Batavia (ship) - Gpedia, Your Encyclopedia Batavia (ship) Ship replica of the Batavia History Wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos on 4 June 1629 General characteristics listen ) ) was a ship of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It was built in Amsterdam in 1628, and armed with 24 cast-iron cannons and a number of bronze guns. Batavia was shipwrecked on her maiden voyage , and was made famous by the subsequent mutiny and massacre that took place among the survivors. A twentieth-century replica of the ship is also called the Batavia and can be visited in Lelystad , Netherlands. Contents Mutiny on the Batavia Departure and voyage On 27 October 1628, the newly built Batavia, commissioned by the Dutch East India Company, sailed from Texel [1] for the Dutch East Indies, to obtain spices. It sailed under commandeur and opperkoopman (upper- or senior merchant) Francisco Pelsaert , with Ariaen Jacobsz serving as skipper . These two had previously encountered each other in Surat , India.

Although some animosity had developed between them there,[ speculation? ] it is not known whether Pelsaert even remembered Jacobsz when he boarded Batavia. Also on board was the onderkoopman (under- or junior merchant) Jeronimus Cornelisz , a bankrupt pharmacist (a.k.a. heretic apothecary [2] ) from Haarlem who was fleeing the Netherlands, in fear of arrest because of his heretical beliefs associated with the painter Johannes van der Beeck , also known as Torrentius. During the voyage, Jacobsz and Cornelisz conceived a plan to take the ship, which would allow them to start a new life somewhere, using the huge supply of trade gold and silver then on board.[ citation needed ] After leaving the Cape of Good Hope , where they had stopped for supplies, Jacobsz deliberately steered the ship off course, away from the rest of the fleet. Jacobsz and Cornelisz had already gathered a small group of men around them and arranged an incident from which the mutiny was to ensue. This involved molesting a high-ranking young female passenger, Lucretia Jans , in order to provoke Pelsaert into disciplining the crew.

They hoped to paint his discipline as unfair and recruit more members out of sympathy. However, the woman was able to identify her attackers. [3] The mutineers were then forced to wait until Pelsaert made arrests, but he never acted, as he was suffering from an unknown illness. Shipwreck Location of the wreck of the Batavia On 4 June 1629 the ship struck Morning Reef near Beacon Island ( 28°29′25″S 113°47′36″E﻿ / ﻿28.49028°S 113.79333°E﻿ / -28.49028; 113.79333 Coordinates : 28°29′25″S 113°47′36″E﻿ / ﻿28.49028°S 113.79333°E﻿ / -28.49028; 113.79333 ), part of the Houtman Abrolhos off the Western Australian coast.

[1] Of the 322 aboard, most of the passengers and crew managed to get ashore, although 40 people drowned. The survivors, including all the women and children, were then transferred to nearby islands in the ship's longboat and yawl . An initial survey of the islands found no fresh water and only limited food (sea lions and birds). Pelsaert realised the dire situation and decided to search for water on the mainland. A group comprising Captain Jacobsz, Francisco Pelsaert, senior officers, a few crewmembers, and some passengers left the wreck site in a 30-foot (9.1 m) longboat (a replica of which has also been made), in search of drinking water . After an unsuccessful search for water on the mainland, they abandoned the other survivors and headed north in a danger-fraught voyage to the city of Batavia, now known as Jakarta . This journey, which ranks as one of the greatest feats of navigation in open boats, took 33 days and, extraordinarily, all aboard survived.

After their arrival in Batavia, the boatswain , a man named Jan Evertsz, was arrested and executed for negligence and "outrageous behaviour" before the loss of the ship (he was suspected to have been involved). Jacobsz was also arrested for negligence, although his position in the potential mutiny was not guessed by Pelsaert. Batavia's Governor General, Jan Coen , immediately gave Pelsaert command of the Sardam to rescue the other survivors, as well as to attempt to salvage riches from the Batavia's wreck. He arrived at the islands two months after leaving Batavia, only to discover that a bloody mutiny had taken place amongst the survivors, reducing their numbers by at least a hundred. Murders Image plate from Ongeluckige voyagie van 't schip Batavia (1647) Jeronimus Cornelisz, who had been left in charge of the survivors, was well aware that if that party ever reached the port of Batavia , Pelsaert would report the impending mutiny, and his position in the planned mutiny might become apparent.[ speculation?

