Measles: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) illness caused by a virus. Causes Measles is spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. Sneezing and coughing can put contaminated droplets into the air. If one person has the measles, 90% of the people who come in contact with that person will get the measles, unless they are protected. People who had measles or who have been vaccinated against measles are protected from the disease. Vaccination works so well that in 2000, measles had been eliminated in the United States. However, unvaccinated people who travel to other countries where measles is common have brought the disease back to the United States. This has led to recent outbreaks of measles in groups of people who are unvaccinated. Some parents do not let their children get vaccinated. This is because of unfounded fears that the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, can cause autism. Parents and caregivers should know that: Large studies of thousands of children have found no connection between this or any vaccine and autism.

Reviews by all major health organizations in the United States, Great Britain, and elsewhere all found NO LINK between the MMR vaccine and autism. The study that had first reported a risk of autism from this vaccine has been proven to be fraudulent. The most recent measles outbreak started in Disneyland Resort in California. Between January 1 and April 3, 2015, 159 people from 18 states and the Distict of Columbia have been reported to have measles: Arizona Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment - Medical News Today Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Rubella is an infection caused by the rubella virus; it can cause severe harm to the unborn child. The number of rubella cases has fallen dramatically, thanks to vaccination programs, but the battle against this infection is not yet won. The symptoms of rubella (also known as German measles ) are often so mild that more than half of people with the infection do not even notice that they have contracted it.1 However, rubella contracted during early pregnancy can cause substantial negative outcomes for the unborn child. This is known as congenital rubella syndrome.

Rubella is a preventable disease; the vaccine is often given in conjunction with measles and mumps (MMR vaccine). Before the vaccine was widely available, the US would see widespread outbreaks every 6-9 years. In Europe, outbreaks would occur every 3-5 years. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Americas officially free of rubella transmission on 29 April 2015, the current rate of vaccination is only around 80%. Because the disease can arrive with overseas travelers, it is essential to maintain a high rate of immunization. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of rubella. Contents of this article: Fast facts on rubella Here are some key points about rubella. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.

"Rubella" is Latin for "little red" Rubella is viral and predominantly transmitted by coughs The rubella virus can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus Roughly half of rubella cases present very few symptoms The predominant symptom of rubella is a rash, but other symptoms include a runny nose, headache and fever Rubella in pregnant women can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the unborn child Congenital rubella syndrome is the leading cause of congenital deafness Diagnosis can be made by testing blood or saliva samples There are no medications that shorten the rubella infection The rubella vaccination is the only way to prevent the disease. What is rubella? Rubella's rash is less bright than measles but itchier. Image credit: CDC Characterized by a red rash, "rubella" is Latin for "little red." The rash from which it gets its name is generally less bright than measles but can be itchy. Rubella was first described as a separate disease from measles by scientists in Germany, hence its alternative name - German measles. The virus replicates in the lymph nodes and the nasopharynx (the tube connecting the nasal cavity and the soft palate) and is transmitted via coughs.

An individual with rubella is contagious for 1 week before the rash arrives and for 1 week after. Between 5 and 7 days after infection, the virus can be found in the blood as it spreads throughout the body. The rubella virus is capable of passing through the placenta and has teratogenic (mutation-causing) properties. The virus can destroy cells, or prevent them from dividing - this causes congenital rubella syndrome. Rubella rarely strikes in young infants or people over 40. In general, the older the individual, the worse the symptoms of rubella will be. Symptoms of rubella Around half of rubella cases pass unnoticed. For infections that are serious enough to take hold, the major symptom is a pinkish-red rash that appears 2-3 weeks after exposure to the virus.2 The rash often starts on the face and moves to the trunk and limbs. After 3 days of the rash, it fades and disappears, hence one of its alternative names - 3-day measles. Other symptoms of rubella include: Stuffy or runny nose Mild fever (102 °F or lower) Inflamed, red eyes Lymph nodes enlarged and tender Joint aches.

Congenital rubella syndrome Congenital rubella syndrome occurs when a pregnant woman contracts the rubella virus and it passes through the placenta to the unborn child. The infection can trigger miscarriage or stillbirth, or cause severe damage to the developing fetus. Congenital rubella syndrome is the leading cause of congenital deafness. If infected during the first trimester, there is a 51% chance that the fetus will be affected. This likelihood drops to 23% if infected 13-26 weeks after conception. Worldwide, there are an estimated 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome every year.3 Often, more than one defect can arise, with deafness being the most common. These effects on the infant can include:4 Cataracts due to congenital rubella syndrome. Image credit: CDC German Measles (Rubella): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments Read This Next What Is German Measles? German measles, also known as rubella, is a viral infection that causes a red rash on the body. Aside from the rash, people with German measles usually have a fever and swollen lymph nodes.

