Gromyko | Define Gromyko at Dictionary.com Gromyko [groh-mee-koh, gruh-; Russian gruh-mi-kuh] /groʊˈmi koʊ, grə-; Russian grʌˈmɪ kə/ Spell 1. Andrei Andreevich [uhn-dryey uhn-drye-yi-vyich] /ʌnˈdryeɪ ʌnˈdryɛ yɪ vyɪtʃ/ (Show IPA), 1909–89, Soviet diplomat: foreign minister 1957–85, president 1985–88. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for Gromyko Expand Contemporary Examples “You can just open the door there—just have you say hello to my daughter and son,” he tells Gromyko. British Dictionary definitions for Gromyko Expand noun 1. Andrei Andreyevich (anˈdrjej anˈdrjejɪvitʃ).

1909–89, Soviet statesman and diplomat; foreign minister (1957–85); president (1985–88) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.

1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko | president of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Britannica.com president of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Written By: President of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics born Vladimir Lenin Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko, (born July 18 [July 5, Old Style], 1909, Starye Gromyki, Belorussia , Russian Empire [now in Belarus]—died July 2, 1989), Soviet foreign minister (1957–85) and president (1985–88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. Although never strongly identified with any particular policy or political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman.

Gromyko was born in a Belorussian village, the son of a peasant, and attended an agricultural school in Minsk , studying agricultural economics. After completing postgraduate studies in 1936, he served as senior research associate at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences and as a university lecturer (1936–39). In the wake of Joseph Stalin’s purges, which depleted the foreign service , Gromyko was appointed chief of the U.S. division of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in 1939. While yet learning English, he was appointed counselor at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. In 1943 he became ambassador to the United States (at the young age of 34) and in 1946 became a representative to the UN Security Council. He was promoted to deputy foreign minister in 1946 and further to first deputy foreign minister in 1949. In 1952 he became a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom .

In 1953 he returned to Moscow as deputy foreign minister, resuming his post as first deputy foreign minister in 1954. In 1956 he attained full membership on the Central Committee. In 1957 Gromyko began his long tenure as foreign minister. His exact influence in policy making is unclear. He became renowned for his extensive knowledge of international affairs and for his negotiating skills, and he was entrusted with major diplomatic missions and policy statements. He frequently accompanied other Soviet leaders, including Nikita S. Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev , and Aleksey Kosygin, on visits to foreign leaders. He became a member of the Politburo in 1973 and was named a first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1983. After Mikhail S. Gorbachev became head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, a younger man, Eduard A. Shevardnadze, was appointed to head the foreign ministry, and Gromyko was promoted to the presidency, a position that carried great prestige but little power.

Gromyko gave up his Politburo seat and the presidency of the Supreme Soviet on Sept. 30, 1988, in the midst of Gorbachev’s shake up of the Politburo. A further party purge in April 1989 resulted in Gromyko’s removal from the Central Committee as well. His autobiography was published in 1988 and translated into English in 1990. Learn More in these related articles: in 20th-century international relations Rex Parker Does the NYT Crossword Puzzle: Soviet foreign affairs minister during Cuban missile crisis / SUN 3-13-11 / Ziggurat features / Onetime Freud collaborator / Kaaba visitor's faith Soviet foreign affairs minister during Cuban missile crisis / SUN 3-13-11 / Ziggurat features / Onetime Freud collaborator / Kaaba visitor's faith Constructor: Patrick Berry Relative difficulty: Medium-Challenging THEME: Reverend Spooner, U.S.P.S.

— theme clues combine to form a monologue by Reverend Spooner, who describes his new career with the USPS in (at least vaguely) USPS-related spoonerisms (the theme answers) Word of the Day: Andrei GROMYKO (41D: Soviet foreign affairs minister during the Cuban missile crisis) — Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko ( Russian : Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко; Belarusian Андрэ́й Андрэ́евіч Грамы́ка; 18 July [ O.S. 5 July] 1909 – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War . He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1987). Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1987. In the West he was given the nickname Mr. Nyet ("Mr. No"). (wikipedia) • • • As an example of the story-theme type, this puzzle is quite good.

It's not my favorite type of theme, as it results in some pretty contrived dialogue (and answers). Also, whenever I see that theme answers are going to be spoonerisms (yes, it's happened before, under tournament conditions no less), my heart sinks a little. My brain just doesn't process them well; also, I never get the chuckle that pun-loving people do. It's mainly just work for me. But most of today's theme answers were at least cute, and the consistently postal nature of the puns made the set cohere in a way that allowed me to overcome my normally poor ability to handle spoonerisms. So ... up from 'poor' to 'mediocre.' Base phrases of a couple of theme answers don't hold together very well ("pack your crate?" "hound growling?") and the last one ("filled with cheer") has nothing whatsoever to do with the postal service, but the rest are tight. Difficulty-wise, there was the general struggle to get the wordplay, and then there was GROMYKO, and then there was ABACO (91A: The Bahamas Great ___ Island).

