Bestcrystals.com . Mohs Hardness Scale Mohs Hardness Scale Mohs Hardness Scale The hardness of a stone is one of the properties that contribute to identification. Hardness is also an attribute which is important to be aware of, because it may determine what a stone may be used for (jewelry, carving, faceting, handling, storage, etc.) You may want to familiarize yourself with the Mohs Scale of Hardness. This will help you understand the relationships between stones according to their hardness. The Mohs Scale of Hardness consists of 10 classifications, 1 being the softest, and 10 being the hardest. The only mineral that is an exception to this is mercury, which is liquid. To give you a few reference points, the diamond is of course the hardest, rated 10. Your fingernail is a 2, a pocket knife is about a 5-6, and a piece of glass is a 6-7. Each classification will scratch the one preceding it. As you know, a diamond (10) will scratch glass (6-7).

This technique is commonly used in the field for initial identification, and it is good to have samples of some of these stones with you in order to perform the test. Some minerals have varying hardness according to the direction you may scratch them in, but typically this is either hardly detectable or an exception to the rule. The following, is a partial listing of stones and their hardness classification: 1 Mohs Hardness Scale: Testing the Resistance to Being Scratched Diamond 10 One of the most important tests for identifying mineral specimens is the Mohs Hardness Test. This test compares the resistance of a mineral to being scratched by ten reference minerals known as the Mohs Hardness Scale (see table at left). The test is useful because most specimens of a given mineral are very close to the same hardness. This makes hardness a reliable diagnostic property for most minerals. Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed the scale in 1812. He selected ten minerals of distinctly different hardness that ranged from a very soft mineral (talc) to a very hard mineral (diamond). With the exception of diamond, the minerals are all relatively common and easy or inexpensive to obtain.

Making Hardness Comparisons "Hardness" is the resistance of a material to being scratched. The test is conducted by placing a sharp point of one specimen on an unmarked surface of another specimen and attempting to produce a scratch. Here are the four situations that you might observe when comparing the hardness of two specimens: If Specimen A can scratch Specimen B, then Specimen A is harder than Specimen B. If Specimen A does not scratch Specimen B, then Specimen B is harder than Specimen A. If the two specimens are equal in hardness then they will be relatively ineffective at scratching one another. Small scratches might be produced, or it might be difficult to determine if a scratch was produced. If Specimen A can be scratched by Specimen B but it cannot be scratched by Specimen C, then the hardness of Specimen A is between the hardness of Specimen B and Specimen C. Mohs hardness test: When conducting the test, place the unknown specimen on a table top and firmly hold it in place with one hand. Then place a point of the reference specimen against a flat, unmarked surface of the unknown specimen. Press the reference specimen firmly against the unknown, and deliberately drag it across the flat surface while pressing firmly.

To avoid injury, drag the known specimen away from your body and parallel to the fingers that are holding the unknown specimen. Mohs Hardness Testing Procedure Begin by locating a smooth, unscratched surface for testing. With one hand, hold the specimen of unknown hardness firmly against a table top so that the surface to be tested is exposed and accessible. The table top supports the specimen and helps you hold it motionless for the test. Hold one of the standard hardness specimens in the other hand and place a point of that specimen against the selected flat surface of the unknown specimen. Firmly press the point of the standard specimen against the unknown specimen, and firmly drag the point of the standard specimen across the surface of the unknown specimen. Examine the surface of the unknown specimen. With a finger, brush away any mineral fragments or powder that was produced. Did the test produce a scratch? Be careful not to confuse mineral powder or residue with a scratch. A scratch will be a distinct groove cut in the mineral surface, not a mark on the surface that wipes away. Conduct the test a second time to confirm your results.

Mohs Hardness of Common Minerals Alphabetical 1 Mohs Hardness Testing Tips A list of minerals in order of hardness can be a handy reference. If you determine that a specimen has a hardness of Mohs 4, you can quickly get a list of potential minerals. Practice and experience will improve your abilities when doing this test. You will become faster and more confident. If the hardness of the unknown specimen is about 5 or less, you should be able to produce a scratch without much exertion. However, if the unknown specimen has a hardness of about 6 or greater, then producing a scratch will require some force. For those specimens, hold the unknown firmly against the table, place the standard specimen against it, press firmly with determination, then holding pressure slowly drag the standard specimen across the surface of the unknown. Don't be fooled by a soft standard specimen producing a mark on a hard unknown. That mark is like what a piece of chalk produces on a blackboard. It will wipe off without leaving a scratch. Wipe your finger across the tested surface. If a scratch was produced, there will be a visible groove. If marks wipe away then a scratch was not produced. Some hard materials are also very brittle.

If one of your specimens is breaking or crumbling rather than scratching, you will have to be very careful while conducting the test. Testing tiny or granular specimens can be difficult. Some specimens contain impurities. If the results of your test are not visibly conclusive, or if the information from your test does not conform with other properties, do not hesitate to do the test again. It is possible that a small piece of quartz (or another impurity) was embedded in one of your specimens. Don't be wimpy! This is a very common problem. Some people casually rub one specimen back and forth against another and then look for a mark. That is not how the test is done. It is done with a single, determined motion with the goal of cutting a scratch. Be careful. When you hold the unknown specimen against the table, position it so that the known specimen will not be pulled across one of your fingers. This test should be done on a lab table or work bench with a durable surface or a protective covering. Don't do this type of testing on fine furniture. Test tiny particles or grains by placing them between two pieces of an index mineral and scraping them together. If the grains are harder than the index mineral, scratches will be produced.