The infection can spread from person to person through contact with droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough. This means that you can get German measles if you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes after touching something that has droplets from an infected person on it. You may also get German measles by sharing food or drinks with someone who’s infected. German measles is rare in the United States. With the introduction of the rubella vaccine in the late 1960s, the incidence of German measles significantly declined. However, the condition is still common in many other parts of the world. It mainly affects children, more commonly those between 5 and 9 years old, but it can also occur in adults. German measles is typically a mild infection that goes away within one week, even without treatment. However, it can be a serious condition in pregnant women, as it may cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. Congenital rubella syndrome can disrupt the development of the baby and cause serious birth defects, such as heart abnormalities, deafness, and brain damage. It’s important to get treatment right away if you’re pregnant and suspect you have German measles. What Are the Symptoms of German Measles?

The symptoms of German measles are often so mild that they're difficult to notice. When symptoms do occur, they usually develop within two to three weeks after the initial exposure to the virus. They often last about three to seven days and may include: pink or red rash that begins on the face and then spreads downward to the rest of the body mild fever, usually under 102°F swollen and tender lymph nodes runny or stuffy nose stiff neck What Causes German Measles? German measles is caused by the rubella virus. This is a highly contagious virus that can spread through close contact or through the air. It may pass from person to person through contact with tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat when sneezing and coughing. This means that you can get the virus by inhaling the droplets of an infected person or touching an object contaminated with the droplets. German measles can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her developing baby through the bloodstream. People who have German measles are most contagious from the week before the rash appears until about two weeks after the rash goes away. They can spread the virus before they even know that they have it. Who Is at Risk for German Measles?

German measles is extremely rare in the United States, thanks to vaccines that typically provide lifelong immunity to the rubella virus. Most cases of German measles occur in people who live in countries that don't offer routine immunization against rubella. The rubella vaccine is usually given to children when they’re between 12 and 15 months old, and then again when they’re between ages 4 and 6. This means that infants and young toddlers who haven’t yet received all vaccines have a greater risk of getting German measles. To avoid complications during pregnancy, many women who become pregnant are given a blood test to confirm immunity to rubella. It’s important to contact your doctor immediately if you've never received the vaccine and think you might have been exposed to rubella. How Does German Measles Affect Pregnant Women? When a woman contracts German measles during pregnancy, the virus can be passed on to her developing baby through her bloodstream. This is called congenital rubella syndrome. Congenital rubella syndrome is a serious health concern, as it can cause miscarriages and stillbirths.

It can also cause birth defects in babies who are carried to term, including: delayed growth deafness poorly functioning organs Women of childbearing age should have their immunity to rubella tested before becoming pregnant. If a vaccine is needed, it’s important to get it at least 28 days before trying to conceive. How Is German Measles Diagnosed? Since German measles appears similar to other viruses that cause rashes, your doctor will confirm your diagnosis with a blood test. This can check for the presence of different types of rubella antibodies in your blood. Antibodies are proteins that recognize and destroy harmful substances, such as viruses and bacteria. The test results can indicate whether you currently have the virus or are immune to it. How Is German Measles Treated? Most cases of German measles are treated at home. Your doctor may tell you to rest in bed and to take acetaminophen (Tylenol), which can help relieve discomfort from fever and aches. They may also recommend that you stay home from work or school to prevent spreading the virus to others. Pregnant women may be treated with antibodies called hyperimmune globulin that can fight off the virus. This can help reduce your symptoms.

However, there’s still a chance that your baby will develop congenital rubella syndrome. Babies who are born with congenital rubella will require treatment from a team of specialists. Talk to your doctor if you’re concerned about passing German measles on to your baby. How Can I Prevent German Measles? For most people, vaccination is a safe and effective way to prevent German measles. The rubella vaccine is typically combined with vaccines for the measles and mumps as well as varicella, the virus that causes chicken pox . These vaccines are usually given to children who are between 12 and 15 months old. A booster shot will be needed again when children are between ages 4 and 6. Since the vaccines contain small doses of the virus, mild fevers and rashes may occur. If you don’t know whether you’ve been vaccinated for German measles, it’s important to have your immunity tested, especially if you: are a woman of childbearing age and aren’t pregnant attend an educational facility work in a medical facility or school plan to travel to a country that doesn’t offer immunization against rubella While the rubella vaccine usually isn’t harmful, the virus in the shot could cause adverse reactions in some people.

You shouldn’t be vaccinated if you have a weak immune system due to another illness, are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant within the next month. Rubella (German Measles) Rubella (German Measles) Rubéola About Rubella Rubella — commonly known as German measles or 3-day measles — is an infection that mostly affects the skin and lymph nodes. It is caused by the rubella virus (not the same virus that causes measles ). Rubella spreads when people breathe in virus-infected fluid, such as the droplets sprayed into the air when a person with rubella sneezes or coughs, or share food or drink with someone who's infected. It also can pass through a pregnant woman's bloodstream to infect her unborn child. It's a generally mild disease in children; the primary medical danger of rubella is the infection of pregnant women because it can cause congenital rubella syndrome in developing babies. Before a vaccine against rubella became available in 1969, rubella epidemics happened every 6-9 years, usually among kids 5 to 9 years old, along with many cases of congenital rubella.