There was also the issue of how to spell AMIDALA (15D: Queen in the "Star Wars" saga), and my failure to make sense of either of the crossing non-S plurals BOWMEN (73A: Drawers of war?) / RAIMENT (56D: Wardrobe items). Other than that, this was pretty typical of a Sunday, difficulty-wise. Always love seeing LEE Marvin (39A: Marvin of "Cat Ballou"), who is possibly my favorite hard-boiled actor of all time (that's right—sorry, Bogie), and MR. MOM (1D: 1983 Michael Keaton comedy), which features one of my earliest celebrity crushes: Martin Mull ... I mean Teri Garr! Also love HOMERS (59A: Round-trippers, in sports lingo) because it reminds me that the baseball season is right around the corner. Loved the clue on IOUS (which is saying something—I wonder how many hundreds of times Patrick Berry has had to clue that damned word) (44A: Poor writer's scribblings?). Kind of cool that the puzzle has two horror film directors (ELI Roth and WES Craven).

Kind of not cool that the clue for SATYR, [Forest flutist], did not include the additional (some would argue necessary) word "fictional." Theme answers: 23A: "I suppose it might seem odd that a reverend like myself would suddenly begin ___..." (MARRYING THE KALE) 31A: "... but I've always thought ___ had a more fun job than I do" (MOST PASTORS) 35A: "For an avid philatelist like me, sorting envelopes is thrilling—I might spot a ___!" (STAIR RAMP) 48A: "When a man is nervous about shipping breakables, I tell him, '___ carefully, sir' ..." (CRACK YOUR PATE) 60A: "...

and I write '___' on the box, which seems to reassure him" (CANDLE WITH HAIR) 68A: "The best part of the job, of course, is when I'm out on the street ___" (RAKING MY MOUNDS) 80A: "I'm a bit leery of dogs—it's unsettling to enter a yard and hear some ___ at me ..." (GROUND HOWLING) 96A: "... but dogs can't spoil how much I enjoy driving around in the ___" (TRAIL MUCK) 99A: "Homeowners get excited when they see me opening their ___ ..." (BETTER LOCKS) 109A: "... and when I hand-deliver a package, the recipients are positively ___—it's very satisfying!" (CHILLED WITH FEAR) Bullets: 27A: "Dirt cake" ingredients (OREOS) — total guess, but a good one. Where I come from, dirt cakes are made of dirt, and maybe some water. 76A: Mesabi Range export (IRON ORE) — located in northern Minnesota, the Mesabi Range is the chief deposit of iron ore in the U.S.

(wikipedia) 2D: Single-named "Hollywood Squares" regular (CHARO!) — she was married to that Cugat guy, right? Er, what's his name? ... Xavier Cugat! I knew her as "that coochie coochie lady who guest-starred on 'Love Boat' sometimes." 9D: Ziggurat featues (TIERS) — getting ziggurats confused with Zagnut bars, I think. 14D: Onetime Freud collaborator (ADLER) — Alfred ADLER. I know nothing about him except his not uncommon (in crosswords) name. 51D: Bygone Tide rival (RINSO) — when will I start seeing the new Johnny Depp movie "RANGO" in my puzzles? 93D: Bird that may nest on volcanic ash (NENE) — also, the starting center for the Denver Nuggets. 102D: 1980s-'90s Chrysler offerings (KCARS) — my favorite letter is "K," so I kind of want to drive one of these, even though I have a feeling they are/were cruddy.

Signed, Rex Parker, King of CrossWorld Eduard Shevardnadze | Soviet foreign minister and president of Georgia | Britannica.com Soviet foreign minister and president of Georgia Written By: Alternative Title: Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze Eduard Shevardnadze Soviet foreign minister and president of Georgia Also known as Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev Eduard Shevardnadze, in full Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (born January 25, 1928, Mamati, Georgia, U.S.S.R.—died July 7, 2014, Tbilisi , Georgia), Georgian politician, who was foreign minister of the Soviet Union (1985–90, 1991) and head of state of Georgia (1992–2003). Eduard Shevardnadze, 1997. R. D.

Ward/Department of Defense (Image Number: 970717-D-9880W-059) The son of a Georgian teacher, Shevardnadze became a Komsomol (Young Communist League) member and rose steadily in the hierarchy , becoming first secretary of Georgia’s Komsomol Central Committee (1957–61). While in charge of the Georgian police (1965–72), he gained prominence in the regular party apparatus in Tbilisi, the capital, becoming first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia in 1972. Shevardnadze became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1976 and a candidate member of the Politburo in 1978. In 1985 the new Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev promoted Shevardnadze to full membership in the ruling Politburo and named him minister of foreign affairs , succeeding Andrey Gromyko .

