Nautical compasses 1 ANSCHï¿½TZ PROFILE - Hermann (Hubert Josef) Anschï¿½tz-Kaempfe (* 3 October 1872 in Zweibrï¿½cken; † 6 May 1931 in Munich) was a German scientist and the inventor of the compass gyro (called "Kreiselapparat" in his patent no. 182.855, issued 27 Apr. 1904). Since this device is a gyroscopic and not a magnetic compass, we do not deal with it in this museum (see also Sperry pat. 1,279,479). The company Anschï¿½tz & Co. was created on 28 October 1905 in Kiel and taken over by Raytheon in 1995. For more details, read on the official web site of the city of Kiel the article 100 Jahre Produktion Anschï¿½tz-Kreiselkompasse in Kiel (100 years production of Anschï¿½tz compass gyros in Kiel).

Concerning the magnetic compasses for German WW1 submarines, go to U-Boot. Labels on binnacle and connectors box (Click on images for enlarged views) Fotos A. Kï¿½nig Compass and binnacle ASKANIA PROFILE - German manufacturer (See also Wrist and Marching compasses - more information HERE ). Its 3-letter-code during WWII was bxx ( click on link for pic. courtesy J-L Rosoux. The central part marked ASKANIA came probably after WWII in replacement for a part bearing the nazi eagle and svastika ). Picture at right courtesy J. Hessels The first Askania compasses are identical to the Carl Bamberg instruments, only the designation varies. In the following catalogues different abreviations are used. It is not possible to show the complete scope. The figure represents the card's diameter in mm. Pictures of compasses in the table below are taken from the catalogues "Nautik 35 and Nautik 36" and also from the catalogue of Askania VEB Teltow.

In 1954, due to the existence of ASKANIA West Germany (FRG), the plants in the communist East Germany (GDR) were renamed into VEB Gerï¿½te- und Regler-Werke Teltow (VEB GRW Teltow - 2nd row in table below). 3rd row: This is not a compass but a pelorus . Cards for dry card and for fluid-damped compasses Askania - VEB TELTOW (former GDR, inside pages ) (Click on the pictures for enlarged views) Pictures courtesy Holger "beutelbuch*de" BAMBERG PROFILE - Carl Bamberg was a German compass manufacturer located in Friedenau near Berlin (for more information click HERE ). The company merged in 1921 with ASKANIA (above). Other products: see also Pocket and Aeronautical compasses. The catalogue Nautik XVII (pic at right) describes compasses and binnacles (see table below). Another catalog (link to pic. Nautik XIX ) describes the Instruments necessary for determining the magnetic forces and swinging the compasses, especially the magnetometer .

Submarines (U-boote) were equiped with Anschï¿½tz gyro-compasses but for more safety a conventional compass was also installed on-board. See specific entry U-Boot . Concerning type M 414 the following explanation was published on the web site warrelics.eu by drmessimer : "They were introduced into the Kaiserliche-Marine in 1908 and were installed in four early Kï¿½rting engine U-boats, U-1 to 4. Starting in 1910, only one and three axis gyro-compasses were installed in the U-boats under construction (U-5 to 15) and all subsequent boats until the end of the war. No magnetic compasses were installed in U-boats that were launched after 1909" (source: Arno Spindler, Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten, Chapter 10 - Das U-Bootsmaterial. Die militï¿½risch-technischen Vorbereitung und Vorbedingungen fï¿½r den U-Bootskrieg, pp. 78-94, E. S.

Mittler & Sohn, 1932). They were installed in surface craft throughout the war, but not used as the primary navigating compass." DRY COMPASSES PROFILE - Former French company created in 1826 and located in Marseilles also known as Ateliers Julien. Partly taken over by BEN (Bianchetti Electronique Navigation) in 1962. Binnacle Description given in a late 19th c. book: A binnacle is a waist-high case or stand on the deck of a ship, generally mounted in front of the helmsman, in which navigational instruments are placed for easy and quick reference as well as to protect the delicate instruments. Its traditional purpose is to hold the ship's magnetic compass, mounted in gimbals to keep it level while the ship pitched from waves. A binnacle may be subdivided into sections and its contents typically include one or more compasses and an oil lamp or other light source. Other devices such as a sand timer for estimating speed may have been stored in the binnacle as well. Examples of antique systems are displayed in the entries: DENT, KELVIN, PLATH.

