Lily-of-the-valley - Convallaria majalis - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life For other uses, see Lily of the Valley (disambiguation) . Convallaria majalis ( ɪ s / ), [1] commonly known as the lily of the valley or lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe . It is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria (or one of two or three, if C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species). In the APG III system , the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae [2] ). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, or earlier, like many lilioid monocots , in the lily family Liliaceae . A limited native population occurs in Eastern USA (Convallaria majalis var. montana). [3] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety . [4] Contents Description 19th-century illustration C.

majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes . New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer, [5] these upright dormant stems are often called pips. [6] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground, often forming extensive colonies. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm long, flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5–15 flowers on the stem apex. The flowers are white tepals (rarely pink), bell-shaped, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed. [7] Taxonomy Convallaria majalis var.

rosea There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists. [8] Convallaria majalis var. keiskei - from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei) [7] [9] C. majalis var. majalis - from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers C. majalis var. montana - from the USA, with green-tinted midribs on the flowers Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus . [9] Garden use Variegated cultivar early in spring Double-flowered Convallaria majalis Convallaria majalis is a popular garden plant, grown for its scented flowers and for its ground-covering abilities in shady locations. Some consider it a weed , as it can spread over a wide area in gardens and can be difficult to contain or remove.

Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species. [9] C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars [9] C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars [9] C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers. [9] C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers. [9] Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers.

[10] All parts of the plant are poisonous and the red berries may be attractive to children; if eaten even in small amounts, the plant can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, and a reduced heart rate. [11] Foodplant for insect larvae Lily of the valley is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Grey Chi . Legend and tradition Christian legend Convallaria close-up The flower is also known as Our Lady's tears, since, according to Christian legend, the lily of the valley came into being from Eve's tears after she was driven with Adam from the Garden of Eden , [12] although this seems unlikely, since in Catholic parlance, "Our Lady" refers to the Virgin Mary . Another Christian legend states that Mary's tears turned to lily of the valley when she cried at the crucifixion of Jesus , and because of this it is also known as Mary's tears. According to another legend, lilies of the valley also sprang from the blood of Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon.

The name "lily of the valley" is also used in some English translations of the Bible in Song of Songs 2:1, although whether or not the Hebrew word "shoshana" (usually denoting a rose ) originally used there refers to this species is uncertain. It is a symbol of humility in religious painting. Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ's second coming. The power of men to envision a better world was also attributed to the lily of the valley. Other names and legends Other names include May lily, May bells, lily constancy, ladder-to-heaven, male lily, and muguet (French). Its scientific name, majalis or maialis, means "of or belonging to May", and old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury , since Maia , the daughter of Atlas , was the mother of Mercury or Hermes .[ citation needed ] In the " language of flowers ", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness.

Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May.[ citation needed ] Symbolic uses Traditionally, lily of the valley is sold in the streets of France on May 1. Lily of the valley was the floral emblem of Yugoslavia and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967. The Norwegian municipality Lunner has a lily of the valley in its coat-of-arms. It is the official flower of Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, Kappa Sigma fraternity, Delta Omicron fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority, and Alpha Phi sorority. It is also the official flower of Job's Daughters International .[ citation needed ] Toxicity All parts, including the berries, of the lily of the valley are highly poisonous .

[13] [14] Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) have been found in the plant, some among others: 1000+ images about Convallaria on Pinterest | Gardens, May flowers and Spring Forward Convallaria majuscula (American lily-of-the-valley). It is far less aggressive than its European counterpart, and can be grown in a perennial flower bed or rock garden, without risk of it becoming invasive. Flowering time is in May or June. Zones: 6-7. Convallaria majuscula is similar to, but should not be confused with the commonly found Eurasian species Convallaria majalis. Visually the only distinguishing characteristic, is that the flowering stems of C. majuscula are short, hence the… See More Lily of the valley information from Flowers.org.uk I – L Lily of the valley Convallaria majalis, or Lily of the Valley as it is commonly known, is an herbaceous perennial that is poisonous. It is believed to be the only species in the Convallaria genus and is also referred to as May lily, Lady’s Tears and Conval lily.

