The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk Share this: The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela Frederik Willem de Klerk Prize share: 1/2 The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 was awarded jointly to Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa" Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 1993". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 31 Dec 2016. < Former Presidents de Klerk and Nelson Mandela are joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. | South African History Online South African History Online Home » Former Presidents de Klerk and Nelson Mandela are joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. Former Presidents de Klerk and Nelson Mandela are joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. Nelson Mandela and F.W.

de Klerk - Source: Friday, 10 December 1993 Then President F.W. de Klerk , the last president of the white minority rule who abandoned the unsustainable and untenable apartheid system towards a non-racial and democratic South Africa. This meant the release of anti-apartheid activist and African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela . Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 10 December 1993. The award was a recognition for their efforts in achieving a peaceful transformation from an apartheid regime to democracy. President De Klerk together with Nelson Mandela are joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. References: Nobel Prizes: Year In Review 1993 | Britannica.com Nobel Prizes: Year In Review 1993 Written By: Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content. Prize for Peace Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning’s Sentence The 1993 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to two of South Africa’s most prominent figures: Pres. F.W.

de Klerk and Nelson Mandela, head of the African National Congress (ANC) and “the world’s most famous prisoner,” for their untiring efforts to bring about a peaceful transition to a nonracial democracy in a nation long and severely torn by the racial policies of apartheid. The two leaders were cited by the Norwegian Nobel Committee for their “personal integrity and great political courage. . . . South Africa has been the symbol of racially conditioned suppression. Mandela’s and de Klerk’s constructive policy of peace and reconciliation also points the way to the peaceful resolution of similar deep-rooted conflicts elsewhere in the world.” Both men were restrained in their responses to having won the Peace Prize. Mandela declined to comment entirely, while de Klerk ascribed the prize to a process rather than to individuals. Their wary reactions typified the pattern of their complex and mistrustful relationship as leaders of opposing camps moving toward peaceful resolutions. As the chairman of the committee made explicit, “These are not saints.

They are politicians in a complicated reality, and it is the total picture that was decisive.” Despite South Africa’s continuing civil unrest, the committee honoured the two for setting an election date and for agreeing to create a multiracial council that would oversee the government during the elections scheduled for April 1994. Frederik Willem de Klerk was born March 18, 1936, in Johannesburg, South Africa. He earned a law degree from Potchefstroom University in 1958 and established a successful law practice in Vereeniging, southern Transvaal. In 1972 he was elected to Parliament for the National Party (NP), and though he was rather a dull parliamentary speaker, he was distinguished by his legal talents, which led to his key roles in the ministerial portfolios of mines, social welfare, national education, energy affairs, and internal affairs. He was known for his calm and moderate, sometimes cautious, approach to sensitive political issues. As chairman of the provincial NP, he established a power base in Transvaal, the NP’s largest constituency in the country, and was elected South Africa’s president in September 1989.

Soon after taking office, de Klerk announced a shift away from the remaining apartheid laws, and he released all political prisoners except Mandela, who was serving a life sentence on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the government by revolution as founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), the military wing of the ANC. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918, in Transkei into the ruling family of the Tembu. He was expelled from the University College of Fort Hare for involvement in a student strike and fled Transkei to avoid a tribal marriage. He earned a B.A. degree by correspondence but later gained a law degree at the University of the Witwatersrand. Mandela established a law practice with Oliver Tambo, his predecessor as ANC president, and became deeply involved in political activism. He was arrested in 1952, 1956, and 1962, and in 1964 he received his life sentence. During his 27 years in prison, Mandela became a symbol of the continued struggle for freedom.

After he was released from jail by de Klerk in February 1990, Mandela joined de Klerk, a former adversary, in watershed negotiations to dismantle the last vestiges of apartheid. Bonnie Oberman Prize for Economics Robert William Fogel of the University of Chicago and Douglass Cecil North of Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., were jointly awarded the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their work in economic history. It was the first time the economics prize had been given to historians and the fourth year in a row that an economist from the University of Chicago had won. The two men were honoured by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for “applying economic theory and quantitative methods” to historical events and were credited with founding cliometrics, a “new economic history” based on a rigorous statistical analysis of precise objective measurements. The academy also cited their creation of enormous computer databases of previously unexamined data. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Queen Mab’s Stable: 7 of the Smallest Animals North was born in Cambridge, Mass., on Nov.

