Acetylene Manufacturing Technology - Process Detail of Acetylene Production Sales Helpline : +91-9810700052 ACETYLENE GAS Acetylene is a highly flammable gas which is colorless, lighter than air and has a garlic-like odor. Being colorless and inflammable gas, it is employed as a fuel and a chemical building block. It remains unstable in pure form so it is usually handled as a solution.The chemical compound with the formula C2H2 a compound of carbon and hydrogen. It is not only a hydrocarbon, but also the simplest alkyne. How to generate acetylene? Acetylene is commercially generated by the chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water. The reaction generates a significant amount of heat, which must be alleviated to avert the acetylene gas from exploding as in the BDM acetylene gas plants. The chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water to generate acetylene Discovery of Acetylene Gas Edmund Davy, a professor of Chemistry and world fame scientist, had discovered acetylene all the way back in 1836 as a "new carburet of hydrogen".

And in1860, it was re discovered by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, who invented the name "acetylene".Marcellin has worked very hard to create the gas by passing vapours of organic compounds like methanol, ethanol, etc.via a red-hot tube and collecting the effluent. In addition, he also succeeded to create it by sparking electricity through mixed cyanogen and hydrogen gases. The pure gas does not have odor, while commercial gas has garlic-like odor due to the presence of impurities like hydrogen sulphide and phosphine. Acetylene creation through thermal cracking process Chemical Properties of Acetylene Gas Molecular Weight: 26.038 Flammable Limits: 2.5-100% in Air CGA Valve: 510 The History of Welding – GoWelding.Org The History of Welding From the Middle Ages to Modern Technology Welding is a method of repairing or creating metal structures by joining the pieces of metals or plastic through various fusion processes. Generally, heat is used to weld the materials. Welding equipments can utilize open flames, electric arc or laser light. Middle Ages The earliest evidence of welding can be traced back to the Bronze Age.

The earliest examples of welding are welded gold boxes belonging to the Bronze Age. The Egyptians also learnt the art of welding. Several of their iron tools were made by welding. During the Middle Ages, a set of specialized workmen called blacksmiths came to the fore. Blacksmiths of the Middle Ages welded various types of iron tools by hammering. The welding methods remained more or less unchanged until the dawn of the 19th century. 1800 In the 19th century, major breakthroughs in welding were made. The use of open flames (acetylene) was an important milestone in the history of welding since open flames allowed the manufacture of intricate metal tools and equipments. Englishman Edmund Davy discovered acetylene in 1836 and acetylene was soon utilized by the welding industry. In 1800, Sir Humphrey Davy invented a battery operated tool which could produce an arc between carbon electrodes. This tool was extensively used in welding metals. 1880 In 1881, French scientist Auguste De Meritens succeeded in fusing lead plates by using the heat generated from an arc. Later, Russian scientist Nikolai N.

Benardos and his compatriot Stanislaus Olszewski developed an electrode holder for which they secured US and British patents. 1890 During the 1890’s, one of the most popular welding methods was carbon arc welding. Around the same time, American C.L. Coffin secured a US patent for metal electrode arc welding. N.G. Slavianoff of Russia used the same principle for casting metals in molds. 1900 Coated metal electrode was first introduced in 1900 by Strohmenger. A coating of lime helped the arc to be much more stable. A number of other welding processes were developed during this period. Some of them included seam welding, spot welding, flash butt welding, and projection welding. Stick electrodes became a popular welding tool around this time as well. 1919 After the end of World War I, the American Welding Society was established by Comfort Avery Adams. The aim of the society was the advancement of welding processes. CJ Holstag also invented the alternating current in 1919. However, alternating current was first commercially utilized by the welding industry only in the 1930’s.

1920 Automatic welding was first introduced in 1920. Invented by P.O. Nobel, automatic welding integrated the use of arc voltage and bare electrode wires. It was used for repairing and molding metals. Several types of electrodes were also developed during this decade. 1930 The New York Navy Yard developed stud welding. Stud welding was increasingly used for the construction industry and also for shipbuilding. It was during this time that the National Tube Company developed a welding process called smothered arc welding. In the sector of shipbuilding, the stud welding process was replaced by the more advanced submerged arc welding. 1940 A new type of welding for seamlessly welding aluminum and magnesium was developed in 1941 by Meredith. This patented process came to be known as Heliarc welding. The gas shielded metal arc welding or GTAW was another significant milestone in the history of welding which was developed in Battelle Memorial Institute in 1948. 1950 The CO2 welding process popularized by Lyubavskii and Novoshilov in 1953 became a welding process of choice for welding steels, as it was comparatively economical.

Soon, electrode wires of smaller diameter were launched. This made welding of thin materials more convenient. 1960 There were several advancements in the welding industry during the 1960’s. Dualshield welding, Innershield, and Electroslag welding were some of the important welding developments of the decade. Plasma arc welding was also invented by Gage during this time. It was used for metal spraying. The French also developed electron beam welding, which is still used by the aircraft manufacturing industries of the United States. Most Recent Some of the recent developments in the welding industry include the friction welding process developed in Russia, and laser welding. Laser was originally developed in Bell Telephone Laboratories but it is now being used for various kinds of welding work. This is due to the inherent capacity of lasers in rendering precision to all kinds of welding jobs. Welding Overview : Provides an overview of the welding industry. Aluminum Welding : Offers a brief description of aluminum welding and its history. SMAW : Comprehensive information on Shielded Metal Arc Welding.

Acetylene is discovered by Edmund Davy | News | gasworld Acetylene is discovered by Edmund Davy By Katri Iivonen5 August 2005 No comments Gas welding dates back to the mid 1800s when a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen were used to produce a hot flame to make jewellery. However, it took a few more decades before acetylene – manufactured by mixing calcium carbide with water - became available and gas welding could develop more into the processes currently used. When oxygen is mixed with acetylene, a temperature of more than 6000 degrees Fahrenheit – around 3316 degrees Celsius - can be reached, making the gas ideal for welding and cutting. The first person to make acetylene gas is thought to be British chemist Edmund Davy who, in 1836 when attempting to produce potassium metal came up with potassium carbide which reacted with water to produce a gas. Calcium carbide was identified in 1862 and like potassium carbide, reacted with water to form acetylene.

