1000+ images about ❤ Historical Events ❤ on Pinterest | Boston tea parties, British and British government Forward The Sons of Liberty were the most famous secret group to oppose the British. They did this by protests that were not always peaceful. They burned stamp paper when they found it. They also tar and feathered British customs officals.The Sons of Liberty were also the ones that did the Boston Tea Party and dumped 342 crates of tea in to the harbor. See More Boston Tea Party facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Boston Tea Party Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History COPYRIGHT 2000 The Gale Group Inc. BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773) At nine o'clock on the night of December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians disguised as Native Americans boarded the British merchant ship Dartmouth and two companion vessels anchored at Griffin's Wharf in Boston harbor. The Americans, who numbered around 70, shared a common aim: to destroy the ships' cargo of British East India Company tea.

Many years later George Hewes, a 31–year–old shoemaker and participant, recalled "We then were ordered by our commander to open the hatches and take out all the chests of tea and throw them overboard. And we immediately proceeded to execute his orders, first cutting and splitting the chests with our tomahawks, so as thoroughly to expose them to the effects of the water." Urged on by a crowd of cheering townspeople, the disguised Bostonians destroyed 342 chests of tea estimated to be worth between £10,000 and £18,000. Their actions, which became known as the Boston Tea Party, set in motion events that led directly to the American Revolution (1775–83). The Boston Tea Party was one of a long series of conflicts between the American colonies and the English government after the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754–63). The French and Indian War was the last and most expensive of almost a century of colonial wars between France and England. Since a lot of this money was spent to protect the American colonists from French Canadians and their Native American allies, the British government felt the Americans should help pay for the war.

They also wanted the colonists to pay some of the future costs of stationing soldiers at forts scattered over the new Western frontier. The Americans, for their part, saw little sense in sending money to England to pay for troops that were needed much closer to home. During the 1760s Parliament passed a series of acts designed to reduce the British national debt and to finance the costs of keeping regular soldiers on the American frontier. The most notorious of these was the Stamp Act (1765), which placed a tax on almost every public piece of paper in the colonies, including newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, licenses, packs of cards, almanacs, and dice. The colonists fiercely resisted these taxes, organizing public protests and intimidating tax collectors. The Stamp Act resistance was the most widespread and best organized inter–colonial protest before the tea crisis of the 1770s. In the face of such widespread opposition the British Parliament backed down. It repealed the Stamp Act and its companion taxes in 1766.

The following year Parliament tried another means of raising money, through the Townshend Duties or Revenue Acts (1767), so named after Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles "Champagne Charlie" Townshend. Instead of placing a direct tax on materials that colonists bought and sold, these acts made certain important items such as lead, glass, paint, paper, and tea more expensive. The colonists responded by refusing to buy those products. Nonimportation agreements were signed throughout the American colonies. Citizens at all levels of society either refused to drink tea or bought black-market varieties that came from Dutch colonies. Faced with widespread American opposition, the British government backed down. The Townshend Duties were repealed on March 5, 1770, with the exception of a three penny duty on tea, kept to prove that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. However, although this piece of legislation is credited with causing the Boston Tea Party, it had nothing to do with the American colonies. The duty on tea mandated by the Townshend Duties act was meant to save the old British East India Company from bankruptcy.

Until the Townshend Duties were first passed the Company had made much of its money transporting tea from India to England, where it was sold first to English wholesalers and then to American wholesalers before being sold to the colonial public. The American boycott of British tea, combined with intensive smuggling of Dutch tea, cut into Company profits. In an attempt to revive the East India Company, Prime Minister Lord Charles North(1770–1782) persuaded Parliament to pass the Tea Act (1773). This legislation effectively cut the wholesalers out and allowed the East India Company to sell tea directly to agents in America. It gave the Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies. The monopoly hurt colonists at all levels of society. Because the Tea Act allowed the East India Company to name its own sales agents to distribute the tea in American ports, business for local merchants and middlemen decreased. The Act offended politicians and patriots, who saw it as an attempt by Parliament to tax them without their consent. Even smugglers—who included wealthy merchants such as John Hancock (1737–1793)—were hurt because it made East India tea competitive with or cheaper than Dutch tea. Other Americans sought to profit from the Act.

Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts (1771–74), for example, used his influence to get his sons Thomas and Elisha named East India Company sales agents. In September of 1773 the East India Company readied 600,000 pounds of tea in 2,000 chests for shipment to the colonies. The cargoes arrived at major colonial ports a month and a half later and met with hostile receptions. In New York and Philadelphia angry crowds forced local officials to send the tea ships back to England without unloading their cargoes. In Annapolis, Maryland, demonstrators burned a tea ship, and in New Jersey arsonists set fire to a warehouse where unloaded tea was stored. In Massachusetts, however, Governor Hutchinson decided to face down the demonstrators. When Boston citizens, led by patriot Samuel Adams (1722–1803), refused to allow the tea ships to unload, Hutchinson called on the Royal Navy to blockade Boston harbor so that the ships could not leave port. He knew that British law required a ship to unload its cargo after 20 days in port and he planned to use this law to sidestep Adams and his patriot followers.

The 20 day waiting period ended for the Dartmouth on December 16. On that day Sam Adams and his party tried to contact Governor Hutchinson to convince him to let the ships leave harbor. Hutchinson refused and, at five o'clock in the afternoon, the meeting of Boston citizens broke up. Some of them followed George Hewes' example, by dressing up as Native Americans. Carrying tomahawks and clubs, they marched to Griffin's Wharf. Hewes and his companions took great pains that nothing but the tea was destroyed and that no one profited from the destruction. "One Captain O'Connor, whom I well knew, came on board [to steal some tea], and when he supposed he was not noticed, filled his pockets, and also the lining of his coat," Hewes recalled. "But I had detected him and gave information to the captain of what he was doing. We were ordered to take him into custody, and just as he was stepping from the vessel, I seized him by the skirt of his coat, and in attempting to pull him back, I tore it off; but, springing forward by a rapid effort he made his escape." The Boston Tea Party led almost directly to the American Revolution.

To punish the city of Boston for its role in the destruction of so much East India Company property, the British Parliament passed a series of laws known collectively as the Coercive Acts (1774). These laws closed the port of Boston until the citizens paid for the destroyed tea, dismantled Massachusetts's colonial charter, expanded the powers of the king's governor, and made it harder to convict royal officials of crimes. In the Quebec Act (1774), Parliament also took away lands that had been claimed by the American colonies since their founding. In reply the Americans formed the First Continental Congress to organize and coordinate their response. Sixteen months after the tea finally sank in Boston harbor, the first shots of the American Revolution were fired. See also: American Revolution, French and Indian War, John Hancock, Stamp Act, Townshend Act FURTHER READING Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. McCusker, John J., and Menard, Russell R. The Economy of British North America, 1607–1789. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1985.

