Scottish History Timeline | Britroyals 1034 - Duncan I succeeds to the Scottish throne 1040 - Duncan is killed in a civil war.

His cousin, Macbeth, succeeds 1040 - Macbeth becomes king 1050 - Macbeth goes on a pilgrimage to Rome 1054 - Macbeth�s forces defeated at Dunsinane by a combined army of English, Norse and lowland Scots under Siward Earl of Northumberland 1057 - Macbeth is slain at the Battle of Lumphanan by Malcolm, son of Duncan I 1057 - Lulach, Macbeth's stepson, ascended the throne and was crowned at Scone 1058 - King Lulach killed by Malcolm III at Essie, Strathbogie Malcolm III ( 1058 - 1093 ) 1058 - Malcolm III (Canmore) crowned 1069 - Malcolms married his 2nd wife Margaret of Wessex daughter Edgar the Aetheling who had been deposed by William I the Conqueror 1070 - Malcolm attacks Northumbria and Cumbria intent on expanding his kingdom into northern England.

1091 - The Norman forces of King William II of England advance North and capture Carlisle and Cumbria 1092 - At Abernethy Malcolm is forced to submit to the Normans who take his son Duncan and brother-in-law Edgar Aetheling as hostages 1093 - Malcolm invades England but is killed at the Battle of Alnwick. He is succeeded by his brother Donald II (Donald Blane) Donald III ( 1093 - 1094 ) 1093 - Donald III (Donald Bane) become king 1094 - Donald Bane is driven out by Duncan, Malcolm's III's son, who becomes Duncan II. He is killed a few months later at the Battle of Monthechin, Kincardine, and Donald Bane returns 1094 - Donald III regains the throne and jointly rules with Edmund. 1097 - Donald is overthrown, blinded and imprisoned by Edgar. Edmund flees to Montecute Abbey in Somerset.

1097 - Edgar deposes his uncle Donald and brother Edmund and becomes king 1098 - Edgar cedes the Western Isles to Magnus Barefoot 1100 - Edith known as Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland, marries King Henry I of England. 1107 - Edgar dies and is succeeded by his younger brother, Alexander I 1107 - Alexander I become king 1114 - Alexander aids Henry I in his Welsh campaigns 1124 - Alexander dies and is succeeded by David I David I ( 1124 - 1153 ) 1124 - David I becomes king and introduces the feudal system of landholding to much of Scotland. 1138 - David I of Scotland invades England in support of his niece, Matilda wife of King Stephen of England, but is defeated at the Battle of the Standard in Yorkshire. 1139 - Treaty of Durham in which David I is recognised as King of an independent Scotland by King Stephen of England.

1153 - David I dies and is succeeded by his grandson Malcolm IV Malcolm IV ( 1153 - 1165 ) 1153 - Malcolm IV becomes king 1156 - Somerled defeats the Norse King of Mann and the Isles establishing his own semi-independent rule as Innse Gall - King of the Hebrides. 1157 - Henry II of England takes back lands in Northern England granted to David I. The border is fixed at the Solway and Tweed very close to where it is today. 1164 - Somerled is defeated by the Scottish crown in the Battle of Renfrew. 1165 - Malcolm IV dies at Jedburgh Castle and is succeeded by his brother, William the Lion Wlliam I, The Lion ( 1165 - 1214 ) 1165 - William the Lion become king 1173 - William the Lion invades England but is captured by Henry II at Alnwick and forced to surrender Scottish independence 1174 - William I signs the Treaty of Falaise in which he swears allegiance to Henry II of England.

1185 - William pays Richard I of England money to finance his crusades to the Holy Land. 1189 - Scotland is recognized as independent by Richard I of England 1192 - The Pope decress that the Scottish Church is answerable directly to him and not through the English Archbishop of York. Alexander II ( 1214 - 1249 ) 1214 - Accession of Alexander II, son of William the Lion 1216 - Alexander joins the barons of England against King John. A Scottish army marches to Dover and joins Prince Louis of France who captures the Tower of London before being driven back in 1217 1217 - Peace treaty with England guarantees peace for almost 20 years 1221 - Alexander marries Joan daughter of King John of England 1233 - Building of Glasgow cathedral starts 1234 - Galloway's independent existence ends with the death of Alan Lord of Galloway. 1235 - First Scottish Parliament known as the Three Estates meets at Kirkliston 1237 - Southern border of Scotland established in the Treaty of York.

1249 - Alexander launches an expedition to gain the Western Isles but dies on Isle of Kerrara, Oban Bay, before the expedition sets sail. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III 1249 - Alexander III becomes king and is crowned on the Stone of Destiny 1263 - Alexander III defeats Viking army at the Battle of Largs 1263 - King Haakon of Norway (which at that time included Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles) dies on Orkney 1266 - Norway cedes the Western Isles to Scotland in the Treaty of Perth. 1282 - Devorgilla, Countess of Galloway, mother of John Balliol, founds Balliol College, Oxford. 1286 - Alexander dies in riding accident leaving the throne to his four-year-old granddaughter, Margaret Margaret, Maid of Norway ( 1286 - 1290 ) 1286 - Margaret, Maid of Norway, inherits the throne from her grandfather Alexander 1290 - Margaret dies in the Orkneys en route from Norway to Scotland.

Edward I of England is asked to select a successor 1291 - Claimants to the Scottish throne met King Edward I of England at Norham on Tweed to resolve succession 1292 - Edward I of England grants the Scottish throne to John Balliol. 1295 - Treaty between King John Balliol of Scotland and King Philippe IV of France which promised mutual help against the English - the start of the "Auld Alliance". 1296 - Edward invades Scotland, defeats the Scots at Dunbar and deposes Balliol. He then takes over the throne of Scotland and removes the Stone of Scone to Westminster. 1296 - - 1306 Interregnum period with no Scottish monarch and rule by Edward I of England. 1297 - Andrew de Moray and William Wallace lead the Scots to victory over England at Stirling Bridge.

