Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the &quot;Lion of theNorth&quot;? View the step-by-step solution to: Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the &quot;Lion of theNorth&quot;? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of theNorth"? KimberlyPerry posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:43am Top Answer francisgakunyi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:44am Other Answers 1 comment Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.); widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, or as Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, Latin: Gustavus Adolphus Magnus, a formal posthumous distinction passed by the Riksdag of the Estates in ...

ryati1984 Jun 08, 2016 at 3:45am {[ getNetScore(29992444) ]} Here's the explanation you needed for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29992460) ]} ivydmwangi answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 3:46am Gustav II Adolf was the King of Sweden who was known as 'Lion of the North'. His leadership took place between... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30014262) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Answer these art history questions via. the Word Document attached. This is based on the Mid - to Late Nineteenth Century Art in Europe and the United States. Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? brightkesenwa 3 World History experts found online! Average reply time is 7 mins Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed!

We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! Military History Online - The genius of Sweden’s ‘Lion of the North’ The genius of Sweden’s ‘Lion of the North’ The genius of Sweden’s ‘Lion of the North’ by Steve Wilson In the skies over a modern battlefield a joint tactical air control team is often credited for carrying their platoon’s “big gun,” or radio, as devastating airstrikes are vectored in from aircraft loitering in the battle space where friendly forces are taking fire.

Laser guided munitions, global positioning systems, joint direct attack munition technology and real-time communications make it possible for military units to shape the battlefield to their advantage. However, coordinated efforts on an ever changing fluid battle space aren’t new concepts. In fact, credit for this military innovation, and several others, belongs to Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden, whose reign lasted from October 12, 1617 until his death in battle, Nov. 6, 1632. The Innovations The period of warfare before Adolphus’ time lacked what in today’s terms could be called strategic thinking. Granted, there were great generals and great battles, several of which changed the known world. But, until gunpowder began to see widespread use, armies were marched directly toward an opposing force, drawn in parallel lines and the order of battle tended to consist of: archers, followed by the heavy infantry that hurled javelins as the masses continued to creep toward each other until finally the armies were in sword, hammer or pike range.

The only real fluid part of a battle space prior to gunpowder was the cavalry, which were usually concentrated on the flanks and, when possible, charged the enemy’s extreme left or right and hoped to collapse the opposition around itself. As gunpowder began to see common and widespread use on the battlefield, Gustavus Adolphus was the first to shed old tactics and status-quo thinking. In Adolphus’ time, firearms were just beginning to make their way into the hands of both heavy infantry and cavalry. Another relatively new invention, gunpowder propelled artillery, changed the scope of the battlefield by shifting the range at which armies could engage one another as well as a constant need for specialized war material – chiefly powder and shot. Armies could no longer move quickly and largely rely on foraging for raw materials to construct siege and artillery equipment. But, until the new-age thinking of Gustavus Adolphus, the technology had changed but tactics and strategy had not.

Warfare, around the time of the Thirty Years War, was on the cusp of becoming more specialized and calculated, rather than an affair where two huge forces collided and the winner was decided by large amounts of courage and the ability to deal harsher blows about the head and shoulders to the enemy. It was during this period of time in military history that Gustavus Adolphus would shatter the old school system of waging war. Prior to Adolphus emerging on the scene as a battlefield innovator, European armies largely conscripted soldiers or employed large numbers of mercenaries just before marching to their objective. After the war, these conscripts and soldiers for hire were quickly mustered out of the army until politics demanded the nation fight another battle. Gustavus Adolphus threw a wrench in 1600s European thinking by having a regular standing army that was well-trained, regularly drilled, armed with fine weaponry and were paid on time. He also redesigned his army to take advantage of newly acquired mobility that was afforded to him by the emerging innovation of gunpowder and modern firearms.

While the European army model largely consisted of forming squares or, even older, lines of phalanxes several soldiers deep of mixed musketeers and pikemen, Adolphus formed whole regiments solely of musketeers. He also adopted a new, lighter musket, thus eliminating the need for the gunner or an assistant to carry a forked pole to rest the firearm on. He made paper cartridges standard in his army. He also drilled his men in the concept of rolling volley fire. This innovation was a regiment of musketeers, usually six lines deep that closed to three before engaging the enemy. The first rank would kneel the second would crouch and the third rank would stand all firing simultaneously. The rate of fire Adolphus was able to maintain on a battlefield surpassed other armies of the time largely because the Swedish king reduced the traditional European manual of arms from 160 movements for firing and reloading to 95. Adolphus disregarded the big, cumbersome cannons favored by many leaders of his day and opted for lighter and maneuverable field-pieces that could be quickly moved to give fire where his infantry needed support at a particular time.

This is a stark contrast to other European army models of the day, who fought in dense, slow maneuvering masses and tended to try to win a battle by numbers and brute force alone. In this way, he ensured his portion of the battle space was not rendered static and motionless by fixing big artillery pieces in one spot that could not be maneuvered to support the foot soldiers. Another innovation was a concept that today is dubbed “combined arms,” although in the 1620s the term didn’t exist. Gustavus Adolphus disregarded traditional pike squares common in European formations of the time and instead incorporated a thin pike wall in with his musketeer formations. This innovation featured one pike for every few muskets, which was enough to keep enemy cavalry from decimating the infantry but still leaving the Swedish formation plenty of firepower to engage the enemy. Adolphus used this tactic until 1631, when he formed entire regiments comprised of nothing but musketeers. The Swedish king also developed what today we call “cross-training.” Infantry and cavalry units alike were trained to fire artillery. His pikemen could pick up a musketeer’s weapon, load and fire it if need be.

