body's reaction to the microorganisms becomes destructive, supportive tissue and bone around the teeth slowly erode. This scenario not only can lead to loose teeth, but also to bacteria entering the bloodstream (bacteremia), becoming transient, and targeting distant organs, putting the patient's health at risk. THE CVD CONNECTION A case in point involves cardiovascular disease.

Studies show that people with PD are almost twice as likely to suffer from atherosclerosis, characterized by the thickening of coronary arteries due to build-up of fatty proteins. Several theories exist to explain this link. One deals with the increased probability of thrombus formation when oral bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to plaque in the vessels of the heart. Another possibility is that the inflammation associated with periodontal disease may be more generalized than once thought. Scientists now believe inflammation leads to an increased build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries. Once infection initiates the body's inflammatory response, cytokines and cell division factors are produced by macrophages and T cells. Macrophages ingest modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), creating "foam cells" that, together with T cells, compose the earliest form of atherosclerotic plaque. As reported in the May 2002 issue of Scientific American, inflammatory molecules promote expansion of the plaque - which typically grows outward rather than upward. A "fibrous cap" develops over it, adding to the plaque's size. Even so, literature suggests that blockage of blood flow by plaque accounts for only 15 percent of myocardial infarctions (MIs).

The majority of MIs occur when this cap ruptures due to the secretion of inflammatory substances by foam cells - which also may produce clot-promoting tissue factor - and a thrombus develops over the break, blocking the artery. To identify individuals with the most active inflammatory responses, researchers suggest measuring levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood. This element, secreted by the liver, encourages inflammation of arterial walls and promotes clotting. A 2001 study from the University at Buffalo discovered that patients infected with oral bacteria causing periodontal disease had the highest concentrations of CRP, associated with a greater propensity for cardiovascular problems. Other patient populations that are disproportionately affected by the link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease include those with heart murmurs and artificial prostheses, such as hip joints. These individuals, in particular, are at higher risk for developing infective endocarditis, characterized by a bacterial infection of damaged heart valves or the interior lining of the organ's walls. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends that such patients take antibiotics before a dental treatment. A similar link to PD has been shown with strokes.

One study found that people diagnosed with acute cerebralvascular ischemia were more likely to have an oral infection than those in the control group. Additional research discovered patients with PD had a one-and-a-half to two times greater risk of experiencing fatal CVD or stroke. PD AND DIABETES It has long been believed that a link exists between PD and diabetes - which develops from either a deficiency in the body's insulin production (type 1/insulin-dependent) or the body's inability to use the insulin correctly (type 2/non-insulin-dependent). In fact, research has shown that either type of diabetic is more prone to developing periodontal disease than healthy individuals. This is especially true for those with type 2 diabetes who find it difficult to control their glucose levels. Given their compromised immune systems, diabetics are often unable to combat infections, including those associated with PD. When bacteria enter the bloodstream and activate immune cells, prompting an inflammatory response, high levels of cytokines damage or destroy cells in the pancreas, altering the production and/or utilization of insulin and exacerbating the diabetic condition. Management of the disorder can be further affected by severe periodontal disease, which can increase blood sugar levels.

New research has shown that while PD is often cited as a complication of diabetes, it may actually play a role in its onset. Studies suggest that those with periodontal disease are at a higher risk of developing the disorder. Once infections bring about the reactionary process, type 2 diabetes may be induced in otherwise healthy individuals - even when no additional risk factors are present. LINKS TO RESPIRATORY DISEASE More research is needed to confirm if individuals with PD are at an increased risk for respiratory disease. However, studies have found that when bacteria from the mouth and throat are inhaled into the lower respiratory tract, they can cause infection or make existing conditions - such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - worse. Patients with swallowing difficulties - including some diabetics and alcoholics - may even increase their chances of aspiration due to damaged reflexes, thus intensifying the potential for infection. Literature suggests PD sufferers have elevated levels of bacteria, including gram-negative enteric species and Psuedomonas aeruginosa. In fact, scientists estimate the prevalence of certain microorganisms - staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and yeasts - in dental plaque at upwards of 77 percent.

