Who invented the helicopter? | Reference.com Who invented the helicopter? A: Quick Answer Attempts to create helicopters can be traced back to Leonardo da Vinci, but the first working prototype helicopter, the VS-300, was invented by Igor Sikorsky in 1939. The next model he designed was the R-4 in 1942, which was the world's first mass produced helicopter. Sikorsky pioneered the rotor configuration that is used on most modern helicopters. Full Answer By the end of World War II, most modern countries had helicopters. Once Sikorsky began to produce his model, the Germans and Russians were quick behind him to make their own type of helicopter. The R-4 model created by Sikorsky was the only model to serve in World War II. It was used as a direct lift aircraft to rescue people trapped in areas inaccessible by planes. Impact: Kevin Olmstead Printer-friendly version of this article Kevin Olmstead, senior project engineer at Tetra Tech MPS and adjunct instructor at UDM, has created an endowed scholarship in the College of Engineering & Science with a gift of $25,000, part of his winnings from his participation on a national game show.

The endowed scholarship at UDM will be granted annually to a student in Environmental or Civil Engineering. In April 2001, Olmstead won the largest prize ever on a game show, taking home $2.18 million on "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire." (Find out more about the show at the show's web site ). While the program's top prize is usually $1 million, Olmstead was the beneficiary of the "bonus jackpot," which increased the top prize by $10,000 for every show that went by without a jackpot winner. When Olmstead won, there had been 118 shows without a winner. The final question Olmstead answered? (Scroll down to see the answer): Who is credited with inventing the first mass-produced helicopter? A. Igor Sikorsky Kevin Olmstead | Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Wiki Money won $2,180,000 Dr. Kevin Olmstead (born March 20, 1959), an environmental engineer from Ann Arbor, Michigan, was a contestant on season 2 of the U.S.

version of the show on April 6 & 10, 2001. He became the seventh contestant who won the top prize, which was $2.18 million, at the time a record for highest total winnings on a game show. (Millionaire at this time had an increasing bonus of $10,000 on top of the $1 million top prize for each episode there was no millionaire, as there had been a drought of top-prize winners for five months.) Contents Put these novelists in order according to their year of birth, starting with the earliest. • A: Stephen Crane • C: Louis L'Amour • D: Terry McMillan From the 7 remaining contestants, 4 got it right, but Kevin (with a time of 5.82 seconds) was the fastest to correctly answer A-C-B-D, making it into the Hot Seat. Kevin's Run to the Million $100 (1 of 15) - Not Timed A common request found on rented videotapes read "Please be kind" what?

• A: Fast-forward • D: Don't eat the tape $200 (2 of 15) - Not Timed In order to hall a taxicab in the U.S., it is customary to stand at the curb and do what? • A: Stomp feet The klaxon called time and Kevin would return with $200 and all lifelines still available $300 (3 of 15) - Not Timed Dams are used to contain which of the following? • A: Insects $500 (4 of 15) - Not Timed Which of these words is pronounced with a hard "g"? • A: Go $1,000 (5 of 15) - Not Timed An igloo is traditionally built in what shape? • A: Dome $2,000 (6 of 15) - Not Timed By definition, the study of sound is called what? • A: Grammar $4,000 (7 of 15) - Not Timed In the TV sitcom "Alice" where does the title character work?

• A: TV studio $8,000 (8 of 15) - Not Timed Who settled and became the first governor of the Utah territory? 'Ask the Audience' lifeline used • A: Brigham Young Ask the Audience Results: A: 65% • B: 8% • C: 7% • D: 20% $16,000 (9 of 15) - Not Timed Halifax is the capital of what Canadian province? • A: Ontario $32,000 (10 of 15) - Not Timed What comic strip character has the same first name as its creator? • A: Dilbert $64,000 (11 of 15) - Not Timed Which of the following trees is not considered a conifer? '50:50' lifeline used • C: Cypress • D: Beech Kevin was not sure, so he decided to use his 50:50, eliminating A and C. He then decided to go for D: Beech and won $64,000.