Description Dark green leaves form a dense mat close to the soil, from which arching stems support small bell-shaped flowers, which are most commonly white or occasionally pink. With a heady, strong fragrance, the Lily of the Valley is popular not only for its scent but also for its ground-covering, spreading properties in shady conditions. It also produces small berries, which tend to be red or orange. Habitat Lily of the Valley is native to the northern hemisphere and certain varieties can be found in countries such as America, China and Japan. It likes a sheltered, moist habitat in either full or partial shade. Availability Convallaria majalis is sold in the spring as cut flowers and as a small potted plant. It can be planted from January to December and usually flowers between June and September. The seeds can be sown in containers or trays in a cold frame or greenhouse. Lily of the Valley can also be propagated by dividing mature plants in the autumn. Species Belonging to the Asparagaceae family and the Nolinoideae subfamily, this hardy plant has a rhizomatous root system, sending out horizontal shoots from its nodes.

Care Tips Protect the plants from full sun as they prefer growing in the shade in a humus-rich soil that’s kept moist. Mature plants can reach a height of 23cm and spread 30cm, making them excellent for ground cover. They’re easily divided in the autumn months of September to November by digging up the clumps of plants and gently dividing the roots into smaller clumps. Replant the divided sections in their new location at their original depth and with their shoots above ground. It will happily tolerate acid, neutral or alkaline soil and is ideal for use as ground cover in informal planting arrangements. It will willingly grow beneath other plants, such as roses or shrubs, adding interest to otherwise barren areas of the garden. Did you know? The Lily of the Valley flower supposedly symbolises the return of happiness, sweetness and a feeling of contentment. Convallaria majalis is highly toxic to both humans and animals if it is eaten. The Lily of the Valley has been the national flower of Finland since the late 1960s and used to be the floral emblem of the old Yugoslavia, which was dissolved in 1992.

References Convallaria majalis - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Convallaria majalis Wikis Convallaria majalis: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . For other uses, see Lily of the Valley (disambiguation) . Convallaria majalis L. Convallaria majalis (pronounced /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛəriə məˈdʒeɪlɨs/), [1] commonly known as the lily of the valley or lily-of-the-valley, is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria in the flowering plant family Ruscaceae (or one of two, or three, if C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species). It was formerly placed in the lily family Liliaceae , or in its own family called Convallariaceae .

This woodland plant is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe and a limited native population in Eastern USA [2] (Convallaria majalis var. montana). There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety . [3] Contents Description 19th century illustration C. majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes . New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer, [4] these upright dormant stems are often called pips. [5] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground, often forming extensive colonies. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm long, flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5–15 flowers on the stem apex. The flowers are white tepals (rarely pink), bell-shaped, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March.

The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed. [6] Taxonomy Convallaria majalis var. rosea There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists. [7] Convallaria majalis var. keiskei - from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei) [8] [6] C. majalis var. majalis - from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers C. majalis var. montana - from the USA, with green-tinted midribs on the flowers. C. majalis var. rosea, with pink flowers, is also recognised by many authorities. [8] Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus .

[8] Garden use Variegated cultivar early in spring Double-flowered Convallaria majalis Convallaria majalis is a popular garden plant, grown for its scented flowers and for its ground-covering abilities in shady locations. Some consider it a weed , as it can spread over a wide area in gardens and can be difficult to contain or remove. Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species. [8] C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars [8] C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars [8] C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers.

[8] Foodplant for insect larvae Lily of the valley is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Grey Chi . Legend and tradition Christian legend Convallaria close-up The flower is also known as Our Lady's tears, since, according to Christian legend, the lily of the valley came into being from Eve's tears after she was driven with Adam from the Garden of Eden , [9] although this seems unlikely, since in Christian parlance, "Our Lady" refers to the Virgin Mary . Another Christian legend states that Mary's tears turned to lily of the valley when she cried at the crucifixion of Jesus , and because of this it is also known as Mary's tears.[citation needed] According to another legend, lilies of the valley also sprang from the blood of Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon.[citation needed] The name "lily of the valley" is also used in some English translations of the Bible in Song of Songs 2:1, although whether or not the Hebrew word "shoshana" (usually denoting a rose ) originally used there refers to this species is uncertain.

It is a symbol of humility in religious painting.[citation needed] Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ's second coming.[citation needed] The power of men to envision a better world was also attributed to the lily of the valley.[citation needed] Other names and legends Other names include May lily, May bells, lily constancy, ladder-to-heaven, male lily and muguet (French). Its scientific name, majalis or maialis, means "of or belonging to May", and old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury , since Maia (mythology)"Maia, the daughter of Atlas , was the mother of Mercury or Hermes .[citation needed] In the " language of flowers ", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness. Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May.[citation needed] Symbolic uses Traditionally, lily of the valley is sold in the streets of France on May 1. Lily of the valley became the national flower of Finland in 1967.

