What is the common name for the zygomatic bone? | Reference.com What is the common name for the zygomatic bone? A: Quick Answer The zygomatic bone is also known as the cheekbone or malar bone. One of these roughly diamond-shaped bones is found below and to the side of each eye socket. A zygomatic bone lies underneath the major portion of each cheek. Full Answer The zygomatic bone gets its name from the Greek word "zygon," which refers to a yoke used to hitch two oxen to a plow or wagon. It is possible for a cheekbone to be broken as the result of a fall, accident, sports injury or punch to the face. Symptoms include a flatness in the cheek's appearance, vision problems, pain when moving the jaw and blood in the eye nearest the break. A cheekbone injury should be seen by a doctor. Zygomatic Bone - Anatomy Pictures and Information Home > Skeletal System > Bones of the Head and Neck > Zygomatic Bone Zygomatic Bone The zygomatic bone is one of two bones (sometimes called malar bones) that are responsible for the prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.

These bones also help form the lateral walls and floors of the orbits (eye). Each bone has a temporal process, which extends down the back to join the zygomatic process of a temporal bone. Together, these processes form a zygomatic arch. The smooth prominence between the eyebrows is called the glabella. The Zygomatic Bone - Human Anatomy 5b. 4. The Zygomatic Bone FIG. 164 Left zygomatic bone in situ. (Os Zygomaticum; Malar Bone) The zygomatic bone is small and quadrangular, and is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face: it forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossæ (Fig. 164). It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. Surfaces.The malar surface (Fig.

165) is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the Zygomaticus. The temporal surface (Fig. 166), directed backward and medialward, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla, and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. Processes.The frontosphenoidal process is thick and serrated, and articulates with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. On its orbital surface, just within the orbital margin and about 11 mm. below the zygomaticofrontal suture is a tubercle of varying size and form, but present in 95 per cent. of skulls (Whitnall (* 43 ).

The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. Its antero-medial surface forms, by its junction with the orbital surface of the maxilla and with the great wing of the sphenoid, part of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit. On it are seen the orifices of two canals, the zygomaticoörbital foramina; one of these canals opens into the temporal fossa, the other on the malar surface of the bone; the former transmits the zygomaticotemporal, the latter the zygomaticofacial nerve. Its postero-lateral surface, smooth and convex, forms parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossæ. Its anterior margin, smooth and rounded, is part of the circumference of the orbit. Its superior margin, rough, and directed horizontally, articulates with the frontal bone behind the zygomatic process. Its posterior margin is serrated for articulation, with the great wing of the sphenoid and the orbital surface of the maxilla.

At the angle of junction of the sphenoidal and maxillary portions, a short, concave, non-articular part is generally seen; this forms the anterior boundary of the inferior orbital fissure: occasionally, this non-articular part is absent, the fissure then being completed by the junction of the maxilla and sphenoid, or by the interposition of a small sutural bone in the angular interval between them. The maxillary process presents a rough, triangular surface which articulates with the maxilla. The temporal process, long, narrow, and serrated, articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal. Cheekbone | Define Cheekbone at Dictionary.com cheekbone the part of that bone below the eye forming the prominence of the cheek. 3. the area of the cheek overlying this bone. Origin of cheekbone before 1000; Middle English chekbon, Old English ceacban. See cheek , bone1 Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for cheekbone Expand Historical Examples You will feel the edge of the brow, of the cheekbone, and where the light falls on the temple and on the side of the nose.

Deathworld Harry Harrison He said to Sherman, "I am short part of an ear and cheekbone, but am able to whip all hell yet!" Within Prison Walls Thomas Mott Osborne It looped in mid-air and slashed the man's face from chin to cheekbone. The Ties That Bind Walter Miller I can recall that he had a bruise over an eye or on a cheekbone, or someplace on his face, in looking back. Warren Commission (4 of 26): Hearings Vol. IV (of 15) The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy As he turned I saw a star-shaped blue scar above his cheekbone. Gold Stewart White I jerked my head aside far enough that the scalpel grated along my cheekbone instead of slashing my mouth. Greylorn John Keith Laumer The Zygomatic Bone - Anatomy and Pathology | Kenhub The Zygomatic Bone Contents The zygomatic bone (also known as the zygoma) is one of the most irregular shaped bones of the skull . It consists of three different processes, varying in size and shape.