$125,000 (12 of 15) - Not Timed In the 1950s and 1960s, Quincy Jones directed orchestras for which of these crooners? • A: Frank Sinatra • D: Perry Como $250,000 (13 of 15) - Not Timed What writer collaborated with photographer Walker Evans on the 1941 book "Let Us Praise Now Famous Men"? 'Phone a Friend' lifeline used • A: John Dos Passos • C: James Agee • D: Upton Sinclair Kevin did not know, so he decided to call Eric, who inmediately recognized James Agee. He went with him and won $250,000. $500,000 (14 of 15) - Not Timed The Earth's circumference at the equator is how many miles?

• A: 18,500 • C: 32,700 • D: 41,400 He went all the way to the $2.18 million jackpot, becoming the third person to face the jackpot question, which was: $2.18 Million (15 of 15) - Not Timed Who is credited with inventing the first mass-produced helicopter? • A: Igor Sikorsky • C: Ferdinand von Zeppelin • D: Gottlieb Daimler He almost inmediately remembered it was Sikorsky's helicopter, so he went with A: Igor Sikorsky, winning $2,180,000, a record for highest total winnings on a game show at the time. Post-WWTBAM Edit His record lasted about three and a half years until it was broken in November 2004 by Ken Jennings on Jeopardy!. Olmstead still holds the record for the highest game show earnings on a U.S. network, since Jennings won on a syndicated game show. Olmstead currently ranks third behind Jennings and Brad Rutter, whose $2 million (US) win in the Jeopardy!

Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 catapulted him to a then record total (which Jennings surpassed in 2008). Olmstead is an adviser for the University of Michigan's quiz bowl team and a founding member of National Academic Quiz Tournaments, a company that runs quiz bowl national championship tournaments at the high school and college levels. He is also a member of Toastmasters International, having obtained the Distinguished Toastmaster award, and is a past Division Governor, the 2006-2007 Public Relations Officer of District 28 Toastmasters, and the 2007-2008 Lieutenant Governor Education for District 28. He was the 2008-2009 District Governor for District 28, whose theme for the year was "Join The Team", and led to district to Distinguished District status, ranking number 14 in the world (out of 81 districts). One member of a quiz bowl team Olmstead advised was David Goodman , another Millionaire top prize winner. Goodman had made a phone call to Olmstead during the filming of the show just before he was going for $2.18 Million.

On an episode of the game show 1 vs. 100, which aired on October 27, 2006, Olmstead appeared in the mob of 100 along with top prize winners John Carpenter and Nancy Christy opposing the singular contestant. All three were eliminated without winning any money. Olmstead was a contestant on the Grand Slam game show tournament, but was defeated by The Weakest Link champion Michelle Kitt in the opening round. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire - Game Show Central Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Who Wants to Be a Millionaire The questions that made them millionaires Here’s the list of Million-dollar questions, as answered correctly by the eleven big winners of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Answers at the bottom of the page. John Carpenter, Nov. 19 ’99: Which of these US Presidents appeared on the television series “Laugh-In”? A. Lyndon Johnson B. Richard Nixon C. Jimmy Carter D. Gerald Ford Dan Blonsky, Jan. 18 ’00: The earth is approximately how many miles from the sun? A. 9.3 million B. 39 million C. 93 million D.

