Stomatitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Are usually gone in 7 to 10 days Are sometimes associated with cold or flu -like symptoms Causes of Stomatitis: Canker Sores and Cold Sores Canker Sores Nobody knows what exactly causes canker sores, but many things may contribute to their development, such as certain medications, trauma to the mouth, poor nutrition , stress, bacteria or viruses, lack of sleep , sudden weight loss , and certain foods such as potatoes, citrus fruits, coffee, chocolate , cheese, and nuts. Canker sores may also be related to a temporarily reduced immune system because of a cold or flu , hormonal changes, or low levels of vitamin B12 or folate. Even biting the inside of the cheek or chewing a sharp piece of food can trigger a canker sore. Continued Canker sores may result from a genetic predisposition and are considered an autoimmune disease; they are not contagious. About 20% people in the U.S. will have canker sores at some point during their lifetime -- women more often than men. Cold Sores Cold sores are caused by a virus called herpes simplex type 1.

Unlike canker sores, cold sores are contagious from the time the blister ruptures to the time it has completely healed. The initial infection often occurs before adulthood and may be confused with a cold or the flu . Once the person is infected with the virus, it stays in the body, becoming dormant and reactivated by such conditions as stress, fever, trauma, hormonal changes (such as menstruation ), and exposure to sunlight. When sores reappear, they tend to form in the same location. In addition to spreading to other people, the virus can also spread to another body part of the affected person, such as the eyes or genitals. Treatment for Common Forms of Stomatitis Mouth sores generally don't last longer than two weeks, even without treatment. If a cause can be identified, your doctor may be able to treat it. If a cause cannot be identified, the focus of treatment shifts to symptom relief. The following strategies might help to ease the pain and inflammation of mouth sores: Avoid hot beverages and foods as well as salty, spicy, and citrus-based foods. Use pain relievers like Tylenol or ibuprofen . Gargle with cool water or suck on ice pops if you have a mouth burn.

For canker sores, the aim of treatment is to relieve discomfort and guard against infection. Try the following: Drink more water. Practice proper dental care . Apply a topical anesthetic such as lidocaine or xylocaine to the ulcer (not recommended for children under 6). Use a topical corticosteroid preparation such as triamcinolone dental paste (Kenalog in Orabase 0.1%), which protects a sore inside the lip and on the gums. Blistex and Campho-Phenique may offer some relief of canker sores and cold sores, especially if applied when the sore first appears. Continued How does aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) affect the body? - Canker Sores - Sharecare Canker Sores How does aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) affect the body? Topics | Oral Health | Tooth & Mouth Disorders | Canker Sores | How does aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) affect the body? A Answers (3) A American Dental Association answered Canker sores are not contagious, but can return frequently. You may have one or several. Their exact cause is not known for certain.

Some experts believe that immune system problems, bacteria or viruses may be involved. Canker sores usually heal on their own within a week or two. A Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) answered The main way that aphthous stomatitis affects the body is by producing ulcers in the soft tissues inside the mouth. These ulcers are quite painful considering that they are usually small in size. Some people feel a tenderness in the area a day or so before an ulcer appears. Swollen lymph glands, a slight fever, and a feeling of tiredness may also accompany aphthous stomatitis. After about 10 days, the ulcers disappear. A RealAge answered In most cases, a canker sore will only cause symptoms at the site of the sore. When a canker sore is beginning, you may feel a tingling in your mouth -- a sign that a sore is going to emerge. This will usually progress to a bump in the mouth that is bright pink or red. The spot develops into an open sore, or ulcer, that is white at the center and red or pink around the edges. Within a few days, it should go away.

In some cases, however, aphthous stomatitis (the medical term for canker sore) will cause more general symptoms throughout your body. These include a general feeling of discomfort (called malaise), swollen lymph nodes, and fever. These unpleasant symptoms should get better within a week or 10 days. If you notice symptoms (or the sore) for longer than two weeks, call your doctor. Stomatitis | definition of stomatitis by Medical dictionary Stomatitis | definition of stomatitis by Medical dictionary Definition Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene , poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. Stomatitis is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area.

Bad breath (halitosis) may also accompany the condition. Stomatitis affects all age groups, from the infant to the elderly. Causes and symptoms A number of factors can cause stomatitis; it is a fairly common problem in the general adult population in North America. Poorly fitted oral appliances, cheek biting, or jagged teeth can persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways can cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. Drinking beverages that are too hot can burn the mouth, leading to irritation and pain . Diseases, such as herpetic infections (the common cold sore), gonorrhea , measles, leukemia, AIDS , and lack of vitamin C can present with oral signs. Other systemic diseases associated with stomatitis include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Behçet's syndrome, an inflammatory multisystem disorder of unknown cause. Aphthous stomatitis, also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or canker sores , is a specific type of stomatitis that presents with shallow, painful ulcers that are usually located on the lips, cheeks, gums, or roof or floor of the mouth.