Because the pair of them protrude laterally and form the eminences of the face ("cheek bones"), both are prone to fractures. Recommended video: Temporal bone Anatomy and landmarks of the temporal bone. Anatomy Several bones and joints surround the zygoma including the frontal bone via the frontozygomatic suture which creates the rounded form of the bony orbit , the zygomatic process of the temporal bone , linked by the temporozygomatic suture and the zygomatic process of the maxillary bone , articulated by the zygomaticomaxillary suture , which again, forms another aspect of the bony orbit. As well as supporting the facial tissue and pronouncing it to form cheeks, the zygomatic bone also serves as a place of insertion for the masseter muscle, which is one of the four muscles of mastication . The bone contains three main foramina which are strategically dotted about in the various processes. The zygomaticofacial foramen is located in the frontal process of the zygoma and contains the zygomaticofacial nerve and corresponding vessels. The zygomatico-orbital foramina are found in the frontal process, lateral to the bony orbit.

Between the two foramina runs a small canal connecting them. One side opens into the temporal fossa and the other opens into the malar part of the zygoma. The zygomaticotemporal foramen exists in the temporal process of the zygoma, while the maxillary process doesn’t contain any foramina. The entire zygoma matures through a process known as intramembranous ossification. Pathology The second most common area of fracture in the face is the zygoma, especially the left frontal process of the zygomatic bone, e.g. due to the impact of a car accident or a blow from a fist. Depending on the severity of the dislocation, the bone can either move slightly along its sutures or more severely in an anterior, medial, lateral or posterior direction. Clinically, one should check for the following symptoms: pain, a flattened cheek bone, swelling, a subconjunctival hemorrhage, bone displacement and mobility, diplopia, paresthesia, a lowered lateral portion of the palpebral fissure due to the downward displacement of the lateral canthal ligament and ecchymosis. For more anatomy and pathology sign up with kenhub.com where learning anatomy becomes easy!

Get me the rest of this article for free Create your account and you’ll be able to see the rest of this article, plus videos and a quiz to help you memorize the information, all for free. You’ll also get access to articles, videos, and quizzes about dozens of other anatomy systems. Show references Reference: Neil S. Norton, Ph.D. and Frank H. Netter, MD, Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Saunders, Chapter 2 Osteology, Page 37, 55, 61. Author: Illustrators: Zygomatic bones - anterior view - Yousun Koh © Unless stated otherwise, all content, including illustrations are exclusive property of Kenhub GmbH, and are protected by German and international copyright laws. All rights reserved. Continue your learning Bone Sarcoma and Subtypes - Sarcoma Alliance Sarcoma Alliance guidance education support Bone Sarcoma and Subtypes The second group of sarcoma is bone sarcomas or bone cancer. There are three types of bone sarcoma: osteosarcoma; Ewing’s sarcoma; and chondrosarcoma.

Bone sarcomas very rare with approximately 2,890 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year, and approximately 1,410 deaths. The incidence is slightly higher in males than females and no race has a higher incidence than another, although, Ewings sarcoma is more among Americans of European descent. Bone sarcomas are very likely to be diagnosed in children; and due to the rarity and severity of bone cancer, a bone cancer specialist such as a pediatric oncologist or an orthopedic oncologist should be consulted in the treatment of the disease. Bones consist of three types of tissue: compact tissue (the hard outer portion of the bone), cancellous tissue (spongy tissue inside the bone containing the bone marrow), and subchondral tissue (the smooth bone tissue of the joints). Cartilage surrounds the subchondral tissue to form a cushion around the joints. Bone tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone tumors are rarely life threatening and do not spread within the body; however, they can grow and compress healthy bone tissue. Cancer that develops in the bone is called primary bone cancer.

It is differentiated by secondary bone cancer which spreads to the bone from another part of the body. Primary bone cancer is rare with approximately 2,500 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States (this figure includes bone cancer which is not sarcoma). The most common type of primary bone cancer is osteosarcoma. Because it occurs in growing bones, it is most often found in children. Another type of primary bone cancer is chondrosarcoma which is found in the cartilage. This cancer occurs more often in adults. Ewing’s sarcoma can occur as either a bone sarcoma or a soft tissue sarcoma depending upon the original location in the tumor. Scientists are uncertain what causes bone cancer however they have been able to identify some factors which may put a person at risk. Children and young adults who have had undergone radiation therapy or chemotherapy for other diseases are at increased risk for bone cancer. Additionally, adults with Paget’s disease which is a disease characterized by abnormal growth of new bone cells have an increased risk of osteosarcoma. There are also some hereditary conditions which can increase the risk of bone cancer. Symptoms of bone cancer can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Pain is the most common symptom.