The Carl Bamberg catalogue Nautik XVII and the catalogue Nautik 35 (1930's) published by its successor Askania describe several models of binnacles: type Khp200, Kh225 etc. (click on the links DATA below to display cutaway views). The German Navy (Kriegsmarine) defined during WWII a common standard system called Marineeinheitskompassstand. PROFILE - Louis Pascal [formerly Luigi Pasquale] (1812–1897) Casella was a British manufacturer of scientific instruments British. See also Pocket and Survey compasses. L. Casella's Catalogue (c. 1876) Open at the pages showing the SHIPS' COMPASSES. Picture courtesy Michael Curtis CASSENS (& Plath) PROFILE - CASSENS was a German company founded in 1902 by Captain Tanne Janssen Cassens and a partner called Bennecke. It was a retailer for nautical materiel and was located first in Bremen, Tannenstr. 32 (later Sorgenfrei 39-40) and now in Bremerhaven, Am Lunedeich 131.

In 1908, Theodor PLATH took a participation in Cassens and the name was changed to Cassens & Plath. In 1962 bought Cassens C. Plath. Picture of a compass displayed on the header of CASSENS & PLATH's website. (Click on the pictures for enlarged views) Technical data CHETWYND PROFILE - Captain Louis Wentworth Pakington Chetwynd (b. 15 December 1866, d. 18 April 1914, Coombe Neville, Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey) was Superintendent of the Compass Dept. at the Admiralty during the early 20th C. He resumed the work of other inventors (see Crow, Creak) and patented several compass systems (see also Wrist compasses). Among his improvements was the design of a smaller compass card in the bowl. This solved the problem called the "swirl error" caused by the moving liquid during quick movements (like course changes and heeling) of the ship. He became 1912 managing director with Dent & Co. and Johnson Ltd. See also Marching and Wrist compasses and also WBT .

(Click on the pictures for enlarged views) Technical data CLARKE Clement PROFILE - Clement Clarke was a famous British optician who built microscopes and various diagnostic equipment. The company was established in 1917 (Wigmore Street, London). Clarke signed Mark VI pocket compasses* probably manufactured by F. Barker & Son or some other compass maker like Dennison during WW1. In 1986 the group was acquired by Boots Plc and in 1989 was purchased by the Swiss based company Haag-Streit AG located in Berne. * See Dimensions (approx.): 150 x 150 x 70 mm Additional instruments: two levels, clinometer in the lid, - Sighting vanes: two vertical tabs with a pin-hole each in the left and right case walls. A foldable two-piece telescope. Centimeter ruler on the lower front case wall. NOTE: This bearing compass is a (worthless) contemporary reproduction (see MISCELLANEOUS / Fakes). One can tell this by some details like the magnetic needle's bright red point and the green central jewel in the cap. The clinometer's arrow point is also at least very unprecise.

It is highly improbable that Clarke ever produced such an antique C.19th instrument. (Click on the image at left for an enlarged view) Compass, Testing Laboratories By virtue of the international convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea, SOLAS, Ch. V, Reg. 19.2.1.1), the International Maritime Organization (OMI), an agency of the UNO requires the following: Shipborne navigational equipment and systems All ships irrespective of size shall have: a properly adjusted standard magnetic compass or other means, independent of any power supply to determine the ship's heading and display the reading at the main steering position; In Germany, the testing activities of magnetic compasses is one of the responsibilities of the Bundesamt fï¿½r Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie , BSH (Federal Maritime and Hydrography Agency) in Hamburg, successor of the Deutsche Seewarte . The office specifically in charge of this task is the Magnetkompasslabor is situated in a small building built in 1950 on top of the hill where the former castle of the Seewarte destroyed in 1943 stood.

