Kaolin Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database Inhalation of kaolin through occupational exposure may cause pneumoconiosis. Toxicology Inhalation may predispose miners to pulmonary diseases. Kaolin is a hydrated aluminum silicate. It occurs naturally as a clay that is prepared for pharmaceutical purposes by washing with water to remove sand and other impurities. History Kaolin has been used commercially and medicinally for hundreds of years. It is currently used in the manufacture of pottery, bricks, cement, ceramics, paints, plastering material, color lakes (insoluble dyes), and insulators. As a raw material, it is commonly found in paper, plastics, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, 2 and it is also used in pharmaceutical preparations as a filtering agent to clarify liquids. Evidence also suggests that kaolin may be useful in the decolorization of dye wastewater via the electrocoagulation method. 3 When applied topically, it serves as an emollient and drying agent. When ingested, it acts as an adsorbent to bind GI toxins and control diarrhea. Kaolin has been added to dusting powders and is used as a tablet excipient.

It is also utilized in a variety of automated laboratory chemistry tests, including the determination of activated clotting time (ACT) 4 and in the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis using the kaolin agglutination test (KAT). 5 Kaolin has also been used experimentally to induce hydrocephalus in animal models in order to assess the effects of the condition on sensorimotor development. 6 Chemistry Kaolin has the approximate chemical formula of H 2 Al 2 Si 2 O 8 (H 2 O) and is a white or yellow-white powder that has a slightly oily feel. It is an environmentally benign aluminosilicate mineral 7 that is insoluble in water. 1 Light kaolin is the preferred material for use in pharmaceutical preparations. The finely divided particles yield a very large surface area that adsorbs a wide variety of compounds. Kaolin's ability to enhance citric acid production by Aspergillus niger , a thermophilic fungus, has been studied. Aqueous suspensions of kaolin were added to the fungus medium in concentrations of 5 to 25 ppm.

A maximum yield of citric acid (74.62 g/L) occurred within 96 hours after the production phase when using the 15 ppm aqueous suspension. Kaolin is effective in improving citric acid concentrations because of its ability to adsorb metal cations in the medium. This results in an increase in the activity of citrate synthase, an enzyme essential for the production of citric acid. 8 Uses and Pharmacology Diarrhea When given orally, kaolin, especially light kaolin, adsorbs substances from the GI tract and increases the bulk of feces. 9 Kaolin improves stool consistency within 24 to 48 hours; however, it does not decrease the number of stools passed or reduce the amount of fluids lost. 10 , 11 Data regarding the effects of kaolin on travelers' diarrhea are lacking. 12 Animal data A study of 252 crossbred pigs was conducted to assess the effects of dietary oats and kaolin on performance and diarrhea during the weaning period. This phenomenon, referred to as postweaning check period, can last for 7 to 14 days and often leads to death.

Diets consisting of 10%, 20%, or 30% oats and kaolin at 1% and 3% were used. All pigs experienced stress lasting 7 to 14 days after weaning, regardless of diet. However, heavier pigs demonstrated superior performance compared with lighter pigs. Diarrhea was not problematic in this study. 13 Though clinical studies lack any evidence of benefit for the treatment of diarrhea in animals, it is often given to small animals, foals, calves, lambs, and kids. The recommended dose of kaolin pectin for animals is 1 to 2 mL/kg by mouth 4 times daily. 14 Clinical data Antidiarrheal preparations containing kaolin have been used in the treatment of enteritis, cholera, and dysentery. Kaolin preparations, however, have no intrinsic antibacterial activity and should not be used as the sole treatment in infectious diarrheas.

Ulcerative Colitis Animal data A small study involving male Wistar rats was conducted to assess the effects of enteral administration of activated charcoal (25 mg), kaolin (105 mg), hydrated aluminum silicate (300 mg), and water as adsorbents to prevent endotoxemia during a state of colitis. In a similar study, colitis-induced mice were divided into the 4 previously mentioned treatment groups and compared with a healthy control group. The treatments were given 5 days after the induction of colitis and were administered twice daily for 3 days. After the treatment period, the mice receiving kaolin and hydrated aluminum silicate demonstrated a reduction in systemic endotoxemia when compared with the healthy control group. Thus, the authors concluded that enteral administration of adsorbents such as kaolin were effective for the treatment of systemic endotoxemia in an animal model. 15 Clinical data No clinical studies of kaolin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in humans have been documented. Antacid Effects No studies of kaolin used as an antacid in animals have been documented.

