Blood Types Chart | Blood Group Information | American Red Cross Printable Version Blood Types Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching. The ABO Blood Group System There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells: Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma) There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion.

See the chart below: In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood type. Blood Types and the Population O positive is the most common blood type. Not all ethnic groups have the same mix of these blood types. Hispanic people, for example, have a relatively high number of O’s, while Asian people have a relatively high number of B’s. The mix of the different blood types in the U.S. population is: What's the Most Common Blood Type? | Blood Type Percentages What's the Most Common Blood Type? By Fred Cicetti | July 13, 2012 12:53pm ET MORE Credit: Blood bags via Shutterstock "The Healthy Geezer" answers questions about health and aging in his weekly column. Question: What is the most common blood type? Answer: The approximate distribution of blood types in the U.S.

population is as follows: O-positive: 38 percent AB-positive: 3 percent AB-negative: 1 percent It's important to note that the blood type distribution may be different for specific racial and ethnic groups. Type O-negative blood is called the universal donor type because it is compatible with any blood type. Type AB-positive blood is called the universal recipient type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type . People over age 69 receive half of all transfusions of whole blood and red blood cells, according to the National Blood Data Resource Center (NBDRC). With an aging population and advances in medical treatments requiring blood transfusions, the demand for blood is increasing . On any given day, an average of 38,000 units of red blood cells are needed. If you would like to read more columns, you can get a copy of "How to be a Healthy Geezer" at . All rights reserved © 2012 by Fred Cicetti More from the Healthy Geezer: Editor's Recommendations Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types Distribution of Blood Types Blood provides an ideal opportunity for the study of human variation without cultural prejudice. It can be easily classified for many different genetically inherited blood typing systems.

Also significant is the fact that we rarely take blood types into consideration in selecting mates. In addition, few people know their own type today and no one did prior to 1900. As a result, differences in blood type frequencies around the world are most likely due to other factors than social discrimination. Contemporary Japan is somewhat of an exception since there are popular Japanese stereotypes about people with different blood types. This could affect choice in marriage partners for some Japanese. All human populations share the same 29 known blood systems, although they differ in the frequencies of specific types. Given the evolutionary closeness of apes and monkeys to our species, it is not surprising that some of them share a number of blood typing systems with us as well. When we donate blood or have surgery, a small sample is usually taken in advance for at least ABO and Rh systems typing. If you are O+, the O is your ABO type and the + is your Rh type. It is possible to be A, B, AB, or O as well as Rh+ or Rh- . You inherited your blood types from your parents and the environment in which you live cannot change them.

ABO Blood Type System We have learned a good deal about how common each of the ABO blood types is around the world. It is quite clear that the distribution patterns are complex. Both clinal and discontinuous distributions exist, suggesting a complicated evolutionary history for humanity. This can be seen with the global frequency patterns of the type B blood allele (shown in the map below). Note that it is highest in Central Asia and lowest among the indigenous peoples of the Americas and Australia. However, there are relatively high frequency pockets in Africa as well. Overall in the world, B is the rarest ABO blood allele. Only 16% of humanity have it. Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations of the world The A blood allele is somewhat more common around the world than B. About 21% of all people share the A allele. The highest frequencies of A are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians.

Distribution of the A type blood allele in native populations of the world The O blood type (usually resulting from the absence of both A and B alleles) is very common around the world. About 63% of humans share it. Type O is particularly high in frequency among the indigenous populations of Central and South America, where it approaches 100%. It also is relatively high among Australian Aborigines and in Western Europe (especially in populations with Celtic ancestors). The lowest frequency of O is found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where B is common. Distribution of the O type blood in native populations of the world Other Blood Type Systems The majority of the people in the world have the Rh+ blood type. However, it is more common in some regions. Native Americans and Australian Aborigines were very likely 99-100% Rh+ before they began interbreeding with people from other parts of the world. This does not imply that Native Americans and Australian Aborigines are historically closely related to each other. Most Subsaharan African populations are around 97-99% Rh+. East Asians are 93-99+% Rh+. Europeans have the lowest frequency of this blood type for any continent.

They are 83-85% Rh+. The lowest known frequency is found among the Basques of the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain. They are only 65% Rh+. The distribution patterns for the Diego blood system are even more striking. Evidently, all Africans, Europeans, East Indians, Australian Aborigines, and Polynesians are Diego negative. The only populations with Diego positive people may be Native Americans (2-46%) and East Asians (3-12%). This nonrandom distribution pattern fits well with the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for Native Americans. Conclusion These patterns of ABO, Rh, and Diego blood type distributions are not similar to those for skin color or other so-called "racial" traits. The implication is that the specific causes responsible for the distribution of human blood types have been different than those for other traits that have been commonly employed to categorize people into "races." Since it would be possible to divide up humanity into radically different groupings using blood typing instead of other genetically inherited traits such as skin color, we have more conclusive evidence that the commonly used typological model for understanding human variation is scientifically unsound.

The more we study the precise details of human variation, the more we understand how complex are the patterns. They cannot be easily summarized or understood. Yet, this hard-earned scientific knowledge is generally ignored in most countries because of more demanding social and political concerns. As a result, discrimination based on presumed "racial" groups still continues. It is important to keep in mind that this "racial" classification often has more to do with cultural and historical distinctions than it does with biology. In a very real sense, "race" is a distinction that is created by culture not biology. Understanding Genetics Is it true that in earlier times humans were all O blood type (in ABO blood group) and that A, B and AB blood type occurred later by mutation of the O blood type gene? -A curious adult from Thailand January 13, 2010 No this probably isn't the way it happened. Most likely A came first. And then mutations in the original A gene caused B and O to appear. One way scientists figured this out was by using something called coalescence analysis . Basically, this is where you compare DNAs and figure out when they used to be the same. From this kind of analysis scientists concluded that A came first.

Then, about 3.5 million years ago, the A gene mutated in someone and blood type B was born. The same thing happened about a million years ago for O blood type. So O is actually the most recent blood type. At first this might seem weird since O is the most common blood type, but these kinds of things happen all the time. Different traits can become more common over time for lots of different reasons . For example, if a trait gives some sort of advantage, it can quickly become the norm. How quickly this happens depends on how big an advantage the trait gives. So what's the use of having O blood? One theory is that it makes people suffer less severe symptoms from malaria. As I said earlier, humans probably started with mostly A type blood. In areas with lots of malaria, these A folks lived shorter lives and had fewer babies than the O ones. Over time, the O folks slowly came to dominate. This is one way that O might have become the most common human blood type. And there are many others possible ways , some of which don't even require an advantage. What I'll do for the rest of the answer is talk a bit about how genes get changes in them to create new traits.