1298 - Edward invades Scotland again and defeats William Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk 1303 - France and England make peace, releasing forces to attack Scotland 1304 - Stirling Castle, the last of the Scottish castles to be captured by Edward I 1305 - Wallace is captured and taken to London, where he is tried for treason, and hanged, drawn, and quartered 1306 - Robert Bruce is crowned king at Scone but is driven into hiding by the English occupation army of Edward I 1307 - Edward I sets out to invade Scotland but dies on his way north. Bruce begins campaign to drive the English out of Scotland 1307 - English forces defeated by Bruce at Loudon Hill 1309 - King Robert the Bruce convenes his first parliament, at St Andrew 1311 - The Scots plunder the North of England 1314 - Bruce besieges Stirling Castle. An English army sent to break the siege is routed at the Battle of Bannockburn 1318 - Robert the Bruce captures Berwick on Tweed.

1320 - Nobles assert Scottish independence in the Declaration of Arbroath. 1323 - Truce between Bruce and Edward II fails to stop warfare between the two countries 1328 - Treaty of Edinburgh between King Robert I and Edward III which recognised Scotland's independence, ending the 30 years of Wars of Independence. 1329 - Robert the Bruce dies at Cardross Castle possibly of leprosy. 1329 - David II succeeds to the Scottish throne on the death of his father, Robert Bruce 1331 - David II (aged 7) crowned at Scone 1332 - Edward Balliol, son of John Balliol, invades Scotland and deposes David II. Edward Balliol is crowned King of Scotland by the English 1333 - David is restored to the throne. 1333 - Balliol flees to England but returns when Edward III of England invades Scotland and defeats the Scots at Halidon Hill. King David II goes into exile in France. 1341 - Edinburgh Castle captured from the English. David returns from exile. 1346 - David II invades England but is defeated at Neville�s Cross and captured.

He is taken to the Tower of London, where he is imprisoned for the next 11 years 1350 - Scotland suffers from the Black Death. Up to a quarter of the population die. 1356 - Edward III devastates the Lothian region in a campaign known as 'The Burnt Candlemas' 1357 - David II is released from captivity and returns home to Scotland. 1371 - Death of David II. He is succeeded by his nephew, Robert Stewart, the first Stewart King of Scotland. Robert, the hereditary High Steward of Scotland and grandson of Robert Bruce, is crowned Robert II ( 1371 - 1390 ) 1371 - Robert Stewart, the first Stewart King of Scotland becomes king 1384 - Truce is arranged between England, Scotland, and France. Scotland refuses to recognize truce. Anglo Scottish war resumes 1388 - Battle of Otterburn in which Scots defeat Henry Percy (Harry Hotspur) 1390 - Robert II dies and is succeeded by his son John, who becomes Robert III. 1390 - Robert III becomes king.

He delegates power to his younger brother, the Earl of Fife, later the Duke of Albany 1402 - English defeat Scots in the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Humbleton Hill. 1406 - Robert II is disabled in a riding accident and his eldest son is killed by the Duke of Albany. Robert sends his second son to James to France but he is captured by English near Flamborough Head. James is taken to London, where Henry IV of England confines 1406 - King Robert III dies and James I ascended the throne but was not crowned until 1424 as he was a prisoner of the English. 1406 - James I succeeds to the throne but remains imprisoned in England 1413 - Foundation of the University of St Andrews. 1423 - Treaty of London, releasing James I from his years captivity in England 1437 - Assassination of James I.

He is succeeded by his son, James II James II ( 1437 - 1460 ) 1437 - James II becomes king aged 6 years 1440 - Regents Douglas and Livingston struggle for power culminating in the 'Blach Dinner' at Edinburgh Castle during which William 6th Earl of Douglas was dragged out and executed. 1449 - James marries Mary of Gueldres, niece of the Duke of Burgundy 1451 - Establishment of the University of Glasgow. 1457 - James II decrees that football and golf are banned to encourage archery practice 1460 - King James II killed by an exploding cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle 1460 - James III becomes king at 8 years old 1472 - Denmark cedes Orkney and Shetland to Scotland. 1482 - Berwick on Tweed finally ceded to King Edward IV of England after changing hands 12 times 1488 - Battle of Sauchieburn, and the assassination of James III.

He is succeeded by his son, James IV 1488 - James IV becomes king 1493 - Lordship of the Isles abolished. In 1540 the title was reserved to the crown. 1495 - Creation of the University of Aberdeen (King's College). 1496 - Education Act of 1496 makes education compulsory for barons and wealthy landowners. 1497 - Chair of Medicine established at Aberdeen University. 1502 - Marriage contract between James IV and Margaret Tudor signed by King James 1503 - King James IV marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England. The marriage was known as the Union of the Thistle and the Rose. 1507 - First printing press in Scotland is set up by Andrew Myllar 1513 - James IV invades England to support his French allies after the English king, Henry VIII, invades France.

James and most of the Scottish nobility and clergy are slaughtered by the English army at the Battle of Flodden Field 1513 - The infant James V becomes king 1528 - Patrick Hamilton Protestant reformer is burned at the stake for heresy 1532 - Creation of the College of Justice and the Court of Session. 1542 - James invades England but is defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss and dies a few weeks later. His daughter, the one-week-old Mary, succeeds Mary Queen of Scots ( 1542 - 1567 ) 1542 - One-week-old Mary, succeeds to the throne on the death of her father James V 1543 - At the Treaty of Greenwich Mary is betrothed to Prince Edward son of Henry VIII of England, but the Scottish Lords refuse to ratify the treaty preferring an alliance with France, 1558 - Mary, Queen of Scots, marries French Dauphin, Francis Valois (he was aged 14) at Notre Dame in Paris. She adopts the French spelling of Stuart for her surname 1559 - John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva to promote Calvinism.

1559 - Mary becomes Queen of France when her husband becomes King 1560 - Parliament legislates protestant reformation of the Church of Scotland. 1560 - Treaty of Edinburgh between France and England, recognising sovereignty of Mary Queen of Scots and her first husband Francis II 1560 - Latin Mass prohibited in Scotland by Parliament as Protestant faith gains the ascendancy 1561 - Mary Queen of Scots lands at Leith on her return from France, after the death of her husband, King Francis II 1565 - Mary marries her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. The marriage is a disaster 1566 - Darnley jealous of Mary's Italian secretary David Rizzio, bursts into her room at Holyrood and Rizzio is murdered. 1566 - Mary Queen of Scots gives birth to the future King James VI of Scotland and I of England 1567 - Lord Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, assassinated 1567 - Mary marries Earl of Bothwell. The Scottish Lords imprison Mary in Loch Leven castle.

