A Guide To Uruguay’s Culture And Heritage Sites A Guide To Uruguay’s Culture And Heritage Sites Culture Trip Located on the picturesque shores of the De La Plata River, the City of Colonia del Sacramento is the only cultural site in Uruguay to have attained UNESCO World Heritage Status. However, this South American country contains a wealth of cultural and historical sites worth exploring. Montevideo, Uruguay | © Jimmy Baikovicius/ Flickr The Bay and the Islands of Colonia del Sacramento The Bay and the Islands of Colonia del Sacramento encompass the entire region of Portuguese settlement surrounding the Colonia del Sacramento. The surrounding bays and islands are of similar cultural significance, although they only feature on the UNESCO Tentative World Heritage list. The bay has been described as a ‘reservoir of historic testimonies of rural life’ that paints a clear and revealing portrait of life at the time of the Portuguese settlement. It has been suggested that ‘the area forms, as a whole, a singular example of the daily colonial life carried out in the sea, the city and the country’. It was the development and use of this bay as a crossroads for merchants and entrepreneurs which would ultimately establish Colonia del Sacramento as a commercially prosperous area of trading and economic growth.

The City of Colonia del Sacramento Colonia del Sacramento is the second oldest city in Uruguay and once played host to a century-long dispute for control between Spanish and Portuguese colonials. It was through Antonio Pedro de Vasconcellos’ role as Governor that the city became a powerhouse for commercial and cultural enterprise in 1722, and it was this commercialism and heavy focus on trade which played such a key role in shaping Buenos Aires into the region that we recognise today. Spain and Portugal fought for control over Sacramento nine times in 100 years, so it is little wonder that the architecture of the city is a blend of Spanish and Portuguese styles. Flat-roofed, white-walled Portuguese buildings line streets of Spanish influence, streets which are slightly lower on the side and higher in the middle in typical Spanish style. Colonia del Sacramento © Philip Choi/Flickr Chamangá, A Rock Paintings Area Recently, this natural rock formation has become an area of real interest to the Uruguayan government and academic researchers alike. Although its position as a World Heritage site is pending, Chamangá, located in the Province of Flores in Southwest Uruguay, is a place of palpable historical significance.

The area is scattered with naturally formed granite blocks that play host to 40 rock paintings (more are being discovered all the time), some of which have been estimated to be over 2000 years old. Chamangá is thus characterised as having the highest concentration of pictographic sites in all of Uruguay, while the discovery and study of these paintings has led to archaeologists digging deeper into the region. Although the archaeological investigations are not currently sufficient to secure Chamangá as a World Heritage site, the discoveries which they have uncovered indicate the existence of an ‘archaeological register’, giving real insight into the region’s cultural history. Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo A district of Montevideo under heritage protection, Ciudad Vieja is considered one of Uruguay ’s cultural heritage sites, with La Rambla Promenade running directly through it. This barrio ( Spanish for neighborhood) is the oldest area of Montevideo, hence its name the ‘Old City’. Despite its historic roots, the city has seen a transformation in recent years, one which came about as a direct result of the campaigning and influence of the Municipal Intendant of Montevideo.

Ciudad Vieja was surrounded by a defensive wall until 1829 when the majority of it was torn down, leaving only The Gateway of the Citadel standing; this structure now acts as the emblem for this region. Its recent emergence as the area of Montevideo with the most bustling nightlife means that there is a real blend of old and new, with both contemporary and historic examples of architectural design standing side by side. ‘Old City’, Ciudad Vieja | © Montecruz Foto/ Flickr Modern Architecture of the Twentieth Century This is a significant collection of buildings in Montevideo which feature a vast range of architectural styles, where each one reflects both the era in which it was built and the nationality of those who designed it. It has been described as a ‘monumental complex of outstanding features’ which gives voice to a wealth of architectural expressions, providing real insight into the social, cultural and historical development of Montevideo as a city. Provisionally given the title of ‘Modern Architecture of the Twentieth Century’, in reality the list of buildings includes all architecture produced between 1915 and 1965.

The differing architectural styles of each building act as a celebration of development, progress and collaboration between nations; the structures range from early architectural expressions to more modern and advanced styles born from the 60s, a period of architecture which was heavily influenced by post-war experiences and regionalisms. Montevideo Cityscape, Uruguay © Leandro Neumann Ciuffo/WikiCommons Fray Bentos Fray Bentos is a key Uruguayan port perfectly situated between two of the most important rivers in the country; the Rio Negro to the South and the Uruguay River to the West. This position was ideal in encouraging the development of commercial and industrial companies which could take advantage of the rich geographical benefits of the region, such as its fertile soil. The development of this area into the Fray Bentos port, officially established in 1859, gives it a rich historical background that was partially born from its prime location. The growing trade which began in Fray Bentos in the 19th century imparted real social and political change on RÍo de la Plata, and the installation of small and medium enterprises called saladeros led to the increasing migration of people into the foundations of towns surrounding the port.

The port and its surrounding structures were built in 1887 and are rooted architecturally in history, featuring original work houses and early commercial buildings, as well as providing an interesting social, cultural and industrial perspective for locals and tourists alike. Although its World Heritage status is pending, all of these factors ultimately render Fray Bentos a ‘true example of European structures in the time of the post-industrial revolution’. Fray Bentos © Elbetobm/WikiCommons La Rambla Promenade – Montevideo Currently on UNESCO’s Tentative World Heritage list, La Rambla Promenade has been described as an integral part of the Montevidian identity. The promenade is a long avenue which spans the entirety of Montevideo’s coastline and, although it is a public space, it is protected as a National Historic Monument. It is made up of seven different sections, each of which encompass distinct characteristics which reflect the period in which they were constructed. Starting from the Bay of Montevideo and the Port of Capurro, and ending in the Eastern Carrasco, Rambla Tomás Berreta, the promenade runs parallel to a series of beaches which contribute to the characterization and description of each segment.