It is especially protected against all magnetic interferences by means large-sized coils (link to a sketch). These coils also make it possible to simulate any terrestrial magnetic environment. The labor comprises all sorts of test equipment (see table below) and also a small museum (not open for visitors). The compass laboratory in 1950 (in the background at r.: Bismarck's statue). It is today concealed by trees * ( Vibration test on horizontal and vertical axii. Test rig for tilting and rotating together with binnacle Test rig for rotation when tilted In Great-Britain, the Compass Observatory of the Admiralty was in charge of this task. See also the regulations of the Maritime & Coastguard Agency. In France and in many countries the organisation called Bureau Veritas is entitled by the governments to perform the control of compasses. In the Unites States of America ... (no information momentarily available). Compass types There are many different compass types: the large gimballed compass integrated in a binnacle and the smaller removable dory compass in a wooden box (ex.: VION), not to forget the overhead hung telltale compass. For more precise details about compass functionalities, go to chap.

2.1 General Definitions of the ISO 1069 standard. See also the various patterns defined by the British Admiralty. CREAK PROFILE - Captain Ettrick William Creak was Superintendent of the Compass Dept. at the Admiralty. He developed in the 1880's a liquid compass that worked better than Sir William Thomson's dry card system but he was unsuccessful at his attempts to have it chosen as the Admiralty's Standard Compass because of Thomson's lobby. CROW PROFILE - Francis Crow was a watchmaker and silversmith of Faversham (Kent, Great-Britain). He was awarded in 1813 a patent (GB no. 3,644) for a liquid dampened compass with a lens-shaped floating card. This revolutionary idea was realized only much later (c. 50 years) by the U.S. manufacturer Ritchie . CROW's liquid compass PROFILE - (Edward John) Dent & Co. was established in 1814. The company still exists today. Its website ( only describes clocks and watches. See also the Dent-made Air Compass Pattern 259 designed by Capt. Creagh-Osborne .

At left: Early designs by DENT and Harris (Picture by courtesy of the National Maritime Museum as published in Steady as she Goes by A.E. Fanning, 1986) At right: Logo: the initials D C (= Dent & Co.?) on either side of an anchor Deutsche Seewarte (Predecessor of B.S.H.) The Deutsche Seewarte was in the late 19th and early 20th C. a department of the Admiralty of the German Imperial Navy Kaiserliche Marine (see below: Kriegsmarine and read more in Wikipedia). Its Second Department (Instrumentenprï¿½fung, testing of instruments) was responsible for the testing of navigation instruments, i.e. also compasses, being thus the equivalent of the British Superintendent of the Admiralty of the Royal Navy . Its official monthly review was Der Seewart (link to the cover of the Dec. 1939 issue). Today, the responsible authority is the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency ( Bundesamt fï¿½r Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie , BSH) located in Hamburg. The department in charge of the testing of compasses is the Magnetkompasslabor .

Picture by courtesy of BSH: The former castle of the Deutsche Seewarte destroyed in 1943 The full history can be read online here Die Geschichte maritimer Dienste in Deutschland - Das BSH und seine Vorgï¿½nger (pdf, German). In short: Germany as a unique country was created in 1871. The various former agencies like the Seewarte which had been created on private initiatives were then united under the authority of the Admiralty in the ministry of the Navy. After World War II and until the end of the GDR (Communist East Germany) in 1989, a service similar to the Kompasslabor existed there, located in Rostock from 1959 on and depending of the department Bagger-, Bugsier- und Bergungsreederei (dredgers, tugs and salvage boats). Deviation Card Since iron-hulled ships replaced large wooden ones (mid 19th C.) a correction card was necessary to steer the vessel by taking into account the magnetic influence of the metallic masses. For pictures of modern correction cards click HERE .