"Recollections of George Hewes," in A Retrospective of the Boston Tea Party, 1843. Reprinted in Commager, Henry Steele, and Morris, Richard B., editors. The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants. Volume I. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1958. in about three hours from the time we went on board, we had . . . broken and thrown overboard every tea chest to be found in the ship, while those in the other ships were disposing of the tea in the same way, at the same time. george hewes, shoemaker and participant Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA COPYRIGHT 2003 The Gale Group Inc. BOSTON TEA PARTY BOSTON TEA PARTY. The British East India Company, facing severe financial reverses, convinced Parliament to allow them to sell tea in the American colonies at a price that would undercut even smuggled Dutch tea, and raise revenue while clearing their warehouses of a huge surplus.

Unfortunately, this tea would still carry the despised three-pence per pound tax, which had remained as a token duty, and would be sold through only a handful of dealers in America. This high-handed policy united small merchants, left out of the deal, with patriot organizations that protested the tax. The arrival of the tea ships Eleanor, Dartmouth and Beaver sparked public protest in Boston, including public meetings, fliers and harassment of the consignees, who took shelter in Castle William to avoid the crowds. The Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, decided on 13 December 1773 that the tea must not be unloaded, nor could it remain onboard twenty days and thus be seized for sale by customs officials. On 16 December, the night the Sons of Liberty planned their raid, a public protest at the Old South Meeting House turned rowdy after someone suggested dumping the tea in the harbor. As protesters stormed out of the meeting house, they met Sons of Liberty, costumed as Narragansett Indians, on their way to do the same thing.

With a crowd of perhaps 1,000 Bostonians following, the "Indians" and volunteers stormed the three ships and in a three-hour fracas, broke open all 342 of the tea chests and dumped them into the harbor, which was at low tide. The attackers were conscientious, and they damaged no ship or other cargo. Only one man was injured, knocked unconscious by a collapsing winch. However, they had ruined 18,000 pounds worth of tea and infuriated the British government, particularly the king. Despite arresting a barber named Francis Eckley, who had been caught bragging about his participation, the Boston authorities were unable to find anyone who could identify the protestors. Patriots tarred and feathered Eckley's accuser in retaliation. George III specifically noted the Tea Party in his address to Parliament, and he and Prime Minister Lord North pushed through the Coercive Acts by April 1774. The Coercive Acts were designed to punish Boston and the colony of Massachusetts. They sparked further protests and eventually, war between Britain and her American colonies.

Although usually considered by itself, the Boston Tea Party was a natural growth of other protests against the British administration in Boston, centered on royal governor Thomas Hutchinson and his subordinates. Until the publication of Thomas Paine's Common Sense in 1776, these protests were notable in their careful avoidance of blaming George III, instead focusing on his council or colonial administrators. The costumes and violence of the Tea Party were also an outgrowth of regular crowd demonstrations in Boston, including burning Catholic figures in effigy, vandalizing administrator's homes or intimidating customs and tax inspectors. Even when not politically motivated, the apprentices and laborers of Boston also engaged in highly charged territorial contests that often ended in injuries and rowdy outbursts, and were led by men who took pains to hide their appearance using symbolic disguises. In all these respects, it was not the Tea Party itself that was unusual, but the British reaction to it. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Boston Tea Party, 1773.

In the contest between British Parliament and the American colonists before the Revolution, Parliament, when repealing the Townshend Acts , had retained the tea tax, partly as a symbol of its right to tax the colonies, partly to aid the financially embarrassed East India Company . The colonists tried to prevent the consignees from accepting taxed tea and were successful in New York and Philadelphia. At Charleston the tea was landed but was held in government warehouses. At Boston, three tea ships arrived and remained unloaded but Gov. Thomas Hutchinson refused to let the ships leave without first paying the duties. A group of indignant colonists, led by Samuel Adams , Paul Revere , and others, disguised themselves as Native Americans, boarded the ships on the night of Dec. 16, 1773, and threw the tea into the harbor. In reply Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill (see Intolerable Acts ). See studies by B. W. Labaree (1964) and B. L. Carp (2010). Cite this article The Oxford Companion to British History © The Oxford Companion to British History 2002, originally published by Oxford University Press 2002.

Boston Tea Party, 1773. This marked a distinct stage on the road from resistance to insurrection in North America . The unpopular tea duty was continued after the repeal of the other Townshend duties. In 1773 the East India Company was allowed to export dutied tea directly to America. The patriotic leadership in Boston failed to gain undertakings that tea would not be landed. A group of men disguised as ‘Mohawks or Indians’ ‘emptied every chest of tea’ on board three ships into Boston harbour on 16 December 1773. This unchecked attack on British property provoked the ‘Intolerable Acts’ of 1774. Richard C. Simmons World Encyclopedia © World Encyclopedia 2005, originally published by Oxford University Press 2005. Boston Tea Party (1773) Protest by a group of Massachusetts colonists, disguised as Mohawks and led by Samuel Adams , against the Tea Act and, more generally, against “taxation without representation”. The Tea Act (1773), passed by the British Parliament, withdrew duty on tea exported to the colonies.

It enabled the East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies without first going to Britain and resulted in colonial merchants being undersold. The protesters boarded three British ships and threw their cargo of tea into Boston harbour. The British retaliated by closing the harbour. Cite this article Shaping Britain Chapter 16: 16th December 1773, a hetalia - axis powers fanfic | FanFiction By: Saturn-Jupiter A series of short stories explaining how Britain may have reacted to certain developments in the news, be they historical or modern, covering the best bits and the bad bits of the Nation's long and often bloody history.

Chp23: The Ambulance Associations Rated: Fiction T - English - Humor/Drama - England/Britain - Chapters: 24 - Words: 99,522 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 69 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 8/12/2012 - Published: 7/4/2011 - id: 7145351 + - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten < Prev Next > Thanks to O-Rachell-O, Fall in Snow, Korean Boron, Sofiz-Jackson, DarkusHart04, Anonymous, Half formed demon and Tazziliciouz. I am working on all requests, but I am quite busy now so updates will be less regular. This was difficult to write and whilst I like it, I can imagine others might not. I would very much like to hear what you think of it. I should just point out that this is set in the 1700s so the language will sound a bit 'posh' when they are speaking. How England may have reacted to the Boston Tea Party.