If the grains are softer they will smear. Hardness of Common Objects quartz 7 Some people use a few common objects for quick hardness tests. For example, a geologist in the field might always carry a pocket knife. The knife can be used for a quick hardness test to determine if a specimen is harder or softer than Mohs 5 to 6.5. Before using these objects as quick testing tools, it is a good idea to confirm their hardness. Some knives have harder steel than others. Test yours and then you know its hardness. These common objects can also be useful if you don't have a set of reference minerals. We included quartz in this list because it is a ubiquitous mineral. In the field you are often no more than a few steps away from a piece of quartz. Mohs hardness picks: Hardness picks are easy to use. They have a brass stylus and an alloy "pick" that is used for hardness testing. Place the sharp point of a pick on your unknown specimen and drag it across the surface. It will either produce a scratch, slide across the surface, or leave a trace of metal.

They are supplied with a hardness of 2 (a plastic point), 3 (a copper point), and 4 through 9 (carefully selected alloys). They are great for testing small specimens or for testing small grains embedded in a rock. These hardness picks are available in the Geology.com store . Hardness Picks An alternative to using the reference minerals for testing is a set of "hardness picks." These picks have sharp metal points that you can use for very accurate testing. The picks allow much more control, and their sharp points can be used to test small mineral grains in a rock. The sharp picks can be used easily and either produce a scratch if they are harder than the specimen being tested or leave behind a tiny streak of metal if they are softer. Examine the test site with a hand lens to see the results of your test. We have used hardness picks and think that they do a great job. They are easier to use and more accurate than testing with specimens. They can be resharpened when they dull. The only downside is their price (about $80 per set). Harder than Diamond, Softer than Talc? Diamond is not the hardest substance known, but the materials that are harder are much more rare.

Researchers have reported that wurtzite boron nitride and lonsdaleite can be harder than diamond. [1] It is unlikely that you will find a mineral that is softer than talc. However, a few metals are softer. These include: cesium, rubidium, lithium, sodium, and potassium. You will probably never need to test their hardness. [2] Is the Mohs Scale Linear? Mohs Hardness Scale is not linear. The steps in the scale have gaps of variable size between them. "For instance, the progression from calcite to fluorite (from 3 to 4 on the Mohs scale) reflects an increase in hardness of approximately 25 percent; the progression from corundum to diamond, on the other hand (9 to 10 on the Mohs scale), reflects a hardness increase of more than 300 percent." The best way to learn about minerals is to study with a collection of small specimens that you can handle, examine, and observe their properties. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store . Hardness Variations in a Single Mineral Most minerals have a fairly consistent hardness. For example, the hardness of calcite is always about 3.

However, some minerals have a range of hardness. Minerals that are part of a solid solution series can change in hardness as the composition varies. Atomic bonds between some elements are stronger than others. An example is garnet, which has a composition of X3Y2(SiO4)3 where X can be Ca, Mg, or Fe, and Y can be Al, Fe, or Cr. Garnets with different compositions have different hardness. Garnets range in hardness from 6.5 to 8. Minerals such as kyanite have different hardness in different directions. Kyanite is a mineral that frequently occurs in blade-shaped crystals. These crystals have a hardness of about 5 if they are tested parallel to the long axis of the crystal, and a hardness of about 7 if they are tested parallel to the short axis of a crystal. Weathering can also influence the hardness of a mineral. Weathering usually changes a mineral's composition, with the weathering product usually softer than the original material. When testing the hardness or streak or other property of a mineral, the best way to test is on a freshly broken surface that has not been exposed to weathering.

About Hardness Tests The hardness test developed by Friedrich Mohs was the first known test to assess resistance of a material to scratching. It is a very simple but inexact comparative test. Perhaps its simplicity has enabled it to become the most widely used hardness test. Since the Mohs Scale was developed in 1812, many different hardness tests have been invented. These include tests by Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, Shore and Vickers. Each of these tests uses a tiny "indenter" that is applied to the material being tested with a carefully measured amount of force. Then the size or the depth of the indentation and the amount of force are used to calculate a hardness value. Because each of these tests uses a different apparatus and different calculations, they can not be directly compared to one another. So if the Knoop hardness test was done, the number is usually reported as a "Knoop hardness." For this reason, Mohs hardness test results should also be reported as a "Mohs hardness." Why are there so many different hardness tests? The type of test used is determined by the size, shape, and other characteristics of the specimens being tested.

Although these tests are quite different from the Mohs test, there is some correlation between them. [2] Hardness, Toughness, and Strength When testing for hardness, remember that you are testing "the resistance to scratching." During the test, some materials might fail in other ways. They could break, deform, or crumble instead of scratching. Hard materials often break when subjected to stress. This is a lack of toughness . Other materials might deform or crumble when subjected to stress. These materials lack strength . Always keep in mind that you are testing for the resistance to being scratched. Don't be fooled by other types of failure in the specimen being tested. Uses for Hardness Tests The Mohs Hardness Test is almost exclusively used to determine the relative hardness of mineral specimens. This is done as part of a mineral identification procedure in the field, in a classroom, or in a laboratory when easily identified specimens are being examined or where more sophisticated tests are not available. In industry, other hardness tests are done to determine the suitability of a material for a specific industrial process or a specific end-use application.