Clinical data Venezuelan kaolin was hydrothermally transformed and placed in contact with various sodium carbonate solutions ranging in strength from 0.5 to 2 M. This modified kaolin clay was tested in the presence of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in order to determine its neutralization capacity. Achievement of normal gastric pH occurred with 250 mg of the modified kaolin clay compared with 400 mg of original clay, leading to the conclusion that modified kaolin clay might be useful as a cheap and effective antacid. 16 Radiation/Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis/Stomatitis No studies of kaolin in the treatment of radiation/chemotherapy-induced mucositis in animals have been documented. Clinical data In a prospective, double-blind study, the effects of oral hygiene instruction plus sucralfate compared with diphenhydramine and kaolin/pectin on reducing severity and pain of radiation-induced mucositis were assessed. Fourteen patients were randomized to use 1 of the 2 mouth rinses 4 times daily during radiation beginning at 1,600 centigray (cGy) up to 4,600 cGy.

They were instructed to rinse their mouths with a baking soda and salt water solution after meals and at bedtime and then to hold 15 mL of the mouth rinse in their mouths for 3 minutes. Systemic analgesics and antifungals were allowed. There were no differences between the 2 groups with regard to perceived pain, mucositis grade, weight change, or interruption of radiation therapy. However, patients in the sucralfate group reported less pain and a longer duration of pain relief compared with the kaolin/pectin group. Of note, all patients requested to continue using a mouth rinse until resolution of the mucositis. The authors concluded that while sucralfate appears to be protective and palliative, it has high affinity for ulcerated mucosa. Thus, patients with stage 1 or slight mucositis may benefit more from treatment with a mixture of kaolin/pectin and diphenhydramine. 17 Eighteen patients treated with chemotherapy or radiation were included in a prospective, double-blind study to determine the efficacy of several topical solutions used for the treatment of stomatitis.

The 4 solutions tested were the following: (1) viscous lidocaine with 1% cocaine, (2) dyclonine hydrochloride 1%, (3) kaolin/pectin, diphenhydramine, and saline mixture, and (4) placebo. There were 2 arms to this study. In the first arm, patients were given a different mixture for 4 consecutive days with self-instructions of gargling the solution or applying it directly onto the lesions and asked to document the effects. During the second arm of the trial, patients continued on the most effective regimen from the first arm for as long as needed. The dyclonine solution was the most effective solution for pain relief, with a relief duration of about 50 minutes. The viscous lidocaine and cocaine solution had approximately the same duration of pain relief. The duration of pain relief reported for kaolin/pectin, diphenhydramine, and saline solution was approximately 35 minutes, which was similar to that of placebo.

However, no statistical differences were noted among the 4 groups with regard to pain relief ( P = 0.7334) or duration of relief ( P = 0.4673). No adverse reactions were noted. 18 Spontaneous Pneumothorax Kaolin has been reported to be effective in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Small crystals act as an abrasive on the endothelial lining of the pleura to produce pleurodesis. 19 Animal data No studies of kaolin in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in animals have been documented. Clinical data A study of 26 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax was conducted. An injection of 3 to 5 mL of kaolin 25% suspension or 2 to 3 mL of kaolin 50% suspension was administered through a thorascopic cannula to induce pleurodesis. One or 2 more injections of 2 to 3 mL of kaolin 25% suspension were injected via a needle in the pleural cavity within 7 to 10 days postoperatively to allow for complete pleurodesis.

Sixteen of the 26 patients (62%) had complete pleurodesis on the first attempt. Though a more conservative approach is commonly recommended due to increased morbidity associated with chemical pleuritis, it was concluded that this method was effective and efficient. 19 Insecticide Kaolin has been used as an insecticide against various arthropods that affect crops. Specifically, kaolin is commonly incorporated into particle film technology for purification, sprayed onto crops in the form of an aqueous suspension, and allowed to dry, yielding its insecticidal effects and leaving a white appearance. 20 , 21 Kaolin is nontoxic to plants and animals, as it remains chemically inert over a range of pH values. 21 In a laboratory, greenhouse, and field study, the insecticidal effects of kaolin-containing particle film on the pink bollworm were assessed. In the lab setting, there were 7 times more eggs laid per boll in untreated cotton compared with bolls treated with kaolin ( P < 0.0001). Additionally, establishment of boll mines occurred in untreated areas of cotton compared with treated areas ( P < 0.01).

In the greenhouse setting, there were 5 times more eggs laid on untreated bolls compared with treated bolls, resulting in the conclusion that kaolin-based particle film treatment deters oviposition and larval mining. 7 Another study assessed the insecticidal effects of kaolin-containing particle film on Myzus persicae . Plants were infected with the aphid vector and then treated with either water or kaolin suspension. Survival times were not significantly different between the treatment groups ( P = 0.275), nor were there differences in the total number of nymphs produced per aphid per day ( P = 0.124). However, when given the choice of untreated versus kaolin-treated areas, both adults and nymphs preferred untreated areas. The authors concluded that, under laboratory conditions, kaolin particle technology does not appear to affect the growth rate, reproduction, or survival of Myzus persicae species. These results may be attributed to the type of formulation used in the study and/or species-specific features. 20 Water-treated versus kaolin-treated plants were studied to determine insecticidal effects against Plutella xylostella , also known as the diamondback moth.