1567 - Mary Queen of Scots abdicates and the young James VI accedes to Scottish throne. The Earl of Mar appointed regent. James VI (James I of England) ( 1567 - 1625 ) 1567 - King James VI (aged 13 months) is crowned at the Church of the Holy Rude, beside Stirling Castle 1568 - Mary Queen of Scots flees to England following the defeat of her army at the Battle of Langside near Glasgow. 1578 - James VI takes over government from his regent James Douglas. 1582 - Establishment of the University of Edinburgh by Royal Charter. 1587 - Mary is beheaded by the order of Queen Elizabeth I of England. 1592 - Presbyterianism becomes the established form of church government in Scotland by Act of Parliament. 1600 - The Gregorian Calendar is adopted in Scotland. The year begins on 1st January instead of 25th March 1603 - The Union of the Crowns James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.

1614 - John Napier invents logarithms and publishes a book promoting their use in mathematics. 1618 - James VI forces episcopacy on the Church of Scotland through the Five Articles of Perth. 1625 - James VI dies. His son Charles I becomes king of England and Scotland 1633 - Education Act of 1633 ordains a school in every parish (partially successful). 1637 - William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, order the Scottish Kirk to use the new Anglican prayer book. 1638 - Scottish Covenanters rebel against Charles I. 1643 - The Solemn League and Covenant promises Scots army to aid English parliamentarians against the king. 1649 - Charles I is executed. There follows 11 years of rule by Parliament as the Commonwealth under Cromwell. 1651 - Scotland incorporated into the English Commonwealth and Protectorate. 1660 - The monarchy is restored and Scotland resumes its status as a separate kingdom.

1672 - The High Court of Judiciary is established as the high criminal court of Scotland 1679 - Archbishop Sharp a symbol of royal rule over the Kirk is killed by Covenanters who attempt an uprising. Duke of Monmouth defeats Covenanters at the Battle of Bothwell Brig. 1685 - James succeeds his brother, Charles II. 1688 - William of Orange lands at Torbay and advances on London. 1688 - James abdicates and flees to exile in France. William becomes King William III with his wife Mary. 1689 - Jacobite Highlanders rise in support of James and are victorious at Killiekrankie but are defeated a few months later at Dunkeld.� 1689 - The Claim of Right and the re-establishment of Presbyterianism. 1691 - King William offers Highlanders a pardon for the Jacobite uprising if they sign allegiance him� 1692 - Glencoe Massacre. MacDonalds are killed by Campbells allegedly for not signing the oath of allegiance�to the crown. 1695 - The Bank of Scotland is created by Act of Parliament.

1696 - Education Act of 1696 ordains a school in every Scottish parish 1700 - Attempt to establish a new Caledonian colony 'The Darien Scheme' in Panama is a disaster and nearly bankrupts Scotland, 1701 - Act of Settlement bars Catholics from the throne. The aim is to prevent the exiled James Edward Stuart 'The Old Pretender' from return. Queen Anne ( 1702 - 1714 ) 1702 - Anne succeeds her brother-in-law, William III. 1707 - The Act of Union is passed by the English and Scottish parliaments and unites the kingdoms transferring the seat of Scottish government to London 1708 - James Edward Stuart, 'The Old Pretender', sails to Scotland in an unsuccessful attempt to gain the throne.� 1709 - The Scottish Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge is founded with the aim to eradicate 'Popery' and the Gaelic language in the Highlands 1714 - Queen Ann the last Stuart monarch dies.

King George I ( 1714 - 1727 ) 1714 - George I, the first Hanoverian King, succeeds his distant cousin, Anne. 1715 - The Jacobite rising begins in Scotland intending to place the �Old Pretender� James Edward Stuart, heir to James II on the throne. The rebellion is defeated after a few weeks. 1719 - A small Spanish pro Jacobite force land but are defeated at Glenshiel 1722 - Rob Roy MacGregor the outlaw surrenders to the Duke of Montrose 1723 - Adam Smith, author of 'The Wealth of Nations' born in Kirkcaldy 1727 - George II succeeds his father, George I. 1727 - Janet Horne is the last person in Scotland to be condemned and burnt for witchcraft 1736 - Captain of the Edinburgh town guard 'Black Jock' Porteus is lynched by a mob objecting to his harsh treatment of smugglers.

1739 - David Hulme publishes his 'Treatise of Human Nature' and founds the 'Scottish Enlightenment' movement 1740 - The Black Watch regiment is founded for policing the Highlands 1744 - The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers founded - the world's first golf club. 1745 - Charles Edward Stuart, raises his standard at Glenfinnan, at the start of the '45 Jacobite uprising 1745 - Charles Edward Stuart victorious at Battle of Prestonpans. His forces march South and reach Derby before retreating back to Scotland 1746 - Scots defeated at the Battle of Culloden. Duke of Cumberland, the King's 2nd son, ruthlessly represses the rebels and Scottish traditions. 1746 - Prince Charles Edward Stuart escapes capture helped by Flora MacDonald and returns on a French ship to exile in France. 1747 - Disarming Act bans Highland dress, weapons, and bagpipe music. 1747 - British Linen Company in Edinburgh founded. Wool, linen and fishery industries quickly grow as Scotland benefits from the Union..

1754 - Joseph Black discovers "fixed air" (carbon dioxide). 1756 - John McAdam who developed the use of Tar Macadam for roads born in Ayr 1748 - David Hume publishes 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding'. 1755 - Scotland's population is 1,265,380 approximately on fifth of that of England. 1760 - The Carron Ironworks near Falkirk use the new system of coke-fired smelting for producing guns for the Royal Navy 1760 - George III becomes king on the death of his grandfather, George II. 1762 - Land tenure reform leads to the Highland Clearances and massive emigration for several decades. 1768 - Encyclopaedia Britannica first published in Edinburgh 1769 - James Watt patents condensing chamber in the Steam engine. 1771 - The first knitting machines used in Hawick starting a rapid expansion of the textile industry in the Borders 1771 - Novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott born.