] Therefore, he made plans to hijack any rescue ship that might return and use the vessel to seek another safe haven. Cornelisz even made far-fetched plans to start a new kingdom, using the gold and silver from the wrecked Batavia. However, to carry out this plan, he first needed to eliminate possible opponents. [4] Cornelisz's first deliberate act was to have all weapons and food supplies commandeered and placed under his control. He then moved a group of soldiers, led by Wiebbe Hayes , to nearby West Wallabi Island, under the false pretence of searching for water. They were told to light signal fires when they found water and they would then be rescued. [4] Convinced that they would be unsuccessful, he then left them there to die. Cornelisz then had complete control. The remaining survivors would face two months of unrelenting butchery and savagery. With a dedicated band of murderous young men, Cornelisz began to systematically kill anyone he believed would be a problem to his reign of terror, or a burden on their limited resources. The mutineers became intoxicated with killing, and no one could stop them.

They needed only the smallest of excuses to drown, bash, strangle or stab to death any of their victims, including women and children. [4] Cornelisz never committed any of the murders himself, although he tried and failed to poison a baby (who was eventually strangled). Instead, he used his powers of persuasion to coerce others into doing it for him, firstly under the pretence that the victim had committed a crime such as theft. Eventually, the mutineers began to kill for pleasure, or simply because they were bored.[ citation needed ] He planned to reduce the island's population to around 45 so that their supplies would last as long as possible.[ citation needed ] In total, his followers murdered at least 110 men, women, and children. Rescue ‹ The template below ( Unreferenced section ) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus.› Although Cornelisz had left the soldiers, led by Wiebbe Hayes, to die, they had in fact found good sources of water and food on their islands. Initially, they were unaware of the barbarity taking place on the other islands and sent pre-arranged smoke signals announcing their finds.

However, they soon learned of the massacres from survivors fleeing Cornelisz' island. In response, the soldiers devised makeshift weapons from materials washed up from the wreck. They also set a watch so that they were ready for the mutineers, and built a small fort out of limestone and coral blocks. Cornelisz seized on the news of water on the other island, as his own supply was dwindling and the continued survival of the soldiers threatened his own success. He went with his men to try to defeat the soldiers marooned on West Wallabi Island . However, the trained soldiers were by now much better fed than the mutineers and easily defeated them in several battles, eventually taking Cornelisz hostage. The mutineers who escaped regrouped under a man named Wouter Loos and tried again, this time employing muskets to besiege Hayes' fort and almost defeated the soldiers. But Wiebbe Hayes' men prevailed again, just as Pelsaert arrived. A race to the rescue ship ensued between Cornelisz's men and the soldiers. Wiebbe Hayes reached the ship first and was able to present his side of the story to Pelsaert. After a short battle, the combined force captured all of the mutineers.

Aftermath The hangings on Long Island as illustrated in the Lucas de Vries 1649 edition of Ongeluckige Voyagie Pelsaert decided to conduct a trial on the islands, because the Saardam on the return voyage to Batavia would have been overcrowded with survivors and prisoners. After a brief trial, the worst offenders were taken to Seal Island and executed. Cornelisz and several of the major mutineers had both hands chopped off before being hanged . [5] Wouter Loos and a cabin boy, considered only minor offenders, were marooned on mainland Australia, never to be heard of again. Reports of unusually light-skinned Aborigines in the area by later British settlers have been suggested as evidence that the two men might have been adopted into a local Aboriginal clan. Some amongst the Amangu people of the mainland have a blood group specific to Leyden , in Holland. [6] However, numerous other European shipwreck survivors, such as those from the wreck of the Zuytdorp in the same region in 1712, may also have had such contact with indigenous inhabitants. The remaining mutineers were taken to Batavia for trial.

Five were hanged, while several others were flogged . Cornelisz's second in command, Jacop Pietersz, was broken on the wheel , the most severe punishment available at the time. Captain Jacobsz, despite being tortured, did not confess to his part in planning the mutiny and escaped execution due to lack of evidence. What finally became of him is unknown. It is suspected that he died in prison in Batavia. A board of inquiry decided that Pelsaert had exercised a lack of authority and was therefore partly responsible for what had happened. His financial assets were seized, and he died a broken man within a year. On the other hand, the common soldier Wiebbe Hayes was hailed as a hero. The Dutch East India Company promoted him to sergeant, and later to lieutenant, which increased his salary fivefold. Of the original 341 people on board the Batavia, only 68 made it to the port of Batavia.

Wreckage, discovery and recovery Restored stern section and archway as display at the Fremantle Maritime Museum During Admiralty surveys of the Abrolhos Islands on the north-west coast in April 1840, Captain Stokes of HMS Beagle reported that: On the south west point of an island the beams of a large vessel were discovered, and as the crew of the Zeewijk , lost in 1728, reported having seen a wreck of a ship on this part, there is little doubt that the remains were those of the Batavia, Commodore Pelsart, lost in 1629. We in consequence named our temporary anchorage Batavia Road, and the whole group Pelsart Group . [5] However, Stokes appears to have confused the wreck of the Zeewijk for that of the Batavia.[ citation needed ]. In the 1950s, historian Henrietta Drake-Brockman, who had learnt of the story due to her association with the children of the Abrolhos Islands guano merchant F. C. Broadhurst, son of Charles Edward Broadhurst , argued from extensive archival research and translations by E. D.