Thanks to immunization, there are far fewer cases of rubella and congenital rubella. Most rubella infections today appear in young, non-immunized adults rather than in kids. In fact, experts estimate that 10% of young adults are currently susceptible to rubella, which could pose a danger to any children they might have someday. Signs and Symptoms Rubella infection may begin with 1-2 days of mild fever (99-100°F, 37.2–37.8°C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. A rash then begins on the face and spreads downward. As it spreads, it usually clears on the face. The rubella rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notices. It can look like many other viral rashes, appearing as either pink or light red spots, which may merge to form evenly colored patches. The rash can itch and lasts up to 3 days. As the rash clears, the affected skin might shed in very fine flakes.

Other symptoms of rubella (these are more common in teens and adults) can include headache, loss of appetite, mild conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eyelids and eyeballs), a stuffy or runny nose, swollen lymph nodes in other parts of the body, and pain and swelling in the joints (especially in young women). Many people with rubella have few or no symptoms. Rubella in a pregnant woman can cause congenital rubella syndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for the developing fetus. Children who are infected with rubella before birth are at risk for growth problems; intellectual disability; defects of the heart and eyes; deafness; and liver, spleen, and bone marrow problems. continue Contagiousness The rubella virus passes from person to person through tiny drops of fluid from the nose and throat through sneezing and coughing. People who have rubella are most contagious from 1 week before to 1 week after the rash appears. Someone who is infected but has no symptoms can still spread the virus.

Infants who have congenital rubella syndrome can shed the virus in urine and fluid from the nose and throat for a year or more and may pass the virus to people who have not been immunized. Prevention Rubella can be prevented by the rubella vaccine. Widespread immunization against rubella is critical to controlling the spread of the disease, thereby preventing birth defects caused by congenital rubella syndrome. The vaccine is usually given to children at 12–15 months of age as part of the scheduled measles- mumps -rubella (MMR) immunization. A second dose of MMR usually is given at 4–6 years of age. As with all immunization schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. For example, if your child will be traveling outside the United States, the vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age. Talk to your child's doctor to see when the vaccine is needed. The rubella vaccine should not be given to pregnant women or to a woman who may become pregnant within 1 month of receiving the vaccine. If you are thinking about becoming pregnant, make sure that you're immune to rubella through a blood test or proof of immunization.

If you're not immune, you should receive the vaccine at least 1 month before you become pregnant. Pregnant women who are not immune should avoid anyone who has the illness and should be vaccinated after delivery so that they will be immune during any future pregnancies. Incubation The incubation period for rubella is 14–23 days, with an average incubation period of 16–18 days. This means that it can take 2–3 weeks for a child to get rubella after being exposed to someone with the disease. previous continue Duration The rubella rash usually lasts 3 days. Lymph nodes may remain swollen for a week or more, and joint pain can last for more than 2 weeks. Children who have rubella usually recover within 1 week, but adults may take longer. Treatment Rubella cannot be treated with antibiotics because they do not work against viral infections. Unless there are complications, rubella will get better on its own. Any pregnant woman who has been exposed to rubella should contact her obstetrician immediately. Rubella usually is mild in kids, who often can be cared for at home. Monitor your child's temperature and call the doctor if the fever climbs too high.

To ease minor discomfort, you can give your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen . Remember, you should never give aspirin to a child who has a viral illness, as its use in such cases has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome . When to Call the Doctor Call your doctor if your child appears to be getting sicker than the mild course of symptoms described above. Rubella (German Measles)-Topic Overview Rubella (German Measles) Rubella (German Measles) - Topic Overview Rubella (German Measles) Credits What is rubella? Rubella is a very contagious (easily spread) illness caused by the rubella virus. It is usually a mild illness. But in rare cases, it may cause more serious problems. If you are pregnant and get infected with the rubella virus, your baby ( fetus ) could become infected too. This can cause birth defects , including serious defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). CRS can cause hearing loss , eye problems , heart problems, and other complications. Rubella also is called German measles or 3-day measles . What causes rubella?

The rubella virus most often is spread through droplets of fluid from the mouth , nose, or eyes of someone who has the infection. A person who has the infection can spread these droplets by coughing , sneezing , talking, or sharing food or drinks. You can get infected by touching something that has the droplets on it and then touching your eyes , nose, or mouth before washing your hands. If you have rubella, you are most likely to spread it a few days before the rash starts until 5 to 7 days after the rash first appears. But you can spread the virus even if you don't have any symptoms. If you've had rubella, it is very unlikely that you will get it again. What are the symptoms? Symptoms of rubella may include: A mild fever. Swollen glands (lymph nodes), especially behind the ear and at the back of the head. A mild rash that starts on the face and spreads to the neck, the chest, and the rest of the body. Adults, especially women, also may have joint pain . Older children and teens also may have eye pain , a sore throat , and body aches. Young children may have only a rash.