5, 1920, and studied economics at the University of California at Berkeley (B.A., 1942; Ph.D., 1952). In 1950 he joined the faculty of the University of Washington, where he was professor of economics (1950-83) and department chairman (1967-79). In 1983 he left the University of Washington to teach at Washington University. A renowned theoretician, he also served as director of both the Institute for Economic Research (1960-66) and the National Bureau of Economic Research (1967-87). North developed an empirical model of early American economic history. He demonstrated that market economies are inextricably linked with social and political institutions; thus, the study of how these institutions change over time must be an integral part of economic theory. His many books include The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 to 1860 (1961), The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (1973), and Structure and Change in Economic History (1981).

North first brought attention to cliometrics in the early 1960s as editor of the Journal of Economic History, in which he published not only his own work but also that of younger colleagues, including Fogel. Nobel Laureates in Literature Fogel, who was known for his radically new ideas, was born on July 1, 1926, in New York City. He received advanced degrees from numerous universities, including Columbia, New York City (M.A., 1960), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Md. (Ph.D., 1963), Cambridge (M.A., 1975), and Harvard (M.A., 1976). He first attracted attention for his theory that smaller innovations rather than giant technological breakthroughs were the backbone of industrialization and for his groundbreaking contention that the railroads had minimal impact on the growth of the American economy. The latter theory he presented in The Union Pacific Railroad: A Case in Premature Enterprise (1960) and Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History (1964).

In 1974 Fogel published Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, in which he argued that rather than being self-destructive, slavery was an efficient cotton-growing system that collapsed for political, not economic, reasons. The resulting furor was so bitter and the questions the book raised were so abundant that Fogel published a four-volume defense of his work, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (1989-92), which included a moral condemnation of slavery and clarified his prior research. In 1993 Fogel’s increasingly unconventional work focused on the effects of starvation and the importance of improved nutrition on economic development. Bonnie Oberman Prize for Literature Sir Isaac Newton Toni Morrison, a superb weaver of a web of rich stories, received her highest compliment when she was named winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature. The Swedish Academy of Letters, in awarding the $825,000 prize, proclaimed her “a literary artist of the first rank” and offered high praise for her masterful style by adding, “She delves into the language itself, a language she wants to liberate from the fetters of race.

And she addresses us with the luster of poetry.” The eighth woman and the first African-American woman to win the literature prize, Morrison, a professor of creative writing at Princeton University, was hailed for such lyrical novels as Song of Solomon (1977), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award; Beloved (1987), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction; and, her most recent work, Jazz (1992). She also published a book of essays, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992). A lesser-known novel, Sula (1973), was nominated for a 1975 National Book Award. In recognizing Morrison’s sometimes wrenching yet poignant explorations of the African-American experience, which spanned the days of slavery to contemporary times, the academy noted that Morrison “gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” in novels of “visionary force and poetic import.” Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford on Feb. 18, 1931, in Lorain, Ohio. She earned a B.A.

degree (1953) in English from Howard University, Washington, D.C., and a master’s degree (1955), also in English, from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. For two years following her graduation, she taught English at Texas Southern University, and she began teaching at Howard in 1957. While at Howard, she married Jamaican architect Harold Morrison, with whom she had two children; they were divorced in 1964. In 1966 she moved with her children to Syracuse, N.Y., where she worked as a textbook editor for a subsidiary of Random House. During that time she began writing fiction, and one of her short stories evolved into her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970). She also taught at several universities, including Yale and the State University of New York at Albany. In 1989 Morrison was named the Robert F. Goheen professor in the Council of Humanities at Princeton University. Using folklore, mythology, and sometimes the supernatural, Morrison’s work is both urgent and passionate. She employs violence to portray the struggles of troubled African-Americans attempting to survive in a racist society.

The grandmother in Sula, for example, puts her leg in front of an oncoming train in order to collect insurance money to feed her family, and in Beloved a runaway slave cuts her daughter’s throat rather than allow her to live in slavery. Jazz was a gripping and violent tale of life in Harlem during the 1920s. In her work Morrison portrays how bleak social conditions prey on the hearts and minds of the underclass. Yet, as her characters search for both individual and cultural identity, they both rage at and accept the world and mix hope with doubt and despair. The author herself had reason to despair. A Christmas-day fire gutted her New York home in Grand View-on-Hudson, but fortunately her son escaped and her original manuscripts and papers, which were stored in the basement, were spared heavy damage. Bonnie Oberman Prize for Chemistry The 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to Kary B. Mullis, formerly of the biotechnology firm Cetus Corp., Emeryville, Calif., and Michael Smith of the University of British Columbia.

