Thomas R. Marshall | vice president of United States | Britannica.com vice president of United States Written By: Alternative Title: Thomas Riley Marshall Thomas R. Marshall Vice president of United States Also known as Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall, (born March 14, 1854, North Manchester, Ind., U.S.—died June 1, 1925, Washington, D.C.), 28th vice president of the United States (1913–21) in the Democratic administration of President Woodrow Wilson . He was the first vice president in almost a century to serve two terms in office. A popular public official, he was heard to make the oft-quoted remark: “What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar.” Thomas Marshall. Culver Pictures Marshall was the son of Daniel M. Marshall, a physician, and Martha Patterson. Graduating from Wabash College in 1873, he was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1875 and practiced law for almost 35 years in Columbia City (1875–1909).

A forceful and entertaining speaker, he was elected governor of Indiana in 1908 and during the next four years sponsored an extensive program of progressive social legislation. Largely because of his record in office, his name was presented as a favourite-son candidate for president at the Democratic National Convention of 1912. After Wilson won the nomination on the 46th ballot, his advisers—who had secretly promised Marshall the vice presidency in return for supporting Wilson—suggested Marshall as vice president. Despite Wilson’s opinion of Marshall as a “very small calibre man,” electoral calculations eventually swayed him to support Marshall’s nomination. Marshall’s personal influence on legislation was a powerful aid to the Wilson administration, although some opponents viewed him as a dangerous radical. He advocated strict neutrality prior to World War I —a stand he later regretted—supported American membership in the League of Nations , and opposed woman suffrage .

When Wilson suffered a stroke that partially paralyzed him in 1919, Marshall steadfastly refused to assume the powers of the presidency without written requests from first lady Edith Wilson and the president’s doctor and a congressional resolution, fearing that he would be accused of “longing for [Wilson’s] place.” While Wilson was incapacitated, Marshall presided over cabinet meetings but made no major decisions. Although he was discussed as a potential presidential candidate in both 1920 and 1924, Marshall never actively sought the nomination. His homespun philosophy and humour are recorded in Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (1925). Learn More in these related articles: Thomas Marshall: Vice-President of the United States Vice - President under Woodrow Wilson Thomas Marshall is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana. The cemetery is great for president and vice-president gravehunters. Served from 1913 - 1921 GPS: N 39.81946, W 086.17137 Thomas R. Marshall - U.S.

Vice President, Governor, Lawyer - Biography.com “What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar.” Thomas R. Marshall Synopsis Born on March 14, 1854, in North Manchester, Indiana, Thomas R. Marshall worked as a lawyer for more than three decades before being elected as his home state’s governor in 1908. He then served as vice president under the Woodrow Wilson administration from 1913 to 1921 for two terms, though the two didn’t have a close rapport. Marshall later returned to law. He died on June 1, 1925. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information U.S. Senate: Marshall, Thomas R. Marshall, Thomas R. Born in Lithuania in 1884, Moses Dykaar studied at the Académie Julian in Paris before arriving in the United States in 1916. He moved almost immediately to Washington, D.C., where he began a long and successful career. Speaker of the U.S.

House of Representatives James “Champ” Clark secured Dykaar’s services in carving his bust, and through this connection Dykaar was selected to create a marble bust of Thomas R. Marshall for the Senate’s Vice Presidential Bust Collection. Several sculptors had sought the commission, but the vice president ultimately preferred Dykaar, and the Joint Committee on the Library awarded him the project in 1918. The Senate paid $1,000 for the work, $200 more than was customary because of increased transportation costs for statuary marble during wartime. In 1920 the Marshall bust served as the centerpiece for an exhibition of Dykaar’s work at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and it was accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library later that year. Marshall lacked the rugged or unconventional facial features that many sculptors favor, and Dykaar joked that perhaps the vice president had not yet found a “good five-cent cigar.” In a 1932 Washington Post article, Dykaar recalled that Marshall was a “nervous” model.

The artist quoted the vice president as complaining good-naturedly, “You asked me for a sitting and you make me stand.” Dykaar then explained, “We call them 'sittings,’ when really they are 'standings.’” [1] The Smithsonian Institution’s Inventory of American Painting and Sculpture lists more than 40 works by Moses Dykaar throughout the United States. His busts of Calvin Coolidge and Charles Curtis also are in the Senate’s Vice Presidential Bust Collection, and his marble portraits of House Speakers James Clark and Nicholas Longworth are located in the House wing of the Capitol. The Smithsonian Institution’s National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., holds Dykaar’s likenesses of General John J. Pershing, inventor Alexander Graham Bell, and labor leader Samuel Gompers. 1. David Rankin Barbee, “An Historian in Bronze and Marble,” Washington Post, 3 April 1932. Biography of Thomas Riley Marshall Thomas Riley Marshall, U.S. vice president and oft-quoted wit, served two terms in office under President Woodrow Wilson.

Born in North Manchester, Indiana, Marshall practiced law in Columbia City, became active in the Indiana Democratic Party, and in 1908 was elected governor. During the next several years, Marshall's extensive program for social and labor reform attracted national attention. In 1912 he was elected 28th vice president. Marshall's irreverent and self-deprecating humor made him one of America's most popular vice presidents, and he was the first holder of that office in 80 years to be elected to a second term. Although his most famous quote was not original to him, it remains the one for which he has been immortalized: "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." [1] In October 1919, President Wilson suffered a paralytic stroke that left him virtually incapacitated. Because the Constitution did not yet specify exactly how the vice president was to assume the duties of the president in such cases, Marshall feared that any actions he took would appear overly ambitious or disloyal, so he passively allowed others to provide leadership for the nation in Wilson's stead. At the end of his term, Marshall returned to Indiana and served on the Federal Coal Commission.

