Canadian History Test 5 5. What is the capital city of Canada? a) Montreal, Quebec c) Toronto, Ontario d) Quebec, Quebec 6. Several Indian nations, including the Beothuk and the Micmac, inhabited Newfoundland and the Maritimes beginning in 1000 AD. What name did historians give to the large nation of aborigines to which these smaller nations belong? a) Cree c) Algonquian d) Inuit 7. The oldest evidence of Europeans in North America is a thousand year old settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Who buildt the settlement? a) the Vikings c) the French d) the British 8. Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, made 3 voyages to Canada in the 1500s. He travelled up the St. Lawrence River as far as present-day Montreal. What was he searching for? a) the lost city of Atlantis b) Spanish settlements and gold c) a passage to India and China d) a shortcut to the 13 colonies 9. Winnipeg, located at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, is the 7th largest city in Canada.

Of which province is it the capital? a) Manitoba c) Quebec d) Saskatchewan 10. An English explorer, sent out in 1610 to find a Northwest Passage to India and China, discovered a strait and a large bay, both of which are now named after him. His crew mutinied and set him adrift never to be seen again. Who was he? a) John Cabot This Week in History: Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec on July 3, 1608 – World Book INK worldbookblog Leave a comment Monument to Samuel De Champlain, founder of the Quebec City with the old Post Office tower in the back, Place D’Armes, Quebec City, Canada. Credit: © Shutterstock. Today, Quebec City is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec and an important port and tourist center. The city proper has a population of more than 500,000, and its metropolitan area is home to more than 760,000 people. However, the city nicknamed the Cradle of New France was not always quite so prominent. It began as a small trading post along the St. Lawrence River.

In 1608, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain sailed from France to what is now eastern Canada with a group of about 25 to 30 companions to establish a fur-trading post. It was not Champlain’s first journey to the Americas. From 1599 to 1601, Champlain had visited Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Panama on a French trading ship. From 1603 to 1606, he explored the St. Lawrence River and the New England coast for France. Champlain helped establish the French settlement of Port-Royal in what is now Nova Scotia in 1605. (Port-Royal later was reestablished as the nearby community of Annapolis Royal.) In 1608, Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, sent Champlain back to New France, the French colonial empire in North America, to set up a trading post and further explore the region. Du Gua had been among the group that established Port-Royal. Du Gua never returned to New France after 1605, but he remained involved in the North American fur trade.

When Champlain returned to New France in 1608, he entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sailed southwest along the St. Lawrence River until he reached the present-day site of Quebec City. Champlain recognized the site’s geographical advantages. It offered a natural harbor, a cliff from which to keep an eye on the surrounding area, and a river with tributaries that provided access inland. Today, the cliff is known as Cap Diamant (Cape Diamond), and the river is called the St. Charles. The area also was home to First Nations (American Indians) with whom the French settlers could trade. Champlain named the settlement Quebec, from an Algonquian word meaning the river narrows here. Champlain and his companions soon built a wooden structure, called the Abitation or Habitation, which served as lodgings, a fort, and a trading post. Today, the Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church stands where the Abitation once stood. Its altar resembles a fort. The first winter proved to be extremely cold, and only about one-third of Champlain’s group survived. Champlain became friendly with the Algonquin and Huron peoples living near Quebec.

He believed that friendship between the French and First Nations peoples would prevent First Nations attacks on the settlement, improve trade, and make it easier to explore the surrounding country. In time, Champlain’s settlement grew and prospered as a trading center. Louis Hébert, the first Canadian farmer, established a household at Quebec in 1617. In 1620, Champlain built Fort St. Louis where the Château Frontenac, a castlelike hotel, now stands. In 1791, Quebec City became the capital of Lower Canada, a British colony that included what is now southern Quebec province. Quebec City also served as the capital of the Province of Canada, a larger British colony, twice during the 1800’s. When the Dominion of Canada was established in 1867, the area that had been Lower Canada became the province of Quebec. Quebec City, with a population of nearly 60,000, was chosen as the provincial capital.

Share this: Quebec City, Quebec - ESL quiz about Quebec City, Quebec - English practice/Quebec City HOME > CITIES OF THE WORLD > Quebec City, Canada Cities around the world (ESL practice): Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Practice English grammar and vocabulary by learning about cities from around the world. Here's a description of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Read it and choose the right word for each blank space :) Good luck! Quebec City is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec, and (its/it's) second largest city. It is one of North America's oldest cities, having been (found/founded) in 1608 by French (explorer/searcher) Samuel de Champlain.

