The Fall of the Berlin Wall - November 9, 1989 - Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingAssociation for Diplomatic Studies and Training More Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History At the end of World War II, Germany was partitioned into four separate areas, each controlled by the four allied powers: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union. As relations with the USSR deteriorated, the split hardened into just two separate regions: West Germany, supported by the United States and other Western democracies; and East Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet Union. The Berlin Wall, constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1961 to separate West from East Berlin, became a symbol of the division between democracy and communism. East Germany cut its citizens off from the West and violently put down a rebellion in East Berlin in 1953 . When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985, he and President Ronald Reagan established a rapport which allowed the United States and the USSR to improve relations.

Eventually, the unthinkable happened — on November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, representing the symbolic end to the Cold War. The following is a speech given by Ambassador J.D. Bindenagel, who was the former Deputy U.S. Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic from 1989-1990, at the University of Notre Dame on the tenth anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. In his speech he provides his personal experiences with the fall of the Berlin Wall and examines the developments that made it possible. Read also about how the U.S. dealt with a reunified Germany . “The world held its breath waiting for the Soviet tanks to crush the German revolutionaries” BINDENAGEL: The major conflict of ideas that has shaped my career was the East-West confrontation between capitalism and communism. In fact, I have spent a majority of my professional career defending freedom from the communist threat. The symbolic vortex of that conflict was at the Fulda Gap in Germany, where a million soldiers from NATO were lined up against a million soldiers from the Warsaw Pact ready to destroy the world.

I myself was an infantry officer in Wuerzburg, Germany, near the Fulda Gap, this main Soviet invasion route across Central Europe. The division of Berlin, symbolized by the Berlin Wall, was for us a deeply terrorizing reminder of man’s inhumanity to man. During the first year of the Berlin Wall more than 50 people died trying to escape the communist paradise. On August 17, 1962, 18-year-old East Berliner Peter Fechter tried to escape near Checkpoint Charlie. As he climbed the Wall, his own East German border guards shot him. For hours he lay helpless and unattended at the foot of the Berlin Wall while he bled to death. The worldwide rejoicing at the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 was easily understood everywhere as an end to this affront to the dignity of human beings everywhere. Throughout its 28-year existence, the Berlin Wall divided, but did not conquer the spirit of the Germans in the German Democratic Republic. The end of the Berlin Wall brought a new, reborn Germany – the Berlin Republic – dedicated to human dignity, founded in democratic institutions of the Bonn Republic and the democratic revolution in East Germany.

I was the deputy American ambassador in East Berlin when the Berlin Wall was breached. Later I was country director for Germany in the State Department and then deputy and acting American Ambassador in the Berlin Republic. The question most asked over the past decade was and is; “What is the Berlin Republic?” The following question was inevitably; “What does this new Germany, the Berlin Republic, mean to the United States?” Let me share with you one anecdote that captures the spirit of freedom on the 1989 Revolution. I was a fortunate eyewitness when the Berlin Wall came tumbling down (“Ich war dabei”) twenty-eight years after the East German leader Walter Ulbricht erected this hated symbol of communism and division. I was the deputy American ambassador in East Berlin reporting on that democratic revolution that would bring down the Berlin Wall, help end the cold war and create a new order, in which Germany emerged once again united, sovereign and strong. Throughout the year 1989, dramatic events stirred a new sense of freedom in the world and challenged the cold war. Soviet President Gorbachev began his glasnost [restructuring] and glasnost [openness] experiment.

Students in China demonstrated for democracy on Tiananmen Square and were brutally crushed by communist tanks. In the two Germanys 2 million soldiers still stood face-to-face across the Berlin Wall ready for war. On the night of November 9, 1989, the entire world held its breath waiting for the Soviet tanks to roll and crush the German revolutionaries as they had done in 1953 . Although the Soviet tanks did not roll out, revolution has changed our world. The United States throughout the Cold War preached self-determination in an effort to promote democracy movements and stationed millions of American soldiers in West Germany to deter a communist attack. East Europeans had repeatedly tried and failed to find freedom and break the yoke of communist rule. Despite failed attempts in East Germany in 1953, in Hungary in 1956 , in Czechoslovakia in 1968 , and in Poland in 1980, in the summer of 1989 the Central Europeans tried again. At the American Embassy in East Berlin, we knew that the Red Army’s response with its million Soviet and East German soldiers deployed along the German-German border would determine the success or failure of this new democratic revolution.