Applying kaolin to the eggs did not appear to have a significant effect on their hatch rate ( P = 0.815). However, treatment with kaolin did have a negative effect on survival ( P = 0.007). Additionally, development time to adult emergence was significantly longer for plants treated with kaolin on the upper surfaces of the leaves ( P = 0.022) and those treated with kaolin on both leaf surfaces (0.004) when compared with those treated with water. Significantly more eggs were laid on plants treated with kaolin compared with water ( P = 0.036). 19 In another small study, the effects of kaolin on Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) behavior and fitness as a physical barrier and physiological toxin were assessed. Kaolin was either applied to apple leaves or mixed in an artificial diet for the larvae. Mortality and time to larvae pupation increased and pupal mass declined when larvae fed on kaolin-treated apple leaves. The purpose in mixing kaolin into an artificial diet was to eliminate any possibility that kaolin's insecticidal effects could be due to a physical barrier.

Although consumption of the diet was not measured, making it difficult to extrapolate any results from this group, some physiological effects may exist when kaolin is consumed in high concentrations because these larvae took longer to pupate than those on a normal control diet. 22 Laboratory Testing Kaolin has been recognized as a coagulation activator and has been incorporated into various laboratory testing to measure ACT. These measurements are imperative during cardiopulmonary procedures in order to guide heparin anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis and reduce inflammation. 23 Additionally, kaolin has been studied for its effects when testing horse serum for seroconversion against equine influenza virus, which causes a major respiratory disease among horses. The hemagglutination-inhibition assay is very rapid and has a reproducibility of 84% to 96%. However, this test is affected by the presence of nonspecific inhibitors found in the horse serum. Thus, kaolin was studied to determine its ability to remove these nonspecific inhibitors. When testing for antibodies against equine influenza virus subtype 1 (H7N7), false-positive results occurred.

However, when testing against antibodies for equine influenza virus subtype 2 (H3N8), false-positive results did not occur. Additionally, titers of sera treated with kaolin were similar to those that were untreated, indicating that kaolin was not effective in removing nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum. 24 Wastewater Purification One small study suggested that the addition of kaolin to oil field wastewater can result in removal of chemical oxygen demand, removal of scaling ions, such as iron, calcium, and magnesium, improvement in membrane filter index, bacteriocidal effects, and inhibition of corrosion. 25 Dosage Diarrhea 12 years of age and older 26.2 g after each loose stool every 6 hours until firm stool; do not exceed more than 262 g per 24 hours; do not use longer than 2 days. Younger than 12 years of age Seek advice from physician. 26 Diaper rash 4% to 20% kaolin-containing products can be applied topically.

13 Radiation- and Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis 15 mL of kaolin/pectin and diphenhydramine in a 50:50 mixture; hold in mouth for 3 minutes. 17 Pregnancy/Lactation Because kaolin-containing preparations are not systemically absorbed and do not cross the placenta, kaolin is listed as Pregnancy Category C. However, there is a possible association between kaolin ingestion and the development of iron deficiency anemia and hypokalemia, especially during pregnancy. 27 , 28 In a small study of female rats, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell levels were reduced in the groups of rats that ingested a kaolin-containing diet. Additionally, the pups born to these rats exhibited low birth weights. 29 There are no human data regarding breast-feeding and kaolin usage. 27 Interactions Most drug interaction studies of kaolin have involved administration of kaolin pectin.

Kaolin pectin can form insoluble complexes with a number of drugs and should be avoided in patients receiving drugs that may chelate with aluminum salts (eg, digoxin, 30 , 31 , 32 clindamycin, 33 lincomycin, 34 and penicillamine 35 ). Until more information is available, interactions that occur with kaolin pectin should be considered to occur with kaolin alone. Additionally, concomitant administration of kaolin pectin and trimethoprim resulted in a reduced area under the curve for trimethoprim and decreased the average blood concentration of trimethoprim by 29.42%. 36 An in vitro study suggests that quinidine absorption may be reduced with concomitant administration of kaolin-pectin preparations. 37 To avoid potential drug interactions, kaolin should be used at least 3 hours before or after any other medications. 38 When used topically for anorectal itching, petrolaturm or greasy ointments should be removed before applying kaolin-containing products in order to allow for proper adherence to the skin.

