Treaty of Utrecht – Exequy's Blog Canadian History , History , Nova Scotia The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document, comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. Concluded between various European states, it helped end the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713). The treaty enforced the Partition Treaties of (1697) and (1700) which stated that the Spanish and French Crowns should never be united. This was part of British foreign policy to make peace in Europe by establishing a balance of power and preventing France in particular from uniting and dominating the continent. The treaty made Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, King of Spain. The treaty stated that Britain should have Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Britain was awarded the Assiento—the sole right to import black slaves into America for 30 years. Under the treaty France also had to acknowledge the Protestant Succession in England and Austria acquired Milan, Naples, and the Spanish Netherlands.

The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of Queen Anne of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, and the Dutch Republic on the other. The Treaty of Utrecht brought a period of peace in what is sometimes called the Second Hundred Years War (1689-1815) between France and Britain. This rivalry had international dimensions in the scramble for overseas territories, wealth and influence. The treaty significantly contributed to the Anglicization of North America. The Triple Alliance (1717) was formed with France and Holland to uphold the Treaty of Utrecht. In 1718 Austria joined and it was expanded to the Quadruple Alliance against Spain to maintain the peace of Europe. The Negotiations France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. This initial agreement was based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain’s European possessions. Following this, a congress opened at Utrecht on January 29, 1712. The British representative was John Robinson (the Bishop of Bristol).

Reluctantly the Dutch United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI, refused to do so until he was assured that these preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. As Philip was not yet recognized as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the Duke of Savoy sent one, and Portugal was also represented. One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and matters did not make much progress until after July 10, 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation. With Great Britain and France having agreed a truce, the pace of negotiation now quickened, and the main treaties were finally signed on April 11, 1713. Principal provisions By the treaties’ provisions, Louis XIV’s grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou was recognized as King of Spain (as Philip V), thus confirming the succession as stipulated in the will of the late King Charles II.

However, Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne, despite some doubts as to the lawfulness of such an act. In similar fashion various French princelings, including most notably the Duke of Berry (Louis XIV’s youngest grandson) and the Duke of Orléans (Louis’s nephew), renounced for themselves and their descendants any claim to the Spanish throne. Spain’s European empire was also divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. In addition, Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain and agreed to give to the British the Asiento, a valuable monopoly slave-trading contract. In North America, France ceded to Great Britain its claims to the Hudson Bay Company territories in Rupert’s Land, Newfoundland, and Acadia. The formerly partitioned island of Saint Kitts was also ceded in its entirety to Britain.

France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including Île-Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island) as well as Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), on which it erected the Fortress of Louisbourg. A series of commercial treaties were also signed. After the signing of the Utrecht treaties, the French continued to be at war with Emperor Charles VI and with the Holy Roman Empire itself until 1714, when hostilities were ended with the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden. Spain and Portugal remained formally at war with each other until the Treaty of Madrid in 1715, while the Empire and the now-Bourbon Spain did not conclude peace until 1720. Responses to the treaties The treaty’s territorial provisions did not go as far as the Whigs in Britain would have liked, considering that the French had made overtures for peace in 1706 and again in 1709. The Whigs considered themselves the heirs of the staunch anti-French policies of William III and the Duke of Marlborough.

Indeed, later in the century the Whig John Wilkes contemptuously described it as like “[the] Peace of God, for it passeth all understanding.” However, in the Parliament of 1710 the Tories had gained control of the House of Commons, and they wished for an end to Britain’s participation in a European war. Jonathan Swift complained fiercely about the cost of the war and the debts that had been incurred. People were also weary of war and the taxation to finance it. Queen Anne and her advisers had also come to the same position which led to the Whig administration being dismissed by the Queen and a Tory one formed under Robert Harley (created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer on May 23, 1711) and Viscount Bolingbroke. Harley and the Bolingbroke proved more flexible at the bargaining table and were accused by the Whigs of being “pro-French.” They persuaded the Queen to create twelve new “Tory peers.” to ensure ratification of the treaty in the House of Lords. Although the fate of the Spanish Netherlands in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory.