In other words, for our discussion here, how did O and B spring from A? I'll also talk a bit about why having an O blood type can make you suffer less from malaria. Blood type B and O came from A If humans started out as A blood type, where did O and B come from? They came from small changes in the A gene. To understand how this happened, we need to step back a bit and discuss genes and DNA. Because A, B, and O are all the result of one of our genes. Each of our thousands of genes has the instructions for one small part of us. The gene we're interested in is called ABO. This gene comes in three different versions -- A, B, and O. The four common blood types all come from different combinations of these versions (or alleles as scientists like to call them). The instructions in genes are written in DNA. The alphabet of this language has just four letters -- A, G, C, and T. The ABO gene has around 20,000 of these letters all arranged in a certain order. The differences between the three different ABO alleles are actually very small.

There is only a single difference between O and A and just four between A and B. These kinds of differences originally came from things like environmental damage or mistakes our own cells made copying DNA. DNA changes like these are surprisingly common. Given that many of these mutations are not good for us, we're lucky that our cells are nearly perfect at fixing them. But our cells don't catch all mutations--some are missed. Sometimes one of these missed mistakes can cause problems like cancer or cystic fibrosis. But sometimes they can be helpful too. Like when they change A to O and this happens to give some protection against malaria. Malarial Protection So how does a single letter change protect someone from malaria? It does this by affecting the protein that gets made. In order for a gene to perform its function, its instructions must be read and a protein made. It is the protein that goes off and does the work. To get from DNA to protein, a cell needs to read a gene's instructions. Remember when I said that the genetic language has only four letters? Well, it also only has 64 three-letter words. This is called the genetic code. Each combination of 3 letters makes up an amino acid and proteins are made up of these amino acids.

So, a gene is really just a long string of three letter words that tells a cell to connect amino acids in a certain order. Now imagine what would happen if you were to change (mutate) one of the letters that codes for an amino acid. Let's take as an example the amino acid leucine. Genes are written in a four letter alphabet with these three letter words. There are six different words that mean leucine. We'll just focus on one -- UUA. If one of the letters were changed (or mutated), then you might get UUU. Now instead of leucine, you have phenylalanine. It is like putting the wrong word in the middle of a sentence. It's as if you wanted to write CAR but instead you wrote CAT. This is exactly the difference between allele A and B except that there are four differences like this instead of one. These differences that make up the B allele result in a different blood protein. This protein still works like it should. What about the O allele? Well, as we said before, the O allele differs at only one location from the A allele. But what a big difference it is! Instead of changing a letter, the O allele is actually missing one.

What happens is that every "word" after this change is wrong. Which means that a bunch of gibberish gets made. To see what I mean, imagine the sentence: The old man had one new hat. Now imagine what happens when you get rid of the first e. Because of the way a cell reads a gene, it only "sees" three letter words. Which means the new sentence is: Tho ldm anh ado nen ewh at. So you end up with a protein getting made that can't do much of anything. For the O allele, very shortly after the missing letter, one of the new three letter words that gets made is a stop codon. Stop codons are sort of like a period in a sentence -- they tell a cell when to stop reading a gene. Ultimately this means that for the O allele, we end up with half a protein that has a lot of the wrong amino acids. Our cells can't use these kinds of proteins so it is like the protein isn't even there. And apparently for a malaria infection to really take hold, it needs an A or B protein. Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted from mosquitoes to men.

Once this parasite enters your body it lives in your red blood cells. The parasite doesn't seem to have any trouble getting into an O blood cell. But it does have trouble quickly spreading from cell to cell. Malaria symptoms come from these parasites destroying lots of red blood cells. If they can't infect as many, the symptoms will be less severe. This is one possible reason why O blood type came to dominate. So we all started out with A blood type. Some lucky person developed a mutation that caused the A to convert to O. Now that person (and his or her offspring) was more resistant to malaria and so lived longer and had more babies. After awhile, O came to dominate human blood types. That's one theory anyway. Video on the science of blood type set to music. Blood Facts and Statistics | American Red Cross Blood Facts and Statistics Every two seconds someone in the U.S. needs blood. Approximately 36,000 units of red blood cells are needed every day in the U.S. Nearly 7,000 units of platelets and 10,000 units of plasma are needed daily in the U.S. Nearly 21 million blood components are transfused each year in the U.S.

The average red blood cell transfusion is approximately 3 pints. The blood type most often requested by hospitals is type O. The blood used in an emergency is already on the shelves before the event occurs. It is estimated that sickle cell disease affects 90,000 to 100,000 people in the U.S. About 1,000 babies are born with the disease each year. Sickle cell patients can require frequent blood transfusions throughout their lives. More than 1.68 million people are expected to be diagnosed with cancer in 2016. Many of them will need blood, sometimes daily, during their chemotherapy treatment. A single car accident victim can require as many as 100 pints of blood. For more information about national blood collection and utilization trends, visit the AABB website . AABB is an international, not-for-profit association representing individuals and institutions involved in the field of transfusion medicine and cellular therapies. Back to Top Facts about the blood supply The number of whole blood and red blood cell units collected in the U.S. in a year: 13.6 million The number of blood donors in the U.S.

in a year: 6.8 million Although an estimated 38 percent of the U.S. population is eligible to donate blood at any given time, less than 10 percent of that eligible population actually do each year. Blood cannot be manufactured – it can only come from generous donors. Type O negative blood (red cells) can be transfused to patients of all blood types. It is always in great demand and often in short supply. Type AB positive plasma can be transfused to patients of all other blood types. AB plasma is also usually in short supply. For more information about national blood collection and utilization trends, visit the AABB website . AABB is an international, not-for-profit association representing individuals and institutions involved in the field of transfusion medicine and cellular therapies. Back to Top Facts about the blood donation process Donating blood is a safe process. A sterile needle is used only once for each donor and then discarded. Blood donation is a simple four-step process: registration, medical history and mini-physical, donation and refreshments. Every blood donor is given a mini-physical, checking the donor's temperature, blood pressure, pulse and hemoglobin to ensure it is safe for the donor to give blood.