Additionally, cocoa butter, cod liver oil, hard fat, lanolin, mineral oil, shark liver oil, petrolaturm, or white petrolaturm cannot be combined with kaolin because of limited skin adherence. 10 Adverse Reactions Inhalation of kaolin through occupational exposure may cause pneumoconiosis. 39 , 40 Toxicology Kaolin is highly insoluble and is not absorbed systemically. Therefore, it is not generally associated with severe toxicity. Inhalation of nonfibrous silicate compounds such as kaolin may predispose miners to pulmonary diseases. 39 In a small study of 65 kaolin miners in Georgia, 5 workers with more than 5 years of exposure had radiographic evidence of kaolin pneumoconiosis. These workers spent most of their time in the processing area of the mine where exposure to kaolin dust was the highest. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV 1 ), expressed as a percentage of predicted values, were slightly but statistically lower in the workers with pneumoconiosis. These values declined the longer they worked in the mining area. Additionally, radiographic evidence worsened with increased exposure.

However, the FEV 1 /FVC ratio did not differ for workers with pneumoconiosis, suggesting the presence of restrictive lung disease resulting from inhalation of dust as opposed to obstructive lung disease caused by smoking. 40 Bibliography 1. Windholz M , ed. The Merck Index . 10th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co; 1983 . 2. Kwan CC , Chu WH , Shimabayashi S . Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium lauroyl isethionate on kaolinite suspension in an aqueous phase . Chem Pharm Bull . 2006 ; 54 ( 8 ): 1082-1087 . 3. Zhuo Q , Ma H , Wang B , Gu L . Catalytic decolorization of azo-stuff with electro-coagulation method assisted by cobalt phosphomolybdate modified kaolin . J Hazard Mater . 2007 ; 142 ( 1–2 ): 81-87 . 4.

Huyzen RJ , Harder MP , Huet RC , Boonstra PW , Brenken U , van Oeveren W . Alternative perioperative anticoagulation monitored during cardiopulmonary bypass in aprotinin-treated patients . J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth . 1994 ; 8 ( 2 ): 153-156 . 5. Sarnaik RM , Sharma M , Kate SK , Jindal SK . Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis: assessment of kaolin agglutination test . Tuber Lung Dis . 1993 ; 74 ( 6 ): 405-406 . 6. Khan OH , Enno TL , Del Bigio MR . Brain damage in neonatal rats following kaolin induction of hydrochephalus . Exp Neurol . 2006 ; 200 ( 2 ): 311-320 . 7. Sisterson MS , Liu YB , Kerns DL , Tabashnik BE .

Effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition, larval mining, and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) . J Econ Entomol . 2003 ; 96 ( 3 ): 805-810 . 8. Ali S . Application of kaolin to improve citric acid production by a thermophilic Aspergillus niger . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol . 2006 ; 73 ( 4 ): 755-762 . 9. Bowman WC . Textbook of Pharmacology . 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1980 . 10. Berardi RR , Kroon LA , McDermott JH , et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs . 15th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2006 : 340,357,358,769 . 11. Wald A . Constipation, diarrhea, and symptomatic hemorrhoids during pregnancy . Gastroenterol Clin North Am .

2003 ; 32 ( 1 ): 309-322 . 12. Ericsson CD . Nonantimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of travelers diarrhea . CID . 2005 ; 41 ( suppl 8 ): S557-S563 . 13. Rivera ER , Armstrong WD , Clawson AJ , Linnerud AC . Effect of dietary oats and kaolin on performance and incidence of diarrhea of weanling pigs . Journal of Animal Science . 1978 ; 46 ( 6 ): 1685-1693 . 14. Kahn CM , ed. The Merck Veterinary Manual . 9th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co; 2005 : 1984-1985 . 15. Gardiner KR , Anderson NH , McCaigue MD , Erwin PJ , Halliday MI , Rowlands BJ . Adsorbents as antiendotoxin agents in experimental colitis . Gut . 1993 ; 34 ( 1 ): 51-55 . 16.

Linares CF , Rosa-Brussin M . Modified Venezuelan kaolin as possible antacid drug . J Applied Sci . 2004 ; 4 ( 3 ): 472-476 . 17. Barker G , Loftus L , Cuddy P , Barker B . The effects of sucralfate suspension and diphenhydramine syrup plus kaolin-pectin on radiotherapy-induced mucositis . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol . 1991 ; 71 ( 3 ): 288-293 . 18. Carnel SB , Blakeslee DB , Oswald SG , Barnes M . Treatment of radiation- and chemotherapy-induced stomatitis . Otolaryncol Head Neck Surg . 1990 ; 102 ( 4 ): 326-330 . 19. Joynt GH , Laird RC . Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax with kaolin . Chest . 1958 ; 34 ( 5 ): 514-520 . 20. Barker JE , Holaschke M , Fulton A , Evans KA , Powell G .