According to the Nobel committee, “The chemical methods that they have each developed for studying the DNA molecules of genetic material have further hastened the rapid development of genetic engineering. The two methods have greatly stimulated basic biochemical research and opened the way for new applications in medicine and biotechnology.” Mullis received his share of the prize for devising the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique for quickly making trillions of copies of a single fragment of DNA, the genetic material of living organisms. Mullis conceived of PCR, the idea for which he said came to him during a night drive in the California mountains, while employed at Cetus. A description of the technique was first published in 1985. Before the development of PCR, obtaining a usable quantity of a specific stretch of DNA from a large DNA molecule had been a laborious process. Once Mullis’ technique became available, scientists could pick out a tiny DNA fragment from a complex brew of genetic material and repeatedly copy it, amplifying its amount enormously in just a few hours.

The technique makes use of special synthetic “primers”--short pieces of DNA tailored to bind to the target DNA that is to be copied--and DNA polymerase, a bacterially derived enzyme that can assemble new DNA from its building-block molecules, called nucleotides, while using the target DNA as a template. The entire process is carried out on automated bench-top equipment. Since its introduction PCR has opened up new possibilities for gene sequencing, the determination of the order of the nucleotides that compose a gene; genetic fingerprinting, the identification of individual organisms by the distinctive patterns in their DNA; the study of evolution; and medical diagnosis. The technique has become a key tool in the ambitious international effort to map and sequence the entire genetic endowment of human beings. Using PCR on museum specimens and fossil remains, researchers have isolated DNA from plants and animals that became extinct hundreds to millions of years ago. In medicine PCR has made it possible to identify the causative agent of a patient’s viral or bacterial infection directly from a tiny sample of genetic material. It has also been exploited in the search for the genetic alterations underlying hereditary diseases.

Smith received his share of the chemistry Nobel for developing the procedure known as site-directed mutagenesis and applying it to the study of proteins. With Smith’s method researchers were given the tools to reprogram the genetic code--the sequence of nucleotides in a gene that provides instructions for synthesizing a specific protein from its component amino acid subunits--and, consequently, to construct proteins with new properties. Proteins are responsible for the functions of living cells; those that serve as the biological catalysts known as enzymes have the particularly critical role of maintaining all the chemical reactions required for supporting life. The three-dimensional structure of a given protein and, hence, its function are determined by the order in which the various amino acids are linked together. By reprogramming the genetic code that specifies a particular protein, it is possible to obtain a mutated protein in which one of its amino acids has been replaced by another. Biochemical researchers had long wished to make such precise alterations in a gene in order to study how the properties of the mutated protein differ from those of the natural one. Before Smith’s development researchers had resorted to inducing random mutations in DNA by exposing cells to certain chemicals or radiation and then sorting through the mutated proteins made by the cells for those of interest.

Smith’s process gave them the means to generate specific, customized proteins. Smith conceived of site-directed mutagenesis in the early 1970s while working as a visiting researcher in England, and during the next few years in Vancouver he developed and refined the process. Similar in some ways to PCR, Smith’s approach uses a small synthesized fragment of DNA as the starting point for the construction of an entire gene by DNA polymerase, using the natural gene as a template. The nucleotide sequence of the fragment, however, differs from the corresponding sequence of the natural gene at a single amino acid coding site, and so the new gene that is built from the fragment carries this one change. To obtain the mutated protein, researchers insert the altered genetic material, by way of an infectious carrier virus, into the DNA of a bacterium, which then makes the mutated protein as part of its normal cellular activities. Smith’s method created an entirely new means of studying proteins. By systematically changing the amino acids in a protein, researchers can determine what role each amino acid plays in directing the protein’s activity or maintaining its structure.