Some are particularly difficult to eradicate, remaining in patients with PD following antibiotic treatment. Any bacterial presence, in turn, places individuals at higher risk for developing disorders like pneumonia. This life-threatening infection affects patients of all ages, but particularly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. PROBLEM PREGNANCIES Studies are underway to determine the relationship between periodontal disease and pre-term, low birth weight (PLBW) babies. Earlier findings reported that pregnant women with PD may be seven times more likely to have babies born too early and too small. Recent research takes this theory one step further, suggesting the presence of generalized PD - and its associated attachment loss - increases the risk. Add other pre-existing conditions such as diabetes into the mix and scientists warn of a double threat. Not only does the bacterial infection hamper the ability of mothers to control their blood sugar, but PD appears to trigger levels of biological fluids that induce labor, resulting in premature deliveries. HORMONAL INFLUENCES There are many other changes in hormone levels throughout a woman's life that can affect gingival health. These stages are noted at puberty, during menstruation, and at menopause. Altered levels of progesterone and estrogen increase blood circulation throughout the body - including the gums.

The increase may cause the gums to become more sensitive to irritants such as bacterial plaque found in the mouth. In addition, estrogen deficiency following menopause - and osteopenia/osteoporosis - speed the progression of oral bone loss. Reduced bone density surrounding the teeth makes them more susceptible to the ravages of periodontal disease, resulting in increased tooth mobility and loss. THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN PD Both genetics and environmental factors play a role in patients' susceptibility to periodontal disease. Researchers believe a number of genes - differing within cultural groups - are responsible for the presence and severity of PD in patient populations. In one study of identical and fraternal twins, for example, genetics accounted for approximately half of the variance in periodontal disease. Future examinations may focus on which genetic components affect underlying risks, eventually providing new avenues for treatment and arresting the disease prior to the presentation of initial symptoms. UNDERSTANDING THE BIG PICTURE Since infections of the mouth can heighten the risk for systemic diseases - and existing disorders may promote PD and tooth decay - it is important for travelers to be aware of common signs and symptoms experienced by patients of all ages.

By understanding the link between periodontal disease and other conditions, mobile providers can implement care plans that not only improve oral health, but also enhance quality of life through better case management. References American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, May 7). Research presented today provides further evidence on the importance of good oral health in pregnant women. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, August 2). Healthy gums are likely to lie behind milk mustaches. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, August 16). Low dietary vitamin C can increase risk for periodontal disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, November 30). Study finds substantial genetic basis for risk of periodontal disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2001, June 21). People with rheumatoid arthritis have more periodontal disease.

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Gum Disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis) Symptoms, Treatments, Causes Periodontitis, also generally called gum disease or periodontal disease, begins with bacterial growth in your mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that surrounds your teeth . What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis? Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis ( gum disease ). However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage. When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line.

Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. What Causes Gum Disease? Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease. These include: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy , puberty, menopause , and monthly menstruation , make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop. Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancer or HIV that interfere with the immune system. Because diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar , patients with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities. Medications can affect oral health , because some lessen the flow of saliva , which has a protective effect on teeth and gums.

Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantin and the anti- angina drug Procardia and Adalat , can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue. Bad habits such as smoking make it harder for gum tissue to repair itself. Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis to develop. Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis. Continued What Are the Symptoms of Gum Disease? Gum disease may progress painlessly, producing few obvious signs, even in the late stages of the disease. Although the symptoms of periodontal disease often are subtle, the condition is not entirely without warning signs. Certain symptoms may point to some form of the disease. The symptoms of gum disease include: Gums that bleed during and after tooth brushing Red, swollen, or tender gums Formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums Loose or shifting teeth Changes in the way teeth fit together upon biting down, or in the fit of partial dentures. Even if you don't notice any symptoms, you may still have some degree of gum disease. In some people, gum disease may affect only certain teeth, such as the molars.