Anything followed by a * has a note attached which can be seen at the end of the chapter. Boston Tea Party 16th December 1773 Britain had only arrived in the Thirteen States yesterday. He would have been a bit frustrated with America's behaviour towards British shipments of tea and their consignees*, were he not faced by more pressing concerns; concerns which, more specifically, were focused on America's latest growth spurt. For America was in that annoying stage of life where communication is limited to indistinguishable grunts and conversation is a task best left well and truly alone. This would have been okay, had America not simultaneously got himself stuck in the stage where he thought he knew best and that everyone around him was not just incredibly stupid, but also spectacularly ignorant of his brilliance. Regardless of how much Britain loved America and his British Americans, they were leaning just over the wrong side of annoying a lot of the time. "'M'uhn'gry." Britain was actually quite pleased with himself for understanding that particular grunt. He had spent the past twenty-four hours trying to decipher America's frankly never-ending groans, moans and harrumphs, and was therefore pretty happy for having understood even one.

It was, retrospectively, an amusing ten minutes that passed between America's grunted 'hello' and Britain being able to work out that that was what his young charge had been trying to say. Britain tried to recall a moment in his life when he was going through a similarly grunt-y stage. Oh wait, the only thing he could recall of that period was the Wars of the Roses and the Tudors, a period where he spent most of his time trying to ignore his pain or hide from his psychopathic ghost twins. So if Britain had never been through a stage like that, why was America suffering from it? "Hungry?" asked Britain, confirming his theory, as though not quite sure he was right, "Do you want me to cook you some food?" "NO!" was the deafening cry of a response. Britain was immediately deeply offended. It was not so much the 'no' that had offended him, but rather the horrified and sickened tone with which it had been spoken. Britain may just as well have asked America if he would like to be hung, drawn and quartered*. Britain knew his cooking was not the best in the world – not that he would ever admit this – but it was edible and it was food.

Besides, he overcooked his food intentionally because it was the British habit and he drank alcohol like a fish because the water was filthy, but beer and ale was clean. It was not Britain's fault that these were the habits of his people. Ungrateful Whigs*. "C'n'da's c'k'ng." Britain frowned, out of confusion more than anything. What language was that supposed to be? He knew that there were French and Spanish speakers in some of the colonies and that there were those Red Indians with their odd languages as well, but Britain could have sworn some part of that sentence was meant to be English. It certainly sounded English. Unless America had decided that he was going to stop speaking English and do something stupid like make up his own language. After a minute or so, Britain successfully worked out that America had been speaking English, but that his grunts had made the entire thing completely incomprehensible. Nodding slowly, though still not having worked out what America was trying to say, Britain decided to make his way to the kitchen. Even if the little, ungrateful child did not want to eat his food, that did not mean to say that he could not rustle something up for himself.

Naturally, Britain blamed France for this sudden hatred directed towards his culinary skills. France's influence in New Orleans and the French-Canadian Quebec had clearly contorted America's view of food and created a very strong bias against British cuisine. Britain had little doubt that Canada had been cooking for America, and this, plus New Orleans, undoubtedly biased America's taste in food against very well cooked food (Britain was loathed to say charcoal, as he had actually eaten charcoal before and his food tasted a damn bit better than that). "Ma!" Britain's left eye twitched involuntarily. This was France's fault as well. Being as France had stolen the father figure role in Canada's life and Scotland had taken the role of violent but lovable uncle*, this left Britain with very little left to claim for his own; not that Britain actually claimed 'ma' as his own. He had spent the past goodness-knows-how-long trying to convince Canada that he was his big brother, his adoptive older brother. Canada chose to ignore this fact, or maybe, as was more likely, Canada just could not comprehend the idea that anyone but a mother or wife was capable of beating up his adoptive father.

Britain, having not worked this out, could only be grateful that America had not picked up the same habit. "Canada!" exclaimed Britain, genuinely happy to see the little rascal, "How have you been? Has America been behaving well? Heaven knows what he thinks these days: I can barely understand what he is even saying." "Things have been going well, yes," replied Canada, a small smile on his face, "But America can be difficult to understand at times. I thought he was speaking French once, but he was just asking when dinner would be ready." "I am glad of it, but I cannot pretend it surprises me," responded Britain, "I am sorry that I cannot be here more often. Some older brother I am." Canada simply smiles knowingly. Trust Britain to try and subtly push through the 'I'm your older brother' line again. Canada, of course, would never use 'older brother', because it was an ingrained habit to use 'ma' now, even though he also, on occasion, used 'sir'.

He was fully aware that Britain was a man, it was a fairly hard thing to miss realistically, but the habit was so integrated into his mind now that trying to refer to Britain as his 'older brother' would probably require more effort than it was actually worth (despite Britain's complaints, he begrudgingly accepted the title rather faster than he would ever let on). "How is George fairing?" asked Canada, who seemed to show a generally greater interest in the Royal Family than his louder brother, "I heard he is quite well-loved." Britain smiled slightly and Canada quietly hid his own. The contented smile on Britain's face was enough to inform Canada that King George III – the only George to have reigned Britain and have been actually born there* – was well-loved and perhaps enough so to be remembered in future years*. There were really only ever three answers given when Britain was asked how he felt about his Kings and Queens. The first was a sly smile, or contented, weak smile, meaning that he liked them and regarded them fondly. The second was a pursed lip and disgusted glare, meaning hatred or anger.

The last, and by far the most common, was apathy: he neither liked nor disliked them; they were simply there. Therefore, to see Britain smiling was a pleasant response to the Canadian, who did not really like to see Britain upset. "He is very, very thrifty and he is very, very clever," replied Britain, the unmistakable tone of fondness in his voice, "He has essentially guaranteed the safety of the monarchy for hundreds of years* and is a very astute man. He is… good." Britain was not lying either. King George III was a bizarre man at best, downright confusing at worst. He was shy, something Britain and his brothers admired in the man, but he was also stubborn, a trait which almost seemed to be passed down much like the crown itself (Britain could count the number of non-stubborn Royals on one hand, and at least one of them was so much of a pansy that he could barely be counted as a man at all). George was also very clever, being well educated and very witty. He was also one of the few Royals to date that married one person, stayed with them and then did not take a mistress.