The actual blood donation typically takes less than 10-12 minutes. The entire process, from the time you arrive to the time you leave, takes about an hour and 15 minutes.Donors may save time by completing a RapidPass on the day of their donation prior to arriving at the blood drive. The average adult has about 10 pints of blood in his body. Roughly 1 pint is given during a donation. A healthy donor may donate red blood cells every 56 days or Power Red every 112 days. A healthy donor may donate platelets as few as 7 days apart, but a maximum of 24 times a year. All donated blood is tested for HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis and other infectious diseases before it can be released to hospitals. Information you give to the American Red Cross during the donation process is confidential. It may not be released without your permission except as directed by law. Back to Top Facts about blood and its components There are four types of transfusable products that can be derived from blood: red cells, platelets, plasma and cryoprecipitate. Typically, two or three of these are produced from a pint of donated whole blood.

A single donation can potentially help more than one patient. Donors can give either whole blood or specific blood components only. The process of donating specific blood components – red cells, plasma or platelets – is called apheresis. One transfusion dose of platelets can be obtained through one apheresis donation of platelets or by combining the platelets derived from five whole blood donations. Most donated red blood cells must be used within 42 days of collection. Donated platelets must be used within five days of collection – new donations are constantly needed. Plasma and cryoprecipitate are stored in frozen state and can be used for up to one year after collection. Healthy bone marrow makes a constant supply of red cells, plasma and platelets. The body will replenish the elements given during a blood donation – some in a matter of hours and others in a matter of weeks. Facts about donors The number one reason donors say they give blood is because they "want to help others." Two most common reasons cited by people who don't give blood are: "Never thought about it" and "I don't like needles." Half of Red Cross donors male, and half are female. The Red Cross only accepts blood donations from volunteer donors.

Among Red Cross donors in a given year, 24 percent donate occasionally, 26 percent are first-time donors, and 50 percent are regular, loyal donors. Only 7 percent of people in the U.S. have type O negative blood. Type O negative donors are universal red cell donors as their blood can be given to people of all blood types. Type O negative blood is needed in emergencies before the patient's blood type is known and with newborns who need blood. Forty-eight percent of people in the U.S. have type O (positive or negative) blood. This percentage is higher among Hispanics – 57 percent, and among African Americans – 51 percent. Only 3 percent of people in the U.S. have AB positive blood type. AB positive type blood donors are universal donors of plasma, which is often used in emergencies, for newborns and for patients requiring massive transfusions. Facts about American Red Cross Blood Services The American Red Cross blood program started in 1940, under the leadership of Dr. Charles Drew. The Red Cross supplies about 40 percent of the nation's blood supply. The Red Cross provides blood for patients in approximately 2,600 hospitals across the U.S.

The Red Cross makes blood available to any patient who needs it — patients are not required to find donors to replace the blood they use (a practice common in Europe and some U.S. blood banks) allowing the patient and their family to focus on recovery. Eighty percent of the blood donations given to the Red Cross are collected at mobile blood drives set up at community organizations, companies, high schools, colleges, places of worship or military installations. The remaining 20 percent are collected at Red Cross donation centers. The Red Cross works with more than 58,000 blood drive sponsors each year to hold more than 145,000 blood drives, providing convenient locations for people to give blood. Enter your zip code to find: Regional Promotions EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN Spring 2001 ________________________________________________________ The purpose of this web page is to explain some basic facts about human ABO blood group system and to summarize the research and hypotheses regarding its evolution. The ABO System -- A Polymorphism ( Humans can have blood types A, B, AB, or O. This is known as the ABO blood group system, and it is a polymorphism.

A polymorphism is defined as a "genetic locus with two or more alleles that occur in appreciable (>1%) frequency in a given population" ( The ABO blood group system was the first polymorphism discovered in humans. It is however only one of MANY systems involving the red blood cells. Antibodies and Antigens Understanding the difference between antibodies and antigens is essential to understanding the ABO blood group system and its evolution. Antibodies are substances produced by the body when it is invaded and act to protest it from the foreign substance. Antigens are found in the invading substance and elicit the production of antibodies. The two substances, thus, work in conjunction with each other. ( activity.cgi?activity ld=3037) Typically, the body does not produce antibodies until AFTER it has been introduced to a new substance. The blood group antigens, on the other hand, are produced during the development of the circulatory system of the fetus. Because these antibodies are present, blood of certain types will be incompatible. Before this was understood, death was often the result in transfusions and transplants.

This transfusion dilemma led Karl Landsteiner (pictured below) to ( system.htm) discover the ABO system in 1900. Interestingly, he used blood samples from his fellow lab staff. Fortunately for him, all blood types were represented so his system remains in use today. Landsteiner's ABO System In this blood group system, A and B are codominant thus humans may have the following phenotypes and genotypes and the corresponding antibodies and antigens. Phenotype Genotype Antigens Antibodies A, B None Since Landsteiner's discovery, hundreds of specificities in human blood types have been determined (Socha et al., 1984). The ABO blood group system remains the most widely used. To learn more about your blood, check out this interesting site by clicking here . WHY STUDY THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BLOOD TYPES?? There are several reasons scientists are interested in studying the evolution of human blood types -- the predominant reason being it helps them to understand the place humans occupy in evolution's branching tree. In other words, by studying the similarities and differences between human and non-human primate blood groups scientists can determine who our closest common ancestors are and the degree of our relationship.

What Distinguishes A, B, and O blood types from each other? The type of blood a person has is determined by alleles at a single locus at chromosome 9 (Martinko et al., 1993). These alleles encode for different amino acids called glycotransferases. In order to be blood type A, cytosine at nucleotide site 793 translates to leucine 265 and guanine at nucleotide site 800 transloates to glycine 267. In order to be blood type B, the cytosine at 793 translates to methionone 265 and the guanine at 800 to alanine 267 (Martinko et al., 1993). Blood type AB occurs when both changes occur. Blood type O is caused when an inactive or nonfunctional protein is coded for. Martinko et al. (1993) remarked regarding these changes that it is "surprising that they have such a great effect on the A and B transferases" because the amino acids do not differ greatly from each other. What About the Blood Types of Other Primates?

The ABO polymorphism exists in many primate species other than just humans and in all anthropoid primates (Diamond, 1997). Blood groups of primates have been studied since 1911 when Dungern and Hirszfeld found an A antigen on chimpanzee red cells (Socha et al., 1984). According to Socha et al., (1984), early studies indicated "striking similarities" between the A-B-O antigens of man and those of anthropoid apes. It was not until the 1960's that research methods improved enough to learn that many similarities existed between human and non-human primates as well as some subtle differences. In their 1984 study, Socha et al. stated that the two groups were "intimately serologically related." Because of similarities in the immunological responses between human and non-human primates, the same techniques used for testing human blood were used for other primate species. Scientists have studied certain primate species in much greater depth than others. As a result, we do not know equally about the blood groups of all primates. In the following sections, some of the most researched groups will be explained.