Tumors arising in or around the joints often cause swelling and tenderness. Tumors can also weaken the bones thus causing fractures. Some other symptoms can be weight loss, fatigue and or anemia. The first step in diagnosing primary bone cancer is a complete medical history and physical examination performed by a physician. The doctor may order a blood test to determine the level of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase. Approximately 55% of patients with primary bone cancer will have elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. However, it isn’t a completely reliable indicator for bone cancer since growing bones in children will cause the enzyme to be elevated. X-rays are also used to locate a tumor. If an x-ray suggests a tumor is present than a doctor may require further testing such as a CT scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), or an angiogram. Finally, a biopsy must be performed to determine if cancer is present. A biopsy is a procedure used to remove sample tissue from the tumor. A surgeon, usually an orthopedic oncologist, performs the procedure using a needle or making an incision. During a needle biopsy the surgeon makes a small hole in the bone and removes sample tissue with a small instrument.

During an incisional biopsy, the surgeon cuts into the tumor and removes sample tissue. A Pathologist (a doctor specializing in identifying disease) then studies the cells and tissues under a microscope to determine whether the tumor is cancerous. The treatment of bone cancer depends on the size, location, type and stage of the cancer. Chemotherapy with surgery is often the primary treatment. While amputation of a limb is sometimes necessary, using chemotherapy either before or after surgery has allowed physicians to save the limb and improve survival in many cases. Radiation may be used in Ewing’s sarcoma is surgery is not feasible or in certain select cases of metastatic disease. New and more effective treatments are being developed in clinical trials at many hospitals and cancer centers in the United States. Ewing’s Sarcoma Ewing’s sarcoma is actually several types of sarcomas known as the Ewings Family of Tumors. In the U.S., there are approximately 250 cases diagnosed a year, generally in children and young adults under the age of 30.

It can be found in any bone, but is most common in the bones of the lower body such as the pelvis, tibia (shin), fibula (shin), and femur (thigh). Ewing’s sarcoma is often associated with a chromosomal translocation between genes EWS and FLI1 on chromosomes 22 and 11. Although Ewings is classified as a bone cancer, the type of cells it originates in is not completely known, which is why as mentioned above, occasionally Ewing’s sarcoma may occur in soft tissues, Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (peripheral PNET) is a rare tumor that has the same translocation, and is now considered to be identical to Ewings. The Ewings Family of Tumors (EFT) includes Ewing’s sarcoma of bone, extraosseous Ewings, and peripheral PNET. It is not known what causes the tumor, although it is more likely to occur in people of European descent. It is an aggressive cancer and is treated with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, with a good outcome for many cases.

Chondrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma is a cancer that develops from the cells that produce cartilage . A little less than one-third of bone sarcomas are chondrosarcomas. While the disease can affect people of any age, unlike most other forms of skeletal system cancer, it is more common among older people than among children. Also unlike the other bone cancers chondrosarcoma is more often found in the spine and pelvis than in legs or arms. Surgery is the most common treatment for chondrosarcoma, sometimes with radiation or chemotherapy as well. Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) Osteosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) bone tumor that occurs predominantly in adolescents and young adults. It accounts for approximately 5% of the tumors in childhood. the bones most frequently involved are the large bones of the upper arm (humerus) and the leg (femur and tibia). In children and adolescents, 80% of these tumors arise from the bones around the knee. It is slightly more common in males than females. It is the most common primary malignant bone tumor with the exception of myeloma.

Although osteosarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor, it is still rare with less than 1,000 new cases each year in the United States. Due to its rarity, it is imperative that patients with proven or suspected osteosarcoma have an initial evaluation by an orthopedic oncologist familiar with the management of this disease. This evaluation should be done prior to the initial biopsy, since an inappropriately performed biopsy may jeopardize a limb-sparing procedure. Osteosarcoma occurs in adolescents at the time they are most rapidly growing in their most rapidly growing bones; therefore, it is suspected that rapid bone growth may play a role in the development of osteosarcoma. Additionally, some evidence suggests that chronic bone injury can increase the risk for osteosarcoma. When osteosarcoma occurs in adults over age 40 it is usually associated with a pre-existing condition such as Paget’s disease. The initial symptoms include pain, often in and around the knee, especially in tumors on the tibia or femur. The pain typically worsens over time and is not related to the time of day.

Swelling and tenderness typically occur late in the course of osteogenic sarcoma, followed by a large soft tissue mass appearing. A screening of serum alkaline phosphatase levels may be done. These levels are high in approximately 45-50% of patients with osteosarcoma; therefore it cannot be used alone to diagnose the disease. Osteosarcoma must be diagnosed by biopsy. Because the disease commonly spreads (metastasizes) to other parts of the body, especially the lungs, chest x-rays, lung tomograms, CT scans of the chest , and an x-ray skeletal survey or bone scan may be done before treatment. This process is called staging. There are three groups used to describe the extent of the disease: Localized – the cancer cells have not spread beyond the bone or nearby tissue. Metastatic – the cancer cells have spread from the bone where the cancer began to other parts of the body (commonly the lungs, however it can spread to other bone). Recurrent – the cancer has come back after it has been treated. It may come back to the original site of the tumor or another part of the body. Surgery is the primary method of treatment.