Its standing in the public sphere secures La Rambla as a place of real cultural importance for Montevidian nationals, encouraging social interaction along its long stretch of walkways and keeping the concept of an ‘inclusive democracy’ alive in Uruguayan hearts. La Rambla Promenade in Montevideo © Jose Porras/WikiCommons Eladio Dieste – Engineer Eladio Dieste ’s buildings and architectural designs are of significant importance to both national and international architectural landscapes. His body of work has been called ‘one of the most outstanding examples of innovative architectural design of the 20th century in Latin America ’. Typically his buildings are a fusion of functionality and cutting-edge design, where every aspect of the building, from its central structure to its overall aesthetic, serves a purpose. Dieste was something of a pioneer in architectural circles, developing the masonry structure technique which uses thin sheets of metal to produce much lighter constructions. Some of his Uruguayan works that have secured his position on the Tentative World Heritage list include the ‘Julio Herrera y Obes’ Port of Montevideo, the Church of Cristo Obrero in Atlántida and the Nueva Palmira Quays .

Each of his projects feature magnificent self-supporting double-curved arches, slender towers and ‘walls of ruled surfaces’, and have cemented his position as one of the most influential architectural engineers of the 20th century. Church of Cristo Obrero © Nicolas Barriola/WikiCommons ‘Mercado del Puerto’ This traditional Uruguayan food market takes place in the ‘Old City’ of Montevideo. Founded in 1885 by the Spanish merchant Zumarán Pedro Saenz, the market has grown to host a number of street merchants and restaurants alike, all of whom sell the best of Uruguayan food and drink. The market started as a humble project, it was originally a sectioned off area on the cobbled streets of Perez Castilian. It grew exponentially and just over a year after it opened the organizers had to purchase the Mercado del Puerto building to meet growing consumer demand. This building, and many aspects of the market itself, remain true to its traditional 19th century style. But with its continual expansion and popularity with nationals and tourists alike, there have been certain aspects of the market which have been transformed by time, making it a wonderful fusion of past and present.

It was established as a National Historic Landmark in 1975. Mercado Del Puerto © Eduardo Ruggieri/WikiCommons Museo Del Carnaval Dedicated to preserving and demonstrating the multi-layered culture of Uruguay , the ‘Carnival Museum’ opened in November 2006 with the aim of ‘preserving, displaying, disseminating and evaluating objects and traditions that are part of the highest festival of Uruguay’. The Uruguayan Carnival is a national celebration which can last for up to 40 days. It has developed into a dance festival in recent years, featuring Candombe, Murga and Tablados dances, and it is the aim of this museum to preserve and explain where this growth and change has come from. With an event so full of color and expression, there is the danger of its cultural significance getting lost in the excitement and execution. Museo del Carnaval ensures that the national celebration is preserved in the ‘Old City’ of Montevideo, acting as a cultural reference site for all.

Uruguayan Carnival © Marcello Casal Jr/WikiCommons Fray Bentos Encyclopedia > Places > Latin America and the Caribbean > South American Political Geography Fray Bentos Fray Bentos (frĪˈbānˈtōs) [ key ], city (1996 pop. 22,577), capital of Río Negro dept., SW Uruguay, a port on the Uruguay River. It was founded in 1859 as Independencia and renamed for an 18th-century religious hermit of the region. Meatpacking is the chief industry, and frozen and canned meats, hides, and wool are exported. Since the construction (1969) of the Puerto Urzué bridge, Fray Bentos has emerged as an important conduit of trade between Uruguay and Argentina. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. Uruguay | Article about Uruguay by The Free Dictionary Uruguay | Article about Uruguay by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Acronyms , Wikipedia . Uruguay (yo͝o`rəgwā, gwī, Span.

o͞oro͞ogwi`, o͞oro͞owī`), officially Oriental Republic of Uruguay, republic (2005 est. pop. 3,416,000), 68,536 sq mi (177,508 sq km), SE South America. The second smallest country (after Suriname) in South America, Uruguay extends from a short Atlantic coastline along the north bank of the Río de la Plata to the Uruguay River, which separates it on the west from Argentina. To the north is Brazil. The capital and largest city is Montevideo Montevideo , city (1996 pop. 1,330,405), S Uruguay, capital and largest city of Uruguay, on the Río de La Plata. It is one of the major ports of South America and the governmental, financial, and commercial center of Uruguay. ..... Click the link for more information. . Land and People The land is an area of topographical transition from the humid Argentine Pampa to the uplands of S Brazil.

North of the alluvial plain, known as the Banda Oriental [Span.,=east bank, i.e., of the Uruguay and the Río de la Plata], Uruguay generally has long, sweeping slopes and grasslands, wooded valleys with slow-moving rivers, and long ranges of low hills, with some huge granite blocks that stand out against the horizon. Although Uruguay is within the temperate zone, climatic variations are moderate; generally the climate is warm, with rainfall evenly distributed through the seasons, but in some years there are severe droughts. Most of the population is concentrated in the south; over 40% live in Montevideo. Almost 90% of Uruguay's people are of European descent, Spanish and Italian predominating; there are few pure indigenous Uruguayans. The original inhabitants, the Charrúa, were absorbed into the Spanish and Portuguese populations after long resistance; today the mestizo element (less than 10% of the total population) is found principally in N Uruguay. Spanish is the official language, but a dialect containing elements of Spanish and Portuguese is spoken along the Brazilian frontier. The majority of the population is nominally Roman Catholic.

The nation has long been remarkable for its contributions to literature and the arts (see Spanish American literature Spanish American literature, the writings of both the European explorers of Spanish America and its later inhabitants. See also Spanish literature; Portuguese literature; Brazilian literature. ..... Click the link for more information. ). The Univ. of the Republic is in Montevideo. Economy Uruguay's greatest natural resource is its rich agricultural land, almost 90% of which is devoted to livestock raising. Cattle, sheep, horses, and pigs are the major livestock animals. Grains for cattle fattening and human consumption make up the bulk of the harvested crops. Rice is the major food crop, followed by wheat and sugarcane. Corn is the principal feed concentrate. Barley, oats, and grain sorghums are also grown, and oil crops (flaxseed and sunflower seed) and sugar beets are important. In the vicinity of Salto Salto , city (1996 pop. 93,417), capital of Salto dept., NW Uruguay, on the Uruguay River. Salto is a thriving cultural and commercial center for a farming and livestock region. There are boatbuilding, meatpacking, and wine industries. .....