It took until the 1890s before a way was found to make calcium carbide and thus acetylene economically and by 1895 calcium carbide plants were operating in the England, France and the US, followed by plants in Norway and Switzerland. Additional Articles: History of Smaw Essay - 735 Words History of Smaw Essay Please sign up to read full document. Text Preview History of Welding William Barker Timeline Welding is a method of repairing or creating metal structures by joining the pieces of metals or plastic through various fusion processes. Generally, heat is used to weld the materials. The Welding process can utilize open flames, electric arc or laser light. Middle Ages The earliest evidence of welding can be traced back to the Bronze Age. The earliest examples of welding are gold boxes from the Bronze Age. The Egyptians also learned the art of welding. Several of their iron tools were made by welding. During the Middle Ages, blacksmiths were began to develop. Blacksmiths of the Middle Ages welded various types of iron tools by hammering. The welding methods remained more or less unchanged until the dawn of the 19th century. 1800 In the 19th century, breakthrough in welding was made.

The use of open flames (acetylene) was an important step in the history of welding since open flames allowed manufactures of intricate metal tools and equipment. Englishman Edmund Davy discovered acetylene in 1836 and acetylene was soon utilized by the welding industry. In 1800, Sir Humphrey Davy invented a battery operated tool which could produce an arc between carbon electrodes. This tool was extensively used in welding metals. 1880 In 1881, French scientist Auguste De Meritens succeeded in fusing lead plates by using the heat generated from an arc. Later, Russian scientist Nikolai N. Benardos and his compatriot Stanislaus Olszewski developed an electrode holder for which they secured patents from the US and British. 1890 During the 1890's, one of the most popular welding methods was carbon arc welding. Around the same time, C.L. Coffin secured a US patent for metal electrode arc welding. N.G. Slavianoff of Russia used the same principle for casting metals in molds. 1900 Coated metal electrode was first introduced in 1900 by Strohmenger. A coating of...

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From any lesson page: Click "Add to" located below the video player and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. From your dashboard: Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course". Next, go to any lesson page and begin adding lessons. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard. Personalize: Name your Custom Course and add an optional description or learning objective. Organize: Create chapters to group lesson within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Share your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Teacher Edition: Share or assign lessons and chapters by clicking the "Teacher" tab on the lesson or chapter page you want to assign. Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your "Teacher" tab. Premium Edition: You can share your Custom Course by copying and pasting the course URL. Only Study.com members will be able to access the entire course. Did you know welders use acetylene as a fuel gas in cutting torches? Learn more about this compound, including its formula, structure and historical uses in this lesson. Acetylene: Definition and History Did you know that acetylene can be used in plant cultivation?

Yes, the chemical acetylene can help form new flowers! In 1836, the scientist, Edmund Davy, discovered it while he was experimenting with potassium carbide and producing a flammable gas. But it would take nearly 25 years before another scientist, Marcel Morren, learned how to generate acetylene while making an electronic arc in a hydrogen atmosphere. Acetylene is a chemical compound composed of two carbon and two hydrogen atoms; it has a molecular weight of 26.04 g/mol and is slightly soluble in water. As a type of unsaturated hydrocarbon, acetylene is best known as the simplest of all alkynes. An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a molecule that has a double or triple bond between two carbon atoms. Alkyne is a functional group that contains carbon atoms joined together by a triple bond. Acetylene is a colorless gas that has a very unique odor, similar to garlic. In its normal state, it can undergo a phase change from gas to liquid; but should you heat or allow liquid acetylene to come into contact with air, please be aware that it may explode.

Acetylene Has a Very Distinct Odor Structure and Formula of Acetylene The molecular formula of acetylene is quite easy to remember: C2H2. Its molecular structure is just as simple, as shown in the image below. Earlier we mentioned the functional group alkyne. Remember, what denotes acetylene as an alkyne is the presence of the triple carbon bond. Molecular Structure of Acetylene Acetylene's triple bond is classified as a covalent bond, or one that forms when two atoms share electrons with one another. In relation to hybridization, this covalent bond contains one sigma and two pi bonds. Hybridization is the ability for atomic orbitals to form new atomic orbitals with one another. It not only influences the type of covalent bond being formed but also the properties of those bonds. Thus, the triple bond in acetylene is formed from the overlap of this one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

× A History of Welding Web Site - Brazing Timeline - Years Pre 1900s Three metals consistently found around sites of early man are: Gold (Au) - Latin - Aurum- for 'Shining Dawn' Copper (Cu) - Latin - Cuprum translated as 'from the island of Cyprus'. Silver (Ag) - Latin - Argentum meaning silver. 4400 BC Axe heads cast in copper, silver and lead and objects of gold are made in Sumer. This is the cradle of civilization and when metallurgy began. Current technology was the charcoal furnace and the blowpipe. The phenomenon of brazing may have been discovered accidently in the primitive furnace. 3500 BC Lead (Pb - Plumbum) is discovered in the form of Galena and was used as eye paint in Ancient Egypt. 3000 BC The Sumerians, during the Bronze age in Ur (Iraq), made swords which were joined by hard soldering. Brazing makes it appearance in the world when the technology becomes widespread. The Egyptians heated iron ore in a charcoal fire to reduce it to sponge iron; the particles were then welded together by hammering.