This can be either an amputation or limb-sparing procedure. A limb-sparing procedure is when a surgeon removes the tumor and a block of surrounding tissues to ensure clean (cancer free) margins around the tumor. The surgeon then reconstructs the limb using prosthetic devices, bone grafts or other reconstructive techniques. These procedures are highly specialized and are usually performed by an orthopedic oncologist. In general 70-90% of osteosarcomas of the limb can be treated by a limb-sparing procedure and do not require amputation; therefore, before undergoing an amputation, it is recommended that the patient seek the advice of an orthopedic oncologist. Surgery is usually followed by a course of chemotherapy using one or more anti-cancer drugs. Some clinical trials have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy ( chemotherapy given when no clear evidence of cancer can be found i.e. after the tumor is removed) may be helpful in preventing the relapse or recurrence of the disease. Other trials suggest that there is no difference in outcome between pre-operative chemotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy. Parosteal osteosarcoma Parosteal osteosarcoma is a low grade tumor that arises on the surface of the bone.

It rarely penetrates the center of the bone and rarely becomes a highly malignant osteosarcoma. It accounts for approximately 4% of all osteosarcomas and is slightly more common in females than males. It is different than classic osteosarcoma in that it typically arises in adults between the ages of 20 and 40. It has a better prognosis than classic osteosarcoma with an overall survival rate of 75% to 85%. It has a very slow rate of metastases (spreading). Parosteal osteosarcoma is most commonly found on the femur, behind the knee (72% of all cases). It usually presents itself with minimal pain and tenderness and in its typical location behind the knee there may be some restriction in movement of the knee joint. Surgery with wide margins is the standard treatment for parosteal osteosarcoma, either by amputation or limb-sparing surgery. Because they are located at the end of the bone, are typically low grade, and lack local invasiveness, they are often amenable to limb-sparing procedures. Grade III parosteal lesions usually require chemotherapy because of the risk of metastases.

Periosteal osteosarcoma Like parosteal osteosarcoma, periosteal osteosarcoma is an uncommon tumor arising on the surface of the bone, most commonly the tibia. It is a high grade tumor composed of malignant cartilage. It occurs in a younger age group and is even more common among females than males than parosteal osteosarcoma. Because periosteal osteosarcoma is more likely to metastasize than the parosteal, some oncologists treat this tumor more aggressively with combination therapy such as surgery and chemotherapy. Multifocal Sclerosing osteosarcoma Multifocal sclerosing osteosarcoma is an extremely rare form of osteosarcoma. It tends to occur in children less than 10 years old and represents less than 3% of all primary osteosarcomas. It is an aggressive tumor which presents as a single painful tumor, much like other types of osteosarcoma. However further tests looking for metastases reveal tumor in virtually all of the skeleton. Since all the bones of the body are involved surgery is usually not an option, except to relieve pain.

Aggressive chemotherapy can lead to a remission; however, multiple tumors eventually progress and mortality approaches 100%. Osteosarcoma of the Jaw and Skull Osteosarcoma of the craniofacial bones are relatively rare and represent less than 10% of all osteosarcomas. They typically occur in patients between the ages of 20 and 40 and have the same occurrence rate between males and females. The bones most commonly affected are the mandible (jaw bone) and the maxilla (cheek bone). Because they are located in the head and neck, they tend to be diagnosed earlier and can remain localized for longer periods of time; however, they are more difficult to remove surgically and therefore local recurrence is common. Treatment of malignant osteosarcoma in the skull bones is similar of classic osteosarcoma. It should include preoperative chemotherapy. This is extremely important due to the limited margins available for surgical excision. Osteosarcoma in Paget’s Disease Paget’s disease affects approximately 3% of the population over the age of 60. It is characterized by abnormal growth of new bone cells leading to multiple bone deformities.