Click the link for more information. there are many orchards and vineyards. Despite Uruguay's basically agricultural-pastoral economy, its dependence upon imports for most raw materials, and its lack of fuel resources, there is considerable industrialization. The processing of agricultural and animal products accounts for about half of the manufacturing activity; Fray Bentos Fray Bentos , city (1996 pop. 22,577), capital of Río Negro dept., SW Uruguay, a port on the Uruguay River. It was founded in 1859 as Independencia and renamed for an 18th-century religious hermit of the region. ..... Click the link for more information. and Paysandú Paysandú , city (1996 pop. 84,172), capital of Paysandú dept., W Uruguay, a port on the Uruguay River. It is Uruguay's third largest city and the commercial center for a rich stock-raising and farming district. ..... Click the link for more information. are noted for their meatpacking plants. Other industries manufacture electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, and chemicals. A large refinery near Montevideo processes imported crude oil.

Mineral resources include marble, stone, granite, and bauxite. There are important hydroelectric plants on the Uruguay and Negro rivers. Fishing and forestry add to the country's economy. Uruguay's magnificent beaches, such as those at Punta del Este Punta del Este , city (1996 pop. 8,252), E Uruguay, on the Atlantic Ocean. Located on a narrow peninsula surrounded by excellent beaches, Punta del Este is one of the largest and most fashionable seaside resorts of South America; fishing is also important to the local economy. ..... Click the link for more information. , are great economic assets; tourists, chiefly from Argentina, contribute much to the national income. The country's transportation facilities are extensively developed. Meat, wool, and hides and skins constitute the majority of Uruguay's exports; rice, fish, and dairy products are also exported. Machinery, chemicals, and vehicles are imported. Brazil, the United States, Argentina, and Russia are the main trading partners. Uruguay is a member of Mercosur Mercosur or Mercosul, officially the Common Market of the South, Latin American trade organization established in 1991 to increase economic cooperation among the countries of E South America. .....

Click the link for more information. . Government Uruguay is governed under the constitution of 1967 as amended. Executive power is held by the president, who is both head of state and head of government. The president is popularly elected for a five-year term and may not serve consecutive terms. The bicameral legislature, the General Assembly, consists of a 30-seat Chamber of Senators and a 99-seat Chamber of Representatives. The members of the General Assembly are also elected for five-year terms. Administratively, Uruguay is divided into 19 departments. History European Involvement and the Struggle for Independence Although the Río de la Plata was explored as early as 1515, it was not until 1624 that the Spanish established the first permanent settlement, at Soriano in SW Uruguay. The Portuguese founded (1680) a short-lived settlement at Colonia, and in 1717 they fortified a hill on the site of Montevideo. Fearing encroachment and competition, the Spanish drove them out (1724) and from then until the wars of independence controlled the Banda Oriental.

Uruguay's position between Spanish and Portuguese settlements, and later between Argentina and Brazil, helped determine the emergence of Uruguay as an independent state. On the pampas stock raising spread; gradually the unbounded range gave way to huge estancias (cattle ranches) and small settlements concentrated about the ranch buildings. It was the rough and hardy gaucho gaucho , cowboy of the Argentine and Uruguayan pampas (grasslands). The typical gaucho, a familiar figure in the 18th and 19th cent., was a daring, skillful horseman and plainsman. ..... Click the link for more information. who fought for independence, and the traditions, personal loyalties, and rivalries of the gauchos helped to keep the nation in almost continual strife for three quarters of a century after independence was won. When the revolutionary banner was raised in the Argentine in 1810, the leaders of the Banda Oriental, notably Artigas Artigas, José Gervasio , 1764–1850, national hero of Uruguay, first leader in the movement toward independence. He came from the cattle-raising region Banda Oriental.

He joined the revolution against Spain in 1811 and became the leader of the Orientales. ..... Click the link for more information. , accepted the cause, but in 1814 Artigas broke with the military junta of Buenos Aires and began a struggle for Uruguayan independence that lasted until the Brazilian occupation of Montevideo in 1820. Five years later a small group, known as the Thirty-three Immortals, under the guidance of Lavalleja Lavalleja, Juan Antonio , c.1786–1853, Uruguayan revolutionist. After serving under José Gervasio Artigas, Lavalleja was imprisoned for a short time by Brazil, then in control of Uruguay. ..... Click the link for more information. , declared Uruguay independent. Independence and War In 1827 at Ituzaingó Brazil was defeated. Great Britain, opposing Brazilian expansion south to the Río de la Plata, helped ultimately to create an independent Uruguay as a buffer state between Argentina and Brazil. The peace (1828) stipulated that the new Uruguayan constitution should be acceptable to both the larger nations.

When it was adopted in 1830, Fructuoso Rivera Rivera, Fructuoso , 1790?–1854, first president of Uruguay (1830–34, 1839–42). After serving with Artigas, he was one of the Thirty-three Immortals who raised the standard of independence under Juan Antonio Lavalleja. ..... Click the link for more information. was chosen as president. He was promptly faced with revolts led by his old rival, Lavalleja, and when he was succeeded in office by Manuel Oribe Oribe, Manuel , d. 1857, president of Uruguay (1834–38). After serving with José Gervasio Artigas, he became one of the Thirty-three Immortals who raised the standard of independence under Juan Lavalleja. ..... Click the link for more information. , he himself revolted against Oribe, who was in sympathy with Juan Manuel de Rosas Rosas, Juan Manuel de , 1793–1877, Argentine dictator, governor of Buenos Aires prov.

