It's Not Lupus | Know Your Meme Know Your Meme Ten Influential Teenage Albums Also Trending: Part of a series on House . [View Related Entries] Updated Oct 17, 2011 at 10:08PM EDT by Mister J . Added Oct 12, 2009 at 11:00PM EDT by Greg McCoral . Like us on Facebook! PROTIP: Press 'i' to view the image gallery, 'v' to view the video gallery, or 'r' to view a random entry. This submission is currently being researched & evaluated! You can help confirm this entry by contributing facts, media, and other evidence of notability and mutation. Status Encyclopedia Dramatica Meme Generator Urban Dictionary Wikipedia Origin This phrase originates from the FOX show House, also known as House, M.D. The series revolves around the unconventional and misanthropic genius, doctor Gregory House, working with younger doctors at the Princeton‑Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey, in order to solve difficult health mysteries. The phrase was coined when the younger doctors were suggesting a case of lupus, when they couldn’t figure out what was wrong with the patient.

Because lupus usually takes several years to be diagnosed, Dr. House usually says “It’s not lupus.” or “It’s never lupus.”. That was until the team actually ran into a case, where House had to admit there being an actual case of lupus. Usage The phrase is commonly used in situations involving the character of doctor House, but it can also used as a response in situations involving an illness. The phrase has also been associated with jokes involving wolves and other animals, due to the Latin family name Canis Lupus. What is Lupus? Lupus is a shortened name of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Lupus is a chronic disease,which causes the body’s immune system to attack body cells. It most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system, and is often fatal, for there is no cure for lupus yet. The reason why the doctors at PPTH is unable to determine whether a certain disease is lupus or not is because lupus often mimics or is mistaken for other illnesses. Lupus is known as one of the “great imitators” within diseases.

Symptoms of lupus may vary widely and come and go unpredictably. Read more about lupus here . Google Insights The biggest spike in searches for “It’s Not Lupus”, was in 2007, when the series was at its most popular phase. The search interest has diminished since 2009, but the searches are still somewhat common. sfhd - The history of lupus erythematosus THE HISTORY OF LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS X. SIERRA, M.D. (TERRASSA, BARCELONA - SPAIN) Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a disorder which presents a wide and varied symptomatology. Its causes are also diverse and still little known. Finally, its evolution is so variable that it can range from a fatal outcome to a hardly apparent minor complaint, which would go on unnoticed were it not for the immuno-assay tests available to us today. When the injuries of lupus erythematosus are limited to the skin it is known as discoidal lupus erythematosus. When, on the other hand, there exist visceral effects, it is known as systemic lupus erythematosus.

The developement of knowledge about lupus erythematosus has been reviewed by some authors 1 , 2 . THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME "LUPUS" The name by which this disease is known alludes to the wolf -lupus in Latin- because of the destructive injuries that can bring to mind the bites of this animal. It is possible that in the beginning the name did not refer to a particular disease, but rather to any ulcerated injury with the destruction of tissue 3 . Although this name has been attributed to Paracelsus (1493-1541), Giovanni Manardi (1462-1536) had previously referred to some ulcers on the leg, which destroyed the surrounding area, using the comparison with a bite of hungry wolf. Paracelsus, somewhat younger than Manardi, may have taken this graphic denomination from him, since he (Paracelsus) frequently speaks about lupus, fluently and as if dealing with something already known which did not need further explanation. As far as he was concerned, lupus was a cutaneous injury that "devoured" the excess blood, for which reason he suggested treating it with bleeding.

Rudolf Virchow's keen historical curiosity led him to make a great effort towards establishing the origin of the term and to investigate ancient sources 4 . According to his conclusions it might have been a popular term used in the Middle Ages, and, having caught on, later became more generalized and entered the language of Medicine, thereby preceding Manardi and Paracelsus and their usage. One of the texts that he found, attributed to the German Johann Tollat von Vorchenberg, written at the beginning of the 15th century, said textually: "...for the wolf and for cancer, caprifolin..." Another text referred to by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) is older still. It dates back to the end of the 13th century and is a treatise on surgery by Roger de Palma, of the school of Salerno: "Sometimes lupus arises in the thighs and the lower legs (and is) distinguished from cancer from the symptoms mentioned above". 5 Nevertheless, no passage has been found that reveals the distinction between lupus and cancer.

What is clear, however, is that from Roger to Manardi, lupus is spoken of as a typical complaint affecting the lower extremities. So, in those times, the term lupus would not refer, as it would later, to a disease of the nose and face. As Virchow already stated, this denomination was applied in a very diverse and vague way in the Middle Ages. It was Virchow himself who showed that Hans von Gersdorf was one of the first medical writers that referred to a facial disorder using the word lupus: "Leprosy is more clearly recognized in the nose, where it shows well-defined symptoms. Sometimes it is also called wolf because it can contaminate all of a man's limbs as does cancerous lupus" 6 In short, the prevailing idea up to the end of the 16th century, inherited from the school of Salerno, was that lupus was a type of cancer of the lower extremities. However, there are indications that what we know today as lupus erythematosus was a disease that also existed in antiquity, even before the discovery of America 7 .

According to conclusions reached after paleo-pathologic studies, a young female pre-columbian mummy of the Huari culture, seems to represent "one of the earliest cases of collagen disease, with many aspects compatible with SLE" 8 . LUPUS AT THE BEGINNING OF SCIENTIFIC DERMATOLOGY Robert Willan (1757-1812), in 1808, had used the word lupus to describe cutaneous tuberculosis, especially when this was located on the face. Even today, we use lupus vulgaris for some forms of tuberculosis of the skin. Considered the founder of British dermatology, Robert Willan, in his book published in 1808, reserves the denomination lupus for a nodular eruption on the face which develops into an ulceration. From this moment onwards, this disorder would be known as lupus Willani, even though it is unlikely that either Willan or his faithful assistant Thomas Bateman (1778-1821) had a very clear conception of this disease 9 .