The majority of Quebec City's (residence/residents) are native-French Ville de Québec - Québec, a New French Colony (1608–1755) Ville de Québec Home > Tourists > History > Québec, a New French Colony (1608–1755) Partager cette page Fermer [X] Partager cette page L'outil Partager vous permet de partager la page en cours du site Internet de la Ville de Québec sur les différents médias sociaux sur Internet. Québec, a New French Colony (1608–1755) Champlain Founds Québec Champlain draws the map of Québec City. Engraving: "Souvenir du IIIe centenaire, 1608-1908", Archives de la Ville de Québec On July 3, 1608, Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River in the company of 26 recruits—lumberjacks, carpenters, and laborers. At the behest of Pierre Dugua de Mons, who held a monopoly over the fur trade, Champlain had come to establish a trading post.

When he arrived, he could find no trace of Stadacona. Its Iroquois population had abandoned the St. Lawrence Valley for reasons that remain a mystery to this day. Only the nomadic Algonquins ventured there to barter and fish for eels. Champlain settled along Québec’s shoreline, a natural harbor where Place Royale is situated today. The location was perfect. From atop Cape Diamond, it was easy to keep an eye on comings and goings along the St. Lawrence River. Champlain quickly erected his wooden Habitation on the site of today’s Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church. The building served as a home, fort, and store. It soon became a meeting place where various Amerindians came to barter furs for European goods. Fabulous Ludovica In a journal entry from 1618, Champlain outlined a plan to found a large city along the banks of Rivière Saint-Charles (today’s Saint-Roch and Saint-Sauveur districts) and to name it Ludovica in honor of King Louis XIII. The project would never come to anything, however, as Champlain’s vision of a great city died with him.

The Upper Town Is Born Champlain’s wooden Habitation was built in a matter of days. Engraving: "The first House erected in Quebec, 1880", Archives de la Ville de Québec. Champlain also gave thought to the city’s defenses. In 1620 he began to construct Fort Saint-Louis on the headlands near where the Château Frontenac stands today. It was the beginning of the Upper Town. The location was a strategic one: the fort looked out across the river and down on the Habitation below. A few wooden buildings surrounded by a palisade made up the fort, while a trail connecting the Lower Town’s Habitation to Fort Saint-Louis traced the same route as part of today’s Côte de la Montagne. Château Living There was a succession of four Saint-Louis forts and two châteaux between 1620 and 1834. They were the seat of the colony’s executive power for more than 200 years and also served as the official residence for all governors of the French Regime and many belonging to the British Regime. Balls, receptions, and other events were held there.

It is even said that to impress his First Nations guests, Governor Frontenac served them ice cream of every color prepared by his confectioner. In the Crosshairs of the English Champlain, knowing the colony was too weak for battle, negotiates terms of surrender for the city, September 14, 1629. Engraving: "Our First Footing in Canada: Champlain Surrendering Quebec to Admiral Kirke", July 20, 1629, The Illustrated London News, February 21, 1903 Archives de la Ville de Québec. Prior to the War of the Conquest, Québec City had twice been attacked by the English. On the first occasion, in 1629, the Kirke brothers took control of the city in the name of England. Champlain and much of the population fled, leaving a few settlers behind them. The city was returned to France in 1632. The second attack occurred on October 16, 1690. William Phips landed in Québec City with a fleet of around thirty ships and more than 2,000 men.

It was then that Governor Louis de Buade, Count of Frontenac, responded with his famous tirade against Phips’ messenger, who had come to demand that he surrender the city: “I have no reply to make to your general other than from the mouths of my cannons and muskets.” Phips’ troops were repelled, and his fleet set off for New England. Québec City only escaped a third assault thanks to Mother Nature. In July of 1711, British Admiral Hovenden Walker set sail with a fleet of 70 ships and 12,000 men to seize the capital. On a stormy night, eight of his ships broke up against the rocky coastline of Île aux Oeufs on the north shore. Nearly 750 men were lost. Battered and shaken, Walker turned back. Quite a Performance! A rowboat flying a white flag was dispatched from Admiral Phips’ ship, with his envoy on board. As soon as he landed in town, he was blindfolded to hide the city’s weak defenses.