Approximately 1% of patients with Paget’s disease develop primary bone sarcoma. The tumors usually arise in the pelvis, femur, or humerus. They typically are large and very destructive making surgery difficult. At the time of diagnosis, the cancer has often metastasized to the lungs. Amputation is sometimes necessary. Patients with suspected osteosarcoma arising in Paget’s disease should receive a bone scan and x-ray of all identified tumors. Additionally, a CT scan of the chest should be done to rule out metastases to the lungs. Treatment is the same as fully malignant osteosarcoma arising in a younger population. Patients with preoperative chemotherapy, radical surgery of the tumor, followed by post-operative chemotherapy have the best prognosis. Tumors arising in the skull and spine are sometimes inoperable. In this instance patients are typically given chemotherapy and radiation therapy to control and shrink the tumor. Great care must be taken during chemotherapy treatments since many older patients have impaired kidney function. Post-irradiation Osteosarcoma (Radiation Induced) Radiation Induced Osteosarcoma is a rare form of osteosarcoma which occurs in people who have undergone radiation therapy treatments for other diseases.

The average length of time before these tumors appear is 10 years following radiation. The younger the patient is at the time of radiation, the higher the risk of osteosarcoma. Additionally, evidence suggest that patients who receive higher doses of radiation are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma than patients who receive lower doses of radiation. Post-irradiation osteosarcomas are most commonly located in the spine, pelvis, hips and shoulders. People with retinoblastoma, a malignant tumor of the eye, are at a higher risk of developing post-irradiation osteosarcoma due to a defect in the RB gene. Symptoms of postirradiation osteosarcoma are painful swelling in and around the area of radiation. A biopsy must be performed in order to diagnose the disease. Once the diagnosis is made, staging of the tumor is done using bone scan, CT scan or MRI. Additionally a CT scan of the lungs should be done to rule out metastases to the lungs. The treatment of postirradaition sarcoma is similar to classic osteosarcoma. It usually included preoperative chemotherapy, surgery and followed by postoperative chemotherapy.

Surgery can be difficult when tumors are in and around the spine and therefore preoperative chemotherapy to shrink the tumor is crucial. Due to this challenge, the prognosis for postirradiation osteosarcoma is worse than that for classic osteosarcoma. Zygomatic bone | definition of zygomatic bone by Medical dictionary Zygomatic bone | definition of zygomatic bone by Medical dictionary Related to zygomatic bone: sphenoid bone , ethmoid bone bone [bōn] 1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts. 2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices for regional and alphabetical listings of bones, and see color plates 1 and 2. Called also os . adj., adj bo´ny. There are 206 separate bones in the human body. Collectively they form the skeletal system , a structure bound together by ligaments at the joints and set in motion by the muscles, which are secured to the bones by means of tendons. Bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendons are the tissues of the body responsible for supporting and moving the body.

Some bones have a chiefly protective function. An example is the skull, which encloses the brain, the back of the eyeball, and the inner ear. Some, such as the pelvis, are mainly supporting structures. Other bones, such as the jaw and the bones of the fingers, are concerned chiefly with movement. The bone marrow in the center manufactures blood cells. The bones themselves act as a storehouse of calcium , which must be maintained at a certain level in the blood for the body's normal chemical functioning. Structure and Composition. Bone is not uniform in structure but is composed of several layers of different materials. The outermost layer, the periosteum, is a thin, tough membrane of fibrous tissue. It gives support to the tendons that secure the muscle to the bone and also serves as a protective sheath. This membrane encloses all bones completely except at the joints where there is a layer of cartilage. Beneath the periosteum lie the dense, hard layers of bone tissue called compact bone. Its composition is fibrous rather than solid and it gives bone its resiliency.

Encased within these layers is the tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone, called cancellous or spongy bone because it contains little hollows like those of a sponge. The innermost portion of the bone is a hollow cavity containing marrow. Blood vessels course through every layer of bone, carrying nutritive elements, oxygen, and other products. Bone tissue also contains a large number of nerves. The basic chemical in bone, which gives bone its hardness and strength, is calcium phosphate. Development. Cartilage forms the major part of bone in the very young; this accounts for the great flexibility and resiliency of the infant skeleton. Gradually, calcium phosphate collects in the cartilage, and it becomes harder and more brittle. Some of the cartilage cells break loose, so that channels develop in the bone shaft. Blood vessels enter the channels, bearing with them small cells of connective tissue, some of which become osteoblasts, cells that form true bone. The osteoblasts enter the hardened cartilage, forming layers of hard, firm bone. Other cells, called osteoclasts, work to tear down old or excess bone structure, allowing the osteoblasts to rebuild with new bone.