As foreign minister, Shevardnadze skillfully helped implement Gorbachev’s foreign-policy initiatives , including the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988, the negotiation of new arms treaties with the United States , and tacit acquiescence in the fall of communist governments across eastern Europe in 1989–90. He was one of Gorbachev’s closest colleagues and one of the most effective proponents of the reform policies of glasnost and perestroika . Shevardnadze resigned suddenly in December 1990, however, in protest against the growing influence of antireform members of Gorbachev’s government. After the failed coup by communist hard-liners in 1991, he returned briefly as Soviet foreign minister (November 19–December 25), only to see the Soviet Union collapse. The overthrow of Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia in January 1992 left a leadership vacuum that Shevardnadze filled on his return to Georgia in March as chairman of the State Council, an office then equivalent to president. In October 1992 his leadership was confirmed when he was elected chairman of parliament.

Shevardnadze fought organized crime and tried to find solutions for separatist violence in the Georgian provinces of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . In August 1995 he survived an assassination attempt in which a car bomb exploded near his motorcade as he traveled to a signing ceremony for a new Georgian constitution. He was elected president of Georgia in November 1995. As president, Shevardnadze faced numerous problems, including a failing economy and charges of government corruption and cronyism. In 2000 he was reelected president amid allegations of voting irregularities. Unrest with his government grew, especially after parliamentary elections in November 2003 in which charges of widespread irregularities and fraud were raised. Faced with numerous protests, Shevardnadze resigned as president on November 23. The November election results were subsequently voided by the courts. Britannica Stories Gromyko becomes foreign minister - Feb 17, 1957 - HISTORY.com Gromyko becomes foreign minister Publisher A+E Networks Andre Gromyko was installed as Soviet Foreign Minister on February 17, 1957.

Gromyko was called to foreign service in 1939 and began by serving under a policy of cooperation with the Nazis before Hitler’s attack on Russia. After World War II he became an expert at Cold War diplomacy. Seen first as a hard liner, he shifted his positions as the times demanded. He served through three decades, surviving most of the Soviet leaders he worked for and most of the world leaders with whom he quarreled and negotiated.

Related Videos Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) 204,343pages on Ministry of External Relations of the USSR Министерство внешних сношений СССР All ministry seals of the Soviet Union used the Soviet coat of arms Agency overview Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (1992) Jurisdiction Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Headquarters Moscow, Russian SFSR , Soviet Union The Ministry of External Relations (MER) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Министерство внешних сношений СССР), formed on 16 July 1923, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union . It was known as the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (Russian: Народный комиссариат по иностранным делам), or Narkomindel, until 1946.

The Ministry was known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russian: Министерство иностранных дел), or MFA, from 1946 to 1991. The MER, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR , and was based upon the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by a Commissar prior to 1946, a Minister of Foreign Affairs prior to 1991, and a Minister of External Relations in 1991. Every leader of the Ministry was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , and was a member of the Council of Ministers. The Ministry of External Relations negotiated diplomatic treaties, handled Soviet foreign affairs abroad with the International Department of the Central Committee and led the creation of communism and "anti-imperialism", which were strong themes of Soviet policy. Before Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary , the organisational structure of the MER mostly stayed the same.

As many other Soviet agencies, the MER had an inner-policy group known as the Collegium , made up of the minister, the two first deputy ministers and nine deputy ministers, among others. Each deputy minister usually headed his own department. Contents Edit The primary duty of the foreign ministry was directing the general line of Soviet foreign policy . The MER represented the country abroad and participated in talks with foreign delegations on behalf of the Soviet government . It also appointed diplomatic officers, with the exception of Soviet ambassadors, who were appointed by the Council of Ministers . The MER was responsible for taking care of the USSR's economic and political interests abroad, although economic interests were also the joint responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Trade . The State Committee of the Council of Ministers on Cultural Links with Foreign Nations and the Ministry of Culture worked jointly with the MER in regards to the protection of Soviet citizens abroad, the exercise of overall Soviet consular relations abroad and the promotion of Soviet culture abroad. A less visible duty of the MER was its role in the coordination of Soviet intelligence operations abroad. [1] Exit visas were issued by the federal MER, but also by its all-union foreign affairs ministries and by the Ministry of Internal Affairs .

The same was true for the civilian external passports that were issued to Soviet citizens. [2] Organisation and structure Edit The inner policy making group of the ministry was the Collegium. The members of the Collegium were usually the minister, the two first deputy ministers, the nine deputy ministers, a chief of the general secretariat and fourteen other members. In total there were 27 members of the Collegium in 1990. [3] Each deputy minister was responsible for a department. The remaining members controlled either a department or an administrative body of the ministry. A Collegium in the USSR was, in many ways, the same as collective leadership . The Collegium coordinated decision making regarding the allocation of specific tasks on the basis of the MER's policy. This body was expected to review new directives ordered by the minister and note their successes and failures. Mikhail Gorbachev's "new thinking" abroad was made official in the Collegium in 1988, such as by setting goals for improving diplomatic relations and creating "decent, human, material and spiritual living conditions for all nations".