1773 - James Boswell and Dr Johnson write about their trip to the Highlands and Islands 1776 - Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations. 1778 - First Cotton Mill opened at Rothesay. By 1780 a mill near Glasgow employs 1,000 people. 1782 - Highland Dress Proscription act is repealed recognising that the Jacobite movement was no longer a political threat 1782 - -1820 The Highland Clearances. Highland landowners clear their estates of poor tenant farmers forcing many to move to Glasgow, Edinburgh and abroad 1783 - Glasgow Chamber of Commerce founded 1786 - Robert Burns' poems are first published as 'Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect'. They are an immediate success. 1788 - Charles Edward Stewart "Bonnie Prince Charlie" dies.

1788 - Penal Colony established at Botany Bay 1789 - Inveraray Castle completed the first major building in Britain in neo-Gothic style 1800 - The first Gaelic Bible is published 1802 - John Playfair publishes summary of James Hutton's theories of Geology. 1803 - Works begins on the Caledonian canal 1805 - The Glasgow Herald newspaper first published. 1813 - David Livingstone, missionary and explorer, born in Blantyre 1816 - Robert Owen sets up his New Lanark cotton mill under his scheme of 'enlightened capitalism' 1817 - The Scotsman newspaper first published. King George IV ( 1820 - 1830 ) 1820 - George IV accedes to the throne, having spent the last nine years as Prince Regent for his blind and deranged father. 1820 - 60,000 workers strike and appoint a 'provisional government' in Glasgow. They are put down by troops at Bonnymuir and their leaders transported. 1822 - King George IV visits Scotland.

Encouraged by Walter Scott he wears Highland dress leading to a revival in tartan costume and in particular the kilt. 1823 - Charles Macintosh patents waterproof cloth used to make raincoats 1824 - The Licencing Act attempts to stamp out the many illegal whisky stills 1824 - Edinburgh's Great Fire burns for 2 days destroying the High Street and Parliament Square 1829 - Felix Mendelssohn visits Scotland and Staffa which inspires him to write the music Fingal's Cave 1830 - William IV succeeds his brother, George IV. 1831 - Scotland's first passenger railway opened between Glasgow and Garnkirk.

1831 - The Game Act sets 'The Glorious' 12th August as the start of the grouse shooting season 1832 - The Reform Act enlarges the franchise of those eligible to vote 1834 - St Andrews golf club is given a royal warrant to call itself the 'Royal and Ancient' Queen Victoria ( 1837 - 1901 ) 1837 - Queen Victoria succeeds her uncle, William IV 1837 - Thomas Carlyle publishes 'History of the French Revolution'. He becomes one of the most influential Victorian writers. 1841 - Scotland's population reaches 2.6 million. An economic recession makes many firms bankrupt with families relying on charity. 1843 - Disruption in the Church of Scotland (over the issue of patronage). Many leave to join the Free Church. 1846 - Beginning of the ten-year Highland Potato Famine. 1847 - The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland is established. 1848 - Queen Victoria and Prince Alber lease the Balmoral estate which they later buy. 1851 - Glasgow has 330,000 inhabitants including many Catholic immigrants from Ireland.

One third of Scottish families live together in a single room. 1859 - The waters of Loch Katrine provide Glasgow with piped fresh water helping to reduce outbreaks of cholera and typhus in the city 1864 - James Clerk Maxwell presents equations describing electromagnetic fields. 1866 - David Livingstone sets out to find the source of the Nile 1871 - Scotland wins the first international rugby game against England. The Calcutta cup is made from melted down Indian rupees. 1874 - Patronage abolished in the Church of Scotland. 1876 - The Scottish Football Association is founded 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the telephone 1878 - Collapse of the City of Glasgow Bank 1879 - William Gladstone conducts the Midlothian campaign as part of a political comeback. 1879 - The Tay Bridge Disaster. 1882 - The Clyde becomes the world's large centre for ship building 1885 - Creation of the Scottish Office and the post of Secretary for Scotland later Secretary of State for Scotland.

1886 - John Dunlop from Ayr patents the pneumatic rubber tyre 1886 - Scottish Labour party founded 1888 - Birth in Helensburgh of John Logie Baird who develops of television 1890 - Opening of the Forth Railway Bridge. 1896 - Opening of the Glasgow Subway. 1897 - Glasgow School of Art designed by Rennie Macintosh opens 1900 - The Wee Frees split from the Free Church of Scotland 1901 - Edward VII becomes King on the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. 1901 - Population of Scotland reaches 4.5 million 1903 - Irn Bru first produced by AG Barr in Cumbernauld 1906 - Publishing company DC Thomson starts in Dundee. The Dandy and Beano first appear in 1930 1910 - Herring fishing industry reaches it peak 1910 - Edward VII dies and is succeeded by George V 1914 - Outbreak of World War I.

Many Scottish regiments fight in the Germans France 1914 - Battles of Mons, the Marne, and Ypres. 1915 - Second Battle of Ypres. Allied Gallipoli expedition fails to remove Turkey from the war. 1916 - Battle of the Somme. Naval battle off Jutland between British and German fleets. 1918 - The end of World War I. The German battle fleet surrenders to the allies at Scapa Flow in Orkney. 1919 - The German fleet scuttles itself in Scarpa Flow 1921 - Unemployment reaches 20% 1926 - John Logie Baird demonstrates first television 1927 - Scotsman John Reith appointed Director General of the newly formed BBC 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1929 - The Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland unite. 1930 - Evacuation of the island of St Kilda 1934 - Scottish National Party founded.

1936 - George VI accedes to the throne upon the abdication of his brother, Edward VIII 1938 - The Empire Exhibition Scotland 1938 is held at Bellahouston Park Glasgow. 1938 - The Queen Elizabeth the largest passenger ship at the time launched at John Browns shipyard 1939 - Start of Second World War 1940 - Evacuation of Dunkirk 1941 - The Clydebank Blitz by German bombers (13-15 May). 1941 - Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, descends by parachute into Scotland 1943 - Creation of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board to bring electricity to all parts of the Highlands and Islands. 1945 - End of Second World War 1945 - First Scottish Nationalist MP is elected. 1947 - Nationalisation of the railways - the Scottish Region of British Railways is created. 1947 - The first Edinburgh International Festival is held. 1948 - The Tattoo first performed at Edinburgh Castle 1950 - Students remove the Stone of Scone from Westminster.