These ulcers can range from pinpoint size to up to 1 in (2.5 cm) or more in diameter. Though the causes of canker sores are unknown, nutritional deficiencies, especially of vitamin B12, folate, or iron is suspected. Generalized or contact stomatitis can result from excessive use of alcohol, spices, hot food, or tobacco products. Sensitivity to mouthwashes, toothpastes, and lipstick can irritate the lining of the mouth. Exposure to heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, or bismuth can cause stomatitis. Thrush, a fungal infection, is a type of stomatitis. Diagnosis Diagnosis of stomatitis can be difficult. A patient's history may disclose a dietary deficiency, a systemic disease, or contact with materials causing an allergic reaction. A physical examination is done to evaluate the oral lesions and other skin problems. Blood tests may be done to determine if any infection is present. Scrapings of the lining of the mouth may be sent to the laboratory for microscopic evaluation, or cultures of the mouth may be done to determine if an infectious agent may be the cause of the problem. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based on the problem causing it.

Local cleansing and good oral hygiene are fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully; the patient should avoid banging the toothbrush into the gums. Local factors, such as ill-fitting dental appliances or sharp teeth, can be corrected by a dentist. An infectious cause can usually be treated with medication. Systemic problems, such as AIDS, leukemia, and anemia are treated by the appropriate medical specialist. Minor mouth burns from hot beverages or hot foods will usually resolve on their own in a week or so. Chronic problems with aphthous stomatitis are treated by first correcting any vitamin B12, iron, or folate deficiencies. If those therapies are unsuccessful, medication can be prescribed which can be applied to each aphthous ulcer with a cotton-tipped applicator. This therapy is successful with a limited number of patients. More recently, low-power treatment with a carbon dioxide laser has been found to relieve the discomfort of recurrent aphthae. Major outbreaks of aphthous stomatitis can be treated with tetracycline antibiotics or corticosteroids .

Valacyclovir has been shown to be effective in treating stomatitis caused by herpesviruses. Patients may also be given topical anesthetics (usually a 2% lidocaine gel) to relieve pain and a protective paste (Orabase) or a coating agent like Kaopectate to protect eroded areas from further irritation from dentures, braces, or teeth. Alternative treatment Alternate treatment of stomatitis mainly involves prevention of the problem. Patients with such dental appliances as dentures should visit their dentist on a regular basis. Patients with systemic diseases or chronic medical problems need to ask their health care provider what types of oral problems they can expect from their particular disease. These patients must also contact their medical clinic at the first sign of problems. Common sense needs to be exercised when consuming hot foods or drinks. Use of tobacco products should be discouraged. Alcohol should be used in moderation. Mouthwashes and toothpastes known to the patient to cause problems should be avoided. Botanical medicine can assist in resolving stomatitis.

One herb, calendula (Calendula officinalis), in tincture form (an alcohol-based herbal extract) and diluted for a mouth rinse, can be quite effective in treating aphthous stomatitis and other manifestations of stomatitis. More recently, a group of researchers in Brazil have reported that an extract made from the leaves of Trichilia glabra, a plant found in South America, is effective in killing several viruses that cause stomatitis. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based on the cause of the problem. Many local factors can be modified, treated, or avoided. Infectious causes of stomatitis can usually be managed with medication, or, if the problem is being caused by a certain drug, by changing the offending agent. Prevention Stomatitis caused by local irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Problems with stomatitis caused by systemic disease can be minimized by good oral hygiene and closely following the medical therapy prescribed by the patient's health care provider. Resources Books Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Disorders of the Oral Region." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy.

Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004. Periodicals Cella, M., D. A. Riva, F. C. Coulombie, and S. E. Mersich. "Virucidal Activity Presence in Trichilia glabra Leaves." Revista Argentina de microbiologia 36 (July-September 2004): 136-138. Miller, C. S., L. L. Cunningham, J. E. Lindroth, and S. A. Avdiushko. "The Efficacy of Valacyclovir in Preventing Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Associated with Dental Procedures." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1311-1318. Mirowski, Ginat W., DMD, MD, and Christy L. Nebesio. "Aphthous Stomatitis." eMedicine September 24, 2004. Sciubba, James J., DMD, PhD. "Denture Stomatitis." eMedicine June 11, 2002.

Shulman, J. D., M. M. Beach, and F. Rivera-Hidalgo. "The Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in U.S. Adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1279-1286. Wohlschlaeger, A. "Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis: A Guide for Nurses." Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 21 (September-October 2004): 281-287. Organizations American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2500. American Medical Association. 515 N. State St., Chicago, IL 60612. (312) 464-5000. Key terms Aphthous stomatitis — A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker sores.