Artillery and infantry soldiers were all trained to ride, should the battlefield occasion demand it. In doing this, King Gustavus Adolphus ensured sub-unit integrity and unit cohesion throughout his army. The cavalry were not elevated above the infantry; rather, every soldier was cross-trained into other specialties to make for maximum efficiency on a fluid battlefield. While King Gustavus Adolphus can be given scores of credit for innovation and forward thinking, the real measure of any commander is results in battle. This begs the question, how well did this new mode of combined arms work on early 17th-century battlefields? We will examine his most important battle. The Results of Adolphus’ Innovations: The Battle of Breitenfield Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the Thirty Years War allied with the Protestant cause. He established lines of communication and supply with his native Sweden and moved across the Baltic Sea and into the heart of Europe in 1630. Adolphus, trained in statesmanship all his life before assuming the throne, began to build alliances, recruit more soldiers to the Protestant cause and secure his lines as he moved toward Saxony.

He met his chief rival, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly and commander of the Catholic League’s armies, on September 17, 1631. King Adolphus deployed his force in conjunction with his new and innovative strategy of stressing attack over defense and mobility over static lines. He mixed his force of light and heavy infantry, dispersed with his pikemen throughout the formation to provide defense against enemy cavalry. He also deployed his light, nimble artillery consisting of three-pounder guns with his infantry instead of the old tactic of placing the infantry in front of heavy, difficult to move cannon. In this, he assured the cannon could directly support the infantry and be quickly moved where supporting fire was needed most along an ever changing and fluid front. The Count of Tilly’s forces were deployed in a typical European, and largely static, formations. The troops were packed together in tight squares and were mostly heavy infantry armed with pikes. The Catholic League’s forces did have musketeers, but these were either placed in the corners of the formation squares or largely on one side. Thus, shifting fire from one direction to another involved a slow and cumbersome series of movements.

This formation did not, unlike the Swedes, incorporate supporting artillery directly with the infantry. Both armies had cavalry units. The Count of Tilly’s forces were trained to ride toward the enemy, fire cumbersome and short range pistols in a maneuver called the caracole, in which the rider closed to firing range and executed a half turn and fired one pistol, then executed another half turn in the opposite direction and fired his second pistol. After this volley the rider would canter tow the back of the formation to reload and fire again. However, this tactic would be hard pressed to work under constant repeating volley fire from Adolphus’ formations. The Swedish cavalry still relied on the age-old tactic of riding at a full gallop and engaging the enemy with the saber; however, Gustavus Adolphus had trained his musketeers to provide fire support to the cavalry prior to a charge when at all possible. When the two forces met, the Catholic League’s army was deployed into 17 dense square formations with the heavy cannon placed in the front. King Gustavus Adolphus’ forces were deployed in two lines, with the bulk of their cavalry on the right side.

The two armies began with an exchange of artillery fire and it was soon obvious the Swedish gunners could achieve a far superior rate of fire with their light, three-pound guns. The Catholic League forces cavalry charged the Swedish lines a total of six times, but each time was stopped by the combination of musket and cannon fire from Adolphus’ forces. Finally, after the seventh and final charge by County Tilly’s cavalry was beaten back yet again by the Swedes, King Gustavus Adolphus released his own cavalry against the enemy. The already weakened Catholic League cavalry units were driven from the field by Adolphus’ cavalry and retreated 15 miles from the battlefield. Seeing the Swedish cavalry leave the lines, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, ordered his remaining cavalry and infantry forward. The Swedish lines on Adolphus’ left flank began to falter under this combined attack without cavalry support. Seeing this, King Gustavus Adolphus, thanks to his innovations of mobility, quickly shifted his lines and anchored along a new front to meet the Count of Tilly’s advance.

The European square tercio could not quickly shift to face this new front and were heavily fired upon by Adolphus’ light cannons and musketeers. The shift in lines and new front made Adolphus’ far right flank unopposed and he personally reformed them and led them in a charge into the Count of Tilly’s forces and thus captured the enemy artillery. Taking advantage of his forces being cross-trained, King Gustavus Adolphus began to use the enemy’s own artillery against him and fired repeatedly into Tserclaes’ exposed flank and rear. This quickly led to the Catholic League’s forces being engaged on multiple fronts in a harrowing crossfire. Not able to withstand overwhelming firepower with no possibility of a counterattack, the Count of Tilly’s forces retreated. As day turned into nightfall, it became clear the Count of Tilly’s force was all but annihilated. Several of the survivors deserted and some 6,000 were captured, many of which joined Gustavus Adolphus’ army. The aftermath The Battle of Breitenfield was the first and most important of King Gustavus Adolphus’ short career.

It annihilated the Catholic League’s main fighting force during the Thirty Years War and necessitated for it to be rebuilt. His tendency to personally lead the charge, which was certainly a factor in his death at the Battle of Lutzen in 1632, is perhaps the only reason he did not emerge on the world’s stage as a significant figure in Europe’s course after the war’s conclusion in 1648. However, his contributions to modern warfare were such as attack emphasized over defense, sustained rate of fire, combined arms tactics and the value of cross training fighting units have been validated time and again on the globe’s battlefields after the 1600s. His innovations and models have been admired by Napoleon, Carl von Clausewitz, and General George S, Patton. Sweden has not forgotten her “Lion of the North,” as each Nov. 6 is celebrated as Gustavus Adolphus Day. * * * Copyright © 2012 Steven Wilson Written by MSgt Steven Wilson. If you have questions or comments on this article, please contact Steven Wilson at: Steven.Wilson@dinfos.dma.mil . About the author: Master Sgt.