The method has found wide use in biotechnology, where scientists have sought to produce altered proteins that are more stable, more active, or more useful to medicine or industry than their natural counterparts--for example, hemoglobin variants that may serve as blood substitutes or alterations in key plant proteins that would improve the efficiency of photosynthesis in crop plants. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis may allow doctors to cure hereditary diseases by correcting the causative genetic mutation. Mullis was born in Lenoir, N.C., on Dec. 28, 1944. He received his Ph.D. in 1972 from the University of California at Berkeley. From 1973 through 1977 he held research posts at various U.S. universities. He joined Cetus in 1979 and in 1986 became director of molecular biology at Xytronyx, Inc., San Diego, Calif. Most recently he worked as a freelance consultant based in La Jolla, Calif. Smith, a naturalized Canadian citizen, was born in Blackpool, England, on April 26, 1932. He earned a Ph.D.

from the University of Manchester in 1956. After holding a number of posts in the U.S. and Canada, Smith joined the faculty of the University of British Columbia in 1966, becoming the director of the university’s biotechnology laboratory in 1987. He served as a career investigator of the Medical Research Council of Canada from 1979. Smith also provided scientific leadership for the Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence (PENCE), a collaborative research effort with university, industry, and government involvement. Carolyn Hemenway Prize for Physics Two astrophysicists from Princeton University, Joseph H. Taylor, Jr., and Russell A. Hulse, were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery of a new type of pulsar, termed a binary pulsar, that “has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation,” according to the Nobel committee. The pair did their prizewinning work in the 1970s while Taylor was a professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Hulse was Taylor’s graduate student.

Taylor and Hulse made their discovery in 1974 while conducting a systematic search for pulsars with the large radio telescope at Arecibo, P.R. A pulsar, short for pulsating radio star, is thought to be a rapidly spinning neutron star, an extremely dense star that is composed almost entirely of neutrons and that was formed in an explosive stellar event called a supernova. The extremely intense magnetic field that surrounds a neutron star gives rise to a narrow beam of radio emission (and occasionally of other kinds of emission such as visible light or X-rays), which sweeps around the star like a beam of light from a lighthouse. When the Earth happens to lie in the path of the beam, observers detect brief, precisely timed pulses of radio waves from the star, which then is labeled a pulsar. The time between pulses corresponds to the pulsar’s period of rotation. In 1967 English astronomer Jocelyn Bell, by using a radio telescope at the University of Cambridge, detected radio signals from what would be identified as the first known pulsar. For recognizing the significance of the pulsed signals, Antony Hewish, Bell’s doctoral thesis adviser and supervisor at Cambridge, was awarded the physics Nobel in 1974.

That same year Taylor and Hulse, who had already discovered dozens of ordinary pulsars, found one whose pulses were not exactly regular. The interval between pulses varied in a definite pattern, decreasing and increasing over an eight-hour period. Taylor and Hulse concluded that the pulsar must be moving alternately toward and away from the Earth; in other words, it must be in orbit around a companion body and thus part of a binary star system. From the behaviour of the pulsar’s signal, the scientists were also able to deduce that the companion is another neutron star, about as heavy as the pulsar, and is located at a distance corresponding to only a few times that between the Moon and the Earth. Both bodies have a radius of some 10 km (6 mi) and a mass comparable to that of the Sun. Taylor and Hulse’s discovery of the first binary pulsar, called PSR 1913+16, “brought about a revolution in the field,” according to the Nobel committee, because it provided a “space laboratory” in which researchers could test Einstein’s general theory of relativity and alternative theories of gravity.

The scientists quickly realized that, according to the general theory, the two stars’ enormous interacting gravitational fields should affect the timing of the pulsar’s pulses in ways large enough to measure. What they had available to them, as they pointed out in a 1975 article about their discovery, was “a nearly ideal relativity laboratory including an accurate clock in a high-speed, eccentric orbit and a strong gravitational field.” One prediction of the general theory that still awaited confirmation was the existence of gravitational waves, disturbances in space-time produced by objects moving in a gravitational field. By timing the pulses over a long period and analyzing the variations, Taylor and Hulse showed that the two stars are rotating ever faster around each other in an increasingly tight orbit. This orbital decay, signaled by a decrease in the pulsar’s orbital period of about 75 millionths of a second per year, is presumed to occur because the system is losing energy in the form of gravitational waves. In fact, the rate at which the stars are spiraling together agrees with the prediction of the general theory to an accuracy of better than 0.5%.