In 1851, Pierre Louis Alph�e Cazenave (1795-1877) made a substantial contribution to the study of lupus erythematosus. Some years earlier, his teacher Biett, had identified an especial variety within the erythema genus, the centrifugal erythema; and the variety of lupus that destroys on the surface. In his text, Cazenave considers both to be varieties of lupus which in 1851 he named lupus erythematosus and of which he left us this unforgettable description: "In some circumstances (lupus) manifests itself at first as a violet rubefaction on this or that part of the face, and mainly on the nose, which at the same time is rather swollen: over many months the colour rises little by little; the surface becomes animated; a small ulcer forms and on top of it, a scab, which then thickens and covers the ulcer, which becomes progressively deeper.

Lastly, the skin may get thinner in imperceptible stages and adopt the appearence of a scar, without there being tubercles or ulcers, and without displaying worse injuries than a livid colour and, from time to time, a light and barely perceptible peeling" 10 . Cazenave in his book "Abreg� pratique des maladies de la peau" faithfully adhered to the classification that Biett had proposed 11 . However he introduced some new orders of diseases. Amongst them were lupus. After a few years, Ferdinand von Hebra (1816-1880) accepted the existence of the illness under the name lupus erithematosus 12 , 13 . DISCOIDAL LUPUS AND DISSEMINATED LUPUS Moriz Kaposi (1837-1902) also concerned himself with the origin of the word lupus and included the findings of Ferdinand von Hebra in his book, quoting Johannes Soleus, who used the term about 1710 to describe an ulcer that corroded the nose 14 .

The denomination discoidal lupus to describe the forms of exclusively cutaneous injury is credited to the school of Vienna, and in particular to Kaposi (1872) 15 . Between 1866 and 1870 Kaposi diagnosed this disease in 22 patients, concluding, in the light of its casuistry, that its incidence and gravity were greater in the female sex. The frequency of tuberculosis at that time was considerable. In the same five years when Kaposi diagnosed 22 cases of DLE, 279 cases of lupus vulgaris were seen in the same department 16 . One of his female patients with discoidal lupus erythematosus died displaying pulmonary tuberculosis. In spite of the extraordinary frequency of tuberculosis at that time, and that lupus and cutaneous tuberculosis were then considered related affections, Kaposi maintained that discoidal lupus erythematosus had no relation whatsoever to tuberculosis. Not everyone supported this opinion, and it met with special resistence amongst French dermatologists, and was disputed until beyond the first third of the 20th century.

Kaposi used the term disseminated lupus erythematosus to refer to those cases in which there are dispersed cutaneous injuries, rather than those which exhibit visceral affection. However, he described some cases which involved fever, pleuritis, arthralgias and arthritis. VISCERAL AFFECTION It was not easy to come to the conclusion that lupus erythematosus, a disease regarded then as being exclusively dermatologic, could cause visceral injuries. At first, it was generally thought that when a lupus patient displayed these irregularities that a simple coincidence was the explanation 17 . William Osler (1849-1919), from 1894 to 1903, observed 29 patients who presented "erythema with visceral injuries". It is generally accepted that many of these cases corresponded to descriptions of lupus erythematosus, although it is likely that revising them under present criteria, not all Osler's cases could be labelled in this way. At any rate, it was Osler who first indicated a renal affection or one affecting the central nervous system in cases of lupus erythematosus 18 , 19 .

A little later, in 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac described the possible pulmonary affection of the syndrome: lupic pneumonia 20 . From then onwards other new visceral manifestations were described and this completed the clinical description of disseminated lupus erythematosus. In 1923, Emanuel Libman (1872-1946) and Benjamin Sacks contributed four cases of non-infectious endocarditis. Three of them displayed cutaneous injuries of LE 21 . The skin alterations were lacking in some cases, which caused the authors to hesitate in ascribing endocarditis to the LE table. In those times the greater part of studies of LE had been carried out by dermatologists, and perhaps for this reason the existence of cutaneous affection was considered essential for the diagnosis of lupus. Some years later, in 1936, George Belote and H.S. Ratner ratified that the endocarditis of Libman-Sacks was a manifestation of LE, even without the skin injuries 22 . A little later, in 1939, leukopenia and hypersensitivity to sunlight were described in cases of LE.

Discoidal lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus for a long time were considered different diseases with nothing in common. The idea that they were forms of the same disease, and that they could even present transitional forms was introduced in 1937 by Harry Keil, although it must be said that quite a long time passed before this idea gained a general acceptance. It was also Keil who clearly outlined the differential diagnosis of cutaneous manifestations in order to distinguish between lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis 23 . For a long time lupus was considered a strange entity of very low incidence. Thus, only eight cases were diagnosed between 1897 and 1908 in the University-Hospital of Prague; three in the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1919 and 1923; and five in the Mayo Clinic between 1918 and 1921 24 . The causes of the low incidence of this disease were probably the ignorance of the entirety of its indications and the exclusively clinical diagnosis, based particularly on the cutaneous injuries. In effect, as the indications became better known an increased incidence is observed.

In the Mayo Clinic, for example, the cases diagnosed between 1938 and 1947 rose to 132, a figure totally out of step with previous statistics 25 . LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS However, the absence of complementary laboratory tests, which would have allowed the confirmation of the diagnosis, represented a serious difficulty in the identification of cases of LE. In 1948, a haematologist of the Mayo Clinic, Malcolm Hargraves, discovered a cell which, as he said: "has been called an LE cell in our laboratory because of its frequent appearance in the bone marrow in cases of acute disseminated LE" 26 . In the following years, the techniques for the demonstration of the LE cell were subjected to various modifications. They were simplified and made more accessible as a diagnostic method and went a long way towards making the detection of LE cases more reliable and certain. In 1954 it was discovered that LE cells formed as a consequence of the existence of a serous factor and the leucocytic nucleus.