Symptoms may not start until 14 to 21 days after you've been near someone who has the infection. Some people don't have symptoms. How is rubella diagnosed? A blood test can help your doctor find out if a recent infection you've had was caused by the rubella virus. The test also shows if you have been immunized against rubella or are immune to the virus. Continued How is it treated? Rubella usually gets better with home care. Use medicines to reduce fever and body aches. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than age 20. It has been linked to Reye syndrome , a serious illness. Drink extra fluids. Get plenty of rest. Stay away from other people, especially pregnant women, as much as you can so that you don't spread the illness. If you or your child has rubella, don't go to work, school, or day care for 7 days after the rash first appears. 1 If you are exposed to the rubella virus while you're pregnant, talk to your doctor. He or she may give you a shot of immunoglobulin (IG) if testing shows that you are not immune. IG doesn't prevent infection, but it may make symptoms less severe.

It also lowers the chance of birth defects, although it doesn't always prevent them. Children with congenital rubella syndrome have been born to mothers who have received IG. Can rubella be prevented? The rubella vaccine protects at least 9 out of 10 immunized people from getting this illness. 1 In the United States, the vaccine is part of the MMR ( measles , mumps , and rubella) and MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella [chickenpox]) vaccines . Most children get the vaccine as part of their regular shots. Outbreaks may occur in people who haven't gotten the vaccine. This is more likely to happen in college, military, health care , and child care settings and among people who have recently moved to the United States from other countries. 1 If you are planning to become pregnant and don't know if you're immune to rubella, get a blood test to find out. If you're not immune, you can safely get the rubella vaccine up to 1 month before you become pregnant. If you're not immune and didn't get the vaccine before you became pregnant, take extra care to avoid contact with the virus.

Avoid the saliva of babies and young children, and wash your hands often. WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.© 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Pagination Measles | definition of measles by Medical dictionary Measles | definition of measles by Medical dictionary Related to measles: rash , measles vaccine Measles Definition Measles is an infection caused by a virus, which causes an illness displaying a characteristic skin rash known as an exanthem. Measles is also sometimes called rubeola, 5-day measles, or hard measles. Description Measles infections appear all over the world. Prior to the current effective immunization program, large-scale measles outbreaks occurred on a two to three-year cycle, usually in the winter and spring. Smaller outbreaks occurred during the off-years. Babies up to about eight months of age are usually protected from contracting measles, due to immune cells they receive from their mothers in the uterus.

Once someone has had measles infection, he or she can never get it again. Causes and symptoms Measles is caused by a type of virus called a paramyxovirus. It is an extremely contagious infection, spread through the tiny droplets that may spray into the air when an individual carrying the virus sneezes or coughs. About 85% of those people exposed to the virus will become infected with it. About 95% of those people infected with the virus will develop the illness called measles. Once someone is infected with the virus, it takes about 7-18 days before he or she actually becomes ill. The most contagious time period is the three to five days before symptoms begin through about four days after the characteristic measles rash has begun to appear. The first signs of measles infection are fever , extremely runny nose, red, runny eyes, and a cough . A few days later, a rash appears in the mouth, particularly on the mucous membrane which lines the cheeks. This rash consists of tiny white dots (like grains of salt or sand) on a reddish bump. These are called Koplik's spots, and are unique to measles infection. The throat becomes red, swollen, and sore.

A couple of days after the appearance of the Koplik's spots, the measles rash begins. It appears in a characteristic progression, from the head, face, and neck, to the trunk, then abdomen, and next out along the arms and legs. The rash starts out as flat, red patches, but eventually develops some bumps. The rash may be somewhat itchy. When the rash begins to appear, the fever usually climbs higher, sometimes reaching as high as 105°F (40.5°C). There may be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and multiple swollen lymph nodes. The cough is usually more problematic at this point, and the patient feels awful. The rash usually lasts about five days. As it fades, it turns a brownish color, and eventually the affected skin becomes dry and flaky. Many patients (about 5-15%) develop other complications. Bacterial infections, such as ear infections, sinus infections, and pneumonia are common, especially in children. Other viral infections may also strike the patient, including croup , bronchitis, laryngitis, or viral pneumonia. Inflammation of the liver, appendix, intestine, or lymph nodes within the abdomen may cause other complications.