George III was a welcome change, if only because he was the closest thing to a British King they had had for a while. Whilst Britain and Canada spoke in the kitchen, America was sneaking out of the house. This particular house was situated in Boston, a decision Britain would later come to regret, but was, for the time being at least, ignorant of. Were Britain in North America more often, he would have realised that these escapades were actually pretty common: America liked to wander off and move around his people, even if he did not communicate with them in anything more elaborate than a couple of grunts. When Britain finally did realise that America was missing, Canada's pleas to calm down went entirely and completely unheard, because, in the mind of the Brit, America was still a small, young thing that needed to be mollycoddled and kept safe from the nasty vicious world, which he knew to be more vicious than anything imaginable. Old South Meeting House Boston America had been sneaking into the back of these meetings for a while now, no one really suspected the all-but-for-grunts silent teenager of anything, and so he was allowed to sit quietly and listen to the debates.

The debates were concerning Britain's stupid laws regarding tea, which were, unarguably, stupid: America had overheard Britain saying so himself! On this particular occasion though, it would be more than just a discussion, it would be more than just sending the ships back without paying the damned tax, it was to be something that would later be known as 'direct action'. It was to be what would become the most famous tea party in the world – though to what degree it was actually a tea party is a debatable point, a very debatable point. America and his fellow British Americans were really very angry with the British Parliament, and not just because it was full of idiotic fools who were entirely selfish (after all, that is just the nature of politics). They were angry because they were being taxed. They were not represented in Parliament and were being taxed, the way they saw it, no matter what sort of taxing this was, it was wrong and illegal and against the constitution.

The vast majority of their boycotts and protests had resulted in what would, hundreds of years later be come to known as a 'government u-turn', but Parliament, and, more specifically, Prime Minister Lord North insisted that they had every right to tax the Americans, and that they would continue to do so. The Tea Act was the last nail in the coffin*. The acts of the British Americans was not so much in response to the Tea Act itself, so much as the stupidity of Lord North. The Tea Act, at its most basic form, meant that the East India Company could export directly to the colonies. The company sold its tea to colonial consignees, who would pay a commission on the tea they received. However, the problem lay in that the Tea Act kept the Townshend Act (which taxed on the tea). Many members of Parliament wanted to remove the Townshend Act altogether, aware that it would only annoy the colonies, but being the all-intelligent Prime Minister he was, Lord North ignored their intelligent suggestions. Therefore, Lord North's surprise when the Americans started to fight the Tea Act was frankly laughable.

America himself had a surprisingly in-depth grasp of all of this, leading one to question precisely where his begrudging feeling towards Britain was coming from. America had spent a lot of his time talking – though to what extent moaning and grunting can be classed as so is arguable – to Britain about these taxes, and Britain spent the vast majority of his time – when he was not looking confused – agreeing. Britain himself felt that Parliament had no right to tax America, or anyone who was not represented, but, unlike America, accepted begrudgingly that Parliament was full of intolerant arseholes who would tax unrepresented people anyway: Parliament taxed people in Britain who were not represented by a single MP*, so really the colonies had not a hope in hell. "Where are you going?" shouted Samuel Adams* from the front of the room, "The meeting is not yet over!" America looked around, with what would have been a bemused expression, were his face not equally as difficult to interpret as his grunts. His citizens, his British Americans, were leaving the room in quite large numbers now, leaving a very flustered and frustrated Samuel Adams to shout loudly from the front of the room in a rather fruitless attempt to return them to their seats.

Quite how the idea had circulated so quickly amongst the room was a mystery never to be fully understood by historians in future years, but one thing was certain, Samuel Adams was not overly pleased that people were leaving his meeting – even if it were to impose what would become the most famous piece of direct action in the history of their nation. America followed, feeling the adrenalin begin to slowly pump through his body as he realised just what potential ramifications this action could result in. Boston Harbour About ten minutes later… America was not sure he had ever felt anything quite like it before. His heart was beating in his chest with the same speed one would expect of a rabbit and it felt as though his veins were on fire, but he was not sweating or exhausted, just exhilarated. He was sure that the people around him felt the same thing; the adrenalin rushing through their veins with the same vigour as the ever present fear and joy. They were on three ships, all of which were full to the rafters with boxes of tea, and they were throwing the boxes into the harbour.

America had been trained by Britain to respect the rules, but had he known that breaking them was so much fun, it would have been apt to predict that America would have broken the rules a lot more, a lot earlier. The boxes were boring and plain and surprisingly light. They picked up what they could and launched it into the salty water below, occasionally watching with fascination as the water turned a bizarre brown shade, that resembled, disturbingly enough, dried blood. Once in the water, the boxes would float for a while and then gradually produce 'glubbing' sounds and sink slowly to the unseen floor. The boxes acted perfectly as tea strainers and so the water in the harbour very quickly took on the appearance of black tea, though the tea-seawater looked far less clean and far less healthy. Nearby streets began to fill up with, initially, faint wisps of tea that quickly grew in intensity, until the smell attracted a fairly large crowd into the harbour. This small crowd gathered around to egg them on, being as there were very few people who thought that Britain was right to tax them. No attempts were made by any in the crowd to stop the protesters, despite a few discerning faces in the crowd.

Instead, the crowd seemed to watch, as though hypnotised and as though feeling just as strongly what those directly responsible felt: those awesome sensations of breaking the rules and of doing something apparently awful, but intolerable right in every way. In the middle of the faceless assembly was a man who went ignored by all present with the exception of just two beings. A young man towards the end of his teen years was having the bones of his hand cruelly bore down upon by the heavy hand that held it. This heavy hand belonged to a face which America knew all too well and as America's eyes fell on those of his caretaker, he began to realise what he was truly doing and just whom he was truly up against. His caretaker, the British Empire, had a face that was all at once surprised, wounded and furious beyond words. America knew though, in his heart, that what he was doing was right, and that Britain was wrong, and that was all he needed to blindly ignore his caretaker's presence and continue launching the boxes into the sea. "Britain?" whispered Canada, "Britain, are you okay?" Everything about his caretaker screamed discomfort.

Britain's right hand was practically squeezing the very life out of Canada's left hand and clearly attempting to turn it into a liquid. The Empire's entire frame became, all of a sudden, very sharp and still, like he had been frozen in place, but the entire time, his arms were visibly shaking. His green eyes were wide with surprise and hurt but his mouth was pursed with anger and fury. To anyone who did not know the Briton, he looked as though he were perfectly okay, but to anyone who knew him and could read the tiny nuances in his body language, it was exceedingly obvious that he was just about restraining his rage. The only thing that stopped Britain having a shouting match with America right then and there in Boston Harbour was the fact that it would make a scene, and that was something Britain could never bear to do. "I am going to walk home," stated Britain, his voice monotonous except for the waver of anger that occasionally broke through, "And I will want to speak to America as soon as you both get home, understood?" Canada nodded and barely hid his relief when the constricting tension around his hand was released.