Hardness testing is also done in manufacturing processes to confirm that hardening treatments such as annealing, tempering, work hardening, or case hardening have been done to specification. Information Sources [2] Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness : Wikipedia article, last accessed July 2016. [3] Material Hardness : website article, Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering, University of Maryland, last accessed July 2016. Some Notes on Spelling Mohs Hardness Scale is named after its inventor, Friedrich Mohs. This means that an apostrophe is not needed when typing the name of the test. "Moh's" and "Mohs' " are incorrect. Google is really smart about these names. You can even type "Moe's Hardness Scale" as a query and Google knows to return results for "Mohs Hardness Scale." :-) Geology - rocks and minerals talc Test Using moderate pressure, drag a sharp edge over the smooth surface of a mineral. If the surface of the mineral is scratched then it is softer than the material used to scratch it, if not then it is harder.

Terminology Soft - can be scratched by a fingernail, Mohs' 1-2; Medium - can be scratched by a knife or nail, Mohs' 3-5; Hard - cannot be scratched by a knife but can scratch glass, Mohs' 6-9; Diamond is the hardest known mineral, Mohs' 10. Notes: It must be noted that Mohs' scale is arbitrary and non-linear, i.e. the steps between relative hardness values are not necessarily equal. Rather, it is a method of gauging the relative hardness of a mineral. If a mineral cannot be scratched by a knife blade but can be scratched by quartz then its hardness is between 5 and 7 (stated as 5-7) on Mohs scale. A relative hardness value of 6.5 means that the mineral could scratch orthoclase (feldspar) but not quartz. Mineral Hardness Testing from Rockman 9. Corundum (H=9) 10. Diamond (H=10) As common sense dictates, Mohs Scale is based on the fact that a harder material will scratch a softer one.

By using a simple scratch test, you can determine the relative hardness of an unknown mineral. How to Perform the Test Select a fresh, clean surface on the specimen to be tested. Hold the specimen firmly and attempt to scratch it with the point of an object of known hardness. In this example, we use a sharp quartz (H=7) crystal . Press the point of the crystal firmly against the surface of the unidentified specimen. If the "tool" (in this case the quartz crystal) is harder, you should feel a definite "bite" into the surface of the specimen. Look for an etched line. It is a good idea to rub the observed line with your finger to ensure that it is actually etched into the surface of the specimen. In this case, the crystal left a deep, definite scratch in the surface. Because the specimen was scratched by the quartz crystal, we know its hardness is less than that of the quartz - less than H=7. If there is any question about the result of the test, repeat it being sure to use a sharp point and a fresh surface. "Tools" for Testing Hardness Believe it or not, most people do not normally carry around samples of the 10 minerals on the Mohs Scale!

However, there are several simple "tools" people often have with them that can be useful in determining the relative hardness of an unknown mineral specimen. For example: Your fingernail has a hardenss of 2.5. If you can scratch the surface of an unknown specimen with it, you will immediately know that its hardness is less than 2.5. In other words, it is slightly harder than gypsum (H=2) but softer than calcite (H=3). A penny has a hardness of 3.0 - slightly harder than your fingernail. So, if you can't scratch the specimen with your fingernail (H=2.5), but a penny does the job, you immediately know that it is at least as hard as calcite (H=3). The steel blade of the average knife usually has a hardness of about 5.5. If a penny does not scratch your unknown specimen but the knife blade does, then you can correctly conclude that it is harder than calcite (H=3) but softer than orthoclase (H=6).

Example: You select one of the minerals from Mohs Scale that looks like the one pictured here and find that it can be scratched by the knife (H=5.5) but not by the penny (H=3). Therefore, you are able to conclude that the specimen has a relative hardness between 3.0 and 5.5. The minerals from Mohs Scale that fall into that relative hardness range are calcite (H=3), fluorite (H=4) and apatite (H=5). By using your powers of observation and your knowledge of other physical characteristics of minerals such as crystalline structure, color, streak etc. you are able to conclude that your sample calcite! Get the idea? Easy isn't it? If you'd like a set of the Mohs Scale minerals for your personal use or for your classroom, check out our card mounted or boxed sets of specimens or our Hardness Testing Kit . A special thanks to the Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction (MCLI) site for the use of their photos and ideas in putting together this simple introduction to mineral hardness.

Mohs hardness | mineralogy | Britannica.com Mohs hardness universe Mohs hardness, rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised (1812) by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. The Mohs hardness of a mineral is determined by observing whether its surface is scratched by a substance of known or defined hardness. To give numerical values to this physical property, minerals are ranked along the Mohs scale, which is composed of 10 minerals that have been given arbitrary hardness values. As is indicated by the ranking in the scale, if a mineral is scratched by orthoclase but not by apatite, its Mohs hardness is between 5 and 6. In the determination procedure it is necessary to be certain that a scratch is actually made and not just a “chalk” mark that will rub off. If the species being tested is fine-grained, friable, or pulverulent, the test may only loosen grains without testing individual mineral surfaces; thus, certain textures or aggregate forms may hinder or prevent a true hardness determination.

For this reason the Mohs test, while greatly facilitating the identification of minerals in the field, is not suitable for accurately gauging the hardness of industrial materials such as steel or ceramics. (For these materials a more precise measure is to be found in the Vickers hardness or Knoop hardness ) Another disadvantage of the Mohs scale is that it is not linear; that is, each increment of one in the scale does not indicate a proportional increase in hardness. For instance, the progression from calcite to fluorite (from 3 to 4 on the Mohs scale) reflects an increase in hardness of approximately 25 percent; the progression from corundum to diamond, on the other hand (9 to 10 on the Mohs scale), reflects a hardness increase of more than 300 percent. Mohs hardness scale and observations on hardness of some additional materials mineral Choosing Scientific Measurements - What is Important? Choosing Scientific Measurements Share this page on your website: <a href="">Choosing Scientific Measurements</a> For many experimental research methods, the researcher is not even aware that they are choosing scientific measurements.