CHIMPANZEES Of the Old World monkeys, the chimpanzee has been the most studied (Socha et al., 1984). Interestingly, they have predominantly blood type A and in rare cases blood type O, but NEVER blood type B (Socha et al., 1984). Most blood systems found in chimpanzees also exist in man, but there are some species specific characteristics. The chimpanzee is thought to be the ancestor of Cro-magnon man. To learn more about chimpanzees click here . GORILLAS In contrast to chimpanzees, gorillas have been found to possess ONLY blood type B. Some evolutionary scientists believe the gorilla to be the ancestor of Neanderthal man. To learn more about gorillas, click here . BABOONS Baboons, on the other hand, have been found to possess A, B, and O blood types. The hominoids, humans and the great apes, express the ABO antigens on red blood cells, but baboons do not. In baboons, the antigens were found in other tissue cells.

Although the similarity in alleles exist in baboons and humans, the mutations which are in human O alleles are not found in baboon O alleles. This suggests a different origin for the O blood types in each species (Diamond et al., 1997). Unlike humans who have a large percentage of O, in baboons O has arisen several times but remains relatively rare. This suggests a possible selection working against type O in baboons. Humans, baboons and orangutans have maintained their polymorphism. Because of the absence of B from chimpanzees and O and A from gorillas, the locus determining this phenotype must no longer be under strong selection pressure in the hominoids. To explore a great web site which explains the differences between the evolutionary history of chimpanzees, gorillas and man, click here . SO WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN? Scientists have determined by using average mutation rate and considering the required mutations that the divergence of A and B (at nucleotides 793 and 800) must have occurred before humans, chimps, and gorillas had separated and likely before orangutans broke off. Thus A and B diverged at least 13 million years ago (Martin, 1990).

In chimps and gorillas, the A and B allele seem to be fixed (Martinko, 1993). Some sources state that the two types are likely of separate origin ( but that they are the original types, not O. Other evidence used to trace man's evolutionary ancestors to these non-human primates is the MN blood system. Man is M and N; whereas chimps are anti-N and gorillas are anti-M. O is not the original blood type as was previously thought ( IS SELECTION AT WORK TODAY? If these blood groups are being selected against, the agent is not restricted to humans because the system has been around for over 13 million years. There is only indirect evidence for the possibility of natural selection in the evolutionary pattern of ABO groups (Saitou and ). To link natural selection to the frequency of A, B, O phenotypic frequency requires more evidence. One such study was completed by Boren et al. (1993), in which a bacterium casing gastric disorders was linked to blood type (Saitou ). The researchers found there to be less receptors for the bacterium in blood types A and B, thus people with blood type O were more susceptible.

If more blood types could be linked to microorganisms, there would be more evidence for natural selection. Several question remain. For example, if natural antibodies help to protect the body against parasites, then why is O, which has both A and B, antibodies not at an advantage? Also, O is a nonfunctional allele, yet it is quite common in certain areas like South America where it is fixed in the population. This seems to contradict standard mutation drift selection which does not favor nonfunctional alleles (Nazzareno et al., 1995). To learn more about the world distribution of blood types, click here . There is also a question as to whether selection is at work today in the interacions between mother and fetus. Some studies have concluded that in mothers with type A blood who are carrying a fetus of type O (and vice versa), there is incompatibility which will result in the spontaneous abortion of the fetus. In summary, it appears that humans, chimpanzees, and gorilla (and likely ornagutan) followed the same evolutionary origin when comparing their blood types. Because the A and O exist in chimps this is likely the ancestral form of these types found in humans today.

The B type found in gorillas today was likely ancestral form found in humans. Thus, Blood Type Chart: Facts & Information on Blood Group Types - Disabled World Blood Type Chart: Facts & Information on Blood Group Types Print Published: 2012-09-28 (Rev. 2016-05-30) - Contact: Ian Langtree at Disabled World Synopsis: Information regarding blood types including charts outlining donor compatibility and childs blood group from parents blood type. About Blood Type (Group) A blood type (also called a blood group) is defined as the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). A series of related blood types constitutes a blood group system, such as the Rh or ABO system. The frequencies of the ABO and Rh blood types vary from population to population. Main Document "While blood types are 100% genetically inherited, the environment potentially can determine which blood types in a population will be passed on more frequently to the next generation." When a person's blood is analyzed under a microscope distinct blood differences are visible.

In the early 20th century, an Austrian scientist named Karl Landsteiner classified blood according to those differences. Landsteiner observed two distinct chemical molecules present on the surface of the red blood cells . He labeled one molecule "A" and the other molecule "B". Blood Type A - If the red blood cell has only "A" molecules on it. Blood Type B - If the red blood cell has only "B" molecules on it. Blood Type AB - If the red blood cell has a mixture of both "A" & "B" molecules. Blood Type O - If the red blood cell has neither "A" or "B" molecule. Blood Type Facts: There are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens, which are substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the human body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.

There are 4 major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells: Blood Group Has only B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) AB Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) O Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma) In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( - ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type. Donating Blood by Compatible Type: Blood types are very important when a blood transfusion is necessary. In a blood transfusion, a patient must receive a blood type compatible with his or her own blood type. If the blood types are not compatible, red blood cells will clump together, making clots that can block blood vessels and cause death.

If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation. Therefore, it is important that blood types be matched before blood transfusions take place. In an emergency, type O blood can be given because it is most likely to be accepted by all blood types. However, there is still a risk involved. Blood Type AB- A- B- O- Finding Out Your Blood Type: It is easy and inexpensive to determine a person's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood. Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample. Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type. It is a simple process of elimination of the possibilities. For instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A. Blood type is inherited, just like eye color.

This chart shows the possible blood type of a child according to their parents blood group: Parent 1 B AB Note: In most cases, blood typing is not conclusive when attempting to determine, include or exclude an individual as the parent of a child or children. While blood types are 100% genetically inherited, the environment potentially can determine which blood types in a population will be passed on more frequently to the next generation. It does this through natural selection. Specific ABO blood types are thought to be linked with increased or decreased susceptibility to particular diseases. What Does Blood Group RH Factor Mean RH factor in blood types stands for "Rhesus Factor". Blood tests were performed on Rhesus monkeys and the Rh+ and Rh- factors were isolated. An antigen found in the red blood cells of most people: those who have Rh factor are said to be Rh positive (Rh+), while those who do not are Rh negative (Rh-). What about the meaning of RHD- Rh blood group, D antigen .