This led to the creation of a Dutch proverbial saying: “De vous, chez vous, sans vous,” literally meaning “concerning you, in your house, but without you.” Balance of power The European concept of the balance of power, first mentioned in 1701 by Charles Davenant in Essays on the Balance of Power, became a common topic of debate during the war and the conferences that led to the signing of the treaties. Boosted by the issue of Daniel Defoe’s A Review of the Affairs of France in 1709, a periodical which supported the Harley ministry, the concept was a key factor in British negotiations, and was reflected in the final treaties. This theme would continue to be a significant factor in European politics until the time of the French Revolution (and was to resurface in the nineteenth century and also during the Cold War in the second half of the twentieth century).

Legenda: Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713-2013 Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713-2013 Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Cultures 8 Legenda: Oxford, 2014 £55.00 ($99.00 US) Hardback 202pp ISBN: 978-1-909662-22-3 In July 1713 Great Britain and Spain signed a ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ that brought to an end a conflict that had begun in 1701, following the death the year before of the Spanish King Carlos II, who died without leaving a direct descendant or heir. The War of the Spanish Succession that ensued involved the major European powers who all had an interest in the question of who would occupy the Spanish throne.

As a result of the various peace treaties that were signed between 1713 and 1714 between the warring countries — Spain, Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, the Dutch Republic —, the Bourbon candidate became king of Spain as Philip V, but Spain lost its last European possessions (the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, among others) and ceded to Great Britain the island of Minorca and Gibraltar. Considered by many historians to be the first real world war, as it involved fighting in the Americas as well as in Europe, the War of the Spanish Succession changed the map of Europe and led to significant alterations in the balance of power. In this volume twelve eminent historians and legal experts from Spain and the United Kingdom consider the political and legal context and consequences of the War and the Treaty of Utrecht that brought it to an end, consequences that still resonate today. This volume is edited by Trevor J. Dadson and J. H. Elliott with the assistance of the Office for Cultural and Scientific Affairs, Embassy of Spain, London.

With the contributions: treaties of Utrecht | European history | Britannica.com Treaties of Utrecht Alternative Title: Peace of Utrecht Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Treaties of Utrecht, also called Peace of Utrecht, (April 1713–September 1714), a series of treaties between France and other European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). France concluded treaties of peace at Utrecht with Britain, the Dutch republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy. By the treaty with Britain (April 11), France recognized Queen Anne as the British sovereign and undertook to cease supporting James Edward, the son of the deposed king James II . France ceded Newfoundland, Nova Scotia , the Hudson Bay territory, and the island of St.

Kitts to Britain and promised to demolish the fortifications at Dunkirk, which had been used as a base for attacks on English and Dutch shipping. In the treaty with the Dutch, France agreed that the United Provinces should annex part of Gelderland and should retain certain barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands . In the treaty with Prussia, France acknowledged Frederick I’s royal title (claimed in 1701) and recognized his claim to Neuchâtel (in present Switzerland) and southeast Gelderland. In return France received the principality of Orange from Prussia. In the treaty with Savoy, France recognized Victor Amadeus II , duke of Savoy, as king of Sicily and that he should rule Sicily and Nice. The treaty with Portugal recognized its sovereignty on both banks of the Amazon River . France’s Guiana colony in South America was restricted in size. The peace treaties involving Spain took longer to arrange. Spain’s treaty with Britain (July 13) gave Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. The treaty was preceded by the asiento agreement, by which Spain gave to Britain the exclusive right to supply the Spanish colonies with African slaves for the next 30 years. On Aug.

13, 1713, the Spanish treaty with Savoy was concluded, ceding the former Spanish possession of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II as his share of the spoils of war. In return he renounced his claims upon the Spanish throne. The peace between Spain and the Dutch was delayed until June 26, 1714, and that between Spain and Portugal until the Treaty of Madrid (February 1715). The Holy Roman emperor Charles VI , in what is considered the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, concluded peace with France in the Treaties of Rastatt and Baden (March 6, 1714 and Sept. 7, 1714; see Rastatt and Baden, Treaties of ). Peace between the emperor and Spain was not concluded until the Treaty of The Hague (February 1720). The question of the Spanish Succession was finally settled in favour of the Bourbon Philip V , grandson of France’s Louis XIV. Britain received the largest portion of colonial and commercial spoils and took the leading position in world trade. In international politics the settlement at Utrecht established a pattern for the next 20 years.