This finding, reported in 1978, not only afforded the first experimental evidence for the existence of gravitational waves but also provided powerful support for Einstein’s theory of gravity over its competitors. Taylor was born on March 24, 1941, in Philadelphia. After earning a Ph.D. in astronomy from Harvard University in 1968, he joined the University of Massachusetts faculty. From 1977 to 1981 he served as associate director of the Five-College Radio Astronomy Observatory. In 1980 Taylor moved to Princeton, where he subsequently became the James S. McDonnell distinguished university professor of physics. In the decades after his prizewinning discovery, Taylor continued to provide experimental confirmation of the general theory by means of painstaking measurements on PSR 1913+16 and two other binary pulsars that his group later discovered. In 1985 Taylor’s group found a new binary pulsar, designated PSR 1855+09, whose rotation was clocked at 186 times per second, making it the second most rapidly spinning pulsar known.

Because of the speed and stability of its rotation, the pulsar and others like it, which have been termed millisecond pulsars, could provide a better time standard than even the most accurate atomic clocks. Hulse, who was born on Nov. 28, 1950, in New York City, received a Ph.D. degree in physics in 1975 from the University of Massachusetts. After working as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Va., he changed fields from astrophysics to plasma physics and in 1977 assumed a position at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. His more recent research was associated with the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, an experimental facility devoted to developing usable electric power from thermonuclear fusion. Carolyn Hemenway Prize for Physiology or Medicine The 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded to two American molecular biologists, Richard Roberts and Phillip Sharp, for their independent discovery that genes are often split; in other words, that the genetic instructions contained in DNA and used by the living cell to make proteins can be discontinuous.

Before the laureates’ findings, DNA research had focused primarily on bacterial cells, in which the instructions to make a given protein molecule are encoded in DNA’s sequence of nucleotides, its molecular building blocks, as a single uninterrupted gene. By studying viral cells the laureates showed that this model is not generally correct. In 1977 they demonstrated that individual genes are often interrupted by long sections of DNA, since dubbed intervening sequences, or introns, that do not encode protein structure. According to the Nobel citation, “Roberts’ and Sharp’s discovery has changed our view on how genes in higher organisms develop during evolution. The discovery also led to the prediction of a new genetic process, namely that of splicing, which is essential for expressing the genetic information. The discovery of split genes has been of fundamental importance for today’s basic research in biology, as well as for more medically oriented research concerning the development of cancer and other diseases.” Bacterial studies conducted previously had indicated that when a gene is to be translated into its protein product, its nucleotide sequence is copied into a similar sequence in a molecule called messenger RNA.

The messenger RNA, without modification, then carries its coded instructions to the cell’s protein-synthesis machinery, which reads the code and uses it to assemble the protein. Scientists assumed that what they had found in bacteria also held true both for plant and animal cells and for viruses. Viruses use their genetic material to take over the protein-synthesis machinery of the cells that they infect in order to reproduce. Consequently, Roberts and Sharp reasoned that by studying how viruses make proteins in their cellular hosts, they would learn more about how the host cell makes its own proteins. Both men chose to study a common cold-causing virus, called an adenovirus, since its genome, or total endowment of genes, is contained on a single molecule of DNA and is similar in many ways to the DNA of its host cells.Their aim was to determine where in the genome different genes were located.

In the course of their experiments Roberts, who headed a team at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and Sharp, whose team worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), attempted to bind the adenovirus messenger RNA chemically with its DNA counterpart, matching up the nucleotides of the two molecular strands along their lengths, so as to learn which part of the viral genome had produced the messenger RNA. When the researchers used electron microscopy to visualize the matchup, to their surprise they found large loops of unbound DNA between the bound sections, indicating that substantial segments of the original viral DNA were not represented in the final messenger RNA molecule. When Roberts and Sharp announced their findings in 1977, the news sparked an intensive search by other scientists for discontinuous gene structure in a variety of organisms. It was soon shown that split genes are common; in fact, they are now known to be the most common type of gene structure in higher organisms, including human beings. The laureates’ discovery transformed the model for understanding how proteins are synthesized from genes. Scientists now realize that in many cases the messenger RNA is first made as a large precursor molecule having the introns from the DNA represented in its structure.