Wilson holds two associate degrees, a bachelor’s in World Military History and an MBA in International Business. He is a graduate of the Air Force Museum’s Director course and the former director of the S.D. Air and Space Museum. He is married and enjoys exploring historical sites and museums, the outdoors, motorcycles and international cuisine. Published online: 12/02/2012. * Views expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent those of MHO. © 2016 MilitaryHistoryOnline.com, LLC The Lion of the North -- Swedes and Scots save Germany for the Reformation!! French, Swedes, and Scots save Germany for the Reformation during the 30 Years' War (1618 -1648). King Gustavus of Sweden—the Lion of the North King Gustavus of Sweden (1594 -1632). King Gustavus addressing the Swedish Parliament. King Gustavus had a presentment that he would not return from the battle with the Roman Catholic imperialists. In this picture he is presenting his 5 year old daughter Christiana to the Diet and admonishing them to respect her as queen in the event that he did not return.

His tearful wife looks on in the background. The invincible general leading his men into battle. King Gustavus was shot twice in the back by a false "friend" at the Battle of Lutzen in 1632. King Gustavus was shot twice in the back by a false brother, Franz Albert, Duke of Lauenberg. He was felled from his horse and several imperialists opened fire and killed him on the ground. He died a martyr for Jesus and the HERO of the Reformation. Duke Franz Albert feigned conversion to the Protestant Faith and was warmly received by the king. He sought for an opportunity to assassinate the king before the battle but was unsuccessful. During the battle he rode behind the king and at an opportune moment shot him twice in the back. Then he rode off to tell Wallenstein of the death of the king.... False brethren can be very, very dangerous. The enemy WITHIN is far, far more dangerous than the enemy without. The 30 Years' War was the most terrible conflict in world history.

The war was instigated by the Jesuits in order to undo the blessed Reformation and to keep the unholy Roman Empire from disintegrating....The imperialists gave no quarter. In the sack of Magdeburg over 30,00 men, woman and children were butchered without mercy. The American Civil War was a bloody conflict but that war only lasted 5 years and the antagonists did take prisoners. Multiply that conflict by SIX and you get some idea of what the war was like. Background of the conflict The unholy Roman empire was a confederation of states that included Austria, Burgundy, Germany , Lombardy (northern Italy) and parts of France. Its founder was called Charles the Great or Charlemagne. He was crowned Emperor of this unholy empire by the Pope on Christmas day in the year 800 A.D. Map of the unholy Roman Empire. This powerful confederacy was able to dominate Italy and keep that country divided. At the time of the 30 Years' War its northern capital was Vienna, Austria, and its southern capital was Rome. This division gave the Popes the opportunity to form their own states called the states of the "church" or the patrimony of "St.

Peter." By having their own states and customs, the Popes were able to ship gold and soldiers in and out of the Vatican without having to answer to the lawful Italian government. Click to enlarge Map of the Papal States The Peace of Westphalia Cardinal Richelieu, Prime Minister of France from 1624 to 1642. When the war ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, there was nothing left to fight over....Europe was ruined....France emerged the clear winner under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu. The unholy Empire was greatly weakened when France entered the conflict. The map of Europe that was drawn after the war has still continued unchanged unto this very day!! Cardinal Richelieu was the founder of the French Academy . The Cardinal despised Jesuitism and Jesuits and in 1638 he was determined to cast off the yoke of the Papacy and form an independent Gallican church composed of Huguenots and Catholics. Because of his opposition to Jesuitism he fell a victim to the "poisoned cup" at the young age of 57.

God is still looking for CHAMPIONS like the Lion of the North and Malcolm Graeme, the hero of the following story: Each page is 500 x 700 pixels. Average page size is about 70k. Front Cover The Thirty Years' War Editor's Notes The Scottish Army that served with King Gustavus was called the GREEN BRIGADE after the Emerald Isle (Hibernia) that was the original home of the Scots!! Scottish Participation in the Thirty Years' War. "But the years of glory soon came with the Scottish participation in the Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus, who intervened briefly but decisively on the side of the Protestant cause in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648. To the Swedish army, Scotland contributed troops variously estimated at twenty to forty thousand men, by far the greatest levies of any country and a substantial percentage of that small country's population. The Scots morale was raised above that of the common mercenary because of a feeling of loyalty to the king of Bohemia, whose wife was the daughter of their own King James VI, and it is said that they were willing to live on roots and carrots to fight for Protestantism.

Thus they were entrusted with the most perilous tasks, and invariably stood firm. It seems certain that Gustavus Adolphus could not have gained his victories without his Scots. More than sixty of them were made governors of castles and towns in the conquered provinces of Germany, including Maj. Gen. Sir D. Drummond, governor of Stettin; Maj. Gen. Sir James Ramsay, governor of Hanau; and Maj. Gen. W. Legge, governor of Bremen. In the Thirty Years' War Scotland contributed, in addition to those above, the following officers in the service of Sweden: Field marshals: Sir Robert Douglas; Hugo Hamilton; Sir Alexander Leslie, governor of the Baltic provinces; and Sir Patrick Ruthven, governor of Ulm. Generals: George, earl of Crawford-Lindsay; James, marquess of Hamilton; Malcolm Hamilton; Andrew Rutherford, earl of Teviot; and Sir James Spence. In addition to these were Lt. Gen. Alexander Forbes, tenth Lord Forbes; Vice Admiral Richard Clark; at least nine major generals; and forty-one colonels. Special mention must be made of some.