Learn More in these related articles: Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713-2013 : Trevor J. Dadson : 9781909662223 Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713-2013 Hardback Add to basket Add to wishlist Description In July 1713 Great Britain and Spain signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship' that brought to an end a conflict that had begun in 1701, following the death the year before of the Spanish King Charles II, who died without leaving a direct descendant or heir. The War of the Spanish Succession that ensued involved the major European powers who all had an interest in the question of who would occupy the Spanish throne.

As a result of the various peace treaties that were signed between 1713 and 1714 between the warring countries Spain, Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Bourbon candidate became king of Spain as Philip V, but Spain lost its last European possessions (the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, among others) and ceded to Great Britain the island of Minorca and Gibraltar. Considered by many historians to be the first real world war, as it involved fighting in the Americas as well as in Europe, the War of the Spanish Succession changed the map of Europe and led to significant alterations in the balance of power. In this volume twelve eminent historians and legal experts from Spain and the United Kingdom consider the political and legal context and consequences of the War and the Treaty of Utrecht that brought it to an end, consequences that still resonate today. This volume is edited by Trevor J.

Dadson with the assistance of the Office for Cultural and Scientific Affairs, Embassy of Spain, London." show more Product details 176 x 254 x 14mm | 599.99g Publication date Treaty of Utrecht | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties , rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession , in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war. The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and of his grandson Philip V of Spain on one hand, and representatives of Anne, Queen of Great Britain , the Duke of Savoy, the King of Portugal and the United Provinces of the Netherlands on the other. They marked the end of French ambitions of hegemony in Europe expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European system based on the balance of power .

[1] Contents Edit France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. The preliminaries was based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Following this, the Congress of Utrecht opened on 29 January 1712, with the British representatives being John Robinson , Bishop of Bristol, and Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford . [2] Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but the Emperor refused to do so until he was assured that the preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. As Philip was not yet recognised as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the Duke of Savoy sent one, and Portugal was represented by Luís da Cunha .[ citation needed ] One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and matters did not make much progress until after 10 July 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation.

With Great Britain and France having agreed upon a truce, the pace of negotiation now quickened, and the main treaties were finally signed on 11 April 1713.[ citation needed ] Principal provisions Edit Western Europe's borders after the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt . The treaty recognised Louis XIV's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou , as King of Spain (as Philip V), thus confirming the succession stipulated in the will of the Charles II of Spain who died in 1700. However, Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne, despite some doubts as to the lawfulness of such an act. In similar fashion various French princelings, including most notably the Duke of Berry (Louis XIV's youngest grandson) and the Duke of Orléans (Louis's nephew), renounced for themselves and their descendants any claim to the Spanish throne. Also, Spain's European territories were apportioned: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria ) received the Spanish Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan.

Portugal had its sovereignty recognised over the lands between the Amazon and Oyapock rivers, in Brazil. In 1715, the Portuguese also recovered Colonia del Sacramento , taken by Spain in Uruguay. In addition, Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain and agreed to give to the British the Asiento , a valuable monopoly slave-trading contract. In North America, France ceded to Great Britain its claims to Newfoundland and to the Hudson's Bay Company territories in Rupert's Land . [3] They also ceded the Acadian colony of Nova Scotia. The formerly partitioned island of Saint Kitts was also ceded in its entirety to Britain. France was required to recognise British suzerainty over the Iroquois and commerce with the Far Indians was to be open to traders of all nations. France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including Île-Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island), Saint Pierre and Miquelon , as well as Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), on which it erected the Fortress of Louisbourg . A series of commercial treaties were also signed.