While on his way to meet Frontenac, the envoy was repeatedly harassed by the same small group, and he believed he had encountered a large and boisterous population. In Remembrance Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church in the late 1990s. Photo: "Place Royale by Night", Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church, Québec City, Canada, after 1989, Archives de la Ville de Québec. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church was built in Place Royale in 1688. First named Enfant-Jésus, it became Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire following the victory against Phips. After the failed invasion of 1711, it was renamed Notre-Dame-des-Victoires. Québec City Strengthens Its Defenses From 1620 to 1665, Québec City’s fortifications were quite rudimentary. In 1690, a wall consisting of 11 redoubts (towers) linked by palisades was hastily erected. It was the first in a series of walls built to encircle the city.

It would not be until 1745—when Québec was panic-stricken after the fall of Louisbourg (the capital of the Île Royale colony, today Cape Breton Island) to the English—that a new wall permanently surrounded the city. Following the plans of engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, these fortifications were formed from previous walls. A Capital Is Born Since its founding, Québec City had been ruled by a governor. His responsibilities included the military command, the civil administration, and the execution of royal decrees. The only authority not granted to him was financial management, which was ensured by trading companies more interested in the fur trade than any commitment to populate the colony. Interestingly, governors were occasionally stakeholders in these companies. But things changed in 1663: King Louis XIV of France took direct control of the colony and established a true colonial administration. Henceforth an intendant and a sovereign council ruled the city, along with a governor. Québec City officially became the capital of New France. The King’s Eyes and Ears Louis XIV thus described the intendant’s role. Jean Talon was the first to hold the position.

During his two terms in office (1665–1668 and 1670–1672), Talon worked to boost the colony’s population and economic development. We owe him the shipbuilding yard on Rivière Saint-Charles as well as the first brewery in New France, built in the Lower Town in what is today the Îlot des Palais sector. The Clergy Leaves Its Mark Three Augustines land in Québec on August 1, 1639, to found Hôtel-Dieu. Photo: "Arrival of the Hospital Sisters in Québec", 1922, Musée des Augustines de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec The clergy became involved very early on in Québec City’s growth. The arrival of the Récollets in 1615 marked the beginning of a large scale conversion effort. Ten years later the Jesuits arrived and founded Collège des Jésuites in 1635. In 1639 three Ursulines, including Marie de l’Incarnation, founded a monastery and a school for girls. And in the same year, three hospital sisters founded Hôtel-Dieu de Québec.

In 1692, under the guidance of Msgr. de Saint-Vallier, Hôpital Général was established. In 1659 François de Laval arrived in Québec City as vicar apostolic. He founded Séminaire de Québec in 1663 to recruit and train clergy, and then Petit Séminaire in 1668. He was appointed the first bishop of the diocese of Québec upon its creation in 1674. The Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix Church (today, Notre-Dame-de-Québec) then became a cathedral. Over the years, Québec City evolved. It became the seat of political power and an administrative, religious, and commercial center. By the end of the French Regime, its 8,000 inhabitants lived in the Saint-Roch and Saint-Jean neighborhoods, as well as the seigneuries stretching from Beauport to Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures. Growing with the Merchant Class Québec City was New France’s main port. It was part of a commercial trading network between France, the Antilles, Acadia, and Newfoundland.

Ships exported furs and wood and imported products from Europe and the Antilles. This shipping trade was central to Place Royale. A First Businesswoman! Marie-Anne Barbel, wife of bourgeois merchant Jean-Louis Fornel, managed her husband’s store while he pursued his interest in the fur trade. When her husband died, she continued to look after the business. Her real estate holdings were impressive: seven houses in the Lower Town, a home in the Upper Town, land along the water’s edge, a seigneury, and five plots of land just outside the city. The War of the Conquest cost her vast sums of money and shelling damaged her properties, but she survived until 1793, when she died at the ripe old age of 90. A Developer Ahead of his Time Henry Hiché (1672–1758), a merchant and senior civil servant, sold so many parcels of land in Saint-Roch that part of the district was named after him. Canadian History Timeline CANADIAN HISTORY TIMELINE Significant Dates in the History of Canada 28000 BC The first residents of what is now Canada arrive over the Bering Straight.

1000 AD Norsemen arrive from Europe and set up temporary settlements on the northern tip of Newfoundland. At this time, the land that would become Canada supports 300,000 native people. 1497 John Cabot lands on the coast (probably Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island) and claims the territory for King Henry VII of England. 1534 Jacques Cartier lands in what is now the province of Quebec and claims it for France. The new colony, eventually called New France, included forts and settlements in what is now the maritimes and Quebec, which were the beginning of cities such as Quebec City (founded 1608) and Montreal. 1670 The Hudson's Bay Company, Canada's oldest business enterprise, is founded by the British, primarily as a fur trading enterprise (it still exists today as a major Canadian department store chain). 1759 The gradual conquest of New France by the British culminates in a victory at the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City, depriving France of her North American empire. 1763 New France is renamed "Quebec" and formally delivered to England by the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Paris ends French rule in Canada.