They leave it at Abroath Abbey from whence it is returned to London 1952 - Queen Elizabeth II accedes to the throne on the death of her father, George VI. 1957 - Scottish Television starts broadcasting. 1961 - Muriel Spark's 'The Pride of Miss Jean Brodie' published 1963 - Faslane becomes the base for Britain's nuclear submarines 1964 - Forth Road Bridge opened 1968 - The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland permits the ordination of women as ministers. 1969 - Oil discovered in the North Sea 1970 - The Scottish National Party win just one seat in the general election 1970 - 13th Commonwealth Games opened in Edinburgh 1975 - Local government reorganisation (replacing Counties and Burghs for administrative purposes with Regions and Districts). 1975 - North Sea oil is piped ashore and Aberdeen becomes a boom city 1978 - Launch of BBC Radio Scotland. 1979 - Referendum to create a Scottish Assembly fails to meet the required majority.

1988 - Terrorists blow up Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie with the loss of 270 lives including 11 residents of the town. 1988 - Piper Alpha disaster Royal Residences Of The British Monarchy - British Monarchy Family History British Monarchy Family History Royal Residences Of The British Monarchy As you read about the many monarchs featured on this website you will come across the names of many castles and palaces, some of which are universally recognised and some virtually unheard of. The United Kingdom is awash with palaces, castles and stately homes, but not all of them are owned by royals, in fact Queen Elisabeth II actually owns only five royal residences, two castles, two palaces and one stately home and of those five only two are actually privately owned by herself. These five royal residences have not always been the homes of choice of former monarchs however, with several castles and palaces, some of which are no longer with us, having been used by previous monarchs.

Listed below, in alphabetical order, are thirty one royal residences which have been the official homes or holiday retreats of either the English, British or Scottish monarchs over the past one thousand years. BALMORAL CASTLE Image courtesy of Stuart Yeates, wikimedia commons Balmoral Castle is situated in Royal Deeside in Aberdeenshire in Scotland and is one of only two privately owned royal residences of the monarch. Originally built in 1390 by Sir William Drummond for Scotland's King Robert II, the castle was formerly rented by and then brought by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a holiday home in 1848 and remodeled into what we see today. Since then the castle, which is now part of a fully working 64,000 acre estate, is one of the royal family's favourite retreats, with the family taking regular annual Summer holidays there. Beaumont Palace was built around 1130 by England's King Henry 1. The palace stood in what is today part of the grounds of Blenheim Palace - the country's only non royal, non episcopal country house which is known as a palace - located in Woodstock in Oxfordshire.

The palace was the birthplace of the future King Richard I in 1157 and his younger brother the future King John in 1167. The palace was dismantled during the years of the dissolution of the monasteries between 1536 and 1541 and it's stone used in the construction of the two great seats of learning, Christ Church University and St John's College, both of which are located in the City of Oxford. BRIDEWELL PALACE Bridewell Palace was commissioned by King Henry VIII and became his official residence between 1515 and 1523. It was situated on the banks of the River Fleet in east London and named after a nearby well dedicated to St Bride. In 1553 King Edward VI gave the palace to the City of London for the housing of the poor and homeless. Since then the palace has been a poorhouse, a hospital and a prison before being demolished in 1863. The palace is best remembered for being the site of the papal delegations concerning King Henry VIII’s divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon.

BOLEBROKE CASTLE Built around 1480 Bolebroke Castle, which is located in Hartfield in Sussex, is actually a red brick manor house set in thirty acres of land. The castle, which has been designated as a Grade II listed building, was used extensively as a hunting lodge by King Henry VIII when he attended shooting parties in nearby Ashdown Forest. Later Henry would use the castle as his main base for conducting his affair with Anne Boleyn as it is located just five miles from her family home of Hever Castle situated in the nearby village of Edenbridge in Kent. Today the property is a four star hotel. BUCKINGHAM PALACE Image courtesy of Dilif, wikimedia commons Situated on The Mall in the City of Westminster and known as Buck House throughout the land, Buckingham Palace has been the official royal residence of the British monarchy since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. Originally built in 1703 from a design by William Winde for the Duke of Buckingham, the house first became a royal residence in 1761 when King George III had architects John Nash and Edward Blore remodel the building for his wife Queen Charlotte.

Today the palace is a massive 828,818 sq ft (77,000 sq mt) and the primary official residence of Queen Elisabeth II. The palace is used for royal duties, royal functions, as a residence for visiting heads of state, the world famous changing of the guard ceremony and a rallying point for the British public in times of national rejoicing or crisis. DUNFERMLINE PALACE Dunfermline Palace was built in the eleventh century and became a royal house when Scotland's King Malcolm III moved there. The palace, which is located in Fife and annexed to the former Dunfermline Abbey, was the birthplace of two of Scotland's monarchs, King David II in 1324 and King James I in 1394. In 1589 the palace was given by King James VI as a wedding present to his new bride Anne of Denmark, who went on to give birth to three of their children there, Elisabeth in 1596, Robert in 1602 and the future King Charles I in 1600.

After the Union of the Crowns in 1603 the palace became little used and went into decline. Today all that is left of the palace are it's former kitchens, some cellars and it's south wall. The above picture shows the palace's former gatehouse which linked the palace to Dunfermline Abbey. ELTHAM PALACE Eltham Palace began life as a moated manor house located in Greenwich, South London. It went on to be used by subsequent royal families well into the sixteenth century, before it fell out of favour owing to it being situated too far away from the River Thames. The first mention of the house was when it was given to King Edward II in 1305 by the then Bishop of Durham, Antony Bek. In the 1470's the house underwent substantial alterations by King Edward IV, including the building of the Great Hall and gardens. The Palace went on to become a firm favourite of the Tudor monarchs who were known to hold their annual Christmas festivities in it's baronial Great Hall.