In 1958, Friou was able to develop a laboratory test which made it possible to quantify the antigen-antibody reaction by using fluorescent antihuman globulin. The determination of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) gradually established itself as the principal diagnostic test for SLE and also made possible the evaluation of the severity of the disease. However, this development was not entirely beneficial. It was soon discovered that there could be false positive indications, in other words, positive reactions in persons not having SLE. The false positive indications could be caused by various circumstances, such as other diseases of the connective tissue, or treatment with certain drugs. Also, in Africa, false positives were discovered in some cases of malaria. However, other tests for the detection of other antibodies continued to appear and this increased the reliability of laboratory diagnosis. LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS BY DRUGS In 1954 in the Cleveland Clinic, some cases of SLE in patients under treatment for hypertension with hydralazine were described. The diagnosis could be confirmed through the detection of ANA. Soon, cases activated by an antiarrythmic, procaine, were described.

Since then, other medicaments have shown themselves capable of inducing injuries of SLE, such as penicillin, sulfonamide, isoniacide or contraceptives 27 . DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA The clinical complexity of the laboratory tests on LE made the establishing of criteria for the diagnosis of SLE essential. With this aim, a commitee of North American rheumatologists met in 1971 and published a clinical and analytical scheme for the diagnosis of this disease. This standard, partly modified in 1982 is still in force in most countries 28 , 29 . TREATMENT As regards treatment, expectations were low until the appearance of corticosteroids. The real history of the corticoidal hormones began with the research of the Pole, Thaddeus Reichtein, at the University of Basle, and the North American Edward C. Kendall (1886-1972) of the Mayo Clinic, who separately but simultaneously discovered cortisone by isolating it from other integrant substances of the cortex of the suprarenal gland, at the same time establishing its chemical structure.

Some years before, in 1929, Philip S. Hench (1896-1965) had already observed that some arthritic patients could experience a temporary remission of their symptoms during pregnancy or coinciding with jaundice. Hench attributed this phenomenom to the existence of an adrenocortical hormone. Hench, like Kendall, worked in the Mayo Clinic and for this reason, in 1949, when cortisone became available to him in sufficient quantity he was the first who was able to prove its anti-inflammatory effects on rheumatoid arthritis. Fortunately, he used the correct dosage and the result was spectacular. A little later the effects of these substances and of corticotrophine on patients with LE were tested, with success. Soon the works of Hench 30 aroused a lively interest in the whole medical establishment. Proof of the high expectations created is the fact that only a year later Reichtein, Kendall and Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize (1950). Soon a derivative of cortisone, prednisone, synthesized in 1955, became the most common treatment for SLE 31 .

Only some cases of renal and cutaneous affection resisted this treatment. Discoidal LE also benefited from treatment with topical corticosteroids. In 1952 Sulzberger and Witten managed to produce a steroid, which they called compound F, later becoming known as hydrocortisone, which was active applied topically 32 . Subsequently, a great number of corticosteroid molecules of varying strength have been synthesized. Many of them have contributed to the treatment of LE. Treatment with antimalarials began in 1951 with quinacrine, which was administered in cases of discoidal lupus erythematosus 33 . A little later, other antimalarials were used, such as chloroquine and hydroxichloroquine, which are not only useful on cutaneous forms but also have applications in certain cases of SLE. In the treatment of lupus immunosupressive drugs have played an important part. The first of these was nitrogenous mustard, tried out for the first time in 1952. Subsequently azatioprine and ciclofosfamide were introduced 34 , whose main indication are cases of serious renal affection resistent to corticotherapy.

With this therapeutic potential (to which we should add the possibility of treating potentially fatal bacterial infections with increasingly effective antibiotics) the mortality rate from LE has substantially decreased. At present, the survival rate 15 years after diagnosis has reached an average of 75% of all cases, although there are differences to consider regarding sex, age and race 35 . It is to be hoped that current research improves still further the diagnostic and therapeutic prospects of this disease in the near future. From "Diseases of the skin. An Outline of the principles and practice of Dermatology" Malcolm Morris, Cassel & Co., London, 1894 Lupus Lupus Clues to the meaning of this celestial feature The wolf is said to be placed in the heavens as a reminder of the religious nature of Chiron the Centaur ( Centaurus ), who is depicted as spearing it in order to offer it as a sacrifice. [ Fixed Stars and Constellations in Astrology , Vivian E. Robson, 1923, p.50.] The adjacent constellation, Centaurus , is traditionally depicted as carrying Lupus, the Wolf, to sacrifice on Ara , the Altar. The Lupercalia was a sacrificial celebration.

The word wolf, is cognate with Latin lupus, Greek lukos, and comes from the Indo-European root * wlkwo 'Wolf'. Derivatives: wolf (from Germanic wulf), lobo, lupine, lupus, robalo (inshore tropical snook fish), loup-garou, (these words from Latin lupus, wolf), lycanthrope, lycopodium, lyceum, (these words from Greek lukos, wolf), lytta, alyssum (from Greek lussa). [Pokorny wlkwos 1178. Watkins ]. The words hearse, rehearse, are rooted in the Oscan word for wolf; hirpus, a large iron-toothed rake; a harrow, and the meaning alluded to the long, sharp, pointed, jagged teeth of wolves. Hearse derives from the Old French herce, from Latin hirpex, 'rake, harrow', describing the framework for candles hung over a coffin, and later came to refer to a vehicle for conveying a coffin in a funeral.

The Roman 'hirpex' was actually what we would today call a ' harrow ' a heavy frame with sharp iron teeth used to break up and even off plowed ground, and was called irpices, from Oscan hirpus, wolf. Rehearse meant to 'reharrow, go over again, repeat'. Latin lupata, and lupatus also referred to the sharp pointed wolf's teeth, and was applied to sundry things furnished with many sharp points and indentations, e.g., a handsaw, and a jagged bit for hard-mouthed horses [ 1 ]. The Swedish and Norwegian term for wolf is varg, Gothic vargs (warg in Old High German, verag in Anglo-Saxon) and stands for an outlaw. The verdict "thou art a warg" declared the culprit an outlaw. Those people were banished forever from human society and were forced to live in the wild [ 2 ], in other words become feral. "Ululate means to howl like a wolf.