A Washington Post editorial in August that year reminded us that if the Soviet Union intervened anywhere in Europe to protect its interests, it would do so in East Germany. Nevertheless, some East Germans wanted their freedom and sovereignty and were willing to demand some of their rights guaranteed in the Helsinki Final Act signed by their communist leader, Erich Honecker. These brave souls sought freedom to travel and abolishing the East German travel law became the symbolic cry for political freedom during their revolution. They knew the words of President John Kennedy that free men everywhere would be proud to call themselves Berliners, and they knew President Ronald Reagan’s challenge to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. They were testing that strong bond of common destiny in our commitment to the dignity of man, the rule of law, and freedom. Events in the revolution were breathtaking. Tens of thousands of GDR citizens had fled to the West and a million more were seeking to emigrate. Demonstrations by thousands of demonstrators in the streets of Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin threatened the government and by October 18 had led to the ouster of German Communist leader Erich Honecker.

The new GDR leader, Egon Krenz, was also a communist and desperately needed to establish control of the government and to win support of the people. We knew events could unravel the stability of the cold war and our embassy reported on November 6 that the GDR Politburo was changing the despised Travel Law and predicted hopefully that if such changes continued, the Berlin Wall would become “irrelevant.” Based on our embassy’s reporting, President George Bush was told in his November 9 morning briefing by his intelligence briefer, that the GDR had opened possibilities for freer travel for its citizens and that the Berlin Wall might as a result become “irrelevant,” the very description used by the American Embassy’s Political Counselor Jon Greenwald report. Now was the time to determine whether this revolution fit the definition. I had never lived through a revolution and only knew the textbook definition. I was about to experience it very personally. While, as Timothy Garten Ash has noted, a century was defeated at the polls, I believe that it was the democratic revolution that spread from Solidarity to the Kremlin and ended communism in Europe.

It is in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War that I have found the comments of Ralph Waldo Emerson about the American Revolution to capture the new dynamic of European politics at the end of the Millennium. He said, “If there is any one period one would desire to be born in, is it not the Age of Revolution, when the old and new stand side-by-side, when the energies of all men are searched by fear and by hope, when the historic glories of the old can be compensated by the rich possibilities of the new?” The Hungarians would likely allow several hundred East Germans to escape Events during that Thursday in November were calm; President Gorbachev had ended his visit in honor of the 40th anniversary of East Germany with a warning about the dramatic events East Germany saying, “Those who come too late will be punished by history.” Little did we now that history was about to overtake us. That same evening in Berlin I attended Aspen Institute Berlin Director David Anderson’s reception for his new deputy, Hildegard Boucsein, with the mayors of East and West Berlin, the Allied Military Commanders, East German spy-swapping lawyer Wolfgang Vogel and many others. We were an unsuspecting group of insiders.

What was about to happen at the Berlin Wall later on November 9, 1989 would be a surprise to us all. At the end of the reception, East German lawyer Wolfgang Vogel, who had negotiated the freedom of Soviet dissident Sharansky and earlier the U-2 pilot downed over Russia, Gary Powers, asked me for a ride to West Berlin where he had parked his car. Of course I was pleased to offer him a lift and to seek his assessment of the East German reaction to the changes in November 6 GDR Travel Law that had been rejected by thousands of demonstrators throughout the country. Vogel as Honecker’s lawyer was most likely to know the GDR’s next steps. A few months earlier when U.S. Ambassador Richard Barkley and I visited Vogel at his modest home on the Titi Lake, he told us that the Hungarians would likely allow several hundred East Germans in Hungary escape to the West. The Hungarians had dramatically cut down the barbed wire fence along their border in May. Indeed, the Hungarian border was viewed as an escape hatch from the Communist bloc and cutting down the fence launched a flood of refugees in late summer.