Stomatitis — Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, gums, or tongue. Thrush — A form of stomatitis caused by Candida fungi and characterized by cream-colored or bluish patches on the tongue, mouth, or pharynx. stomatitis [sto″mah-ti´tis] (pl. stomati´tides) inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth; it may be caused by any of numerous diseases of the mouth or it may accompany another disease. Both gingivitis and glossitis are forms of stomatitis. Causes. The causes of stomatitis vary widely, from a mild local irritant to a vitamin deficiency or infection by a possibly dangerous disease-producing organism. Inflammation may arise from actual injury to the inside of the mouth, as from cheek-biting, jagged teeth, tartar accumulations, and badly fitting dentures. Irritating substances, including alcohol, and tobacco, may also cause stomatitis. Other causes are infectious bacteria, such as streptococci and gonococci or those causing necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis , diphtheria , and tuberculosis ; the fungus causing thrush ; or the viruses causing herpes simplex and measles .

Extreme vitamin deficiencies can result in mouth inflammation, as can certain blood disorders. Poisoning with heavy metals, such as lead or mercury , can also cause stomatitis. Symptoms. There is generally swelling and redness of the tissues of the mouth, which may become quite sore, particularly during eating. The mouth may have an unpleasant odor. In some types of stomatitis the mouth becomes dry, but in others there is excessive salivation. Ulcerations may appear, and, in extreme cases, gangrene (gangrenous stomatitis). Other forms of stomatitis may occasionally cause more severe symptoms, including chills, fever, and headache. Sometimes bleeding or white patches in the mouth can be seen. In thrush , the symptoms themselves may be slight (white spots in the mouth resembling milk curds) but the disease may give rise to serious infections elsewhere in the body. In some cases, stomatitis causes inflammation of the parotid glands. Stomatitis resulting from certain diseases presents special identifying symptoms. Syphilitic stomatitis produces painful ulcers in the mouth; in scarlet fever the tongue first has a strawberry color, which then deepens to a raspberry hue; in measles, Koplik's spots appear. Treatment and Prevention.

The treatment varies according to the cause. When the inflammation is caused by anemia, vitamin deficiency, or any infection of the body, both the underlying disease and the stomatitis are treated. Antibiotics often are effective against the infection and prevent its spreading to the parotid glands. Severe stomatitis can be a side effect of chemotherapy and radiation to the head and neck as treatment for cancer. Measures to alleviate the inflammation and promote healing include increasing fluid intake and using artificial saliva to minimize dryness and help buffer acidity in the mouth, avoiding liquids and foods that are chemically irritating or extremely hot, and frequent and consistent mouth care . With proper care, many cases of stomatitis can be prevented. Cleanliness is essential, especially of the mouth, teeth, dentures, and feeding utensils. Infants may acquire mouth infection from the mother's oral flora, dirty bottles, or the mother's nipples. In the case of a prolonged fever or of any severe general illness, dryness of the mouth should be avoided by ingestion of increased amounts of fluids.

angular stomatitis superficial erosions and fissuring at the angles of the mouth; it may occur in riboflavin deficiency and in pellagra or result from overclosure of the jaws in denture wearers. Called also perlèche . Angular Stomatitis Treatment, Causes, Remedies and Cure Angular Stomatitis Treatment, Causes, Remedies and Cure Split Corner of Mouth and Symptoms Getting sick is something that an unhealthy person would have gotten used to already. However, a healthy person who is not used to certain abnormalities in his body would become confused and get distressed when his body develops certain illnesses. This is why even if you are not a doctor or a medical student you have to know the symptoms to certain disorders and afflictions. Thus, you also have to know the symptoms of angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis which would surely be evident with split corner of mouth. 1. Lesions or wound-like marks on the mouth, lips, and corners of the mouth. Bacteria that cause this infection likely live in the folds on the corners of thee mouth. Thus, this is where the first few lesions would be found. Moreover, these parts also break easily every time the mouth is opened.

In some cases, the corner of the mouth would even experience worse when it seems to weep or get crusted. Fluid would flow out of the split corners of mouth. 2. Soreness is always felt even if you will not have lesions or wounds on your mouth or lips. This is also one of the earliest warning signs of the invasion of the infection-causing bacteria and fungi. This feeling would even get worse when you actually have split corner of mouth. 3. Dry lips would be a common sight in a person with Angular Stomatitis in addition to the split corner of mouth symptom that would harvest mocking stares from some people with malicious minds, thinking that the sufferer may have AIDS or syphilis. When you have this symptom, you have to keep your tongue to its own corner instead of touring all over the lips. Licking your lips will only make things more painful for you. 4.