After his transformation into a wolf by Zeus: "Lycaon flees into the silent countryside—silentia ruris (1.232); when he tries to speak, he howls, EXULulat (1.233). The verb is well chosen, since it carries within it EXUL, 'exile'; he runs howling into exile, where his transformation into a wolf is completed (Metamorphoses 1.236—39)". [ Metaformations , Frederick Ahl, p.72.] The constellation Lupus was not recognized as a wolf until about the 16th century, and from then the animal was considered a wolf, Fera Lupus, 'wild wolf'. The Greeks and Ptolomy thought of these stars merely as a generic wild animal, the Therion 'wild animal' that the Centaur ( Centaurus ) was taking to Ara , the Altar, skewered on a pike as a sacrificial offering. Greek ther, means 'wild beast'. Latin Fera and Greek Therion comes from the Indo-European root * ghwer- 'Wild beast'.

Derivatives: feral, fierce, ferocious, (these words from Latin ferus), treacle, theropod (these words from Greek ther, wild beast). [Pokorny ghwer- 493. Watkins ] A possible association of Latin ferrum, iron, with Latin ferus/fera, wild: Michalopoulos ( Ancient Etymologies in Ovid's Metamorphoses ) says "Ovid vertically aligns ferrum and ferarum". The Roman mythological poet Ovid described four ages of man: Golden, Silver, Brazen, and Iron (the present age). In the Iron Age men become evil, greedy and dishonest. Zeus/Jupiter tells the assembled gods on Mount Olympus that he must punish these men and proceeds to tell them how he dealt with an especially corrupt man, Lycaon, king of Arcadia, whom he turned into a wolf for the crime of offering Zeus a dish of human flesh in order to test his divinity. This gave rise to the story that a man was turned into a wolf at each annual sacrifice to Zeus Lycaeus, the Lupercal, but recovered his human form if he abstained from human flesh for nine years.

The wolves seem to be holding to their side of the bargain; there has been no documented proof in the past 150 years, since records have been kept, that any wild healthy wolf has killed a human [ 2 ]. Lycanthropes are people that could assume the shape of wolves. They are regarded as 'werewolves' of folklore. Lykaion, Wikipedia explains, is a mountain in Arcadia, sacred to Zeus Lycaeus (epithet Lykaios, 'wolf-Zeus', is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the Lykaia), who was said to have been born and brought up on it, and the home of Lycaon, who is said to have founded the ritual of Zeus practiced on its summit. The altar [the adjoining constellation is Ara , the Altar] of Zeus on the mountain consisted of a great mound of ashes with a retaining wall. The sanctuary of Zeus played host to athletic games held every four years, the Lykaia (a mysterious archaic festival) [ 3 ].

According to Plato (Republic 565d-e), a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. Apollo, too had an archaic wolf-form, Apollo Lycaeus, worshipped in Athens at the Lykeion, or Lyceum (see below) [ 4 ]. “The 'wolf (lupus) or 'little dog' (canicula) is an iron grapple that takes such names because if anything falls in a well it snatches them and draws them out.” [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville , 7th century AD, p.405.] The legendary lawgiver of Sparta, Lycurgus , had a wolf name meaning 'He who brings into being the works of a wolf': Among the reforms attributed to Lycurgus are the substitution of iron money for gold and silver coinage.

Middle High German isen, 'iron', German eisen 'iron', and Isengrim, the Wolf’s name in Renard the Fox, is Flemish—Isengrin, meaning the iron helm [ 5 ]. The Greeks thought of these stars, Lupus, as the Therion, the animal that the Centaur ( Centaurus ) was taking to Ara , the Altar, as a sacrificial offering. In Mediaeval Christian astronomy the figure Centaurus , Centaur, became 'Abraham with Isaac'. Abraham was about to sacrifice his son Isaac on the altar as the then current religious law demanded that the first-born son be sacrificed to God. "Then Abraham lifted his eyes and looked, and there behind him was a ram ( Aries ) caught in a thicket by its horns. So Abraham went and took the ram, and offered it up for a burnt offering instead of his son" [Gen. 22:10-13] [This might make the wolf Isaac, representing the Centaur's sacrifice and Abraham's sacrifice. The Biblical school said that Aries represented Abraham’s Ram caught in the thicket].

Despite their often negative image as mad, wicked, evil, bloodthirsty animals, wolves have variously been credited, in mythology, fiction and reality, with adopting, nursing, and raising human feral children, the most famous examples being Romulus and Remus and Mowgli of The Jungle Book [ 4 ]. The Lupercal was a cave at the foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome. In the legend of Rome's foundation, Romulus and Remus were found there by the lactating female wolf, lupa, who suckled them until they were found by Faustulus. "The mediaeval Irish are reported to have taken wolves as 'gossips,' i.e., godfathers and godmothers, and also to have tamed and made use of them" [ Gaelic names of beasts , Forbes, 1905, p.229.]. Fenrisulfr (Fenris or Fenrir) was an Old Norse wolf-god. According to the Edda, at one stage the gods decided to shackle Fenrisulfr, but the beast broke every chain they put upon him and broke loose.

Eventually they had the dwarfs make them a magical ribbon called Gleipnir from such items as a woman's beard and a mountain's roots. Even though it was as thin as a silken ribbon, it is stronger than any iron chain. [This magical ribbon, Gleipnir, might be a loop, and I suggest related to lup- of lupus, French loup, wolf; a loop is described as "a length of line, thread, ribbon, or other thin material that is curved or doubled over making an opening".] "The Fenris-wolf advances with wide-open mouth; the upper jaw reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth." It is prophesied that at Ragnarok, the battle of the gods at the end of the world, the wolf will at last break free and join forces with the enemies of the gods and will then devour Odin himself. Wolf words have associations with higher education. The Lyceum (from Greek lycos, 'wolf'), named for its sanctuary to Lycian Apollo, was a gymnasium in ancient Athens, most famous for its association with Aristotle, whose writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, logic, rhetoric, theater, politics, and ethics.