The Hungarians were about to honor their new commitment to a UN convention on refugees and to ignore their obligations under the Warsaw Pact to return East Germans to the GDR. Vogel would surely clue me in on Politburo thinking about how to respond to the revolutionaries’ demands for the right to travel freely. On our way to the downtown West Berlin’s heart on the Ku’dam, Vogel told me that the GDR attorney’s collegium had met November 7-8 and proposed additional changes to the GDR Travel Law. Vogel thought the new changes, not yet announced, would satisfy East Germans’ demand for more freedom of travel. As I drove into East Berlin around 7:30, the acrid smell of sulfur from East Germany’s brown coal met me. It was a knowing feeling that the smell brought to my nostrils; the smell clung everywhere, in my clothes surrounding the buildings. The smell of brown coal gave the whole of East Germany that sinister, dreary appearance that had become so familiar. I went directly to the embassy where I found a greatly excited political section. They were stunned by East German government spokesman Guenther Schabowski’s statement on television.

He had told the world that the Politburo agreed to more changes in the Travel Law and East Germans could get visitor visas quickly (“in kurzem”) for travel to the West from their local “People’s Police” and the GDR would open a new processing center to handle emigration cases immediately. Although beyond anything we could have imagined, Schabowski’s oral statement was open to widely varying interpretation. NBC anchorman, Tom Brokaw, who attended the Schabowski briefing, asked if this meant the Berlin Wall was open; Schabowski reportedly said; “Yes.” He rushed to the western side of the Brandenburg Gate to announce to the world that the Berlin Wall was open. The East Germans heard; “Travel to the West is possible immediately.” The revolution, once remarkably controlled, with its Monday night demonstrations in Leipzig and Dresden, seemed to be spinning out of control. We sent one embassy political officer, Heather Troutman, directly to Checkpoint Charlie and another, Imre Lipping, to the GDR press center to get the text of the statement.

While we were hunting down the travel law text, the first East Germans, attempting to cross without visas, were sent back home by the guards at Checkpoint Charlie who told them to first get visas. It seemed to us that the GDR guards could keep things under control, while the new procedures were being worked out. With the text of the announced freedom to travel and emigrate in hand, we translated it and cabled it to Washington. I telephoned the White House Situation Room and State Department Operations Center to make sure they had the report and to alert them to the latest developments. Then I called Ambassador Barkley and the American Minister in West Berlin Harry Gilmore, and we diplomats shared our quick assessment of the Politburo announcement. We thought the East Germans would get their visas and then head to West Berlin. Little did we know how quickly the East Germans would test the will of the border police to let them leave and return. After assuring ourselves that we had reporting officers in place to follow events and had reported the latest news, I headed home to the near-in East Berlin suburb of Pankow around 10:00 p.m.

As I drove up Schönhauserallee in East Berlin I was surprised to see so many East German, plasticized pressed-wood Trabant automobiles seemingly abandoned near the Bornholmerstrasse checkpoint crossing over the S-Bahn train into West Berlin. At the end of the street near the checkpoint, I saw dozens of Germans standing at the barrier and shouting at the guards defending the crossing. I knew the crossing well. I crossed it regularly; my children crossed there daily to attend the German-American John F. Kennedy Schule in Zehlendorf, West Berlin. Inside the crossing were barracks filled with armed border police. Fire hoses, like those used later at the Brandenburg Gate were carefully laid out in readiness to repel any wall jumpers. Across the checkpoint safely in the West, the bright lights of a TV camera crew, was poised on the bridge ready to instantaneously transmit pictures of this confrontation at the bridge around the world. I hurried through the last few blocks to get home quickly. Inside, I turned on the television to see which pictures were being beamed at the East Germans from the camera I had seen. My wife Jean rushed in to the TV room worried I would wake our children.