Blisters or rashes would add to the assumption of other people that you really have AIDS or cold sore as this will strengthen the signs started by the split corners of mouth that you already have Stomatis: Inflamed and sore mouth making it difficult to eat Stomatitis Stomatitis is inflammation or ulcers in the mouth , sometimes called dental stomatitis or denture stomatitis. The mucous membranes lining the mouth get inflamed and sore, which can make it uncomfortable to speak, eat or sleep. This condition can occur anywhere within the mouth, including the inside of the cheeks, gums , tongue , lips and palate. The condition does not get passed on to other people. Who gets stomatitis? Wearing dentures or braces can increase the chances of getting stomatitis as these may cause irritation. It is also more common in people with some medical conditions, including diabetes , and people taking steroids or antibiotics . Symptoms of stomatitis Radiotherapy cancer treatment. Treatment for stomatitis The main treatment for stomatitis is good oral hygiene – brushing the teeth twice a day and other things your dentist may recommend, such as flossing or mouthwash. If dentures or braces are causing problems, see your dentist.

Better cleaning may be needed or adjustments may need to be made. Medicated lozenges may be recommended to treat stomatitis if other measures haven’t helped. Painkillers may help with discomfort and swelling. Home care tips include: Avoiding food or drink that's too hot and possible trigger foods – such as spicy food or citrus drinks. Gargling, salt water rinses or use of special mouthwashes may help with discomfort. Gels are available for mouth ulcers, including age-appropriate ones for children. Seek medical advice if stomatitis problems keep coming back – there may be an underlying medical cause or nutritional deficiency, such as a lack of folate or vitamin B12 . Over the counter treatments are available for cold sores, often containing an antiviral agent such as aciclovir . Oral antiviral tablets may be prescribed by a doctor in some cases. Next Article: Stomatitis facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Stomatitis Stomatitis Definition Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth.

Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. It is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. The inflammation may be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor hygiene, from burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Children may develop stomatitis at any point in their development, from infancy to adolescence . The two most common types seen in children are herpes stomatitis, which is caused by the herpes simplex virus, and aphthous stomatitis, more often referred to as canker sores . Transmission Depending upon its cause, stomatitis may or may not be contagious. Herpes stomatitis is considered contagious. Children may be exposed through kissing, sharing food, or playing in close contact with others who have an active herpes infection, such as a cold sore . Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious. Demographics Though stomatitis may occur at any time during a child's growth, different types affect children at different times.

Herpes stomatitis can occur anywhere between six months and five years of age but is most common in children one to two years old who have not been exposed to the herpes virus before. Aphthous stomatitis begins in childhood or adolescence, with peak onset in those aged ten to 19 years. Aphthous ulcers may be more common in females than males. Children of higher socioeconomic status may be more affected than those who are from lower socioeconomic groups. Causes and symptoms Causes A number of factors can cause stomatitis. Cheek biting, braces, or jagged teeth may persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways may cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. The cause of herpes stomatitis is the herpes virus type 1 (not to be confused with genital herpes, which is caused by the herpes virus type 2 and is a sexually transmitted disease). The cause of aphthous stomatitis is unknown, although several factors are suspected. There may be an inherited tendency to develop canker sores and there may also be an immune system link.

In addition, they may be triggered by emotional stress; nutritional deficiencies of iron, folic acid , or vitamin B12; menstrual periods; food allergies ; or viral infections. They may occur with no identifiable cause. Symptoms Stomatitis is characterized by pain or discomfort in the mouth and the presence of open sores or ulcers in the mouth.

Herpes stomatitis may cause the following symptoms: fever , sometimes as high as 101–104°F (38.3–40°C), which may precede the appearance of blisters and ulcers by one or two days irritability and restlessness blisters in the mouth, often on the tongue or cheeks or roof of the mouth, which then pop and form ulcers (These ulcers are usually small [about one to five millimeters in diameter], grayish white in the middle, and red around the edges.) swollen gums, which may be irritated and bleed pain in the mouth Aphthous stomatitis may cause the following symptoms: burning or tingling sensation in the mouth prior to the onset of other symptoms skin lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, which begin as a red spot or bump, then develop into an open ulcer, which is usually small (one to two millimeters to one centimeter in diameter) (The ulcers can be single or break out in clusters. The ulcers are painful, and the center appears white or yellow with a fibrous texture.

The border of the sore may be bright red.) When to call the doctor Parents should call the doctor if any of the following occur: inability to drink or swallow high temperature fussiness and inability to settle down symptoms not improved after three days If the child appears dehydrated, parents should seek immediate medical attention. Signs include dry lips, the absence of tears when crying, a sinking soft spot on an infant's head, and no urination in eight hours or very dark urine. Parents should also seek care if the child is very weak, tired, or difficult to waken. Diagnosis Stomatitis is diagnosed by the doctor based primarily upon the appearance of the mouth sores. Both herpes and aphthous stomatitis have lesions that are unique in appearance. Although laboratory studies are seldom performed, the physician may order further blood tests or cultures of the lesions in order to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other causes. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based upon the problem causing it. For all types, local cleansing and good oral hygiene is fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully.