He quickly sidestepped out of Britain's way as the Empire carefully charged and dodged his way through the gathering crowd with a face that could kill baby animals. Canada watched him go, concern and worry visible in the two violet orbs he wore on his face. Gazing back up at the ships, resigning himself to whatever he would face when he and his brother returned home, Canada watched the event unfold, admiring the guts of America and his American Britons whilst questioning how much of it was a good idea. On the way home… "He seemed very upset with you, America." warned Canada calmly and with his delicately soft voice which almost seemed to be torn away by the wind as it blew past. "S'med fine." Boston Tea Party Facts | Boston History Boston Tea Party Facts The Boston Tea Party-Destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor. 1773. New York Public Library. Who organized the Boston Tea Party? The Sons of Liberty. The Boston Tea Party was organized and carried out by a group of Patriots led by Samuel Adams known as the Sons of Liberty.

The Sons of Liberty were made up of males from all walks of colonial society, and among its membership were artisans, craftsmen, business owners, tradesmen, apprentices, and common laborers who organized to defend their rights, and to protest and undermine British rule. Famous Boston Patriots who were members of the Sons of Liberty included John Adams, John Hancock, James Otis, Josiah Quincy, Paul Revere, and Dr. Joseph Warren. Incited by the Sons of Liberty, over 5,000 people gathered at the Old South Meeting House, the largest public building in Boston at the time, at 10:00 AM on December 16, 1773, to decide what was to be done about the tea and to plan the Boston Tea Party. What caused the Boston Tea Party? Many factors including “taxation without representation,” the 1767 Townshend Revenue Act, and the 1773 Tea Act. In simplest terms, the Boston Tea Party happened as a result of “taxation without representation”, yet the cause is more complex than that. The American colonists believed Britain was unfairly taxing them to pay for expenses incurred during the French and Indian War.

Additionally, colonists believed Parliament did not have the right to tax them because the American colonies were not represented in Parliament. Since the beginning of the 18th century, tea had been regularly imported to the American colonies. By the time of the Boston Tea Party, it has been estimated American colonists drank approximately 1.2 million pounds of tea each year. Britain realized it could make even more money off of the lucrative tea trade by imposing taxes onto the American colonies. In effect, the cost of British tea became high, and, in response, American colonists began a very lucrative industry of smuggling tea from the Dutch and other European markets. These smuggling operations violated the Navigation Acts which had been in place since the middle of the 17th century. The smuggling of tea was undercutting the lucrative British tea trade. In response to the smuggling, in 1767 Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which repealed the tax on tea and made British tea the same price as the Dutch. The Indemnity Act greatly cut down on American tea smuggling, but later in 1767 a new tax on tea was put in place by the Townshend Revenue Act.

The act also taxed glass, lead, oil, paint, and paper. Due to boycotts and protests, the Townshend Revenue Act taxes on all commodities except tea were repealed in 1770. In 1773, the Tea Act was passed and granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. The smuggling of tea grew rampant and was a lucrative business venture for American colonists, such as John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The Townshend Revenue Act tea tax remained in place despite proposals to have it waived. American colonists were outraged over the tea tax. They believed the Tea Act was a tactic to gain colonial support for the tax already enforced. The direct sale of tea by agents of the British East India Company to the American colonies undercut the business of colonial merchants. The smuggled tea became more expensive than the British East India Company tea. Smugglers like John Hancock and Samuel Adams were trying to protect their economic interests by opposing the Tea Act, and Samuel Adams sold the opposition of British tea to the Patriots on the pretext of the abolishment of human rights by being taxed without representation. When did the Boston Tea Party happen? December 16, 1773.

The Boston Tea Party took place on the winter night of Thursday, December 16, 1773. According to eyewitness testimonies, the Boston Tea Party occurred between the hours of 7:00 and 10:00 PM and lasted for approximately three hours. Where did the Boston Tea Party happen? Griffin’s Wharf. The Beaver, Dartmouth, and Eleanor were moored at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston. It is at this location where the December 16, 1773 destruction of the tea occurred. The original location of the Boston Tea Party no longer exists because of extensive landfills that destroyed the location. This was caused by the city of Boston’s rapid expansion in the 19th century. In 18th century Boston, Griffin’s Wharf was a bustling center for maritime commerce and shipping. The exact location of the original Griffin’s Wharf is open to debate, but the Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum, located on the Congress Street Bridge, is located near the approximate area where the Boston Tea Party took place. A historical marker commemorating the Boston Tea Party stands on the corner of Congress and Purchase streets. How many people participated in the Boston Tea Party? Hundreds.

It is estimated that hundreds took part in the Boston Tea Party. For fear of punishment, many participants of the Boston Tea Party remained anonymous for many years after the event. To date it is known that 116 people are documented to have participated. Not all of the participants of the Boston Tea Party are known; many carried the secret of their participation to their graves. The participants were made up of males from all walks of colonial society. Many were from Boston or the surrounding area, but some participants are documented to have come from as far away as Worcester in central Massachusetts and Maine. The vast majority was of English descent, but men of Irish, Scottish, French, Portuguese, and African ancestry were documented to have also participated. The participants were off all ages, but the majority of the documented participants was under the age of forty. Sixteen participants were teenagers, and only nine men were above the age of forty. Many of the Boston Tea Party participants fled Boston immediately after the destruction of the tea to avoid arrest. Thousands witnessed the event, and the implication and impact of this action were enormous ultimately leading to the start of the American Revolution. How did the Sons of Liberty disguise themselves at the Boston Tea Party? American Indians.

In an effort to hide their true identities, many of the Sons of Liberty attempted to pass themselves off as Mohawk Indians because if caught for their actions they would have faced severe punishment. Reports from the time describe the participants as dressed as Mohawks or Narragansett Indians. The disguise was mostly symbolic in nature; they knew they would be recognized as non-Indians. The act of wearing “Indian dress” was to express to the world that the American colonists identified themselves as “Americans” and no longer considered themselves British subjects. They were not dressed as Indians in the classic sense with headdresses and full authentic regalia; rather they wore wool blankets matchcoat style, painted their faces with soot, and employed other modes of dress commonly known at the time as “Indian dress”, which had been adopted by soldiers during the French and Indian War.