Rarely, inflammations of the heart or kidneys, a drop in platelet count (causing episodes of difficult-to-control bleeding), or reactivation of an old tuberculosis infection can occur. An extremely serious complication of measles infection is swelling of the brain. Called encephalitis , this can occur up to several weeks after the basic measles symptoms have resolved. About one out of every thousand patients develops this complication, and about 10-15% of these patients die. Symptoms include fever, headache , sleepiness, seizures, and coma . Long-term problems following recovery from measles encephalitis may include seizures and mental retardation . A very rare complication of measles can occur up to 10 years following the initial infection. Called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis , this is a slowly progressing, smoldering swelling and destruction of the entire brain. It is most common among people who had measles infection prior to the age of two years. Symptoms include changes in personality, decreased intelligence with accompanying school problems, decreased coordination, involuntary jerks and movements of the body. The disease progresses so that the individual becomes increasingly dependent, ultimately becoming bedridden and unaware of his or her surroundings.

Blindness may develop, and the temperature may spike (rise rapidly) and fall unpredictably as the brain structures responsible for temperature regulation are affected. Death is inevitable. Measles during pregnancy is a serious disease, leading to increased risk of a miscarriage or stillbirth . In addition, the mother's illness may progress to pneumonia. Diagnosis Measles infection is almost always diagnosed based on its characteristic symptoms, including Koplik's spots, and a rash which spreads from central body structures out towards the arms and legs. If there is any doubt as to the diagnosis, then a specimen of body fluids (mucus, urine) can be collected and combined with fluorescent-tagged measles virus antibodies. Antibodies are produced by the body's immune cells that can recognize and bind to markers (antigens) on the outside of specific organisms, in this case the measles virus. Once the fluorescent antibodies have attached themselves to the measles antigens in the specimen, the specimen can be viewed under a special microscope to verify the presence of measles virus. Treatment There are no treatments available to stop measles infection. Treatment is primarily aimed at helping the patient to be as comfortable as possible, and watching carefully so that antibiotics can be started promptly if a bacterial infection develops.

Fever and discomfort can be treated with acetaminophen . Children with measles should never be given aspirin , as this has caused the fatal disease Reye's syndrome in the past. A cool-mist vaporizer may help decrease the cough. Patients should be given a lot of liquids to drink, in order to avoid dehydration from the fever. Some studies have shown that children with measles encephalitis benefit from relatively large doses of vitamin A. Alternative treatment Botanical immune enhancement (with echinacea , for example) can assist the body in working through this viral infection. Homeopathic support also can be effective throughout the course of the illness. Some specific alternative treatments to soothe patients with measles include the Chinese herbs bupleurum (Bupleurum chinense) and peppermint (Mentha piperita), as well as a preparation made from empty cicada (Cryptotympana atrata) shells. The itchiness of the rash can be relieved with witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), chickweed (Stellaria media), or oatmeal baths. The eyes can be soothed with an eyewash made from the herb eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis).

Practitioners of ayurvedic medicine recommend ginger or clove tea. Prognosis The prognosis for an otherwise healthy, well-nourished child who contracts measles is usually quite good. In developing countries, however, death rates may reach 15-25%. Adolescents and adults usually have a more difficult course. Women who contract the disease while pregnant may give birth to a baby with hearing impairment. Although only 1 in 1,000 patients with measles will develop encephalitis, 10-15% of those who do will die, and about another 25% will be left with permanent brain damage. Prevention Measles is a highly preventable infection. A very effective vaccine exists, made of live measles viruses which have been treated so that they cannot cause actual infection. The important markers on the viruses are intact, however, which causes an individual's immune system to react. Immune cells called antibodies are produced, which in the event of a future infection with measles virus will quickly recognize the organism, and kill it off.

Measles vaccines are usually given at about 15 months of age; because prior to that age, the baby's immune system is not mature enough to initiate a reaction strong enough to insure long-term protection from the virus. A repeat injection should be given at about 10 or 11 years of age. Outbreaks on college campuses have occurred among unimmunized or incorrectly immunized students. Measles vaccine should not be given to a pregnant woman, however, in spite of the seriousness of gestational measles. The reason for not giving this particular vaccine during pregnancy is the risk of transmitting measles to the unborn child. Surprisingly, new cases of measles began being reported in some countries—including Great Britain—in 2001 because of parents' fears about vaccine safety. The combined vaccine for measles, mumps , and rubella (MMR) was claimed to cause autism or bowel disorders in some children. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) says there is no scientific merit to these claims. The United Nations expressed concern that unwarranted fear of the vaccine would begin spreading the disease in developing countries, and ultimately in developed countries as well.

Parents in Britain began demanding the measles vaccine as a separate dose and scientists were exploring that option as an alternative to the combined MMR vaccine. Unfortunately, several children died during an outbreak of measles in Dublin because they had not received the vaccine. Child mortality due to measles is considered largely preventable, and making the MMR vaccine widely available in developing countries is part of WHO's strategy to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by the year 2015. Key terms Antibodies — Cells made by the immune system which have the ability to recognize foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses), and thus stimulate the immune system to kill them. Antigens — Markers on the outside of such organisms as bacteria and viruses, which allow antibodies to recognize foreign invaders. Encephalitis — Swelling, inflammation of the brain. Exanthem (plural, exanthems or exanthemata) — A skin eruption regarded as a characteristic sign of such diseases as measles, German measles, and scarlet fever. Koplik's spots — Tiny spots occurring inside the mouth, especially on the inside of the cheek. These spots consist of minuscule white dots (like grains of salt or sand) set onto a reddened bump. Unique to measles.