(1829–32, 1835–52). As a boy he served under Jacques de Liniers against the British invaders of the Rio de la Plata (1806–7). ..... Click the link for more information. of Argentina. In the long fratricidal struggle that ensued, the two dominant political parties of Uruguay emerged, Rivera's Colorados [reds] and Oribe's Blancos [whites]. Oribe was driven out in 1838, but later with the aid of Rosas returned to begin the long siege of Montevideo. The Italian patriot Garibaldi fought in the Uruguayan wars from 1842 to 1846. In 1851 the Argentine general Urquiza Urquiza, Justo José de , 1801–70, Argentine general and politician, president of the confederation (1854–60). As the caudillo of Entre Ríos prov., he helped sustain the power of Juan Manuel de Rosas. ..... Click the link for more information. drove out Rosas and brought an end to the Uruguayan civil war.

When in 1864 Brazil presented a claim for damages to property and nationals during the civil wars, Uruguay refused to accept it. Brazil invaded and, aided by the Uruguayan general Vanancio Flores (a Colorado), overthrew the Blanco president. Paraguay, under Francisco Solano López López, Francisco Solano , 1826?–1870, president of Paraguay (1862–70). He was the son of Carlos Antonio López, who made him a brigadier general at 18. ..... Click the link for more information. , came to the assistance of the Blancos, whereupon Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay formed a tripartite alliance against Paraguay (see Triple Alliance, War of the Triple Alliance, War of the, 1865–70, fought between Paraguay on one side and an alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay on the other. Brazil's military reprisals for injuries to Brazilian subjects in Uruguay's civil war brought a declaration of war against Brazil from ..... Click the link for more information. ). During the 19th and 20th cent. waves of immigration, chiefly from Europe, augmented the Uruguayan population.

Government Reforms Until the rise of José Batlle y Ordóñez Batlle y Ordóñez, José , 1856–1929, president of Uruguay (1903–07, 1911–15). A journalist and the head of the Colorado party, Batlle was a campaigner for political reform. ..... Click the link for more information. early in the 20th cent., Uruguay experienced many revolutions and counterrevolutions. In Batlle's second term as president (1911–15), however, began the social and material progress that made Uruguay one of the more stable and prosperous nations of Latin America. By a coup in 1933, Gabriel Terra Terra, Gabriel , 1873–1942, president of Uruguay (1931–38). In his early career a member of the Colorado party under the leadership of Batlle y Ordóñez, Terra served in several political and diplomatic posts. ..... Click the link for more information. suspended the constitution of 1919, and his rule was strongly personalistic.

Yet, under Terra's rule, which ended in 1938, the socialistic measures for public welfare were not reversed but forwarded; the labor code was broadened, social benefits increased, and industry further nationalized. Batlle's influence on Uruguayan political practice did not end with his death; concerned lest the country again fall prey to dictatorial caudillos, he had advocated the creation of an executive governing council. This reform, inspired by the Swiss multiple-executive system of government, was adopted in 1951; the office of president was abolished and replaced by a nine-man council with a president, chosen from the majority party, to act as titular head of state. The plural executive, however, proved ineffectual; factionalism and apathy within the council hindered action on social and economic problems, which became pressing in the mid-1950s and acute during the 60s. Civil Strife in Modern Uruguay The increasing use of synthetics and the steadily declining price of wool cut deeply into Uruguay's exports of wool and leather. Inflation and unemployment grew, and the vast, inefficient bureaucracy became a burden to the economy.

In 1958 the Colorados, who had been in power for over 93 years, were overwhelmingly defeated by the conservative Blancos, who won again in 1962 by a narrower margin. Throughout the 1960s and early 70s the economic decline continued, intensified by droughts and floods and accompanied by massive social unrest—riots, paralyzing strikes, and the emergence of a terrorist Marxist guerrilla group, the well-organized Tupamaro National Liberation Front (see Tupamaros Tupamaros , urban guerrilla organization and political party in Uruguay, also known as the National Liberation Army. Named for the Inca revolutionist Tupac Amaru, it became active as a guerrilla force in the early 1960s, distributing stolen food and money among the poor in ..... Click the link for more information. ). In 1967 a new constitution abolished the plural executive and reinstated a powerful president. That same year the Colorado party returned to power, with Oscar Gestido as president. Gestido died after several months in office and was succeeded by his vice president, Jorge Pacheco.

Pacheco and his hand-picked successor, Juan María Bordaberry Bordaberry Arocena, Juan María, 1928–2011, Uruguayan politician. Born into a wealthy and politically conservative family, he was elected (1962) senator as a member of the National party. ..... Click the link for more information. (who was elected in 1972), ruled with increasingly dictatorial powers. As the Tupamaros increased their terrorist activities, kidnapping foreign diplomats and assassinating high officials, the army assumed tremendous power, even successfully pressuring President Bordaberry (June, 1973) to dissolve the congress and suspend the constitution. The military, which made Aparicio Méndez president in 1976, ruled Uruguay with brutal force, regularly disregarding human rights by kidnapping, imprisoning, torturing, or murdering citizens. The government's repressive tactics caused a massive emigration of Uruguayans, mostly to Argentina. After a 1980 plebiscite to continue de facto military rule was voted down by the populace, the military government steadily lost power. General Gregorio Álvarez became president in 1981.

In 1985, Julio María Sanguinetti of the centrist Colorado party became president, restoring civilian government but also granting amnesty (1986) to former leaders accused of human-rights violations (for crimes committed in Uruguay). Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera of the conservative National (Blanco) party became president in 1990. He was forced to form a coalition government in order to secure a parliamentary majority, and his attempts to introduce free-market reforms were obstructed. Sanguinetti was returned to the presidency by a slim margin in the 1994 elections, and also had to form a coalition; he sought cutbacks in Uruguay's bankrupt social security program and modest amounts of privatization. In 1999, Jorge Batlle Ibañez, also of the Colorado party, was elected president; during the election, he faced a strong challenge on the left from the Broad Front's Tabaré Vázquez, the former mayor of Montevideo. Since the late 1990s the country's economy has been hurt by crises in the economies of Brazil and Argentina, its principal trade partners, resulting in several years of recession that became particularly severe in 2002.