He died while visiting Washington, D.C., in 1925. 1. Mark O. Hatfield, Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789-1993 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997), 341. Thomas Riley Marshall (1854 - 1925) - Genealogy Thomas Riley Marshall North Manchester, Wabash County, Indiana, United States Death: in Washington, District of Columbia, District of Columbia, United States Place of Burial: Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana, United States Immediate Family: Mar 14 1854 - North Manchester Death: June 1 1925 - Washington, D.C. Wife: Mar 14 1854 - Manchester, Indania Father: Mar 14 1854 - North Manchester, Wabash, Indiana, USA Death: June 1 1925 - Washington, DC Parents: Daniel Marshall, Martha E.

Marshall (born Patterson) Wife: Mar 14 1854 - North Manchester, Wabash Co., IN Death: June 1 1925 - Washington, DC Parents: Unknown Marshall, Martha E. Marshall (born Patterson) Wife: Mar 14 1854 - North Manchester, Ind. Death: June 1 1925 - District Of Columbia Burial: June 2 1925 - Indianapolis, Ind Parents: Mar 14 1854 - North Manchester, Indiana Death: June 1 1925 - Washington DC Parents: Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States (1913–1921) under Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana.

In office, he proposed a controversial and progressive state constitution and pressed for other progressive era reforms. The Republican minority used the state courts to block the attempt to change the constitution. His popularity as governor, and Indiana's status as a critical swing state, helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the subsequent general election. An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term, leading Wilson to limit Marshall's influence in the administration, and his brand of humor caused Wilson to move Marshall's office away from the White House. During Marshall's second term he delivered morale-boosting speeches across the nation during World War I and became the first vice president to hold cabinet meetings, which he did while Wilson was in Europe. While he was president in the United States Senate, a small number of anti-war senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed, Marshall had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing filibusters to be ended by a two-thirds majority vote—a variation of this rule remains in effect. Marshall's vice presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919.

Because of their personal dislike for him, Wilson's advisers and wife sought to keep Marshall uninformed about the president's condition to prevent him from easily assuming the presidency. Many people, including cabinet officials and Congressional leaders, urged Marshall to become acting president, but he refused to forcibly assume the presidency for fear of setting a precedent. Without strong leadership in the executive branch, the administration's opponents defeated the ratification of the League of Nations treaty and effectively returned the United States to an isolationist foreign policy. Well known for his wit and sense of humor, one of Marshall's most enduring jokes came during a Senate debate in which, in response to Senator Joseph Bristow's catalog of the nation's needs, Marshall quipped the often-repeated phrase, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar", provoking laughter. After his terms as vice president, he opened an Indianapolis law practice, where he authored several legal books and his memoir, Recollections. He continued to travel and speak publicly. Marshall died while on a trip after suffering a heart attack in 1925.

Family and background Thomas Marshall's paternal grandfather, Riley Marshall, immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in what is now Whitley County. He became wealthy when a moderate deposit of oil and natural gas was discovered on his farm; when he sold the farm in 1827 it earned $25,000, $474,044 in 2009 chained dollars. The money allowed him to purchase a modest estate and spend the rest of his life as an active member of the Indiana Democratic Party, serving as an Indiana State Senator, party chairman, and financial contributor. He was also able to send his only child, Daniel, to medical school. Marshall's mother, Martha Patterson, was orphaned at age 13 while living in Ohio and came to live with her sister on a farm near the Marshalls' Indiana home. She was known for her wit and humor, as her son later would be. Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848. Thomas Marshall was born in North Manchester, Indiana on March 14, 1854. Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy.

Martha had contracted tuberculosis, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter's poor health. While Marshall was still a young boy, his family moved several times in search of a good climate for Daniel to attempt different "outdoor cures" on Martha. They moved first to Quincy, Illinois in 1857. Daniel Marshall was a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat, and took his son to the Lincoln and Douglas debate in Freeport in 1858. There the four-year-old Marshall met Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln and sat on the lap of whichever candidate was not speaking. He later referred to this as one of his earliest and most cherished memories. The family moved to Osawatomie, Kansas in 1859 but the violence on the frontier led them to move to Missouri in 1860; eventually Daniel succeeded in curing Martha's disease. As the American Civil War neared, violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents. In October several men led by Duff Green demanded that Daniel Marshall provide medical assistance to the pro-slavery faction. He refused, and they left. After their departure, the Marshalls' neighbors warned them that Green was planning to return and murder them.

They helped the Marshalls quickly pack their belongings and escape to Illinois by steamboat. The Marshalls remained there only a brief time before continuing to Indiana, even farther from the volatile border region. Education On settling in Princeton, Indiana, Marshall began to attend public school. His father and grandfather became embroiled in a dispute with their Methodist minister when they refused to vote Republican in the 1862 election. The minister threatened to expel them from the church, to which Marshall's grandfather replied that he would "take his risk on hell, but not the Republican Party." The dispute prompted the family to move again, to Fort Wayne, and convert to the Presbyterian church. In Fort Wayne, Marshall attended high school, graduating in 1869. At age fifteen his parents sent him to Wabash College, in Crawfordsville, where he received a classical education. His father advised him to study medicine or become a minister, but neither interested him; he entered the school without knowing which profession he would take upon graduation. Marshall joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, participated in literary and debating societies, and founded a Democratic Club.

He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper, the Geyser, and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies. In 1872 he wrote an unfavorable column about a female lecturer at the school, accusing her of "seeking liberties" with the young boys in their boarding house. She hired lawyer Lew Wallace, the author of Ben-Hur, and filed a suit demanding that Marshall pay her $20,000 for libel. Marshall traveled to Indianapolis in search of a defense lawyer and employed future United States President Benjamin Harrison, then a prominent lawyer in the area. Harrison had the suit dropped by showing that the charges made by Marshall were probably true. In Marshall's memoir, he wrote that when he approached Harrison to pay his bill, his lawyer informed him that he would not charge him for the service, but instead gave him a lecture on ethics. Marshall was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during his final year at college. He graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students. As a result of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him.