An observer of the Boston Tea Party, John Andrews wrote the following in 1773: “They say the actors were Indians… Whether they were or not to a transient observer they appear’d as such, being cloth’d in blankets with the heads muffled and copper color’d countenances, each being arm’d with a hatchet or ax, and pair pistols, nor was their dialect different from what I conceive these geniusses to speak, as their jargon was unintelligible to all but themselves.” Boston Tea Party participant George Hewes recorded the following: “It was now evening, and I immediately dressed myself in the costume of an Indian, equipped with a small hatchet, which I and my associates denominated the tomahawk, with which, and a club, after having painted my face and hands with coal dust in the shop of a blacksmith, I repaired to Griffin’s wharf, where the ships lay that contained the tea. When I first appeared in the street after being thus disguised, I fell in with many who were dressed, equipped and painted as I was, and who fell in with me and marched in order to the place of our destination.” How many ships were involved? Three.

On the night of the Boston Tea Party, three ships that had sailed from London carrying cargoes of British East India Company tea were moored in Boston Harbor. The three ships were the Beaver, Dartmouth, and Eleanor. The Dartmouth arrived in Boston on November 28, 1773, the Eleanor on December 2, and the Beaver on December 15. Each of the three ships carried more than one hundred chests of British East India Company tea. The Sons of Liberty on the night of December 16, 1773, offloaded the tea cargoes of all three ships. There were to be four ships sailing from London carrying cargoes of British East India Company tea to Boston, but the William ran aground off Cape Cod on December 10, 1773 in a violent storm. The cargo of 58 chests of British East India Company tea was salvaged before the William was abandoned. A portion of the salvaged tea cargo ended up in Boston and was later destroyed by the Sons of Liberty.

Samuel Adams recorded the following about the fate of the William: “The only remaining vessel which was expected with this detested article, is by the act of righteous heaven cast on shore on the back of Cape Cod, which has often been the sad fate of many a more valuable cargo.” If you would like more information about each of the ships, visit these links to dedicated pages: Were the ships British? No. A popular misconception is the belief the Tea Party Ships were British. In fact, the vessels were built in America and owned by Americans, but the cargo of tea they were carrying from London to Boston was owned by the British East India Company. The Beaver and Dartmouth were built and owned by the Rotch’s, an affluent Nantucket Quaker family. The Eleanor was one of several vessels owned by leading Boston merchant, John Rowe. Where did the tea come from? China. Contrary to popular belief, the British East India Company tea the Beaver, Dartmouth, and Eleanor transported to Boston was not from India. The tea the Sons of Liberty dumped into Boston Harbor was in fact from China. In addition to India, the British East India Company had extensive dealings in China because of the lucrative opium trade.

The tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party was described as “Bohea” type. In the 18th century tea trade, black tea was referred to as “Bohea.” Traditionally, the Bohea variety of black tea came from the Wuyi Mountains in the Chinese province of Fujian, but the term “Bohea” was hijacked by the tea trade to refer to all black tea varieties. The black teas (“Bohea”) the Beaver, Dartmouth, and Eleanor transported were of the Bohea, Congou, and Souchong varieties. Additionally, they also transported Hyson and Singlo teas, which were both green teas from the Chinese province of Anhui. The shipment of British East India Company tea the three ships delivered to Boston consisted of 240 chests of Bohea, 60 chests of Singlo, 15 chests of Congou, 15 chests of Hyson, and 10 chests of Souchong. We know Patriots were loyal to the American colonies, but what were people who remained loyal to Britain called? Tories, Loyalists, Royalists, or King’s men.

The terms Tory, Loyalist, Royalist, or King’s men were used by Patriots to label those who remained loyal to the mother country Britain. The word Tory comes from several Middle Irish words meaning robbers, outlaws or pursued men. Prior to the American Revolution, the term Tory evolved into describing those who upheld the right of the King over Parliament, and during the Revolution took on the form to describe anyone who remained loyal to Britain. The most famous Boston Tories and targets of the Sons of Liberty were public official Andrew Oliver and Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice of Massachusetts Thomas Hutchinson. During the American Revolution, it is documented that over twenty thousand Tories took up arms and fought with the British Army against the Patriots. They were branded traitors for remaining loyal to their king and fighting for what they believed in. When American independence was achieved at the close of the American Revolution, many Tories either fled or were kicked out of the newly formed United States and relocated primarily to Britain, Canada, the Bahamas, and Africa where they founded Sierra Leone. During the American Revolution it is estimated one-third of the population of the Thirteen Colonies were Tories, one-third were Patriots, and one-third remained neutral. What damage did the Boston Tea Party cause?

£9,659 worth of damage in 1773 currency. 340 chests of British East India Company tea, weighing over 92,000 pounds (roughly 46 tons), onboard the Beaver, Dartmouth, and Eleanor were smashed open with axes and dumped into Boston Harbor the night of December 16, 1773. The damage the Sons of Liberty caused by destroying 340 chests of tea, in today’s money, was worth more than $1,700,000 dollars. The British East India Company reported £9,659 worth of damage caused by the Boston Tea Party. According to some modern estimates, the destroyed tea could have brewed 18,523,000 cups of tea! The destruction of the tea was a very costly blow to the British. Besides the destruction of the tea, historical accounts record no damage was done to any of the three ships, the crew or any other items onboard the ships except for one broken padlock. The padlock was the personal property of one of the ships’ captains and was promptly replaced the next day by the Patriots.

Great care was taken by the Sons of Liberty to avoid the destruction of personal property – save for the cargo of British East India Company tea. Nothing was stolen or looted from the ships, not even the tea. One participant tried to steal some tea but was reprimanded and stopped. The Sons of Liberty were very careful about how the action was carried out and made sure nothing besides the tea was damaged. After the destruction of the tea, the participants swept the decks of the ships clean, and anything that was moved was put back in its proper place. The crews of the ships attested to the fact there had been no damage to any of the ships except for the destruction of their cargoes of tea. Did anyone die during the Boston Tea Party? No. No one died during the Boston Tea Party. There was no violence and no confrontation between the Patriots, the Tories and the British soldiers garrisoned in Boston. No members of the crews of the Beaver, Dartmouth, or Eleanor were harmed. This was the first organized act of rebellion against British rule, and the Sons of Liberty were very careful about how the Boston Tea Party was planned and executed.