According to the ancient card displayed at right, the ship would have to steer SW by her compass in order to make good a course of WSW magnetic (Source: Alan Gurney, COMPASS, 2004). Click on picture at right for enlarged view PROFILE - Abel Louis Doignon was a French compass maker located 11, rue Hoche in Malakoff, Paris / France (see also Marching compasses). He filed several patents for ships' and aircraft compasses between 1905 and 1928. Pic. at r.: compass produced in cooperation with DUCHEMIN PROFILE - Emile Marin DUCHEMIN (who lived 11, rue de la Bienfaisance in Paris) filed a patent in 1874 for this compass system he had developed and called BOUSSOLE CIRCULAIRE (circular compass). This device was installed in ships for several trials at sea (1873-75) in the vessels described in the booklet (iss. 7, 1877, 47 p., photocopy available).

It is also listed the famous German reference book Der Kompass (Schï¿½ck, 1910). The inventor tried to have his system adopted by the French Navy and produced many reports from officers with positive feedback. However, it is highly surprising that someone clang to this obviously heavy design where the Admiralties of England and Germany tried to develop the lightest solutions that could be imagined (compare to the paper rose with magnets hung on silk threads designed by Thomson , Hechelmann and C. Plath ). The idea was that the larger the magnet was, the better the stability of the rose should be. (Click on the picture above for an enlarged view of the drawing) Short description together with the drawing on the title page: "an external magnetized circle (A) is connected with an inner magnetized circle (B) by means of a bar (C) made of aluminum or another metal. The magnetization is maximum at the North and South points and diminishes gradually towards the EAST and WEST points (n-n line)." Pict. at r.: The magnetic circular needle. NOTE: this instrument was in very sad condition. Its remains were glued onto a marble grip like the religious tool called monstrance.

The photographs were taken at an antiques shop in Paris. Above - Inscription on either side of the North mark: Boussole Duchemin Btï¿½ S.G.D.G. Bottom - Inscr. at the southern end: Dumoulin-Froment Constructeur (Click on pictures above for enlarged views - Pictures courtesy Jaypee) FLINDERS bar A Flinders bar is a vertical soft iron bar placed in a tube on the fore side of a compass binnacle (see picture at right, KELVIN compass). The Flinders bar is used to counteract the vertical magnetism inherent within a ship and is usually calibrated as part of the process known as swinging the compass, where deviations caused by this inherent magnetism are negated by the use of horizontal (or quadrantal) correctors. It is named after Matthew Flinders (1774-1814) who wrote a report in 1812 on ships' magnetism for the British Navy. Read the whole story in COMPASS by Alan Gurney (2004).

FLINT PROFILE - Thomas Flint was Mathematical instrument maker, Nautical instrument maker, Optical instrument maker 9 High Street (1826-31) and later 31 Whitefriars Gate, then 34 Whitefriars Gate (1835-48) all in Hull, England. The instrument at right is a tell-tale compass (pic. courtesy J. Spence). Very unusual is the west-decorated cardinal point of the rose of winds. Most cards featured an east-decorated rose of winds (link to special entry). We suppose that this compass was meant to be used in the Indian Ocean where Jerusalem lies WEST. The company no longer produces compasses but binnacles. Link: pic. of the last known model. Pictures courtesy of BSH (click on the image for a pic. showing the manufacturer's full name) Gimballed Compasses Description - System probably invented by Girolamo Cardano (Padua 1501-Rome about 1570) who was among other specialties an Italian doctor and engineer.

This system which was called after him in French and German (suspension ï¿½ la cardan / kardanische Aufhï¿½ngung) is designed to compensate for the movements of a vehicle (ship or aircraft) so that the compass card always remains horizontal (more details in Wikipedia). Small compasses were also made for other usage. Examples : pocket compass (N & Z), tell-tale compass (Steward), box compass (N & Z), miner's compass , charm (see picture at right, copyright TML, click for enlarged view) Techn. Data: Dia. of spherical case: 19.5mm; dia. of mother of pearl card: 11.5mm; weight: 12 g. GRW See ASKANIA above Gyro-compass / Gyro syn A gyroscopic compass is an electrically operated instrument, controlled and damped either by gravity of electrically so that the spin axis settles in the meridian. These instruments are not the object of this museum.