Drok, that the wreck must lie in the Wallabi Group of islands. Surveyor Bruce Melrose and diving journalist Hugh Edwards agreed with the theory. In association with Drake-Brockman, Edwards organised a number of search expeditions near Beacon Island in the early 1960s and narrowly missed locating the site. After Edwards provided his research to them, and after being led to the place by Abrolhos rock lobster-fisherman Dave Johnson (who had seen an anchor from his boat while setting lobster pots), on 4 June 1963 Max and Graham Cramer with Greg Allen became the first to dive on the site. Its location, together with those of the VOC ship Vergulde Draeck (Gilt Dragon) and the English East India Company Triall (Tryal), in the early 1960s, led to the formation of the Departments of Maritime Archaeology and Materials Conservation and Restoration at the Western Australian Museum .

In the period 1970 through to 1974, under the leadership of maritime archaeologist Jeremy Green of the Western Australian Museum, some of the cannon from the Batavia wreck, an anchor, and many artifacts were salvaged, including timbers from the port side of the ship's stern . These were then conserved by the Museum's conservation laboratories under the leadership of Colin Pearson and his successors Neil North and Ian MacLeod. [7] Monitoring and treatment of the timbers is ongoing and is under the leadership of Ian Godfrey and Vicki Richards. [8] In order to facilitate the monitoring and any future treatment, the hull timbers were erected on a steel frame designed and erected by Geoff Kimpton, a member of Green's staff. The design, and that of a stone arch, or portico, which was also raised from the seabed, is such that individual components can be removed for treatment without affecting those adjacent, or the exhibit as a whole. [9] In 1972, the Netherlands transferred all rights to Dutch shipwrecks on the Australian coasts to Australia.

Some of the items, including human remains, which were excavated, are now on display in the Western Australian Museum – Shipwreck Galleries in Fremantle , Australia. Others are held by the Western Australian Museum, Geraldton. These two museums presently share the remains: a replica stone arch is held in The Western Australian Museum – Shipwreck Galleries, which was intended to serve as a stone welcome arch for the city of Batavia and the actual stone arch is held in the Western Australian Museum, Geraldton; the original timbers from the ship's hull are held at the Western Australian Museum – Shipwreck Galleries. While a great deal of materials have been recovered from the wreck-site, the majority of the cannons and anchors have been left in-situ. As a result, the wreck remains one of the premier dive sites on the West Australian coast and is part of the museum's wreck trail, or underwater "museum-without-walls" concept. [10] Replica ‹ The template below ( Unreferenced section ) is being considered for merging.

See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus.› View of the Stern of the ship replica of the Batavia A replica of the Batavia was built at the Bataviawerf (Batavia shipyard) in Lelystad in the Netherlands. The project lasted from 1985 to 7 April 1995, and was conducted as an employment project for young people under master- shipbuilder Willem Vos. The shipyard is currently[ when? ] reconstructing another 17th century ship. In contrast to the merchant ship Batavia, Michiel de Ruyters ' flagship , the Zeven Provinciën , is a ship of the line . The Batavia replica was built with traditional materials, such as oak and hemp , and using the tools and methods of the time of the original ship's construction. For the design, good use was made of the remains of the original ship in Fremantle (and of the Vasa in Stockholm), as well as historical sources, such as 17th century building descriptions (actual building plans weren't made at the time), and prints and paintings by artists (who, at the time, generally painted fairly true to nature), of similar ships.

On 25 September 1999, the new Batavia was transported to Australia by barge , and moored at the National Maritime Museum in Sydney. In 2000, Batavia was the flagship for the Dutch Olympic Team during the 2000 Olympic Games . During its stay in Australia, the ship was towed to the ocean once, where it sailed on its own. On 12 June 2001, the ship returned to the Bataviawerf in Lelystad, where it remains on display to visitors. On the evening of 13 October 2008, a fire ripped through the shipyard. The museum's workshops, rigging loft, block shop, offices, part of a restaurant and the entire hand-sewn suit of sails of the ship were lost to the blaze, however the replica of " De Zeven Provinciën " nearby was undamaged. The moored Batavia was never in danger.