At that time, the only way to become a lawyer in Indiana was to apprentice under a member of the Indiana bar association. His great-uncle Woodson Marshall began to help him, but soon moved away. Marshall went to live with his parents, who had moved to Columbia City. There he read law in the office of Walter Olds, a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court. He studied in the office for over a year and was admitted to the Indiana bar on April 26, 1875. Law practice Marshall opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876, taking on many minor cases. After gaining prominence, he accepted William F. McNagny as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases. The two men functioned well as partners. McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments. Marshall, the superior orator, argued the cases before the judge and jury. Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high-profile cases. In 1880 Marshall ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district's prosecuting attorney.

The district was a Republican stronghold, and he was defeated. About the same time, he met and began to court Kate Hooper, and the two became engaged to marry. Kate died of an illness in 1882, one day before they were to be wed. Her death was a major emotional blow to Marshall, leading him to become an alcoholic. Marshall lived with his parents into his thirties. His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894, leaving him with the family estate and business. In 1895, while working on a case, Marshall met Lois Kimsey who was working as a clerk in her father's law firm. Despite their eighteen-year age difference, the couple fell in love and married on October 2. The Marshalls had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable, and spent only two nights apart during their thirty-year marriage. Marshall's alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life prior to his marriage. He arrived at court hung-over on several occasions and was unable to keep his addiction secret in his small hometown.

His wife helped him to overcome his drinking problem and give up liquor after she locked him in their home for two weeks to undergo a treatment regimen. Thereafter, he became active in temperance organizations and delivered several speeches about the dangers of liquor. Although he had stopped drinking, his past alcoholism was later raised by opponents during his gubernatorial election campaign. Marshall remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping on behalf of other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state. His speeches were noted for their partisanship, but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing progressive movement. He became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee in 1904, a position that raised his popularity and influence in the party. Marshall and his wife were involved in several private organizations. He was active in the Presbyterian Church, taught Sunday school, and served on the county fair board. As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities.

An active Mason and member of the Grand Lodge of Indiana, by 1898 he was a Master Mason and had risen to the thirty-third degree in the Scottish Rite, the highest level of the order, and had become a member of its Supreme Council. He remained an active mason until his death and served on several masonic charitable boards. Governorship Campaign In 1906, Marshall declined his party's nomination to run for Congress. He did hint to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for governor in the 1908 election. He soon gained the support of several key labor unions, and was endorsed by a reporter in the Indianapolis Star. Despite this support, at the state convention he was a dark horse candidate. Party boss Thomas Taggart did not support him because of Marshall's support of prohibition. Taggart wanted the party to nominate anti-prohibitionist Samuel Ralston, but the prohibitionist and anti-Taggart factions united with Marshall's supporters, giving him the votes needed to win. Marshall's opponent in the general election was Republican Congressman James E. Watson, and the campaign focused on temperance and prohibition.

Just as it began, the Republican-controlled state government passed a local-option law that allowed counties to ban the sale of liquor. The law became the central point of debate between the parties and their gubernatorial candidates. The Democrats proposed that the local-option law be changed so that the decision to ban liquor sales could be made at the city and township level. This drew support from anti-prohibitionists, who saw it as an opportunity to roll back prohibition in some areas, and as the only alternative available to the total prohibition which the Republican Party advocated. The Democratic position also helped to retain prohibitionists' support by allowing prohibition to remain enacted in communities where a majority supported it. The Republican Party was in the midst of a period of instability, splitting along progressive and conservative lines. Their internal problems proved to be the deciding factor in the election, giving Marshall a narrow victory: he received 48.1% of the vote to Watson's 48%. He was the first Democratic governor in two decades. Democrats also came to power in the Indiana House of Representatives by a small margin, though Republicans retained control of the Indiana Senate. Progressive agenda Marshall was inaugurated as Governor of Indiana on January 11, 1909.

Since his party had been out of power for many years, its initial objective was to appoint as many Democrats as possible to patronage positions. Marshall tried to avoid becoming directly involved in the patronage system. He allowed the party's different factions to have positions and appointed very few of his own choices. He allowed Taggart to manage the process and pick the candidates, but signed off himself on the official appointments. Although his position on patronage kept peace in his party, it prevented him from building a strong political base. During his term, Marshall focused primarily on advancing the progressive agenda. He successfully advocated the passage of a child labor law and anti-corruption legislation. He supported popular election of United States Senators, and the constitutional amendment to allow it was ratified by the Indiana General Assembly during his term. He also overhauled the state auditing agencies and claimed to have saved the government millions of dollars. He was unsuccessful in passing the rest of the progressive platform agenda items or persuading the legislature to call a convention to rewrite the state constitution to expand the government's regulatory powers. Marshall was a strong opponent of Indiana's recently passed eugenics and sterilization laws, and ordered state institutions not to follow them.

He was an early, high-profile opponent of eugenics laws, and he carried his opposition into the vice-presidency. His governorship was the first in which no state executions took place, due to his opposition to capital punishment and his practice of pardoning and commuting the sentences of people condemned to execution. He regularly attacked corporations and used recently created anti-trust laws to attempt to break several large businesses. He participated in a number of ceremonial events, including personally laying the final golden brick to complete the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909. Marshall's constitution Jacob Piatt Dunn, with whom Marshall wrote a proposed constitution for Indiana Rewriting the state constitution became Marshall's central focus as governor, and after the General Assembly refused to call a constitutional convention he began to seek alternative means by which to have a new constitution adopted. He and Jacob Piatt Dunn, a close friend and civic leader, wrote a new constitution that increased the state's regulatory powers considerably, set minimum wages, and gave constitutional protections to unions. Many of these reforms were also in the Socialist Party platform under its leader, Terre Haute native Eugene V. Debs. Republicans believed Marshall's constitution was an attempt to win over Debs' supporters, who had a strong presence in Indiana.