After the signing of the Utrecht treaties, the French continued to be at war with Emperor Charles VI and with the Holy Roman Empire itself until 1714, when hostilities were ended with the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden . Spain and Portugal remained formally at war with each other until the Treaty of Madrid of February 1715, while peace between Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, unsuccessful claimant to the Spanish crown, came only in 1720 with the signing of the Treaty of The Hague. [4] Allegory of the Peace of Utrecht by Antoine Rivalz . Responses to the treaties Edit The treaty's territorial provisions did not go as far as the Whigs in Britain would have liked, considering that the French had made overtures for peace in 1706 and again in 1709. The Whigs considered themselves the heirs of the staunch anti-French policies of William III and the Duke of Marlborough . Indeed, later in the century the Whig John Wilkes contemptuously described it as like "[the] Peace of God, for it passeth all understanding ".

However, in the Parliament of 1710 the Tories had gained control of the House of Commons , and they wished for an end to Great Britain's participation in a European war; and Queen Anne and her advisors had also come to the same position. The party in the administration of Robert Harley (created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer on 23 May 1711) and the Viscount Bolingbroke proved more flexible at the bargaining table and were characterised by the Whigs as "pro-French"; Oxford and Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new "Tory peers" [5] to ensure ratification of the treaty in the House of Lords. Although the fate of the Spanish Netherlands in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory.

The French negotiator Melchior de Polignac taunted the Dutch with the bon mot De vous, chez vous, sans vous, [6] meaning that negotiations would be held "about you, in your country, without you." The fact that Bolingbroke had secretly ordered the British commander, the Duke of Ormonde , to withdraw from the Allied forces before the Battle of Denain (informing the French, but not the Allies), and the fact that they secretly arrived at separate peace with France was a fait accompli, made the objections of the Allies pointless. [7] In any case, the Dutch achieved their condominium in the Austrian Netherlands with the Austro-Dutch Barrier Treaty of 1715 . [8] Balance of power Main article: Balance of power in international relations The European concept of the balance of power , first mentioned in 1701 by Charles Davenant in Essays on the Balance of Power , became a common topic of debate during the war and the conferences that led to signing of the treaties.

Boosted by 19 April 1709 issue of Daniel Defoe 's A Review of the Affairs of France , a periodical that supported the Harley ministry, the concept was a key factor in British negotiations, and was reflected in the final treaties. This theme would continue to be a significant factor in European politics until the time of the French Revolution (and was to resurface in the 19th century). See also ↑ The twelve peers consisted of two who were summoned in their father's baronies , Lords Compton (Northampton) and Bruce (Ailesbury), and ten recruits, namely Lords Hay (Kinnoull), Mountjoy, Burton (Paget), Mansell, Middleton, Trevor, Lansdowne, Masham, Foley, and Bathurst. David Backhouse, "Tory Tergiversation In The House of Lords, 1714–1760" . ↑ Szabo, I. (1857) The State Policy of Modern Europe from the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century to the Present Time. Vol. I, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts, p. 166 ↑ Churchill, W.

(2002) Marlborough: His Life and Times, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-10636-5 , pp. 954–955 ↑ Israel, J.I. (1995), The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-873072-1 hardback, ISBN 0-19-820734-4 paperback, p. 978 External links Treaty of Utrecht - 300 years old Treaty of Utrecht - 300 years old Details Category: Utrecht - places to visit The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, comprises a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war.

The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, the King of Portugal and the United Provinces on the other. The treaty registered the defeat of French ambitions expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European system based on the balance of power. Negotiations France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. This initial agreement was based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Following this, a congress opened at Utrecht on 29 January 1712, with the British representatives being John Robinson, Bishop of Bristol, and Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford. Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but the Emperor refused to do so until he was assured that these preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance.

As Philip was not yet recognized as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the Duke of Savoy sent one, and Portugal was represented by D. Luís da Cunha. One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and matters did not make much progress until after 10 July 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation. With Great Britain and France having agreed a truce, the pace of negotiation now quickened, and the main treaties were finally signed on 11 April 1713. Principal provisions By the treaties' provisions, Louis XIV's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou was recognized as King of Spain (as Philip V), thus confirming the succession as stipulated in the will of the late King Charles II. However, Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne, despite some doubts as to the lawfulness of such an act.