Publications and other media The title page of the pamphlet Ongeluckige voyagie van 't schip Batavia (1647) by Francisco Pelsaert The following list is selective – the fascination with the wreck of Batavia has created an industry – with many other books and articles written, besides the items shown below. 1647 – Commander Pelsaert died the year after the event, leaving behind his journal of the events. This journal, together with the pamphlet Ongeluckige voyagie van 't schip Batavia (The Unlucky Voyage of the Vessel Batavia), published in 1647, made it possible to rediscover the wreck. 1897 – Willem Siebenhaar 's The Abrolhos tragedy , a translation of Ongeluckige voyagie. Purchased and funded by the guano merchant Florance Broadhurst (see entry on Charles Edward Broadhurst and his family) the translation was subsequently published in the Western Mail . The events also formed the basis of a novel called Marooned on Australia (?1896), by the explorer Ernest Favenc .

The events were to feature in Malcolm Uren 's work Sailorman's ghosts (1940), and Douglas Stewart 's radio play Shipwrecked, in 1947. 1963 – Renowned Australian author Henrietta Drake-Brockman 's comprehensive, non-fiction account Voyage to Disaster took her ten years to write. She also wrote a fictional story based on the Batavia, The Wicked and the Fair in 1957. It was Drake-Brockman's own research aided by journalist Hugh Edwards (including calculating the differences between Dutch nautical miles from the early 17th century, and English nautical miles) that led divers to the location of the wreck. 1966 – Journalist Hugh Edwards published an account of the shipwreck and its rediscovery by Dave Johnson, Max and Graham Cramer, and Greg Allen, under the name Islands of Angry Ghosts : Murder, Mayhem and Mutiny (1966).

1970s and 80s – The tale was retold by a number of writers, including Lee Knowles "Batavia incident" in Cool Summers, Hal Colebatch 's "Batavia Suite", Mark O'Connor's poem sequence The Batavia and in Nicholas Hasluck 's, The Bellarmine Jug. 1970s and 1980s - the Western Australia Museum published reports on its excavation and research. These were based on Jeremy Green's archaeological report. [7] 1990 – Deborah Lisson's book The Devil's Own, which is aimed at young adults, is also based on the events of Batavia mutiny and massacre. This book won the Western Australian Premier's Award in 1991. 1991 – A sub-plot in Gary Crew 's novel Strange Objects included two men who sailed Batavia, Wouter Loos, and Jan Pelgrom. 1993 – Philippe Godard's book The First and Last Voyage of the Batavia provides a wealth of illustrations, along with details of Batavia's construction, objectives and, of course, the traumatic events on the islands off the West Australian coast.

At the end of the book is an English translation of Pelsaert's pamphlet regarding the events on Batavia. The construction of Batavia's second incarnation is also covered, with a number of detailed photographs of the new ship. 1995 – Prospero Productions made a 52-minute documentary entitled Batavia Wreck, mutiny and murder, filmed on location. 2000 – Arabella Edge's novel The Company is also based on the events of 1629, as is Kathryn Heyman 's novel The Accomplice (2003). Whereas Edge tells the story from the perspective of Cornelisz, the chief mutineer, Heyman's The Accomplice is based on the predicament of Judith Bastiaansz, the Predikant's daughter. 2000 – The story was also told in a one-hour radio drama, Southland, written by D. J. Britton and broadcast in September 2000 on BBC Radio 4 . 2001 – The story was retold in the form of an acclaimed opera, simply titled Batavia , composed by Richard Mills and first performed by Opera Australia .

2002 – Architect Frits van Dongen , graphic designer Kees Nieuwenhuijzen ( nl ), and poet Gerrit Kouwenaar built an apartment complex in Amsterdam named Batavia, with a poem referencing the ship imprinted into a wall of the building. [11] 2002 – Historian Mike Dash 's book, Batavia's Graveyard : The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History's Bloodiest Mutiny, told the whole story in more detail than ever before, making extensive use of Dutch archival sources to explore the early life of Cornelisz, and a number of the Batavia's other passengers and crew. 2006 – Writer Simon Leys published The Wreck of the Batavia: A True Story, relating the fate of the Batavia and her crew. The French version of this book, Les Naufragés du Batavia (2003), won the Guizot Prize . 2010 – Writer Greta van der Rol published Die a Dry Death, a historical novel based on the true events of the wreck of the Batavia. It makes an argument for the innocence of the captain of the ship, Adriaen Jacobsz.