The debate concerning the existence of God is an issue in philosophy. It seems to be our wolf nature that investigates the existence or nature of God. In medieval church symbolism wolves represented heresy [ 4 ], and in Greek mythology Lycaon held an opinion at variance with the established religious beliefs. Ovid ( Bk I:199-243 ) tells the story of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, who was turned into a wolf for the crime of offering Zeus a dish of human flesh in order to test his divinity. Zeus tells the story to the assembled gods; "I gave them signs that a god had come, and the people began to worship me. At first Lycaon ridiculed their piety, then exclaimed 'I will prove by a straightforward test whether he is a god or a mortal. The truth will not be in doubt’" [ 5 ]. Lycaon boiled some parts of a human victim while roasting others, and placed them on the table as a meal before Zeus [ 6 ]. Lycaon was essentially performing a scientific experiment in order to establish whether the god Zeus was really a god.

The story implies that he was making an analysis; "the method of proof in which a known truth is sought as a consequence of a series of deductions from that which is the thing to be proved" (AHD). Aristotle, who taught in the Lyceum, described his style of logic as 'Analytic'. I suggest that there is a resemblance between the Greek word lussa, “wolfish rage” and the Greek -lusis of analysis from the Indo-European root * leu - 'To loosen': The myth of Fenrisulfr who broke loose his chains and will break loose again at Ragnarok might add further confirmation. And in the wolf-lore of the Bestiaries it is said that "if the wolf senses that the man has seen it first, it loses its fierceness and its power to run" [ The Aberdeen Bestiary Project ], it becomes paralyzed para-lusis. The vampire is sometimes regarded as an example of lycanthropy [ 7 ]. The vampire was linked to the werewolf in East European countries. In Serbia, the werewolf and vampire are known collectively as one creature; Vulkodlak. [ 8 ].

The verb to vamp means "to behave seductively and exploit" [ 10 ]. "Lupa (lit. "she-wolf), a prostitute, so called from her rapaciousness, because she seizes wretched people for herself and takes possession of them." [ The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville , 7th century AD, p.223.] Victima Centauri, the Centaur's victim was a title for this constellation. Latin victima original meant "an animal dedicated to the gods and destined to be sacrificed" [ 1 ]. Cognates of the word victim; guile, beguile, from the Indo-European root *weik-2 "consecrated, holy. In words connected with magic and religious notions in Germanic." The word guile means "to deceitfully trick" which is also the meaning of the idiom "a wolf in sheep's clothing." The word guile is a doublet of wile; wily. Latin victima is said to be related to German weihen, 'consecrate' [ Ayto ]. "The Wolf Credo: Respect the elders. Teach the young. Cooperate with the pack. Play when you can.

Hunt when you must..." [ Del Goetz ] Perhaps like no other animal wolves have a strict, elaborate, social hierarchy, with the alpha at the top and the omega at the bottom, that affects all activities in the pack. Every single wolf knows their own 'alphabetical order'. Walking in line on a mountain pathway the alpha will be the first wolf of the pack and the omega the last. The word hierarchy, and the English word iron, comes from the same Indo-European root *eis (other words in this root are estrus, estrogen, from Greek oistros). The Germanic word for iron also comes from *eis; Old High German īsarn, īsan, iron, from Germanic *īsarno-. The Greek term 'ἱεραρχία', hierarchy, means 'rule by priests' (from 'ἱεράρχης', ierarches, meaning 'president of sacred rites, high-priest' and that from 'ἱερεύς'' iereus, 'priest'.

[The spiky teeth of a harrow is called Latin irpices, from hirpus, wolf - maybe that Latin hir- or ir- in hirpus is related to the Greek first element ier- of iereus, 'priest' ?] © Anne Wright 2008. History of Lupus - St.Thomas' Lupus Trust (symptoms, advice, research and news) History of Lupus You are in: Home > What is Lupus? > History of Lupus History of Lupus Lupus has been described as an illness of modern times. However, articles describing what we now know as Lupus can be traced back to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. Hippocrates was born in 460 BC and his name is the origin of the 'Hippocratic Oath', which all modern doctors still adhere to. Hippocrates wrote about the severe red facial rash which we now recognise as a classic symptom of Lupus. The word Lupus is Latin for Wolf. There are conflicting accounts for the origin of the term Lupus, which was first coined by the physician Rogerius in the 1200s, who used it to describe erosive facial lesions.

According to one account, the distinctive butterfly rash associated with Lupus resembles the bite marks of a wolf attack. The other theory says that the frightening facial marks on people's faces were similar to the distinctive marks on wolf's faces themselves. Lupus in the 1800s Research on Lupus in western medicine began in earnest in the 19th century. In the mid 1800s, leading Viennese physicians Ferdinand von Hebra and his son-in-law Moritz Kaposi wrote the first treatises recognising that the symptoms of Lupus extended beyond the skin and affected the organs of the body too. Moriz KaposiIn 1894, Dr Thomas Payne, a physician in St. Thomas' Hospital London, recognised that chloroquine might have more general healing powers in lupus, for example to treat joint pain & fatigue. This discovery paved the way for a century of 'antimalarial' use in various forms of lupus. The term "lupus erythematosus" was first used in 1851 by a French physician named Pierre Cazenave.