[4] Furthermore, the Collegium noted that the improvements in international efforts "to save the world" was the best "class notion of socialism." It believed that if socialism could create a more peaceful world, socialism would truly have carried out a " world revolution ." [4] The federal Ministry of External Relations and its local all-union affiliates would regularly convene at the federal Council of Ministers and its Union Republics branches to discuss the policy, duties and responsibilities of the MER. This joint gathering led to more participation from the union republics on foreign policy implementation, elaboration and coordination. This organ also discussed international problems and solved such problems in the international arena. [5] Because the communist regimes of Eastern Europe collapsed in 1989, there was no longer any distinction between the Eastern and Western European departments. A separate administration body known as "embassy affairs" existed for servicing the Soviet diplomatic corps abroad. [6] In 1986, the Soviet government created new MER departments to deal with arms control and disarmament . The MER also created new regional departments, such as the Department of the Pacific . This was a radical change, since the MER's structure had mostly remained unchanged since the Russian Empire .

[7] A Soviet textbook describes MER's organisation and structure as follows: [6] An important branch of the central apparatus, from the point of view of day-to-day operational diplomatic guidance, is the executive diplomatic division. The nature of activities engaged in by these divisions is determined by their territorial and functional characteristics. Territorial departments handle questions of foreign relations with specific groups of states. These groups of countries are divided by regions. The reorganisation efforts that took place in 1986 and the beginning of 1987 led to the replacement of many senior diplomats. The government also introduced a new principle which stated, "Once an ambassador has been at the same post for 4 or 5 years, he loses the edge of his perceptiveness. The optimum period of service in one and the same post is three years as a maximum." [4] Ideology and policy-making Edit Ideology was a key component of Soviet foreign policy. [8] Soviet diplomacy was built on the ideas of Marxism-Leninism ; Vladimir Lenin understood that compromise is an important element in foreign diplomacy and was a proponent of peaceful coexistence with the capitalist powers.

A primary goal of the emphasis placed on coexistence and compromise was to “prevent the imperialist states from attacking the USSR while it was restoring the Russian economy following the Civil War and, later, while it was undertaking industrial development. [9] Therefore, "certain agreements with the imperialist countries in the interest of socialism" could sometimes be reached. The relationship between policy and ideology remained an active issue until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. [10] According to an unknown former director of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations , all successful diplomatic activities by the Soviet side were based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism and the Soviet evaluation of other countries in certain fields, such as social development. The Directorate for Planning Foreign Policy Measures , an organ of the MER, analysed international relations and tried to predict future events, although it never actually planned the policy of the MER. Soviet foreign affairs minister Eduard Shevardnadze claimed that Soviet foreign policy, and the "new thinking" approach laid out by Gorbachev, had become the cornerstone of maintaining stable diplomatic relations throughout the world. [11] There are many examples of rivalry between party and state in Soviet history.

In foreign policy the state was represented by the MER, while the International Department (ID) represented the party. The ID's foreign policy approach was more ideological than the MER's, which followed a policy of détente , literally meaning the easing of strained relations with the First World . Historian Jan Adams explained the conflict in the following manner: [12] "Deeply embedded and seemingly inescapable conflict between these two major Soviet foreign policy institutions and their missions. On the other hand, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs seeks to cultivate formal state to state relationships; on the other hand the ID pursues the party's dream of building a communist world at the expense of capitalism." The MER used much more of its human and financial resources for propaganda purposes and so-called "active measures" than other non-Soviet affiliated foreign ministries. This included dissemination of views supported by the Soviet government, harassment, censorship, radio jamming, forgeries and general disinformation. Disinformation had become an important component of day-to-day operations in Soviet foreign affairs. Because of this, during most of its lifespan the Soviet MER had a much higher budget than its counterpart non-Soviet ministries, especially when comparing the MER to the foreign ministries of the Western Bloc .

Shevardnadze claimed that the Soviet government used an estimate of 700 billion rubles alone on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (known as such until 1991) to support "ideological confrontations" with the First World. [13] History Edit Andrei Gromyko was the longest-serving Minister of Foreign Affairs in the USSR The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was established in 1917. The Commissar was a member of the Council of the People's Commissars . The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs replaced the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire after the October Revolution . In 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was renamed the Council of Ministers [14] [15] and the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs was renamed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [16] As Soviet foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko noted in his memoirs that working with Nikita Khrushchev was not always an easy task.

As Gromyko tells it, "Khrushchev would constantly throw new ideas back and forth." [17] His ideas were not always supported, but, as Gromyko noted, Khrushchev had a positive impact on Soviet foreign policy. [17] Leonid Brezhnev , according to Gromyko, was a man much easier to do business with because he compensated for his lack of skills by discussing subjects openly within the Politburo . [18] While he was easier to do business with in some areas, Brezhnev's slowness and lack of knowledge in certain fields made him hard to discuss foreign policy with. However, Gromyko noted that his disease should be taken in consideration. [19] Mikhail Gorbachev's "new thinking" led to friendlier foreign relations with the Western countries, [20] but his domestic policies destabilised the country, and in 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved. [21] In 1991, before the country's dissolution, the Ministry was renamed the Ministry of External Relations.