1791 Lower Canada (Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario) are formed. 1812 Beginning of the War of 1812 between Canada (Britain) & the US. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814. 1818 The 49th parallel becomes accepted as the border between the US and Canada from Lake of the Woods in Ontario to the Rocky Mountains. 1841 Upper and Lower Canada are united through the Act of Union. 1856 Ottawa becomes the capital of Canada. 1867 The Dominion of Canada is created under the British North America Act (BNA Act) passed by the British government. Sir John A. Macdonald becomes the first Prime Minister of the Dominion that included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Within the next six years Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island were admitted into the Dominion. 1885 Louis Riel and the Métis (descendants of marriages between native people and Europeans) clash with the Northwest Mounted Police at Duck Lake and are defeated. Riel is hanged in Regina, Saskatchewan, on November 16, 1885.

1897 The Klondike Gold Rush begins along the Klondike river near Dawson City, Yukon. It is not clear who made the actual discovery, with some accounts saying that it was Kate Carmack, while others credit Skookum Jim. In 1898, the population in the Klondike may have reached 40,000, which threatened to cause a famine. 1904 In 1904-5 Alberta and Saskatchewan enter Confederation, leaving only Newfoundland on its own. 1916 Women are granted the right to vote and hold public office, thanks to Nellie McClung & others. 1949 Newfoundland enters Confederation as the last province to join. 1956 During the Suez Crisis, Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson proposes a force sponsored by the UN that could supervise cease-fire. The UN General Assembly accepts his proposal and peacekeeping was born. Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957, and went on to become Prime Minister of Canada in 1963. 1965 The National Flag of Canada, known as the Maple Leaf, makes its first appearance.

February 15 is National Flag of Canada Day. 1967 Canada turns 100 years old and celebrates with the 1967 Worlds Fair (known as Expo 67) festivities in Montreal. 1969 The Official languages Act is adopted by the Government of Canada making English and French "official" languages, having preferred status in law over all other languages. 1980 "O Canada" is proclaimed Canada's national anthem, 100 years after it was first sung on June 24, 1880. 1993 Kim Campbell becomes the first female and 19th Prime Minister, but her Conservative party's defeat in an election means she only held office from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993 (132 days). 1994 Canada, the United States and Mexico launch the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 1995 A referendum on Quebec independence takes place and the "no" side (against independence) wins by a very narrow margin. 2003 Vancouver wins the bidding process to host the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. 2009 Canada wins its fifth straight gold medal at the world junior hockey championship, defeating Sweden 5 - 1. Articles Study in Canada Daily Life in Canada Articles Adjusting to Life in Canada Living Costs Money and Banking Student Accommodation Getting Around in Canada Telephones in Canada Contacting Home Internet in Canada Legal Drinking Age in Canada Metric System in Canada Electrical Conversion in Canada Smoking in Canada Taxes in Canada Post Office in Canada Health Insurance in Canada Canadian National Holidays Religious Practice in Canada Shopping in Canada Canadian Slang and Phrases ISIC International Student Card After you Arrive First Step: Before You Leave Home-stay Living Off-Campus Living On-campus Living Canadian Driver's Licenses Multicultural Associations in Canada What's Trending SchoolsinCanada.com connects students with educational institutions across North America. Students rely on our comprehensive information to decide on a school and learn about their courses and programs. LOW RISK LAUNCH French Heritage | Travel to Quebec City, Canada The remains of the houses built in 1637 and 1660 for the St.

Joseph Mission The remains of the first Aboriginal Roman Catholic cemetery in North America The fortifications of the Old City The walls and gates surrounding most of the Old City were built for defence by the French in the 17th and 18th centuries. Québec is the continent’s only remaining fortified city north of Mexico, for which it has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. DON'T MISS: The amazing views from the 4.6 km of walls that encircle the Old City The insights of Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site interpreters as they explain Québec’s defensive system Credit: Parcs Canada Séminaire de Québec This first French-language university in the Americas was founded in 1852, taking over buildings occupied by a community of priests since 1663.