193 million Joe Trela, Mar. 23 ’00: What insect shorted out an early supercomputer and inspired the term “computer bug”? A. Moth B. Roach C. Fly D. Japanese beetle Bob House, Jun. 13 ’00:Which of these men does not have a chemical element named for him? A. Albert Einstein B. Niels Bohr C. Issac Newton D. Enrico Fermi Kim Hunt, Jul. 6 ’00: Which of these landlocked countries is entirely contained within another country? A. Lesotho B. Burkina Faso C. Mongolia D. Luxembourg David Goodman, Jul. 12 ’00:In the children’s book series, where is Paddington Bear originally from? A. India B. Peru C. Canada D. Iceland Kevin Olmstead, Apr. 10 ’01 ($2,180,000): Who is credited with inventing the first mass-produced helicopter? A) Igor Sikorsky B) Elmer Sperry C) Ferdinand von Zeppelin D) Gottlieb Daimler Bernie Cullen, Apr.

15 ’01: What letter must appear at the beginning of the registration number of all non-military aircraft in the United States? A) N… B) A… C) U… D) L Ed Toutant, Sep. 7 ’01 ($1,860,000): During WWII, U.S. soldiers used the first commercial aerosol cans to hold what? A) Cleaning fluid B) Antiseptic C) Insecticide D) Shaving Cream Kevin Smith, Feb 2003: The U.S. icon “Uncle Sam” was based on Samuel Wilson, who worked during the war of 1812 as a what? A) Meat Inspector B) Mail deliverer C) Historian D) Weapons mechanic Nancy Christy, May 2003: Who did artist Grant Wood use as the model for the farmer in his classic painting “American Gothic”?

A) Traveling salesman B) Local sherriff C) His dentist D) His butcher Millionaire answers: Carpenter – (b); Blonsky – (c); Trela – (a); House – (c); Hunt – (a); Goodman – (b); Olmstead – (a); Cullen – (a); Toutant – (c); Smith – (a); Christy – (c). History of the Helicopter and Igor Sikorsky Driendl Group/ Stone/ Getty Images Updated February 03, 2016. During the mid 1500's, Italian inventor Leonardo Da Vinci made drawings of an ornithopter flying machine that some experts say inspired the modern day helicopter. In 1784, French inventor, Launoy and Bienvenue created a toy with a rotary-wing that could lift and fly and proved the principle of helicopter flight. Origins of the Name In 1863, the French writer Ponton D'Amecourt was the first person to coin the term "helicopter" from the two words "helico" for spiral and "pter" for wings.

The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu in 1907, however, this design was not successful. French inventor, Etienne Oehmichen built and flew a helicopter one kilometer in 1924. Another early helicopter that flew for a decent distance was the German Focke-Wulf Fw 61, invented by an unknown inventor. Igor Sikorsky Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. continue reading below our video Profile of Igor Sikorsky He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. One of aviation's greatest designers, Russian born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorsky's successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern single-rotor helicopters. He also designed and built the first military helicopter , XR-4, which he delivered to Colonel Franklin Gregory of the U.S. Army. Igor Sikorsky's helicopters had the control to fly safely forwards and backwards, up and down, and sideways.

In 1958, Igor Sikorsky's rotorcraft company made the world's first helicopter that had a boat hull and could land and takeoff from water. It could also float on the water. Stanley Hiller In 1944, American inventor Stanley Hiller, Jr. made the first helicopter with all metal rotorblades that were very stiff. They allowed helicopter to fly at speeds much faster than before. In 1949, Stanley Hiller piloted the first helicopter flight across the United States, flying a helicopter that he invented called the Hiller 360. In 1946, Arthur Young of the Bell Aircraft company, designed the Bell Model 47 helicopter, the first helicopter to have a full bubble canopy. How does a helicopter work? - Explain that Stuff Tweet by Chris Woodford . Last updated: August 8, 2016. No runway, no problem—have helicopter, will travel!

Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), father of the modern chopper, had no doubt at all about the brilliance of this amazing, flying machine, which he said was the closest thing to "fulfillment of mankind's ancient dreams of the flying horse and the magic carpet." Jet planes are wonderful for screaming us from one side of the planet to the other. But when it comes to tricky rescue missions—plucking stranded sailors from the sea, hurling tubs of water onto forest fires, plucking engineers off wind turbines, dashing the critically injured to hospital—nothing beats a chopper. According to science historians, inventors had been trying to develop flying machines with spinning rotors for over 2000 years before Sikorsky finally built the world's first practical helicopter in 1939. Why did it take so long? Because helicopters are incredibly complex machines—miracles of intricate engineering that take real skill to fly. How exactly do they work? Let's take a closer look! Photo: The US Navy's largest helicopter: the CH53-E Sikorsky Super Stallion. Each one costs almost $25 million! Picture by Joshua Adam Nuzzo courtesy of US Navy .

How does a helicopter stay in the air? The science of a helicopter is exactly the same as the science of an airplane : it works by generating lift—an upward-pushing force that overcomes its weight and sweeps it into the air. Planes make lift with airfoils (wings that have a curved cross-section). As they shoot forwards, their wings change the pressure and direction of the oncoming air, forcing it down behind them and powering them up into the sky: a plane's engines speed it forward, while its wings fling it up. The big problem with a plane is that lots of air has to race across its wings to generate enough lift; that means it needs large wings, it has to fly fast, and it needs a long runway for takeoff and landing. Photo: Right: Mighty rotors: You can see just how big and heavy a helicopter's rotors are in this picture. It takes four US marines to hold this rotor in place while it's being reattached after maintenance. Notice the curved front edge of the rotor blade that cuts like an airfoil as it spins around. Picture by Jeremy L. Grisham courtesy of US Navy .

Helicopters also make air move over airfoils to generate lift, but instead of having their airfoils in a single fixed wing, they have them built into their rotor blades, which spin around at high speed (roughly 500 RPM, revolutions per minute). The rotors are like thin wings, "running" on the spot, generating a massive downdraft of air that blows the helicopter upward. With skillful piloting, a helicopter can take off or land vertically, hover or spin on the spot, or drift gently in any direction—and you can't do any of that in a conventional plane. Key parts of a helicopter A typical helicopter has thousands of intricate components, but we only need to worry about a handful of the bigger bits. The main framework is called the fuselage and it's typically made from strong but relatively lightweight composite materials . It contains one or two engines, a transmission, and gearboxes, which power one or two main rotors and a much smaller tail rotor at the back. Artwork: A quick summary of the essential, mechanical parts of a helicopter. Each rotor blade (1) is connected to the hub (2) and rotating mast by a feathering hinge (3), which allows it to swivel.

A pitch link (a short rod) attached to each blade (4, orange) can tilt it to a steeper or shallower angle according to the position of the rotating upper swash plate (5, blue), which spins on bearings around the static lower swash plate (6, red). That's how a chopper hovers and steers and it's described in more detail later in this article. The two swash plates are moved up and down or tilted to the side by the pilot's cyclic and collective cockpit controls (not shown), which are explained below. The rotor is powered by a driveshaft (7) connected to a transmission and gearbox (8, red). The same transmission powers a second, longer driveshaft (9, yellow) connected to a gearbox that spins the tail rotor (10, orange). The power from both rotors comes from one or two turboshaft jet engines (11). Engines Although some small helicopters still use piston engines (also called reciprocating engines, similar to the ones used in cars and trucks), most now use gas turbines more like the jet engines on conventional airplanes. Turbine engines are smoother in operation (vibrating much less), more powerful, less mechanically complex, and more reliable.

Some helicopters have a single engine mounted horizontally, underneath and just behind the rotor; most small Bell helicopters, for example, work like this. Others have one engine mounted either side of the rotor mast; military Seahawk and Apache helicopters are powered this way. Most modern choppers have turboshaft engines, which are similar to normal jet engines on airplanes. However, instead of squirting out a hot jet of exhaust gas that thrusts them forward, they use the energy from the burning gas to spin a central turbine and driveshaft that powers the transmission (the mechanism that allows the engine to power the rotors). Our main article on jet engines tells you more about how turbojet engines work. Photo: Helicopter engine: Look under the rotor of this Seahawk helicopter. The long, gray tube between the two sets of numbers ("69") is a turboshaft jet engine. There's a second engine exactly the same on the other side. Photo by Trevor Kohlrus courtesy of US Navy . Main rotor The huge spinning rotor is the single most noticeable feature of any helicopter, but no chopper can get by with just one rotor. Why?