The Norwegian municipality Lunner has a lily of the valley in its coat-of-arms. It is the official flower of Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, Kappa Sigma fraternity, Delta Omicron fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority, and Alpha Phi sorority. It is also the official flower of Job's Daughters International .[citation needed] Traditional herbal medicine Lily of the valley has been used for medicinal purposes. It is believed to strengthen memory, to restore speech and as a liquor smeared on the forehead and the back of the neck, to make one have good common sense. All parts of the plant are considered poisonous, despite its alleged powers. The leaves yield a green dye, with lime water. [10] Toxicity All parts, including the berries, of the lily of the valley are highly poisonous . [11] [12] Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) have been found in the plant, some among others: convallarin Lily-of-the-valley - Convallaria majalis - Details - Encyclopedia of Life For other uses, see Lily of the Valley (disambiguation) .

Convallaria majalis ( ɪ s / ), [1] commonly known as the lily of the valley or lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe . It is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria (or one of two or three, if C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species). In the APG III system , the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae [2] ). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, or earlier, like many lilioid monocots , in the lily family Liliaceae . A limited native population occurs in Eastern USA (Convallaria majalis var. montana). [3] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety . [4] Contents Description 19th-century illustration C. majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes .

New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer, [5] these upright dormant stems are often called pips. [6] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground, often forming extensive colonies. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm long, flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5–15 flowers on the stem apex. The flowers are white tepals (rarely pink), bell-shaped, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed. [7] Taxonomy Convallaria majalis var. rosea There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists.

[8] Convallaria majalis var. keiskei - from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei) [7] [9] C. majalis var. majalis - from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers C. majalis var. montana - from the USA, with green-tinted midribs on the flowers Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus . [9] Garden use Variegated cultivar early in spring Double-flowered Convallaria majalis Convallaria majalis is a popular garden plant, grown for its scented flowers and for its ground-covering abilities in shady locations. Some consider it a weed , as it can spread over a wide area in gardens and can be difficult to contain or remove. Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species. [9] C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves C.

majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars [9] C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars [9] C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers. [9] C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers. [9] Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers. [10] All parts of the plant are poisonous and the red berries may be attractive to children; if eaten even in small amounts, the plant can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, and a reduced heart rate. [11] Foodplant for insect larvae Lily of the valley is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Grey Chi .

Legend and tradition Christian legend Convallaria close-up The flower is also known as Our Lady's tears, since, according to Christian legend, the lily of the valley came into being from Eve's tears after she was driven with Adam from the Garden of Eden , [12] although this seems unlikely, since in Catholic parlance, "Our Lady" refers to the Virgin Mary . Another Christian legend states that Mary's tears turned to lily of the valley when she cried at the crucifixion of Jesus , and because of this it is also known as Mary's tears. According to another legend, lilies of the valley also sprang from the blood of Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon. The name "lily of the valley" is also used in some English translations of the Bible in Song of Songs 2:1, although whether or not the Hebrew word "shoshana" (usually denoting a rose ) originally used there refers to this species is uncertain. It is a symbol of humility in religious painting. Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ's second coming. The power of men to envision a better world was also attributed to the lily of the valley.

Other names and legends Other names include May lily, May bells, lily constancy, ladder-to-heaven, male lily, and muguet (French). Its scientific name, majalis or maialis, means "of or belonging to May", and old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury , since Maia , the daughter of Atlas , was the mother of Mercury or Hermes .[ citation needed ] In the " language of flowers ", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness. Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May.[ citation needed ] Symbolic uses Traditionally, lily of the valley is sold in the streets of France on May 1. Lily of the valley was the floral emblem of Yugoslavia and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967. The Norwegian municipality Lunner has a lily of the valley in its coat-of-arms. It is the official flower of Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, Kappa Sigma fraternity, Delta Omicron fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority, and Alpha Phi sorority.