I explained the latest events and how our worry seemed to be turning into excitement as we witnessed the fall of the Berlin Wall. I called Ambassador Barkley, Jon Greenwald our political counselor and Harry Gilmore 95in West Berlin. We knew events would soon envelop us. Within minutes the Berlin Wall was breached. First, a wave of East Berliners came through the Bornholmerstrasse checkpoint signaling freedom for all East Germans. They streamed across and their pictures were flashed around the world. They were free! But I had a sinking feeling. Did they have visas? What happened to the visa requirement? Who was in charge? * A few hours later, around 6:30 a.m., I followed my third-grade daughter Annamarie’s school van to Bornholmerstrasse on her way through the crowd to school in the West. Her van moved into the masses of people now streaming in both directions. Seeing the red diplomatic license plate, the people stepped aside to let her through. I stood there watching my child disappear into the West with some uncertainty of her fate. My son Carl was to follow in less than an hour. GDR radio announced that visas were required to travel as of 8:00 am on November 10.

I stayed at Bornholmerstrasse and as the hour approached the crowd grew larger and pressed against the checkpoint as panic spread. The fear of being shut in, of having missed the chance to see West Berlin before the GDR shut the gate, was palatable. Shortly before that appointed hour, that deadline was moved to noon. Later, the deadline was revised to Monday. However, by Monday the Krenz government had lost its legitimacy and its authority; the people had demanded and won their freedom. Power and authority had passed from the SED government to the people, who were now in charge. No one knew what would happen next. We were all caught in the blurring pictures of the revolutionary video stuck on fast-forward. Events in those hours overwhelmed us with a mixture of anxiety, euphoria and hope for the future. When our children, Annamarie and Carl, returned from the John F. Kennedy Schule in West Berlin, my wife, Jean, and I decided that we, too, would test the new openness of the Berlin Wall.

We ventured down to the Wall at Eberswalderstrasse, where the buildings were in the East and the sidewalk was in West Berlin, and where terrible scenes of desperate people jumping to their freedom or death [took place] in 1961 when the Wall was built. The “Bausoldaten,” soldiers on construction duty, were deconstructing the Berlin Wall at Eberwalderstrasse. They had already taken several three-meter tall, one-meter wide sections out of the Wall by the time we arrived. Lined up in front of this gaping hole were hundreds of East Germans dutifully waiting for the East German Volkspolizei to issue them visas in accordance with the November 9 Schabowski statement. We had our diplomatic identity cards and proceeded to enter the no-mans-land through the new crossing point. As we, accompanied by our dog “Willi,” stepped into the eerie space between East and West, seven-year-old Carl exclaimed; “There are two walls.” Indeed, at the end of the no-man’s-land stood towering above us was the whitewashed wall on the western side.

We crossed into West Berlin with numerous East Germans and were greeted with cheering West Berliners and a sense of time suspension. Disoriented, we found a playground for our children where they played while Jean and I tried to absorb the strangeness of standing in West Berlin amid so many East Germans. Unification had just happened among the Germans and we were witnessing the mixture of two conflicting systems separated for two generations. Berlin had become an East German city overnight. Europe Whole and Free After getting our personal bearings we turned back toward East Berlin and stepped back into the death strip on our way home. As we entered the forbidden zone an East German guard who blocked our way and demanded our passports approached us. When we produced our East German Diplomatic identity cards, he rejected them saying that the crossing was only for citizens of the German Democratic Republic. We argued that we, too, lived in East Germany despite the fact that it seemed incredible that any Westerner would voluntarily lived in that communist country. After some heated dialogue, we were allowed to pass. Stepping back into East Berlin was like wandering into the twilight zone, the country had disappeared, and a revolution swept away the Berlin Wall and would soon sweep away the very existence of East Germany itself. I knew East Germany’s days were limited.