A basic principle of physics called Newton's third law of motion tells us that when a force (called an action) makes something move, another force, just as big (called a reaction), makes something else move in the opposite direction; action and reaction are equal and opposite is another way of putting it. As a helicopter rotor spins around (the action), the entire body of the craft tends to rotate somewhat more slowly in the opposite direction (the reaction). Left to its own devices, this torque (turning force) would make a helicopter completely uncontrollable, so we have to counteract it in some way with what's called counter-torque (a turning force in the opposite direction). One solution is to have a second large rotor spinning the other way. Sometimes this is mounted on the same mast as the first rotor (a design called a coaxial rotor); sometimes, as in the huge military Chinook helicopters, there's a large rotor at either end of the craft (a design called a tandem rotor). Photo: Tandem rotor: This military Boeing CH-47 Chinook has one rotor at the front and one at the back and they spin in opposite directions to cancel one another's torque. Photo by Tamara Vaughn courtesy of US Navy .

The blades of a helicopter's main rotor come in three basic kinds that allow increasing amounts of movement as they spin around: they're called rigid, semi-rigid, and fully articulated. As the name suggests, rigid blades are firmly attached to the rotor hub (the "wheel" to which the blades are fixed at the top of the spinning rotor mast) by a swiveling connection called a feathering hinge (or pitch hinge). This allows them to "feather" (swivel as they rotate, which, as we'll discover in a moment, is how a helicopter steers). Semi-rigid blades have the same feathering hinge, but they also have a teetering hinge (or flapping hinge) that lets them flap up and down. Fully articulated blades can feather and flap, and they also have a third hinge (a drag hinge) that allows them to move slightly ahead of ("lead") or behind ("lag") their normal position. Each of these blade types has advantages and drawbacks. Tail rotor Photo: The tail rotor of a Seahawk helicopter. The tail rotor is driven by a drive shaft running back from the main engines, parallel to the body of the helicopter.

If you look closely, you'll see that the blades of the rotor can be tilted by the pilot as they spin around, which generates more or less pushing force and gives the helicopter the ability to rotate on the spot as it hovers. Picture by James R. Evans courtesy of US Navy . Apart from adding a second large rotor, another way to counteract the torque from the main rotor is by using a small, sideways-pointing propeller called a tail rotor, powered by a driveshaft from the engine that runs through the tail end of the craft. Sometimes, for safety reasons, the tail rotor is built right inside the tail (a design called a fenestron or fan-tail). Another alternative is called a NOTAR® ("no tail rotor"), which uses a jet of air, fired through a vent on the tail, to counteract the main rotor torque instead. If a helicopter has a single main rotor blade, it has to have a tail rotor, fenestron, or NOTAR or it can't fly safely; similarly, any damage to the tail rotor—such as a bird strike or missile hit—makes a copter dangerously uncontrollable and usually results in it crashing quite quickly afterward.

Most helicopters have a vertical tail fin (pylon) that also helps to counteract some of the torque from the main rotor. How does a helicopter hover and steer? A helicopter's rotors are ingenious things that allow it to hover in mid-air or steer in any direction. The pilot has five basic movement and steering controls: two hand levers called the collective and cyclic pitch, a throttle, and two foot pedals. Most maneuvers that a pilot executes involve a complex interplay between these different controls, which is why flying a helicopter requires such skill and concentration. Hovering As they start to spin around, the airfoils on the rotor blades generate lift that overcomes the weight of the craft, pushing it up into the air. If the lift is greater than the weight, the helicopter climbs; if it's less than the weight, the helicopter falls. When the lift and the weight are exactly equal, the helicopter hovers in mid-air. The pilot can make the rotor blades generate more or less lift using a control called the collective pitch (or "collective"), which increases or decreases the angle ("pitch") that all the blades make to the oncoming air as they spin around.