Resources Books Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD, editors. "Viral Infections: Measles." Section 19, Chapter 265. In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004. Periodicals Chiba, M. E., M. Saito, N. Suzuki, et al. "Measles Infection in Pregnancy." Journal of Infection 47 (July 2003): 40-44. Jones, G., R. W. Steketee, R. E. Black, et al. "How Many Child Deaths Can We Prevent This Year?" Lancet 362 (July 5, 2003): 65-71. McBrien, J., J. Murphy, D. Gill, et al. "Measles Outbreak in Dublin, 2000." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 22 (July 2003): 580-584. "Measles—United States, 2000.

(From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 9 (March 6, 2002): 1105-1112. Scott, L. A., and M. S. Stone. "Viral Exanthems." Dermatology Online Journal 9 (August 2003): 4. Sur, D. K., D. H. Wallis, and T. X. O'Connell. "Vaccinations in Pregnancy." American Family Physician 68 (July 15, 2003): 299-304. "WHO: Vaccine Fears Could Lead to Unnecessary Deaths." Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA March 17, 2002: 11. Organizations American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007. (847) 434-4000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30333.

(800) 311-3435, (404) 639-3311. measles [me´z'lz] a highly contagious illness caused by a virus; it is usually a childhood disease but can be contracted at any age. Epidemics usually recur every 2 or 3 years and are most common in the winter and spring. In spite of the availability of a vaccine and intensive effort on the part of public health personnel to eradicate the disease, measles continues to occur in the United States. Called also rubeola . Cause. The virus that causes measles is spread by droplet infection and can also be picked up by touching an article, such as a handkerchief, that an infected person has recently used. The incubation period is usually 11 days, although it may be as few as 9 or as many as 14. The patient can transmit the disease from 3 or 4 days before the rash appears until the rash begins to fade, a total of about 7 or 8 days. One attack of measles usually gives lifetime immunity to rubeola, although not to German measles ( rubella ), a somewhat similar disease. Symptoms.

Measles symptoms generally appear in two stages. In the first stage the patient feels tired and uncomfortable, and may have a running nose, a cough, a slight fever, and pains in the head and back. The eyes may become reddened and sensitive to light. The fever rises a little each day. The second stage begins at the end of the third or beginning of the fourth day. The patient's temperature is generally between 38° and 40°C (103° and 104°F). Koplik's spots, small white dots like grains of salt surrounded by inflamed areas, can often be seen on the gums and the inside of the cheeks. A rash appears, starting at the hairline and behind the ears and spreading downward, covering the body in about 36 hours. At first the rash consists of separate pink spots, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, but later some of the spots may run together, giving the patient a blotchy look. The fever usually subsides after the rash has spread. The rash turns brownish and fades after 3 or 4 days.

The most serious complication of rubeola is encephalitis, which occurs in about 0.1 per cent of all cases and is responsible for an estimated 600 cases of mental retardation each year. Other complications include pneumonia, otitis media, and mastoiditis. Patient Care. The patient should be kept in bed as long as the rash and fever continue, and should get as much rest as possible. Aspirin, nose drops, and cough medicine may be prescribed during this stage. Water and fluids can be given for fever. The sickroom should be well ventilated and fairly warm. If the patient's eyes are sensitive to light, strong sunlight should be kept out of the room. The rash may itch a great deal and prevent the patient from resting. If so, calamine lotion, cornstarch solution, or plain cool water will afford some relief. If the itching continues, antihistamine drugs may be necessary. Measles can greatly lower resistance to other infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and ear infection.

If the patient's temperature remains high for more than 2 days after the rash fades, or if he complains of pain in the ear, throat, chest, or abdomen, medical attention should be obtained without delay. The person with measles should be placed under respiratory precautions until the fifth day of the rash. Anyone with a cold or cough should be kept away from the patient because another infection can cause serious complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend continuing respiratory isolation precautions for 4 days after start of the rash, except in immunocompromised patients, with whom precautions should be maintained for the duration of the illness. Prevention. The first measles vaccine was developed and made available in the early 1960s. It consisted of killed virus and is now known to have conferred little or no immunity and, in addition, made the person susceptible to the development of atypical measles when exposed to the disease. Children who received this type of vaccine should be given the newer live vaccine in order to be protected against the disease. The live measles virus vaccine confers lifelong immunity in 95 per cent of those who receive potent vaccine. A 12 to 20 per cent potency failure can occur when the vaccine is not stored and refrigerated properly.