DON'T MISS: Musée de l’Amérique francophone , Canada’s oldest museum, to find out about the vitality of French-language culture in North America The self-guided tour with its a stop in the highly photogenic courtyard of the old seminary, dazzling by day or night Credit: OTQ / Guy Lessard Trait-Carré of Charlesbourg Trait-Carré of Charlesbourg is known for its star-shaped layout , designed to group the houses and residents together for better protection against attacks from the Iroquois.

DON'T MISS: The Jesuits’ mill , built between 1733 and 1744 for residents to mill their grain The self-guided walking tour to explore this unusual form of street layout Credit: Trait-Carré - Circuit piétonnier Îlot des Palais DON'T MISS: The largest French-Regime vaults in the city on public view, dating back to the 18th century The exhibition on local archaeological research presenting the history of the area from the 14th century to the present day Credit: Archéo-Québec Île d’Orléans The stopover point for about 300 French families , whose descendants today number over 100,000 throughout North America. Many of the island’s rural homes evoke the spirit of 18th century France.

DON'T MISS: Saint-Pierre Church, the oldest surviving church in Québec (1719) Maison Drouin dates to around 1730 and is the only typical Île d’Orléans habitant home that is open to the public Maison de nos Aïeux has a genealogy centre on Québec’s founding families The drive around the island with 4 of the “most beautiful villages of Québec” Credit: OTQ The New France Route The New France Route is a tourism circuit running between Québec’s Old City and the Côte-de-Beaupré region, formerly used to bring supplies in from the country. DON'T MISS: A large concentration of heritage houses along the 50 km route The many root cellars along Avenue Royale formerly used to store foodstuffs Credit: OTQ / Guy Lessard Chemin du Roy The oldest driveable road in Canada , built in 1737 to link up Québec City, Trois-Rivières, and Montréal.

DON'T MISS: The wealth of the history and heritage of New France throughout the road’s 287 km length More of the province’s “most beautiful villages”, such as Neuville, Cap-Santé, and Deschambault-Grondines Credit: Yves Tessier Monuments Cartier-Roberval Park This site of extensive archaeological excavations bears witness to North America’s first French colony, established by Jacques Cartier and Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval in 1541. Impressive vegetation and wildlife make it a nature park along with the interpretive panels exploring and explaining the history of the site. 4075 chemin St-Louis Credit: Ville de Québec Champlain Monument French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded Québec in 1608. The promontory of Cap Diamant and the narrower stretch of the St. Lawrence River made it a good place for settlement. The Champlain Monument is one of the city’s most spectacular monument because of its size and dramatic setting. Dufferin Terrace Credit: Ville de Québec Louis Hébert Monument Louis Hébert and his family were the first arrivals to farm the land in New France.

The monument commemorates the first colonists to come to Québec in 1617. Montmorency Park Credit: OTQ / Guy Lessard Royal Battery Governor Frontenac built this gun battery in 1691, facing the river so that soldiers could defend against threats from ships on the St. Lawrence River. The “Royal” part of its name honours Louis XIV. It saw action during the celebrated battle of 1759. Near Place de Paris Credit: OTQ Parc du Cavalier-du-Moulin This charming oasis in the heart of the Old City is all that remains of a former French defensive structure. In 1663 it was home to a windmill, which became part of Québec’s first fortifications. End of rue Mont-Carmel Credit: Yves Tessier The Montcalm Monument Louis-Joseph de Montcalm led the French troops in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. He is depicted being held up by the Angel of Glory, who crowns him with laurels after he receives his mortal wound.

Grande-Allée East and Cours du Général-De Montcalm Credit: Ville de Québec The Montcalm Mausoleum Louis-Joseph de Montcalm’s body was first kept in the Ursulines Chapel before being transferred to the cemetery of Hôpital général de Québec. Montcalm’s name is inscribed above the mausoleum entrance. 260, boulevard Langelier The Vikings | Columbus | John Day | John Cabot | Martin Frobisher | Jacques Cartier | John Guy | Henry Hudson | Samuel De Champlain | Native Perceptions | Francis Drake | Humphrey Gilbert The founder of Quebec City and one of the most charismatic figures in Canadian history, Samuel de Champlain opened up the St Lawrence river and extended French influence throughout the Great Lakes basin. Samuel de Champlain was born in 1580 and by the time he passed way in 1635, he was known as the father of new France. He was a protestant which was unusual for a Frenchman of that age and grew up on the west coast of France in the seaport of Brouage. He became a sailor and learned the skills of navigation and cartography.