This "pressure" welding or "solid-phase" welding was the first recorded. Step Brazing processing techniques developed. 2500 BC Gold Goblet with a double walled vessel made for Queen Pu-abi was found in her tomb. Brazed with an alloy of 25%Silver-Gold. A twisted wire handle is attached by tubular lugs brazed to the bowl. Bronze Axe-Head found in UR used pre-placed pure silver and a coating of chemical flux. Wall painting from the Fifth Dynasty tombs of Ti at Saqqara Egypt depicts artisans using mouth blown blowpipes. 2400 BC British museum has small buttons or sequins from Thebes Egypt that was fabricated from gold sheet with a fillet brazed joint. Alloy is Cu-Ag with Au enriched. Brazing technique is using charcoal fire and mouth blowpipe 2250 BC Cobalt has been in use since at least 2250 B.C., when Persians used it to color glass. 2200 BC Double spouted drinking vessel is one of many objects that Heinrich Schliemann discovers when the ancient city of Troy is unearthed.

Body is pure gold, handle was made separately and brazed from sheetmetal. The handles are brazed to the body using fillet brazed joints. Sumerian brazed bronzes were found to have a Fusible Chemical Flux. 1800 BC Diffusion Bonding (Archeology description is Colloidal Hard Soldering) is evident in the brazing of small Sphinxes from Egypt. 1600 BC-1500 BC Mercury (Hg - Hydragyrum) is discovered and found in tombs. Later, Pliny outlines the purification process of squeezing through leather. It was known at that time that mercury was poisonous. At the tomb of Vizier Rekh-mi-re at Thebes, a wall painting depicts a brazing operation. 1400 BC British Museum has a small button or sequin made in Thebes, Egypt and fabricated from gold sheet with a brazed fillet joint. The alloy was Cu-Ag and Au enriched. Charcoal furnaces and blowpipe were the current tools in use at that time. 1375 BC The Step Brazing techniques is still used when it was used on a ceremonial dagger for Tutankhaman. 60 AD H.

Maryon quotes from Pliny who writes about Gold Brazing and the salts that were concocted for the flux. Descriptions are given describing the color (oxides) of the metal and whether it would braze easy or with difficulty. 1100-1200 A German Monk, Theophilus, also describes in his manuscript, "De Diversis Artibus", a method for mixing together a flux for brazing silver using Potassium Tarpate and Sodium Chloride and flowing an alloy of approximately 66 percent Silver-Copper Antimony is discovered. Sb - Greek (Ant + monos). 1568 The great Italian goldsmith, Benventuto Cellini, understood the concept of brazing, writing "you must introduce a fresh alloy of silver and copper so as to prevent the solder form of the time before from running". Bismuth is produced by reduction of the oxide with carbon. 1735 Platinum was first used by the pre-Columbian Indians of Ecuador, who made articles from the pure metal as well as from a crude platinum-gold alloy 1751 The first relatively pure sample of nickel was produced by Swedish chemist Baron Axel F.

Cronstedt from an ore German miners called Kupfernickel ("Old Nick's copper"). 1766 Although it was known to the alchemists of the Middle Ages, English physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish describes the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen gas The element Oxygen is discovered. 1776 Frenchman Lavoisier established the basic principle of oxygen cutting of burning an iron spiral in a flask filled with oxygen. The resulting oxide produced melted easier than the metal and that it became detached from the metal 1782 Molybdenum metal was separated out in 1782 by P.J. Hjelm after groundwork was laid by the Swedish chemist Karl Scheele 1800-1850 Scientists are using the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe as a laboratory tool to examine refractory metals at the extreme temperatures of 4468°F to 'see' what happens. Charles Macintosh opens a rubber factory in Glasgow Scotland. 1836 English chemist Edmund Davy (1785-1857), a cousin of Sir Humphrey Davy described the properties of acetylene, but was unable to give correct formula.

1838 Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization of rubber giving the development of rubber hoses for carrying gas to oxy-fuel torches. Eugene Desbassayrs de Richemont patented a fusion welding process. Frenchman E. Desbassayns de Richemont invents the first air-hydrogen blowpipe. German H. Rossier used the air-hydrogen blowpipe for soldering lead. 1859 Frenchman Sainte Claire Deville invents the oxygen-hydrogen blowpipe. Used mainly as laboratory equipment for melting platinum and producing enamel 1860 French chemist Berthelot (1827-1907) accurately gave the correct formula to acetylene of C2H2. Also found it to be unstable (1863) under certain pressure and temperature. A German, Friedrich Wohler (Woehler), produces acetylene gas from calcium carbide. 1876 Otto Bernz of Newark New Jersey founded the Otto Bernz Company selling plumber's tools and the gasoline torch '"Alway's Reliable".

1887 The "blow pipe"or "torch", using the gases acetylene and liquefied air or oxygen, was developed. Thomas Fletcher develops blowpipe that could be used with either hydrogen or coal gas and oxygen. An English shop began making tanks, casks, and iron garden furniture with the electric arc process. 1890 A Bank Robber in Great Britain used the newly developed blowtorch to gain access to bank vaults. 1892 Canadian electrical engineer, Thomas 'Carbide' Leopold Willson attempts to make calcium from heating slacked lime that was mixed with coal tar and ground carbon in an electric furnace for James Turner Morehead at the Spray North Carolina water power source. The result was a solid of metallic calcium. Later, James Morehead's son, John Motley Morehead, a 1891 graduate of North Carolina State University and a chemist for the Willson Aluminum Company determines that the solid was calcium carbide and the Head of the Chemistry department at NCSU identifies the gas as acetylene gas, 56 years after Sir Edmund Davy first discovered the elusive gas but could not explain the gas chemically.

1895 The combustion of Oxygen and Acetylene was discovered by Henri LeChatelier in his home country of France. Describes combustion of acetylene with equal volume of oxygen proceeds in two stages: Step 1: A History of Welding Web Site - Welding Timeline - Years 1800-1900 Age of Discovery and Invention Sceintists are expanding thier view of the micro-world of chemistry and electricity. 1800-1850s Scientists are using the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe as a laboratory tool to examine refractory metals to the extreme temperature of 4468°F. 1800 Alessandro Volta discovers that two dissimilar metals connected by a substance became a conductor when moistened, forming a 'Voltaic Cell'. 1801 Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) of London England, experimented and demonstrated the arc between two carbon electrodes using a battery. This was the forerunner to electric-arc lighting. Vanadium was discovered in Mexico and was thought to be a form of chromium for the next three decades. In 1830, it was rediscovered by N.C.