This renewal continues throughout life, although it slows down with age. Cartilage formation and the subsequent replacement of cartilage by hard material is the mechanism by which bones grow in size. During the period of bone growth, cartilage grows over the hardened portion of bone. In time, this layer of cartilage hardens as calcium phosphate is added, and a fresh layer grows over it, and it too hardens. The process continues until the body reaches full growth. Long bones grow in length because of special cross-sectional layers of cartilage located near the flared ends of the bone. These harden and new cartilage is produced by the same process as previously described. Bone Disorders. fracture , a break in the bone, is the most common injury to the bone; it may be closed, with no break in the skin, or open, with penetration of the skin and exposure of portions of the broken bone. osteoporosis is excessive brittleness and porosity of bone in the aged.

osteomyelitis is a bone infection similar to a boil on the skin, but much more serious because blood supply to bone is less exquisite than that to other body organs and bone metabolizes more slowly, so that the infection can destroy the bone and invade other body tissues. osteomalacia is the term used for rickets when it occurs in adults. In these diseases there is softening of the bones, due to inadequate concentration of calcium or phosphorus in the body. The usual cause is deficiency of vitamin D, which is required for utilization of calcium and phosphorus by the body. In osteitis fibrosa cystica , bone is replaced by fibrous tissue because of abnormal calcium metabolism. The condition usually is due to overactivity of the parathyroid glands. osteoma refers to abnormal new growth, either benign or malignant, of the tissue of the bones. Although it is not common, it may occur in any of the bones of the body, and at any age. alveolar bone the thin layer of bone making up the bony processes of the maxilla and mandible, surrounding and containing the teeth; it is pierced by many small blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. What is the Zygomatic Arch?

(with pictures) What is the Zygomatic Arch? Last Modified Date: 26 December 2016 Copyright Protected: Can you see through these real-life optical illusions? In vertebrates, the zygomatic arch is a curved bony protrusion of the skull that extends along the outer edge of the lower eye socket from the temple to the maxilla , or upper jaw. It is more commonly called the cheekbone, but it also is known as the zygoma, or the malar bone. The term "zygomatic" is derived from the Greek word "zugoma," which means bar, bolt or yoke, because the shape of the bony structure resembles that of a yoke used to harness oxen. The zygomatic arch is located just in front of the ear and is one part of a three-part structure that also includes the orbit — the eye socket — and the temporal bone . The zygomatic arch is connected to the mandible — the lower jaw — at the temporo-mandibular joint and is the origin of the masseter muscle . The whole zygomatic skeletal structure is collectively known as the zygomaticomaxillary complex.

Along with being part of the human skull, the zygomatic arch also is present in the skeletal facial structures of other vertebrates such as cats, dogs, horses, cows and more. Ad Fractures to the zygomatic arch are among the most common facial injuries, second only to nasal fractures in frequency. The most common causes of zygomatic fractures are high-impact traumas such as motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, assaults and falls. The zygoma connects to the skull in four places, so this type of injury also is called a tetrapod fracture, in which all four connecting points are broken; or a tripod fracture, in which three of the four connecting points are broken. In an isolated zygomatic arch fracture, only one connecting point is broken. The earliest documented treatment of zygomatic fractures dates to 3000 B.C. Guillaume Dupuytren, Howard Lothrop and William Keen, the pioneers of modern zygomatic facial surgery, practiced their techniques in the 18th and 19th centuries. A traction procedure for zygomatic repair was introduced by Dr. Louis Stroymeyer in 1844 and is still in use today.

In 1927, Dr. Harold Gilles began concealing the facial incisions required by the repair of zygomatic fractures in the hairline, thus reducing the prominence of facial scarring. Zygomaticomalar complex fracture repair usually is performed by a plastic surgeon. In this procedure, mini-plates or micro-plates are inserted through facial incisions to stabilize the bone or bones for healing. Failure to repair a zygomatic injury can result in permanent facial disfiguration such as trismus , which is a flattening of the face; asymmetry of the cheekbones; and a change in the shape and size of the mouth. Ad Zygomatic bone - definition of zygomatic bone by The Free Dictionary Zygomatic bone - definition of zygomatic bone by The Free Dictionary Related to zygomatic bone: sphenoid bone , ethmoid bone zygomatic bone n. A small bone in vertebrates on each side of the face below the eye socket, forming the prominence of the cheek. Also called cheekbone, malar, malar bone.

zygomatic bone n (Anatomy) either of two bones, one on each side of the skull, that form part of the side wall of the eye socket and part of the zygomatic arch; cheekbone. Also called: malar or malar bone zy′gomat′ic bone′ n. a bone on each side of the face below the eye, forming the prominence of the cheek; cheekbone. [1700–10] Zygomatic Complex Fractures: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology Zygomatic Complex Fractures Author: Stuart Seiff, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy, Sr, MD more... Share Overview Background The zygomatic bone occupies a prominent and important position in the facial skeleton. The zygoma forms a significant portion of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit and forms a portion of the zygomatic arch, otherwise known as the malar eminence, which plays a key role in the determination of facial morphology.