It is also the official flower of Job's Daughters International .[ citation needed ] Toxicity All parts, including the berries, of the lily of the valley are highly poisonous . [13] [14] Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) have been found in the plant, some among others: Convallaria (U. S. P.)—Convallaria. | Henriette's Herbal Homepage Henriette's Herbal Homepage Welcome to the bark side. Search form Convallaria (U. S. P.)—Convallaria. Botanical name: "The rhizome and rootlets of Convallaria majalis, Linné"—(U. S. P.). Nat. Ord.—Liliaceae. COMMON NAMES: Lily of the valley (Lilium convallium), May lily.

Botanical Source.—This plant is a low, glabrous, stemless, perennial herb, with a much-branched, slender, creeping, whitish rhizome, sending up from a bud 2, sometimes 3 oblong or ovate-elliptic leaves, the petioles of which are long and sheathing, and rolled together so as to appear stalklike. The flowers are borne on an angular scape, in the form of a raceme, and are handsome, fragrant, nodding, bell-shaped, and waxy-white in color. The perianth has a recurved lobes, and is deciduous; the stamens, 6 in number, are inserted at the perianth-base. The style is stout and single, and the stigma triangular. The fruit is a few-seeded, red berry. History and Description.—This beautiful wild flower is indigenous to Siberia, and to a large part of Europe, from the Mediterranean northward, and is found in the mountainous woods of our own country from Virginia to the Carolinas and Georgia. It blooms in May and June.

The cultivated flower is somewhat larger than that of the wild species, and is a general favorite on account of its beauty and fragrance. All parts of the plant are possessed of medicinal properties, the rhizome alone being official. It is described as follows: "Of horizontal growth and somewhat branched, about 3 Mm. (⅛ inch) thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, whitish, marked with few circular sears; at the annulate joint with about 8 or 10 long, thin roots; fracture somewhat fibrous, white; odor peculiar, pleasant; taste sweetish, bitter, and somewhat acrid"—(U. S. P.). The flowers have a bitter, acrid taste, and the root is best when gathered in August. Chemical Composition.—The flowers of this plant contain a crystalline, odorous body, isolated in 1835 by Herberger. So powerful is its odor that headache is said to be induced by it. When much diluted it is extremely fragrant. Two glucosids were found in the root and herb by G. F. Walz in 1858 (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1859, p. 557).

The first is convallamarin (C23H44O12). It occurs as a very bitter, subsequently sweetish, amorphous or imperfectly crystalline powder, insoluble in ether, but soluble in amyl alcohol and chloroform, alcohol, wood alcohol and water. Heated with diluted acids it splits into convallamaretin and sugar. The second glucosid is convallarin (C34H62O11), the acrid principle, occurring in rectangular, prismatic crystals, which, although but little soluble in water, impart to the solution an acrid taste, and cause it when agitated to foam as if saponin were present. Alcohol readily dissolves it, while ether does not. Heating with diluted acids causes it to split into convallaretin and sugar. (See Buchner's Rep., 1835, p. 397, and Husemann and Hilger, 1884.) Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—In its effects upon the human circulatory system, convallaria very closely resembles digitalis, without, however, causing the unpleasant disturbances produced by the latter.

Besides its effects upon the heart it acts upon the gastro-intestinal tract, producing emesis or purgation. The entire plant should be used to get the best effects, the flowers alone having been found quite inert. It seems well established that the failures attributed to this drug have been largely due to the poor preparations used, for it is certainly true that representative preparations have a pronounced action upon the economy. Convallamarin is decidedly toxic, death having promptly occurred from suspension of the heart action when introduced directly into the veins of the rabbit. The powdered flowers are sternutatory, and have been used in fomentations for the removal of ecchymosed spots caused by bruises. Epilepsy, worms, and miasmatic fevers have been treated with the root. The chief use of convallaria, however, is that of a heart remedy. Owing to its controlling action upon the heart it acts secondarily as a diuretic and was first employed in dropsy for this purpose by the Russians. Like digitalis, it is useful in those cases of dropsy where the cardiac debility is such that there is imperfect circulation through the organ itself, and where there is evidence of obstruction.

Palpitation and irregular movements, dyspnoea, diminished renal action with increase of solids in the urine, hepatic fullness and engorgement, and oedema, are usually symptoms of this form of cardiac inefficiency. The cases of dropsy benefited, therefore, are those of cardiac origin with feeble circulation and diminished blood pressure. In small doses convallaria is a tonic to the heart, strengthening its action. Cardiac excitation is relieved by moderate doses, while large doses increase the heart action. Medium-sized doses are recommended in the early stage of carditis (Webster). Mitral insufficiency, with the attendant dyspnoea and palpitation, is considered as a proper condition for the exhibition of convallaria. When the favorable action upon the heart and vessels begins the heart-beats become slower, normal rhythm is established, heart power is increased, arterial pressure is augmented, respiration deepened, and the suffocative sensation, with the distressing and painful desire for air, is dispelled. Convallaria should be thought of in the cardiac debility following severe and exhaustive diseases, such as typhoid fever, la grippe, etc.