"Lupus" is the Latin word for "wolf," and "erythema" is the Greek word for "redness" or "blush." As physicians saw more of the disease and understood more about it, Moriz Kaposi used the terms "lupus disseminated" and "lupus discoid" for the first time in the mid-1800s to describe the skin disorders. Sir William OslerBetween 1895 and 1903 Canadian physician Sir William Osler wrote the first complete treatises on lupus erythematosus. For the first time he showed that, in addition to classic symptoms such as fevers and aching, the central nervous system, muscles, skeleton, heart and lungs could potentially be part of the disease. Dr Osler also identified that lupus could be 'systemic' - i.e. that it could affect the entire body, not just one part. He also noted how lupus could relapse, and then 'flare' some months later periodically. Lupus in the 20th Century In the 1920s and 30s work began on defining a pathological (disease-oriented) description of Lupus.

A major breakthrough came in 1941 when pathologists at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City wrote detailed pathological descriptions of lupus. Dr Paul Klemperer and his colleagues coined the term "collagen disease", which led ultimately to our modern classification of lupus as an autoimmune disorder. In 1946 Dr Malcolm Hargraves, a pathologist from the renowned Mayo clinic published a description of the lupus erythematosus or LE cell. This important development identified the systemic inflammatory part of the disease, and allowed doctors to diagnose the disease faster and with greater reliability. Dr Philip HenchIn 1949, also at the Mayo Clinic, physician Dr Philip Hench demonstrated that a newly discovered hormone called cortisone that could treat rheumatoid arthritis. Cortisone was used to treat SLE patients and immediately showed a dramatic ability to save lives. In the 1950s the LE cell was shown to be part of the ANA (antinuclear antibody) reaction. This led directly to the development of a series of tests for antibodies, which allowed doctors and researchers to identify and define the disease in a more rigorous way.

These are the so called 'fluorescent tests', which detect the antibodies that attack the nucleus of cells - the ANA. Further research on antibodies established that the blood of lupus patients have other antibodies present. Some of these were found to bind to the DNA itself (DNA is the unique strand of proteins that are the 'blueprint' which the body uses to build and maintain itself). This ultimately led to a test for the anti-DNA antibodies themselves, which has proved to be one of the best tests available for diagnosing SLE. The anti-DNA test for SLE is still used widely today. There are now a wide variety of other antibody tests used in clinical practice and these are useful in subsetting patients in order to give the best advice especially when planning pregnancy. What is Lupus? ADW: Canis lupus: INFORMATION mountains Physical Description The largest of approximately 41 wild species of canids , gray wolves vary in size based primarily on geographic locality, with southern populations generally smaller than northern populations. Total body length, from tip of the nose to tip of the tail, is from 1000 to 1300 mm in males, and 870 to 1170 mm in females.

Tail length ranges between 350 to 520 mm. Males can weigh from 30 to 80 kg, with an average of 55 kg, females can weigh from 23 to 55 kg, with an average of 45 kg. Height (measured from base of paws to shoulder) generally ranges from 60 to 90 cm. Distance between the canines is around 4 cm. Fur color of gray wolves also varies geographically, ranging from pure white in Arctic populations, to mixtures of white with gray, brown, cinammon, and black to nearly uniform black in some color phases. North American populations have three distinct color phases. The normal phase is characterized by varying mixtures of white with shades of black, gray, cinnamon, and brown on the upper parts of the animal. The back is usually more profoundly black, and the muzzle, ears, and limbs have cinammon coloration as well. Under parts are whitish and the tail is conspicuously black over the tail gland, and paler below to the tip, which is nearly pure black.

The black phase of North American populations is characterized by the upper parts varying from brown to black, with specks of white; the underparts are paler in tone, and there is often a pure white medial pectoral spot. The third color phase occurs during the first pelage of young wolves. The upper parts are drab-gray, overlaid with brownish-black. The underparts are paler as well, and the ears vary from black to buffy, depending on the subspecies (Young 1944). Gray wolves have a dense underfur layer, providing them with excellent insulation against cold conditions. Gray wolves can be distinguished from red wolves ( Canis rufus ) by their larger size, broader snout, and shorter ears. They are distinguished from coyotes ( Canis latrans ) by being 50 to 100% larger and having a broader snout and larger feet. Other Physical Features 34.25 to 51.18 in Reproduction The dominant pair in a grey wolf pack are the only members that breed. This pair is monogamous although, with the death of an alpha individual, a new alpha male or female will emerge and take over as the mate.

Mating System cooperative breeder Breeding occurs between the months of January and April, with northern populations breeding later in the season than southern populations. Female gray wolves choose their mates and often form a life-long pair bond. Gray wolf pairs spend a great deal of time together. Female gray wolves come into estrus once each year and lasts 5 to 14 days, mating occurs during this time. After mating occurs, the female digs a den in which to raise her young. The den is often dug with an entrance that slopes down and then up again to a higher area to avoid flooding. Pups are born in the den and will remain there for several weeks after birth. Other dens are under cliffs, under fallen trees, and in caves. The gestation period lasts between 60 and 63 days, litter size ranges from one to fourteen, with the average size being six or seven pups. Pups remain in the den until they are 8 to 10 weeks old. Females stay with their pups almost exclusively for the first 3 weeks. Pups are cared for by all members of the pack. Until they are 45 days old the pups are fed regurgitated food by all pack members.

They are fed meat provided by pack members after that age. Female pups reach maturity at two years of age, while males will not reach full maturity until three years of age. Most young gray wolves disperse from their natal pack when they are between 1 and 3 years old. Key Reproductive Features Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male) 2.0 to 3.0 years Gray wolf pups are born blind and deaf. They weigh approximately 0.5 kg and depend on the mother for warmth. At ten to fifteen days of age, the pups' blue eyes open, but they only have control over their front legs, thus crawling is their only mode of mobility. Five to ten days later, the young are able to stand, walk, and vocalize. Pups are cared for by all members of the pack. Until they are 45 days old the pups are fed regurgitated food by all pack members. They are fed meat provided by pack members after that age. During the 20th to 77th day, the pups leave the den for the first time and learn to play fight.