The rhesus complex is not just one antigen, but several, when someone is told to be Rh+, it usually refers to the D antigen (one of the components of the Rh complex), because it's the most common, and the easiest to identify, however it's not the only one. What is the Rarest Blood Type According to the American Red Cross the rarest is AB(-), present in 1% of the Caucasians, in African Americans it is even rarer. B(-) and O(-) are also very rare, each accounting for less than 5% of the world's population. Some people with rare blood types bank their own blood in advance of surgical procedures to ensure that blood is available to them. Blood Type Diet: The Eat Right for Your Type diet encourages people to eat certain foods and avoid others based on their blood type A, B, AB, or O. The Diet is Based on: Type A ("for agrarian") - Flourishes on vegetarian diets, "the inheritance of their more settled and less warlike farmer ancestors," says D'Adamo. The type A diet contains soy proteins, grains, and organic vegetables and encourages gentle exercise.

Type B - The nomadic blood type B has a tolerant digestive system and can enjoy low-fat dairy, meat, and produce but, among other things, should avoid wheat, corn, and lentils, D'Adamo says. If you're type B, it's recommended you exercise moderately. Type O ("for old," as in humanity's oldest blood line) - Your digestive tract retains the memory of ancient times, says D'Adamo, so your metabolism will benefit from lean meats, poultry, and fish. You're advised to restrict grains, breads, and legumes, and to enjoy vigorous exercise. Type AB - Has a sensitive digestive tract and should avoid chicken, beef, and pork but enjoy seafood, tofu, dairy, and most produce. The fitness regimen for ABs is calming exercises. NOTE: Critics cite a lack of published evidence backing D'Adamo's blood type-based diet plan. Blood Type and Your Personality: Legend has it that blood type tells about personality. In Japan, it's widely believed that blood groups predict personality traits - from temperament to compatibility, to what kind of lover you are to what type of foods you should be eating.

For instance: Type A is calm and trustworthy; Type B is creative and excitable; Type AB is thoughtful and emotional; Type O is a confident leader. Printable Blood Group/Type Charts: Printable chart showing compatible blood types for receiving blood transfusions Printable chart showing possible blood type of a child according to their parents blood group Blood & Heart Awareness The red ribbon raises awareness of blood and heart diseases including Cardiovascular Disease, Congenital Heart Defects, Hemophilia, Hypertension, Lymphoma, and other conditions relating to the heart and human blood. Other awareness dates Facts: Blood Type A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). With regard to transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients. Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own, which is not a problem A popular belief in Japan is that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others.

Rarest Blood Type: A blood type is considered rare if fewer than 1 in 1,000 people have them. One of the rarest blood types in the world is Rh-null, which lack any antigens in the Rh system. There are only 9 active donors in the community of rare blood donors that have Rh-null blood. Rh-null is considered a universal blood for anyone with a rare blood type within the Rh system. However, anyone who has Rh-null blood can only receive Rh-null blood in a transfusion. Statistics: Blood Group Your body carries around four to six liters (7 to 10.5 pints) of blood. About 5 million Americans need blood transfusions every year. Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life threatening. Almost half (48%) of the UK population has blood group O, making this the most common blood group. Human Blood Types and Human Evolution (The positive or negative refer to the so-called Rhesus factor). Persons with blood type O are so-called universal donors, since they can give blood to anyone having any of the blood types A, B, O or AB.

Persons with blood type AB on the other hand, can give blood only to persons with AB blood type. A person with blood type A can not give blood to a person with blood type B and vice versa. This means that a Kenyan with blood type A can give blood to a Norwegian with blood type A, but a Norwegian close relative with blood type B can not. ABO Origins Given the above facts, blood types AB and O seem to be some form of combination of A+A, A+B or B+B (AB as exclusive and O as inclusive) - whereas A and B themselves appear to be separate original groups. Only if the father and mother are A and B or B and A blood type can the child have any of the human blood groups A, B, AB or O. This negates current theory that O is the original blood type, especially since the man-apes have little or no O blood type and no AB blood type. A and B are very likely the originals. The Man-Apes 28 separate studies showed that Chimpanzees have the blood types A and minimal O, but never B. 8 separate studies showed that Gorillas have the blood types B and minimal O, but never A.

There is NO blood type AB in either of the man-apes! (Jakob Schmitt, Immunbiologische Untersuchungen bei Primaten; S. Karger, New York and Basel, 1968). But man has both A and B AND blood type AB as well as very much O. The same holds true for the MN blood type, which is a different blood antigen. Man is both M and N or the combined MN blood type whereas the Chimpanzees and Gorillas react exclusively to these types. (According to Schmitt, the reactions of Chimpanzees are 00.16 to Anti-M human mucous and 10.00 to Anti-N, whereas the figures for Gorillas are exactly the reverse, with 10.00 to Anti-M and 00.64 to Anti-N). Hence, M and N must have combined.

Charles Darwin (see The Origin of Species) wrote that it, "was probable that Africa was inhabited by extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and the chimpanzee; and as these two species are man's nearest allies, it is somewhat more probable that our early progenitors lived on the African continent." Moreover, as noted by Philip Van Doren Stern, Prehistoric Europe (W.W. Norton & Co., N.Y., 1969, p. 28): "it is interesting to note that the australophithecines (precursors of man) lived east and south of the area now inhabited by gorillas and chimpanzees." A + B = You and Me? Accordingly, I suspect here that we might guess as to who Adam and Eve were, i.e. perhaps man developed on two separate lines from the man-apes or evolved from a combination of these two separate lines somewhere down the road. Did you make the same connection? A + B = You and Me There is good evidence in world blood distribution for two separate groups in human evolution, represented perhaps by Cro-Magnon Man on the one side and Neanderthal Man on the other side.

As noted by Lars Beckman (A Contribution to the Physical Anthropology and Population Genetics of Sweden: Lund, 1959, p. 21): "The Early European race is characterized by a high per cent of Rh-negatives, a very low B-frequency and a relatively high A2 frequency... probably some connection with postglacial Cro-Magnon Man.... The Asiatic race is characterized by a high frequency of A1 and B and a low frequency of Rh-negatives..." (i.e. perhaps some connection to Neanderthal man). Note: As noted by Herberdt Wendt, (In Search of Adam, Houghton-Mifflin: Boston, 1956) in spite of the historically unfounded and falsely bad reputation of Neanderthal Man, his cranial capacity "was amazingly large, 1300-1650 cc. in comparison with a range of 1100-1700 for modern European males." The right-handers and the left-handers Handedness is another point of evidence for two separate groups of Man.