Effects of kaolin particle film on Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) behaviour and performance . Bull Entomol Res . 2007 ; 97 ( 5 ): 455-460 . 21. Barker JE , Fulton A , Evans KA , Powell G . The effects of kaolin particle film on Plutella xylostella behaviour and development . Pest Manag Sci . 2006 ; 62 ( 6 ): 498-504 . 22. Sackett TE , Buddle CM , Vincent C . Effect of kaolin on fitness and behavior of Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae . J Econ Entomol . 2005 ; 98 ( 5 ): 1648-1653 . 23. Dalbert S , Ganter MT , Furrer L , Klaghofer R , Zollinger A , Hofer CK .

Effects of heparin, haemodilution and aprotinin on kaolin-based activated clotting time: in vitro comparison of two different point of care devices . Acta Anaesthsiol Scand . 2006 ; 50 ( 4 ): 461-468 . 24. Boliar S , Stainislawk W , Chambers TM . Inability of kaolin treatment to remove nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum for the hemagluttination inhibition test against equine H7N7 influenza virus . J Vet Diagn Invest . 2006 ; 18 ( 3 ): 264-267 . 25. Ma HZ , Wang B . Multifunctional microsized modified kaolin and its application in wastewater treatment . J Hazard Mater . 2006 ; 136 ( 2 ): 365-370 . 26. Part 335—Antidiarrheal drug products for over-the-counter human use . Food and Drug Administration HHS .

http: / / a257.g.akamaitech.net / 7 / 257 / 2422 / 26mar20071500 / edocket.access.gpo.gov / cfr_2007 / aprqtr / pdf / 21cfr335.50.pdf . Accessed December 19, 2007. 27. Briggs GG , Freeman RK , Yaffe SJ , eds. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005 : 875 . 28. Black RA , Hill DA . Over-the-counter medications in pregnancy . Am Fam Physician . 2003 ; 67 ( 12 ): 2517-2524 . 29. Patterson EC , Staszak DJ . Effects of geophagia (kaolin ingestion) on the maternal blood and embryonic development in the pregnant rat . J Nutr . 1977 ; 107 ( 11 ): 2020-2025 . 30.

Albert KS , Ayres JW , DiSanto AR , et al. Influence of kaolin--pectin suspension on digoxin bioavailability . J Pharm Sci . 1978 ; 67 ( 11 ): 1582-1586 . 31. Brown DD , Juhl RP . Decreased bioavailability of digoxin due to antacids and kaolin-pectin . N Engl J Med . 1976 ; 295 ( 19 ): 1034-1037 . 32. Albert KS , Elliot WJ , Abbott RD , Gilbertson TJ , Data JL . Influence of kaolin-pectin suspension on steady-state plasma digoxin levels . J Clin Pharmacol . 1981 ; 21 ( 10 ): 449-455 . 33. Albert KS , DeSante KA , Welch RD , DiSanto AR . Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin--pectin and clindamycin . J Pharm Sci . 1978 ; 67 ( 11 ): 1579-1582 . 34.

Wagner JG , et al. Design and data analysis of biopharmaceutical studies in man . Can J Pharm Sci . 1966 ; 1 : 55-68 . 35. Ifan A , Welling PG . Pharmacokinetics of oral 500-mg penicillamine: effect of antacids on absorption . Biopharm Drug Dispos . 1986 ; 7 ( 4 ): 401-405 . 36. Babhair SA , Tariq M . Effect of magnesium trisilicate and kaolin-pectin on the bioavailability of trimethoprim . Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol . 1983 ; 40 ( 1 ): 165-168 . 37. Bucci AJ , Myre SA , Tan HS , Shenouda LS . In vitro interaction of quinidine with kaolin and pectin . J Pharm Sci . 1981 ; 70 ( 9 ): 999-1002 . 38. Pray WS , ed. Nonprescription Product Therapeutics . 2nd ed.

Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006 : 176,199,620,631,841 . 39. Short SR , Petsonk EL . Respiratory health risks among nonmetal miners . Occup Med . 1993 ; 8 ( 1 ): 57-70 . 40. Altekruse EB , Chaudhary BA , Pearson MG , Morgan WK . Kaolin dust concentrations and pneumoconiosis at a kaolin mine . Thorax . 1984 ; 39 ( 6 ): 436-441 . Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health Kaolin/Pectin (Kaopectate) in Dogs and Cats Store in airtight container protected from freezing. Indications for Use Treatment of diarrhea. General Information Unknown if any have FDA approval in veterinary medicine. Available over the counter . Suspected to work by absorbing bacteria and toxins in the intestine and coating the lining of the intestines for additional protection. Kaopectate now has attapulgite as the adsorbent instead of kaolin.