It was also a particular favourite of Elisabeth Tudor, the queen consort of King Henry VII, who much preferred the solitude of the grand house to that of the bustling and vibrant Greenwich Palace. The house and gardens went into a decline for two centuries after it became used as a farm and pastureland, before being given further restorations in 1828. In the early 1930's the house was then purchased by textile magnate, Stephen Courtauld and his wife Virginia, who proceeded to refurbish the house into the masterpiece of Art Deco elegance and sophistication that can be seen today. In 1944 the house was commissioned by the military and used as an army education facility before being bought by English Heritage in 1995, where they then proceeded major refurbishment works on the house and gardens in 1999. Today the house and gardens, which are now Grade II listed, are open to the public every Summer between April and September. FALKLAND PALACE Falkland Palace is located in Cupar, near Fife, in Scotland and is one of the most important Stuart residences in the land.

The palace dates back to the twelfth century where it was then owned by the Clan MacDuff of Fife. It was acquired by the Scottish crown during the fourteenth century and underwent several restoration programs by the Scottish monarchs King James IV and King James V, who also died there in 1542. The palace became a popular haunt of the Stuart monarchs and was regularly visited by King James VI, King Charles I and King Charles II. The palace went into a decline after Cromwellian troops set it on fire during the civil war. In 1885 the palace underwent a twenty year restoration program which was funded by John Crichton-Stuart the third Marquess of Bute. In 1952 the palace was bought by the National Trust For Scotland who now own and maintain it. Today the palace, along with it's chapel, gardens and tennis courts are all open to the public. FROGMORE HOUSE Frogmore House is a Grade I listed building which stands in the grounds of Home Park near Windsor Castle in Buckinghamshire.

The house was completed in 1684 and at first was used by Crown tenants of King Charles II but the king would later bestow the house upon one of his thirteen illegitimate children, George Fitzroy the Duke of Northumberland, who was the son of the king's long term mistress Barbara Villiers. In 1792 King George III purchased the house for his wife Queen Charlotte and their unmarried daughters as a quiet retreat so as they could indulge in their passion of painting. The house stands in thirty three acres of parkland known as the Frogmore Estate, which since 1928 has been sanctioned as the royal family's official burial ground. The burial ground with it's vast array of impressive mausoleums is the final resting place of thirty six royal family members and the two former monarchs Queen Victoria and King Edward VIII along with their respective spouses Prince Albert and Wallis Simpson. In 1900 Louis Mountbatten, the grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, was born there. Prince Louis as he was known at the time of his birth, would go on to become Britain's first Sea Lord, the last Viceroy of India and the longest serving head of the Armed Forces.

In 2008 the house was used as the venue for the wedding of Queen Elisabeth II's grandson Peter Philips, to the Canadian former model Autumn Kelly. Today the house, gardens and estate, which are used mainly as a private entertainment venue for the royals, are open to the public over the Easter and August bank holiday periods. GREENWICH PALACE Greenwich Palace was built in 1447 by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the brother of King Henry V. Built on the banks of the River Thames it was originally known as Bella Court, before being renamed by King Henry V’s wife Margaret of Anjou, to the Palace of Pleasuance or Palace of Placentia. The palace was the birthplace of King Henry VIII, Queen Mary I and Queen Elisabeth I. The palace was also where King Henry VIII married his fifth wife, Anne of Cleeves. The building eventually become part of Greenwich Hospital in 1694 and then the site of the Royal Naval College in 1873. Today the site of the palace houses the buildings of the University of Greenwich and the Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance.

HAMPTON COURT PALACE Image courtesy of Andreas Tille, wikimedia commons Hampton Court Palace was built by the friend and advisor to King Henry VIII, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, and was completed in 1514. When Henry was thwarted by the Catholic Church when he wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, Wolsey, realising his fate, made a gift of the the palace to the king, whereupon the palace became a royal residence right up until the monarchs of the Royal House of Hanover . The palace, which is located beside the banks of the River Thames in Richmond, Surrey, was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1952 and has been in the ownership of the preservation society Historic Royal Palaces since 1998. The palace, along with it's gardens, maze and deer park are all open to the public and the building it's self is the only former royal palace in the United Kingdom where visitors can rent apartments. HILLSBOROUGH CASTLE Hillsborough Castle is a Georgian mansion house which is used as the residence for the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and the British Royal Family and other visiting dignitaries when they are in Northern Ireland.

Located in Hillsborough, County Down the house, which stands on ninety eight acres of beautifully landscaped gardens, was built in the 1770's and purchased by the British Government after the partition of Ireland in 1922 where it went on to become the official residence of the Governor of Northern Ireland between 1924 and 1973. Today the house and gardens, which are owned and managed by the charitable organisation Historic Royal Palaces are open to the public between the months of April and September. The castle, which is the first British royal palace located in Northern Ireland, offers visitors guided tours of the many state and function rooms located there. HOLYROOD PALACE Image courtesy of Kim Traynor, wikimedia commons The great Palace at Holyrood, situated on the Royal Mile in Scotland's capital city of Edinburgh, is the monarch's official residence when visiting Scotland. Originally built in 1128 by David King of the Scots, the palace has officially been a royal residence since King James IV in 1501. Today the Queen spends one week a year there on official public duties as well as using it as an official royal residence for other members of the royal family or visiting heads of state.

Throughout the rest of the year the palace is open to the public. KENSINGTON PALACE Image courtesy of Colin Smith, wikimedia commons Kensington Palace, situated in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, began life as a Jacobean house known as Nottingham House. It was purchased by King William III of Orange and his wife Queen Mary in 1689, who undertook the architect Christopher Wren to redesign it. Since then it has been the official royal residence of several members of the royal family, including Queen Anne, King George I, King George II, Princess Margaret, Diana Princess of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry. The palace was also the site of the deaths of Queen Mary II, King William III of Orange and King George II. Today the palace is better known for it’s picturesque gardens and stunning state rooms, both of which are open to the general public. KEW PALACE There have been three palaces situated in Kew, the first of which was built during the reign of Queen Elisabeth I for her court favourite, Robert Darnley, after the death of his wife in 1560.