If toothbrushing is too painful, the child should rinse out his mouth with plain water after each meal. Local factors, such as sharp teeth or braces, can be addressed by a dentist or orthodontist. Herpes stomatitis treatment In herpes stomatitis, the most important part of treatment is for parents to keep their child drinking as normally as possible. Bland fluids such as apple juice, liquid flavored gelatin, or lukewarm broth are easiest to drink. Sucking on a Popsicle or sherbet may be soothing. Citrus juices and spicy or salty foods should be avoided. In the event of severe disease, the doctor may use intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration . Acetaminophen may be used for temperatures over 101°F (38.3°C) and to address pain. Medicines that numb the mouth, like viscous lidocaine or topical anesthetics only last for a brief time and, by numbing the mouth, may cause your child to further injure damaged tissues without knowing it. Antibiotics are of no help in treating herpes stomatitis.

However, if the case is particularly severe, the doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication such as acyclovir which, if given at the beginning of the outbreak, may help clear things up faster. Aphthous stomatitis treatment Medical treatment is usually not necessary for aphthous stomatitis, unless the ulcers are severe (larger than one centimeter or lasting longer than two weeks). In this case medical evaluation and treatment may be indicated, and topical or oral tetracycline may be given. However, tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all of their permanent teeth have erupted, as it can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming. Avoid hot or spicy foods to minimize discomfort. Mild mouth washes such as salt water or over-the-counter mouthwashes may help. Over-the-counter topical medications applied to the ulcerated area may reduce discomfort and sooth the area. To prevent bacterial infections from developing, parents should encourage their child to brush and floss teeth regularly. Alternative treatment Placing a spent tea bag on a canker sore may provide comfort. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a component of some toothpastes, is a potential cause of canker sores.

In one study, most recurrent canker sores were eliminated just by avoiding SLS-containing toothpaste for three months. Nutritional concerns Some physicians may recommend a variety of dietary measures to treat stomatitis. These may include eating cottage cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt, as well as foods high in B vitamins . Some doctors may recommend supplementation with folic acid, iron, or vitamin B12. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based upon the cause of the problem. Many mouth ulcers are benign and resolve without specific treatment. In the case of herpes stomatitis, complete recovery is expected within ten days without any medical intervention. Oral acyclovir may speed up recovery. Most children are minimally inconvenienced by aphthous stomatitis, because attacks are usually infrequent and only last a few days. Prevention Stomatitis caused by irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Because so many adults and children carry the herpes virus, and because they can pass it on even if they have no symptoms, there is no practical way to prevent herpes stomatitis.

Parents can, however, discourage their child from kissing, sharing food, or playing in close contact with people who have an active herpes infection. Canker sores may be minimized by teaching children to avoid trauma, even minor trauma, to the mouth, such as hard toothbrushes and rough foods. If the doctor has determined that the child has a nutritional deficiency, parents can insure that the child is taking the appropriate supplements and eating the recommended foods. Avoiding stressful situations may also be beneficial. Parental concerns Most cases of stomatitis in children are benign and resolve within a relatively short period of time. Children with herpes stomatitis may return to school or day care when their fever is gone and the mouth sores are healed. Since aphthous stomatitis is not contagious, there is no need to curtail a child's activities unless they have developed signs of complications, such as infection. See also Canker sores. Resources PERIODICALS Vander Schaaf, Rachelle. "Cool Relief for Canker Sores." Parenting 17, no. 6 (August 1, 2003): 38. ORGANIZATIONS American Dental Association. 211 E.

Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60612. Web site: < WEB SITES "Medical Encyclopedia: Herpetic Stomatitis." Medline Plus January 16, 2004. Available online at < (accessed October 14, 2004). Stine, Annie. "Gingivostomatitis (herpes mouth sores)." Babycenter.com 2004. Available online at < (accessed October 14, 2004). Deanna M. Swartout-Corbeil, RN Joseph Knight, PA KEY TERMS Aphthous stomatitis —A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker sores. Herpes stomatitis —A form of stomatitis caused by the herpes 1 virus, usually seen in young children. Stomatitis —Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures of the mouth, including the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth.

Cite this article Stomatitis Definition Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene, poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. Stomatitis is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. Bad breath (halitosis) may also accompany the condition. Stomatitis affects all age groups, from the infant to the elderly. Causes and symptoms A number of factors can cause stomatitis; it is a fairly common problem in the general adult population in North America . Poorly fitted oral appliances, cheek biting, or jagged teeth can persistently irritate the oral structures.

Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways can cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. Drinking beverages that are too hot can burn the mouth, leading to irritation and pain. Diseases, such as herpetic infections (the common cold sore), gonorrhea, measles, leukemia, AIDS , and lack of vitamin C can present with oral signs. Other systemic diseases associated with stomatitis include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Behçet's syndrome, an inflammatory multisystem disorder of unknown cause. Aphthous stomatitis, also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or canker sores, is a specific type of stomatitis that presents with shallow, painful ulcers that are usually located on the lips, cheeks, gums, or roof or floor of the mouth. These ulcers can range from pinpoint size to up to 1 in (2.5 cm) or more in diameter. Though the causes of canker sores are unknown, nutritional deficiencies, especially of vitamin B12, folate, or iron is suspected. Generalized or contact stomatitis can result from excessive use of alcohol, spices, hot food, or tobacco products.