Champlain became involved with group who were interested in the fur trade and in 1603 was dispatched, aboard the Bonne - Renommee, for North America. He used his cartographers skills and produced a map of the St Lawrence river and upon his return to France published the map and his account of the trip in his work "Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603". Henry IV of France commissioned Champlain to explore and report further on the new lands in the Americas and in 1604 he helped found the Saint Croix Island settlement on the Bay of Fundy but after a particularly harsh winter the settlers were relocated along the coast of Nova Scotia to an new site named Port Royal. Champlain was able to use his base here to further explore the Atlantic coast for the next few years. During his 1605 - 06 explorations he found no friendly areas where he felt another settlement could be established. He returned to France in 1607 to organize another effort for colonizing the new lands in America.

In 1608 Champlain sailed from Honfleur France in command of the Don-de-Dieu along with two other ships. The ships arrived at Tadoussac on the St Lawrence in June of 1608 and continued by small boat on to the site of Stadacona which was the Iroquois village that Jacques Cartier had made contact with. The village was abandoned, possibly due to inter-aboriginal warfare between the Iroquois and the Algonquin's or the devastating effects of European diseases such as smallpox for which the Indians had no natural immunity. On July 3rd, 1608 Champlain landed with his settlers and established a new settlement named Quebec City. They began work immediately and built several multistory buildings. During the first year, once the deep snows of Quebec had fallen, the dreaded disease of scurvy and smallpox also set in. 20 of the twenty eight settlers who stayed for the winter died. In 1609 Champlain made contact and formed friendly relations with the Huron, the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin.

The mighty Iroquois were their enemy and they appealed to Champlain to help them with their fight against them. Champlain and 9 of his soldiers setout with 300 Algonquin's to explore the Iroquois lands to the south and travelled south along the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain. Champlain and his party had not run into any Iroquois so 7 of the 9 soldiers and most of the Algonquin were allowed to return to Quebec City. Subsequently they ran into a Iroquois war party of over 200 warriors. On July 30tha the 200 Iroquois attacked Champlain, his 2 soldiers and his 30 Algonquin warriors near present day Crown Point, NY. Champlain fired his arquebus at them and killed 2 of the Iroquois leaders with one shot. This was the first encounter that the Iroquois had experienced with gunpowder and they immediately scattered and fled. The battle lines between the French with the Algonquin's and the English with the Iroquois was now set for the next 150 years.

Champlain sailed for France that fall and upon his return in 1611 he traveled upriver from Quebec City to the former village of Hochelega where he established Montreal. He strengthened his relations with the Algonquin and returned to France that fall more intent then ever on gaining additional support for the French colonizing efforts in what was now becoming known as New France. Champlain was named lieutenant and given the power to act as virtual governor in New France. He was empowered to expand the lands of the colony, make treaties with the native people, administer the colonies and explore to the west for the route to China and the Indies. He also married Helene Boullie a 12 year old, on December 30 1610 and received a dowry which he was to use to support his efforts in New France. Champlain returned once again to New France in March of 1613 for the next few years explored through to the Great Lakes and the Georgian Bay area in Ontario. He travelled up the Ottawa River and to Lake Nipissing. The lake and river network in Ontario and Quebec made the birch bark canoe, the natives choice, the easiest way to travel throughout the land.

In September of 1615 Champlain departed from Lake Simcoe, in Ontario, with the Huron's and travelled up the Oneida River where the attacked the Iroquois. This attack failed and Champlain was hit in his knee and his leg with two arrows. The Huron's and Champlain retreated back to Huronia where Champlain spent the wither recovering and learning more about the Huron. He returned to Quebec City the following spring. Champlain oversaw the coming of the Jesuit Order in New France and their efforts at converting the natives to Christianity. He administered and continued to explore eastern Canada for the next 20 years and on December 25, 1635 he died after suffering a stroke a month previously. THE VOYAGES TO THE GREAT RIVER ST. LAWRENCE BY THE SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, . . . FROM THE YEAR 1608 UNTIL 1612 Credit for establishing the first permanent settlement in Canada belongs to Samuel de Champlain, "The Father of New France." Born in France in 1567, Champlain made his first voyage to the St.