It tends to promote a normal circulation, and relieves that sense of praecordial faintness which is apt to follow prostrating conditions. Convallaria has had no bad effects upon the cerebro-spinal tract, nor upon the digestive organs. In fact it is rather a tonic to the latter, increasing the appetite and digestive power, and acting slightly as an aperient. Compared with digitalis, convallaria is generally as efficient, both as a heart tonic and as a diuretic, and in many cases is said to act better. It is safer than digitalis, which may destroy life by paralyzing the heart, an effect never produced by convallaria. Moreover, it is freer from cumulative effects. Vomiting, anorexia, disordered digestion, cerebral excitation, and pupillary dilatation, in addition to its acrid taste, make digitalis often an unpleasant remedy. Convallaria is free from these objections, and may be substituted whenever the former has to be withdrawn.

It should be borne in mind that the heart irregularities benefited by this drug are not those due to organic degeneration so much as those of an obstructive character, due to mechanical causes, and particularly where the mitral valves are involved. Insufficiency or stenotic conditions of the aorta are less benefited than mitral complications. While it may be said that convallaria is never contraindicated in proper doses, it is, however, more particularly designed, according to Prof. Scudder, "to lessen the frequency of the pulse when there is an impaired capillary circulation, as shown by ecchymosis, or by the slow return of blood when it is effaced by the finger" (Spec. Med.). Rheumatism, when associated with disordered circulation has been relieved by it.

The aqueous extract of the whole plant in doses of from 15 to 20 grains a day, is said to be an efficient form of administration (Germain-Seè); the dose of the infusion of the whole plant (ℨi to water fl℥iv) is ½ fluid ounce; of the fluid extract, 5 to 15 drops; the tincture, 5 to 30 drops; specific convallaria, 2 to 10 drops 4 times a day; convallamarin, from 1/80 to 1 grain. Specific Indications and Uses.—Heart irregularities due to mechanical impediments; mitral insufficiency; dropsy of cardiac origin; palpitation and vehement heart action, with arrhythmical movements, dyspnoea, and diminished arterial pressure. Quickened pulse with capillary obstruction. Related Species.—Polygonatum biflorum (Walter), Elliott. Convallaria biflora, Walter. Hairy Salomon's seal, Smaller Solomon's seal.

Formerly the species named as growing in the United States, and as being used medicinally, was indicated as Convallaria multiflora of Linné, or Polygonatum multiflorum of Desfontaines. The only species of Polygonatum, however, growing in the United States in the territory ascribed to the preceding, are the Polygonatum biflorum, Elliott, and the Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietrich. The former is from 8 inches to 3 feet high, and has the under surface of the leaves pubescent. It thrives in woods, on high banks, hillsides, mountains, and in thickets, from New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, southward to Florida and West Virginia, and westward to Kansas and Texas. It blooms from April to August. Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.), Dietrich (Polygonatum giganteum, Dietrich; Convallaria commutata [R.

& S.]); Smooth Solomon's seal, Great Solomon's seal, Giant Solomon's seal.—A glabrous species seldom found in dry situations, but thriving in moist woods and along streams from Rhode Island to Ontario and Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Louisiana, and westward to Utah, New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountains. It blooms from May to August, and is quite variable both in size and in the form of its leaves. Vagnera racemosa, Morong; Convallaria racemosa, Linné, Smilacina racemosa, Desfontaines); False Solomon's seal, Spiked Solomon's seal, False spikenard.—Common in copses in the United States. Rhizome thick, sweet, with a stem from 1 to 2 feet high, downy, and recurved at the top. Leaves from 4 to 6 inches long, about one-third as broad, oval, acuminate, veined, minutely pubescent, on petioles not exceeding 2 lines in length, often sessile.