Donald Mackay (Lord Reay) raised the famous Mackay's Regiment, which fought with much distinction, and Robert Munro, of Foulis, was a close confidant to the king. William Philip retired as commander in chief of the Swedish army in 1658. Alexander Erskine was minister of war to Gustavus Adolphus and represented Sweden at the conference that resulted in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ending the Thirty Years' War. Robert Douglas began his career as a page to Gustavus Adolphus and rose to field marshal. His dashing courage at the decisive Battle of Jankovitch, near Prague in 1645, "was mainly responsible for the downfall of the Imperialists." His descendant, Gen. Archibald Douglas, was commander in chief of the Swedish army during World War II. Col. John Hepburn participated in battles all over Germany. His Scots Brigade, with a drummer sounding the feared "March of the Scots," led the advance at one of the decisive battles in world history, the Battle of Breitenfeld, near Leipzig, which opened southern Germany to the Swedes.

Hepburn took possession of Leipzig in September 1631. Munich fell to him in 1632 when the Scots Brigade, piped in by Mackay's Highlanders, were the first to enter. Hepburn was made governor of Munich, and his men, much to the disgust of the Swedes, were entrusted to guard the person of the king. Despite all of this, when Gustavus quizzed Hepburn as to why his armour was so splendid and why he was a Roman Catholic, the insulted Scottish hero at once sheathed his sword and left the Swedish service for France, where he was immediately made a field marshal. Field Marshal Alexander Leslie was largely responsible for Russo-Swedish military cooperation as Sweden's envoy to Russia. He had also been the Swedish commander who relieved the besieged town of Stralsund in 1628. On July 18 he forced his way into the town, and on August 3 the siege was lifted. According to George A. Sinclair, "All historians, including Carlyle. . . are agreed... that if the city had fallen, Sweden and Denmark would have been excluded from further interference in Germany.

" Eventually Leslie succeeded Gustavus Adolphus in command of the Swedish army in central Europe. "(Bruce, The Mark of the Scots, pp. 159-160) References Bruce, Duncan A.The Mark of the Scots. Carol Publishing Group, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1996. Haythornthwaite, Philip J. Invincible Generals. Indiana University Press, 1992. Mc Cabe, Joseph. A Candid History of the Jesuits. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1913. Mc Cabe, Joseph. The Iron Cardinal (the Romance of Richelieu). Eveleigh Nash, London, 1909. A History of Sweden A BRIEF HISTORY OF SWEDEN By Tim Lambert ANCIENT SWEDEN The first humans arrived in Sweden by 8,000 BC after the end of the ice age, when warming temperatures first made the country habitable. The first Swedes were stone age hunters and fishermen who lived near the coast. However after 4,000 BC farming was introduced into Sweden. The farmers used stone tools and weapons.

After 2,000 BC they learned to use bronze. The bronze age craftsmen soon became very skilled at making things of bronze. In bronze age Sweden horses and chariots were used and carvings of boats suggest that trade was important. Then about 500 BC iron was introduced into Sweden. The iron age Swedes had contact with the Romans. They sold slaves, furs and amber to Roman merchants. In return the Romans sold them Mediterranean luxuries. VIKING SWEDEN In the 9th century the Norwegians and Danes turned to raiding and invading Western Europe. However the Swedes were more interested in trade. Improvements in ship design made long distance trade possible. The Swedes crossed the Baltic and traveled along Russian rivers as far as the Byzantine Empire. The number of merchants and craftsmen increased at that time. However Sweden was, of course, an overwhelmingly agricultural society. It was divided into three classes. At the bottom were the slaves or thralls. (Slaves were a common item of trade). A slaves life was, no doubt, horrid. They were made to do all the hardest and most unpleasant work. Above the thralls were the freemen.

Their wealth varied greatly and it depended on the amount of land they owned. Some were quite well off and owned slaves. Above them were the jarls or earls. By the 9th century Sweden had become one kingdom. However Swedish kings had little power. When a king died his eldest son did not necessarily inherit the throne. It might go to a younger son or even to the dead kings brother. However as the centuries passed the kings power slowly increased. In the 11th century Sweden was converted to Christianity. Afterwards it became a part of Western civilization. A missionary called Ansgar went to Sweden in 829 but he had little success in converting the Swedes. However a Swedish king, Olof Stokonung, became a Christian in 1008. However it was a long time before all Swedes were converted. Paganism lingered on in Sweden until the end of the 11th century. Nevertheless by the middle of the 12th century Sweden had become a firmly Christian country. In 1157 King Eric led Sweden in a crusade to convert the Finns. (Although whether the crusade was really motivated by religion or by politics is debatable.

After his death in 1160 Eric became the patron saint of Sweden. In the 13th century the Swedes conquered Finland. (The church feared that the Finns would be converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and so looked with favor upon a Swedish invasion). A second crusade was launched in 1249. The Russian fought the Swedes for control of Finland. However by 1323 Finland was in Swedish hands. Finland remained a province of Sweden until 1809. SWEDEN IN THE MIDDLE AGES In 13th century Sweden there were changes in agriculture. Viking farmers had two large fields. Each year one was sown with crops while the other was left fallow. By the 13th century Swedish farmers had begun using the three field system. Every year one field was sown with spring crops, one was sown with autumn crops and one was left fallow. As well as improvements in agriculture Swedish trade and commerce prospered. New towns were founded while old ones expanded. Jarl Birger founded the town of Stockholm about 1252. Then in 1280 King Magnus granted the upper class exemption from paying taxes in return for military service.

However in most of Europe the peasants were serfs, halfway between slaves and freemen. Swedish peasants were never reduced to serfdom. King Vladermar 1250-1275 passed laws which applied to all of Sweden (at that time each province had its own laws). The laws improved the rights of women and strengthened the crown. Finally in 1350 the Swedish king issued a code of laws for the whole country. Like the rest of Europe Sweden was devastated by the Black Death, which struck in 1349 and probably killed about 1/3 of the population. Then in 1388 the Swedish nobles rebelled against the King, Albert of Mecklenburg (1363-1389). They called in Margaret the Regent of Norway. In 1389 her army defeated Albert and captured him. She became ruler of Sweden (although Albert's allies held onto Stockholm until 1398). In 1397 Margaret's great nephew Erik was crowned king of Sweden, Norway and Denmark In Kalmar. The three countries were temporarily united into one kingdom. This was called the Union of Kalmar.