The gyrosyn is a remote-indicating compass system employing a directional gyroscope which is monitored by and synchronized with signal from an element fixed in azimuth and designed to sense its angular displacement from the earth's magnetic meridian. This element, called flux valve or flux gate, is located at some remote point, e.g. wing tips on aircraft, away from extraneous magnetic influences. (Source: Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology, 1974) For a picture go to Anschï¿½tz above. For a pic. of a test bench go to Askania. HECHELMANN, Georg PROFILE - Former German compass maker of Hamburg (successor: GEHNA , website who patented (D.R.P. 23.503, 1874) an improved version of Thomson's (Lord Kelvin) design of a paper rose with magnets hung on silk threads (see pic. below). He worked in his own shop from 1.10.1878 on until probably 1905 (source: Feinmechanik und Optik in Hamburg , Gert Behnke, 2011).

A comprehensive description was published in the entry for Kompass in the great German encyclopedia MEYER's Konversationslexikon. This system is also described in the reference books Der Kompass an Bord ( Deutsche Seewarte , 1906) and Der Kompass (Schï¿½ck, 1911). His competitor C. PLATH also tried in vain to have his own system supported by the Admiralty of the Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). (Click on images for enlarged views) Technical Data) Compass made at about the same time as the brigg Ausguste* built in Wismar (Germany) in 1840. Full name around pivot cap in center: Georg Hechelmann Nachf. (G.H. successor). "Vorsetzen 15" is the shop's address in Hamburg. * HOLM, Petter ou Pieter PROFILE - Petter HOLM was a compass maker located in Copenhagen, Dennmark (Kjï¿½benhavn). Several instruments are known. The webster database Adlerplanetarium indicates for his birth and death dates 1696-1776.

His nationality is unclear: he appears in Sweden, Dennmark and Holland as maker of tide tables, calenders etc. He is also said to have headed a navigation school. We know a compass made in the late 18th c. (repaired in 1804) and a drawing published in Der Kompass (A. Schï¿½ck, 1911, see Miscell. / Hist. & Bibliogr.). This latter one is signed by RASM. ANDR. HOLM. Its short description only mentions the rose's colours (white on black ground) and where it is kept (K.I.M. = Kï¿½nigliches Institut fï¿½r Meereskunde, Royal Inst. for the sciences of the sea). (Pictures courtesy Uwe Mï¿½nch) Technical data KAISER PROFILE - The Dutch Prof. Kaiser designed in 1892 a compass rose featuring a circular magnetic needle attached to the cap via tubes. It was later improved by the German SCKELL who replaced the tubes with chains. Compare to the French DUCHEMIN's rose.

Click on picture at right for enlarged view and details of patent KELVIN / THOMSON PROFILE - Kelvin Hughes Ltd was formed in 1947 by the merger between the scientific instrument manufacturing firms of Henry Hughes & Son Ltd, London, England, and Kelvin Bottomley & Baird Ltd, Glasgow, Scotland. The logos of one of the preceding companies (White, Bottomley, Thomson) consisted of the three initials WBT placed on a black & white graphic resembling the yin-yang symbol (s. WBT in the section Wrist Compasses and pic. at right). (Read the full story in Wikipedia - "Kelvin Hughes" and on the company's website William Thomson (later: Sir Wm. Th. Lord Kelvin of Largs) was a physicist. He invented a famous binnacle with a compass deviation correction system. He is also famous for the compass card he designed in 1876 featuring a 360ï¿½-scale on the circumference in addition to the conventional 32 rhumbs. It was standard in the Royal Navy although the superiority of liquid-dampened compass card was soon proven and adopted in the U.S. and other Navies (read the full story in Compass by A.

Gurney and in Steady as she goes by A. E. Fanning). Both German manufacturers C. PLATH and G. HECHELMANN developed their own version of this system. Thomson wrote a document entitled Terrestrial Magnetism and the Mariner's Compass . He also was partner in several companies which built the compasses he designed. See also below, the booklet "Instructions for the adjustment etc." The Thomson/Kelvin compass: The original light-weight compass card had eight magnet needles (M, see drawing at left below) but a later model improved to prevent disturbance of the compass by the engines, or by the firing of guns (patent no. 4923, 1889) possessed even 14 (pict. below at right)! The central part was cut-away and the graduated rim suspended with 32 silk threads (S) attached to the cap. More details and pictures in Land & Sea Collection .