This article is a part of the guide: Select from one of the other courses available: Discover 18 more articles on this topic Don't miss these related articles: 6Overview . In physics, chemistry and engineering, for example, the type of measurement is well established, and the researcher instinctively knows the standard system. For other disciplines, the measurement system used needs to be evaluated very carefully and methodically. The process is not about arbitrary units or scales, but the actual type of measurement . It must take into account both the nature of the variables , and the type of data generated by the research method . . Nominal Scientific Measurements Nominal scientific measurements are numbers arbitrarily assigned to variables, allowing easier manipulation of sets. For example, a researcher with 6 sample groups might prefer to refer to them as numbers. This will make the discussion of the methods and results less difficult. For example, 'In group 1 we found that…' The numbering system merely provides a point of reference, and no underlying relationship or structure is inferred. 'Group One' is no better than 'Group Six,' for example, and the assigned numbers are only convenient labels. Letters of the alphabet could be used, and it would make absolutely no difference to the experiment. . .

Ordinal Scientific Measurements The ordinal system of scientific measurements uses a scale of numbering that has some meaning, and is statistically analyzable. For example, a researcher designing a questionnaire might use the Likert scale of response to questions, from '1 - strongly disagree,' to '5 - strongly agree.' This does allow some numerical evaluation of the results , but it is not an accurate scale. For example, you could not use 4⅜, or subdivide the scale. The Moh's scale of hardness, the logarithmic Richter scale and the Beaufort Wind Scale are examples of ordinal measurements. The ordinal scale is merely an arbitrary assignation of numbers, allowing researchers to operationalize the experiment. The distance between 1 and 2 is not the same as between 2 and 3, so this system of scientific measurement is merely a convenient method of quantifying non-numerical data. Whilst a useful tool, experiments using ordinal scales will always undergo a vigorous process of scrutiny. Interval Scientific Measurements Interval scientific measurements are probably the most familiar type of scientific measurements, using a scale assigned to a phenomenon, with an arbitrary zero point. Celsius and Fahrenheit are examples of interval measurement, with an arbitrarily determined value for zero.

The difference between 20 degrees and 50 degrees Centigrade, is the same as between 50 degrees and 80 degrees. An interval scale is also divisible. You can use thousandths or millionths of a degree, with no problem, and statisticians can manipulate the numbers, to find averages or medians. The only limitation is of ratios, as for example, 100 degrees centigrade is not necessarily twice as hot as fifty degrees, because the scale allows negative measurement. For example, what temperature is twice as hot as -10 degrees Centigrade? However, there may be an overlap between interval and ratio measurement; ratio measurements are always interval measurements. Ratio Scientific Measurements Ratio scientific measurements do possess a relationship of scale. With weight, for example, 100 kilograms is twice as heavy as fifty kilograms. 60 seconds is three times longer than 20 seconds are. The Kelvin scale of temperature is a ratio measurement, because absolute zero is not arbitrarily assigned, so that you can say that 40 degrees Kelvin is twice as hot as 20 degrees Kelvin. Ratio scientific measurements do not have negative values; for example, you cannot have negative mass or length.

It is not possible to have a length of less than zero, or fewer than zero seconds. . Operationalization Wherever possible, the operationalization stage of an experiment should always try to use intervals or ratios, because they are less arbitrary and less open to criticism. They enable other researchers to easily test results and replicate the experiment , focusing upon the findings rather than questioning how, and why, certain units were used. Obviously, this is not always possible, with many research methods requiring some arbitrary designation. This could be a subjective unit for measuring aggression, or the perceived activity level of an organism. As long as the reasoning behind the system is fully explained, during the operationalization, there should be no problem. The research design and scientific measurements will stand up to scrutiny. . Hardness - definition of hardness by The Free Dictionary Hardness - definition of hardness by The Free Dictionary 1. The quality or condition of being hard. 2. The relative resistance of a mineral to scratching, as measured by the Mohs scale. 3. The relative resistance of a metal or other material to denting, scratching, or bending. hardness n 1. the quality or condition of being hard 2.

(Minerals) one of several measures of resistance to indentation, deformation, or abrasion. See Mohs scale , Brinell hardness number 3. (Chemistry) the quality of water that causes it to impair the lathering of soap: caused by the presence of certain calcium salts. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling whereas permanent hardness cannot hard•ness n. 1. the state or quality of being hard. 2. that quality in water that is imparted by the presence of dissolved salts, esp. calcium sulfate or bicarbonate. 3. the comparative ability of a substance to scratch or be scratched by another. 4. the measured resistance of a metal to indention, abrasion, deformation, or machining. [before 900] hard·ness (härd′nĭs) A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched. Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1.

hardness - the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale consistency , eubstance , consistence , body - the property of holding together and retaining its shape; "wool has more body than rayon"; "when the dough has enough consistency it is ready to bake" firmness - the property of being unyielding to the touch incompressibility - the property of being incompressible softness - the property of giving little resistance to pressure and being easily cut or molded 2. hardness - a quality of water that contains dissolved mineral salts that prevent soap from lathering; "the costs of reducing hardness depend on the relative amounts of calcium and magnesium compounds that are present" quality - an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone; "the quality of mercy is not strained"--Shakespeare 3.

callousness , unfeelingness , callosity , insensibility insensitiveness , insensitivity - the inability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment dullness - lack of sensibility; "there was a dullness in his heart"; "without him the dullness of her life crept into her work no matter how she tried to compartmentalize it." 4. hardness - the quality of being difficult to do; "he assigned a series of problems of increasing hardness"; "the ruggedness of his exams caused half the class to fail" difficultness , difficulty - the quality of being difficult; "they agreed about the difficulty of the climb" 5. hardness - excessive sternness; "severity of character"; "the harshness of his punishment was inhuman"; "the rigors of boot camp" hardness noun 2. severity , toughness , callousness , strictness , lack of compassion, sternness , cold-heartedness , hard-heartedness Her hardness is balanced by a goofy humor. hardness 1. (= not softness) [of object, substance, water] → dureza f 2.