Suffice it here to say that Homo erectus, a precursor to man - never found in Europe - was right-handed, as were the Neanderthals. The ancient Cro-Magnon cave painters of Europe were almost certainly left-handed. (See Philip Van Doren Stern, Prehistoric Europe.) Given this, our view of left-handers, especially in continental Europe, is superstition. Giants and Dwarfs In terms of the size of our predecessors, there is also evidence of two groups of human beings in ancient times. As J. Bronowski wrote in his wonderful book, The Ascent of Man (Little, Brown & Co.: Boston, 1973, p. 38), "A cousin of man" allegedly "not in the direct line to us, is a heavily-built Australopithecus robustus who is a vegetarian.... His cousin on the line to man is lighter - visibly so in the jaw - and is probably a meat-eater...a small creature standing only four feet high." (Australopithecus africanus) Herberdt Wendt in his book In Search of Adam (1956. notes 17, p. 362, p.

487) writes in this regard: "It appeared that in the latest glacial period at least two culturally creative races had lived in Europe... Giants and dwarfs.... They seem to have lived at the same time and in the same places. Which one of them was the real Adam?" In terms of culture, Philip Van Doren Stern in Prehistoric Europe (1969) writes that, "There is also an excellent possibility that early Europe was populated at times not only by hand-axe makers but also by a different and more primitive people, the chopper-chopping-tool makers who used chipped pebbles and accidentally produced flakes rather than carefully shaped flint." Another researcher writes that the cultural record of the Pleistocene is said in fact to show "two cultural traditions", Jacquette Hawkes in Prehistoric Europe (Volume I of UNESCO's History of Mankind: London, 1963).

She states further, "while later on contacts between the flake-tool and hand-axe makers in Eurasia undoubtedly led to the mingling and transference of cultural traits, there is good reason to believe that at this stage (prior to Neanderthal man) the two people were distinct...." All of these findings support the speculation of H.V. Vallois that there may indeed have been a "second line" of the evolution of humanity (cited by Wendt, In Search of Adam, p. 362, n. 17). Wendt himself writes that, "It seemed as though there had been very strange happenings in the general evolution of humanity before the rise, some 150,000 years ago, of the two clearly distinguishable forms of the typical Neanderthal specimen and the Homo sapiens of the Ice Age. In Palestine... near Nazareth... 18 primitive human remains were unearthed... They resembled Neanderthal man, but on the one hand their skulls were much more primitive and on the other their limbs were far more modern. A female... was only four feet nine inches long, while a male... was a foot taller.

In addition to skulls of Neanderthal type others were found with high foreheads, well rounded occiputs, and pronounced chins." Spectacular finds of giant-like human skulls were found in Java, leading Franz Weidenreich to publish a theory that a prehistoric race of giants once existed... and that these giants seemed to represent a transitional stage from gorilla to man (Report of May 9, 1944 to the American Ethnological Society: Apes, Giants and Man - Chicago: 1946). Wendt concludes in In Search of Adam: "Did early humanity, under the influence of the weather of this fateful epoch, divide into two groups ...?" The study of the antiquity of mankind - that is, YOUR history and mine, is increasingly an interdisciplinary science. The results of one branch of research must bear up to the burden of proof required by the results derived from another branch of study. For example, whatever the results of linguistic and archaeological research may be, they will be increasingly scrutinized by other branches of science which do not deal in (what is often only) academic opinions, but in irrefutable facts.

One such group of facts which relates to the origins and dispersal of mankind and its languages throughout this planet - is blood data. Theories about ancient cultures and discussion about the migrations of ancient peoples will increasingly have to conform to blood data provided by the physical sciences. We, who live in this world of DNA know that our TRUE history is etched indelibly in our genes - and in this technological age, we are increasingly in a position to read our past simply in our bodily chemistry. Or to put it in other words, we carry the answers to age-old questions about the origins of man WITHIN us. The so-called "gene pool" is reconstructable far back into the past. Hence, I provide here a graphic which presents unavoidable FACTS. They are not the opinions of well-meaning scholars nor are they subject to challenge or change. They simply exist. Hence, theories about ancient cultures and languages which do not conform to these facts CAN NOT be true, and only those which DO conform to these facts CAN be true, although agreement does not guarantee that they ARE true. Did you try your hand at getting the right solution? How do your numbers read from top to bottom?

The odds against you getting them all right are astronomical - unless you are a specialist in the field of blood groups. The correct solution is, running from top to bottom in the box above: 10-1-11-3-9-6-8-2-5-4-7 There were some surprises, weren't there? The worst scores were probably obtained by linguists and archaeologists - whose pervading theories simply DO NOT match up with the evidence of the physical sciences. The reason for this is clear. Archaeology forms its theories based on what they dig up and this is a fairly serendipity undertaking, which relies much on chance. Linguistics, up to now, is still in its baby shoes, and many of the so-called "rules" which have developed will one day be put to test in computers - using the hypotheses derived - and I for one, doubt whether many of them will work - at least not in the historical sense. New directions in e.g. Nostratic support this view. The dendrite used here is a mathematical method of bringing ALL interrelationships on one contiguous branched line. It shows how far each group of people is from other (i.e.

the length of the lines is also mathematically calculated and significant). Dotted lines mean the relationship is clear, but that the exact distance is, as yet, mathematically uncertain. Here is how the dendrite graph looks like complete: The completed dendrite tells us clearly how man developed and how he scattered throughout the Earth, starting in Africa, moving northward and then branching to the East and West. Indeed this conforms with topographical data since the Alps and the mountains of Asia presented insurmountable obstacles in ancient times. I.e. the direction of dispersal ran basically across the old Amber Trail, across the flatlands from the Black Sea to the Baltic and from thence in all directions. This also conforms to the fact that the Baltic languages are the oldest Indo-European tongues - and, since BALT in Latvian means "white" (the old BALT inscriptions in Phoenician are incorrectly transcribed BA'AL), we see here the basic line between the whiter-skinned paled-out races of the north and their darker-skinned neighbors to the south. The axis lies on the trail from Africa to the BLACK sea and from there to the BALTIC ("sea of the whites").