Interactions at this time, as well as the dominance status of the mother, ultimately determines their position in the pack hierarchy. Wolf pups develop rapidly, they must be large and accomplished enough to hunt with the pack with the onset of winter. At approximately ten months old, the young begin to hunt with the pack. Parental Investment Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Behavior Gray wolves are highly social, pack-living animals. Each pack comprises two to thirty-six individuals, depending upon habitat and abundance of prey. Most packs are made up of 5 to 9 individuals. Packs are typically composed of an alpha pair and their offspring, including young of previous years. Unrelated immigrants may also become members of packs. There is a strong dominance hierarchy within each pack. The pack leader, usually the alpha male, is dominant over all other individuals. The next dominant individual is the alpha female, who is subordinate only to the alpha male. In the event that the alpha male becomes injured or is otherwise unable to maintain his dominance, the beta male will take his place in the hierarchy. Alpha males typically leave the pack if this occurs, but this is not always the case. Rank within the pack hierarchy determines which animals mate and which eat first.

Rank is demonstrated by postural cues and facial expressions, such as crouching, chin touching, and rolling over to show the stomach. Each year, gray wolf packs have a stationary and nomadic phase. Stationary phases occur during the spring and summer, while pups are being reared. Nomadic phases occur during the fall and winter. Wolf movements are usually at night and cover long distances. Daily distance traveled can be up to 200 km, the usual pace is 8 km/hr. Wolves can run at speeds up to 55 to 70 km/hr. Key Behaviors Home Range The territory of a pack ranges from 130 to 13,000 square kilometers, and is defended against intruders. Communication and Perception Rank is communicated among wolves by body language and facial expressions, such as crouching, chin touching, and rolling over to show their stomach. Vocalizations, such as howling allows pack members to communicate with each other about where they are, when they should assemble for group hunts, and to communicate with other packs about where the boundaries of their territories are. Scent marking is ordinarily only done by the alpha male, and is used for communication with other packs.

Perception Channels chemical Food Habits Gray wolves are carnivores. They hunt prey on their own, in packs, steal the prey of other predators, or scavenge carrion. Prey is located by chance or scent. Animals included in the diet of gray wolves varies geographically and depends on prey availability. Wolves primarily hunt in packs for large prey such as moose, elk, bison, musk oxen, and reindeer. Once these large ungulates are taken down, the wolves attack their rump, flank, and shoulder areas. Wolves control prey populations by hunting the weak, old, and immature. A wolf can consume up to 9 kg of meat at one meal. Wolves usually utilize the entire carcass, including some hair and bones. Smaller prey such as beavers, rabbits, and other small mammals are usually hunted by lone wolves, and they are a substantial part of their diet. Wolves may also eat livestock and garbage when it is available. Primary Diet As top predators, gray wolves are important in regulating populations of their prey animals. Economic Importance for Humans: Positive Historically, the fur of grey wolves was used for warmth.

As top predators in many ecosystems, wolves are important in controlling populations of their prey. Wolves are important in our culture, many people believe they symbolize the spirit of wilderness. Wolf products, including posters, books, and t-shirts are very popular. Wolf ecotourism is a major source of revenue for parks and reserves. Positive Impacts ecotourism Economic Importance for Humans: Negative Gray wolves may sometimes kill livestock. The extent of livestock loss to wolves is often overstated, wolves typically prefer their wild prey. Conservation Status "Few animals have ever haunted our dreams or fired our imaginations more than the wolf. Unfortunately, by the early part of this century, man had almost exterminated the wolf from the lower 48 states. The recovery of the wolf is becoming an impressive conservation success story and a gift to future generations" (Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior). Wolves play an important role in the ecosystem by controlling natural prey populations and removing weak individuals. As settlement increased, the belief that livestock was endangered by wolf populations also increased. As such, the frequency of hunting the gray wolf exploded. The populations were nearly eradicated.

Currently in the lower 48 United States, about 2,600 gray wolves exist, with nearly 2,000 in Minnesota (compared to the few hundred living there in the mid-20th century). Successful recovery plans have been developed throughout the country. These plans evaluate the populations to determine distribution, abundance, and status. The main cause of population declines has been habitat destruction and persecution by humans. But the reintroduction of gray wolves into protected lands has greatly increased the likelihood of their survival in North America. Populations in Alaska and Canada have remained steady and are fairly numerous. Currently the State of Alaska manages 6,000 to 8,000 gray wolves and Canada's populations are estimated at about 50,000. The wolves in Canada are managed by provincial governments and are not currently threatened. In western Eurasia gray wolf populations have been reduced to isolated remnants in Poland, Scandinavia, Russia, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Wolves were exterminated from the British Isles in the 1700's and nearly disappeared from Japan and Greenland in the 20th century. Greenland's wolf populations seem to have made a full recovery.

The status of wolf populations throughout much of eastern Eurasia is poorly known, but in many areas populations are probably stable. Gray wolves are listed were until recently listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and as threatened by the state of Michigan DNR. Most U.S. populations of gray wolves have now been delisted, except for experimental populations of Mexican gray wolves in the southwest. They are in CITES Appendix II, except for populations in Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan, which are in Appendix I. Threatened Other Comments Except for red wolves ( Canis rufus ), all living North American wolves are considered to be Canis lupus -- a total (as of 1997) of 32 recognized subspecies. Gray wolves are widely recognized to be the ancestor of all domestic dog breeds ( Canis lupus familiaris ), including feral forms such as dingos ( Canis lupus dingo ) and New Guinea singing dogs (Canis lupus halstromi). Genetic evidence suggests that gray wolves were domesticated at least twice, and perhaps as many as 5 times, by humans.

Artificial selection by humans for particular traits, including size, appearance, aggressiveness, loyalty, and many desirable, specialized skills, has resulted in an astonishing array of domestic dog morphologies. Domestic dogs vary in size from diminutive, 1.5 kg chihuahuas to 90 kg giant mastiffs. Contributors Tanya Dewey (author, editor), Animal Diversity Web. Julia Smith (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. Glossary Nearctic living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico. Palearctic living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa. altricial young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching. bilateral symmetry having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves.

Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. carnivore Living on the ground. territorial defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement tundra A terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. Soils usually subject to permafrost. Plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short. viviparous reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. References "A Short Course on Gray Wolves" (On-line). Accessed December 9, 1999 at . July 1998. "Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)" (On-line). Accessed December 9, 1999 at . January 16, 1997. "Gray Wolf" (On-line). Accessed December 9, 1999 at . Dog Breed Info Center, 2000.

"Dog Breeds in Alphabetical Order" (On-line). Accessed February 16, 2002 at . Kinder, A. 1995. "Animal Diversity Web, Canis lupus dingo (Dingo)" (On-line). Accessed February 19, 2002 at . McIntyre, R. 1993. A Society of Wolves: National Parks and the Battle Over the Wolf. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. Mech, L. 1999. Gray Wolf. Pp. 141-143 in D Wilson, S Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. Shetal, B. 1995. "Animal Diversity Web, Canis lupus familiaris (Dog)" (On-line). Accessed February 19, 2002 at . Strauber, J. June 12, 1997. "The Gray Wolf" (On-line). Accessed December 9, 1999 at . Young, S., E. Goldman. 1944. The Wolves of North America.

Washington D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute. Zgurski, J. 2002. "The Behavior and Ecology of Wolves" (On-line). Accessed February 16, 2002 at ~jzgurski/ . Zgurski, J. 2002. "The Origin of the Domestic Dog" (On-line). Accessed February 16, 2002 at ~jzgurski/dog.htm . Zgurski, J. 2002. "Wolf Taxonomy" (On-line). Accessed February 16, 2002 at ~jzgurski/taxa.html . Types of Wolves | International Wolf Center International Wolf Center Types of Wolves Become a Member Today and Support Education About Wolves! There are two widely recognized species of wolves in the world, the red and the gray. However, there is debate over how many species of wolf exist and if there are different subspecies of the gray wolf. Additionally, there is a little-known canid, which lives in the Ethiopian highlands called Canis simensis that is thought to be a very close relative of the wolf.

Scientific Classification of Wolves Classification, or taxonomy, is the system of categorizing all living things. Living things are separated into different categories based on similarities and/or common ancestry. Kingdom lycaon (some scientists think is a subspecies of gray wolf – see below) Examples of other Canid Species latrans (coyote) aureus (golden jackal) mesomelas (black-backed jackal) simensis (Abyssinian or Ethiopian wolf) Scientific Naming of Wolves Canis simensis Every living thing on earth has a unique scientific name consisting of two words in Latin, which are always italicized. The first letter of the first part of the name, the genus, is always capitalized in writing, while that of the second part, the species, is not. Therefore, the gray wolf’s scientific name is Canis lupus. This naming system is referred to as binary nomenclature and is the same all around the world, which helps people who speak different languages talk about the same species without question. Scientific names are often descriptive and give insight into one species’ relationship to another species. Common names Unlike scientific names, common names are not always unique and vary by culture and geographic region.

For example, a gray wolf living in a forested area might be called a “timber wolf” while a gray wolf living on the tundra might be called a tundra wolf. Canids of North America Gray wolves are not always gray in color The canid family consists of thirty-five living species. Eight of these species inhabit North America. These North American species include gray wolves, red wolves, coyotes, red foxes, gray foxes, kit foxes, swift foxes and arctic foxes. The eight species may be organized in three general categories: wolves, coyotes and foxes. Wolves are the largest members of the canid family. This is the species from which our pet dogs were domesticated. Wolves were once the most widely distributed, wild terrestrial mammals. They inhabited most of the available land in the northern hemisphere. Due to the destruction of their habitat and persecution by humans, they now occupy only about two-thirds of their former range worldwide, and only about 5-8 percent of the contiguous 48 United States. Arctic gray wolf Wolves can be found in a variety of climates and habitats.

These habitat variations are sometimes seen in the type of morphology, or physical characteristics, seen in gray wolves living in different geographical areas. These differences sometimes differentiate types, or subspecies, of gray wolves around the world. Adult red wolf with pup However, these different types are so subjective that over the years scientists have disagreed as to whether in North America alone there are 24 such subspecies or only four. Current workers generally accept five, but a recent article lumped those into four. Subspecies of gray wolves in North America include the Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos), northwestern wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis), Great Plains wolf (Canis lupus nubilus), Mexican wolf(Canis lupus baileyi) and the eastern timber wolf (Canis lupus lycaon), which is debated by some as a distinct species, the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon). In reality, any differences among all these proposed types are so minor as to be meaningless except to a few specialists. Red wolves are only found in a small area of coastal North Carolina. They are a North American species of wolf not found elsewhere. Their social and predatory behaviors are the same as gray wolves.

Western coyote Coyotes (Canis latrans) are smaller than most mature wolves. Resilient animals, they have higher population numbers and inhabit a much larger range than do wolves. Coyotes are able to adapt to change and have a strong tolerance for human encroachment. Many people have used the terms “brush wolves” or “prairie wolves” when referring to coyotes. Coyotes, however, are not wolves. Coyotes and wolves are in the same family (Canidae) and genus(Canis), but are separate species, just as foxes and wolves are separate species. Like wolves, coyotes have been persecuted because of their predatory nature. They are still trapped and killed in predator control programs throughout North America but continue to thrive. Red fox Foxes match the coyote’s ability to cope with civilization. Foxes are in the same family as wolves and coyotes (Canidae) but not the same genus. Gray(Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and red (Vulpes vulpes) foxes inhabit about three-quarters of the United States.

Swift (Vulpes velox) and kit (Vulpes macrotis)foxes inhabit only small portions of the western United States. Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) live in the northern portions of Canada, Alaska and outlying areas of Greenland.

Question: Which animal has the Latin name of Lupus?
Answer: Wolf