If the diarrhea continues for more than 48 hours or the pet does not continue to be active and alert, contact your veterinarian. Further treatment may be needed. Bismuth salicylate (Pepto Bismol) may be more effective than kaolin/pectin in dogs and cats. Usual Dose and Administration Dogs and Cats: 0.5-1.0 ml /pound by mouth every 4-6 hours. Treatment should only be needed for 1-2 days. If the vomiting and/or diarrhea persists for more than 48 hours; the pet has a fever, is depressed or shows abdominal pain; or the pet does not continue to be active and alert, contact your veterinarian. Further treatment may be needed. Side Effects May see constipation at high doses. Contraindications/Warnings Do not use in patients hypersensitive (allergic) to it. Do not use it to control severe diarrhea. Do not use products containing bismuth salicylate in cats unless directed by your veterinarian. Dogs that may have an allergy to aspirin should not be given the formulation with bismuth salicylate. Use with caution in dogs receiving aspirin. Shake well before use.

Drug or Food Interactions May inhibit the absorption of lincomycin and digoxin. Give kaolin/pectin at least 2 hours before or 3-4 hours after the other medication if both drugs are to be used. No known food interactions. Kaolin Synonyms, Kaolin Antonyms | Thesaurus.com Cite This Source Word Origin & History kaolin "china clay," 1727, from Fr. kaolin (1712), from Chinese Kao-ling, transliteration of the name of a mountain in Jiangxi, China (near which it was originally dug up), from Chinese gao "high" + ling "mountain, hill." Example Sentences for kaolin The natives assert that it devours the kaolin clay called by them kiri-mattie321 in a very peculiar way. Kaolin or china clay is usually fine, white, and refractory. But what about quarries from which are taken building stone, salt, kaolin or clay? It is not, therefore, composed simply of kaolin and petuntse. Both feldspar and kaolin are described in the preceding chapter.

The white powder is for the most part an impure, silicious, kaolin. The decomposed felspar of some varieties of granite yields the kaolin used in porcelain manufacture. Kaolin had been found at Alenon, but the porcelain made from it was not pure in color. I saw how delighted he was when you won that action of yours about the kaolin shares. It is made from American kaolin clay, with a large admixture of felspar. Kaolin and pectin Advanced Patient Information - Drugs.com Uses For kaolin and pectin Kaolin and pectin combination medicine is used to treat diarrhea. Kaolin is a clay-like powder believed to work by attracting and holding onto the bacteria or germ that may be causing the diarrhea. kaolin and pectin is available without a prescription. Before Using kaolin and pectin In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For kaolin and pectin, the following should be considered: Allergies Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to kaolin and pectin or any other medicines.

Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully. Pediatric The fluid loss caused by diarrhea may result in a severe condition. For this reason, antidiarrheals must not be given to young children (under 3 years of age) without first checking with their doctor. In older children with diarrhea, antidiarrheals may be used, but it is also very important that a sufficient amount of liquids be given to replace the fluid lost by the body. If you have any questions about this, check with your health care professional. Slideshow Foodborne Illness: The Guest Nobody Invited Geriatric The fluid loss caused by diarrhea may result in a severe condition. For this reason, elderly persons with diarrhea, in addition to using an antidiarrheal, must receive a sufficient amount of liquids to replace the fluid lost by the body. If you have any questions about this, check with your health care professional. Interactions with Medicines Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur.

In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. Tell your healthcare professional if you are taking any other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicine. Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco. Other Medical Problems The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of kaolin and pectin. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially: Dysentery—This condition may get worse; a different kind of treatment may be needed Proper Use of kaolin and pectin Do not use kaolin and pectin combination to treat your diarrhea if you have a fever or if there is blood or mucus in your stools. Contact your doctor. Take kaolin and pectin, following the directions in the product package, after each loose bowel movement until the diarrhea is controlled, unless otherwise directed by your doctor.

Importance of diet and fluid intake while treating diarrhea: In addition to using medicine for diarrhea, it is very important that you replace the fluid lost by the body and follow a proper diet. For the first 24 hours you should eat gelatin and drink plenty of clear liquids, such as ginger ale, decaffeinated cola, decaffeinated tea, and broth. During the next 24 hours you may eat bland foods, such as cooked cereals, bread, crackers, and applesauce. Fruits, vegetables, fried or spicy foods, bran, candy, and caffeine and alcoholic beverages may make the condition worse. If too much fluid has been lost by the body due to the diarrhea, a serious condition may develop. Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following signs or symptoms of too much fluid loss occur: Decreased urination Wrinkled skin Dosing The dose of kaolin and pectin will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of kaolin and pectin. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.