Then, in a process governed by enzymes, the introns are cut out and the remaining meaningful segments, called exons, spliced together in the correct order to form the final messenger RNA. Subsequent research also revealed that it is not always the same gene segments that are included in the final messenger RNA molecule. In different tissues or different developmental stages of an organism, different exon combinations may be used to produce the final RNA molecule. Thus, the same DNA region can supply information for a number of different proteins. The discovery of split genes and gene splicing modified scientists’ view of how genetic material has developed during the course of evolution. The general view is that evolution takes place by means of the accumulation of mutations, or minor alterations in the genetic material, which result in a gradual change in the overall organism. That genes are often split, however, suggests that higher organisms may also use another mechanism--the rearrangement of genetic information into new protein-coding units--to speed up evolution and to respond more flexibly to environmental challenges. Later research also suggested that introns are something more than spare DNA. They appear to serve some sort of regulatory function at least, since engineered genes from which the introns have been removed often fail to produce protein.

The field of medicine has benefited from the discovery of gene splicing. For example, errors in splicing are now known to underlie a number of disorders, including beta-thalassemia, a form of anemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia, a type of cancer of the blood. Roberts was born on Sept. 6, 1943, in Derby, England. He obtained a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Sheffield, England, in 1968. After postdoctoral research at Harvard University, he was invited in 1972 by Nobel laureate James D. Watson to take a post as senior staff investigator at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. In 1986 he became the laboratory’s assistant director for research. Roberts remained at Cold Spring Harbor until 1992, when he became director of eukaryotic (nucleated cell) research at New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass. Sharp was born on June 6, 1944, in Falmouth, Ky., on a small farm on which his parents grew tobacco and corn.

Earnings from a piece of tobacco land given to him by his parents helped pay for part of his undergraduate education at Union College, Barbourville, Ky. After receiving a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1969 from the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Sharp worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, and then, in 1971-72, at Cold Spring Harbor with Watson. From 1972 to 1974 he was a senior research investigator at Cold Spring. Sharp joined MIT in 1974. In the 1980s and early ’90s he served as associate director and then director of the MIT Center for Cancer Research. In 1991 he was appointed to head MIT’s department of biology, and in 1992 he became the first Salvador E. Luria professor, a chair established at MIT in honour of the 1969 Nobel laureate whose prizewinning work involved bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria.

Carolyn Hemenway More about Nobel Prizes: Year In Review 1993 6 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References News:Nobel Peace Prize-winner F.W. de Klerk to lead off new Bucknell Forum series || Bucknell University Nobel Peace Prize-winner F.W. de Klerk to lead off new Bucknell Forum series In this Section Share This Story Facebook Twitter Please note: You are viewing an archived Bucknell University news story. It is possible that information found on this page has become outdated or inaccurate, and links and images contained within are not guaranteed to function correctly. [X] Close this message. LEWISBURG, Pa. -- F.W. de Klerk, a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize who as president of South Africa freed Nelson Mandela and helped end apartheid, will be the inaugural speaker of the new Bucknell Forum series, “Global Leadership: Questions for the 21st Century.” De Klerk will give the talk, “Bridging the Gap: Globalization without Isolation,” at 7:30 p.m. Thursday, Feb. 19, at the Weis Center for the Performing Arts. The event will be free and open to the public.

Following a career in South African government, Frederik Willem de Klerk was elected president in 1989. He immediately began calling for a nonracist government and was instrumental in dismantling the country’s century-old system of apartheid, despite intense and violent resistance from the country’s white population. He lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other opposition parties, and in 1990 released Nelson Mandela from prison, where Mandela had been held for 28 years. End to apartheid De Klerk’s leadership brought apartheid to its end and led to the adoption of South Africa’s first fully democratic constitution, leading to a multiracial government in 1993. Mandela succeeded de Klerk as president in 1994, and de Klerk became one of two vice presidents in a government of national unity.