Fractures of the zygomatic complex occur because of the rotation of the zygoma associated with the disarticulation of the zygomatic bone at the zygomaticofrontal suture (along the lateral orbital rim), the zygomaticomaxillary suture (medially), and along the zygomatic arch to the temporal bone (see below). [ 1 , 2 ] The zygoma forms a firm buttress for the orbit and typically fractures at its sutures. View Media Gallery Anatomically, the zygomatic bone contains foramina that allow for the passage of the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal arteries and corresponding nerves of the second division of the trigeminal nerve that supply sensation to cheek and anterior temple. Similarly, the infraorbital nerve courses the floor of the orbit and exits the infraorbital foramen or notch. Consequently, fractures of the zygomatic arch can lead to hypoesthesia in the corresponding dermatome. Muscle attachments along the zygomatic arch include the origin of the masseter, the zygomaticus major, and some fibers of the temporalis fascia.

The Whitnall tubercle, which serves a critical role in the maintenance of eyelid contour as the attachment site for the lateral canthal tendon, is located on the zygomatic bone 2 mm behind the lateral orbital rim. [ 3 ] Next: Pathophysiology The zygoma is the main buttress between the maxilla and the skull, but, in spite of its sturdiness, its prominent location makes it prone to fracture. The mechanism of injury usually involves a blow to the side of the face from a fist, from an object, or secondary to motor vehicle accidents. Moderate force may result in minimally or nondisplaced fractures at the suture lines. More severe blows frequently result in inferior, medial, and posterior displacement of the zygoma. Comminuted fractures of the body with separation at the suture lines are most often the result of high-velocity motor vehicle accidents. In general, displaced fractures involve the inferior orbital rim and orbital floor, the zygomaticofrontal suture, the zygomaticomaxillary buttress, and the zygomatic arch. However, occasionally, a direct blow to the arch results in an isolated depressed fracture of the arch only.

[ 3 ] Previous Epidemiology Frequency In the United States, zygomatic fractures are the second most common fracture of the facial bones following nasal bone fractures . [ 4 ] Studies from countries outside the United States found zygomatic complex fractures to be the most common fracture site in patients with maxillofacial trauma. [ 5 ] Mortality/Morbidity Patients with zygomatic fractures frequently have associated ophthalmic injuries, especially in the setting of combined zygomatic and orbital floor fractures. [ 6 ] Sex Males experience zygomatic fractures more commonly than females, and a higher proportion of male patients requires surgical intervention. [ 7 ] Age Most cases of zygomatic complex fractures occur in young patients in their second to third decades of life, with the exception of fractures due to accidental falls, which are mainly seen in older patients. [ 7 , 8 ] Previous Next: Prognosis Displaced fractures can lead to changes in globe position and facial contour if not properly realigned. Associated ophthalmic and intracranial injuries may occur and may carry separate prognostic considerations.

Postoperative complications include ectropion, epiphora, [ 9 ] plate exposure, and wound infections, potentially requiring removal of implanted material. [ 10 ] Case reports have also described postoperative orbital hemorrhage, which can lead to permanent blindness in the affected eye. [ 11 ] Previous Next: Patient Education It is essential to instruct patients to avoid forceful nose blowing. The disrupted orbital walls can allow air to be forced into the retrobulbar space, causing orbital emphysema, which may lead to pain and visual loss. Intermittent application of ice packs to the area of the fracture in the first 3-4 days after injury may aid in alleviating pain and edema. Previous References Gruss JS, Van Wyck L, Phillips JH, et al. The importance of the zygomatic arch in complex midfacial fracture repair and correction of posttraumatic orbitozygomatic deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990 Jun. 85(6):878-90. [Medline] . Song WC, Choi HG, Kim SH, et al. Topographic anatomy of the zygomatic arch and temporal fossa: A cadaveric study.

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008 Oct 21. [Medline] . Zingg M, Laedrach K, Chen J, et al. Classification and treatment of zygomatic fractures: a review of 1,025 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Aug. 50(8):778-90. [Medline] . Covington DS, Wainwright DJ, Teichgraeber JF, et al. Changing patterns in the epidemiology and treatment of zygoma fractures: 10-year review. J Trauma. 1994 Aug. 37(2):243-8. [Medline] . Rallis G, Stathopoulos P, Igoumenakis D, Krasadakis C, Mourouzis C, Mezitis M. Treating maxillofacial trauma for over half a century: how can we interpret the changing patterns in etiology and management?. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015 Jun. 119 (6):614-8. [Medline] .