The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. For diarrhea: For oral dosage form (suspension): Adults—The usual dose is 4 to 8 tablespoonfuls (60 to 120 milliliters [mL]) taken after each loose bowel movement. Children 12 years of age and over—The usual dose is 3 to 4 tablespoonfuls (45 to 60 mL) taken after each loose bowel movement. Children 6 to 12 years of age—The usual dose is 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls (30 to 60 mL) taken after each loose bowel movement. Children 3 to 6 years of age—The usual dose is 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls (15 to 30 mL) taken after each loose bowel movement. Children up to 3 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.

Storage Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing. Keep out of the reach of children. Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Precautions While Using kaolin and pectin Check with your doctor if your diarrhea does not stop after 1 or 2 days or if you develop a fever. If you are taking any other medicine, do not take it within 2 to 3 hours of taking kaolin and pectin. Taking the medicines together may prevent the other medicine from being absorbed by your body. If you have any questions about this, check with your health care professional. kaolin and pectin Side Effects Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. No serious side effects have been reported for kaolin and pectin. However, kaolin and pectin may cause constipation in some patients, especially if they take a lot of it. Check with your doctor as soon as possible if constipation continues or is bothersome. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.

You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you. The use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products is at your sole risk. These products are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Thomson Reuters Healthcare and Drugs.com make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the products.

Additionally, THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Thomson Reuters Healthcare does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products. China clay - definition of china clay by The Free Dictionary China clay - definition of china clay by The Free Dictionary 1. (Minerals) another name for kaolin 2. (Pharmacology) another name for kaolin ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1.

china clay - a fine usually white clay formed by the weathering of aluminous minerals (as feldspar); used in ceramics and as an absorbent and as a filler (e.g., in paper) Kaopectate - trade name for a fixed-combination antidiarrheal drug that use kaolin as the adsorbent and pectin as the emollient art paper - a high-quality paper (usually having a filler of china clay) clay - a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: terra alba References in classic literature ? Stafford owes much of its wealth to the large deposits of the rare china clay found in it from time to time. Now, the clay is easily penetrable, and the original hole probably pierced a bed of china clay.

French minerals firm is to axe 800 jobs in UK Wheal Eliza is built on an old China Clay pit, does not drain well and, it emerged yesterday, has not been fit for cricket in the last month - a fact which might have been shared by the Cornish cricket authorities a little earlier in the week. Cricket: Pit of despair as Worcester forced to extend Cornwall excursion; Cornwall v Worcestershire The Eden Project was built in a 50-metre deep crater the size of 30 football pitches - the former site of a china clay quarry. Kaolin Clotting Time [KCT] Kaolin Clotting Time [KCT] Kaolin Clotting Time [KCT] Introduction The kaolin clotting time (KCT) has often been regarded as the most sensitive test for the detection of circulating anticoagulants. The KCT detects all class of inhibitors, including those directed against factor VIII but is also sensitive to the presence of unfractionated heparin. Principles The kaolin clotting time is essentially an activated partial thromboplastin time test but without any added phospholipid.

The test relies on residual cell membrane fragments and plasma lipids to provide a phospholipid surface for coagulation reactions. Method Dilutions of Normal:Patient plasma are prepared as shown in the table below. Kaolin is added and then calcium to initiate coagulation. The KCT is the time from adding calcium to clot formation. Kaolin suspension is turbid making it difficult to use optical density measurements to determine the endpoint, usually requiring the test to be performed manually. However, recently less turbid kaolin suspensions have been developed, permitting automation of the test. Normal Plasma 10% 90% There is no phospholipid correction step for the KCT. Instead factor deficiency as an alternative explanation for a prolonged KCT is excluded by repeating the test with the addition of relatively large quantities of normal plasma. This will shorten the KCT by replacing any deficient clotting factor but in the presence of a coagulation inhibitor there will be no or limited correction.

Similarly unfractionated heparin can usually be excluded by establishing whether the patient is on heparin or not [the thrombin time and reptilase time may be useful.] The initial steep slope of the KCT [see the Type 1 curve below] is very important and allows the test to be simplified and used as a screening test. A test comprising 100% normal plasma and 80% normal:20% patient plasma is used and a ratio derived using the formula: A ratio of ≥1.2 is considered positive for a lupus anticoagulant although reference ranges should be established locally. Rosner Index/Chang Percentage: The Rosner Index and Chang Percentage take into account the degree to which the APTT corrects in a mixing study relative to the patient's initial [prolonged] clotting time. Whereas the Rosner Index is based on a 1:1 mix, Chang & colleagues found that the 4:1 mix increased the sensitivity of the test. It is important to remember that these formulae will be abnormal in a plasma that has a clotting factor deficiency or a lupus anticoagulant.