Mandela and de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.” Mandela and de Klerk also shared the Philadelphia Peace Prize that year, and in 2002, President Thabo Mbeki bestowed them the order of Mapungubwe: Gold in honor of their exceptional contribution to the process of peace, national reconciliation and nation-building in South Africa. De Klerk previously was awarded the Prix du Courage Internationale (The Prize for Political Courage) and the UNESCO Houphouet-Boigny Prize. Since his retirement from government in 1997, de Klerk has run The Global Leadership Foundation, a group of former heads-of-state who assist world leaders by offering impartial advice on peace, democracy, economic development and political challenges. He published his autobiography, The Last Trek – A New Beginning, in 1999. F.W. de Klerk - Facts F.W. de Klerk The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W.

de Klerk Share this: Born: 18 March 1936, Johannesburg, South Africa Residence at the time of the award: South Africa Prize motivation: "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa" Field: human rights, negotiation Prize share: 1/2 From Apartheid to Majority Rule In 1990 South Africa's President Frederik Willem de Klerk decided to release Nelson Mandela, leader of the liberation movement, who had been in prison since 1963. Following the release, the two politicians worked together to bring an end to the policy of racial segregation. It was for his participation in this peace process that de Klerk was awarded the Peace Prize in 1993. When de Klerk took office as President in 1989, no one expected him to play a key part in the termination of apartheid. Both as a lawyer, as a parliamentarian, and as a member of the government he had stood out as a firm upholder of white privilege.

But when he realized that the apartheid system was leading to both economic and political bankruptcy, he put himself at the head of a radical change of course. He continued the negotiations with Mandela and the ANC liberation movement, which had begun in secret. They agreed to prepare for a presidential election and to draw up a new constitution with equal voting rights for every population group in the country. Copyright © The Norwegian Nobel Institute Share this: To cite this page A Timely Peace Prize - NYTimes.com A Timely Peace Prize Published: October 18, 1993 The joint award of the Nobel Peace Prize to President F. W. de Klerk and his former prisoner, Nelson Mandela, was astute and well timed. These two South Africans have been wary but nevertheless indispensable partners in a transition to non-racial democracy that will become a reality in elections scheduled for next April. Thus the award endorses and helps propel a marvelous transformation few expected to occur in this century. While celebrating what it called "Mandela's and de Klerk's constructive policy of peace and reconciliation," the Nobel Committee seemed to be honoring the process of racial peace as much as the two men who were largely responsible for it.

"These are not saints," Francis Sejersted, the chairman of the committee, said in Oslo. "They are politicians in a complicated reality and it is the total picture that was decisive." The process, moreover, is far from complete. Mr. de Klerk's National Party and Mr. Mandela's African National Congress have yet to figure out how to create a nonracial army and police force, the prerequisite for ending ethnic, political and criminal violence centered in black townships. Nor is any breakthrough imminent on drawing holdouts on both sides into the electoral process, especially the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party and the hard-line white Conservative Party. The Nobel award may spur progress. The committee has conferred an equivalence on the two men that is not entirely just. Mr. Mandela and the millions of black victims for whom he speaks have long earned the support and admiration of the world. Mr. de Klerk, while he possesses a vision lacked by his predecessors, had to be pushed down the road to justice and national unity. The award may help Mr.

de Klerk among those who yearn for a more stable South Africa, but it could hurt him among die-hards who will seize on it as yet more evidence that he has abandoned his Afrikaner tribe in his thirst for global acclaim. What South Africa most desperately needs is not prizes but tangible evidence that foreign businesses and lending institutions are ready to make job-generating investments in a country weakened by years of sanctions. The December prize ceremonies in Oslo will give the new laureates a chance to focus world attention on positive changes in South Africa. To that extent the prize will surely be as useful as it is deserved. Indeed, a salute is owed to the Norwegian prize committee for the risks it has taken in recent years to recognize daring reformers like the former Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev, the Burmese champion of human rights, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and the Dalai Lama of Tibet, who has courted Chinese anger by speaking out for his captive people. This year's award both extends and enhances that tradition. News:Nobel Peace Prize-winner F.W. de Klerk to lead off new Bucknell Forum series || Bucknell University Nobel Peace Prize-winner F.W.

de Klerk to lead off new Bucknell Forum series In this Section Share This Story Facebook Twitter Please note: You are viewing an archived Bucknell University news story. It is possible that information found on this page has become outdated or inaccurate, and links and images contained within are not guaranteed to function correctly. [X] Close this message. LEWISBURG, Pa. -- F.W. de Klerk, a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize who as president of South Africa freed Nelson Mandela and helped end apartheid, will be the inaugural speaker of the new Bucknell Forum series, “Global Leadership: Questions for the 21st Century.” De Klerk will give the talk, “Bridging the Gap: Globalization without Isolation,” at 7:30 p.m. Thursday, Feb. 19, at the Weis Center for the Performing Arts. The event will be free and open to the public. Following a career in South African government, Frederik Willem de Klerk was elected president in 1989. He immediately began calling for a nonracist government and was instrumental in dismantling the country’s century-old system of apartheid, despite intense and violent resistance from the country’s white population.

He lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other opposition parties, and in 1990 released Nelson Mandela from prison, where Mandela had been held for 28 years. End to apartheid De Klerk’s leadership brought apartheid to its end and led to the adoption of South Africa’s first fully democratic constitution, leading to a multiracial government in 1993. Mandela succeeded de Klerk as president in 1994, and de Klerk became one of two vice presidents in a government of national unity. Mandela and de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.” Mandela and de Klerk also shared the Philadelphia Peace Prize that year, and in 2002, President Thabo Mbeki bestowed them the order of Mapungubwe: Gold in honor of their exceptional contribution to the process of peace, national reconciliation and nation-building in South Africa. De Klerk previously was awarded the Prix du Courage Internationale (The Prize for Political Courage) and the UNESCO Houphouet-Boigny Prize.

Since his retirement from government in 1997, de Klerk has run The Global Leadership Foundation, a group of former heads-of-state who assist world leaders by offering impartial advice on peace, democracy, economic development and political challenges. He published his autobiography, The Last Trek – A New Beginning, in 1999. F.W. de Klerk - President (non-U.S.), Lawyer - Biography.com F.W. de Klerk F.W. de Klerk was president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994, during which time he worked with Nelson Mandela to successfully end the country's apartheid system of racial segregation. IN THESE GROUPS Famous People Born on March 18 Synopsis F.W. de Klerk was born on March 18, 1936, in Johannesburg, South Africa. In 1972, de Klerk was elected to Parliament for the National Party. In 1986, he became leader of the House of Assembly. In 1989, he won election to the South African presidency. In 1991, de Klerk passed legislation that repealed discriminatory laws in the country.

Two years later, de Klerk and Nelson Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their anti-apartheid activism. In 1994, South Africa held its first multiracial elections; Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's first black president, and de Klerk became his first deputy. Early Life and Career Frederik Willem de Klerk, better known as F.W. de Klerk, was born on March 18, 1936, in Johannesburg, South Africa. After graduating from Potchefstroom University with a law degree in 1958, he started a law firm in Vereeniging, a small town in South Africa's Gauteng province. In 1972, de Klerk was elected to Parliament for the National Party. In 1986, he became leader of the House of Assembly. South African President Three years later, in January 1989, South African President P.W. Botha suffered a stroke and, shortly thereafter, resigned as leader of the National Party.

De Klerk quickly succeeded Botha, first as head of the National Party and then as president of South Africa (following the September 1989 election), despite Botha's desire to return to the presidency following his recovery. Early into his presidency, de Klerk worked to establish a new, anti-apartheid constitution based on the principle "one person, one vote." On June 12, 1964, anti-apartheid activist (and future South African president) Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life (27 years) in prison for committing sabotage against South Africa's then-apartheid government. Mandela remained imprisoned for 27 years, becoming a symbol of the anti-apartheid struggle and ultimately strengthening the ongoing apartheid resistance movement in South Africa. The threat of civil war combined with international boycotts and diplomatic pressure against South African led President de Klerk to release Mandela on February 11, 1990, as well as all other important political prisoners. De Klerk also removed restrictions on political groups, suspended executions and unbanned the African National Congress.

(A national liberation movement established in 1912 to unite black citizens and effect social, political and economic change, the ANC was banned by the South African government from 1960 to 1990.) Establishing an Anti-Apartheid Government Thereafter, de Klerk focused on ending apartheid and establishing a racially integrated democracy, meeting with several black leaders, including Nelson Mandela, who became president of the ANC in 1991. That same year, following arduous negotiations between black and white leaders, de Klerk passed legislation that repealed discriminatory laws in South Africa. For their work toward dismantling apartheid, de Klerk and Mandela were named co-recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. The following year, on April 27, 1994, South Africa held its first multiracial elections. On May 10, 1994, a 77-year-old Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first black president of South Africa, and de Klerk became his first deputy. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information

Question: Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 jointly with F W de Klerk?
Answer: Nelson Mandela