(2010) 2010 – The Blue-eyed Aborigine by Rosemary Hayes is a historical novel for young adults portraying a wreck survivor's story. [12] 2011 – Batavia by Peter FitzSimons is a creative non-fiction account of the Batavia. 2014 – Hell & High Water with music by Matthew Samer and lyrics by Jacqueline Ozorio & Kieran Davey is a musical, produced as a semi-staged production at the Queensland Conservatorium, Brisbane, Australia, having been first conceived in 2007. 2016 - Batavia, created by Shabbir Khanbhai and Paul Dickson, is a four-part radio drama adaptation of the story of the Batavia Shipwreck. The production was completed by ambitious drama and music students from the Australian National University , with music by Gen Kinoshita. 2016 - Russel Crowe , via his movie production company Fear of God, has purchased the right to produce the story of the Batavia Shipwreck into a film based on the 1966 book, Islands of Angry Ghosts , by Hugh Edwards .

If the production is to go ahead it is expected to take several years because the book will first need to be adapted to a screenplay. [13] See also References Balkan, Evan. Shipwrecked! Deadly Adventures and Disasters at Sea. Birmingham, AL: Menasha Ridge, 2008, pp. 68–78 Crew, Gary. Strange Objects Port Melbourne, Vic.: Mammoth Australia, 1991. ISBN 1-86330-113-5 Dash, Mike . Batavia's graveyard London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002. ISBN 0-575-07024-2 Drake-Brockman, Henrietta. Voyage to Disaster (new ed. with new introduction) Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press, 1995. ISBN 1-875560-32-7 Edge, Arabella.

The company : the story of a murderer Sydney: Picador, 2000 ISBN 0-330-48978-X Edwards, Hugh, Islands of angry ghosts London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966 Gerritsen, Rupert , And their Ghosts May Be Heard 1994, Fremantle Arts Centre Press ISBN 1-86368-063-2 Godard, Philippe. The first and last voyage of the Batavia (with the contribution of Phillida Stephens.) Perth, WA: Abrolhos Publishing 1993. ISBN 0-646-10519-1 Lisson, Deborah.The devil's own Port Melbourne, Vic: Lothian, 2000.(First ed.: Glebe, NSW: Walter McVitty, 1990) ISBN 0-7344-0128-0 Leys, Simon The Wreck of the Batavia & Prosper Melbourne: Black Inc., 2005.

ISBN 1-86395-150-4 External links Batavia Inside| Betawi, Batavia, Kebudayaan, Culture Batavia Inside "Batavia" redirects here. For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation) . Dutch Batavia in the 17th Century, built in what is now North Jakarta Jakarta , on the island of Java , is the capital city of Indonesia . During the Dutch colonial era, it was called Batavia. Contents 9 External links [ edit ] Pre-Dutch colonial era The earliest recorded mention of Jakarta is as a port of origin that can be traced to a Hindu settlement as early as the 4th century . By the 14th century , it was a major port for the Hindu Sunda Kingdom . The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca , arrived in 1513. Batzaush had been conquered by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511 when the Portuguese were looking for spices and especially pepper . In the 15th century AD there was, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River in the western part of Java Island , a harbour called Kalapa.

It was one of the sea ports of the Sundanese kingdom of Pajajaran whose capital, Pakuan, was situated on the location of the modern city of Bogor , some 60 km upstream on the river. The Portuguese, who had conquered Malacca in 1511 and wanted to set foot in the Moluccas , the famed "Spice Islands", were looking for a relay harbour on Java. Kalapa was attractive to them, all the more so since Pajajaran, which was still a Hindu polity, could make an allied against Muslims who dominated the regional trade at that time. In 1522, the Portuguese signed with Pajajaran a treaty . In 1527 Fatahillah, a prince from the Banten kingdom , attacked the Portuguese garrison. Banten had just freed itself from the overlordship of Pajajaran. On the ruins of the Portuguese fort, he founded the town of Jayakarta ("victorious act" in Sanskrit ). The relationship between the Kingdom of Sunda and Portugal intensified when another Portuguese named Enrique Leme visited Sunda in 1522 with the intention of giving a present.

He was well-received and as a result, the Portuguese gained rights to build a warehouse and expand their fort in Sunda Kelapa (the name of the location at the time). The Sundanese regarded this as a consolidation of their position against the raging Muslim troops from the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak in Central Java. [1] In 1527 , Muslim troops coming from Cirebon and Demak attacked the Kingdom of Sunda under the leadership of Fatahillah. The king was expecting the Portuguese to come and help them hold Fatahillah's army because of an agreement that had been in place between Sunda and the Portuguese. However, Fatahillah's army succeeded in conquering the city on June 22, 1557, and Fatahillah changed the name of "Sunda Kelapa" to "Jayakarta" ("Great Deed" or "Complete Victory").