(= not easiness) [of exam, problem] → dificultad f hardness of hearing → dureza f de oído 3.

(= harshness) [of person, measures] → dureza f, severidad f; [of winter, frost] → rigor m hardness of heart → dureza f de corazón , insensibilidad f hardness [ˈhɑːrdnɪs] n [surface, object] → dureté fhard-nosed [ˌhɑːrdˈnəʊzd] adj → impitoyable , dur (e)hard of hearing hard-of-hearing adj to be hard of hearing → être dur (e) d'oreille npl the hard of hearing → les malentendants mplhard porn n → porno m hard hard-pressed [ˌhɑːrdˈprɛst] adj → sous pression to be hard-pressed to do sth → avoir du mal à faire qchhard right n → extrême droite fhard right hard-right modif [party, leader] → d'extrême droite ; [belief, viewpoint] → d'extrême droite hard rock n (MUSIC) → hard rock mhard sell hard-sell n (= aggressive sales pitch) → vente f agressive modif [tactics, approach] → de vente agressive hardness → Härte f (=

 difficulty) → Schwere f, → Schwierigkeit f; hardness of hearing → Schwerhörigkeit f (= severity) → Härte f; (of winter, frost) → Strenge f; (of light) → Grelle f, → Grellheit f; the hardness of his heart → seine Hartherzigkeit hardness hard (haːd) adjective 1.

firm; solid; not easy to break, scratch etc. The ground is too hard to dig. hard قاسٍ твърд duro tvrdý hart hård σκληρός , στέρεος duro ; sólido kõva سفت kova dur קשה कठोर tvr kemény keras harður duro 堅い 단단한 kietas ciets keras hard , stevig hard , fast twardy کلک duro tare твёрдый tvrdý trd trvd hård แข็ง sert , katı 堅硬的 твердий سخت cứng rắn 硬的 2. not easy to do, learn, solve etc. Is English a hard language to learn?; He is a hard man to please. moeilik صَعْب труден difícil nesnadný schwer , schwierig svær δύσκολος difícil raske دشوار vaikea difficile קשה कठिन težak nehéz sulit erfiður difficile 難しい 어려운 sunkus Viņam grūti izpatikt.

sukar moeilijk vanskelig trudny کلک difícil dificil трудный ťažký težek težak svår ที่ต้องใช้ความพยายามมาก zor , güç 困難的 важкий, тяжкий مشکل khó 困难的 3. not feeling or showing kindness. a hard master.

streng, hardvogtig قاسٍ ، لا يُظْهِرُ مشاعر ودِّيَّهً суров duro přísný hart hård; streng σκληρός , ασυγκίνητος severo ; rudo ; seco karm سختگير kova dur קפדן निष्ठुर neumoljiv, strog rideg bengis strangur duro 無情な 무정한 griežtas, kietas bargs; stingrs tegas hard streng surowy کلک نیول duro dur строгий prísny trd žestok hård[hjärtad], sträng ไม่มีความเมตตา sert , acımasız 冷酷的 суворий ظالم nghiêm khắc 冷酷的 4. (of weather) severe. a hard winter.

swaar شَديد، قارِس суров violento tuhý streng hård; streng βαρύς duro , severo , riguroso vali سخت و ناگوار ankara rigoureux קשה दुष्कर oštar, hladan zord ganas, keras harður, erfiður duro , rigido きびしい (날씨가) 험악한 atšiaurus (par laika apstākļiem) bargs teruk streng hard , streng srogi سخت،ګران violento aspru суровый drsný oster oštar hård, sträng, svår (อากาศ) รุนแรง sıkıntılı 惡劣的 суворий شدید khắc nghiệt 恶劣的 5. having or causing suffering. a hard life; hard times.

hard, moeilik صَعب، ُمسبب للمِعاناة труден duro těžký hart hård; vanskelig δύσκολος duro , difícil raske طاقت فرسا kova difficile זְמִניים קָשִים कठोर težak, naporan nehéz sulit þungbær, erfiður difficile , duro つらい (생활 등이) 견디기 힘든 sunkus grūts; smags susah hard , zwaar , moeilijk hard , vanskelig ciężki طاقت راښكونكي duro greu тяжёлый ťažký težek težak hård เต็มไปด้วยปัญหา zor , güç 辛苦的 сповнений труднощів і нестатків دشوار gian khổ 艰难的 6. (of water) containing many chemical salts and so not easily forming bubbles when soap is added. The water is hard in this part of the country.

hard, brak مليء بالأملاح твърд pesada tvrdý hart hård σκληρός dura kare آهکی؛ سخت kova dur מַיִם קָשִים खारा tvrda (voda) kemény keras kalkríkur, harður duro 硬質の (물이) 경질(硬質)인 kietas (par ūdeni) ciets liat hard hard , kalkrik twarda (o wodzie) کلک،سخت pesada dur жёсткий tvrdý trd tvrd hårt [vatten] ความกระด้างของน้ำ sert , kireçli, acı 硬水 твердий کھارا پانا cứng (nước) 硬水 adverb 1. with great effort. He works very hard; Think hard.