Lawrence region in 1603, and in 1604 he took part with De Monts in an abortive at­ tempt to establish a French colony in Acadia. It was on his third voyage, in 1608, that he succeeded in founding a settlement at Quebec. From his base at Quebec he made further explorations, discovering Lake Champlain and exploring the Ottawa Valley. In 1615 he reached Geor­ gian Bay by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Nipissing. The documents given here describe Champlain's arrival at Quebec, the construction of the first buildings in the set­ tlement, and the difficulties of the first winter. . . . From the island of Orleans to Quebec is one league, and I arrived there on July the third [ 1608 ]. On arrival I looked for a place suitable for our settlement, but I could not find any more suitable or better situated than the point of Quebec, so called by the natives, which was covered with nut-trees.

I at once employed a part of our workmen in cutting them down to make a site for our settlement, another part in sawing planks, another in dig­ Canada Photos -- National Geographic Photograph by Robert Postma, My Shot Canada's northern latitude makes it an ideal place to catch the aurora borealis. Created when charged particles from the sun collide with Earth's upper atmosphere, auroras vary in color from red to green to blue and vary in shape from drapes to arcs to bands. Trinity Bay Photograph by Richard Olsenius Canada's province of Newfoundland boasts the easternmost point in North America. Just a tick west of that point is Trinity Bay, where towns with names like Heart's Delight and Heart's Content dot the rugged, wave-battered coast. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto Photograph by Ken Straiton/Getty Images The glassy, angular addition to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, is one of architect Daniel Libeskind's most controversial creations—a building critics love to hate. Nicknamed "the Crystal," it added some 100,000 square feet (9,300 square meters) of exhibit space to the museum. Canola Flowers, St.

Lawrence Valley Photograph by Jacques Pelletier, My Shot Many Canadian farmers are rapidly shifting to cultivating canola, or rapeseed, seen here in Quebec’s lower St. Lawrence Valley. Exploding worldwide demand for canola oil, seed, and meal has made the crop the top source of farm income in Canada. Niagara Falls Photograph by Richard Gunn/Getty Images Niagara Falls is as popular in Canada as it is in the United States—in both countries it’s on the list of most visited tourist sites. The famed cross-border cataract comprises three separate waterfalls: American and Bridal Veil on the U.S. side and Horseshoe on the Canadian. Here, rainbows arc across the Niagara River's churning water as the Maid of the Mist offers visitors a closer look at the falls. Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto Photograph by Nathan Denette/Associated Press This dramatic, curving wooden staircase was one element in a six-year, multimillion-dollar redesign of the Art Gallery of Ontario, finished in late 2008.

Founded in 1900, the museum has become one of the largest art museums in North America, with 583,000 square feet (54,000 square meters) and more than 79,000 works. Blowing Snow Photograph by Sebastien Lefebvre, My Shot Much of Canada's vast interior is too dry for heavy snow accumulation, but just inland from the coasts, moisture frequently mixes with bitter cold and wind to produce blinding storms, like this one in eastern Canada. Old Town Quebec Photograph by Glen Allison/Getty Images The streets, shops, and cafés along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec City have the romance of Paris and the charm of a provincial village. Established in 1608 as a fur-trading settlement, this immaculately restored port is Canada's oldest city. Canada Goose Photograph by Bill Houghton, My Shot Noisy and ubiquitous, the Canada goose was once considered in danger of extinction. A protection program begun in the early 20th century revived the species, and now so many of these birds live in some areas of Canada and the United States that farmers consider them pests.

T'sasala Dancer Photograph by Michael Melford In Canada, aboriginal groups are respectfully referred to as First Nations. The original migrants to Canada are thought to have crossed a now submerged land bridge during the most recent ice age, some 12,000 years ago. Many of the First Nations work hard to maintain their ancient customs; the T'sasala Cultural Group regularly holds traditional dance exhibitions at its Big House, the setting here, on Cormorant Island in British Columbia. Victoria Inner Harbour Photograph by Taylor Kennedy The heart of Victoria, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, is its vibrant Inner Harbour, a charming place to spend an afternoon among seagulls, visual artists, and musicians. Started as a trading post for the Hudson Bay Company in 1843, Victoria is western Canada's oldest city. Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Photograph by Michael Christopher Brown A guide leads horses across a nameless stream during a trek through the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area.