The flowers are very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a large, compound, terminal raceme. Berry 3-celled, pale-red, speckled with purple, aromatic (W.—G.). The rhizomae of the foregoing plants are inodorous, but of a mucilaginous, somewhat sweetish taste, followed by a faint sense of bitterness. The name Solomon's seal is derived from the peculiar seal-like scars left upon the rhizome by the decay of the stems of the previous year's growth. The True Soloman's seal is derived from the Polygonatum multiflorum, Allioni (Convallaria multiflora, Linné, and Polygonatum officinale, Allioni (Convallaria Polygonatum, Linné). Indigenous to Europe, northern Asia, and Afghanistan. Their rhizomae and plants yielded (Walz) pectin, sugar, starch, mucilage, asparagin, and convallarin. Although used with asserted benefit in several diseases by many physicians, yet the American species of these plants have received but little attention as to their true therapeutical characteristics.

They are reputed tonic, mucilaginous, and mildly astringent, exerting a specific influence upon irritated and relaxed mucous membranes. Of much value in leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, female debility, and pectoral affections. In piles, the root chewed and swallowed, or a decoction drank as freely as the stomach will bear, will give prompt relief, or the root may be applied to the part with a similar result. An infusion of the root will be of great efficacy in irritable conditions of the intestines, as well as in chronic inflammations of these parts, especially when attended with burning sensations, pain, etc. In erysipelas and cutaneous affections of an erysipelatous nature, as well as those maladies of the skin produced by the poison-vine, or resulting from the poisonous exhalations of other plants, the decoction of Solomon's seal root will afford direct relief, and an ultimate cure. It may also be applied externally, with advantage, to local inflammations. A large dose of the decoction will often provoke emesis or nausea, and act as a cathartic.

Dose of the decoction, from 1 to 4 ounces, 3 times daily. Solomon's seal 4 ounces, water 2 pints, molasses 1 pint, simmered down to 1 pint, then strained and evaporated to the consistence of a thick fluid extract, and 1 ounce or ½ ounce of powdered resin mixed with it, in doses of 1 teaspoonful several times a day, forms an excellent remedy for piles. The rhizomae of the various species maybe used collectively under the term Solomon's seal. Zygadenus venenosus, Watson. Nat. Ord.—Liliaceae. Northwestern states. The poisonous bulb of this species, according to Watson, is known to the northern Indians of this country, as Death camass. Violent spasms have been observed by Dr. S. H. Goodell from the ingestion of the plant. Several members of this genus are accredited with poisonous qualities. TULIPINE.—Alkaloid of Tulipa Gesneriana, or Garden tulip. A cardiac poison with pronounced sialogogue properties. Lily of the Valley: Poisonous Landscaping Plants Updated December 23, 2016.

Taxonomy and Botany of Lily of the Valley Plant taxonomy classifies lily of the valley flowers as Convallaria majalis. The common name is often hyphenated. Lily of the valley is an herbaceous perennial . Characteristics of This Flower A lily of the valley plant sends up a single flower stalk populated by as many as 12 or more waxy, white flowers . The fragrant flowers are nodding, bell-shaped, and have scalloped edges. In a zone-5 garden, C. majalis blooms for most of the month of May. Indeed, the specific epithet, majalis means "pertaining to May." Green berries may succeed the blossoms, later ripening to red or orange. Vegetation consists of two basal leaves. The hosta -like leaves are upright, glossy green, and taper to a point, reaching a length of 6-9 inches, with a width of 4 inches. The plants spread via underground stolons and rhizomes . Planting Zones, Native Origin, Sun and Soil Requirements Indigenous mostly to Eurasia, lily of the valley plants can be grown in planting zones 2-9.

continue reading below our video How to Make Your Home Feel Cozier Plant them in a mostly shaded to partially shaded area (morning sun only). Grow them in a well-drained, loamy soil enriched with humus . Since lily of the valley flowers prefer moist, cool conditions, the shade requirement needs to be taken more seriously the further south you get in their range. Warnings About Growing Lily of the Valley There are two reasons not to grow Convallaria majalis plants: They are invasive plants in parts of North America (they are reputedly more aggressive in the northern section of their range than in the southern section). They are poisonous plants -- a concern if you have children or pets in the yard. Concerning the toxicity of lily of the valley plants, experts advise wearing gloves when handling them, lest any residue be transmitted to your food (should you forget to wash your hands before dining). All parts of the plant are considered poisonous if ingested. Symptoms of poisoning include stomach ache and blurred vision.