The ministry was succeeded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in 1992 after Russia declared itself the legal successor to the USSR. [22] Commissars and ministers The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers during the Soviet era: Name Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Soviet Union, Eastern Mediterranean, Volume XXIV - Office of the Historian Foreign Relations of the United States Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Soviet Union, Eastern Mediterranean, Volume XXIV List of Persons Adenauer, Konrad, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, and until May 1955, Minister of Foreign Affairs Aldrich, Winthrop W., Ambassador to the United Kingdom until February 1957 Allen, George V., Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs until July 1956; Ambassador to Greece, October 1956–November 1957; thereafter Director, U.S.

Information Agency Anderson, Dillon, Special Assistant to President Eisenhower for National Security Affairs, April 1955–September 1956; thereafter Consultant to the President Anderson, Robert B., Deputy Secretary of Defense until August 1955; Special Emmissary of the President, January to March 1956; Secretary of the Treasury from July 1957 Armour, Norman, Jr., Staff Assistant, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, until May 22, 1955; thereafter Adviser for Political and Security Affairs, U.S. Mission to the United Nations Armstrong, W. Park, Jr., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Intelligence until May 1957 Averoff-Tossizza, M.

Evangelos, Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs from May 1956 Barbour, Walworth, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs until November 1955; Minister–Counselor, Embassy in the United Kingdom, November 1955–February 1956; thereafter Deputy Chief of Mission Barnes, Robert G., Deputy Director of the Executive Secretariat, June–July 1955; Director, August 1955–March 1956; thereafter Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Mutual Security Affairs Baxter, William O., Director, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State, until August 1956 Bayar, Celal, President of Turkey Beam, Jacob D., Director, Office of East European Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State, March–October 1955; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, October 1955–June 1957; Ambassador to Poland from August 1957 Bennett, W.

Tapley, Jr., Special Assistant to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, August 1955–September 1957; thereafter Political Counselor in Austria Bernau, Phyllis, Secretary to the Secretary of State Berry, James Lampton, Special Assistant to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration, October 1955–August 1956; thereafter Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs Birgi (seeNuri Birgi) Blake, Robert Orris, International Relations Officer, Office of Eastern European Affairs, Department of State, until August 1957 Bohlen, Charles E.

(Chip), Ambassador in the Soviet Union until April 1957; Ambassador in the Philippines from June 1957 Bowie, Robert R., Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, until August 1955; Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning and Department of State Representative on the National Security Council Planning Board, August 1955–October 1957 Brewster, Herbert D., Officer in Charge of Turkish Affairs, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs, Department of State Brownell, Herbert, Jr., Attorney General of the United States Brundage, Percival, Director, Bureau of the Budget, from April 1956 Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, Soviet Minister of Armed Forces until February 1955; thereafter Chairman of the Council of Ministers and member, of the Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Burdett, William Carter, Jr., Officer in Charge, Egypt and Anglo-Sudan Affairs, Department of State, until October 1955; Deputy Director, Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, October 1955–October 1956; Special Assistant to

 the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, October 1956–November 1957 Butterworth, W.

Walton, Minister of Embassy in the United Kingdom until January 1956; thereafter U.S. Representative to the European Coal and Steel Community Cabell, General Charles P., Deputy Director, Central Intelligence Agency Caccia, Sir Harold Anthony, British Deputy Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs until November 1956; thereafter Ambassador to the United States Canelopoulos, Panayotis, Greek Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense until October 1955 Cannon, Cavendish W., Ambassador to Greece until July 1956 Capehart, Homer E., Republican Senator from Indiana Cavalierato, Phedon A., Counselor of the Embassy of Greece in the United States until 1957 Cochran, H. Merle, Deputy Managing Director, International Monetary Fund Collins, General J. Lawton, U.S. Representative to Military Committee and Standing Group, NATO, until 1956; Director and Vice-Chairman, President’s Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief, 1956–1957 Coulson, John E.

(Sir John from March 1957), British Assistant Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs until October 1955; Minister of the Embassy in the United States, October 1955–September 1957 Courtney, Raymond, Consul at Nicosia Crain, Mary G., Staff Officer, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State, from January 1955; Second Secretary and Vice Consul, Embassy in Athens, from March 1956 Cutler, Robert, Special Assistant to President Eisenhower for National Security Affairs until April 1955 and from January 1957 Dillon, C. Douglas, Ambassador to France until January 1957; thereafter Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Dodge, Joseph M., Special Assistant to President Eisenhower and Chairman of the Council on Foreign Economic Policy until July 1956 Draper, William H., Jr., former Chief of the U.S.

Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Regional Organizations, at Paris Dulles, Allen W., Director for Central Intelligence Dulles, John Foster, Secretary of State Eden, Sir Anthony, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs until April 1955; Prime Minister, April 1955–January 1957 Eisenhower, Dwight David, President of the United States Elbrick, C.

Burke, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, March 1956–February 1957; thereafter Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs Erim, Nehat, Special Adviser on Cyprus to the Turkish Prime Minister Erkin, Feridun Cemal, Turkish Ambassador to the United States until June 1955 Erskine, General Graves B., Director, Office of Special Operations, Office of the Secretary of Defense Esenbel, Melih, Deputy Secretary General for Economic Affairs of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Exintans, Georges, Greek Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization until 1956 and Minister without Portfolio in the government of Premier Papagos until October 1955 Fechteler, Admiral William M., Commander in Chief, Allied Forces in Southern Europe, until July 1956; consultant to the Office of the Secretary of Defense and member of the committee studying security matters, July–December 1956 FitzGerald, Dennis A., Deputy Director for Operations, Foreign Operations Administration (International Cooperation Administration after July 1955) Flemming, Arthur S., Director, Office of Defense Mobilization, until February 1957 Foster, Andrew

 B., Counselor of the Embassy in the United Kingdom Franco Bahamonde, General Francisco, Caudillo of the Empire, Spanish Chief of State, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Prime Minister, and Head of the Falange Party Frederika, Queen of the Hellenes Furnas, Howard, Intelligence Research Officer, Department of State until September 1957; thereafter member, Policy Planning Staff George, Walter F., Democratic Senator from Georgia; Chairman, Foreign Relations Committee January 1955–January 1957; Special Assistant to President Eisenhower, January–August 1957 Gleason, S.

Everett, Deputy Executive Secretary of the National Security Council Glendinning, C. Dillon, Deputy Director, Office of International Finance Goodpaster, Colonel Andrew J. (Brigadier General from January 1957), Staff Secretary to President Eisenhower Görk, Haydar, Turkish Ambassador to the United States, June 1955–September 1957 Gray, Gordon, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, July 1955–February 1957; Director, Office of Defense Moblization, from March 1957 Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich, Soviet First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs until February 1957; thereafter Foreign Minister Gruenther, General Alfred M., Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, until November 1956 Hagerty, James C., Press Secretary to President Eisenhower Harding, Field Marshal Sir John, Chief of the Imperial Staff until 1955; Governor and Commander-in-Chief in Cyprus, from September 1955 Henderson, Loy W., Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration from January 1955; Head, U.S.

Delegation to the Suez Committee, August–September 1956; Officer in Charge, Hungarian Refugee Operations, from December 1956 Hensel, H.

Struve, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs until June 1955 Herter, Christian A., Consultant to the Secretary of State, January–February 1957; thereafter Under Secretary of State and Chairman, Operations Coordinating Board Hollister, John Baker, Consultant to the Secretary of State, May 1955–July 1955; Director, International Cooperation Administration, July 1955–July 1957 Holmes, Julius C., Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs until May 1955; Consul General at Tangier, May 1955–July 1956; Special Assistant to the Secretary of State from July 1956; Deputy Representative to the United Nations Subcommittee on Disarmament from July 1957 Hoover, Herbert C., Jr., Under Secretary of State and Chairman, Operations Coordinating Board, until February 1957 Howe, Fisher, Deputy Special Assistant for Intelligence, Department of State, until March 1956; therafter Director of the Executive Secretariat Hughes, Rowland R., Director, Bureau of the Budget, until April 1956 Humph

rey, George M., Secretary of the Treasury until July 1957 Iksel, Settar, Turkish Ambassador to Greece Ismay, Baron Hastings Lionel, Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization until April 1957 Jackson, C.D., Special Assistant to President Eisenhower, February 1953–March 1954 Jackson, William H., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, September 1955–January 1956; Special Assistant to President Eisenhower, January–September 1956; Acting Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, September 1956–January 1957 Jernegan, John D., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs until October 1955; Minister-Counselor of Embassy in Italy from October 1955 Jones, Owen T., Counselor of the Embassy in Greece until July 1956; thereafter Director, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs Kaganovich, Lazar, Deputy Chairman Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union and member, Presidium, Central Committee, Communist Party Soviet Union, until February 1956 Kalijar

vi, Thorsten V., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs until March 1957; Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, March–September 1957; thereafter Ambassador to El Salvador Karamanlis, Constantine, Greek Prime Minister from October 1955 and Minister of Defense, October 1955–February 1956 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone A., British Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs until February 1957 Knight, Ridgway B., Political Adviser to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, May 1955–September 1957 Kohler, Foy D., Counselor, Embassy in Turkey, until October 1956 Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, Commander-in-Chief, Warsaw Pact Armed Forces Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat, Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs until April 1955; Minister of State from April 1955, Deputy Prime Minister from August 1955, and Defense Minister, September–November 19