Sefstrom, and in 1887, H.E. Rosco isolated the element from its compounds, mainly vanadite and carnotite. It was named for the Scandinavian love goddess Vanadis. Magnesium is discovered as a chemical element by Sir Humphrey Davy. Sir Humphrey Davy proved the existence of aluminum. Robert Hare, a professor of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania invents the hydrogen blowpipe. Hans Christian Oersted established connection between electricity and magnetism. Andre-Marie Ampere pioneered the field of electromagnetism. Charles Macintosh opens a rubber factory in Glasgow Scotland. 1828 Wallaston produced sponge platinum and welded it together by cold-pressing, sintering and then hammering while the metal was hot. Michael Faraday invents the Dynamo creating electricity from magnets 1835-1836 English chemist Edmund Davy (1785-1857), a cousin of Sir Humphrey Davy described the properties of acetylene, but was unable to give correct formula. Frenchman Sainte Claire Deville invents the oxygen-hydrogen blowpipe. Used mainly as laboratory equipment for melting platinum and producing enamel.

1838 Charles Goodyear discovers the vulcanization of rubber, giving rise to the development of rubber hoses for welding gases. Eugene Desbassayrs de Richemont patents a process of fusion welding Michael Faraday discovers the homopolar device that generates voltage. 1840 Frenchman E. Desbassayns de Richemont invents the first air-hydrogen blowpipe. de Richemont coins the phrase "soudure autogène", improperly translated into English as "autogenous welding". Welding implies solid state whereas fusion welding implies a liquid state. German H. Rossier used the air-hydrogen blowpipe for soldering lead. 1846 James Nasmyth, while investigating the proving of ship chain for the British Admiralty, discovered and gave the reason for the convex forge welding "scarf". By preparing the surfaces to be welded with a slightly convex surface the flux and swarf are squeezed out of the joint. Otherwise they are trapped in the joint weakening it. This was the first improvement in the forge welding process in 3000 years. Prior to this time the shape of the joint was randomly flat concave or convex.

1856 James Joule, an Englishman, first experimented with a bundle of wire in charcoal and welded the wires by heating with an electric current. This was the first example of heating by internal resistance to produce a weld. Years later, Elihu Thomson perfected the process into what will then be known as resistance welding. 1860s An Englishman named Wilde successfully used the theories of Volta and Davy and the primitive electric sources of the time to make "Joins" and received a patent for the earliest form of the art now known as "electric welding". 1860 French chemist Berthelot (1827-1907) accurately gave the correct formula of C2H2 to acetylene. Also found it to be unstable (1863) under certain pressure and temperature. A German, Friederich Wöhler (Woehler), produces acetylene gas from calcium carbide. 1863 The first successful oil pipeline was built by Samuel Van Sickel at Titusville, Pennsylvania where 2-1/2 miles of 2 inch diameter cast Pipeline was laid for the transfer of 800 barrels of crude oil.

The pipe was screw coupled and hammered since welding was not yet invented for pipe joining. The Dresser coupling, invented in 1891 was the first time a mechanical joint could be assembled without excessive leaking. This method was the standard for pipelining until the mid-1930s, when welding overtook the assembly process. 1865 Englishman Wilde, using primitive electric sources succeeded in making joins by melting small pieces of iron and was granted a patent for his discovery. 1876 Otto Bernz of Newark New Jersey founded the Otto Bernz Company selling plumber's tools and the gasoline torch "Alway's Reliable". 1877-1903 Development of gas welding and cutting, carbon arc and metal arc welding. Elihu Thomson invents a low-pressure resistance welding machine which was accomplished by causing internal resistance enough to reach the plastic stage of a metal. Later, it was referred to as Incandescent Welding. Age of Application Discoveries are leaving the laboratory and defining practical applications for industial explotations. 1877 During a lecture at the Franklin Institute (Philia), E.

Thomson reversed the process of (...) 1881 Auguste DeMeritens working at an associated laboratory founded by the periodical "l'Electricien" - Cabot Laboratory (Cabat), France was using arc heat to join lead plates for storage battery. French Patent Number 146010 was issued. 1885 Nikolai N. Benardos (Bernados) and Stanislav Olszewaski (Olszewaski) secured a British patent with carbon arc welding. Both men were working under the direction of A. DeMeritens with the arc lighting industry at the Cabot Laboratory (Cabat) in France. Carbon was oxidized at the carbon tip and created CO2 at the arc for shielding. Both men had to generate their electricity using a steam-engine (prime-mover) to turn the generator and produce electricity. The alternative was to use batteries which did not last long because of the short-circuiting involved. Patents applied for and received besides Britain: Belgium, Germany, Sweden, and France. 1886 N. N. Benardos obtained Russian Patent (No.

11982) electric arc welding with carbon electrode called ""Elecktrogefest" or "Electrohephaestus". The methods of cutting and welding metals by the arc was termed "Electrohefest" in memory(sic) of Hephaestus, the ancient Greek god of Fire and Blacksmith work. (The Romans renamed Hephaestus to Vulcan and which is shown on the title page, giving instruction to the craftsmen forging metal.) Benardos receives permission from the Russian Government to organize production in 1885 for "The production of this plant is based on welding and brazing by electricity and also producing devices for electrical illumination" (Note: emphasis mine) Electric furnace installed for production of aluminum alloys. An important step in early development of the Aluminum industry. 1887 N.N. Benardos and S. Olszewaski secured an American Patent for the welding apparatus. (U.S. Patent No. 363320, May 17) The "blowpipe" or "torch", using the gases acetylene and liquefied air or oxygen, was developed.