For takeoff, the blades need to make a steep angle to generate maximum lift. How does that happen? As we've already seen, the main rotor is connected to the hub at the top of the mast by a feathering hinge that allows each blade to swivel as it spins, so it makes a steeper or shallower angle to the oncoming air. The blades have short vertical rods (pitch links) attached to them that are connected to a rotating metal disc called a swash plate, a bit lower down the mast. This swash plate slides on bearings around a second, similar plate directly underneath that doesn't rotate. When the pilot moves the collective one way, both swash plates move upward, pushing up on the pitch links that tilt the rotor blades to a steeper angle. Moving the collective the other way moves the swash plates back down, pulling on the pitch links and tilting the blades to a shallower angle. At the end of the collective, there's a throttle connected by a cable to the engine. This is like the accelerator of a car or the throttle of a motorbike, increasing or decreasing the engine speed so the rotor makes more or less lift.

Artwork: How a helicopter hovers and steers: Top drawing: The collective pitch control changes the angle (or pitch) of each of the rotor blades by the same amount at the same time (green arrows)—in other words, collectively. If the blades make a steeper angle, they generate more lift so the entire craft moves straight upward (orange arrow). Bottom drawing: The cyclic pitch control changes the angle of selective rotor blades as they spin, so (in this case) whichever blade is on the left always produces slightly more lift, while the opposite blade (shown here on the right) always produces slightly less lift. That means more lift is produced on the left side of the helicopter, so the overall lift (orange arrow) is tilted to the right, steering the entire helicopter in that direction. Steering The rotors also provide the steering for a helicopter by making more lift on one side than the other. They do this by swiveling back and forth (feathering) as they rotate, so, for example, they make a steeper angle when they're on the left side of the craft than when they're on the right.

That means they generate more lift on the left, tilting the craft over to the right and steering it in that direction. The pilot steers like this using a second lever called the cyclic pitch (also known as the "cyclic stick" or just "cyclic"), similar to a joystick, which makes the blades swivel as they cycle around. The ingenious swash plate mechanism translates the pilot's movements into appropriate movements of the rotor blades. Suppose the pilot wants to fly to the right. First, she moves the cyclic to the right, and a system of connected levers makes the two swash plates tilt to the right as well. This makes the rotor blades tilt to a steep angle when they're on the left and a shallow angle when they're on the right, so the rotor produces more lift on the left hand side, steering the craft to the right. Artwork: How the swash plate steers a helicopter. In the center, you can see a simplified view of the swash plate mechanism. There are two discs at the top of the rotor mast, an upper one (red) that rotates on ball bearings (orange) around a lower one (blue) that doesn't rotate at all.

Four pitch links (green) connect the upper swash plate to the rotor blades. Now suppose you want to fly to the right. You tilt the cyclic in that direction. That tilts both swash plates over to the right. As the rotor blades rotate, the tilted swash plates force the pitch links up when they're on the left and down when they're on the right. That makes each rotor blade tilt to a steeper angle when it's on the left and a shallower angle when it's on the right. This produces more lift on the left, steering the chopper to the right. The pilot can also steer the nose of a helicopter in a certain direction using a pair of foot controls, known as antitorque pedals, which change the pitch of the tail rotor blades so they make more or less sideways thrust than in normal straight flight. That makes the entire craft rotate slowly clockwise or counterclockwise so it heads in a different direction. On tandem rotor helicopters like the Chinook, which have no tail rotor, the foot pedals tilt the swashplates for the front and back rotors in opposite ways, steering the craft accordingly.