hard بِشِدّه، بِصُعوبَه трудно esforçadamente usilovně hart hårdt σκληρά duro , con ahínco kõvasti شديد kovasti dur , sérieusement בְּמַאֲמָץ कठिन jako, naporno komolyan, erősen, keményen keras af fremsta megni, mikið sodo ; attentamente 一生けん命に 열심히 sunkiai, smarkiai, daug grūti; smagi; cītīgi keras hard werken, hard nadenken hardt , flittig ciężko شدید esforçadamente din greu; serios усердно usilovne hudo, trdo, dobro naporno hårt, ordentligt ขยัน çok fazla 努力地 наполегливо, енергійно بڑی جد و جہد سے chăm chỉ 努力地 2. with great force; heavily. Don't hit him too hard; It was raining hard.

hard بِقُوَّه، بِقَسْوَه силно violentamente silně, hodně stark hårdt δυνατά fuerte , fuertemente kõvasti محكم kovasti fort , à verse בְּאוֹפן קָשֶה सख्त jako erősen keras ákaflega; fast, hart forte 激しく 세게 smarkiai stipri; spēcīgi kuat hard , zwaar hardt , tungt mocno کلک violentamente tare сильно silno močno jako hårt, häftigt โดยแรง şiddetle, kuvvetle 猛力地 сильно زور سے، طاقت سے mạnh; nặng 猛烈的，重重地 3. with great attention. He stared hard at the man.

strak بانتباهٍ شديد внимателно fixamente upřeně anstarren hårdt; strengt επίμονα fijamente tähelepanelikult عمیقاً tiiviisti fixement בֶּקֶשב רָב घूरना uporno, ustrajno feszülten terpusat hvasst, fast intensamente じっと 빤히, 뚫어지게 įdėmiai cieši mendalam met grote aandacht skarpt , strengt , stivt uważnie عميقا،په زوره توګه fixamente fix упорно uprene nepremično pažljivo hårt, stint อย่างเอาจริงเอาจัง büyük dikkatle 極專注地 пильно پوری توجہ سے tập trung 极专注地，紧紧地 4. to the full extent; completely. The car turned hard right.

skerp كُلِّيّا напълно totalmente úplně, zcela sehr skarpt εντελώς completamente , totalmente täielikult کاملاً kokonaan à droite toute ככל האפשר पूरा naglo, potpuno teljesen tajam algerlega totalmente 完全に 극도로 tiesiai tuvu klāt sepenuhnya helemaal skarpt zupełnie , całkiem پوره،کاملأ totalmente cu totul круто úplne popolnoma sasvim hårt, häftigt, våldsamt อย่างสมบูรณ์แบบ tam 完全地 повністю بالکل hoàn toàn 完全地 ˈharden verb to make or become hard. Don't touch the toffee till it hardens; Try not to harden your heart against him.

verhard, hard maak يَصْلَبُّ، يُصْبِحُ جامِدا втвърдявам endurecer tvrdnout; zatvrdit erhärten blive hård σκληραίνω endurecer kõvaks minema, kõvaks tegema سفت شدن kovettua durcir לְהִתקַשוֹת, לְהַקשוֹת सख्त करना otvrdnuti, okorjeti (meg)keményít mengeras(kan) harðna; herða indurire , diventare insensibile 堅くする 단단하게 하다 sukietėti, sukietinti sacietēt; nocietināt (sirdi) mengeraskan harden gjøre/bli hard, herde stwardnieć , utwardzać كلكول، سختول لكېدل ، سختېدل endurecer a (se) întări затвердевать ; ожесточаться tvrdn

úť; zatvrdiť sa strditi (se), utrditi stvrdnuti hårdna, förhärda [sig] ทำให้แข็ง; ทำให้ใจแข็ง sertleş(tir)mek (使)變硬 ставати твердим, тверднути سخت ہو جانا یا کرنا trở nên cứng rắn, mạnh mẽ 使变硬 ˈhardness noun hardheid صُعوبَه، صلابَه، قَسْوَه твърдост dureza tvrdost die Härte hårdhed; strenghed σκληρότητα dureza , firmeza karmus سختی kovuus dureté קושי कड़ापन tvrdoca, okrutnost keménység kekerasan harka durezza 堅さ 단단함 kietumas, sunkumas cietība; grūtums; smagums; bargums kekerasan hardheid hardhet ; strenghet wytrzyma

łość , odporność كلكوالى dureza duritate твердость ; жесткость tvrdosť trdota stvrdnutost hårdhet ความแข็ง sertlik, katılık 硬度 твердість; міцність سختی sự cứng rắn 硬度 ˈhardship noun (something which causes) pain, suffering etc.

a life full of hardship.

teenspoed, swaarkry صُعوبَة، ألَم، مُعاناه мъка dureza utrpení die Mühsal modgang κακουχία apuro ; infortunio ; prueba ; privación viletsus مشقت vastoinkäyminen épreuve קושי कठिनाई, विपत्ति teškoca, nevolja nehézség kesulitan erfiðleikar, hrakningar stento 苦難 고난, 역경 sunkumai grūtības kesusahan lijden lidelser , strabaser , motgang trud , niedostatek ستونځه، مشكلات، ربړه،سختى dureza în­cer­cări; greutăţi невзгоды utrpenie stiska, trpljenje tegoba vedermöda, strapats, umbärande ความทุกข์ยาก zorluk (造成)痛苦、磨難 труднощі, нужда پریشانیاں sự gian khổ �

�难 ˈhard-and-fast adjective (of rules) that can never be changed or ignored.

vas, bindend بإحْكام، لا يُمْكِن تَجاهُلُه вечен inflexível striktní starr ufravigelig άκαμπτος , απαρέγκλιτος definitivo , irrevocable range سفت و سخت tiukka strict כְּלָלִים נוּקשִׁים पक्का ustaljeno (pravilo) szigorú pasti ósveigjanlegur ferreo , rigido 厳重な 변경을 허락치 않는 tvirtai nustatytas, griežtas (par likumu) negrozāms peraturan yang boleh diabaikan vuurvast , ijzeren unyansert , fast nienaruszalny سخت inflexível strict неукоснительный pevný, záväzný trden nepromenljiv fastslagen, järnhård, orubblig (กฎ) ตายตัว değişmez, katı (規定)不容變通的

 раз і назавжди встановлений معیّن cứng rắn, chặt chẽ 不容变通的 ˈhard-back noun a book with a hard cover.

Hard-backs are more expensive than paperbacks.

hardeband غِلاف قاسٍ أو مُقَوّى твърда корица livro encadernado vázaná kniha fester Einband indbundet bog δεμένο βιβλίο de tapas duras kõvade kaantega raamat كتاب با جلد زخيم kovakantinen kirja livre relié כְּרִיכָה קָשָה कड़े कवर वाली पुस्तक knjiga u tvrdom uvezu kemény kötésű sampul keras innbundinn bók (í stinn spjöld) (libro con copertina rigida) 堅表紙の 표지가 단단한 책 knyga kietais viršeliais (cietos vākos) iesieta grāmata buku berkulit keras harde omslag, harde cover innbundet bok książka w twardej oprawie د زخيم جلد لرونكي كتاب livro encadernado carte

/volum cartonat(ă) книга в твёрдом переплёте kniha v tvrdej väzbe knjiga v trdi vezavi tvrd povez inbunden bok หนังสือปกแข็ง ciltli kitap 精裝本 книга в твердій палітурці مجلد کتاب sách bìa cứng 硬书皮的书，精装书 ˌhard-ˈboiled adjective (of eggs) boiled until the white and the yolk are solid.

hardgekook مَسْلوق جَيدا твърдосварен duro natvrdo hartgekocht hårdkogt σφιχτοβρασμένος duro , cocido kõvaks keedetud سفت شده kovaksikeitetty dur בֵּיצָה קָשָה उबला हुआ tvrdo kuhan (jaje) kemény (tojás) matang harðsoðinn sodo 堅ゆでの (계란 등이) 단단하게 삶은 kietai virtas (par olu) cieti novārīta telur masak hardgekookt hardkokt (ugotowany) na twardo سختول duro (ou fiert) tare сваренный вкрутую natvrdo trdo kuhan tvrdo kuvan hårdkokt (ไข่) ต้มสุก lop , katı (雞蛋)完全煮熟的 крутий پوری طرح ابلا انڈا luộc chín (trứng)

 （鸡蛋）煮得老的 hardˈdisk noun a device that is fixed inside a computer and is used for storing information.

hardeskyf القُرص الصَّلْب في الكومبيوتر твърд диск disco rígido hard disk, pevný disk der Harddisk harddisk σκληρός δίσκος disco duro kõvaketas حافظه ثابت kiintolevy disque dur דִיסְק קָשִיח कंप्यूटर हार्ड डिस्क जिसमें कंप्यूटर में डाटा सेव होता है या करते हैं hard-disk merevlemez hard disk disco rigido*, hard disk ハードディスク 하드 디스크 kietasis diskas cietais disks cakera keras harddisk harddisk هارددسک жёсткий диск pevný disk trdi disk hard disk hårddisk จานแม่เหล็กเก็บข้อมูลของคอมพิวเตอร์ disk , sabit disk 硬碟 твердий диск بڑے گھیر

 کی مقناطیسی قرص یا تھالی جس میں زیادہ معلومات ذخیرہ ہو سکیں đĩa cứng 硬盘 ˈhard-earned adjective earned by hard work or with difficulty.

I deserve every penny of my hard-earned wages.

swaar verdiende مُكْتَسَب بِالعَمَل الصَّعْب спечелен с труд ganho a custo těžce zasloužený hart verdient hårdt tjent αποκτημένος με κόπο ganado con el sudor de la frente ränga tööga teenitud به زحمت كسب شده kovalla työllä ansaittu bien mérité עָמַל רַב परिश्रम का धन teško zaraden nehezen megkeresett hasil kerja keras sem e-r hefur unnið til (guadagnato con grande fatica) 苦心して得た 애써서 얻은 sunkiai uždirbtas grūti nopelnīts hasil kerja keras zuurverdiend surt ervervet , dyrekjøpt ciężko zapracowany په زحمت کی نیول ganho a custo câştigat cu greu с трудом заработанный ťa

žko zarobený težko zaslužen teško zarađen surt (med möda) förtjänad ทำงานหนัก zorlukla kazanılmış 辛苦掙得的 зароблений тяжкою працею مہنت کی کمائی kiếm được một cách khó khăn 辛苦挣得的 ˌhard-ˈheaded adjective practical; shrewd; not influenced by emotion.

a hard-headed businessman.