Thomas Fletcher develops blowpipe that could be used with either hydrogen or coal gas and oxygen An English shop began making tanks, casks, and iron garden furniture with the electric arc process. Benardos/Olczewski granted patent 12984 for Carbon Arc Welding. Hans Zerner is issued German Patent 53502.3.12.1889 for the Twin Carbon Arc welding process?. C. Coffin is issued patent 395878, 'Process of Electric Welding'. The US Commissioner to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition upon seeing the arc welding process demonstrated wrote in a report "...As the metal is burnt and brittle where it is welded, the process is not a success." 1890 C. L. Coffin in Detroit Michigan awarded first U.S. Patent (No. 419032, Jan 1) for metal electrodes. This was the first record of metal melted from an electrode and actually carried across the arc to deposit filler metal in the joint to make the weld. One electrode was carbon and the other electrode was filler material.

Coffin also described the GTAW beginnings when a weld was made in non-oxidizing atmospheres. A bank robber in Great Britain used the newly developed "blowtorch" to gain access to bank vaults. 1892 John Motley Morehead, a graduate of North Carolina State University in 1891, was working as a chemist for Willson Aluminum Company, Spray, North Carolina, determined that when heating slacked lime mixed with coal tar and immersed in water would produce acetylene gas. Acetylene is formed when bicarburet of H2 and ground carbon produces a solid of calcium carbide when immersed in water. This was originally discovered 56 years earlier by Edmund Davy. Canadian Thomas ‘Carbide’ Willson and American James Turner Morehead begin to commercially produce acetylene as a product from calcium carbide in Spray, NC. Starting with 2,000 pounds of Calcium Carbide and simply mixing with water, yields 10,500 cubic feet of acetylene gas and mixed with air to prevent smoking, produces 100,000 cubic foot of usable illumination gas. J. M.

Morehead later becomes Vice-President of the American Welding Society in 1919. Slavianoff suggests that a bare metallic electrode could be substituted for the carbon electrodes of the Benardos process. Concurrently, C. L. Coffin is also credited with introducing the bare metallic electrode in the US Baldwin Locomotive Works was using Carbon Arc Welding (CAW) for locomotive maintenance. The weld joints were hard and brittle because of the carbon flaking off into the weld puddle. Elihu Thompson of the Thompson Welding Co. invented Resistance Welding (RW). 1895 The combustion of Oxygen and Acetylene was discovered by Henri LeChatelier in his home country of France. Describes combustion of acetylene with equal volume of oxygen proceeds in two stages: Step 1: Welding History: Timeline and Information Timeline B.C. A.D 14th - 17th Centuries 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century Modern Welding Future Trends As metalworking goes, welding history is relatively recent starting in approximately 1000 B.C.

The history starts with the discovery and shaping of metals in ancient civilizations with a progression from copper, bronze, silver, gold and iron. Metalworking then progressed on to steel. The first welded pieces are thought to be gold ornaments. Technology stayed pretty much the same until the Industrial Revolution in the 1700's to 1800s. At this time forge welding technology was developed which uses heated metal to join two pieces together. This was similar to the familiar blacksmith shop. At the beginning of the 19th century acetylene was discovered, providing a controllable source of heat for welding. Modern welding didn't start until the widespread availability of electricity at the start of the 20th century. The need for military related welding in World War I and II accelerated welding technology and methods. Prior to WWI welding wasn't trusted to join metals in critical objects such as ships due to cracking. The welding history timeline below details how the technology developed. Metalworking and Welding Timeline Welding B.C. The first metal to be shaped in welding history is thought to be copper since it can be hammered and bent. 4000 B.C.

Welding history is thought to begin in Egypt in starting in 4000 B.C. In general, civilizations started with copper and then progressed to bronze, silver, gold and iron. 3500 B.C. Discovery of Tin 3000 - 2000 B.C. Humans started working with bronze between 3000 and 2000 B.C. During the bronze age small gold circular boxes were made by pressure welding lap joints together. During this period metal is shaped into jewelry, dining utensils and weapons. 3000 B.C. The Sumerians made swords that are produced using hard soldering. Egyptians use charcoal generated heat to turn iron ore into sponge iron. Particles produced are hammered into together producing first instance of pressure welding (also called solid phase) Queen Pu-abi tomb contains a gold bowl with a handle that is brazed to the bowl wall. Gold goblet also discovered that has a braze fillet on the outside of the goblet. 2250 B.C. Golden Death Mask of Tut-Ench-Amun Welding and Cutting Journal 2005 1000 B.C.

Iron work started in 1000 B.C., bending the metal with the use of furnaces to produce swords and spearheads. (one type called the Catalan furnace) Gold boxes found in Ireland that were fabricated by hammering lapped joints (form of pressure welding) 900 to 850 B.C. The Egyptians followed with iron tool making in 900 to 850 B.C. In this era iron grew slowly in popularity due to the familiarity and usefulness of bronze and copper. Iron weapons have been found and traced to the Babylonians to about 900 B.C. 589 B.C. The Chinese during the Sui Dynasty developed the ability to turn wrought iron into steel in 589 A.D. The Japanese manufactured steel through a welding and forging process to produce Samurai swords. A.D. Welding History 60 A.D. First time in welding history that gold brazing process is recorded by Pliny. He describes how salts acted as a flux and how metal color determines brazing difficulty (color indicated s the presence of oxides). The Iron Pillar in India The Iron Pillar of Delhi is fabricated using iron billets.

Blacksmiths forge welded the structure that is approximately 25 feet high and weighs 6 tons. 310 A.D. Welding was used in the Iron pillar in Delhi, India, about 310 AD, weighing 5.4 metric tons. (pictured above). Other structures with similar construction found in England, Scandinavia and Rome. Source of iron was meteors. 1000 - 1099 A.D. (11th Century) The manuscript written by monk Theophilus has a description of mixing flux for silver brazing. He indicates the use of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Tarpate. Metals are 66 percent Silver-Copper. 1375 Discovery of the metal Zinc The Middle Ages (5th to 15th century) brought a phase in welding history where forge welding was front and center. Blacksmiths pounded hot metal until it bonded. Diagram of Welding History Photo Credit: Welding - A Journey to Explore Its Past 14th Through 17th Centuries 1540: Vannoccio Biringuccio released De la pirotechnia, which includes descriptions of the forging operation.