In similar fashion various French princelings, including most notably the Duke of Berry (Louis XIV's youngest grandson) and the Duke of Orléans (Louis's nephew), renounced for themselves and their descendants any claim to the Spanish throne. Spain's European empire was also divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. Portugal had its sovereignty recognised over the lands between the Amazon and Oyapock rivers, in Brazil. In 1715, the Portuguese also recovered Colonia del Sacramento, taken by Spain in Uruguay. In addition, Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain and agreed to give to the British the Asiento, a valuable monopoly slave-trading contract. In North America, France ceded to Great Britain its claims to Newfoundland, Acadia and to the Hudson's Bay Company territories in Rupert's Land, . The formerly partitioned island of Saint Kitts was also ceded in its entirety to Britain.

France was required to recognize British suzerainty over the Iroquois and commerce with the Far Indians was to be open to traders of all nations. France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including Île-Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island) as well as Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), on which it erected the Fortress of Louisbourg. A series of commercial treaties were signed also. After the signing of the Utrecht treaties, the French continued to be at war with Emperor Charles VI and with the Holy Roman Empire itself until 1714, when hostilities were ended with the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden. Spain and Portugal remained formally at war with each other until the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, while the British and the now-Bourbon Spain did not conclude peace until 1720. Responses to the treaties The treaty's territorial provisions did not go as far as the Whigs in Britain would have liked, considering that the French had made overtures for peace in 1706 and again in 1709. The Whigs considered themselves the heirs of the staunch anti-French policies of William III and the Duke of Marlborough.

Indeed, later in the century the Whig John Wilkes contemptuously described it as like "[the] Peace of God, for it passeth all understanding". However, in the Parliament of 1710 the Tories had gained control of the House of Commons, and they wished for an end to Great Britain's participation in a European war; Queen Anne and her advisors had also come to the same position. The party in the administration of Robert Harley (created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer on 23 May 1711) and the Viscount Bolingbroke proved more flexible at the bargaining table and were characterised by the Whigs as "pro-French"; Oxford and Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new "Tory peers" to ensure ratification of the treaty in the House of Lords. Although the fate of the Spanish Netherlands in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory.

The French negotiator Melchior de Polignac taunted the Dutch with the bon mot De vous, chez vous, sans vous, meaning that negotiations would be held "about you, in your country, without you." The fact that Bolingbroke had secretly ordered the British commander, the Duke of Ormonde, to withdraw from the Allied forces before the Battle of Denain (informing the French, but not the Allies), and the fact that they secretly arrived at separate peace with France was a fait accompli, made the objections of the Allies pointless.[5] In any case, the Dutch achieved their condominium in the Austrian Netherlands with the Austro-Dutch Barrier Treaty of 1715. Balance of power The European concept of the balance of power, first mentioned in 1701 by Charles Davenant in Essays on the Balance of Power, became a common topic of debate during the war and the conferences that led to signing of the treaties. Boosted by 19 April 1709 issue of Daniel Defoe's A Review of the Affairs of France, a periodical that supported the Harley ministry, the concept was a key factor in British negotiations, and was reflected in the final treaties.

This theme would continue to be a significant factor in European politics until the time of the French Revolution (and was to resurface in the nineteenth century). Google Maps WEISS COLLECTION: AUSTRIA PEACE OF UTRECHT Croker, John: England, 1713, Silver, 58 mm Obv: Bust of Anne (l) ANNA. D:G: MAG: BRI: FR: ET. HIB. REG: (Anne by the Grace of God, Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland) Rev: Britannia seated with an olive branch, shield and spear. Ships and farming scene behind. COMPOSITIS. VENERANTVR. ARMIS. (They honor [Peace] by Laying Aside Their Arms) Signed: I.C. (John Croker) Ref: Eimer 458; MI ii, 399/256; v.

Loon V, 230; Weiss BW816 The Peace of Utrecht was part of a series of individual peace treaties, signed in 1713 in the Dutch city of Utrecht, by several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic. It helped end the War of the Spanish Succession. The War of the Spanish Succession (1710-1714) was precipitated by the failure of the Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II (the last of the Spanish Habsburg kings), to produce an heir. Spain at that time controlled vast areas of the globe, some of which were claimed by other powerful European states, including the English and Dutch as well as the royal Houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach). After a series of battles, the Treaties of Utrecht were signed between the belligerents. The territorial changes effected by the series of Treaties of Utrecht were that Spain ceded the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs.