[1] The Castle of Batavia, seen from West Kali Besar by Andries Beeckman circa 1656-58 The followers of the Sultan of Banten (the location of Jayakarta), Prince Jayawikarta, was also very involved in the history of Jakarta. In 1596 , many Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta with the intention of trading spices , more or less the same as that of the Portuguese. In 1602, the British East India Company 's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster , arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Bantam where he was allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682. [2] In this case, the Prince took the Dutch arrival seriously as the Dutch had constructed many military buildings. Prince Jayawikarta apparently also had a connection with the English and allowed them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch later deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress which covered two main buildings, Nassau and Mauritus.

But even with the help of 15 ships from the English, Prince Jayawikarta's army wasn't able to defeat the Dutch, for Jan Pieterszoon Coen (J.P. Coen) came to Jayakarta just in time, drove away the English ships and burned the English trading post. Batavia c.1870 Things then changed for the Prince, when the Sultan of Banten sent his soldiers and summoned Prince Jayawikarta to establish a close relationship with the English without an approval of the Banten authorities. The relationships between both Prince Jayawikarta and the English with the Banten government then became worse and resulted in the Prince's decision to move to Tanara, a small place in Banten, until his death. This assisted the Dutch in their efforts to establish a closer relationship with Banten. The Dutch had by then changed the name to "Batavia", which remained until 1942. [1] In 1595, Amsterdam merchants had set up an expedition to be sent to the Indonesia archipelago. Under the command of Cornelis de Houtman , the expedition arrived in Banten in 1596.

The goods it brought back to the Netherlands only produced a modest profit to the merchants who had set up the expedition. In 1600 the Dutch set up the Dutch East Indies Company , Vereenigde Oostindie Compagnie in Dutch or VOC. In the Moluccas , the Dutch took a first Portuguese fort in 1605. Jan Pieterszoon Coen was appointed the VOC governor general for the Moluccas. He too wanted to set up an establishment in Java. He took Jayakarta in 1619. On the ruins of the Javanese town, he founded Batavia, which he named after the ancestors of the Dutch people, the Germanic tribe of the Batavians . In 1613, prince Rangsang became king of Mataram in Central Java. The following year, he attacked the principality of Surabaya in the east. The man who would be remembered as Sultan Agung had started a series of successful campaigns against rival kingdoms and principalities on Java. In 1625, in addition to Central Java, Mataram was in control of central and eastern parts of the island's northern coast, called the Pasisir .

Now Agung wanted to take on Banten and Batavia. Agung launched a first offensive on Batavia in 1628. Having suffered heavy losses, he had to retreat. he launched a second offensive in 1629. The Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and his ships in the harbours of Cirebon and Tegal . Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, had to retreat again. However, Agung pursued his conquering ambitions to the east. He attacked Blitar , Panarukan and the Blambangan principality in Java's eastern salient, a vassal of the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel . Agung died in 1646. His son succeeded him under the title of Susuhunan Amangkurat. Batavia in the 17th century [ edit ] Dutch colonial era The old stadhuis (city hall), today the Jakarta City Museum Within Batavia's walls, wealthy Dutch built tall houses and pestilential canals. Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese immigrants, the increasing numbers creating burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations.

On 9 October 1740, 5,000 Chinese were massacred and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. [3] The city began to move further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 encouraged more people to move far south of the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square , was completed in 1818, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. [3] In Indonesian National Revival era, Mohammad Husni Thamrin , a member of Volksraad criticized the Colonial Government for ignoring the development of kampung (inlander's area) while focusing the development for the rich people in Menteng. He also talked on the issue of Farming Tax and other taxes which burdened people. Some of his speeches are still relevant in today's Jakarta. An important street in today's Jakarta was named after him. [ edit ] Japan and Indonesian Independence War Era The city was renamed "Jakarta" by the Japanese during their World War II occupation of Indonesia .

Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. [ edit ] Sukarno era Looking south at the almost complete Hotel Indonesia in mid-1962 In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. [3] Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno , envisaged Jakarta as a great international city instigating large, government-funded projects undertaken with openly nationalistic architecture that strived to show the newly independent nation's pride in itself. [4] Projects included a clover-leaf highway, a broad by-pass in Jakarta (Jalan Sudirman), four high-rise hotels including the famous Hotel Indonesia, a new parliament building, the 127 000-seat Bung Karno Stadium , and monuments including The National Monument . [ edit ] Suharto era Following Sukarno's downfall and the Transition to the New Order , Jakarta Governor, Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin , administered the city from 1966 to 1977.