Renaissance craftsmen gained skilled in the process, and the welding continued to grow during the following centuries. 1568: Benventuto Cellini, an Italian goldsmith, writes about brazing a silver/copper alloy using a soldering process 1599: First instance of the root of the word weld (originally well) 16th century: the first cast iron cannon is produced 18th Century Most innovations during this time in welding history used blast furnaces. This small incremental progress lasted until the middle of the 18th century and the beginning of the industrial revolution. Even then the progress was more in how work was performed. Instead of one person completing an entire project, work was divided in smaller parts and assigned to semi-skilled labor. 1735: Evidence that platinum used by pre-Columbian Indians in Ecuador 1751: Pure nickel created by Axel F. Cronstedt, a Swedish chemist using German Ore. 1766: Hydrogen gas properties described by Henry Cavendish, an English chemist and physicist 1774: Principles of oxygen cutting established by Lavoisier (French).

19th Century 1800: Sir Humphrey Davy invented the electric arc. The arc was created between 2 carbon electrodes that were powered by a battery. Voltaic cell is discovered by Allesandro Volta where two different metals can be connects and become a conductor when wet. 1808-1827: Sr. Humphrey Davy proves that aluminum exists. It is actually discovered by Friederich Wohler in 1827. 1828: Sponge platinum is welded together via cold-pressing and then hammering when hot. 1836: Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, but was not practical in welding until about 1900, when a suitable blowtorch was developed. 1838: Patent issued to Eugene Desbassayrs de Richemont for fusion welding 1839: Discovery of voltage generation with a homopolar device by Michael Faraday. 1841: Air hydrogen blowpipe developed by German H. Rossier for soldering lead. 1846: Key moment in welding history with a major improvement made in the forge welding process.

James Nasmyth while working for the British Admiralty discovered that preparing welding surfaces with a slightly convex surface, the swarf and flux are squeezed out of the joint. This improves the strength of the joint. 1850s: Workable and practical electrical generating devices were invented and developed by 1850. Credit goes to Ampere, Oersted, Wheatstone, Faraday Ohm and Henry for advances in electric current research. By the middle of the 19th century workable electrical generating devices were available. 1856: James Joule welded a bundle of wireds by using an electric current and internal resistance to create heat. The resistance welding process was later perfected by Elihu Thomson. 1860: Wilde develops electric welding. Issued a process patent in 1865. 1862: Friederich Wohler uses calcium carbide to create acetylene gas 1876: Otto Bernz Company develops and sells a gasoline powered torch. 1881: The first documented use of fusion welding was in 1881 by Auguste de Meritens where he welded lead battery plates together with a carbon electrode.

Welding took place in a box with a fixed electrode. Original Benardos Carbon Electrode Apparatus - 1885 Advances in welding continued with the invention of the metal electrode by a Russian, Nikolai Slavyanov, and an American, C.L. Coffin late in the 1800s. They were not aware of each others work. Credit also goes to Eli Whitney who invented the idea of interchangeable parts . This led to the manufacture of iron dies and molds. 1882: The discovery of bare metal electrode welding was recognized in Europe in 1892. It was introduced in 1888 by N.G. Slavianoff. Slavianoff is credited by most historians for discovering the use of bare metal electrodes for arc welding. 1885: Two students of Augeste de Meritens, N. Benardos and S. Olszewski continued his work, and were issued a patent for a welding process that used carbon electrodes (carbon arc welding) and an electric power source in 1887/88. Carbon arc welding uses an arc between a carbon electrode and the weld pool.

The process is used with or wihtout shielding or the application of pressure. The primary stated use was repair welding. The patent issued in 1885 to Augeste and N. Benardos notes that the carbon welding process can be used for welding two metals, for severing metals and to punch holes in metal. The patent described both a solid carbon electrode and and a hollow electrode that would be filled with powdered metals. Since they intended the powder to melt and flow to the weld, they are credited by some with inventing metallic arc welding. Ultimately because of the limitations of this approach, they are not credited with this accomplishment by most historians. 1886: Elihu Thomson applied for 2 process patents for "Apparatus for Electric Welding." Invention of resistance welding (RW) with the first patents going to Elihu Thompson in 1885. He produced advances over the next 15 years. 1888: A patent is issued to Olczewski and Bernardos for carbon arc welding. 1889 - 1892: C.L.

Coffin is considered to be the pioneer of welding in the United States: 1889: received patent for flash-butt welding, equipment and process 1890: 2 patents for spot welding. Awarded first patent for metal electrodes. 1892: patent for bare metal electrode arc welding process is awarded 1890: First known instance of a "torch" being used to break into a bank vault 1892: Commercial acetylene is produced in North Carolina by mixing water and calcium carbide Baldwin locomotive starts to use Carbon Arc Welding to repair locomotives 1895: Combustion of acetylene and oxygen discovered by Henri LeChatelier. Argon discovered by Sir William Ramsey and Lord Reyleigh 1897: Kleinschmidt introduced the use of copper electrodes 20th Century Welding 1900: Foresche and Charles Picard developed the first commercial oxyacetylene welding torch. The process is used without the application of pressure (AWS). Around 1900, A. P. Strohmenger developed a coated metal electrode in Britain, which had a more stable arc.

1901: Oxygen Lance invented by Ernst Menne 1903: Thermite welding is invented, another process, oxyfuel welding, also became well established as a commercial process. First machine for resistance butt welding after merger between Allgemeine Elektricitats-Gesellschaft (AEG) and Union-Elektricitats-Gesellschaft (UEG). 1906: First resistance spot welding machines are produced. Up to 1910 approximately 367 spot and seam welding machines are produced. The LaGrange-Hobo welding method is introduced. In this method one end is connected to a current producing machine and the other end is immersed under water. The current that flows through the part causes partly ionized gas to form in the water. The resistance of the part to the electrical flow and the gas created energy which created heat at the weldment. When the part to be welded hit welding heat, it was taken out of the water bath and welded. 1907 - 1908: Oscar Kjellberg received a patent for the electrode coating process called Shielded metal arc welding. The coating helped to stabilize the arc, producing better welds than bare electrodes.