In 2003, Batlle Ibañez announced that the government would compensate families of victims of the 1976–85 military dictatorship and of the guerrilla groups that opposed it. Uruguay's economic difficulties enabled Tabaré Vázquez Vásquez, Tabaré (Tabaré Ramón Vázquez Rosas) , 1940–, Uruguayan political leader, president of Uruguay (2005–10, 2015–). He studied medicine in Uruguay and France, becoming an oncologist. ..... Click the link for more information. to win the presidency without a runoff in 2004; his Broad Front coalition also won majorities in both legislative houses. Vázquez became the first leftist to be elected president in Uruguay. The planned construction in Uruguay of two pulp mills on the Uruguay River along the Argentina border led to tensions between the two nations throughout 2006; fearful of possible pollution from the mills, Argentinians blockaded several bridges between the nations.

The International Court of Justice agreed to hear Argentina's contention that the mills violated a treaty on the use of the river but allowed construction to proceed (Uruguay built just one mill) while the court considered the case; it also refused to order Argentina to stop the protests, which continued until June, 2010. In 2010 the court ruled that although Uruguay had failed to adhere to its procedural obligations under the treaty, it had not violated its environmental obligations and the mill could continue to operate. An accord establishing a joint environmental monitoring committee for the river was signed in Nov., 2010. Also in 2006, former president Bordaberry was charged and arrested in connection with the political murders of dissidents and others in 1976; he was convicted in 2010 of having violated the constitution during his presidency. In 2007 former president Álvarez was arrested on similar charges and was convicted in 2009. The supreme court in 2009 declared the 1986 amnesty law unconstitutional.

In the Oct., 2009, elections the Broad Front won a narrow legislative majority, and after a runoff in November its presidential candidate, José "Pepe" Mujica Mujica Cordano, José Alberto 1935–, Uruguayan political leader. Popularly known as "Pepe," he had minimal formal education. During the 1960s, Mujica, a farmer and a socialist, was one of the founders of the Tupamaros, a violent guerrilla group that sought to foment ..... Click the link for more information. , a former leftist guerrilla, also won. Legislation to overturn the amnesty law failed to pass in May, 2011. Although Mujica had not backed the legislation, he signed a decree in June that allowed as many as 80 human-rights cases to proceed, and in October a law revoking the amnesty was enacted. In 2013, however, the supreme ruled aspects of the law unconstitutional, effectively restoring the amnesty. The Broad Front's Vázquez won a second term as president in Nov., 2014, after a runoff; the coalition also narrowly retained control of the legislature. Bibliography See G.

Pendle, Uruguay (3d ed. 1965); R. H. Brannon, The Agricultural Development of Uruguay (1968); J. H. Ferguson, The River Plata Republics (1968); T. E. Weil et al., Area Handbook for Uruguay (1971); M. E. Gilio, The Tupamaro Guerrillas (tr. 1973); M. H. Finch, A Political Economy of Uruguay Since 1890 (1981); M. Weinstein, Uruguay: Democracy at the Crossroads (1988). Uruguay (yo͝o`rəgwā, gwī, Span. o͞oro͞ogwi`, o͞oro͞owī`), river, c.1,000 mi (1,610 km) long, rising in S Brazil and flowing in an arc W, SW, and S to the Río de la Plata, an estuary; it forms part of the Brazil-Argentina border and most of the Argentina-Uruguay line.

Its chief headstream is the Pelotas of S Brazil; the Río Negro Negro, Río , principal river of Uruguay, c.500 mi (800 km) long, rising in S Brazil and flowing SW across central Uruguay to the Uruguay River. It traverses a sheep-raising region; there is agriculture along its lower course. ..... Click the link for more information. of S Brazil and Uruguay is an important tributary. The lower river is navigable for oceangoing vessels for 130 mi (209 km) upstream. Its upper course is broken by waterfalls. Salto Grande Falls is the site of a joint hydroelectric project of Argentina and Uruguay. Argentinian environmental concerns over Uruguay's construction of a pulp mill on the river led to a prolonged dispute that finally led in 2010 to an agreement to create a joint environmental monitoring program for the river. Concordia, Argentina, and Salto and Paysandú, Uruguay, are on the river. Uruguay Why invest in Uruguay | Sergio Mato Real Estate Why invest in Uruguay Tweet Uruguay is a country that staunchly defends its constitutional democracy, its political pluralism and the individual liberties or its inhabitants.

Consequently, on an international level, it has received a large degree of credibility, and has been recognized by diverse organisms as the safest place to invest in Latin America. Uruguay is divided administratively into 19 departments, totaling 176,210 square kilometers, making it the second smallest country in the region. It borders Brazil (to the North, Northeast and East) and Argentina (to the West, along the River Uruguay, and to the South, along the River Plate). Colonia del Sacramento, for example, is port along the River Plate, located almost directly in front of Buenos Aires, only about an hour away by ferry. The United Nations places Uruguay, on the Corruption Index, as the least corrupt Latin American country, a statistic also corroborated by Transparency International. In addition, Uruguay ranks highest on the Human Development Index, an important indicator which takes into consideration per capita income, life expectancy (72 years) and education (Uruguay is deemed the most literate country in Latin America). Summer is considered to be the peak season, attracting tourists from all around the globe. Montevideo, Punta del Este (Maldonado), Rocha and Colonia are all common destinations.

Interestingly enough, Uruguay is the only South American country whose boundaries are entirely located within the “temperate” zone, offering a pleasant climate, ranging from 17 or 18 degrees up to 35 degrees during the Summer. The official language is Spanish. English, however, is the most relevant language of commerce, and Portuguese is commonly spoken in areas which border Brazil. Uruguay’s strategic location, nestled between Brazil and Argentina, but also close to the Paraguayan border, makes it a natural conduit for communication between countries belonging to MERCOSUR. The ports of Montevideo, Nueva Palmira (Colonia) and Fray Bentos (Soriano) all represent strategic points, allowing for the importation and exportation of goods destined for the center of the continent, as well as the surrounding countries. The majority of the country possesses essential services, such as water, light and communication. By and large, there is no restriction on use, and the quality is very good. Investor Assurances: Most importantly, Uruguay has instituted strict bank secrecy laws, making it the safest country for investing in South America. Political, economic and social stability further ensure the safety of one’s investments.