Rosner Index: The normal range for the Rosner Index is <0.15. The Rosner is sometimes converted into a percentage. A normal plasma has a value <15% and a positive test is >15%. Chang Percentage: In the original test Chang and colleagues proposed the following correction formula in which there was a 50:50 mix of the test plasma with control plasma: But in a subsequent paper, they suggested that the sensitivity of the test could be improved [whilst maintaining the specificity] by using a 4:1 mix of test plasma to control plasma [this avoids 'swamping' a weak LA with normal plasma] and appears to improve both specificity and sensitivity: The Chang index is converted into a percentage correction by multiplying the final result by 100. 1. In the original test using a 1:1 [50:50] mix of test plasma and control plasma, a positive result [i.e. lupus anticoagulant present] was a percentage correction >70% and a borderline result between as between 58-70%. 2.

In the modified test using a 4:1 mix of test plasma and control plasma, a test was considered positive if the percentage correction was >50%. Interpretation The KCT relies on small quantities of phospholipid in the patientï¿½s plasma and so is particularly sensitive to platelet contamination of the plasma sample, which greatly reduces the sensitivity of the test, especially after freezing and thawing, which disrupts platelet membranes and creates a large surface area for coagulation. A KCT of <60 s suggests contamination of the normal control plasma with platelet fragments and invalidates the result. The KCT of a test sample is compared to that of a control. A test/control ratio of ≥1.2 indicates an inhibitor (1.1-1.2 is considered equivocal). Factor deficiency may be distinguished from APL by the addition of large amounts of normal plasma which will correct the prolonged KCT in factor deficiency but not with APL.

If the clotting times for the various plasma dilutions are plotted on Lin-Lin paper, a series of curves [Types 1-4] can be generated which are shown below: These curves are summarised in the following table: KCT Curves: Summary EP Kaolin EP Kaolin If this formula is not be unified correctly please contact us. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent 35 A secondary water washed kaolin mined in Florida. It is fairly plastic and very white firing compared with most other American kaolins. It has excellent casting properties. It is not plastic enough for throwing bodies, thus it should be augmented by a more plastic kaolin or by a plasticizer like bentonite or hectorite. EPK is considered by many to be the best North American kaolin for use in suspending glazes as it tends to produce a smooth thixotropic slurry. 15-20% will normally make the glaze gel slightly, thus when a piece is immersed in the slurry and removed it drips very little and the wet glaze layer stays in place for the time it takes to dewater.

Since EPK is very close to theoretical kaolin chemistry, it will subsitute for any other kaolin that can make the same claim (e.g. Pioneer). This material is mined and processed in Edgar Florida. It is extracted hydraulically (a high pressure stream of water is used to wash the clay/sand mix from the bank into a small lake). The slurry is pumped from the bottom and transported to vibrating screens that separate out the sand and grade it into sizes. The clay that passes the screens is pumped into a pond and settled with the aid of a flocculant. The slurry is then dried and the flocculant neutralized. The main product at this mine is high quality white sand, the clay is a byproduct. The company is confident that there are reserves for the next hundred years or more and the quality will be constant throughout the life cycle of the deposit. Pictures A 70:30 mix of EPK:Nepheline Syenite has gone to mush This was plastic and moldable two days ago, now it is incredibly sticky. It is being compared with 5 other kaolin:nepheline mixes, none of them have reacted in this way.

Out Bound Links Understanding glaze slurry rheology is the key to ...

By Tony Hansen XML for Import into INSIGHT <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <material name="EP Kaolin" descrip="Plastic White Firing Kaolin" searchkey="EPK, Edgar Plastic Kaolin, EPK Kaolin" loi="0.00" casnumber="95077-05-7"> <oxides> <oxide symbol="CaO" name="Calcium Oxide, Calcia" status="" percent="0.180" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="MgO" name="Magnesium Oxide, Magnesia" status="" percent="0.100" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="K2O" name="Potassium Oxide" status="" percent="0.330" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="Na2O" name="Sodium Oxide, Soda" status="" percent="0.060" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="P2O5" name="Phosphorus Pentoxide" status="" percent="0.240" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="TiO2" name="Titanium Dioxide, Titania" status="" percent="

0.370" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="Al2O3" name="Aluminum Oxide, Alumina" status="" percent="37.360" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="SiO2" name="Silicon Dioxide, Silica" status="" percent="45.730" tolerance=""/> <oxide symbol="Fe2O3" name="Iron Oxide, Ferric Oxide" status="" percent="0.790" tolerance=""/> </oxides> <volatiles> <volatile symbol="H2O" name="Water" percent="1.400" tolerance=""/> <volatile symbol="LOI" name="Loss on Ignition" percent="13.200" tolerance=""/> <volatile symbol="SO3" name="Sulfur Trioxide" percent="0.210" tolerance=""/> </volatiles> </material>

Question: Give another name for Kaolin.
Answer: China Clay