In fact, only one member of the Sons of Liberty, Francis Akeley, was caught and imprisoned for his participation. He was the only person ever to be arrested for the Boston Tea Party. What happened after the Tea Party? Boston Harbor was shut down. For weeks after the Boston Tea Party, the 92,000 pounds of tea dumped into the harbor caused it to smell. As a result of the Boston Tea Party, the British shut down Boston Harbor until all of the 340 chests of British East India Company tea were paid for. This was implemented under the 1774 Intolerable Acts and known as the Boston Port Act. The Intolerable Acts outraged and unified the American colonists even more against British rule. In addition to the Boston Port Act, the Intolerable Acts also implemented the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act. American colonists responded with protests and coordinated resistance by convening the First Continental Congress in September and October of 1774 to petition Britain to repeal the Intolerable Acts. The Boston Tea Party was the first significant act of defiance by American colonists.

The implication and impact of the Boston Tea Party was enormous ultimately leading to the sparking of the American Revolution which began in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. Who condemned the Boston Tea Party? George Washington While he was in absolute favor of the revolution, George Washington did not approve of the destruction of the tea. It was against his beliefs about property ownership. When did the Boston Tea Party get its name? It wasn’t actually called The Boston Tea Party until much, much later. The Boston Tea Party name did not come about until the early 1820’s. Before that, the event was deemed a much less creative name, “the destruction of the tea.” Was there a second Boston Tea Party? There was a second Boston Tea Party three months later. In March of 1774, 60 men disguised themselves and boarded the Fortune to threw 30 chests of tea overboard. Being a much smaller protest, it did not get the attention of the original. How many people were injured in the event? There was only one person injured in the event (and they mistakenly thought he was dead). John Crane was thought to be dead when he was knocked unconscious during the Boston Tea Party.

His fellow patriots hid him under a pile of wood shavings in a nearby shop. He regained consciousness a few hours later and was the only person injured during the protest. Who offered to pay for the tea that was dumped? Benjamin Franklin offered to pay for the tea that was dumped. Ben Franklin was a rich and generous man and as such, he offered to pay for the tea on the condition that Britain would reopen the harbor. They refused, so they were never compensated. Were the participants ever punished? The participants were never punished. There was a strict code of secrecy surrounding the events of the Boston Tea Party and as a result, no one ever identified who the participants were. One person was named in an anonymous tip, and he was stripped, tarred and feathered. After and since, no one else ever came forward with any information. How much did the protest cost? It was an expensive protest. If measured in today’s financial terms, the value of the more than 92,000 pounds of tea dumped into the Boston Harbor would be around $1 million. Where is the actual location of the Boston Tea Party now? The location of the protest is now a busy street corner.

The actual location of the Boston Tea Party is thought to be at the corner of Congress and Purchase Streets—once under water, it is now a busy intersection. Old South Meeting House SAVE when you buy tickets to one of the nation's most important colonial landmarks! Learn More Abigail’s Tea Room Afternoon Tea Anyone? Enjoy the Boston Tea Room with Great Harbor Views. Learn More Huzzah! Tavern Nights Join John Hancock, Paul Revere, and Samuel Adams in a night of spirited merry making! Learn More Our Tweets Boston Tea Party Aftermath | 1773 Tea leaves in glass bottle collected on the shore of Dorchester Neck the morning of 17 December 1773. Massachusetts Historical Society. December 17, 1773 to April 19, 1775: “The Aftermath” This is the most magnificent Movement of all. There is a Dignity, a Majesty, a Sublimity in this last Effort of the Patriots that I greatly admire.

This Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, so intrepid, and so inflexible, and it must have so important Consequences and so lasting, that I cannot but consider it as an Epocha in History. ~ John Adams, December 17, 1773 Many of the Boston Tea Party participants fled Boston immediately after the destruction of the tea to avoid arrest. George Hewes remembered, “We then quietly retired to our several places of residence, without having any conversation with each other, or taking any measures to discover who were our associates… There appeared to be an understanding that each individual should volunteer his services, keep his own secret, and risk the consequence for himself. No disorder took place during that transaction, and it was observed at that time that the stillest night ensued that Boston had enjoyed for many months.” Only one member of the Sons of Liberty , Francis Akeley, was caught and imprisoned for his participation. He was the only person ever to be arrested for the Boston Tea Party. No one died during the Boston Tea Party. There was no violence and no confrontation between the Patriots, the Tories and the British soldiers garrisoned in Boston.

None of the members of the crews of the Beaver , Dartmouth , or Eleanor were harmed. This was the first organized act of rebellion against British rule and the Sons of Liberty were very careful about how the Boston Tea Party was planned and executed. The Tories. 1893. New York Public Library. The News Spreads Paul Revere rode to Manhattan, New York, arriving on December 21 to deliver the news of the Boston Tea Party. The news the Boston Committee of Correspondence sent to New York was the following: “We had a greater Meeting of the Body than ever. The Country coming in from Twenty Miles round, and every Step was taken that was practicable for returning the Teas. The Moment it was known out of Doors, that Mr. Rotch could not obtain a Pass for his Ship by the Castle, a Number of People huzza’d in the Street, and in a very little Time, every Ounce of the Teas on board of Capt. Hall, Bruce, and Coffin, was immersed in the Bay, without the least Injury to private Property. The Spirit of the People on this Occasion surprised all Parties, who viewed the Scene.” Destruction of tea at Boston Harbor. Library of Congress.

Ensuring the Tea was Destroyed For weeks after the Boston Tea Party , Boston Harbor smelled as a result of over 92,000 pounds of tea dumped into the harbor. To keep looters from salvaging the British East India Company Tea dumped into Boston Harbor, the Sons of Liberty would go out in boats and hit the tea with oars and clubs in an attempt to sink it in hopes of making the tea useless. George Hewes remembered, “The next morning, after we had cleared the ships of the tea, it was discovered that very considerable quantities of it were floating upon the surface of the water; and to prevent the possibility of any of its being saved for use, a number of small boats were manned by sailors and citizens, who rowed them into those parts of the harbor wherever the tea was visible, and by beating it with oars and paddles so thoroughly drenched it as to render its entire destruction inevitable.” British East India Company Logo News Reaches London The news of the Boston Tea Party reached London, England on January 20, 1774, and as a result the British shut down Boston Harbor until all of the 340 chests of British East India Company tea were paid for.