Historians know little about this residence, other than it was probably known as Leicester House, after Darnley's ducal title, who was the Earl of Leicester. The second palace, pictured above, is known as the Dutch House due to it's fine Dutch architecture and was built in 1631 by Samuel Fortey for the private secretary to King George II. In 1734 the Dutch House was purchased by his son, King George III, whose wife Queen Charlotte died there in 1818. In 1837 Queen Victoria gave most of the land surrounding the palace, known as Kew Gardens, to the nation followed in 1887 by the palace it's self. The palace, which is no more than a manor house really, is now owned by the preservation society Historic Royal Palaces and is open to the general public as part of Kew Gardens. The third palace at Kew was a building commissioned by King George III and designed by George Wyatt. That building was demolished by his son King George IV in 1828.

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE Marlborough House was commissioned in 1711 by Queen Anne as a present for her best friend and confidante Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. The mansion, which was designed by the highly acclaimed architect Christopher Wren, is located in the City of Westminster and was bought by the Crown in 1817. The house was the birthplace of King George V in 1865 and the royal residence of Queen Adelaide - widow of King William IV - between 1831 and 1849. The house was also the first marital home of Prince Edward and Princess Alexander, the future King Edward VII and his queen consort Alexandria. Today the house is a Grade 1 listed building which is open for private guided tours and an annual open house weekend every September. MONMOUTH CASTLE Monmouth Castle is located in the town of Monmouth in South Wales and was one of three early fortifications built by William the Conqueror after he took the British crown in 1066.

The castle, which was completed around 1068, was built in order to guard the crossings on the nearby River Wye and River Morrow and was at first used as a home by King William's cousin and trusted confidante William FitzOsbern, whom the king had made the first Earl of Hereford and one of Wales' first Marcher Lords. As time went on the castle became the preferred royal residence of King Henry IV and his wife Mary de Bohun where it became the birthplace of their second born son, the future King Henry V, in September 1386. Although most of the castle stands in ruins the fortification, which has remained one of Britain's oldest, continuously occupied military installations, is now a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument which is now home of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers Regimental Museum. OATLANDS PALACE Oatlands Palace was located in Weybridge Surrey and was a favourite retreat of the Tudor and the Stuart monarchs. Henry VIII bought the original building in 1539 as a wedding present for his future bride Anne of Cleeves. However, the following year he would marry his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, at the palace.

The palace went on to become the favoured residence of Queen Mary I, Queen Elisabeth I, King James I and King Charles I. During King James I's reign his wife, Anne of Denmark, employed world renowned garden designer, Inigo Jones, to construct an ornamental garden in the grounds and during the reign of King James II the palace was used as the residence of Edward Herbert, the king's Lord Chief Justice. The house was extensively destroyed by fire in 1794 and subsequently remodeled into a Gothic style manor house by Fredrick, the Duke of York. His wife Charlotte then sold it to the well known dandy of the day, Edward Ball Hughes, who completely refurbished the building yet again, before letting it to the Conservative politician Lord Wilbraham Egerton, between the years of 1832 and 1839. In 1840 Edward Ball Hughes then had the estate broken up into three lots and sold at public auction. Today the Surrey village of Oatlands now stands on the site of the former palace and grounds.

OSBOURNE HOUSE Image courtesy of WyrdLight.com, wikimedia commons Osbourne House was built between 1845 and 1851 by Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert. The house was built by Thomas Cubitt from a design by the prince. Queen Victoria and her family loved the isolation of Osbourne House, built as it was on the Isle of Wight, and spent many family holidays there. Queen Victoria died there in 1901 and after the house was made surplus to requirements by other royals, it became the Royal Naval College, Osbourne between 1903 and 1921, where future kings Edward VIII and George V studied. Today the house is now owned by English Heritage, where, along with it's estate, gardens, private beach and woodland, are all open to the general public. PALACE OF WESTMINSTER The Palace of Westminster, better known as Britain's Houses of Parliament, was originally constructed during the eleventh century by King Canute the Great, as his place of residence during the years of his reign from 1016 to 1035.

Most of this building was destroyed by fire in 1512, after which it went on to be the seat of England's parliament during the thirteenth century. The oldest part of the building still remaining from that time is Westminster Hall, a cavernous area with a clearspan roof measuring sixty eight feet by two hundred and forty feet. The hall is best known for being the location of coronation banquets since the time of King William II. Another fire in 1834 resulted in the architect, Charles Barry, designing yet another building on the site, the perpendicular Gothic building made of sand coloured limestone, that we see today. This vast building, which commands eight hundred and seventy three feet of Thames riverfront in London's City of Westminster, contains one thousand, one hundred rooms, one hundred staircases and three miles of passages, housed on four floors.

The palace consists of the Halls of the House of Lords and House of Commons, two libraries, the Prince's Chamber, the Royal Gallery, the Queen's Robing Chamber, the Member's Lobby, the Peer's Lobby and several exits and entrances, including the grand Central Lobby, which measures thirty nine feet by seventy five feet and houses statues of former British monarchs and the four saints of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. The buildings five iconic towers are St Stephen's Tower, Speaker's Tower, which contains the official residence of the Speaker of the House, the Chancellor's Tower, Central Tower, Victoria Tower, which at two hundred and ninety feet high was once the tallest building in the world, and the three hundred and sixteen foot high, Elisabeth Tower, home of the palace's belfry, which houses Big Ben and four other bells which are synonomous with the Westminster Chimes, and it's four, twenty three feet wide, clock faces.

The palace is surrounded by several green spaces, including the Victoria Tower Gardens, the only public space within the palace, Black Rod's Garden, the Old Palace Yard, the New Palace Yard, Speaker's Green, Cromwell Green and the most famous outside area of them all, College Green, where outside broadcasts and interviews with politicians are televised. PALACE OF WHITEHALL The Palace of Whitehall was commissioned during the reign of King Henry VIII and was the largest palace in Europe upon it’s completion, being larger than both The Vatican Palace and the Palace of Versailles. The palace sat on twenty three acres of land and had around one thousand, five hundred rooms. King Henry VIII married two of his wives there, Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour, and it was also the site where he himself died in 1547. Over the years the palace would be remodeled by both King James I and King Charles I, before it was extensively damaged by fire in 1691 and had to be demolished. The palace gave it’s name to the ashlar stone from which it was built, and it’s name lives on in the area of London known as Whitehall.