However Erik alienated the Swedes by giving Danes and Germans important positions. He also fought a war against Holstein. As a result the Hanseatic League (an alliance of Baltic trading towns) stopped Sweden importing salt and stopped Swedish iron exports. In 1434 the Swedish peasants and miners rebelled. In 1439 Erik was deposed. In 1440 he was replaced by his nephew Christopher. However in 1448 the Swedish nobles chose one of themselves, Karl Knuttson, as king and Sweden separated from Denmark and Norway. From 1470 to 1520 regents ruled Sweden. In 1506 the regent Svante Nilsson Sture began a war with Denmark which lasted until 1513. SWEDEN IN THE 16th CENTURY Then in 1517 a power struggle between regent Sture the Younger and the archbishop of Uppsala broke into civil war. In 1517 Sture captured the archbishop, Gustav Trolle and his castle. Trolle was imprisoned. However in 1520 the Danes intervened and Sture was killed.

His widow carried on the fight. She and her followers held Stockholm until September 1520. On 4 November Christian II was crowned. The king then arrested his enemies in Stockholm. Trolle tried them for heresy on the grounds that they had ignored the authority of the church. Afterwards 82 people were executed in the bloodbath of Stockholm. Executions were also carried out in other parts of Sweden. However his policy backfired. In 1521 Swedes rebelled. Gustavus Vasa led them. Trolle was forced to flee and Gustavus became king of Sweden in 1523. At that point the Union of Kalamar ended completely and Sweden became an independent country. In the early 16th century the Reformation reached Sweden. In 1526 the New Testament was translated into Swedish. The whole Bible was translated in 1541. In 1536 Gustavas allowed the church to adopt certain Lutheran practices such as marriage of the clergy. Gradually Sweden turned from being a Catholic country into a Protestant one. Finally in 1593 the Swedish church adopted the Confession of Augsburg (a statement of Protestant doctrine).

Things did not go smoothly for Gustavus. In 1542 there was a rebellion in Sweden, which he crushed. Slowly Gustavus increased his grip. In 1544 Gustavus made the Swedish crown hereditary. He decreed that his eldest son would succeed him as king. Gustavus died in 1560. His successor Eric XIV tried to build an empire in Estonia. In 1561 the Swedes took Tallinn and part of Estonia. However the Danes also had ambitions in this area and the two countries went to war in 1563. In 1563 Eric's brother John led a rebellion. In January 1569 he became King John III. He ended the war with Denmark in 1570. In 1587 John's son Sigismund was elected king of Poland. In 1592 he became king of Sweden. However Sigismund was a Roman Catholic and was therefore unpopular. He was deposed in 1599. Afterwards Duke Charles who called himself administrator of the realm, ruled Sweden. However in 1604 he became King Charles IX.

SWEDEN IN THE 17th CENTURY - SWEDEN AS A GREAT POWER In 1611-1613 Sweden and Denmark fought another war. Meanwhile Charles IX died in 1661 and was replaced by a regent. In 1613 Gustavus II Adolphus became king of Sweden. He was known as the lion of the north Although the war with Denmark ended in 1613 Sweden was also at war with Russia and Poland. The war with Russia ended in 1617 but the war with Poland dragged on until 1629. At its end Sweden gained Riga and part of Latvia. On 10 August 1628 the kings ship The Vasa sunk near Stockholm on its maiden voyage. It lay on the seabed for 133 years before it was recovered in 1961. Gustavus Adolphus had a gift for organisation. He created an efficient administration. He also created a standing army, which had some of the best artillery in the world. In 1630 he decided to intervene in the Thirty Years War, which was being fought in Germany.

Adolphus joined the war partly to help his fellow Protestants but also to increase wealth and power of Sweden. In 1631 he won a great victory at Breitenfelt. However in 1632 he was killed at the battle of Lutzen. After the kings death the chancellor, Alex Oxesnstein continued the war. It finally ended in 1648. Meanwhile the Swedes and the Danes fought another war in 1643-45. Then in 1655 King Charles X Gustavus invaded Poland and conquered most of the country. In 1657 the Danes went to war against Sweden. At first the Swedes had some success. However in August 1658 tried unsuccessfully to capture Copenhagen. He died in February 1660 and the war with Denmark ended in May 1660. By then Sweden was the dominant power in northern Europe. In the late 17th century Sweden became an absolute monarchy. It is sometimes called the Caroline absolutism. Sweden and Denmark fought another war in 1672-79. The wars pushed Sweden into debt.

In the 1680s land that the crown had given or sold to the nobles was taken back by king. Then, in 1693, the Riksdag made the Declaration of Sovereignty which recognized the kings right to rule as he wished. In 1697 Charles XII became king of Sweden. SWEDEN IN THE 18th CENTURY In 1700 Denmark, Poland and Russia attacked Sweden. The ensuing war became known as the Great Northern War. Charles XII led an army to Zealand in Denmark. As a result the Danes quickly capitulated. Afterwards the Swedes crushed the Russians at the battle of Narva in Estonia. From 1702 to 1706 Charles fought the Poles. However in 1707 Sweden invaded Russia with disastrous results. In 1708 he marched into the Ukraine. On 28 June 1709 Charles attached the Russians at Poltava and was routed. His army was captured but he fled to Moldavia (then part of the Turkish Empire).