He is credited with rehabilitating public services, and also cleared out slum dwellers, banned rickshaws, and street peddlers. [3] Finance sector reforms of the late-1980s saw Jakarta become the focus of real estate boom, which ended abruptly, however, in the 1997 East Asian Economic crisis . The city became the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring as long-time president Suharto began to lose his grip on power. Tensions reached a peak in May 1998 when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots ensued resulting in an estimated 6,000 buildings damaged or destroyed, and the loss of 1,200 lives. The Chinese of the Glodok district were hardest hit and stories of rape and murder later emerged. [3] The following years Jakarta was the centre of popular protest and national political instability, including several terms of ineffective Presidents, and a number Jemaah Islamiah -connected bombings. Jakarta is now witnessing a period of political stability and prosperity along a boom in construction.

[ edit ] Notes ^ a b c Jakarta City Administration, Information Technology Management Office; Thai Bureau of Protocol and Public Relation: History of Jakarta ^ Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, p. 29. Batavia, Dutch East Indies - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Batavia, Dutch East Indies Wikis Batavia, Dutch East Indies: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics (Redirected to History of Jakarta article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Batavia" redirects here. For other uses, see Batavia (disambiguation) . Dutch Batavia in the 17th century, built in what is now North Jakarta Jakarta , on the island of Java , is the capital city of Indonesia . During the Dutch colonial era, it was called Batavia.

Contents 9 External links Pre-Dutch colonial era The earliest recorded mention of Jakarta is as a port of origin that can be traced to a Hindu settlement as early as the 4th century . By the 14th century , it was a major port for the Hindu Sunda Kingdom . The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca , arrived in 1513. Batzaush had been conquered by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511 when the Portuguese were looking for spices and especially pepper . In the 15th century AD there was, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River in the western part of Java Island , a harbour called Kalapa. It was one of the sea ports of the Sundanese kingdom of Pajajaran whose capital, Pakuan, was situated on the location of the modern city of Bogor , some 60 km upstream on the river. The Portuguese, who had conquered Malacca in 1511 and wanted to set foot in the Moluccas , the famed "Spice Islands", were looking for a relay harbour on Java.

Kalapa was attractive to them, all the more so since Pajajaran, which was still a Hindu polity, could make an allied against Muslims who dominated the regional trade at that time. In 1522, the Portuguese signed with Pajajaran a treaty. In 1527 Fatahillah, a prince from the Banten kingdom, attacked the Portuguese garrison. Banten had just freed itself from the overlordship of Pajajaran. On the ruins of the Portuguese fort, he founded the town of Jayakarta (जयकर्; "victorious act" in Sanskrit ). The relationship between the Kingdom of Sunda and Portugal intensified when another Portuguese named Enrique Leme visited Sunda in 1522 with the intention of giving a present. He was well-received and as a result, the Portuguese gained rights to build a warehouse and expand their fort in Sunda Kelapa (the name of the location at the time). The Sundanese regarded this as a consolidation of their position against the raging Muslim troops from the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak in Central Java.

[1] In 1527 , Muslim troops coming from Cirebon and Demak attacked the Kingdom of Sunda under the leadership of Fatahillah. The king was expecting the Portuguese to come and help them hold Fatahillah's army because of an agreement that had been in place between Sunda and the Portuguese. However, Fatahillah's army succeeded in conquering the city on June 22, 1557, and Fatahillah changed the name of "Sunda Kelapa" to "Jayakarta" ("Great Deed" or "Complete Victory"). [1] The Castle of Batavia, seen from West Kali Besar by Andries Beeckman circa 1656-58 The followers of the Sultan of Banten (the location of Jayakarta), Prince Jayawikarta, was also very involved in the history of Jakarta. In 1596 , many Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta with the intention of trading spices , more or less the same as that of the Portuguese.

In 1602, the British East India Company 's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster , arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Bantam where he was allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682. [2] In this case, the Prince took the Dutch arrival seriously as the Dutch had constructed many military buildings. Prince Jayawikarta apparently also had a connection with the English and allowed them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch later deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress which covered two main buildings, Nassau and Mauritus. But even with the help of 15 ships from the English, Prince Jayawikarta's army wasn't able to defeat the Dutch, for Jan Pieterszoon Coen (J.P. Coen) came to Jayakarta just in time, drove away the English ships and burned the English trading post.

Batavia c.1870 Things then changed for the Prince, when the Sultan of Banten sent his soldiers and summoned Prince Jayawikarta to establish a close relationship with the English without an approval of the Banten authorities. The relationships between both Prince Jayawikarta and the English with the Banten government then became worse and resulted in the Prince's decision to move to Tanara, a small place in Banten, until his death. This assisted the Dutch in their efforts to establish a closer relationship with Banten. The Dutch had by then changed the name to "Batavia", which remained until 1942. [1] In 1595, Amsterdam merchants had set up an expedition to be sent to the Indonesia archipelago. Under the command of Cornelis de Houtman , the expedition arrived in Banten in 1596. The goods it brought back to the Netherlands only produced a modest profit to the merchants who had set up the expedition. In 1600 the Dutch set up the Dutch East Indies Company , Vereenigde Oostindie Compagnie in Dutch or VOC. In the Moluccas , the Dutch took a first Portuguese fort in 1605.