Shielded metal arc welding uses an arc between a covered electrode and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding from the deposition of the electrode covering without the application of pressure, and with filler metal from the electrode. Arc welding industry in U.S. starts with two companies: The Siemund-Wienzell Electric Welding Co. is formed in the U.S. and patents a metal arc welding method. A second company also from German founders is started called Enderlien Electric Welding Co. Lincoln Electric manufactures the first variable voltage DC welding machine. 1908: Bernardos patented electroslag process which enabled the welder to weld thick plates in a single pass. The process he outlined is popular today. 1909: The plasma arc system using gas vortex to stabilize the arc is invented by Schonner while working as BASF. The Quasi-arc electrode is invented which is wrapped with an asbestos yarn by A.P. Strohmenger. 1910: Patent issued to Charles Hyde for brazing steel tubes. 1911: First pipeline created using oxyacetylene welding. Occurs outside of Philadelphia. Matters develops the plasma arc torch for heating a metal fusing furnace.

1912: Kjellberg received a second patent for an electrode with a heavier coating of asbestos and a binder made out of sodium silicate. Lincoln Electric introduces first commercial welding machines First auto body is welded by E.G. Budd using spot welding Coated metal electrodes introduced by A.P. Strohmenger. Coatings were made from Clay or Lime. Also awarded a patent for an electrode coated with blue asbestos and a sodium silicate binder. First time an electrode produced a impurity free weld. 1919: Alternating current welding was invented by C.J. Holslag, but did not become popular for another decade. Electric arc welding was the method used in the United States until 1920. The problem with the method was that the welding arc was unstable and the welds were not as strong as the metal being welded. At first, oxyfuel welding was the more popular welding method due to its portability and relatively low cost. As the 20th century progressed, it fell out of favor for industrial applications. It was largely replaced with arc welding, as metal coverings (known as flux) for the electrode that stabilize the arc and shield the base material from impurities continued to be developed.

Welding Circa World War I Welding For Ships Was Not Reliable Due to Cracking Until World War I World War I caused a major surge in the use of welding processes, with the various military powers attempting to determine which of the several new welding processes would be best. 1917: Gas shortage in England resulted in industry turning to electric arc welding for producing bombs and mines. 1919: President Wilson establishes the United States Wartime Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. Establishment of the American Welding Society Development of the paper coated electrode by Reuben Smith 1920s: During the 1920s, major advances were made in welding technology, including the introduction of automatic welding in 1920, in which electrode wire was fed continuously. Shielding gas became a subject receiving much attention, as scientists attempted to protect welds from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. Porosity and brittleness were the primary problems, and the solutions that developed included the use of hydrogen, argon, and helium as welding atmospheres. The stick welding process advanced quickly due to the improvements in core wire and electrode coatings.

X-ray technology made it possible to check the soundness of a weld. Research on coated electrodes resulted in better core wire and improved electrode coatings. The British primarily used arc welding, even constructing a ship, the Fulagar, with an entirely welded hull. At one point the ship ran aground and stayed whole because it was welded and not riveted. The Americans were more hesitant, but began to recognize the benefits of arc welding when the process allowed them to repair their ships quickly after a German attack in the New York Harbor at the beginning of the war. Arc welding was first applied to aircraft during the war as well, as some German airplane fuselages were constructed using the process. The Germans used electric arc welding on airplanes The German merchant marine sabotaged their ships in NY harbor before fleeing. Weld repairs were successfully used, it put welding on the map. The auto industry started to use automatic welding. General Electric employee P.O. Nobel developed Direct Current automatic welding. Before 1920, welding was done with D.C. current produced by batteries. In the late 1920 to early 1930s A.C. welding machines gained in popularity.

During the following decade, further advances allowed for the welding of reactive metals like aluminum and magnesium. This, in conjunction with developments in automatic welding, alternating current, and fluxes fed a major expansion of arc welding during the 1930s and then during World War II. 1923: Founding of Institute of Welding Engineers 1924: First all welded buildings constructed by U.S. Boiler 1926: P.K. Devers and H.M. Hobart test welding using helium and argon as a shielding gas. Naval research laboratory releases a paper on the use of X-Rays to test welds. 1927: A.O. Smith employee JOhn J. Chyle patents first extruded all position titanium electrode later called the E6010 type. 1928: First welded railroad bridge created by Westinghouse to transport large generators. 1929: American Welding Society establishes welding symbols . 1930: Patent issued to H.O. Hobart for arc welding, and the process that became GMAW ( Gas Metal Arc Welding ).

Submerged arc welding developed by National Tube Company All welded merchant ship created Release of stud welding, which soon became popular in shipbuilding and construction. Submerged arc welding was invented the same year, and continues to be popular today. By 1930, arc welding was lower in cost than riveting and gas welding. Patent issued to Devers and Hobart for use of an electric arc within an inert gas atmosphere. Not well received by the welding industry because of high cost of gas (helium and argon) and unsuitable torch availability 1931: Welding of stainless steel (originally called shotwelding) by E.G. Budd Manufacturing During the middle of the century, many new welding methods were invented. 1934: A timing controller for resistance welding is developed by Westinghouse (originally called an Ignitron) 1935: SAW (submerged arc welding) process using continuous wire feed and granulated flux is introduced. Process originally called Union Melt. British welding electrode standard established and solid extruded electrode released. 1936: First A.C. welding machine introduced by Miller Electric Manufacturing.