It also ceded the Kingdom of Sicily to the Duchy of Savoy and ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. France recognized British sovereignty over Rupert's Land and Newfoundland and ceded Acadia and its half of Saint Kitts to Great Britain. The Peace of Utrecht marked the end of two centuries of war. These wars, which devastated large parts of Europe, were based, in part, on antagonisms between the Catholic countries of Spain, France and the Holy Roman Empire, and the Protestant states of England and the Netherlands. Its resolution decided whether Europe would accommodate many religions and balances of powers or be monolithic. Utrecht, treaties of Utrecht, treaties of ▪ European history also called Peace of Utrecht (April 1713–September 1714), a series of treaties between France and other European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14).

France concluded treaties of peace at Utrecht with Britain, the Dutch republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy. By the treaty with Britain (April 11), France recognized Queen Anne as the British sovereign and undertook to cease supporting James Edward, the son of the deposed king James II. France ceded Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, the Hudson Bay territory, and the island of St. Kitts to Britain and promised to demolish the fortifications at Dunkirk, which had been used as a base for attacks on English and Dutch shipping. In the treaty with the Dutch, France agreed that the United Provinces should annex part of Gelderland and should retain certain barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands. In the treaty with Prussia, France acknowledged Frederick I's royal title (claimed in 1701) and recognized his claim to Neuchâtel (in present Switzerland) and southeast Gelderland. In return France received the principality of Orange from Prussia. In the treaty with Savoy, France recognized Victor Amadeus II , duke of Savoy, as king of Sicily and that he should rule Sicily and Nice. The treaty with Portugal recognized its sovereignty on both banks of the Amazon River.

France's Guiana colony in South America was restricted in size. The peace treaties involving Spain took longer to arrange. Spain's treaty with Britain (July 13) gave Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. The treaty was preceded by the asiento ( asiento de negros ) agreement, by which Spain gave to Britain the exclusive right to supply the Spanish colonies with African slaves for the next 30 years. On Aug. 13, 1713, the Spanish treaty with Savoy was concluded, ceding the former Spanish possession of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II as his share of the spoils of war. In return he renounced his claims upon the Spanish throne. The peace between Spain and the Dutch was delayed until June 26, 1714, and that between Spain and Portugal until the Treaty of Madrid (February 1715). The Holy Roman emperor Charles VI , in what is considered the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, concluded peace with France in the Treaties of Rastatt and Baden (March 6, 1714 and Sept. 7, 1714; see Rastatt and Baden, treaties of ).

Peace between the emperor and Spain was not concluded until the Treaty of The Hague (February 1720). The question of the Spanish Succession was finally settled in favour of the Bourbon Philip V, grandson of France's Louis XIV. Britain received the largest portion of colonial and commercial spoils and took the leading position in world trade. In international politics the settlement at Utrecht established a pattern for the next 20 years. * * * Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht Sample Research Paper Words 3,500 The long debilitating War of Spanish Succession ended with the Peace of Utrecht in 1713. Despite all the fighting, it was hard at the end to distinguish winners from losers. The resulting treaty of Utrecht addressed the balance-of-power issues that had precipitated the war, but it also provided for a variety of territorial realignments–a sort of zero-sum game with principalities swap like poker chips.

From April 1713 to September 1714, a series of treaties among France and other European powers and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). These treaties are known loosely as the Treaties of Utrecht. The peace treaties concerning Spain took longer to arrange. Spain’s treaty with Britain (July 13) gave Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. The treaty was head by the asiento agreement, by which Spain gave to Britain the exclusive right to supply the Spanish colonies with African slaves for the next 30 years. On Aug. 13, 1713, the Spanish treaty with Savoy was accomplished, ceding the former Spanish possession of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II as his share of the spoils of war. In return he renounced his claims upon the Spanish throne. The peace between Spain and the Dutch was delayed until June 26, 1714, and that between Spain and Portugal until the Treaty of Madrid (February 1715).

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Question: Which series of 1713 peace treaties ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain?
Answer: Treaty of Utrecht