In 1710 the Russians captured Tallinn (Estonia), Riga (Latvia) and Viipuri (Finland) from the Swedes. The Danes also attacked Sweden but they were severely defeated at Halsingborg in 1710 and Gadesbusch in 1712. Charles then attacked Norway. In November 1718 he was killed while besieging the fortress at Fredriksten. In 1720 Sweden made peace with Denmark. Then in 1721, by the treaty of Nystad, Sweden was forced to give up the Baltic provinces and part of Finland to Russia. For Sweden the age of greatness was over. However the age of greatness in Sweden was also the age of absolutism. After the kings death in 1718 royal power was curtailed and the age of freedom began. Queen Ulrika replaced him. However the Riksdag drew up a new constitution. The Queen abdicated rather than accept it. Her husband replaced her, Prince Frederick of Hessen, who became Frederick I. He was forced to accept constitutional laws, which severely restricted his power.

Sweden enjoyed a measure of liberty and two political parties emerged, the night-caps and the hats. During the early and mid 18th century Sweden prospered. The number of peasants who owned their own land greatly increased. Sweden exported vast amounts of iron and tar. The population grew from 1.5 million in 1721 to almost 1.8 million in the middle of the century. (The first Swedish census was held in 1749 and showed the country had a population of 1,764,724). In 1739 the Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded and in 1755 the New Testament was translated into Lapp. However in the 1760s the situation deteriorated. Wars with Russia in 1741-43 and Prussia in 1757-62 proved to be extremely expensive for Sweden and they led to inflation and financial crisis. Sweden also suffered a series of bad harvests and near famine. In the middle of the crisis, in 1772, the king staged a coup and regained his power. The age of freedom ended. In the ensuing years a new currency was issued to end inflation.

Then in 1788 King Gustav III went to war with Russia, hoping a successful war would increase his popularity. However the war ended in 1791 with neither side making an material gains. In 1792 the king was shot by a former officer of the Royal Guards. SWEDEN IN THE 19th CENTURY In February 1808 the Russians invaded Finland and they quickly overran it. The king, Gustav IV, was deposed in March 1809 and a new constitution was introduced. Charles XIII was elected king but he was unfit to rule and a man named Charles August was elected Crown Prince. In September a peace was made with Russia and Finland was lost forever. Charles August died in 1810. One of Napoleon's Marshals, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected the new Crown Prince. He took the name Charles John. In April 1812 Charles John formed an alliance with Russia against Napoleon. In 1813 Sweden joined the war against France. At the end of the year Charles John turned on Denmark. At that time the Danish king ruled Norway and Charles John wished to make it his own. In this he succeeded.

In January 1814 the Danes surrendered Norway to Sweden. King Charles XIII died in 1818 and Crown Prince Charles John became the new king. By then the population of Sweden was about 2 1/2 million. It rose to 3 1/2 million by 1850. Part of the reason for the increase was reform of agriculture. In the early 19th century farmland in Sweden was enclosed. In 1800 most land was farmed using the 'open field' system. Land was divided into small strips and each farmers owned several strips scattered around the village. In the early 19th century the land was 'enclosed', that is it was divided up so each farmer got a single block of land in one place. Enclosure allowed Swedish agriculture to become more efficient. The rise in population was despite large scale emigration. Many Swedes emigrated to the USA in the 19th century. In the early 19th century Sweden was an overwhelmingly agricultural country. However in 1846 trade was deregulated. Until then it was controlled by organisations called guilds. In that year they lost their powers.

Meanwhile in 1842 universal primary education was introduced in Sweden. The first railway in Sweden was built in 1856. Oscar I became king of Sweden in 1844. In 1865 he agreed to constitutional reform. In 1867 the old Riksdag, which was divided into four estates, nobility, clergy, burghers and peasants, was replaced by a parliament with two houses. In the late 19th century and early 20th century Sweden was transformed by the industrial revolution. Production of iron and steel boomed. The Swedish engineering industry also flourished. Swedish industry was helped by the introduction of hydro-electricity at the end of the 19th century. Parliament House, Stockholm by Jonathan Collins SWEDEN IN THE 20th CENTURY In 1905 Norway became independent from Sweden. Sweden remained neutral during the First World War and in 1921 universal suffrage was introduced. The 1920s were relatively prosperous for Sweden. However in the early 1930s Sweden suffered during the depression. Unemployment rose to 24.9%.

However in 1932 the Social Democrats formed a coalition with the Agrarian Party. They took steps to help agriculture and also created public works to reduce unemployment. By 1939 the Swedish economy had largely recovered although unemployment was still very high at 17%. Sweden again remained neutral during the Second World War. Sweden had maintained a policy of neutrality since 1814 and this policy had served the country well. Nevertheless in the late 1930s the Swedish government increased military spending in case of attack. In the late 1940s and 1950s a strong welfare state was created in Sweden. Reforms included more generous old age pensions, child allowances and health insurance. In 1974 a new constitution was introduced and the minimum age for voting was reduced to 18. The 1950s and 1960s were years of prosperity for Sweden and there was full employment.

However the Swedish economy suffered a downturn in the mid 1970s Unemployment was high in the 1990s (It reached 9.9% in 1996) but in the early years of the 21st century it fell. In the late 20th century the Swedish economy changed greatly and service industries became much more important. Manufacturing industry declined in importance so did agriculture. Today Sweden is a rich country and her people have a high standard of living. However the Swedish Prime Minister Olaf Palme was assassinated on 28 February 1986. This crime shocked the country. The in 1991 Sweden formally applied to join the EU. Sweden joined the EU on 1 January 1995. SWEDEN IN THE 21st CENTURY In 2006 a centre-right coalition narrowly won an election. The new government, led by Fredrik Reinfeldt, promised to reform Sweden's expensive welfare state. In 2009 like the rest of the world Sweden suffered a recession and unemployment rose to a high level. However Sweden soon recovered and today it is a prosperous country.