The Arabs, as shown by the blood data, must then be a mixture of white and African tribes - (as perhaps recounted in the Bible - i.e. Abraham and his 2nd wife.) Oriental scholars and Egyptologists will eventually have to take these distributions of blood groups into account, especially since the blood groupings of Egyptians and Hebrews simply defy all current academic theories about the origins of the Pharaohs and the Hebrews, so also in linguistics, archaeology, religion and ethnology. Nothing could be more clear from this data, than that the Hebrews and Egyptians have a nearly common blood origin and that their geographic origin lies in the broad expanses of northern Euroasia, among a people linguistically close and related by blood to the Latvians and the neighboring peoples and dialects. Or, as stated so often, the key might be found in the Kurgan connection , including Sanskrit, Tocharian, etc. Origins and Creation: Human Origins and Blood Types Human Origins and Blood Types Human Origins and Blood Types According to Japanese belief our blood type defines our character and the way we behave. Nutritionists have discovered that different blood types thrive with different foods.

In Paranormal Studies, statistical analysis of individuals that experience UFO or Extraterrestrial Contact, or paranormal activity are higher in certain bloodtypes than others. Other studies have determined that blood type is proportional to higher mental capabilities and thought. The majority of general contemporary analysis on hominid evolution conducted by those unqualified in the disciplines of Archaeology and Anthropology today, have a tendancy to base their analysis on the assumption that Darwins Theory is fact. However this is not the case, as even archaeology students are informed in their first years of study that Darwins Theory is still classified as theory, therefore analysis on evolution of a species or any general hypothesis must be evaluated empirically. We within the Archaeology/Anthropology disciplines are strongly encouraged to avoid drawing any conclusions within the assumptions of Darwins Theory. Recent Anthropological analysis of the Human Specific Type O - blood group reveals that from a structural perspective, it is the simplest and oldest Modern Human blood group and serves as the basis for the synthesis of the human mutations A, B and AB.

The blood groups A/B/AB are mutations that evolved during the M.Human/Neanderthal/Floresiensis convergence period approximately 80,000 - 25,000 BCE. The term stressed here is Human Mutation of A,B,AB blood groups, which will be explained. 28 separate studies showed that Chimpanzees have the blood types A and minimal O, but never B. 8 separate studies showed that Gorillas have the blood types B and minimal O, but never A. There is no blood type AB in either primates Although many assume that blood type O in modern humans stems from hominid ancestry very recent genetic studies conducted by the institude of biological evolution in spain have firmly corrected that particular misinformation. An example of this is an concerning "How Neanderthals became the Basques" assume that certain races descend from Neanderthal due to location. This article mentions tests on Neanderthal Mitochondrial DNA, finding sequences differed by 27 substitutions from Modern Human, then follows with an account of the Basques directly descending from Neanderthal due to shared location of habitation and comparisons of physical Characteristics.

Unfortunately this is not the case for the Basque, which I'm sure that they will be disappointed to discover. The recent genetic analysis on two Neanderthal specimens in spain have been found containing the Blood type O allele, the Y2 sequences demonstrated transpecies inheritance of ancestor allele's identical to chimpanze Y2 sequences, in other words the Neanderthal blood type O allele Y2 sequence demonstrates that it was inherited from its chimpanze ancestor, as chimanze sequences were present. Also present was a heterozygous trait (like human blood type AB) in the Neanderthal specimens namely blood types OA and OB, not found in humans. However additional analysis of the M.Human Blood Type O have found that the human allele is species specific to modern human, lacking tran-species inheritance from chimpanze sequences.

This demonstrates that the modern human type O allele evolved independantly from early hominids or primates since no ancestral sequence inheritance is found in modern humans (In other words Human Blood Group O, is NOT the Same as Neanderthal Blood Group O, as Neanderthals inherited their blood Group O from Chimpanzes, where Humans evolved independantly and have NOT undergone any type of species transfer of Chimpanze Sequences to their genepool ). The M.Human Blood Group O have no trace of the Chimpanze sequences found in other hominid specimens. The Chimpanze inheritance sequence is found in Neanderthal who had existed alongside modern human for thousands of years. In addition the RH negative factor is also species specific to modern human. Those of the early M.Humans contained no trace of the RH Positive Factor inherited from the rhesus monkey in their genepool. Where other hominid species examined are found to be RH Positive. By species specific it is strongly implied that we are definate seperate species to early Hominids.

Mitochondrial DNA is the determining factor for any species, Human Mitochondrial DNA and Neanderthal Mitochondrial DNA are entirely seperate in sequences and Neanderthal have made no substantial contribution to the Modern Human Genome. According to information extracted from set sources of mtDNA, the last possible common ancestor shared between Neanderthal and Humans is dated approximately 690, 000 years ago, However analysis have concluded that the Human Genome has only existed on this Earth for approximately 150, 000 to 190,000 years so the set approximate commonality is about 400,000 years off base, as the human genome was yet to appear on Earth. There is also no intermedial Ancestral Hominid Species in existence to link us to this possible common ancestor with the Neanderthal.

In other words, Neanderthal, a species seperate from Humans, who even with admixture of interbreeding during the convergence period, made no substantial contribution to the Human Genome, share no common ancestry with us other than the possible 690,000 year approximated Ancestor of which Humans were not even here to paticipate in the implied commonality. Demonstrate an entirely separate evolution to humans with entirely separate mtDNA, determining humans as separate species. In addition, all traces of commonality found within both species genomes have been determined as products of admixture and interbreeding, and not ancestry. Interestingly recent discoveries have determined a third Hominid species that existed in the same time period as Neanderthals and Humans. Again the word stressed is Species NOT Sub-Species, as mtDNA in all mentioned Hominids and Humans are as difinitive and seperate in their sequences as Modern Humans to Chimpanzes. This third species has been Identified as Homo Floresiensis - Pygmies, a decendant of Homo Erectus, of whom the M.Human Species was also found to have traces of admixture evident due interbreeding, hence the development of the Human Pygmies of today.

This Species was characteristic of being quite short in stature compared to the tall Neanderthal, and extremely dark in skin tone. From this it was observed that Human Blood types A and B were mutations introduced into the Human Genepool via admixture with both Floresiensis and Neanderthal species. However the heterozygous AB type is a mutation of the two alleles that is Human Specific as the Neanderthal OA and OB blood types species specific to Neanderthal. Evidence of Interbreeding between Floresiensis and Neanderthal have also been found, producing an African Neanderthal cousin species. The introduction of Blood Types A and Type O (Chimpanze) Alleles via Floresiensis into the Neanderthal genepool may have produced the heterozygous effect OA and OB Type Allele's, similar to the effect that blood types A and B had when introduced into the Human Genepool. As mentioned before the AB blood type is specific only to humans occuring after introduction of their parent Alleles A and B seperately producing a Heterozygous effect.