Only intervention by the Soviets could prolong its agony. President Gorbachev risked perestroika [restructuring] and glasnost [openness] in Russia if he chose to intervene militarily in the GDR; he would lose East Germany if he did not. We had no idea of the next steps or how the revolution would play out. While the world was caught up in the euphoria of the pictures at the Brandenburg Gate, President Bush instructed us that there would be no dancing on the Wall. The East Germans had won some freedom, but the revolution had unleashed the forces of history contained by the cold war. Meeting with Gorbachev six months later, Gorbachev told President Bush that Germany could decide whether or not to join NATO. In the intervening months the greatest diplomatic venture since World War II was undertaken with the greatest skill. Germany, with the vision and skillful leadership of the American President and Chancellor Kohl, was unified and this millennium may end in peace with Europe whole and free. There was a time when the West stood for freedom. Maggiemay Don’t kid yourself. The wall came down cuz of russian inactivity, NOT because of anything the west did about it.

All the ‘west’ cares about is money. And we lost a lot of bizness when that wall came down. We had to come with a whole new enemy, and quick! Thankfully, that war has lasted to the present day and should go on for at least another 44 years. Tony What’s that supposed to be, a joke? Right, the Wall came down because the Russians thought they were winning the Cold War?? Get a life. Actually, you’re probably just upset that your side lost the Cold War. Don’t worry, you still have North Korea to support. Captain Toby As poorly edited as this report is, it is one of the most inspiring stories of life on this planet that exists. For once people acting spontaneously in the moment changed history decisively. In so many ways it could have gone wrong. But miraculously, it went right. Not because of the deployment of power politics, but because of the strength of an ideal. It is a very powerful story. Thank you for sharing it again today.

West Germany and the Berlin Wall | Fall of the Wall | DW.COM | 04.11.2014 Fall of the Wall West Germany and the Berlin Wall West German protests against the construction of the Berlin Wall couldn't change anything. So politicans took a different approach toward achieving long-held dreams of reunification - Willy Brandt in particular. "We began to get the news at two in the morning. At 3:38, the first reports started coming through the radio that the sector junctions were being blocked by barbed wire." It was Willy Brandt, Social Democratic candidate for chancellor and governing mayor of Berlin, who informed the city and the rest of the world about the construction of the Berlin Wall. He broke off his campaign travels and gathered the members of government in West Berlin for a special meeting.

There, he protested before Western allied commanders of the United States, Great Britain, and France: "The Berlin Senate publicly condemns the illegal and inhuman measures being taken by those who are dividing Germany." Brandt passionately continued, "The cold concrete stakes that cut through our city have been driven into the heart of German unity and into the living organism of our single city of Berlin." Like Brandt, Christian Democrat Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was also in the middle of the election campaign. He arrived in Berlin nine days later, by which point US Vice President Lyndon Johnson had already arrived. On the day construction began, Adenauer gave a matter-of-fact radio address: "In association with our allies, all the necessary countermeasures will be taken ...

It is an hour that needs to be met with strength, but also calm in the face of challenges from the East." Konrad Adenauer did not visit Berlin until nine days after construction of the Wall began Willy Brandt also called for prudence, but he held on to the hope of overcoming the separation, saying "Never could man be kept permanently enslaved … We will never come to terms with the brutal division of this city, with the unnatural division of our country." Helpless onlookers in the West "The East acts - and what does the West do? The West does NOTHING!" read the headline of the mass-circulation Bild newspaper three days after the Wall went up. Adenauer's reaction remained reserved. The Allies first protested three days later in Moscow. While this was going on, East Berliners and East Germans found themselves walled in. They were kept away from their friends and relatives at gunpoint. Willy Brandt wrote to US President John F. Kennedy and asked him to take clear steps like protesting before the United Nations. Kennedy, however, reduced his involvement to symbolic gestures.

Today we know he told his advisers, "A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war." As a sign of solidarity, he sent Vice President Johnson and 1,500 additional US soldiers. But these soldiers did not interfere while East German refugees were shot dead at the border. The first fatalities occurred eleven days after the construction of the wall. As people were killed on the east side of the wall, those in the West looked helplessly on. In 1962, 18-year old bricklayer Peter Fechter was badly wounded by shots to the stomach and back as he attempted to escape. He lay calling for help for an hour, slowly bleeding to death. Neither West Berlin police nor American soldiers dared to enter East Berlin territory. Fechter fell silent in front of hundreds of terrified West Berliners before the GDR border guards carried him away. In the first 10 weeks of the Wall's existence, 15 died along the border with West Berlin. But it wasn't only refugees who were killed by the Wall. Turkish immigrant Cetin Mert from the Kreuzberg district drowned in the Spree River on his fifth birthday.