The constitution also allowed direct-democracy initiatives and referendums to be held. The Democratic controlled assembly agreed to the request and put the measure on the ballot. His opponents attacked the direct-democracy provisions, claiming they were a violation of the United States Constitution, which required states to operate republican forms of government. The 1910 mid-term elections gave the Democrats control of the Indiana Senate, increasing the constitution's chances of being adopted. Marshall presented it to the General Assembly in 1911 and recommended that they submit it to voters in the 1912 election. Republicans opposed the ratification process, and were infuriated that the Democrats were attempting to revise the entire constitution without calling a constitutional convention, as had been called for the state's two previous constitutions. Marshall argued that no convention was needed because the existing constitution did not call for one. Republicans took the issue to court and the Marion County Circuit Court granted an injunction removing the constitution from the 1912 ballot. Marshall appealed, but the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the decision in a judgment which stated that the Constitution of Indiana could not be replaced in total without a constitutional convention, based on the precedent set by Indiana's first two constitutions.

Marshall was angry with the decision and delivered a speech attacking the court and accusing it of overstepping its authority. He launched a final appeal to the United States Supreme Court but left office in January 1913 while the case was still pending. Later that year, the court declined the appeal, finding that the issue was within the sole jurisdiction of the state courts. Marshall was disappointed with the outcome.[50] Subsequent historians, like Professor Linda Gugin, have called the process and the document itself "hopelessly flawed", and legal expert James St. Claire has written that if the constitution had been adopted, large parts would probably have been ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts. Vice presidency Election The Indiana constitution prevented Marshall from serving a consecutive term as governor. He made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term ended, but another opportunity presented itself during his last months as governor. Although he did not attend the 1912 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, his name was put forward as Indiana's choice for president. He was suggested as a compromise nominee, but William Jennings Bryan and his delegates endorsed Woodrow Wilson over Champ Clark, securing the nomination for Wilson.

Indiana's delegates lobbied to have Marshall named the vice presidential candidate in exchange for supporting Wilson. Indiana was an important swing state, and Wilson hoped that Marshall's popularity would help him carry it in the general election. He had his delegates support Marshall, giving him the vice presidential nomination. Marshall privately turned down the nomination, assuming the job would be boring given its limited role. He changed his mind after Wilson assured him that he would be given plenty of responsibilities. During the campaign, Marshall traveled across the United States delivering speeches. The Wilson–Marshall ticket easily won the 1912 election because of the division between the Republican Party and the Progressive Party. Marshall was not fond of Wilson, as he disagreed with him on a number of issues. Although Wilson invited Marshall to cabinet meetings, Marshall's ideas were rarely considered for implementation, and Marshall eventually stopped attending them regularly. In 1913 Wilson took the then unheard-of step of meeting personally with members of the Senate to discuss policy. Before this, presidents used the vice president (who serves as president of the senate) as a go-between; Wilson used the opportunity to show that he did not trust Marshall with delicate business.

In his memoir, Marshall's only negative comment towards Wilson was, "I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization, they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world." Their relationship was described as one of "functioning animosity". Senate developments Marshall was not offended by Wilson's lack of interest in his ideas, and considered his primary constitutional duty to be in the Senate. He viewed the vice presidential office as being in the legislative branch, not the executive. While he presided in the Senate, emotions sometimes ran high, including during a debate on the Mexican border crisis in 1916. During that debate Marshall threatened to expel certain senators from the chamber for their raucous behavior, but did not carry through on the threat. On several occasions, he ordered the Senate gallery cleared. He voted eight times to break tie votes. In the debates leading up to World War I, a number of isolationist senators filibustered bills that Wilson considered important. The filibusters lasted for weeks and twice lasted for over three months.

Wilson and the bills' supporters requested that Marshall put a gag-order in place to cut off debate, but he refused on ethical grounds, allowing a number of bills to be defeated in hopes that opposition would eventually end their filibuster. Among the defeated bills was one allowing merchant ships to arm themselves, and another allowing the US government to make direct arms sales to the allies. Despite their victories, the small group of senators continued to lock up the senate to prevent any pro-war legislation from passing. In response, Marshall led the Senate to adopt a new rule on March 8, 1917, allowing filibusters to be broken by two-thirds of voting Senators. This replaced the previous rule that allowed any senator to prolong debate as long as he desired. The rule has been modified several times, most prominently that the current rule requires three-fifths of all Senators, not only the ones voting. As Marshall made little news and was viewed as a somewhat comic figure in Washington because of his sense of humor, a number of Democratic party leaders wanted him removed from the 1916 reelection ticket.

Wilson, after deliberating, decided keeping Marshall on would demonstrate party unity; thus in 1916 Marshall won reelection over the still divided Republican Party and became the first vice president re-elected since John C. Calhoun in 1828, and Wilson and Marshall became the first president and vice president team to be re-elected since Monroe and Tompkins in 1820. World War I During Marshall's second term, the United States entered World War I. Marshall was a reluctant supporter of the war, believing the country to be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact conscription. He was pleased with Wilson's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war, and fully supported the war effort once it had begun. Shortly after the first troops began to assemble for transport to Europe, Marshall and Wilson hosted a delegation from the United Kingdom in which Marshall became privy to the primary war strategy. However, he was largely excluded from war planning and rarely received official updates on the progress of military campaigns. In most instances he received news of the war through the newspapers.