Today the population of Sweden is 9.1 million. Gustavus Adolphus - YouTube Gustavus Adolphus Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 7, 2009 Gustavus Adolphus or Gustav II Adolf was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632. Known as the "Lion of the North" he is most famous for his intervention in the 30 Years War, sponsored by the French. King Gustavus Adolphus was a military genius, being innovative in the development of new tactics, a clear strategic thinker and a courageous commander on the field of battle. Probably no other commander on the Protestant side in the 30 Years War could match his ability. He was killed at the battle of Luetzen when his forces looked to be defeated but his troops were so outraged by the death of their beloved warrior-king that they rallied and won the day.

Category Visit Sweden, Stockholm History of Sweden SWEDEN » History of Sweden During your visit to Sweden and Stockholm, you will discovery many interesting stories from the past. The first humans arrived in Sweden around 8,000 BC, after the end of the ice age. The first Swedes were Stone Age hunters and fishermen who lived near the coast. Then about 500 BC iron was introduced into Sweden. The Iron Age Swedes had contact with the Romans. They sold slaves, furs and amber to Roman merchants. In return the Romans sold them Mediterranean luxuries. In the 9th century the Norwegians and Danes turned to raiding and invading Western Europe. Improvements in ship design made long distance trade possible. The Swedes crossed the Baltic and travelled along Russian rivers as far as the Byzantine Empire. By the 9th century Sweden had become one kingdom. In the following centuries the kings` power slowly increased. Swedish King Olof Stokonung became a Christian in 1008, but it took long time before all Swedes were converted. Nevertheless by the middle of the 12th century Sweden had become a firmly Christian country.

In 1157 King Eric led Sweden in a crusade to convert the Finns. A second crusade was launched in 1249. The Russians fought the Swedes for control of Finland. By 1323 Finland was in Swedish hands and remained a province of Sweden until 1809. Jarl Birger founded the town of Stockholm around 1252. King Vladermar 1250-1275 passed laws which applied to all of Sweden. Finally in 1350 the Swedish king issued a code of laws for the whole country. In 1388 the Swedish nobles rebelled against the King, Albert of Mecklenburg (1363-1389). They called in Margaret the Regent of Norway. In 1389 her army defeated Albert and captured him. She became ruler of Sweden. In 1397 Margaret's great nephew Erik was crowned king of Sweden, Norway and Denmark in Kalmar. The three countries were temporarily united into one kingdom, called the Union of Kalmar.

In 1448 the Swedish nobles chose one of their own, Karl Knuttson, as king and Sweden separated from Denmark and Norway. From 1470 to 1520 regents ruled Sweden. In 1523 the Union of Kalamar ended completely and Sweden became an independent country. In the early 16th century the Reformation reached Sweden. In 1593 the Swedish church adopted the Protestantism. In 1544 Gustavus made the Swedish crown hereditary. He decreed that his eldest son would succeed him as king. The Danes and the Swedes went to war in 1563, which was ended by King John III in 1570. In 1613 Gustavus II Adolphus became king of Sweden. He was known as the lion of the north Although the war with Denmark ended in 1613 Sweden was also at war with Russia and Poland. The war with Russia ended in 1617 but the war with Poland dragged on until 1629. At its end Sweden gained Riga and part of Latvia.

Gustavus II Adolphus created an efficient administration and a standing army, which had some of the best artillery in the world. During the period of 1643 and 1660 the Danes and the Swedes had several wars and as a result Sweden was the dominant power in northern Europe. In the late 17th century Sweden became an absolute monarchy. Sweden and Denmark fought another war in 1672-79. The wars pushed Sweden into debt. In the 1680s land that the crown had given or sold to the nobles was taken back by the king. The peasants were the kings allies as they feared the nobles would introduce feudalism. Then in 1693, the Riksdag made the Declaration of Sovereignty which recognised the king`s right to rule as he wished. In 1700 Denmark, Poland and Russia attacked Sweden, starting the Great Northern War. In 1720 Sweden made peace with Denmark, then in 1721, by the treaty of Nystad, Sweden was forced to give up the Baltic provinces and part of Finland to Russia. For Sweden the age of greatness was over.

The age of freedom began. The Riksdag drew up a new constitutional law, which severely restricted the king’s power. During the early and mid 18th century Sweden prospered. The number of peasants who owned their own land greatly increased. Sweden exported vast amounts of iron and tar. In the 1760s the situation deteriorated. Wars with Russia in 1741-43 and Prussia in 1757-62 proved to be extremely expensive for Sweden and led to inflation and financial crisis. In February 1808 the Russians invaded Finland and quickly overran it. In September 1809 a peace was made with Russia and Finland was lost forever. In 1810 one of Napoleon's Marshals, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, was elected the new Crown Prince. He took the name Charles John. In April 1812 Charles John formed an alliance with Russia against Napoleon. In 1813 Sweden joined the war against France. At the end of the year Charles John turned on Denmark. At that time the Danish king ruled Norway and Charles John wished to make it his own. In this he succeeded.

In January 1814 the Danes surrendered Norway to Sweden. In 1865 the king agreed to constitutional reform. In 1867 the old Riksdag, which was divided into four estates - nobility, clergy, burghers and peasants - was replaced by a parliament with two houses. In the late 19th century and early 20th century Sweden was transformed by the industrial revolution. Production of iron and steel boomed and the Swedish engineering industry also flourished. In 1905 Norway became independent from Sweden. Sweden remained neutral during the First World War and in 1921 universal suffrage was introduced into Sweden. The 1920s were relatively prosperous for Sweden. However in the early 1930s Sweden suffered during the depression. Sweden again remained neutral during World War II. Sweden had maintained a policy of neutrality since 1814 and this policy had served the country well. In the late 1940s and 1950s a strong welfare state was created in Sweden. Reforms included more generous old age pensions, child allowances and health insurance. In 1974 a new constitution was introduced.