West Berlin rescue services were quick to the scene, but the river belonged to the GDR, whose rescue services declined to intervene. More than thirty years later, East German border guards were charged with manslaughter over the death of Peter Fechter Merkel honors Brandt Whoever wanted to change the situation had to find new ways to do so. In 1963 Social Democrat Egon Bahr, a spokesman for Willy Brandt, developed the idea of "change through rapprochement," a concept conservatives at the time rejected. Today, however, their attitude has changed. Current Chancellor Angela Merkel and Christian Democrat said in 2014, on a national holiday celebrating German Unity, "Next to Konrad Adenauer's alliance to the West, it was Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik which laid the foundation that Helmut Kohl later used for reunification negotiations with the Soviet Union." Willy Brandt was greeted by jubilant crowds in Erfurt The first attempts to approach the East came during the 'grand coalition' administration of 1966-1969, when Willy Brandt was foreign minister.

In 1969, Brandt became chancellor of a social-liberal coalition of his SPD and the Free Democrats, and was able to more clearly determine policy guidelines. Already in his first speech on policy he spoke of two states in Germany, making clear that to each the other was not a foreign country. He quickly introduced his new Ostpolitik: Agree to disagree with the Soviet Union in order to diffuse tension in Europe before resolving the German question. Brandt then signed the first of his treaties with the Soviet Union, and an agreement with Poland soon followed. He first meeting with Willi Stoph, formally the head of East Germany's government, came in 1970. He traveled to the then East-German city of Erfurt "without illusions" as he put it at the time: "We have lost our unity and there is definitely no going back." The citizens of Erfurt received him with enthusiastic chants of "Willy, Willy" - a humiliation for his host, as the cheers were for Brandt, not Stoph.

Contracts with the enemy In 1972, a basic contract was signed between the two Germanys, accompanied by a "Letter on German Unity." This made clear that the Federal Republic of Germany held on to the goal of German unity, as it described in Germany's Basic Law. The conservative-governed state of Bavaria brought the contract before the Federal Constitutional court, because they believed it hurt chances of reunification. The court rejected their suit. Franz-Josef Strauss garnered a lot of criticism for meeting with and bailing out Erich Honecker Ironically, Bavarian Prime Minister Franz-Josef Strauss, a declared arch-enemy of the communist GDR, made a business agreement a decade later with his eastern neighbor, as the East found itself in a serious financial crisis. In 1983 he met GDR foreign currency procurer Alexander Schalk-Golodkowski and head of state Erich Honecker. Strauss agreed to a loan of billions from the West to the East. This infuriated some fellow party members so much that they resigned from his CSU, the Bavarian sister party to the Christian Democrats.

The GDR subsequently removed its automatically triggered machine guns from the inner-German border and agreed to facilitate travel between the two German states. Two Germanys on the international stage The contract in 1972 was the basis for several other steps: Both countries were members of the United Nations, and agreed on permanent missions and held negotiations in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). In 1975, Brandt's successor, Helmut Schmidt, along with Erich Honecker, signed the Helsinki Accords, a statement on the inviolability of borders and respect for human rights. East German civil rights activists would later invoke this for their cause. Brandt himself had a bitter experience with the East at this time. Günter Guillaume, who for years had been a close associate, turned out to be an East German spy, forcing Brandt to resign in 1974. His Social Democratic colleague Helmut Schmidt became chancellor and began his own political course. In 1981 Schmidt also traveled to the GDR. This time, the visitor from the West was kept away from the crowds, so that no one would cheer for the wrong leader again.