On the evening of July 2, 1915, Eric Muenter, an anarchist and onetime German professor at Harvard and Cornell universities, who opposed American support of the allied war effort, broke into the Senate chamber, laid dynamite around Marshall's office door, and set it with a timer. The bomb exploded prematurely, just before midnight while no one was in the office. On July 5, Muenter burst into the Glen Cove, New York home of Jack Morgan, the son of J.P. Morgan, demanding that he stop the sale of weapons to the allies. Morgan told the man he was in no position to comply with his demand; Muenter struck him in the head and escaped. Muenter was later apprehended and confessed to attempted assassination of the vice president. Marshall was offered a personal security detachment after the incident, but declined it. Wilson sent Marshall around the nation to deliver morale-boosting speeches and encourage Americans to buy Liberty Bonds in support of the war effort. Marshall was well suited for the job, as he had been earning extra money as a public speaker while vice president, and gladly accepted the responsibility.

In his speeches, he cast the war as a "moral crusade to preserve the dignity of the state for the rights of individuals". In his memoir, he recalled that the war seemed to drag on "with leaden feet", and that he was relieved when it finally ended. As the war neared its end, Marshall became the first vice president to conduct cabinet meetings; Wilson left him with this responsibility while traveling in Europe to sign the Versailles treaty and to work on gathering support for his League of Nations idea. Wilson became the first president to personally deliver a treaty to be ratified by the Senate, which he presented to Marshall as the presiding officer during a morning session. Morrison Marshall's wife was heavily involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent considerable time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition. Lois Marshall formed a close bond with the baby, who was named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment.

She and Marshall had been unable to have children, and when she brought the baby home, Marshall told her that she could "keep him, provided he did not squall ..." Marshall grew to love the boy and wrote that he "never walked the streets of Washington with as sure a certainty as he walked into my heart", and, as the boy grew older, that he was "beautiful as an angel; brilliant beyond his years; lovable from every standpoint." The Marshalls never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still living would appear unusual to the public. Wanting to keep the situation private, they instead made a special arrangement with his parents. President Wilson felt obliged to acknowledge the boy as theirs and sent the couple a note that simply said, "With congratulations to the baby. Wilson." Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall, but in person they called him Izzy. Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health, but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday.

His death devastated Marshall, who wrote in his memoir that Izzy "was and is and ever will be so sacred to me ..." Succession crisis President Wilson experienced a mild stroke in September 1919. On October 2, he was struck by a much more severe stroke that left him partially paralyzed and almost certainly incapacitated. Wilson's closest adviser, Joseph Tumulty, did not believe Marshall would be a suitable president and took precautions to prevent him from assuming the presidency. Wilson's wife Edith strongly disliked Marshall because of what she called his "uncouthed" disposition, and also opposed his assumption of the presidency. Tumulty and Edith believed that an official communication from Wilson's staff on his condition would allow Marshall to trigger the constitutional mechanism allowing him to become acting president, and made sure no such communication occurred.[88][89] After Marshall demanded to know Wilson's status so that he could prepare for the possibility of becoming president, they had a reporter from the Baltimore Sun brief Marshall and inform him that Wilson was near death. Marshall later said that "it was the first great shock of my life", but without an official communication on Wilson's condition, he didn't believe he could constitutionally assume the presidency.

On October 5, Secretary of State Robert Lansing was the first official to propose that Marshall forcibly assume the presidency. Other cabinet secretaries backed Lansing's request, as did Congressional leaders, including members of both the Democratic and Republican parties who sent private communications to Marshall. Marshall was cautious in accepting their offers of support. After consulting with his wife and his long-time personal adviser, Mark Thistlethwaite, he privately refused to assume Wilson's duties and become Acting President of the United States. The process for declaring a president incapacitated was unclear at that time, and he feared the precedent that might be set if he forcibly removed Wilson from office. Marshall wanted the president to voluntarily allow his powers to devolve to the vice president, but that was impossible given his condition and unlikely given Wilson's dislike for Marshall. Marshall informed the cabinet that the only cases in which he would assume the presidency were a joint resolution of Congress calling on him to do so, or an official communication from Wilson or his staff asserting his inability to perform his duties. Wilson was kept secluded by his wife and personal physician and only his close advisers were allowed to see him; none would divulge official information on his condition.

Although Marshall sought to meet with Wilson to personally determine his condition, he was unable to do so, and relied on vague updates he received through a few bulletins published by Wilson's physician. Believing that Wilson and his advisers would not voluntarily transfer power to the vice president, a group of Congressional leaders initiated Marshall's requested joint resolution. The senators opposed to the League of Nations treaty, however, believed that as president Marshall would make several key concessions that would allow the treaty to win ratification. Wilson, in his present condition, was either unwilling or unable to make the concessions, and debate on the bill had resulted in a deadlock. In order to prevent the treaty's ratification, the anti-League senators blocked the joint resolution. On December 4, Lansing announced in a Senate committee hearing that no one in the cabinet had spoken with or seen Wilson in over sixty days. The senators seeking to elevate Marshall requested that a committee be sent to check on Wilson's condition, hoping to gain evidence to support their cause. Dubbed the "smelling committee" by several newspapers, the group discovered Wilson was in very poor health, but seemed to have recovered enough of his faculties to make decisions. Their report ended the perceived need for the joint resolution.

At a Sunday church service in mid-December, in what Marshall believed was an attempt by other officials to force him to assume the presidency, a courier brought a message informing him that Wilson had died. Marshall was shocked, and rose to announce the news to the congregation. The ministers held a prayer, the congregation began singing hymns, and many people wept. Marshall and his wife exited the building, and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action, only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax, and that Wilson was still living. Marshall performed a few ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson's term, such as hosting foreign dignitaries. Among these was Albert I, King of the Belgians, the first European monarch to visit the United States. Edward, Prince of Wales, the future monarch of the United Kingdom, spent two days with Marshall and received a personal tour of Washington from him. First Lady Edith Wilson performed most routine duties of government by reviewing all of Wilson's communications and deciding what he would be presented with and what she would delegate to others. The resulting lack of leadership allowed the administration's opponents to prevent ratification of the League of Nations treaty.