The live vaccine usually is given when the child is 15 months of age. Until then the child is protected by the temporary immunity acquired from its mother. If the vaccine is given before 15 months, the temporary immunity of the mother may prevent active immunity from taking place in the child. Children must be given the vaccine before exposure to measles, or within 48 hours after exposure; otherwise the vaccine is ineffective. If the vaccine cannot be given to a child exposed to measles, measles immune globulin (MIG) or the standard immune serum globulin is given; a waiting period of 3 months is then necessary before the measles vaccine is given. The vaccine is contraindicated during pregnancy. German measles (three-day measles) rubella . mea·sles (mē'zĕlz), 1.

An acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus (genus Morbillivirus), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, and marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, a catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized dusky red maculopapular eruption; the eruption occurs early on the buccal mucous membrane in the form of Koplik spots, a manifestation useful in early diagnosis; average incubation period is from 10-12 days. Recovery is usually rapid, but respiratory complications and otitis media caused by secondary bacterial infections are common. Encephalitis occurs rarely. Subacute sclerosing parencephalitis may occur later and is associated with chronic infection. Synonym(s): morbilli 2. A disease of swine caused by the presence of Cysticercus cellulosae, the measle or larva of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. 3. A disease of cattle caused by the presence of Cysticercus bovis, the measle or larva of T. saginata, the beef tapeworm of humans. [D.

maselen] measles /mea·sles/ (mēz´'lz) rubeola; a highly contagious viral infection, usually of childhood, involving primarily the respiratory tract and reticuloendothelial tissues, marked by an eruption of discrete, red papules, which become confluent, flatten, turn brown, and desquamate. atypical measles a form of natural measles infection affecting those who previously received killed measles virus vaccine. black measles a severe form in which the eruption is very dark and petechial. measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live (MMR) an active immunizing agent. indications It is prescribed for simultaneous immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella. contraindications Immunosuppression, concomitant administration of corticosteroids, tuberculosis, hypersensitivity to neomycin, neoplasms of the lymphatic system or bone marrow, known or suspected pregnancy, or acute infection prohibits its use. It is not given for 3 months after the use of whole blood, plasma, or immune serum globulin, and it is not given for 1 month before or after immunization with other live virus vaccines.

adverse effect The most serious adverse effect is anaphylaxis. measles A highly contagious viral infection, primarily of children, which is characterised by high fever, lethargy, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza and a maculopapular rash; it is prevented by vaccination. Epidemiology Measles kills ± 2 million children/year worldwide; it is airborne and can spread quickly, especially in elementary schools. Diagnosis Clinical history; epidemiologic evidence (i.e., other children have same complaints); direct examination of characteristic multinucleated giant cells from scrapings of buccal mucosa, by LM or fluorescence microscopy. Lymphopenia; increased IgM anti-measles antibody. See Measles vaccine. Preventive measures Large doses of vitamin A decreases mortality, hospital stay and co-morbidities (e.g., pneumonia, croup, diarrhoea) by 50%.

measles Hard measles, rubeola, 10-day measles A highly contagious viral infection primarily of children characterized by high fever, lethargy, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, and a maculopapular rash; measles is prevented by vaccination; it is airborne and can spread quickly, especially in school Diagnosis Clinical Hx, epidemiologic evidence–ie, other children have same complaints, direct examination of multinucleated giant cells from scrapings of buccal mucosa by LM or fluorescence microscopy Lab Lymphopenia; ↑ IgM anti-measles antibody See Atypical measles, Hard measles, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis . mea·sles (mē'zĕlz) 1. An acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus and marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, a catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized maculopapular eruption of a dusky red color; the eruption occurs early on the buccal mucous membrane in the form of Koplik spots; incubation period is 10-12 days.

mea·sles, mumps, and ru·bel·la (MMR) vaccine (mēz'elz mŭmps rū-bel'ă vak-sēn') Combination of live attenuated forms of these viruses in an aqueous suspension. measles A highly infectious, often epidemic, disease of childhood caused by a paramyxovirus usually acquired by droplet inhalation. The incubation period is 10–14 days and just before the rash appears KOPLIK'S SPOTS may be seen in the mouth. There is fever, cough, running nose, misery, CONJUNCTIVITIS , and an irregular, red, mottled, slightly raised rash which lasts for about a week and then fades. Complications include OTITIS MEDIA , BRONCHITIS , PNEUMONIA and sometimes ENCEPHALITIS . The disease can be prevented by a vaccine which should be given to all children, aged 1–2 years, especially those who are debilitated and chronically ill and for whom there is no valid medical objection.

measles an acute disease of human childhood in which red circular spots appear all over the body, there is a dry cough, low grade fever and sore throat. The condition is caused by the Morbilli virus. It is highly contagious, being spread in respiratory secretion, but once infected the individual is immune for life. Control is by the use of attenuated live virus vaccine given to children. measles, n viral disease characterized by the release of toxins that affect the central nervous system, red rash, fever, and white spots (Koplik's spots) on the tongue. Serious complications arising from measles include encephalitis, diarrhea, impaired vision, and pneumonia. Measles. mea·sles (mē'zĕlz) An acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus, marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, catarrhal inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized dusky red maculopapular eruption. Eruption occurs early on buccal mucous membrane in the form of Koplik spots, a manifestation useful in early diagnosis.