Not only is the safety of one’s investments virtually guaranteed (Never in history have foreign assets been expropriated. Furthermore, should this occur, the Constitution mandates that payment or just compensation be effectuated beforehand), but one’s personal safety is also guaranteed. Uruguay is considered to be the safest country in the region. Uruguay is a member of various international organisms that promote investor security. Of notable mention are the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Center for the Settlement of Investment-Related Differences, whose headquarters are located in the Word Bank. What follows is a list of some characteristics of our political-economic system: The free transfer of assets and profits Opening up to foreign trade Work permits for foreign personnel A member of MERCOSUR and other trade associations with big countries Appreciation of rural and urban assets Uruguay possesses a thriving, competitive economy, open to both regional and international investment, and largely sustained by the active participation of private capital. In order to foment this growth, our country has implemented a series of reforms which favor foreign and national investment. Some of the more important aspects are: The aforementioned investors receive transparent and equal treatment.

Incentives are offered to people and companies working in productive areas, and are guaranteed as a result of the establishment of reliable legal, fiscal and financial frameworks. Moreover, the impartiality of the Uruguay’s justice system is beyond doubt; both the State and private companies respect and honor their contracts. Private banks provide long-term financing for the purchase of land in accordance with the specific details of the project with a mortgage agreement or with internationally recognized bank guarantees. Uruguay’s unregulated financial market and monetary freedom allow for the unrestricted movement of capital, dividends and profit. Uruguay promotes the unlimited participation of foreign capital in its society. Uruguay also seeks to deepen its development of the service sector, further stimulating industrial, commercial and financial activities. There is no restriction on the repatriation of capital or profits. A trade regime allowing for unrestricted importation and exportation, implemented using strategic mechanisms. Uruguay is a fertile testing ground for products and novel concepts. In addition to Uruguay’s bank secrecy laws, depositors can opt to keep their deposits in international currency (dollars or euros), therefor avoiding potential fluctuations in the market to which the local currency is subject.

At any rate, in Uruguay there is monetary freedom and value dates remain fixed, having resisted the toughest economic crises that the region has faced. There is a favorable import regime for capital goods. The market conditions are ripe for growth. Excellent plots of land are available at low prices, and legislation has been approved for forestry projects. It is worth noting that Uruguayan soil is among the most suitable in the world for forestry projects. As mentioned above, growth indices suggest that this is the optimal moment to launch such projects. Given its size, everything in Uruguay is relatively close by. An excellent system of highways and roads connect every corner of the country. Investment opportunities abound in Uruguay, both in the primary and secondary sectors. Potential investors are presented with a host of unique advantages and opportunities, not only as a result of Uruguay’s undeniable natural resources, but also due to a structured, top-down policy seeking to foment investment, which includes interesting stimulus packages and a supply of local skilled labor. Furthermore, Uruguay’s high quality of life is not to scoffed at, and it remains to be said that foreigners will always feel at home in this beautiful and fecund country.

Specifically in the department of Colonia, certain tax exemptions, which vary according to the amount of labor employed, are provided for industrial undertakings and hotel development. National law has also provided further exemptions, covering taxes imposed by the Bureau of Rural Property Tax, for real estate development on forest area land. The relief offered is equivalent to the size of the forest area. Financial System: Our financial system, controlled by the Central Bank of Uruguay, is composed of The Bank of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (BROU), The Uruguayan Mortgage Bank (BHU), private banks, financial institutions (banking houses), the Montevideo Stock Exchange, among other banks of lesser scale. The Central Bank of Uruguay supervises and regulates the activities of all financial institutions, implements the exchange policy and, in addition to acting as the financial agent of the Government, regulates the whole financial system and is imbued with fiscal authority. The BROU functions as a commercial bank where one must declare their commercial operations with foreign entities. Working in conjunction with the Central Bank of Uruguay, the BROU regulates the foreign exchange market and gives out credits. The BHU, on the other hand, authorizes loans for houses and construction projects.

In Uruguay, an atmosphere of trust and reliability has led banks and financial institutions to diversify the portfolio of services offered. Financial freedom, the evident commercial boom experienced by the Uruguayan economy, the deepening relationship between private investors who are non-residents and international financial institutions, as well as the marked stability that defines the financial relationship between international banks and multilateral financial organizations are all factors that have shaped the current state of Uruguayan economy. Uruguayan’s financial system is known for its efficiency, a characteristic that has fostered its affiliation with numerous first-rate European and North American banks. And, as a result of this deepening relationship, regionally, the Uruguayan economy has grown in importance. Bank deposits are kept in dollars. However, returns in local currency are often greater than the original deposits made in foreign currency. While the US dollar is the primary foreign currency, deposits can be made in any currency. Loans are granted in foreign currency, almost 90% of which are destined to Uruguayan residents. Strict bank secrecy is guaranteed by law. The preceding information outlines some of the fundamental guarantees that Uruguay offers potential investors. Economic growth and the opening of international markets ensure the profitability of said investments.

In the end, however, the success of a given system boils down to those who implement it. Human decency, reliability and professionalism are all hallmarks of the Uruguayan. This is particularly true when it comes to our business. Should you have any doubts, 25 years of experience in real estate speak for themselves. Other points of interest for visitors: Immigration data: Entrepreneurs and business men who visit our country are required to carry a valid passport, save for limited cases where a visa suffices. Residents of MERCOSUR nations, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay, may enter using their DNI identity card. Here is a link which lists Consulates and Embassies in Uruguay . Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape Assistance Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape Located on land projecting into the Uruguay River west of the town of Fray Bentos, the industrial complex was built following the development of a factory founded in 1859 to process meat produced on the vast prairies nearby. The site illustrates the whole process of meat sourcing, processing, packing and dispatching.