In the late 20th century the Swedish economy changed greatly and service industries became much more important. Manufacturing industry declined in importance so did agriculture. Today Sweden is a rich country and her people have a high standard of living. Sweden joined the EU on 1 January 1995. 1000+ images about the Army of Gustavus Aldolphus in art on Pinterest | English, Martial and Civil wars Forward The Battle of Lutzen from Wagner: European Weapons and Warfare 1618-1648 Gustavus Adolphus vs Wallenstein's Imperialist force. A: Battle formation of Swedish troops, B: Battle formation of Imperial troops, C: The town of Lutzen, D: Road to Leipzig, E: Windmills, F: Imperial guns, G: Swedish guns, H: Swedish battalion guns, I: Baggage camp, K: Ditch, L: Chursitz, M: Schoelsinger Hoelslein, N: Miller's House, O: Gibbet, P: Ammunition Caissons. See More OGPlanet | Uncharted Waters Online Uncharted Waters Online 2nd Age Home > 2nd Age > Ch IV.

The Lion of the North Part I. Sweden and The Lion of the North Part II. Mercenary System and Aide Bazaar Part III. New Equipment and New Features As the name of Chapter 4: The Lion of the North implies, the Kingdom of Sweden and Gustav II Adolf will appear and begin to gain influence in Europe. The World Clock will move between the 15th and mid-17th centuries. With the arrival of new time periods, the world undergoes significant changes between the 15th and mid-17th centuries. 1415 Columbus' arrival to the New World 1519 Charles V becomes emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1648 The Peace of Westphalia In Chapter 4, there will be three historical events from the first half of the 17th century (1601-1650). The Rise of the Netherlands, 1602 Momentum toward independence in the Netherlands grew at the turn of the century, and its merchant ships were becoming more active on the open seas. When they opened up the trade route to Southeast Asia in hopes of monopolizing the profit, the other nations, including England, weren't going to sit idly by.

The Thirty Years' War, 1618 Religious conflicts escalated into a conflict between several nations. With a massive army Sweden intervened in the war and invaded German territory under the pretext of freeing the Protestants. While a clash between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire seemed inevitable, the naval forces of both sides, waiting to join the main forces on land, were about to start a battle of their own. The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 The prolonged war took its toll on the Holy Roman Empire. The House of Habsburg, which held the real power, drove them into an unfavorable situation. Negotiations to end the war led to major talks involving the whole of Europe concerning the protection of Catholics and Protestants, and the cession of the Holy Roman Empire's territories. After the Chapter 4 update, the first historical period will be the second part of the 17th century. Sweden is now an NPC nation and Stockholm has become its capital. About the Kingdom of Sweden Abandoning the Kalmar Union with the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, the House of Vasa founded the Kingdom of Sweden in the 16th century.

In the 17th century, when Gustav II Adolf appeared, Sweden conquered the Baltic Sea and increased its influence in Europe after fighting the Thirty Years' War against Germany. Changes in Stockholm - The remaining 50% is divided amongst the other nations based on their current level of influence at the beginning of Chapter 4. After that, all nations, including Sweden, will compete for influence in the conventional way. Gustav II Adolf A young king of Sweden called the Lion of the North. He became a king when he was 17, and later founded the Swedish Empire. This Swedish hero displayed initiative and leadership, and fought fiercely in battles. He is a father of Christina, Queen of Sweden, who succeeded him, and taught her how to rule the country at her young age. Christina, Queen of Sweden The only child of Gustav II Adolf. Due to her father's educational policy, she was able to speak several languages and learned how to be a good leader at a young age. After her father was injured during the Thirty Years' War, she succeeded him and admirably performed her coronation speech at the age of 6.

Her mother preferred her in feminine dresses, but Christina shunned feminine garments in favour of hemmed boy's trousers. New ships are introduced from northern Europe and the Netherlands. A new city appears in northern Europe as well. New ships arrive from northern Europe Includes a Swedish ship of the line among other ships from northern Europe and the Netherlands. Applet (bow) A Swedish ship of the line, built at the request of Gustav II Adolf as a successor to Vasa. A number of improvements have been made. The�coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden is on its sterncastle. Applet (stern) A Swedish ship of the line, built at the request of Gustav II Adolf as a successor to Vasa. A number of improvements have been made. The�coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden is on its sterncastle. De Zeven A Dutch capital ship of the line, commissioned in the 17th century. A ship that has been tested in a number of sea battles. The Dutch Indiaman A large Dutch cargo ship built for the purpose of trade with the East India Company. New towns A new town, Kokkola, appears in the Gulf of Bothnia.

In addition, Hawaii, a supply port that appeared in Chapter 3, has become a town that you can enter. Kokkola Hawaii The Lion of the North by G. A. Henty · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries Fiction Literature G A Henty was a 19th century novelist. His best-known works are historical adventures. The Lion of the North is the story of Gustavus Adolphus a Scotsman fighting with the Army of the King of Sweden. The time setting is the first years of the Thirty Years War. The main conflict in this war was the issue of religious freedom in Germany. When the Emperor of Austria wanted to eliminate Protestant churches from Germany the King of Sweden fought for the people of Germany. Malcolm was a young lad whose intelligence and quick thinking helped him battle the enemy.

Question: Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the "Lion of the North"?
Answer: Gustavus Adolphus