Sensitivity to mouthwashes, toothpastes, and lipstick can irritate the lining of the mouth. Exposure to heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, or bismuth can cause stomatitis. Thrush, a fungal infection, is a type of stomatitis. Diagnosis Diagnosis of stomatitis can be difficult. A patient's history may disclose a dietary deficiency, a systemic disease, or contact with materials causing an allergic reaction. A physical examination is done to evaluate the oral lesions and other skin problems. Blood tests may be done to determine if any infection is present. Scrapings of the lining of the mouth may be sent to the laboratory for microscopic evaluation, or cultures of the mouth may be done to determine if an infectious agent may be the cause of the problem. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based on the problem causing it. Local cleansing and good oral hygiene are fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully; the patient should avoid banging the toothbrush into the gums. Local factors, such as ill-fitting dental appliances or sharp teeth, can be corrected by a dentist.

An infectious cause can usually be treated with medication. Systemic problems, such as AIDS, leukemia, and anemia are treated by the appropriate medical specialist. Minor mouth burns from hot beverages or hot foods will usually resolve on their own in a week or so. Chronic problems with aphthous stomatitis are treated by first correcting any vitamin B12, iron, or folate deficiencies. If those therapies are unsuccessful, medication can be prescribed which can be applied to each aphthous ulcer with a cotton-tipped applicator. This therapy is successful with a limited number of patients. More recently, low-power treatment with a carbon dioxide laser has been found to relieve the discomfort of recurrent aphthae. Major outbreaks of aphthous stomatitis can be treated with tetracycline antibiotics or corticosteroids. Valacyclovir has been shown to be effective in treating stomatitis caused by herpesviruses. Patients may also be given topical anesthetics (usually a 2% lidocaine gel) to relieve pain and a protective paste (Orabase) or a coating agent like Kaopectate to protect eroded areas from further irritation from dentures, braces, or teeth.

Alternative treatment Alternate treatment of stomatitis mainly involves prevention of the problem. Patients with such dental appliances as dentures should visit their dentist on a regular basis. Patients with systemic diseases or chronic medical problems need to ask their health care provider what types of oral problems they can expect from their particular disease. These patients must also contact their medical clinic at the first sign of problems. Common sense needs to be exercised when consuming hot foods or drinks. Use of tobacco products should be discouraged. Alcohol should be used in moderation. Mouthwashes and toothpastes known to the patient to cause problems should be avoided. Botanical medicine can assist in resolving stomatitis. One herb, calendula (Calendula officinalis ), in tincture form (an alcohol-based herbal extract) and diluted for a mouth rinse, can be quite effective in treating aphthous stomatitis and other manifestations of stomatitis. More recently, a group of researchers in Brazil have reported that an extract made from the leaves of Trichilia glabra, a plant found in South America , is effective in killing several viruses that cause stomatitis. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based on the cause of the problem.

Many local factors can be modified, treated, or avoided. Infectious causes of stomatitis can usually be managed with medication, or, if the problem is being caused by a certain drug, by changing the offending agent. Prevention Stomatitis caused by local irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Problems with stomatitis caused by systemic disease can be minimized by good oral hygiene and closely following the medical therapy prescribed by the patient's health care provider. Resources BOOKS Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Disorders of the Oral Region." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004. PERIODICALS Cella, M., D. A. Riva, F. C. Coulombie, and S. E. Mersich. "Virucidal Activity Presence in Trichilia glabra Leaves." Revista Argentina de microbiologia 36 (July-September 2004): 136-138. Miller, C. S., L. L. Cunningham, J. E.

Lindroth, and S. A. Avdiushko. "The Efficacy of Valacyclovir in Preventing Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Associated with Dental Procedures." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1311-1318. Mirowski, Ginat W., DMD, MD, and Christy L. Nebesio. "Aphthous Stomatitis." eMedicine September 24, 2004. 〈〉 . Sciubba, James J., DMD, PhD. "Denture Stomatitis." eMedicine June 11, 2002. 〈〉 . Shulman, J. D., M. M. Beach, and F. Rivera-Hidalgo. "The Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in U.S. Adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1279-1286. Wohlschlaeger, A.

"Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis: A Guide for Nurses." Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 21 (September-October 2004): 281-287. ORGANIZATIONS American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2500. 〈〉 . American Medical Association. 515 N. State St., Chicago, IL 60612. (312) 464-5000. 〈〉 . KEY TERMS Aphthous stomatitis— A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker sores. Stomatitis— Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, gums, or tongue. Thrush— A form of stomatitis caused by Candida fungi and characterized by cream-colored or bluish patches on the tongue, mouth, or pharynx. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

MLA Stomatitis - swollen, symptoms, Definition, Description, Demographics, Causes and symptoms, Diagnosis Stomatitis Stomatitis Definition Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. It is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. The inflammation may be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor hygiene, from burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Children may develop stomatitis at any point in their development, from infancy to adolescence . The two most common types seen in children are herpes stomatitis, which is caused by the herpes simplex virus, and aphthous stomatitis, more often referred to as canker sores . Transmission Depending upon its cause, stomatitis may or may not be contagious. Herpes stomatitis is considered contagious.

Children may be exposed through kissing, sharing food, or playing in close contact with others who have an active herpes infection, such as a cold sore . Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious. Demographics Though stomatitis may occur at any time during a child's growth, different types affect children at different times. Herpes stomatitis can occur anywhere between six months and five years of age but is most common in children one to two years old who have not been exposed to the herpes virus before. Aphthous stomatitis begins in childhood or adolescence, with peak onset in those aged ten to 19 years. Aphthous ulcers may be more common in females than males. Children of higher socioeconomic status may be more affected than those who are from lower socioeconomic groups. Causes and symptoms Causes A number of factors can cause stomatitis. Cheek biting, braces, or jagged teeth may persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways may cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation.

The cause of herpes stomatitis is the herpes virus type 1 (not to be confused with genital herpes, which is caused by the herpes virus type 2 and is a sexually transmitted disease). The cause of aphthous stomatitis is unknown, although several factors are suspected. There may be an inherited tendency to develop canker sores and there may also be an immune system link. In addition, they may be triggered by emotional stress; nutritional deficiencies of iron, folic acid , or vitamin B12; menstrual periods; food allergies ; or viral infections. They may occur with no identifiable cause. Symptoms Stomatitis is characterized by pain or discomfort in the mouth and the presence of open sores or ulcers in the mouth.

Herpes stomatitis may cause the following symptoms: fever , sometimes as high as 101–104°F (38.3–40°C), which may precede the appearance of blisters and ulcers by one or two days irritability and restlessness blisters in the mouth, often on the tongue or cheeks or roof of the mouth, which then pop and form ulcers (These ulcers are usually small [about one to five millimeters in diameter], grayish white in the middle, and red around the edges.) swollen gums, which may be irritated and bleed pain in the mouth Aphthous stomatitis may cause the following symptoms: burning or tingling sensation in the mouth prior to the onset of other symptoms skin lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, which begin as a red spot or bump, then develop into an open ulcer, which is usually small (one to two millimeters to one centimeter in diameter) (The ulcers can be single or break out in clusters. The ulcers are painful, and the center appears white or yellow with a fibrous texture.

The border of the sore may be bright red.) When to call the doctor Parents should call the doctor if any of the following occur: inability to drink or swallow high temperature fussiness and inability to settle down symptoms not improved after three days If the child appears dehydrated, parents should seek immediate medical attention. Signs include dry lips, the absence of tears when crying, a sinking soft spot on an infant's head, and no urination in eight hours or very dark urine. Parents should also seek care if the child is very weak, tired, or difficult to waken. Diagnosis Stomatitis is diagnosed by the doctor based primarily upon the appearance of the mouth sores. Both herpes and aphthous stomatitis have lesions that are unique in appearance. Although laboratory studies are seldom performed, the physician may order further blood tests or cultures of the lesions in order to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other causes. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based upon the problem causing it. For all types, local cleansing and good oral hygiene is fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully.

If toothbrushing is too painful, the child should rinse out his mouth with plain water after each meal. Local factors, such as sharp teeth or braces, can be addressed by a dentist or orthodontist. Herpes stomatitis treatment In herpes stomatitis, the most important part of treatment is for parents to keep their child drinking as normally as possible. Bland fluids such as apple juice, liquid flavored gelatin, or lukewarm broth are easiest to drink. Sucking on a Popsicle or sherbet may be soothing. Citrus juices and spicy or salty foods should be avoided. In the event of severe disease, the doctor may use intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration . Acetaminophen may be used for temperatures over 101°F (38.3°C) and to address pain. Medicines that numb the mouth, like viscous lidocaine or topical anesthetics only last for a brief time and, by numbing the mouth, may cause your child to further injure damaged tissues without knowing it. Antibiotics are of no help in treating herpes stomatitis.