It includes buildings and equipment of the Liebig Extract of Meat Company, which exported meat extract and corned-beef to the European market from 1865 and the Anglo Meat Packing Plant, which exported frozen meat from 1924. Through its physical location, industrial and residential buildings as well as social institutions, the site presents an illustration of the entire process of meat production on a global scale. Paysage industriel de Fray Bentos Construit sur une avancée de terre sur le fleuve Uruguay, à l’ouest de la ville de Fray Bentos, le complexe industriel est né du développement d’une usine de salaison de viandes fondée en 1859 dans le but de tirer partie de l’élevage de bétail qu’abritaient les immenses prairies voisines.

Illustrant toute la chaîne de la viande – approvisionnement, transformation, emballage et expédition - le site comprend des bâtiments et des équipements de la Liebig Extract of Meat Company, qui exporta du concentré de viande et du corned-beef sur le marché européen à partir de 1865 et de l’Anglo Meat Packing Plant, qui exporta de la viande surgelée à partir de 1924. La combinaison du lieu, de l’ensemble industriel, des logements et des institutions sociales présents sur le site permet de comprendre tout le processus d’une production de viande d’envergure mondiale. موقع فراي بنتوس الثقافي الصناعي بُني المجمع الصناعي على ضفاف نهر أوروغواي، غرب مدينة فراي بنتوس، وقد بصر النور نتيجةً لتوسيع مصنع لتمليح اللحوم أنشئ في عام 1859 بغية الاستفادة من الماشية التي كانت تربى في المراعي الشاسعة المجاورة للمصنع.

ويبرِز الموقع عملية معالجة اللحوم بمراحلها كافة، بدءاً بالتموين والتحويل وانتهاءً بالتعليب والتصدير، ويشمل عدداً من المباني والمعدات التابعة لشركة "ليبيغ إكستراكت أوف مِيت" (Liebig Extract of Meat Company) التي بدأت بتصدير مركّز للحوم ولحم بقر معلّب إلى السوق الأوروبية اعتباراً من عام 1865، وشركة "أنغلو مِيت باكنغ بلانت" (Anglo Meat Packing Plant) التي شرعت في تصدير اللحوم المجمدة اعتباراً من عام 1924. ويعطي الموقع، بحكم مكانه ومجمعه الصناعي وما يشمله من مساكن ومؤسسات اجتماعية، صورة شاملة عن عملية ذات امتداد عالمي لإنتاج اللحوم.

source: UNESCO/ERI Workers and corporate staff house © Municipality of Rio Negro Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis Located on land projecting into the Uruguay River west of Fray Bentos town, the industrial complex is marked by the enormous cold storage building and tall brick, boiler chimney which punctuate a range of saw-toothed roofs. Illustrating the whole process of meat sourcing, processing, packing and dispatch, the site includes buildings and equipment of the Liebig Extract of Meat Company which exported meat extract and corned beef to the European market from 1865 and the Anglo Meat Packing Plant which exported frozen meat from 1924. Here German research and technology combined with English enterprise to provide food for a global market including to the armies of two World Wars in the 20th century. Workers’ housing and social institutions which accommodated and supported the cosmopolitan workers’ community continue in use today. Criterion (ii): Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape is evidence of the interchange of human values between European society and the South American population of the 19th and 20th century which effected social, cultural and economic changes in both places during that period.

This was due the interchange on developments in technology which enabled the production and export of canned and frozen meat on a global scale and to the immigrant workers who arrived from more than 55 nations. Criterion (iv): The ensemble of cattle pasture and handling facilities, industrial buildings, mechanical facilities, port facilities, residential fabric and green areas linking the river and agricultural areas to the city of Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape stands out as an example of early 20th century industrial development. Integrity The property includes all elements related to the history of the site and the period of its operation and is of adequate size to ensure the complete representation of the features and processes which convey the property’s significance. The landscape setting is appropriate in size and views form the river and town are maintained. Some buildings are in need of repair and conservation but the site does not suffer from neglect overall. Authenticity The property is authentic in terms of location and setting, materials and substance and use/function in terms of the buildings which form part of the Museum of Industrial Revolution. The archive contains historical documents with technical information providing a source for repairs and restoration.

Other buildings have been adapted for new uses and workers’ housing has been upgraded to provide more modern accommodation for families now living there, many of whom have a connection with the property through family members who worked there. Authenticity is vulnerable to proposed new development within the property including new uses for buildings and sites as well as new construction. Protection and management requirements The property is protected as a National Historic Landmark under the Heritage Act No. 14.040, August 1971 as amended in 2008 and the Regulatory Decree 536/72. Objects owned by government agencies and non-state corporations are protected under Act No. 17.473, 9 May 2002. The Acts are administered by the National Cultural Heritage Commission. The property has been managed at site level by the Anglo Management Committee since 2008 with input from representatives of the Ministry of Culture and Educational Affairs; Ministry of Housing, Land Use Planning and Environment and the Municipality of Rio Negro. This body is responsible for the implementation of the Property Management Plan 2012-2015, which was approved by the National Cultural Heritage commission in January 2014.

Activities Travel to Uruguay - Useful data on how to travel to our country Reaching the country: By air Thirteen airlines arrive in the Carrasco International Airport, located in Montevideo. All of them sell regular commercial flights and air cargo. Situated 18 kilometers to the East of the downtown area, the main air terminal in the country is equipped with basic infrastructure, various amenities and international police, migration and Customs. In turn, 15 kilometers away from the City of Punta del Este, there lies Laguna del Sauce Airport, which features a modern structure and operates only with commercial flights. Several private companies provide shuttles and taxis to town and to the hotels. Taxes Travelers must pay an airport tax of USD U$S 29 for international flights and of u$s 16 for <i>puente aï¿½reo</i> flights (air shuttles). These taxes may be paid either in United States Dollars or in Uruguayan Pesos and they do not apply to domestic flights. By land Uruguay features a main paved road network with radial structure which responds to the characteristics of the territory and covers all communication needs in the inland areas.