The method had a high rate of metal deposition (ratio of the weight of deposited metal to the net weight of electrodes consumed, exclusive of stubs) and an absence of arc blow (the deflection of an electric arc from its normal path due to magnetic forces). 1937: The use of welding is confirmed in structural steel buildings with BS 538 (metal arc welding in mild steel). 1938: Gravity welding introduced by K.K. Madsen Germans weld ships to reduce weight and to enable the design of larger vessels 1939: Use of aluminum spot welding recognize as being useful in aviation 1940 - 1941: Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), after decades of development, was finally perfected in 1941 (patent issued in 1942). Invented by Russel Meredith. Developed by the Linde Company. Also called HELIARC or TIG. The water cooled torch was capable of high amperage. Gas Tungsten arc welding uses an arc between a tungsten electrode which is nonconsumable and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding gas and without the application of pressure.

Army finds usefulness of stainless steel, aluminum and magnesium in equipment such as fighter planes. Formation of the Canadian Welding Association . Dip soldering technique developed for printing wiring boards. First mass soldering process. 1942: Firecracker welding process patent given to George Hafergut. 1943: Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is invented by C.B. Voldrich, P.J. Rieppel and Howard B. Cary. Developed at Dow and Northrup Corporations and then licensed to Linde Corporation. The sciaky company starts to sell a three phase resistance welder. 1945: Development of an experimental hand-held MIG gun at the Battelle Memorial Institute (Columbus, Ohio) Welding replaced riveting as the main method of assembly for ships with 5,171 vessels constructed through 1945. 1948: Gas metal arc welding followed in 1948 (GMAW superseded earlier terms of metal inert gas (MIG) and metal ative gas (MAG)), allowing for fast welding of non-ferrous materials, but requiring expensive shielding gases.

The "shielded intert gas metal arc process was introduced by the Air Reduction Company at the AWS show in Philadelphia. Gas metal arc welding uses an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode (consumable) and the weld pool. The process is used with shielding from an externally supplied gas and without the application of pressure. The first Department of Welding Engineering department is started at Ohio State University. Inert Gas Metal Arc Process (MIG) is developed at the Air Reduction Company. SIGMA (Shielded Intert Gas Metal Arc) welding developed to weld thicker plates. 1949: Westinghouse introduces Selenium Rectifier welding machines. 1950s: Shielded metal arc welding was developed during the 1950s, using a consumable electrode and a carbon dioxide atmosphere as a shielding gas, and it quickly became the most popular metal arc welding process. A.C. - D.C. rectifier welding machines were introduced with built-in frequency for GTAW welding. Miller Electric developed the Miller controlled wave a.c. welder which was used for critical welds on missiles and aircraft. Electric beam welding process launched by A.J. Stohr Printed wiring board process wave soldering is introduced. E.O.

Paton welding institute develops Electrostag Welding (ESW). 1951: DryRod Electrode oven introduced to control moisture levels in electrodes. 1954 - 1957: Flux-cored arc welding process debuted (FCAW), in which the self-shielded wire electrode could be used with automatic equipment, resulting in greatly increased welding speeds, and that same year, plasma arc welding was invented. Patented in 1957 by National Cylinder Gas Company. 1956: Friction welding process introduced by Russia 1958-1959: Electroslag welding was released in 1958, and it was followed by its cousin, electro-gas welding, in 1961. Other recent developments in welding include the 1958 breakthrough of electron beam welding, making deep and narrow welding possible through the concentrated heat source. Short arc process introduced. The process uses wires with small diameters and a refined power supply. 1960: Following the invention of the laser in 1960, laser beam welding debuted several decades later, and has proved to be especially useful in high-speed, automated welding.

Both of these processes, however, continue to be quite expensive due the high cost of the necessary equipment, and this has limited their applications. Welding process called explosive welding introduced. 1962: Sciaky welds Mercury Space capsule (created with an outer and inner titanium shell). Mercury Space Capsule Due to the small size of each titanium sheet, the metal needed to be triple sheet welding, and then welding to other sheets. The TIG process was used without a filler metal Source: NASA Manual, Welding Procedures for Titanium and Titanium Alloys 1963: Marked by developments in weld testing. The Varestraint Test determines if a base metal can be welded and the viability of different welding processes. Wall-Colmony introduces the Fusewelder Torch. Wall-Colmony Fusewelder Torch The fusewelder is an oxyacetylene torch that is frequently used when a weld needs to be built up and to finish hard surfacing welds. 1965 - 1967: Welding and cutting by CO2 laser Gravity welding starts in the U.K. 1969: Russians weld in space on SOYUZ-6.

1970: New soldering technologies are introduced to support electronic miniaturization: - vapor phase Friction Stir welding introduced by TWI. 1999: The Edison Institute develops a method that leads to 300% increase in flux penetration into a weld. 2000: Introduction of magnetic pulse welding. An X-Ray is used to weld a metal/matrix composite Use of diode laser welding expanded to metals such as stainless steel titanium foil. 2008: Development of laser-arc-hybrid welding 2013: Development of Gas Metal Arc Welding-Brazing, an process for welding steel used in autos. Process uses a filler metal comprised of silicon with a copper alloy. Low-carbon steel and aluminum welding using a lap joint and laser technology. Future Welding Trends Welding operations must be more completely integrated into agile manufacturing processes and process control schemes. Welding will become increasingly automated as it is integrated into the entire manufacturing design and coordinated with improved information systems. Future products requiring welded joints will be composed of designed-to-be-weldable materials, such as highstrength steels that are also smart materials containing embedded computer chips to monitor the weldment’s lifecycle performance.

Such materials could create new opportunities for using welding as a joining technique in the coming decades. In the future, the modeling of welding will be part of the new emphasis on integrating welding across the entire manufacturing cycle Welding and materials engineers will develop new materials and adapt existing materials, which are specifically designed to be welded into world-class, fabricated products. The development of materials that will reduce energy requirements. Welding Jobs in Your Area

Question: Which British scientist discovered acetylene in 1836?
Answer: Edmund Davy