Jan Pieterszoon Coen was appointed the VOC governor general for the Moluccas. He too wanted to set up an establishment in Java. He took Jayakarta in 1619. On the ruins of the Javanese town, he founded Batavia, which he named after the ancestors of the Dutch people, the Germanic tribe of the Batavians . In 1613, prince Rangsang became king of Mataram in Central Java. The following year, he attacked the principality of Surabaya in the east. The man who would be remembered as Sultan Agung had started a series of successful campaigns against rival kingdoms and principalities on Java. In 1625, in addition to Central Java, Mataram was in control of central and eastern parts of the island's northern coast, called the Pasisir. Now Agung wanted to take on Banten and Batavia. Agung launched a first offensive on Batavia in 1628. Having suffered heavy losses, he had to retreat. he launched a second offensive in 1629. The Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and his ships in the harbours of Cirebon and Tegal .

Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, had to retreat again. However, Agung pursued his conquering ambitions to the east. He attacked Blitar , Panarukan and the Blambangan principality in Java's eastern salient, a vassal of the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel . Agung died in 1646. His son succeeded him under the title of Susuhunan Amangkurat. Batavia in the 17th century Dutch colonial era The old stadhuis (city hall), today the Jakarta City Museum Within Batavia's walls, wealthy Dutch built tall houses and pestilential canals. Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese immigrants, the increasing numbers creating burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. On 9 October 1740, 5,000 Chinese were massacred and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. [3] The city began to move further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 encouraged more people to move far south of the port.

The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square , was completed in 1818, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. [3] In Indonesian National Revival era, Mohammad Husni Thamrin, a member of Volksraad criticized the Colonial Government for ignoring the development of kampung (inlander's area) while focusing the development for the rich people in Menteng. He also talked on the issue of Farming Tax and other taxes which burdened people. Some of his speeches are still relevant in today's Jakarta. An important street in today's Jakarta was named after him. Japan and Indonesian Independence War Era The city was renamed "Jakarta" by the Japanese during their World War II occupation of Indonesia . Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. Sukarno era Looking south at the almost complete Hotel Indonesia in mid-1962 In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital.

[3] Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno , envisaged Jakarta as a great international city instigating large, government-funded projects undertaken with openly nationalistic architecture that strived to show the newly independent nation's pride in itself. [4] Projects included a clover-leaf highway, a broad by-pass in Jakarta (Jalan Sudirman), four high-rise hotels including the famous Hotel Indonesia, a new parliament building, the 127 000-seat Bung Karno Stadium , and monuments including The National Monument . Suharto era Following Sukarno's downfall and the Transition to the New Order , Jakarta Governor, Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin , administered the city from 1966 to 1977. He is credited with rehabilitating public services, and also cleared out slum dwellers, banned rickshaws, and street peddlers. [3] Finance sector reforms of the late-1980s saw Jakarta become the focus of real estate boom, which ended abruptly, however, in the 1997 East Asian Economic crisis .

The city became the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring as long-time president Suharto began to lose his grip on power. Tensions reached a peak in May 1998 when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots ensued resulting in an estimated 6,000 buildings damaged or destroyed, and the loss of 1,200 lives. The Chinese of the Glodok district were hardest hit and stories of rape and murder later emerged. [3] The following years Jakarta was the centre of popular protest and national political instability, including several terms of ineffective Presidents, and a number Jemaah Islamiah -connected bombings. Jakarta is now witnessing a period of political stability and prosperity along a boom in construction. Notes ^ a b c Jakarta City Administration, Information Technology Management Office; Thai Bureau of Protocol and Public Relation: History of Jakarta ^ Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, p. 29. ^ Schoppert, Peter et al. (1997). Java Style, p. _.

References Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 Staford: Stanford University Press . ISBN 0-804-72194-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-804-72194-3; OCLC 28522080 -- simultaneously published at Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan 10-ISBN 0-333-57689-6; OCLC 30320024 Schoppert, Peter, Soedarmadji Damais and Tara Sosrowardoyo. (1998). Java Style. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing . 10-ISBN 9-625-93232-1; 13-ISBN 97-8-9-625-93232-3 Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet .

10-ISBN 1-740-59154-2; 13-ISBN 978-1-740-59154-6 See also

Question: Batavia was the former name, up until 1942, of which Asian city?
Answer: JAKARTA