Rubella | German Measles | Home | CDC Educational materials and scientific articles related to rubella… Elimination of Rubella in the Americas Region and the United States In 2015, the Pan American Health Organization of the World Health Organization announced that the Americas region is the world’s first region to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) . In the United States, rubella and CRS were verified as eliminated in 2004. That means the disease is no longer spread year-round in the Americas region or the United States. However, rubella is still common in other parts of the world. People can get the disease in other countries and bring it home. That’s why it’s important for people to be up to date on their MMR vaccinations . Rubella - Mayo Clinic Rubella Rubella Rubella, also called German measles or three-day measles, is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash. Rubella is not the same as measles (rubeola), though the two illnesses do share some characteristics, including the red rash. However, rubella is caused by a different virus than measles, and is neither as infectious nor usually as severe as measles.

The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, usually given to children in the United States twice before they reach school age, is highly effective in preventing rubella. Because of widespread use of the vaccine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has declared rubella eliminated in the United States, but cautions parents to make sure their children are vaccinated to prevent its reemergence. References Rubella (German measles) vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rubella: Make sure your child gets vaccinated. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Hall CB. Rubella. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rubella. The Merck Manual Professional Edition. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Kliegman RM, et al. Rubella. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Brunette GW. Rubella.

In: CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2014. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Ferri FF. Rubella. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2015. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Riley LE. Rubella in pregnancy. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Brunette GW. Measles (rubeola). In: CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2014. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine safety studies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Possible side effects from vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015.

Rousch SW, et al. Rubella. In: Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rousch SW, et al. Congenital rubella syndrome. In: Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rubella (German measles, three-day measles). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Products and Services What is Rubella? What is Rubella? By Yolanda Smith , BPharm Rubella, also known as German measles, is an acute viral infection that usually affects children and young adults. It is a contagious condition that can be transmitted between humans via airborne droplets when infected individuals cough or sneeze. It is usually mild in children but can have severe consequences in some population groups, such as pregnant women. It has the potential to cause fetal death or birth defects to the infant.

On a global basis, more than 100,000 babies are born with congenital rubella syndrome each year. The infection is usually self-limiting and there is no specific treatment. The disease can be prevented, however, by vaccination. History Friedrich Hoffmann, a German physician, first described a case of rubella in 1740. George de Maton suggested it was distinct from other diseases such as the measles and scarlet fever in 1814. As each of the initial recorded cases occurred in Germany, the disease became known as “German measles.” The name rubella originates from the Latin word that means “little red,” which was first used in 1866. Throughout the 20th century, medical research discovered that rubella was caused by a virus and could be passed on via airborne droplets. Research about congenital rubella syndrome began extensively following several cases arising from an epidemic infection in Australia in 1940. In 1962, the virus was isolated in a tissue culture, allowing the initial research for a vaccine to begin. A live attenuated virus vaccine was licensed in 1969 and introduced in combinations with other vaccines shortly after.

The introduction of vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of the viral infection and it is considered rare among developed nations today. Symptoms The symptoms of rubella are usually mild and many patients may not be aware of the infection. The virus spreads in the body over the course of a week and symptoms may present 2-3 weeks after infection. Symptoms may include: Rash Mild conjunctivitis Swollen lymph glands The rash affects most patients and appears initially on the face and neck region and progresses down the body, lasting for up to three days. Adults with the infection tend to have more severe symptoms than children and may also develop painful joints that last for 3-10 days. Congenital rubella syndrome If a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, there is a high risk (approximately 90%) that the viral infection will be passed on to the fetus. This can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. Children with the syndrome may suffer from a range of effects including: Hearing impairment Type I diabetes mellitus Thyroid dysfunction As a result of these effects, most children will require ongoing care on a chronic basis and some may need surgical procedures.

Prior to vaccinations for rubella, 4 babies in every 1000 births had congenital rubella syndrome. Vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of the syndrome, such that it is considered to be rare in developed countries. Developing nations with poorer vaccination programs have the highest rates. Vaccination The rubella vaccination uses a live attenuated strain that provides more that 95% long-lasting immunity with a single dose, similar to the natural protection acquired when an individual is infected with the virus in childhood. Some individuals may experience a mild reaction to the vaccination, such as local irritation at the injection site, low fever, rash and muscle aches. The immunization has been used to protect millions of individuals from the disease and no serious adverse effects have been reported. The vaccination is available as a monovalent formulation but is usually administered in combination with other vaccines for measles, mumps and varicella.

Question: What is the medical name for German measles?
Answer: Rubella