They attacked the treaty's tenth article, which they believed would allow the United States to be bound in an alliance to European countries that could force the country return to war without an act of Congress. Marshall personally supported the treaty's adoption, but recommended several changes, including the requirement that all parties to it acknowledge the Monroe Doctrine and the United States' sphere of influence, and that the tenth article be made non-binding. Wilson began to recover by the end of 1919, but remained secluded for the remainder of his term, steadfast in his refusal or inability to accept changes to the treaty. Marshall was prevented from meeting with him to ascertain his true condition until his final day in office. It remains unclear who was making the executive branch's decisions during Wilson's incapacity, but it was likely the first lady with the help of the presidential advisers. Later life Marshall had his name entered as a candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination at the Democratic National Convention. He made arrangements with Thomas Taggart to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid, but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation. Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M.

Cox as president and Franklin Delano Roosevelt as vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. On their election, Marshall sent a note to Coolidge in which he offered him his "sincere condolences" for his misfortune in being elected vice president. Marshall considered returning to Columbia City after leaving office, but instead bought a home and opened a law practice in Indianapolis, where he believed there would be better business opportunities. Harding nominated him to serve on the Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1921, and then to a more lucrative position on the Federal Coal Commission in 1922; Marshall resigned from both commissions in 1923. He spent over a year writing books on the law and his Recollections, a humorous memoir. The latter book was completed in May 1925 and subsequent historians have noted it as unusual, even for its time, for not disclosing any secrets or attacking any of Marshall's enemies. Marshall remained a popular public speaker, and continued to travel to give speeches. The last he delivered was to high school students in the town of his birth.

While on a trip to Washington D.C., Marshall was struck by a heart attack while reading his Bible in bed on the night of June 1, 1925. His wife called for medical assistance, but he died before it arrived. A service and viewing was held in Washington two days later and was attended by many dignitaries. Marshall's remains were returned to Indianapolis, where he lay in state for two days; thousands visited his bier. His funeral service was held June 9, and he was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery, next to the grave of his adopted son Morrison "Izzy" Marshall. Lois Marshall moved to Arizona and remained widowed the rest of her life, living on her husband's pension and the $50,000 she earned by selling his memoir to the Bobbs-Merrill publishing company. She died in 1958 and was interred next to her husband. Humor Marshall was known for his quick wit and a good sense of humor.

On hearing of his nomination as vice president, he announced that he was not surprised, as "Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents; home of more second-class men than any other state." One of his favorite jokes was about a woman with two sons, one of whom went to sea and one of whom was elected vice president; neither was ever heard of again. On his election as vice president, he sent Woodrow Wilson a book, inscribed "From your only Vice." His humor caused him trouble during his time in Washington. He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour by saying to them, "If you look on me as a wild animal, be kind enough to throw peanuts at me." This prompted Wilson to move Marshall's office to the Senate Office building, where he would not be disturbed by visitors. In response to a proposal to the board of the Smithsonian Institution to send a team to excavate for ruins in Guatemala, Marshall suggested that the team instead excavate around Washington. When asked why, he replied that, judging by the looks of the people walking on the street, they should be able find buried cave-men no more than six feet down.

The joke was not well received, and he was shut out of board meetings for nearly a year. His serious remarks could get him in trouble as well. Some of his public utterances in 1913, in which he appeared to advocate radical ideas in regard to the inheritance of property, caused much criticism. Marshall's wit is best remembered from a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon. During a Senate debate in 1917, as Senator Joseph L. Bristow cataloged a long list of what he felt the country needed, Marshall leaned over to one of his clerks and said, "What this country needs is more of this; what this country needs is more of that." He then quipped, loudly enough for most of the chamber to hear, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar", which provoked laughter from a number of senators. Legacy The situation that arose after the incapacity of President Wilson, for which Marshall's vice-presidency is most remembered, revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession. The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for Europe, which influenced him to allow Marshall to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence.

Wilson's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by Marshall made it a major issue. The constitutional flaws in the process of presidential succession had been known since the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841, but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem. Nearly fifty years later, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, allowing the vice president to assume the presidency any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the duties of the office. Historians have varied interpretations of Marshall's vice presidency. Claire Suddath rated Marshall as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 Time Magazine article. Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that had Marshall carried out his constitutional duties, assumed the presidency, and made the concessions necessary for the passage of the League of Nations treaty in late 1920, the United States would have been much more involved in European affairs and could have helped prevent the rise of Adolf Hitler, which began in the following year. Morison and a number of other historians claim that Marshall's decision was an indirect cause of the Second World War.

Charles Thomas, one of Marshall's biographers, wrote that although Marshall's assumption of the presidency would have made World War II much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to Marshall, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from office, even temporarily. Electoral history Thomas R. Marshall (Vice President) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Thomas R. Marshall Male Born Mar 14, 1854 Thomas Riley Marshall was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States (1913â1921) under Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana.… Read More related links Premier League Squads: Who's In And Who's Out At Your Lot? Mirror Football.Co.Uk Google News - Sep 02, 2011 '...

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The Ironclad screening at Rochester Castle on Saturday night was a huge success, with the attendant cinema goers enjoying a fantastic film in the company of two of its stars, James Purefoy (Thomas Marshall) and Jamie Foreman (Jedediah Coteral)' 150 Years Ago: General Orders Officer To Seize Bank's Funds Columbia Daily Tribune Google News - Aug 25, 2011 'Thomas Marshall, commanding a relief expedition headed for Lexington, to seize the funds of the Farmers&#39; Bank at that place and at Liberty. The funds of the banks were a major target of both sides in the conflict for Missouri. Most banks had principal' Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Thomas R. Marshall. CHILDHOOD 1854 Birth Thomas Marshall was born in North Manchester, Indiana on March 14, 1854. … Read More Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy. Martha had contracted tuberculosis, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter's poor health.