Barry C, Coyle M, Idrees Z, et al. Ocular findings in patients with orbitozygomatic complex fractures: a retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 May. 66(5):888-92. [Medline] . Salentijn EG, Boffano P, Boverhoff J, van den Bergh B, Forouzanfar T. The epidemiological characteristics of zygomatic complex fractures: A comparison between the surgically and non-surgically treated patients. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013 Jul. 4 (2):214-8. [Medline] . Septa D, Newaskar VP, Agrawal D, Tibra S. Etiology, incidence and patterns of mid-face fractures and associated ocular injuries. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014 Jun. 13 (2):115-9. [Medline] . Trivellato PF, Arnez MF, Sverzut CE, Trivellato AE. A retrospective study of zygomatico-orbital complex and/or zygomatic arch fractures over a 71-month period.

Dent Traumatol. 2011 Apr. 27(2):135-42. [Medline] . Llandro H, Langford R. Reasons for plate removal after treatment of orbitozygomatic complex fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Jan. 43 (1):17-20. [Medline] . Colletti G, Valassina D, Rabbiosi D, Pedrazzoli M, Felisati G, Rossetti L, et al. Traumatic and iatrogenic retrobulbar hemorrhage: an 8-patient series. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Aug. 70:e464-8. [Medline] . He D, Li Z, Shi W, Sun Y, Zhu H, Lin M, et al. Orbitozygomatic Fractures With Enophthalmos: Analysis of 64 Cases Treated Late. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Jul 11. [Medline] .

Hasheminia D, Kalantar Motamedi MR, Hashemzehi H, Nazeri R, Movahedian B. A 7-year study of 1,278 patients with maxillofacial trauma and cerebrospinal fluid leak. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2015 Jun. 14 (2):258-62. [Medline] . Soong PL, Schaller B, Zix J, Iizuka T, Mottini M, Lieger O. The role of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of facial fractures: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical study. Part 3: Le Fort and zygomatic fractures in 94 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014 Apr. 52:329-33. [Medline] . Laine FJ, Conway WF, Laskin DM. Radiology of maxillofacial trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 1993 Jul-Aug. 22(4):145-88. [Medline] . Friedrich RE, Heiland M, Bartel-Friedrich S.

Potential of ultrasound in the diagnosis of midface fractures. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2003. 7:226-229. [Full Text] . Parashar A, Sharma RK, Makkar SS. Treatment of simple zygoma fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Oct. 122(4):1285; author reply 1285-6. [Medline] . McLoughlin P, Gilhooly M, Wood G. The management of zygomatic complex fractures--results of a survey. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Oct. 32(5):284-8. [Medline] . Randall DA, Bernstein PE. Epistaxis balloon catheter stabilization of zygomatic arch fractures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996 Jan. 105(1):68-9. [Medline] . af Geijerstam B, Hultman G, Bergstrom J, et al. Zygomatic fractures managed by closed reduction: an analysis with postoperative computed tomography follow-up evaluating the degree of reduction and remaining dislocation.

J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Nov. 66(11):2302-7. [Medline] . Smyth AG. A modified miniplate for use in malar complex fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Jun. 33(3):169-70. [Medline] . Czerwinski M, Izadpanah A, Ma S, et al. Quantitative analysis of the orbital floor defect after zygoma fracture repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Sep. 66(9):1869-74. [Medline] . Baylan JM, Jupiter D, Parker WL, Czerwinski M. Management of Zygomatic Fractures: A National Survey. J Craniofac Surg. 2016 Jul 14. [Medline] . Snäll J, Kormi E, Koivusalo AM, Lindqvist C, Suominen AL, Törnwall J, et al. Effects of perioperatively administered dexamethasone on surgical wound healing in patients undergoing surgery for zygomatic fracture: a prospective study.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014 Jun. 117 (6):685-9. [Medline] . Thorén H, Snäll J, Kormi E, Numminen L, Fäh R, Iizuka T, et al. Does perioperative glucocorticosteroid treatment correlate with disturbance in surgical wound healing after treatment of facial fractures? A retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Sep. 67 (9):1884-8. [Medline] . Ord RA. Post-operative retrobulbar haemorrhage and blindness complicating trauma surgery. Br J Oral Surg. 1981 Sep. 19 (3):202-7. [Medline] . Media Gallery The zygoma forms a firm buttress for the orbit and typically fractures at its sutures. Waters view demonstrating a zygomatic complex fracture involving the zygomaticofrontal suture, inferior orbital rim, and opacification of the maxillary sinus. CT scan of the orbit demonstrating disruption of the zygomatic arch. CT scan demonstrating disruption of the lateral wall of the orbit and medial inferior orbital rim.

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Question: What is the more common name for the zygomatic bone?
Answer: CHEEKBONE