The only part of the palace which remains today is the Banqueting Hall, built in 1622 by Inigo Jones. The hall is best remembered as being the site of the execution of King Charles I in 1649. RICHMOND PALACE Richmond Palace was built on the grounds of the former Sheen Manor on the south bank of the River Thames in Richmond, Surrey by King Henry VII when he was still the Earl of Richmond. The old manor house and future palace has been the official residence of King Henry I, King Edward I, King Richard II and King Henry VII. The palace was the location of the honeymoon of Queen Mary and Prince Philip of Spain after their marriage in 1554, the death of Queen Elisabeth I in 1603 and the home of King James I’s vast art collection. The palace is reported to have been the first royal residence to have flush toilets, installed during the reign of Queen Elisabeth I. ROYAL PALACE, EDINBURGH CASTLE Edinburgh's majestic castle, which sits atop the city's Castle Rock, has been around in one form or another since the twelfth century when it became the fortified home of Scotland's King David.

The Royal Palace, which is located in a part of the castle's grounds known as the Royal Square, was commissioned by King James IV during the early part of the fifteenth century. The palace went on to become the birthplace of King James VI, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, in June 1566. Today the Royal Palace is open to the public where it is home to Scotland's vaulted Crown Room, the Stone of Scone, the impressive Laich Hall and the Birth Chamber of Mary Room. SANDRINGHAM HOUSE This twenty thousand acre estate situated in the coastal village of Sandringham in Norfolk is the Queen's only stately home and is used by both her and other royals as a holiday home. Originally built in 1771 by architect Cornish Henley, the house was brought by Queen Victoria in 1862 as a wedding present for her eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales and his new bride Princess Alexandra. Queen consort Alexandra died there in 1925 as did her son King George V in 1935 and her grandson King George VI in 1952.

The future King Olav V of Norway was born on the Sandringham Estate in 1903 and Diana Spencer, the future Princess of Wales, was also born on the estate in 1961. The house has received many renovations over the years and is one of only two privately owned royal residences of the British monarch. It is here at Sandringham House that the Royal family gather for their annual Christmas holiday. ST JAMES PALACE Image courtesy of siegertmarc, wikimedia commons St James' Palace, situated in Pall Mall, London, was commissioned by King Henry VIII and built between 1531 and 1536 on the site of a former leper hospital which had been dedicated to St James the Less. It has been the official royal residence of several royals and was the birthplace of both Queen Anne and King Charles II. In 1941 the palace was the location of the establishment and signing of the Charter of the United Nations. Today the palace is also known as the Royal Court of St James as the royal court is formally based there, so the palace is not open to the public as it is a working palace, but it’s chapel and gardens are.

Sometimes the palace is used as the London residence of visiting minor royals. STIRLING CASTLE Stirling Castle is located in central Scotland and when constructed was the first ever renaissance palace to be built in Britain. The castle sits atop Castle Hill, an impressive quartz outcrop, where it can be seen for miles around. The earliest remains of the castle buildings date back to the twelfth century but records show that there has actually been a fortification there since the ninth century when Scotland's first king, Kenneth MacAlpine, is said to have built a fortification there. During it's turbulent history the castle has been a royal residence, a garrison, a prison and the site of several sieges during the Scottish Wars of Independence in the thirteenth century. The castle has also been the location of the death of King Alexander I in 1124, the principal residences of King Robert I and King Robert II during the fourteenth century, the principal residences of King James IV, King James V and King James VI during the sixteenth century, the coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1543 and the baptism of King James VI in 1566.

The castle has received many restoration schemes during it's history including major improvement works that began during the Victorian era which are still ongoing to this day. Today the castle, along with it's outer defenses, chapel royal, great hall, royal palace and gardens, which are all open to the public, are owned and managed by Historic Scotland. THE ROYAL PAVILION The Royal Pavillion is located in the English seaside town of Brighton. The Pavillion was built in 1789 by George, Prince of Wales, (the future King George IV) as a house for parties and secret liasons with his mistress, Maria Fitzherbert, whom unknown to everyone else, he had actually married in secret in 1785. The house was extensively redesigned between 1815 and 1822 by architect John Nash into the Indian style building we see today. The pavilion was also used as a holiday retreat by King William IV, but was so disliked by Queen Victoria, due to it's town centre location, thar she sold it to the city of Brighton in 1850. Today the pavilion stands pride of place in the south coast resort where it has become the city's most visited tourist attraction.

WINDSOR CASTLE Image courtesy of Dilif, wikimedia commons Reputed to be the present monarch's favourite home, Windsor Castle situated in Berkshire, is the world's largest inhabited castle and Britain's oldest continually inhabited castle. Originally built between 1066 and 1087 during the reign of William the Conqueror, the castle has been renovated and remodeled by every British monarch since. As one of five official royal residences in Great Britain this four hundred and eighty thousand square foot castle is also home to St Georges Chapel, which houses the tombs of several former British monarchs and other high ranking royals. Since the accession of Queen Elisabeth II in 1952, Windsor Castle has been the official weekend retreat for the royal family. The castle is is open to the public where visitors can visit St Georges Chapel and the Queen Mother's Doll’s House among many other things. In the castle's grounds one can also explore Windsor Great Park with it's Long Walk that leads to the statue of the Copper Horse or visit the popular Royal Farm with it's onsite farm shop.

The castle is also situated just minutes from the small town of Eton, home to the world famous public school that has been the seat of learning for many British and foreign royals and other nobility. Balmoral - The Scottish holiday home to the Royal Family. Safari Tours | Contact Us Online Shop Purchase your admission tickets in advance or choose from a wide range of gifts, books, household goods, clothing, golfing items and even a gift voucher for the safari tour. UK shipping is just £4.95 per order and we will advise shipping options for international orders. The Balmoral Online Gift Shop Balmoral Challenge Her Majesty The Queen has given permission for a unique new walking challenge at Balmoral Castle to mark Armed Forces Day on 24th June 2017. The Balmoral Challenge is an unmissable event for your team to take on one of three physically and mentally challenging routes on the stunning Balmoral Estate.

Question: What is the name of the Scottish home of the British Royal Family?
Answer: Balmoral Castle