This hints at the probability that when two distinct but compatible species interbreed and bloodtypes are introduced in admixture, that at least one Heterozygous Blood type is produced. However the theory is short and negated when one observes all Heterozygous Types produced share a common ancestral element, The Chimpanze. The recent genetic tests performed on the two Neanderthal of Spain were conclusive regarding the presence of Chimpanze Sequences in Both Neanderthal Remains. The Heterozygous Types OA and OB were present with Chimpanze Sequences. Blood types A and B in Humans both came from Hominid sources that were present with Ancestral Chimpanze Sequences, and the only Blood Types to bind a heterozygous blood type were admixed mutations A and B, where Human type O remained unchanged with no occurence of binding with the introduced mutations to cause an OA or OB. In fact blood type O has always demonstrated an aversion to the new mutations. Hence Human Blood Type O - unable to recieve donor blood from a source not of the Human O- Blood Type.

However it is common knowledge that O- is the Universal donor, able to donate to any in the ABO Blood Groups whether Rhesus negative or positive. This is due to the Human Blood Type O- being the basic M.Human blood type, where the basic structure can be transferred but mutations are prevented. As discussed, the Rhesus Positive Factor was introduced into the human genepool via Floresiensis/Neanderthal/Human Admixture. The earliest modern humans before any occurence of admixture with other homonid species were of the O- Blood Type. Negative genetic ancestry to Neanderthal, negative genetic ancestry to Floresiensis, and negative genetic ancestry to the Rhesus Monkey. Blood Type O- is was the pure M.Human Blood Type. This Blood Type was sequenced specific to M.Humans. Many a misconception has claimed that O- is a mutation or that it is not the oldest blood type in the ABO Blood Group when in fact it is the Oldest, Purest M.Human Blood Group.

Many who imply these misconceptions concern themselves with comparing the age of the ABO Blood groups with those found in early Hominids, but genetic analysis has determined that early hominid ABO blood groups and M.Human blood groups are sequences that evolved independantly, so there are ABO Blood groups (Chimpanze) and ABO Blood Groups (M.Human) and are entirely different blood groups. The misconception happens when they are comparing M.Human blood groups to Blood Groups of an entirely different species. M.Humans are not of the same species as Neanderthal, Floresiensis, Or Erectus. Genetic Studies are conclusive, that we evolved separately from the other hominids, and mtDNA, the DNA that determines a species, distiguishes us as a separate species altogether. We have dominant genomes compared to previous species. So as a result of all admixture that occured during the convergence period, Humans with Blood Type A, contain prevalent Floresiensis-Pygmie ancestry in their lineage, Humans with Blood Type B, contain Neanderthal Ancestry in their Lineage, and those of Blood Type O, have retained the Early M.Human Ancestry.

Although those of M.Human Blood Type O today may have parents of Admixture blood types, A or B. So there is very little chance of any M.Human today descending from a Pure M.Human O- Blood Lineage. According to studies on characteristics of blood types, The Greatest of the worlds Builders and Architects have been of Blood Type B+ . People with Type B +blood, are strong willed, goal oriented, they always finish whatever they start, whether in perfect timing or in excellent fashion. People with Type B positive blood group, always seem to find their own way in life. B- People with Type B negative blood group tend to shy away from the limelight, yet when they develop a passion about something they will take centre stage to fight for what they believe in. Those of Blood Type A +are the most honest and trustworthy of all the Blood Groups and are the hardest workers. They always strive to better themselves as they are perfectionists in most things. Blood Type A - are said to be open and honest, and very outgoing. Type A negatives are also known to be very professional in their dealings. A negatives are sometimes very talented in their field and love to compete, they live to conquer anyone in the same field.

Those of Blood Type O + are said to be creative, confident and quite popular, they enjoy being the centre of attention. Type O positives are also outgoing and very social, though mostly initiators, they may never get to finish what they start. Blood Type O - Are usually born leaders, they are the genius of the all the blood groups with their high intelligence, inventors, entrepreneurs, spiritual and artistic. Often admired by their peers for their knowledge and wisdom. AB+Those with a Type AB positive blood group, are an interesting lot indeed, though they are trustworthy and honest, its being said that they seem to have a split personality! Type AB blood group like helping people, they are outgoing and confident but they can be shy too. AB-The same as AB Positive traits. Blood group traits aside have the latest genetic studies brought us any closer to actual Human Origins. Yes and No. Twenty years ago they were on a quest to find the missing link between humans and early hominds. Determined to elevate Darwins Theory to Fact. They were so sure they would someday find something conclusive. Twenty years later with cutting edge technology and Highly Skilled Geneticists we have now finally made progress.

We now know that we do NOT share any genetic Ancestry with any of the hominds that inhabited the same time period or any with any hominids of previous possible time periods relavant to the origins of the human genomes on Earth. The only possible common ancestor Humans may have shared with Neanderthal was deduced as existing Eons before in a time period when Humans hadn't even been thought of on this planet. In order to actually share that common ancestor we would have needed a ancestor hominid to actually precede our evolution that links us to the common ancestor shared with Neanderthal, and since no such M.Human ancestor has been found, then the current data is conclusive. If we evolved entirely independant of hominid evolution here on Earth, and have no trace of ancestry to early hominids prior to admixed interbreeding between our species, then where did M.Humans Evolve? Where did the M.Human Genome come from, How did it get here?

M.Humans share no ancestry with Neanderthals and Floresiensis who all shared a habitual time period together, yet the Neanderthal and Floresiensis species both share conclusive shared genetic ancestry in their sequences, where M.Humans of the same time period contain no such genetic sequences. So again the question, Where did the M.Human genome come from? Where did we evolve? Because evidence suggest that M.Humans have no conclusive ancestry to early hominids. Yet M.Humans appeared in the same time period as Neanderthal/Floresiensis with already complete anatomical evolution and independant O Blood Type allele and Genome, as opposed to the still progressively evolving Neanderthal/Floresiensis with related trace ancestral genomes. So who are our ancestors? Where did our genome evolve? Where did we progress? Who were our Primates? Cro-Magnons? Where does our M.Human lineage come from? How did we appear on Earth already at the height of our Evolution unrelated to the hominids of the same time period?

Our earliest recorded creation histories of many people on Earth claim that there were people that came from else where, from the heavens, from the stars, and were the creators of civillisation on Earth, or the progenitors of their people. In many creations stories are variations of this concept found. Were these proposed progenitors who came from the stars the first M.Humans? Current data on hominid evolution shows no conclusive M.Human ancestry to this planet. So it suggests that early creation theories may have actually have some merit, if nothing is found to link us to Earth Evolution.

Question: What is the most common blood type in humans?
Answer: O