While Marshall was still a young boy, his family moved several times in search of a good climate for Daniel to attempt different "outdoor cures" on Martha. They moved first to Quincy, Illinois in 1857. Read Less 1858 4 Years Old Daniel Marshall was a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat, and took his son to the Lincoln and Douglas debate in Freeport in 1858. … Read More There the four-year-old Marshall met Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln and sat on the lap of whichever candidate was not speaking. He later referred to this as one of his earliest and most cherished memories.<br /><br /> The family moved to Osawatomie, Kansas in 1859 but the violence on the frontier led them to move to Missouri in 1860; eventually Daniel succeeded in curing Martha's disease. As the American Civil War neared, violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents. In October several men led by Duff Green demanded that Daniel Marshall provide medical assistance to the pro-slavery faction. He refused, and they left. After their departure, the Marshalls' neighbors warned them that Green was planning to return and murder them.

They helped the Marshalls quickly pack their belongings and escape to Illinois by steamboat. The Marshalls remained there only a brief time before continuing to Indiana, even farther from the volatile border region. Read Less 1862 8 Years Old On settling in Pierceton, Indiana, Marshall began to attend public school. His father and grandfather became embroiled in a dispute with their Methodist minister when they refused to vote Republican in the 1862 election. … Read More The minister threatened to expel them from the church, to which Marshall's grandfather replied that he would "take his risk on hell, but not the Republican Party". The dispute prompted the family to move again, to Fort Wayne, and convert to the Presbyterian church. Read Less TEENAGE 1869 15 Years Old In Fort Wayne, Marshall attended high school, graduating in 1869. … Read More At age fifteen his parents sent him to Wabash College, in Crawfordsville, where he received a classical education.

His father advised him to study medicine or become a minister, but neither interested him; he entered the school without knowing which profession he would take upon graduation.<br /><br /> Marshall joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, participated in literary and debating societies, and founded a Democratic Club. He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper, the Geyser, and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies. Read Less 1872 18 Years Old In 1872 he wrote an unfavorable column about a female lecturer at the school, accusing her of "seeking liberties" with the young boys in their boarding house. … Read More She hired lawyer Lew Wallace, the author of Ben-Hur, and filed a suit demanding that Marshall pay her $20,000 for libel. Marshall traveled to Indianapolis in search of a defense lawyer and employed future United States President Benjamin Harrison, then a prominent lawyer in the area. Harrison had the suit dropped by showing that the charges made by Marshall were probably true. In Marshall's memoir, he wrote that when he approached Harrison to pay his bill, his lawyer informed him that he would not charge him for the service, but instead gave him a lecture on ethics.

Read Less 1873 19 Years Old Marshall was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during his final year at college. He graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students. … Read More As a result of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him. At that time, the only way to become a lawyer in Indiana was to apprentice under a member of the Indiana bar association. His great-uncle Woodson Marshall began to help him, but soon moved away. Marshall went to live with his parents, who had moved to Columbia City. There he read law in the office of Walter Olds, a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court. He studied in the office for over a year and was admitted to the Indiana bar on April 26, 1875. Read Less TWENTIES 1876 22 Years Old Marshall opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876, taking on many minor cases. 1879 25 Years Old After gaining prominence, he accepted William F.

McNagny as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases. … Read More The two men functioned well as partners. McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments. Marshall, the superior orator, argued the cases before the judge and jury. Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high-profile cases. Read Less 1880 26 Years Old In 1880 Marshall ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district's prosecuting attorney. … Read More The district was a Republican stronghold, and he was defeated. About the same time, he met and began to court Kate Hooper, and the two became engaged to marry. Kate died of an illness in 1882, one day before they were to be wed. Her death was a major emotional blow to Marshall, leading him to become an alcoholic.<br /><br /> Marshall lived with his parents into his thirties. His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894, leaving him with the family estate and business.

Read Less FORTIES 1895 41 Years Old In 1895, while working on a case, Marshall met Lois Kimsey who was working as a clerk in her father's law firm. … Read More Despite their nineteen-year age difference, the couple fell in love and married on October 2. The Marshalls had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable, and spent only two nights apart during their nearly thirty-year marriage.<br /><br /> Marshall's alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life prior to his marriage. He arrived at court hung-over on several occasions and was unable to keep his addiction secret in his small hometown. His wife helped him to overcome his drinking problem and give up liquor after she locked him in their home for two weeks to undergo a treatment regimen. Thereafter, he became active in temperance organizations and delivered several speeches about the dangers of liquor. Although he had stopped drinking, his past alcoholism was later raised by opponents during his gubernatorial election campaign.<br /><br /> Marshall remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping on behalf of other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state.

His speeches were noted for their partisanship, but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing progressive movement. He became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee in 1904, a position that raised his popularity and influence in the party. Read Less 1898 44 Years Old … Marshall and his wife were involved in several private organizations. He was active in the Presbyterian Church, taught Sunday school, and served on the county fair board. As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities. Read Less An active Mason and member of the Grand Lodge of Indiana, by 1898 he was a Master Mason and had risen to the thirty-third degree in the Scottish Rite, the highest level of the order, and had become a member of its Supreme Council. … Read More He remained an active mason until his death and served on several masonic charitable boards. Read Less FIFTIES MARSHALL, Thomas Riley - Biographical Information Courtesy U.S.

Senate Historical Office MARSHALL, Thomas Riley, a Vice President of the United States; born in North Manchester, Wabash County, Ind., March 14, 1854; attended the common schools and graduated from Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind., in 1873; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1875 and commenced practice in Columbia City, Ind.; Governor of Indiana 1909-1913; elected, as a Democrat, Vice President of the United States on the ticket with Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and inaugurated on March 4, 1913; reelected in 1916 and served until March 3, 1921; resumed the practice of law and literary work in Indianapolis, Ind.; member of the Federal Coal Commission 1922-1923; died in Washington, D.C., June 1, 1925; interment in Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Ind. Bibliography Bennett, David J. He Almost Changed the World: The Life and Times of Thomas Riley Marshall.