How helicopter rotors work Everyone knows a helicopter's rotors rotate (that's why they're called rotors). But the really clever thing about them is that the blades can swivel back and forth as they turn around—and that requires some amazingly intricate machinery. It's easy to mimic a helicopter with your arms and your body's hidden structure makes the movements seem easy. Stand up with your arms outstretched horizontally. Rotate your whole body slowly on the spot. As you're turning around, swivel your arms at the shoulders. That's roughly what a helicopter does with its blades, except that it does it about 3–4 times each second as the blades are spinning round! Here are the main bits that make it work: The blades are shaped like airfoils (airplane wings with a curved profile) so they generate lift as they spin. Each blade can swivel about a feathering hinge as it spins. Vertical pitch links push the blades up and down, making them swivel as they rotate. The pitch links move up and down according to the angle of the swash plates. The rotor mast (a central axle connected to the engine by the transmission) makes the entire blade assembly rotate.

The rotor hub cap (above the rotors) helps to reduce aerodynamic drag. There are two turbo-shaft jet engines, one on either side of the rotors. If one engine fails, there should still be enough power from the other engine to land the helicopter safely. Photo: Top: A US Navy engineer checks the rotor assembly on a Seahawk helicopter. Picture by Kathaleen A. Knowles courtesy of US Navy with annotations by Explain that Stuff. Bottom: An engineer repairs the amazingly intricate and complex rotor mechanism of a Seahawk, viewed here from directly above. The engines are the two open cones on either side. You can also see two of the rotor blades folded back along the fuselage (and pointing upward in this picture), which means the Seahawk can be parked on aircraft carriers in much less space. Photo by Oliver Cole courtesy of US Navy . How Sikorsky designed the modern helicopter rotor All this sounds ingenious—and it is! The person who made it possible was brilliant Russian-born inventor Igor Sikorsky.

Here are two of his original helicopter design drawings, taken from the patent for a Direct Lift Aircraft (helicopter) he filed in June 1931: Notice how similar the mechanism is to what we find on a modern helicopter? The patent is extremely detailed and quite complex (you can check it out for yourself), so I've removed most of the labels and numbers and highlighted just a few key features: There's an aileron at the end of each rotor blade, shown in orange. The ailerons can be tilted (as they rotate) by the blue rods. There are two main rotor blades (which Sikorsky referred to collectively as the "lift propeller." The entire rotor blades can swivel on the green rods and can also be tilted as they rotate. The main rotor blade rotates around a central hub (yellow) with an engine beneath it. A single engine powers both the main rotor blade and the tail rotor. One of Sikorsky's key innovations was to produce a helicopter that needed only one main rotor blade, with a tail rotor to balance it, for reasons discussed below.

As Sikorsky noted in his patent, having only one rotor means a helicopter is "light in weight, simple to construct, and cheap to produce"—three powerful advantages over earlier designs! Artwork: Igor Sikorsky's original patent drawings, with colors and annotations added for clarity. From US Patent #1,994,488: Direct Lift Aircraft , courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office. Advantages and disadvantages of helicopters Choppers have lots of advantages over planes. You don't need a runway, for starters, or big wings, and you can operate helicopters more easily from ships. From the center of a city to the middle of a jungle, you can take off or land more or less anywhere. You can pause, mid-flight, to rescue someone, pick up a load, or drop it off with a winch. Admittedly, you can't usually fly as fast or as far as a plane, or carry as many people or as much cargo, but you have much more flexibility in where you can go.