Various private companies offer passenger transportation services that cross the border into Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay. International Passes Three international bridges connect the country with Argentina over the Uruguay River. They are located in the Cities of Salto, Paysandï¿½ and Fray Bentos. International passes into Brazil are located in the Cities of Artigas, Rivera, Rï¿½o Branco and Chuy. By sea Besides the extensive sea coastline, navigation of the Rï¿½o de la Plata and the Uruguay River has enabled the country to develop an intense river activity. The main port in the country is located in Montevideo, on the Rï¿½o de la Plata and it welcomes ships from all over the world. It is also a leader in export, import and international trade in Uruguay. This is the first and only port terminal on the South American Atlantic Coast which operates as a free port, a regime which establishes a special Customs area with favorable regulations, accessed through private operators. The Ports of Colonia and Nueva Palmira are also located on the Rï¿½o de la Plata.

These ports are part of the Paraguay – Paranï¿½ waterway, which joins the center of South America with the Atlantic Ocean. As well, 35 kilometers away from Colonia, there lies Juan Lacaze or Port Sauce, which features a cargo transportation infrastructure and a sport harbor housing a nautical club. Likewise, the Ports of Salto, Paysandú and Fray Bentos are located on the Uruguay River. At Fray Bentos, timber and lumber represent a very important activity. On the other hand, the company called Buquebus offers daily ferry voyages from the City of Buenos Aires to Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia, Piriï¿½polis and La Paloma and back. Inside the Country: By Plane Two airlines offer flights around the country. Likewise, other two international airlines sell non-stop flights to Punta del Este, and Montevideo. By Bus Over 80 passenger transportation companies offer various routes inside the Uruguayan territory. This is a convenient and inexpensive way of traveling inside the country. The big passenger transportation companies join the most relevant destinations, whereas the smaller and regional companies connect small districts.

To travel around the City of Montevideo there are important comfortable bus lines that cover the entire area of the city, as well as urban taxis. By Car The road network, which is organized as a radial structure from the capital towards the inland territories permits access by car to various tourist destinations. It has 10 toll gates with rates of around $46 (Uruguayan Pesos) for cars or pick-up trucks of up to 8 seats. Route 1 joins Route 3 to connect the beautiful capital with Bella Unión, in the Northwestern area of the country. Route 5 crosses the territory from the District of Mendoza up to Rivera; Route 8 joins Minas and Treinta y Tres and then other routes up to the Branco River. Route 9 connects the inter-beach road with Chuy, thus becoming the main road joining the cities lying on the Atlantic coast. It is important to point out that traffic travels on the right-hand side of the road in Uruguay and the use of seat belts is compulsory. It is also mandatory to drive with the car headlights on. Maximum speed allowed in highways is 110 km/h and on the other roads, 90 km/h.

Car Rental There are both local and international car rental companies at the main cities in the country. They offer several categories and various car models. Beyond some specifications typical from each rental, in order to rent a car in Uruguay, the following aspects are to be considered: being over 23 and under 75 years old. having a valid driving license issued at the visitors’ native country at least two years before the date of the rental operation. bearing a credit card or check as a guaranty when carrying out the operation. bearing a valid ID or passport. In addition to offering the traditional services, these companies may provide optional services such as drivers -some of them bilingual-, and a permit or liability insurance. A Path Less Trodden: Uruguay | Audley Travel Home Blog 2011 July A Path Less Trodden: Uruguay A Path Less Trodden: Uruguay Uruguay is a little-known country that rarely hits the headlines and has somehow managed to keep its delights under wraps. A quick poll in the non-Latin American sections of our office came up with Fray Bentos corned beef and the footballer Diego Forlán as its most famous exports, neither of which are really reason to visit.

However, there is much more to this tiny South American country. Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay Uruguay was created in 1828 to act as a buffer between its two massive neighbours, Argentina and Brazil , yet despite this (or maybe because of it) it has forged its own unique identity. There are enough attractions in Uruguay to make it worth a dedicated trip but many travellers tag it on to a visit to Argentina. Its sleepy colonial towns, chilled capital and countryside pursuits make it a fascinating side-trip, and with far better beaches than its neighbour, it makes a great place for a coastal break at the start or end of an Argentinean tour. Above all, it is one of the friendliest places you can visit. Colonia del Sacramento , just an hour by hydrofoil from Buenos Aires, is usually the first stop for visitors to Uruguay. Founded by the Portuguese in the late 1600s, it is a calm place of cobbled streets, palm trees and a mixture of Portuguese and Spanish architecture. The ‘old town’ (casco antiguo) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site where charming restaurants, art galleries and small colonial hotels with shady patios and lush gardens can be found.

From Colonia, it’s a two-hour drive along the coast to the country’s capital Montevideo . This friendly, safe city has a charming historic quarter with a beautiful cathedral, interesting museums and theatres, and the traditional Mercado del Puerto (Port Market) with its Victorian structure, restaurants, little cafes and excellent food stalls. While here be sure to take a walk or drive along the ‘Rambla’, a 20-kilometre waterfront avenue lined with beaches and a favourite with joggers, walkers, cyclists and families. Punta Del Este with its expansive golden beaches is a popular haunt for Uruguay and Argentina's wealthy. Between December and February this beach resort is thronged with holiday makers but is still worth visiting to see the Ralli Museum, which holds an impressive collection of Latin American art. For a quieter seaside retreat make your way to nearby José Ignacio, the last town on the Maldonado region’s Atlantic coastline. This charming town maintains the cosy atmosphere of a former fishing village with simple whitewashed bungalows, modest cottages and a lovely lighthouse. José Ignacio is quickly becoming one of the chicest spots in South America and has an expanding list of beautifully designed boutique hotels.

Further along the coast, Cabo Polonio is an enchanting fishing village which can only be reached by horse or four-wheel drive. Famous for its shifting sand dunes and huge colony of sea lions, this area has been declared a natural animal reserve and a Biosphere Natural Reserve by UNESCO. Uruguay is, in many ways, a country that generates contemplation and introspection and its coastal towns offer the chance to simply disconnect and unwind. It offers a unique take on Latin American culture and history and all in all is a country of its people and experiences, and this is what makes it so special. Tailor-made holidays to Uruguay

Question: Fray Bentos is a port in which South American country?
Answer: Uruguay