Authorhouse, 2007; Marshall, Thomas R. Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925. Thomas R. Marshall — Indiana Historical Society Thomas R. Marshall by IHS staff In the late summer of 1858, an Indiana country doctor, who had recently moved to the neighboring state of Illinois, took his 4-year-old son to a debate in Freeport between U.S. Senate candidates Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln. During the debate, the child recalled later in life, he sat on Lincoln’s lap while Douglas was speaking, and on Douglas’s lap while Lincoln talked. “One was tall, ungainly; the other, small and animated,” the youngster remembered. “I think I have a recollection that I liked the tall man.” That young man became a successful attorney, Indiana governor and two-term vice president under Woodrow Wilson. Thomas R.

Marshall reminisced about the Lincoln-Douglas debate experience in his 1925 autobiography Recollections: A Hoosier Salad, noting that it pleased him “to think that perhaps in a small way something of the love of Lincoln and of Douglas for the Union, the constitution and the rights of the common man flowed into my childish veins.” Born in North Manchester on March 14, 1854, Marshall was the only son of Daniel M. and Martha A. (Patterson) Marshall. Although his family lived in Illinois, Kansas and Missouri for a time due to his mother’s ill health, Marshall resided in Pierceton from the age of 6 until entering Wabash College.

Looking back on those days, Marshall knew, at least, what profession he wouldn’t be following: “I had a country shoemaker, who tried to teach me how to drive pegs, tell me that I was wholly unfitted for that business and that so far as he could see I would have to rely upon my tongue and not my hands for a livelihood.” Graduating from Wabash College in June 1873, Marshall studied law under the tutelage of Judge Walter Olds, who later became an Indiana Supreme Court justice. On April 26, 1875, at the age of 21, Marshall was appointed as an attorney in Whitley County. Two years later he formed a law partnership with William F. McNagny – a partnership that lasted until Marshall became governor in 1909. As a young attorney, Marshall and his partner eked out a living with help from a few cantankerous citizens. “We felt that it had been a rather dull and stupid Saturday unless we had a half dozen assault-and-battery cases to try before the local justice of the peace,” Marshall said.

Later, as assault cases slackened and prospects were bleak, “the railroads began to cut off arms and legs and opened up a new source of revenue,” he joked. A staunch Democrat, Marshall had a long history of party involvement, including forming a Democratic Club while at Wabash College. Marshall’s first foray into the political arena, however, did not bode well for the future. In 1880, he served as the Democratic candidate for prosecuting attorney in the 33rd Judicial District, which included Kosciusko and Whitley counties. Marshall lost; it would be 28 years before he tried again for elective office. After his defeat, Marshall continued to practice law in Columbia City and, in 1895 at the age of 41, he married Lois Kimsey. He reentered the political wars during the 1908 gubernatorial campaign as a compromise candidate in a battle between Democrats loyal to party boss Thomas Taggart and an anti-Taggart contingent. Conducting a low-key campaign, paid for by Marshall from a $3,750 loan he secured from his bank, he defeated Republican challenger James E.

Watson by approximately 15,000 votes. Often describing himself as a “Progressive with the brakes on,” Marshall did institute some reforms during his four years in office. He helped create a state board of accounts to audit the financial records of state and local officials and pushed through child labor, weekly wage and voter registration laws. He failed, however, in his attempt to revamp the state’s constitution. As he had been during the fight between Indiana Democrats for governor, Marshall was in the right place at the right time at the Democratic National Convention in 1912. New Jersey Gov. Woodrow Wilson had captured the party’s presidential nomination after 46 ballots. Wilson’s two opponents – Champ Clark and Oscar Underwood – refused offers to run for vice president, and Wilson agreed to Marshall’s selection as his running mate. The Democrats themselves took advantage of a split in the GOP, defeating incumbent President William Howard Taft and “Bull Moose” candidate Theodore Roosevelt. Four years later, the Wilson/Marshall ticket narrowly defeated Republican challenger Charles Evans Hughes, who had Hoosier Charles Warren Fairbanks – Theodore Roosevelt’s vice president – as his running mate.

When Wilson suffered a stroke in 1919 during his campaign on behalf of the Treaty of Versailles and was incapacitated, Marshall refused to take power, at one time remarking to his wife, Lois: “I could throw this country into civil war, but I won’t.” At the end of his term in 1921, Marshall returned to private life and a steady stream of lecture appearances, delighting audiences across the country with his wit. Some of the numerous bon mots he contributed include: On the office of vice president: “Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected vice president.

And nothing was ever heard of either of them again.” On the 19th state: “It [Indiana] has perhaps no towering mountain peaks, but it has surely furnished as many first-rate second-class men in every department of life as any state in the Union.” On the “generation gap”: “The only difference between their generation and my generation is that they have different ways of making fools of themselves.” On political platforms: “A political platform ought to be written by three persons--a political economist, a philogist and an honest man.” On his plans after leaving office: “I don’t want to work. I don’t propose to work. I wouldn’t mind being Vice President again.” Despite Marshall’s many accomplishments, he remains best known today for a chance remark he made while presiding over the U.S. Senate in 1917. During a long speech by Sen. Joe Bristow of Kansas on the needs of the country, Marshall turned to a clerk and said, “What this country needs is a really good 5-cent cigar.” Marshall died of a heart attack on June 1, 1925, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C.

The Indianapolis News reported that the former vice president “was sitting up in bed reading the Bible when the fatal attack took him.”

Question: Thomas Marshal was Vice President to which US President?
Answer: Woodrow Wilson