Photo: Alternatives to a helicopter#1: Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft, like the famous Harrier, shown here, try to combine the maneuverability of a helicopter with the speed of a plane. A Harrier can hover because, unlike a traditional jet engine, it has four extra nozzles on the side that can swivel around to direct the engine's exhaust gases straight downward. Picture by Staci Bitzer courtesy of US Navy . Unfortunately, this versatility comes at a price: helicopters with spinning rotors are mechanically more complex than planes with static wings, more prone to failure, need more maintenance, and are expensive to operate. Since you can fly a helicopter in all kinds of ways—it's effectively several different flying craft all rolled into one—you might think piloting a chopper is automatically harder than flying a plane. But there's no real comparison, because they're two totally different things. Photos: Alternatives to a helicopter#2: Bell Boeing's V-22 Osprey has huge rotors at the front that can be tilted to point upward (like a helicopter) or forward (like a plane), combining the advantages of both in a single aircraft.

Photos (left to right) by Andy M. Kin , Oscar Espinoza , and Zachary L. Borden , all courtesy of US Navy. A brief history of helicopters 400BCE: A Chinese book reveals how to make a "flying top" helicopter toy using spinning feathers attached to the end of a stick. You spin the stick quickly between your hands, hurl it into the air, and the feathers make it fly. 1483: Italian inventor Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) designs a helicopter with corkscrew-shaped propeller blades to pull it up through the air. He doesn't build it, however. 1754: Russian engineer Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) builds a small working model showing how a gear mechanism can drive a pair of coaxial, counter-rotating helicopter blades. 1796: British aircraft pioneer Sir George Cayley (1773–1857) builds spring- and elastic-powered models of helicopters that fly to impressive heights (tens of meters).

Later, in 1843, he sketches plans for a full-scale helicopter with two rotors, but the steam engines available at that time are much too heavy to power it. 1880s: American inventor genius Thomas Edison (1847–1931) experiments with model helicopters, including some driven by electricity , his favorite source of power. 1901: Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), a Russian aircraft engineer, builds himself a working model helicopter powered by a rubber band. It's the beginning of a life's obsession with helicopters—one that will change the world. 1904: Frenchman Charles Richet (1850–1935) builds a small helicopter, but it doesn't carry a pilot. 1907. Frenchman Louis Breguet (1880–1955), a student of Charles Richet, and his brother build a quadrotor helicopter (the Breguet-Richet gyroplane ) with a rotor at each corner. It can fly about a meter off the ground for a minute or so at a time.

Later the same year, another Frenchman, Paul Cornu (1881-1944), builds a small helicopter that can lift off for about 20 seconds. 1916: Austrian aerodynamic genius Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963) helps to design a helicopter called the Petróczy, Kármán and Žurovec-1 (PKZ-1), driven by an electric motor , that proves powerful enough to lift three men. 1920: Spaniard Juan de la Cierva (1895–1936) invents the autogyro, a small, flying airplane with a rotor on top. 1931: After many years of experimenting, Igor Sikorsky designs and patents a practical, working helicopter. He finally builds and flies a version of it, the VS-300 , in 1939. 1942: Sikorsky's R-4 becomes the world's first mass-produced helicopter. 1950–1953: Helicopters demonstrate their true military potential for the first time during the Korean War.

1951: Charles Kaman builds the K-225 , the first gas-turbine engined helicopter. Three years later, he builds the first twin-turbine helicopter, the HTK-1, for the US Navy. 1961: Boeing's fast, cargo-carrying tandem rotor CH-47 Chinook helicopter makes its maiden flight (entering production the following year). It can manage loads of up to 10 tonnes. 1964: Frenchman Paul Fabre of Sud Aviation develops the fenestron. 1967: Two Sikorsky S-61R helicopters make the first ever non-stop, transatlantic flight from New York City to Paris, France in a time of 30 hours 46 minutes. 1981: NOTAR® (no tail rotor) is tested for the first time on a Hughes OH-6A helicopter. 1988: Bell-Boeing begins production of its V-22 Osprey, a tilt-rotor aircraft that can take off like a helicopter but fly like a plane.

1989: The McDonald Douglas 520N, the first mass-produced NOTAR® helicopter, makes its maiden flight on December 28, 1989.

Question: Who is credited with inventing the first mass-produced helicopter?
Answer: Igor Sikorsky