Willy Brandt (speaking) was visibly emotional as he spoke about the fall of the Berlin Wall Autumn 1989 After Helmut Kohl replaced Schmidt, the complaints about Germany's division grew ever louder, though inter-German politics maintained the status quo. Kohl implemented the NATO Double-Track Decision, which Schmidt had signed. Though the East had claimed it would freeze relations with West Germany, the threat was hollow. In 1987, Helmut Kohl received Erich Honecker, the first East German head of state to visit West Germany. Again and again, the West pulled out its checkbook to bail out Wall refugees and East German dissidents. When the Berlin Wall fell on November 9, 1989, Chancellor Kohl cut his state visit to Poland short and traveled to Berlin. At a rally in the front of the town hall in Schöneberg district, he spoke to the people of Berlin side by side with former chancellor Willy Brandt.

Brandt recalled his prediction that "Berlin will live and the Wall will fall." Visibly moved, the man who had publicly denounced the Wall's construction in 1961 as Germany's division was cemented now said, "I am grateful to the Lord God that I am allowed to witness this … that the pieces of Europe are growing together again." DW recommends Eyewitness Eyewitness Free at Last Chancellor Helmut Kohl - Reunification of Germany, 1990 After World War II, two German states came into existence following the occupation by the victorious Allied powers. The Federal Republic of Germany, known as West Germany, was established in the territory occupied by the non-Communist powers (United States, Britain, and France); the German Democratic Republic, known in the West as East Germany, was established in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union. Berlin, the former capital, was divided into West Berlin and East Berlin. West Germany remained politically stable over the next forty years and became one of the most prosperous nations in the world. East Germany developed into a centralized Communist state whose citizens endured a stagnant economy and poor standard of living.

By 1960, people were fleeing Soviet East Berlin for West Berlin and the non-Communist world at the rate of 30,000 each month. To stop this mass exodus, the Soviets built the Berlin Wall, which stood as a grim symbol of the gulf between the Communist East and the non-Communist West for twenty-eight years. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, signaling the end of the Cold War. The following year, the two German states, divided for forty-five years, were reunited in a joyful celebration ceremony that Chancellor Helmut Kohl described in the brief telephone conversation transcribed in this White House memo. Memo of telephone conversation between President George H.W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, October 3, 1990 The Wall | PBS Programs | PBS Full Episode | After The Wall - A World United About the Programs The most memorable symbol of the revolution that swept across Europe two decades ago is the November 1989 opening of the Berlin Wall.

Two one-hour documentaries look back to the rise and fall of the Berlin Wall, the re-unification of Germany after 40 years of separation, and the unique partnership among three world leaders — George Bush, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Helmut Kohl — that ended the Cold War without a shot being fired. About The Wall: A World Divided Berliners woke on Sunday morning, August 13, 1961, to find their city and their lives cut in two by a wall of barbed wire and concrete blocks. It was almost impossible to flee the oppressive East German regime. Ordinary citizens found themselves caught in the extraordinary politics of the Cold War: a young father forced to tunnel beneath the Wall to be reunited with his wife and two sons; a teenager whose love of pop culture got him in deep trouble with the state; a young man broken by the ruthless interrogation methods of the secret police. This film also follows the birth of the freedom movement in a most unexpected place: the Protestant Church.

In the late 1980s when restrictions on churches were relaxed, rather than becoming obsolete as the regime expected, churches became a sanctuary for everyone who yearned to be free: environmentalists, feminists, punk rockers, and peace activists alike. At the same time forces of reform, triggered in part by Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, were sweeping through Soviet satellite states. The East German government began to face a small but determined opposition movement and massive public protests. But, what actually opened the Wall was — surprisingly — a mistake. An East German bureaucrat misspoke at a press conference on November 9, 1989, and triggered a flood of people at one of the East Berlin crossing points. The border guards had no instructions and were forced to let the crowds through — catching the world's leaders by surprise. After the initial days of celebration following the opening of the Wall, the fate of the two Germanys hung in the balance. Would a new chapter of instability doom Gorbachev's era of reform and deepen the divide between east and west? The spiraling events prompted an unparalleled diplomatic effort from one-time enemies. Interviews with George H.W.