Binnacle with adjustable soft-iron spheres Picture Jaypee in Musï¿½e de la Marine, Paris (Click on image for an enlarged view) Click on the link for an explanation of Kelvin's card physical functioning (source: The challenge of Navigation to Hydrography in 'The Northern Mariner' by W. Glover, 1996). Cards with 8 (left) and 14 (right) magnets and 360ï¿½ divisions KIPZ (КИПЗ in cyrillic letters) PROFILE: KATAV-IVANOVSK INSTRUMENT-MAKING PLANT, JSC ( Катав-Ивановский приборостроительный завод ) is a Russian manufacturer located in Katav-Ivanovsk, 456110 Chelyabinskaya oblast, Katav-Ivanovsk, ul. Karavaeva 45 and producing a large scope of nautical and wrist compasses The compass at right is a common Russian naval system for calibrating naval compasses. The name is "Инклинатор И" (Inklinator 'I'.

Each ship has it's own magnetic field and a compass must be calibrated for it. But the magnetic field direction is not only horizontal - it has vertical part. When a ship moves to different places, the vertical component can vary and the change of the vertical part of Earth magnetic field can be very important. A compass for "everywhere-use" must be calibrated for its own ship magnetic field not only for the horizontal, but also for the vertical part. For this calibration, big (main) ship compasses have something alike steel bolts (magnetic). Original descr. on the manufacturer's website: "Инклинатор "И" для измерения угла наклонения вектора магнитного поля. Используется при девиационных работах. Применяется для типов компасов КМ 100, УКПМ-М, КМ 145. Производители/поставщики: ЗАО ï¿½Катав-Ивановский приборостроительный заводï¿½ KRIEGSMARINE (German Navy) This designation refers to the German Navy after 1935 (see note).

When Germany was united to form an empire in 1871, it was called Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy). The compasses used on-board the German warships featured a symbol representing the state, i.e. the imperial crown or the nazi cross (swastika) and the letter M for Marine. The number is the catalogue reference similar to today's NATO Stock Number. Note: After 1918, Germany was not allowed to have military ships. Robin's Dockside Shop - Compasses Compasses Desk Compasses Solid Brass Binnacle Compass Solid Brass antique style binnacle compass and side oil lamp. A model of those used on sailing ships and kept in lifeboats for centuries. Size - 7" Tall Price: $109.95 Solid Copper Binnacle Compass Solid Copper antique style binnacle compass with side oil lamp. Copper model type used on sailing ships and kept in lifeboats for centuries. Size: - 7" Tall Polished Brass Alidade Compass Highly polished heavy brass Alidade. Real instrument for measuring distance, direction & elevation of an object. Primary use is for a gun sight for guns and cannon.

Size: 14.5" L x 8" Price: $109.95 Word List: Definitions of Nautical Terms and Ship Parts Tweets by @schrisomalis Nautical Terms Ahoy, mateys! This be a fair and true listing of words having to do with ships and sailing, 225 of them in all. These terms come mainly from the great age of sailing ships, the 16th to 18th centuries, and almost all hail from the two great seafaring peoples of the day, those being the brave English and the most hated Dutch. Be fairly warned: I, being a landlubber of the most scurvy sort, know little of such nautical matters aside from what my word-books tell me, so if there are any sea-dogs out there who would deign to correct me on matters of seaman's cant and jargon, ye should holler from atop the crow's nest of your vessels. Ahoy!