This was implemented under the 1774 Intolerable Acts and known as the Boston Port Act. In addition to the Boston Port Act, the Intolerable Acts also implemented the Massachusetts Government Act , the Administration of Justice Act , the Quartering Act , and the Quebec Act . American colonists responded with protests and coordinated resistance by convening the First Continental Congress in September and October of 1774 to petition Britain to repeal the Intolerable Acts. The Boston Tea-Party. 1888. New York Public Library. Sparking the American Revolution The Boston Tea Party was the first significant act of defiance by American colonists and is a defining event in American history. The implication and impact of the Boston Tea Party were enormous ultimately leading to the start of the American Revolution which began in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. “The Dye is cast: The People have passed the River and cutt away the Bridge: last Night Three Cargoes of Tea, were emptied into the Harbour.

This is the grandest, Event, which has ever yet happened Since, the Controversy, with Britain, opened!” ~ John Adams to James Warren, December 17, 1773 < The Destruction of the Tea Museum Contributor This page was developed with the help of one of our great cast members here at the Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum®. History at St Mark's High School - StudyBlue StudyBlue Size: 72 Views: 16 Mercantile System an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests Balance of Trade is the difference between the monetary value of exportsand imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. Advertisement ) Why did Great Britain work so hard to create an Overseas Empire. Use the United States as the main example. the British built the empire to make money overseas/ the homeland was small and crowded, and they don’t have that much there to make money. So they built an empire over in the States. Control in the States Trade rules – Difficult to Enforce Navigation Acts 3. Imports through England tax Imperial conflicts 1.

Louisiana( creates Tension with America cause they are stuck on the coast) · Claimed by French vs. British for Louisiana · Cuts off 13 colonies from interior Imperial conflicts Cont't · War of the Spanish Succession · Treaty of Utrecht ( ends the war) · Newfoundland + NS to Britain 1. 7 year war ( French + Indian war) · Ohio valley · 1759- Wolfe( British) + Montcalme ( French) (Both Die) Plains of Abraham Elimination of Fr. Power causes question about Britain Treaty of Paris · St. Pierre + Miguelm (owned by France) / Britain gets all of the land French owned. Aftermath of the 7 yrs war · Britain control of America is undisputed · Expansion · Pontiac conspiracy Ø Small pox Ø America economy was booming and live is getting better and the Americans loved this. A lot better from England. Ø Small pox carries around and kill a lot of the Natives. sugar act · Some leaders in the colonies started to boycott, or to quite buying, British goods. They told everybody to boycott them as well. They did that because they thought that the British would make the prices lower.

The colonists became more united because they opposed the Sugar Act Royal Proclamation of 1763 · Closes west to settlement v Rights violated + Interests ignored again v The British moved up into the Ontario and Quebec area. The Americans didn’t mind this but then thought that the British could easily take they laws away as easily as they did with the French. v Made a line through the Appalachian Mountains to the natives. Currency Act The Currency Act of 1764 was passed after the French and Indian War had ended. The act banned the use of paper money in all colonies. In passing this, the British government was attempting to have a greater amount of control over the individual colonies. Following is the text of the Currency Act of 1764. This was just one of a series of acts which led to greater discontent amongst the colonists. Boston Tea Party Was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government and the monopolistic East India Company that controlled all the tea imported into the colonies.

Boston Tea Party Con't On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbour. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, and other political protests often refer to it. First continental Congress - Upper Canada –west of Ottawa river Popular Sovereignty is the political principle that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power. It is closely associated with Republicanism and the social contract philosophers, among whom are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Popular Sovereignty Con't Popular sovereignty expresses a concept and does not necessarily reflect or describe a political reality.[1] It is often contrasted with the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, and with individual sovereignty. Republic ism people elect representatives and give them the responsibility to make laws and conduct government. Limited Government is a government in which anything more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is generally disallowed by law, usually in a written constitution.

Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. Checks and Balance limits imposed on all branches of a government by vesting in eachbranch the right to amend or void those acts of another that fall within its purview. Legislative Power the assembly that can make laws and appeals laws for example the government can make these laws. Executive Power of government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy.[1]The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers Judaical Power is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make law or enforce the law.

Checks on executive power – veto power - Ability to call special sessions of Congress - Can recommend legislation - Can appeal to the people concerning legislation and more Checks on legislative Branch Checks on the judicial branch · Judges, once appointed for life, are free from controls from the executive branch · Courts can judge executive actions to be unconstitutional through the power of judicial review The Judicial Branch has the following checks over the Legislative Branch: Courts can judge legislative acts to be unconstitutional The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who sold their corn in the form of whiskey had to pay a new tax which they strongly resented. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay off the national debt. The Louisiana Purchase encompassed all or part of 15 current U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.

The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River; most of North Dakota; nearly all of South Dakota The Louisiana Purchase Con't north eastern New Mexico; northern Texas; the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans. Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution's reign of terror and during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams. Con't Opposition to Federalists among Democratic-Republicans reached new heights at this time since the Democratic-Republicans had supported France. Federalists Party as the first American political party, from the early 1790s to 1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801.

Federalists Party Con't The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters, largely urban bankers and businessmen, to support his fiscal policies. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP (Grand Old Party). The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S. political spectrum and is considered center-right, in contrast to the center-left Democratic Party. Hamilton wanted a national government supreme where Jefferson wanted a state supreme government. Hamilton wanted protective tariffs protect domestic industries and Jefferson protective tariffs burden farmers. Lewis and Clark Expedition Was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by the United States. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson and led by two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the expedition had several goals. Their objects were both scientific and commercial – to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to discover how the region could be exploited economically.

Andrew Jackson president during 17th century Jacksonian Democracy · Mexican loses Texas, California, and $15 million Spoils system s a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity. caucus system is a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement, especially in the United States and Canada. As the use of the term has been expanded the exact definition has come to vary among political cultures. secede is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. Threats of secession also can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. nullification a legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law that a state has deemed unconstitutional. The Fugitive Slave Law Describe the circumstances under this law was created. An African American escaped from slavery had only to point out that person as a runaway to take him or her out of custody.

This was created when Harriet Beecher Stowe was not only one that had them create the act The Kansas Nebraska Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty if they would allow slavery within each territory. Referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. insurrection an act or instance of rising in revolt, rebellion, or resistanceagainst civil authority or an established government. gold standard a monetary standard in which one ounce of gold equaled a set number of dollars Square Deal Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment of all arbitration settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider appeasement accepting demands in order to avoid conflict domino theory the belief that if one nation in Asia fell to the Communists, neighboring countries would follow guerrillas member of an armed band that carries out surprise attacks and sabotage rather than open warfare Veitcong

Question: What is the often used name of the political protest of throwing a beverage into a harbour in December 1773?
Answer: The Boston Tea Party