55; Minister of Foreign Affairs, December 1955–June 1956 Lacy, William S.B., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for East-West Exchanges until 1957 Lay, James S., Jr., Executive Secretary of the National Security Council Lennox-Boyd, Alan, British Secretary of State for the Colonies Leverich, Henry P., Deputy Director, Office of Eastern European Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State Liatis, Alexis S., Chief of the Diplomatic Cabinet and Director of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs Lincoln, Francis F., Officer in Charge Economic Affairs, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Department of State Lloyd, Sir John Selwyn Brooke, British Minister of Supply until April 1955; Minister of Defence, April–December 1955; thereafter Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lodge, Henry Cabot, U.S.

Permanent Representative at the United Nations Luce, Clare Boothe, Ambassador to Italy until December 1956 Lyon, Frederick B., Minister-Counselor, Embassy in Turkey MacArthur, Douglas, II, Counselor of the Department of State until December 1956; Ambassador to Japan from February 1957 McCardle, Carl W., Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs until March 1957 McGuire, E. Perkins, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Macmillan, Harold, British Minister of Defense until April 1955; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, April–December 1955; Chancellor of the Exchequer, December 1955–January 1957; thereafter Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury McSweeney, John Morgan, Adviser, Security Council Affairs, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, until July 1955; Senior Political Adviser, U.S.

Mission to the United Nations, July 1955–April 1956; thereafter First Secretary, Embassy in Italy Maffitt, Edward P., First Secretary, Embassy in Italy, until June 1956 Makarios III, Archbishop and Ethnarch of Cyprus Makins, Sir Roger M., British Ambassador in the United States until October 1956; Joint Permanent Secretary of the Treasury from October 1956 Malenkov, Georgi Maksimilianovich, Chairman of the U.S.S.R.

Council of Ministers until February 1955 Markezinia, Spyros, founder and leader of the Progressive Party in Greece Melas, George V., Greek Ambassador to the United States Menderes, Adnan, Prime Minister of Turkey Merchant, Livingston T., Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs until May 1956; thereafter Ambassador to Canada Merrill, Frederick T., Director, East-West Exchanges Staff, Office of Public Affairs, Department of State, from July 1956 Mićunović, Veljko, Yugoslav Ambassador to the Soviet Union from March 1956 Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich, First Deputy Chairman of the U.S.S.R.

Council of Ministers, 1955 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, Soviet Foreign Minister until May 1956 Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law (Viscount Montgomery of Alamein), Deputy Supreme Commander, Allied Powers, Europe Murphy, Robert D., Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State Nasser, Gamal Abdul, Prime Minister of Egypt; President from June 1956 Nixon, Richard M., Vice President of the United States Norstad, General Lauris, Air Deputy, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe, until November 1956; thereafter Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Nuri Birgi, M., Secretary General, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, until June 1957; Ambassador in the United Kingdom from June 1957 Nutting, Sir Harold Anthony, British Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Representative to the United Nations General Assembly and to the Subcommittee of the United Nations on Disarmament until November 1956 Overby, Andrew N., Assistant Secretry of the Treasury until 1957 Pallis, Lieutenant General Stylianos, Military Attaché, Embassy of Greece to the United States, until spring 1956 Pap

agos, Marshal Alexandros, Prime Minister of Greece until October 1955 Papandreou, George, Leader of Komma Phileteftheron (Liberal Party) in Greece Paul I, King of the Hellenes Peake, Charles Brinsley Pemberton, British Ambassador to Greece Penfield, James K., Deputy Chief of Mission in Austria until August 1955; thereafter Counselor Perkins, George W., U.S.

Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council, March 1955–October 1957 Phleger, Herman, Legal Adviser, Department of State, until April 1957 Plastiras, General Nikolas, former Prime Minister and General of the Greek Army Porter, Brigadier General R.W., Jr., Military Adviser to the Director, Foreign Operations Administration, until April 1955; Commanding General, Third Armoured Division, U.S.

Army, Europe, July 1956–December 1957 Prochnow, Herbert V., Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, November 1955–November 1956 Radford, Admiral Arthur M., Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff until August 1957 Randall, Clarence B., Special Assistant to President Eisenhower for Foreign Economic Policy and from July 1956, Chairman, Council on Foreign Economic Policy Rhodopoulos, Constantines, President of the Greek Parliament until 1956 Richards, James P., Democratic Representative from South Carolina; member, House Foreign Relations Committee, until January 1957; thereafter Special Assistant to President Eisenhower Robertson, Reuben B., Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense, August 1955–April 1957 Rockefeller, Nelson A., Special Assistant to President Eisenhower until December 1955; Chairman, President’s Advisory Committee on Government Organization until 1957 Rockwell, Stuart W., National War College until 1956; Deputy Director, Office of Near Eastern Affairs, Department of State, from July 1956; Director from August 1957 Rountree, William M

., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Department of State, from August 1956 Russell, Francis H., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, September 1955–October 1956 Salt, Barbara, First Secretary, British Embassy in Washington Sarper, Selim, Turkish Permanent Representative to the United Nations Scott, Walter Kenneth, Director, Executive Secretariat, until 1955; Deputy Director for Management, International Cooperation Agency, from August 1955 Seager, Cedric H., Regional Director for Near East, South Asia, and African Operations, International Cooperation Agency, from May 1955 Shepilov, Dmitrii Trofimovich, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, June 1956–February 1957 Snyder, Lucille, Officer, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Department of State, until September 1956; thereafter Second Secretary and Consul, Embassy in Greece Spaak, Paul Henri, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs until May 1957; thereafter Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Staats

, Elmer B., Executive Secretary, Operations Coordinating Board Stassen, Harold E., Director of the Foreign Operations Administration until June 1955; Special Assistant to President Eisenhower from March 1955 and U.S.

Deputy Representative to the United Nations Disarmament Commission and Sub-Committee from August 1955 Stephanopoulos, Stephanos, Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs until October 1955 Stevens, Francis B., Director, Office of Eastern European Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State, until July 1956 Stevenson, Adlai, Democratic candidate for President, 1956 Stoessel, Walter, International Relations Officer, Department of State, until 1956; detailed to White House, March–June 1956; First Secretary and Consul, Embassy in Paris, from June 1956 Stephanopoulos, Stephan, Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs until October 1955 Theotokis, Spyridon, Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs, October 1955–May 1956 Thompson, Llewellyn E., U.S.

High Commissioner to Austria until May 1955 and Ambassador to Austria until July 1957; thereafter Ambassador to the Soviet Union Thurston, Ray L., Director of the Office of Western European Affairs, Department of State, until March 1955; Counselor, Embassy in Greece, March 1955 to September 1956; detailed to International Cooperation Agency, October 1956–September 1957 Timmons, Benson E.L., III, First Secretary of Embassy in France and Director, Foreign Operations Mission, until July 1955; Minister for Economic Affairs, July–September 1955; thereafter Director of the Office of European Regional Affairs, Department of State Togliatti, Palmiro, Secretary General of the Italian Communist Party Toon, Malcolm, Political Officer, Mission in Berlin; Consul in Berlin from August 1955; Deputy Director, East-West Exchange Staff, Office of Public Affairs, Department of State, from July 1956 Tsaldaris, Constantine, former Prime Minister of Greece Twining, General Nathan F., Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, until July 1957; thereafter Chairman, Joint

 Chiefs of Staff Venizelos, Sophocles, Former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Leader of the Elliniki Dimokratiki Aristera Walmsley, Walter N., Jr., Minister-Counselor, Embassy in the Soviet Union, until October 1956; thereafter Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Warren, Avra M., Ambassador to Turkey until February 1956 Warren, Fletcher, Ambassador to Turkey from March 1956 Waugh, Samuel C., Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs until August 1955; Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, August–October 1955; thereafter President and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Export-Import Bank White, General Thomas D., Vice Chief of Staff, U.S.

Air Force, until 1957; Chief of Staff from July 1957 Whitney, John Hay (Jock), Ambassador to the United Kingdom from February 1957 Wiggin, Charles D., First Secretary of the British Embassy in the United States from July 1956 Wilcox, Francis O., Chief of Staff, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, until September 1955; thereafter Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Williams, Murat W., First Secretary, U.S.

Mission in Berlin, June 1955–April 1956; Deputy Director, Executive Secretariat, Department of State, May–July 1956; thereafter Deputy Director, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs Willis, George H., Director of the Office of International Finance, Department of the Treasury Wilson, Charles E., Secretary of Defense until October 1957 Wisner, Frank G., Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency Wolf, Joseph J., Adviser for NATO Affairs, Office of Regional Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State; Acting Director of the Office of European Regional Affairs, Department of State, March 1955–October 1957 Wood, Chalmers B., Officer in Charge of Greek Affairs, Office of Greek, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Department of State, until October 1957 Young, Hilary, Head, Southern Department, Foreign Office of the United Kingdom Young, John Parke, Chief, International Finance Division, Office of International Finance and Development, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of State, from November 1955 Young, Kenneth T., Jr., Director of

 the Office of Philippine and Southeast Asian Affairs, Department of State, January 1955–April 1956; thereafter Director of the Office of Southeast Asian Affairs Zaroubin, George N., Soviet Ambassador to the United States Zhukov, Georgii Konstantinovich, Soviet Minister of Defense, February 1955–October 1957 Zorlu, Fatin Rüstü, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister until August 1955 and Minister of State until November 1955; Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, April–November 1955; thereafter Minister of Foreign Affairs

Question: Who was Soviet Foreign Minister from 1957 to 1985?
Answer: ANDREI GROMYKO