Uses for These Fragrant Flowers in Landscaping One of the most fragrant plants , lily of the valley is the sort of ground cover that you may want in a border for a path of garden stepping stones wending its way through a remote corner of a large woodland garden . Of course, those of us who live on small properties can only dream of that. But one may well picture oneself inhaling the sweet fragrance of lily of the valley wafting up as one strolls along such a path on a perfect May day. Other plants with very fragrant flowers include: To be enjoyed to their fullest, the plants should be massed (the flowers being small). The plant is also used in rock gardens and moon gardens , for cut flowers and weddings, and in medicines and perfumes. Care for Lily of the Valley Mulch to maintain soil moisture throughout the summer. Because these plants prefer a rich soil, apply compost each fall. The above chores, however, will be the least of your problems with C. majalis. Your biggest problem will be keeping it from spreading where you don't want it. Consider growing the plants in pots, to counteract their invasive tendency.

Or if you must grow them directly in the ground in your garden, one way to prevent their spread would be to use landscape edging or, better yet, a bamboo barrier . Types of Lily of the Valley In addition to the typical lily of the valley flowers found in gardens, you may come across some less common types; for example: C. majalis var. rosea C. majalis 'Fortin's Giant' Their names go a long way towards describing the above two types of C. majalis. The first bears pink flowers, while the flowers on the second are larger than on the common type of lily of the valley. You can also find kinds that have variegated leaves. The Invasive Nature of Lily of the Valley Anna Pavord, in her book on flower bulbs , quotes rock garden expert, Reginald Farrer as remarking, "The lily-of-the-valley is the worst of all delicious weeds when it thrives." The success of the perfumy invader comes at the expense of any other plants you may be growing in the same flower bed : C. majalis will crowd them out, thanks to the vigor of its spreading underground plant parts. This plant establishes a colony, or " monoculture .

It's difficult to eradicate such a colony: If you try digging it out, the smallest root left behind will generate more plants. One option, after digging out everything that you can, is to cover the affected area with a tarp for a year or so. Afterwards, faithfully remove any stubborn holdovers that surface. Of course, the preferred approach is not to put yourself in the position of having to eradicate lily of the valley, in the first place. Consequently, the best advice is either not to plant it at all, or, if you do, plant it in an area of your landscape where you won't mind having it take over. One alternative is to plant it in containers or in high raised beds , where its access to the ground will be cut off. Aficionados of native plants in eastern North America may wish to substitute with wild lily of the valley, also known as "Canada mayflower" (Maianthemum canadense). How to Grow Convallaria Growing Lily of the Valley Plants Flowering Bulbs Deck boxes How to Grow Convallaria - Lily of the Valley Looking for an effortless bloomer that will grow where the sun won't shine? Then, Lily of the Valley is for you.

Lily of the Valley grows well in shady areas. They are a great selection for shade gardens. Native to Asia, Europe and North America, Convallaria plants make great ground cover on the north side of houses and buildings. Lily of the Valley plants grow 6" high. They bloom in late spring. Most varieties are white. There are less common rose, or pink varieties of this flower. Convallari's bell shaped flowers produce a strong, pleasant fragrance. Tip: Try growing Lily of the Valley indoors in the winter. Also see How to force blooms indoors Did you Know? When in season, Lily of the Valley are popular in wedding bouquets. Plant Propagation: Lily of the Valley can be propagated from seed or their rhizomes. Seeds can take months to germinate. So, most people propagate them using the rhizomes. Dig up rhizomes of established plants in the Fall, and separate into clumps for re-planting. How to Grow Lily of the Valley Plants: Lily of the Valley are very easy to grow. The plants prefer partial shade. Lily of the Vally plants tolerate poor soils. Like any plant, they will grow better if fertilized.

Do so in early spring, and again after the blooms have died off. Space plants about 12" apart. Over time they will spread out to fill in empty spaces. The plants like moist soil . Water plants in dry weather. Divide and separate plants in the Fall: After a few years, the clumps of flowers should be separated. Dig up the rhizomes. Separate the rhizomes into clumps, using a sharp knife. Make sure at least one "eye" is on each segment. Replant the rhizomes, spacing them 12"apart. Insects and Disease: You should experience few insect or disease problems with your Convallaria plants. More Information: Garden Seeds for Sale Buy top quality, brand name flower, vegetable and herb seeds, at discount sale prices. Better quality as the best prices. Sponsors -

Question: The flower convallaria is better known as what?
Answer: Lily of the Valley