The M-K, as locals call it, is Canada's largest wilderness area, encompassing 25,000 square miles (65,000 square kilometers) as it stretches southeastward from the Yukon-British Columbia border. Polar Bears Photograph by David Schultz, My Shot Wapusk National Park, where these two male polar bears playfully tussle, spreads over the icy northernmost reaches of Manitoba. The park, whose name means “white bear” in the Cree language, protects one of the world's largest known polar bear denning areas. Ice Hockey Photograph by Dave Reede/Getty Images The precise roots of the game of ice hockey are unclear, but some theorize that it was invented in Canada as a local, cold-weather adaptation of Irish hurling or French field hockey. Whatever its origins, the Canadian obsession with the sport is undisputed. From an early age, children like these in Winnipeg become as comfortable on blades as in boots. Banff National Park Photograph by Boris Golubov, My Shot The peaks of Banff National Park in Alberta dominate the sky, rising sharply above glassy meltwater lakes and breathtaking expanses of evergreen forest.

Banff is Canada's oldest national park, established in 1885. Champlain and the Founding of Quebec - The Canadian Encyclopedia Explorers Champlain and the Founding of Quebec "I arrived there on the 3rd of July, wrote Samuel de Champlain in 1608, "when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement, but I could find none more convenient or better situated than the point of Quebec.” "I arrived there on the 3rd of July, wrote Samuel de Champlain in 1608, "when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement, but I could find none more convenient or better situated than the point of Quebec.” Champlain stepped ashore and unfurled the fleur-de-lys, marking the beginning of that city and indeed of Canada. Until Champlain, the entire New World adventure had brought only disappointment and death for France. Explorers from Jacques Cartier to the Sieur de Monts had all failed to leave any permanent mark. Champlain the visionary would change that history.

He dreamed not only of adding a great domain to France but of bringing wealth through the fur trade, of spreading the faith and of penetrating the mysteries of the great and baffling continent. He persuaded the Sieur de Monts to write off his Acadian ventures and fired him with a new energy for an expedition to Quebec. There, he told De Monts, he would "plant himself on the great River of St Lawrence, where commerce and traffic can be carried on much better than in Acadie. De Monts got his trade monopoly renewed, appointed Champlain governor and set the shipwrights of Honfleur to work modifying vessels for the voyage to Canada. De Monts sent one ship, Le Levrier, under the command of Gravé du Pont to trade at Tadoussac. Le Don de Dieu, commanded by Champlain, was sent to establish a post at Quebec. Le Don de Dieu sailed from Honfleur on April 13, 1608, raised Cape St Mary's, Nfld, on May 26 and reached Tadoussac on June 3.

There, Gravé du Pont was a virtual prisoner of the tough Basques who ridiculed his claim to a monopoly on trade. Champlain, the consummate diplomat, made peace with the Basques and resumed his course up the St Lawrence, arriving off Cap Diamant on July 3. Champlain set the men to work felling the butternut trees. They dug sawpits and sawed the logs into planks. Their "habitation was an ambitious structure of three stories, a kind of miniature Bastille. It had a gallery running around the outside and was embellished with a dovecote, which only nobles were allowed to set up in France. The whole structure had a moat around it and a drawbridge before the main entrance. Most of the materials were prepared on the spot but the handsome glazed windows were brought from France. Before the work was done, Champlain had to put down a mutiny. Several of his men, angered that they were not to share in the profits of the fur trade, planned to murder him and sell out to the Basques. One of the conspirators lost his nerve and told Champlain, who arrested the gang of five.

A hastily arranged trial found all five guilty. The ringleader, Jean Duval, was hanged and his head was stuck on a pike; the others were sent back to France in chains for punishment. Champlain built the "habitation" which was part fort and part village in 1608 at the site of present-day Québec City (courtesy John Ross Robertson Coll/Metropolitan Toronto Library). After the crisis the work resumed through September and some land was cleared and planted with winter wheat and rye. Everything was made ready, but the first winter was severe. A harsh frost descended in October and snow in mid-November. Eighteen men were afflicted by scurvy and ten died. When spring finally broke up the ice in April 1609, only eight of the 24 men who wintered at Quebec were still alive. Yet the ever-confident Champlain made preparations to set off on an expedition against the Iroquois. These days, it is incorrect to praise the exploits of European explorers. There is understandable sympathy for the First Nations who were "discovered and who suffered the consequences of an invasion.

Meanwhile, historians are busy disputing that history is made by "great men or that in Champlain's case that his legend was formed at the expense of his Protestant colleague De Monts. Nevertheless, most of us cling to the idea that individuals do change the course of history and that special admiration is due to those who influence the beginnings of things. In Canada, at the head of such a list, stands Samuel de Champlain. As an American poet once put it, Canada is a country almost invented out of his single brain. "This was a great adventurer, a tremendous energy, one of the foremost colonizers of our continent."

Question: What is Canada's oldest city founded in 1608?
Answer: Quebec