Word hardwood on either side of bowsprit through which forestays are reeved belay to secure a rope by winding on a pin or cleat bilge lower point of inner hull of a ship binnacle case in which a ship's compass is kept bitts posts mounted on a ship for fastening ropes bluepeter blue flag with white square in centre used as ship's signal boatswain ship's crewmember in charge of equipment and maintenance bobstay rope used on ships to steady the bowsprit bollard short post on a wharf or ship to which ropes are tied boltrope strong rope stitched to edges of a sail bosun anchor carried at bow of a ship bowline rope used to keep weather edge of a sail taut bowsprit spar that extends at bows of a ship brails ropes on edge of sail for hauling up bream to clean a ship's bottom by burning off seaweed bulwark the side of a ship above the deck bumpkin spar projecting from stern of ship bunt middle of sail, fish-net or cloth when slack buntline rope attached to middle of square sail to haul it up to the yard burgee small ship's flag used for identification or signalling cable heavy rope or chain for mooring a ship cabotage

 shipping and sailing between points in the same country camber slight arch or convexity to a beam or deck of a ship capstan upright device for winding in heavy ropes or cables careen to turn a ship on its side in order to clean or repair it cathead projection near the bow of a ship to which anchor is secured chine the intersection of the middle and sides of a boat chock metal casting with curved arms for passing ropes for mooring ship clew corner of sail with hole to attach ropes coaming raised edge around ship's hatches to keep water out cocket official shipping seal; customs clearance form cofferdam narrow vacant space between two bulkheads of a ship cog single-masted, square-sailed ship with raised stern companionway stairs from upper deck of ship to lower deck cordage ropes in the rigging of a ship cringle loop at corner of sail to which a line is attached crosstrees horizontal crosspieces at a masthead used to support ship's mast davit device for hoisting and lowering a boat deadeye rounded wooden block with hole used to set up ship's stays deadwood timbers built into ends of ship when too narrow to permit framing demurrage delay of vessel's departure or loading with cargo dodger shield against rain

 or spray on a ship's bridge dogwatch a short, evening period of watch duty on a ship downhaul rope for holding down or hauling down a sail or spar dromond large single-sailed ship powered by rowers dyogram ship's chart indicating compass deflection due to ship's iron earing line for fastening corner of a sail to the gaff or yard ensign part of ship's stern where name is displayed fairlead ring through which rope is led to change its direction without friction fardage wood placed in bottom of ship to keep cargo dry fiddley iron framework around hatchway opening figurehead ornament or (usually female) bust attached to the bow of a ship flagstaff flag pole at stern of a ship fluke part of an anchor that fastens in the ground forebitt post for fastening cables at a ship's foremast forecabin cabin in fore part of ship forecastle short raised deck at fore end of ship; fore of ship under main deck forefoot foremost end of ship's keel foremast mast nearest the bow of a ship foresail lowest sail set on the foremast of square-rigged ship forestay stay leading from the foremast to the bow of a ship frap to draw a sail tight with ropes or

 cables freeboard distance between waterline and main deck of a ship futtock spar on which head of fore-and-aft sail is extended gaff-topsail triangular topsail with its foot extended upon the gaff gangway either of the sides of the upper deck of a ship garboard plank on a shipï¿½s bottom next to the keel genoa large jib that overlaps the mainsail grapnel small anchor used for dragging or grappling groundage a charge on a ship in port gudgeon metal socket into which the pintle of a boat's rudder fits gunnage number of guns carried on a warship gunwale upper edge of the side of a ship gybe to swing a sail from one side to another halyard rope or tackle for hoisting and lowering sails hank series of rings or clips for attaching a jib or staysail to a stay hawse distance between ship's bow and its anchor hawsehole sandstone material used to scrape ships' decks inboard inside the line of a ship's bulwarks or hull jack ship's flag flown from jack-staff at bow of vessel jack-block pulley system for raising topgallant masts jack-cross-tree single iron cross-tree at head of a top

gallant mast jackstaff short staff at ship's bow from which the jack is hoisted jackstay iron or wooden bar running along yard of ship to which sails fastened jackyard spar used to spread the foot of a gaff-topsail jib small triangular sail extending from the head of the foremast jibboom spar forming an extension of the bowsprit jibe to change a ship's course to make the boom shift sides jurymast mast erected on ship in place of one lost kedge small anchor to keep a ship steady keelhaul to punish by dragging under keel of ship keelson lengthwise wooden or steel beam in ship for bearing stress kentledge pig-iron used as ballast in ship's hold lagan cargo jettisoned from ship but marked by buoys for recovery lanyard rope or line for fastening something in a ship larboard left side of a ship lastage room for stowing goods in a ship lateen triangular sail rigged on ship's spar laveer to sail against the wind lazaret space in ship between decks used for storage leeboard wood or metal planes attached to hull to prevent leeway leech a vertical edge of a square sail loxodograph device used to record ship's travels l