However, if the case is particularly severe, the doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication such as acyclovir which, if given at the beginning of the outbreak, may help clear things up faster. Aphthous stomatitis treatment Medical treatment is usually not necessary for aphthous stomatitis, unless the ulcers are severe (larger than one centimeter or lasting longer than two weeks). In this case medical evaluation and treatment may be indicated, and topical or oral tetracycline may be given. However, tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all of their permanent teeth have erupted, as it can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming. Avoid hot or spicy foods to minimize discomfort. Mild mouth washes such as salt water or over-the-counter mouthwashes may help. Over-the-counter topical medications applied to the ulcerated area may reduce discomfort and sooth the area. To prevent bacterial infections from developing, parents should encourage their child to brush and floss teeth regularly. Alternative treatment Placing a spent tea bag on a canker sore may provide comfort. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a component of some toothpastes, is a potential cause of canker sores.

In one study, most recurrent canker sores were eliminated just by avoiding SLS-containing toothpaste for three months. Nutritional concerns Some physicians may recommend a variety of dietary measures to treat stomatitis. These may include eating cottage cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt, as well as foods high in B vitamins . Some doctors may recommend supplementation with folic acid, iron, or vitamin B12. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based upon the cause of the problem. Many mouth ulcers are benign and resolve without specific treatment. In the case of herpes stomatitis, complete recovery is expected within ten days without any medical intervention. Oral acyclovir may speed up recovery. Most children are minimally inconvenienced by aphthous stomatitis, because attacks are usually infrequent and only last a few days. Prevention Stomatitis caused by irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Because so many adults and children carry the herpes virus, and because they can pass it on even if they have no symptoms, there is no practical way to prevent herpes stomatitis.

Parents can, however, discourage their child from kissing, sharing food, or playing in close contact with people who have an active herpes infection. This patient is afflicted with stomatitis, a common inflammatory disease of the mouth. (Photograph by Edward H. Gill, Custom Medical Stock Photo Inc.) Canker sores may be minimized by teaching children to avoid trauma, even minor trauma, to the mouth, such as hard toothbrushes and rough foods. If the doctor has determined that the child has a nutritional deficiency, parents can insure that the child is taking the appropriate supplements and eating the recommended foods. Avoiding stressful situations may also be beneficial. Parental concerns Most cases of stomatitis in children are benign and resolve within a relatively short period of time. Children with herpes stomatitis may return to school or day care when their fever is gone and the mouth sores are healed. Since aphthous stomatitis is not contagious, there is no need to curtail a child's activities unless they have developed signs of complications, such as infection. Resources PERIODICALS Vander Schaaf, Rachelle. "Cool Relief for Canker Sores." Parenting 17, no. 6 (August 1, 2003): 38.

ORGANIZATIONS Oral treatments and dental health › Mouth Conditions › Denture stomatitis (Thrush) | The British Dental Health Foundation Back to Top What is denture stomatitis (Thrush)? Denture stomatitis is caused by a yeast or fungus called candida. It is not an infection that we get or pass on to others, because we all have some candida in our mouths. Thrush can appear in other parts of the body, but when it affects the mouth it may be called ‘denture stomatitis'. Back to Top Who can get denture stomatitis? Denture wearers are most likely to be affected, along with people who have problems keeping their mouth clean. Diabetics and anyone who takes steroids, either through inhalers or by mouth, may also have problems. Some antibiotics are responsible for causing thrush. Many people find that taking certain antibiotics encourages the infection to come back, especially if taken over a long period of time. Back to Top How can the dentist recognise it? When the denture is taken out, your dental team may be able to see a very red area under the denture. There may also be red sore areas at the corner of the lips.

Back to Top Why does denture stomatitis need treating? If untreated, the condition can cause soreness in the mouth and may lead to poorly fitting dentures in the future. Back to Top How is denture stomatitis treated? Good oral hygiene - It is important to keep your mouth as clean as possible and rinse your mouth and dentures after meals. Smoking encourages the growth of further yeast infections. Keeping your dentures as clean as possible - Keep your dentures out of your mouth as much as possible, and definitely overnight. Some yeast infections will clear up completely if you don't wear your dentures at night for two weeks. Clean your dentures by brushing, soaking and then brushing again. Dentists recommend using a soft toothbrush so you do not damage the material of your dentures. You can also soak your dentures in any solution used to sterilise babies' bottles. If your denture has metal parts, do not use anything that contains bleach, but use chlorhexidine instead. Do not use chlorhexidine every day as it will stain your denture. Use it once a week. Medication - If good oral hygiene and careful cleaning have not helped, you will be given some treatment.

There are many treatments available, most of them involving sucking tablets or lozenges slowly in your mouth. You may need to continue the treatment for one month. Back to Top What happens next? The dental team may want to check your mouth after treatment to make sure that everything has cleared up. If it hasn't, they may recommend extra treatment. In some cases you may need to treat your mouth for a long time. It is important to have new dentures made every few years. Even if you do not have any teeth left it is important for you to go to your dental team for regular check-ups to make sure that your mouth stays healthy. If you need free and impartial dental advice please do not hesitate to contact our Dental Helpline or call 01788 539780 (local rate call in the UK).

Question: Which part of the body is affected by stomatitis?
Answer: Mouth