Only a dentist or a periodontist can recognize and determine the progression of gum disease. How Does My Dentist Diagnose Gum Disease? During a dental exam, your dentist typically checks for these things: Gum bleeding, swelling, firmness, and pocket depth (the space between the gum and tooth; the larger and deeper the pocket, the more severe the disease) Teeth movement and sensitivity and proper teeth alignment Your jawbone, to help detect the breakdown of bone surrounding your teeth How Is Gum Disease Treated? The goals of gum disease treatment are to promote reattachment of healthy gums to teeth; reduce swelling, the depth of pockets, and the risk of infection; and to stop disease progression. Treatment options depend on the stage of disease, how you may have responded to earlier treatments, and your overall health. Options range from nonsurgical therapies that control bacterial growth to surgery to restore supportive tissues. A full description of the various treatment options is provided in Gum Disease Treatments. How Can Gum Disease Be Prevented? Gum disease can be reversed in nearly all cases when proper plaque control is practiced. Proper plaque control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing.

Brushing eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached; flossing removes food particles and plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. Antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the American Dental Association. Continued Other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include: Stop smoking . Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis. Smokers are seven times more likely to get gum disease than nonsmokers, and smoking can lower the chances of success of some treatments. Reduce stress . Stress may make it difficult for your body's immune system to fight off infection. Maintain a well- balanced diet . Proper nutrition helps your immune system fight infection. Eating foods with antioxidant properties -- for example, those containing vitamin E ( vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables) and vitamin C (citrus fruits, broccoli, potatoes) -- can help your body repair damaged tissue. Avoid clenching and grinding your teeth . These actions may put excess force on the supporting tissues of the teeth and could increase the rate at which these tissues are destroyed.

Despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the American Academy of Periodontology says that up to 30% of Americans may be genetically susceptible to gum disease. And those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to develop some form of gum disease. If anyone in your family has gum disease, it may mean that you are at greater risk, as well. If you are more susceptible to gum disease, your dentist or periodontist may recommend more frequent check-ups, cleanings, and treatments to better manage the condition. Is Gum Disease Linked to Other Health Problems? According to the CDC, researchers have uncovered potential links between gum disease and other serious health conditions. In people with healthy immune systems, the bacteria in the mouth that makes its way into the bloodstream is usually harmless. But under certain circumstances, these microorganisms are associated with health problems such as stroke and heart disease . Diabetes is not only a risk factor for gum disease, but gum disease may make diabetes worse. Healthy teeth, healthy body - Live Well - NHS Choices Tooth loss If you're concerned that you may have gum disease, visit your dentist.

Did you know that gum disease isn’t just bad news for your teeth, it’s also linked to serious health problems in other parts of your body? Gum disease may increase your risk of all kinds of other health complications, including stroke , diabetes and heart disease . Gum disease has even been linked with problems in pregnancy and dementia. Chief Executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, Dr Nigel Carter, explains: "The link between oral health and overall body health is well documented and backed by robust scientific evidence. Despite this, only one in six people realises that people with gum disease may have an increased risk of stroke or diabetes. And only one in three is aware of the heart disease link." Gum disease dangers Gum disease is an infection of the tissues that support the teeth. It's mainly caused by bacteria from plaque build-up. In some patients who are susceptible to gum disease, the body over-reacts to the bacteria around the gums and causes too much inflammation. In others, the inflammation doesn’t clear up properly. The result of the intense gum inflammation is that it also affects the bloodstream, and is believed to slowly damage blood vessels in the heart and brain over a long period of time. What’s the damage?

Gum disease has been linked to a variety of other health problems, including: heart disease and heart attacks diabetes and its control rheumatoid arthritis Preventing problems The good news is that brushing your teeth properly and looking after your gums can prevent and treat gum disease, improve your overall health and help to reduce your risk of health problems, such as heart disease. Follow a routine of brushing your teeth for a full two minutes twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, plus cleaning between your teeth with floss or interdental brushes. Visit your dentist and dental hygienist regularly for cleaning and check-ups. It’s especially important to look after your teeth and gums if you’re pregnant. NHS dental care is free for pregnant women and during the 12 months after you've given birth.

Question: What part of the body is afflicted by gingivitis?
Answer: Gums