Bush, Mikhail Gorbachev and Helmut Kohl offer unusual and intimate details about the inner workings of government at the highest levels and how relationships among world leaders guided the completely unanticipated series of events that resulted in a new Europe in less than a year changing the course of modern history. Other major players from all sides provide insightful and often surprising perspectives, including then-Secretary of State James Baker, National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, Soviet Affairs Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and West German National Security Advisor Horst Teltschik. March 1990 brought a spectacle East Germans hadn't seen in nearly 60 years — an open election. Helmut Kohl's conservative party pulled off an upset, indicating the strong desire of East Germans to unify the country as soon as possible. Germany was formally united in October, less than one year from when the wall fell. Hear first-hand testimony from East German leaders who oversaw the abrupt and unexpected end of their forty-year experiment in socialism, as well as the stories of ordinary Germans suddenly free to live their lives in a modern capitalist economy. After the loss of East Germany, Gorbachev was forced out of office and the Soviet Union crumbled.

One of the final phone calls Gorbachev made from the Kremlin was to his good friend, George Bush. The last head of the Soviet Union was calling to say good-bye to the President of the United States. The Cold War was indeed over. About After The Wall — A World United After the initial days of celebration following the opening of the Wall, the fate of the two Germanys hung in the balance. Would a new chapter of instability doom Gorbachev's era of reform and deepen the divide between east and west? The spiraling events prompted an unparalleled diplomatic effort from one-time enemies. Interviews with George H.W. Bush, Mikhail Gorbachev and Helmut Kohl offer unusual and intimate details about the inner workings of government at the highest levels and how relationships among world leaders guided the completely unanticipated series of events that resulted in a new Europe in less than a year changing the course of modern history. Other major players from all sides provide insightful and often surprising perspectives, including then-Secretary of State James Baker, National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, Soviet Affairs Advisor Condoleezza Rice, and West German National Security Advisor Horst Teltschik.

March 1990 brought a spectacle East Germans hadn't seen in nearly 60 years — an open election. Helmut Kohl's conservative party pulled off an upset, indicating the strong desire of East Germans to unify the country as soon as possible. Germany was formally united in October, less than one year from when the wall fell. Hear first-hand testimony from East German leaders who oversaw the abrupt and unexpected end of their forty-year experiment in socialism, as well as the stories of ordinary Germans suddenly free to live their lives in a modern capitalist economy. After the loss of East Germany, Gorbachev was forced out of office and the Soviet Union crumbled. One of the final phone calls Gorbachev made from the Kremlin was to his good friend, George Bush. The last head of the Soviet Union was calling to say good-bye to the President of the United States. The Cold War was indeed over. Related Links BBC ON THIS DAY | 9 | 1989: Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall 1989: Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall The Berlin Wall has been breached after nearly three decades keeping East and West Berliners apart.

At midnight East Germany's Communist rulers gave permission for gates along the Wall to be opened after hundreds of people converged on crossing points. They surged through cheering and shouting and were be met by jubilant West Berliners on the other side. Ecstatic crowds immediately began to clamber on top of the Wall and hack large chunks out of the 28-mile (45-kilometre) barrier. It had been erected in 1961 on the orders of East Germany's former leader Walter Ulbricht stop people leaving for West Germany. Since 1949 about 2.5 million people had fled East Germany. After 1961, the Wall and other fortifications along the 860-mile (1,380-kilometre) border shared by East and West Germany have kept most East Germans in. Many of those attempting to escape have been shot dead by border guards. Exodus The first indication that change was imminent came earlier today when East Berlin's Communist party spokesman, Gunther Schabowski, announced East Germans would be allowed to travel directly to West Germany.

The move was intended to stem an exodus into West Germany through the "back door" which began last summer when the new and more liberal regime in Hungary opened its border. The flow of migrants was intensified last week when Czechoslovakia also granted free access to West Germany through its border. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl has hailed the decision to open the Wall as "historic" and called for a meeting with East German leader, Egon Krenz.

Question: Who was the Chancellor of Germany when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989?
Answer: Helmut Kohl