uff windward side of a ship; forward edge of fore-and-aft sail lugsail four-sided sail bent to an obliquely hanging yard lutchet fitting on ship's deck to allow mast to pivot to pass under bridges mainmast principal sail on a ship's mainmast mainsheet rope by which mainsail is trimmed and secured mainstay stay that extends from the main-top to the foot of the foremast manrope rope used as a handrail on a ship martingale lower stay of rope used to sustain strain of the forestays mizzen three-masted vessel; aft sail of such a vessel mizzenmast mast aft or next aft of the mainmast in a ship moonraker topmost sail of a ship, above the skyscraper oakum old ropes untwisted for caulking the seams of ships orlop lowest deck in a ship having four or more decks outhaul rope used to haul a sail taut along a spar outrigger spar extended from side of ship to help secure mast painter rope attached to bow of a boat to attach it to a ship or a post pallograph band by which a yard is fastened to a mast patroon captain of a ship; coxswain of a longboat poop enclosed

 structure at stern of ship above main deck port when facing forward, the left side of a ship primage fee paid to loaders for loading ship purser ship's officer in charge of finances and passengers quarterdeck part of ship's deck set aside by captain for ceremonial functions quartering sailing nearly before the wind rake the inclination of a mast or another part of a ship ratline small rope forming a rung of a rope ladder on a ship reef to reduce area of a sail by rolling or folding part of it reeve to pass a rope through a ring roach curved cut in edge of sail for preventing chafing roband piece of yarn used to fasten a sail to a spar rostrum spike on prow of warship for ramming rowlock contrivance serving as a fulcrum for an oar royal small sail on royal mast just above topgallant sail scud to sail swiftly before a gale scupper hole allowing water to drain from shipï¿½s deck scuttlebutt cask of drinking water aboard a ship; rumour, idle gossip scuttles sail on the mast nearest the stern of a square-rigged ship spar any ship's mast, boom, yard, or gaff spinnaker large triangular sail opposite the mains

ail spirketting inside planking between ports and waterways of a ship sponson platform jutting from shipï¿½s deck for gun or wheel sprit spar crossing a fore-and-aft sail diagonally spritsail sail extended by a sprit starboard when facing forward, the right side of a ship starbolins sailors of the starboard watch stay large rope used to support a mast staysail fore-and-aft sail hoisted on a stay steeve to set a ship's bowsprit at an upward inclination stemson supporting timber of a ship stern back part of a ship sternpost main member at stern of a ship extending from keel to deck sternway movement of a ship backwards stevedore dock worker who loads and unloads ships stokehold shipï¿½s furnace chamber strake continuous band of plates on side of a ship stunsail light auxiliary sail to the side of principal sails supercargo ship's official in charge of business affairs taffrail rail round the stern of a ship thole pin in the side of a boat to keep oar in place tiller handle or lever for turning a ship's rudder timberhead top end of ship's timber used above the gunwale timenoguy rope stretched from place

 to place in a ship topgallant mast or sail above the topmast and below the royal mast topmast ship's mast above the lower mast topsail ship's sail above the lowermost sail tranship to transfer from one ship to another transire ship's customs warrant for clearing goods transom transverse timbers attached to ship's sternpost treenail long wooden pin used to fix planks of ship to the timbers trice to haul in and lash secure a sail with a small rope trunnel wooden shipbuilding peg used for fastening timbers trysail ship's sail bent to a gaff and hoisted on a lower mast tuck part of ship where ends of lower planks meet under the stern turtleback structure over shipï¿½s bows or stern unreeve to withdraw a rope from an opening walty inclined to tip over or lean wardroom

Question: What is the name of the casing in which a ship's compass is kept?
Answer: Binnacle