nugter, prakties عَنيد الرأي، صَلْب، غَير عاطِفي практичен pragmático praktický, věcný, realistický nüchtern nøgtern πρακτικός , χωρίς ευαισθησίες práctico , realista kaine mõistusega سر سخت kylmäpäinen pratique עקשן शातिर realistican, praktican, nesentimentalan gyakorlatias pintar, keras kepala harðskeyttur, séður pratico 実際的な 완고한 blaivaus proto, praktiškas, dalykiškas praktisks; lietišķs berjiwa kental hard praktisk , sta , stri trzeźwy , praktyczny , wyrachowany سر سخت prático practic; pragmatic практичный rozumný; vecný; triezvy praktičen, razumarski trezven praktisk, förslagen, nyktert tänkande ฉลาด

 duygularına kapılmayan 講求實際的，精明的，不感情用事的 практичний, тверезий عمل سے نہ کہ جذبات سے کام لینے والا، شاطر thực tế 讲实际的，头脑冷静的 ˌhard-ˈhearted adjective not feeling or showing pity or kindness.

a hard-hearted employer.

hardvogtig, verhard قاسي القَلْب коравосърдечен insensível nemilosrdný hartherzig hårdhjertet σκληρός , σκληρόκαρδος de corazón duro como una piedra, insensible kõva südamega سنگدل kovasydäminen impitoyable קשוח निर्दयी tvrda srca, okrutan kemény szívű kejam harðbrjósta insensibile , spietato 無情な 무정한 kietaširdis cietsirdīgs; nežēlīgs tiada belas kasihan hardvochtig hardhjertet bezwzględny په زړه كلك،په زړه سخت، بې زړه سو يه insensível nemilos жестокосердный nemilosrdný, bezcitný trdosrčen bezdušan hårdhjärtad ดันทุรัง katı kalpli, kalpsiz �

�酷的 безсердечний; черствий سخت دل، ظالم cứng rắn 冷酷的 ˈhardware noun 1.

metal goods such as pots, tools etc. This shop sells hardware.

hardeware, ysterware أدوات مَعدَنيَّه، أسْلِحَه железария ferragens železářské zboží die Eisenwaren isenkram είδη κιγκαλερίας ferretería rauakaup ظروف فلزي rautatavara quincaillerie כֵּלי בָּיִת וְגָן लोहे का सामान željezna roba, željezarija vasáru barang-barang dari logam járnvara ferramenta , articoli di ferro 金物類 금속 제품 metalo dirbiniai dzelzs izstrādājumi; saimniecības preces perkakasan hardware jernvarer towary żelazne فلزی ظروف ferragens (articol de) fierărie скобяные изделия železiarsky tovar železnina; strojna oprema gvožđarija järn-, metall-, smidesvaror

 เครื่องมือที่ทำด้วยเหล็ก hırdavat , madenî eşya 五金 металеві вироби دھات کے اوزار یا گھریلو سامان đồ ngũ kim 金属器具 2.

the mechanical parts of a computer.

apparatuur الأجزاء الميكانيكيّه في الكومبيوتر، جِسْم الكومبيوتر хардуер hardware hardware die Hardware hardware εξαρτήματα Η/Υ hardware , soporte físico riistvara سخت افزار laitteisto hardware חוֹמְרָה कंप्यूटर के पाटर्स hardver, tehnicka oprema kompjutera hardver hardware, perangkat keras hardware （コンピューターの）機器 하드웨어 techninė kompiuterio įranga (datora) aparatūra perkakasan hardware maskinvare sprzęt komputerowy هاردویر аппаратное обеспечение technické vybavenie (počítača) železnina; strojna oprema hardver hårdvara อุปกรณ์คอมพิวเตอร์ donanım 電腦硬體 апаратура کمپیوٹر کے کل پرزے phần cứng （电脑的）硬件 ˌhard-ˈwearing adjective that will not wear

 out easily.

a hard-wearing fabric. sterk, duursaam لا يَبْلى بِسُهولَه траен resistente trvanlivý zermürbend slidstærk ανθεκτικός resistente vastupidav بادوام kulutusta kestävä solide עמיד टिकाऊ izdržljiv (materijal) tartós awet endingargóður, slitþolinn resistente 長持ちする 쉽게 닳지 않는 patvarus, gerai dėvimas ilgi valkājams tidak mudah koyak stevig , solide , bestand tegen slijt slitesterk , solid mocny , odporny na zużycie مقاوم resistente rezistent ноский trvanlivý odporen trajan slitstark (ผ้า) เนื้อหยาบ kolay eskimez 耐磨損的 зносостійкий پائیدار ، مضبوط ، بہت چلنے والا bền 耐磨损的 be hard on 1. to punish or criticize severely.

Don't be too hard on the boy – he's too young to know that he was doing wrong.

streng/straf behandel يُعاقِب أو يَنْتَقِد بِقَسْوَه наказвам сурово ser duro com být tvrdý na streng behandeln være hård ved είμαι αυστηρός απέναντι σε κπ., τιμωρώ ser duro/severo con karm olema با خشونت رفتار کردن olla ankara être dur avec לְהַחמִיר עִם कठोरता दिखाना biti prestrog prema nekomu szigorú (vkivel) keras vera strangur við essere duro con つらく当たる 심하게 벌주다 būti griežtam su sodīt; kritizēt tegas zwaar straffen; streng bekritiseren; iemand hard vallen være hard/slem mot być surowym dla په خشونت کی رفتار کول ser duro com a fi dur cu быть слишком строгим byť tvrdý

 na biti strog z biti surov vara hård mot กระทำรุนแรงกับ acımasızlık etmek, insafsız/zalim olmak 嚴厲懲罰或批評 суворий до кого سختی سے سزا دینے phạt hoặc chỉ trích nghiêm khắc 过分严厉地对待某人 2.

to be unfair to. If you punish all the children for the broken window it's a bit hard on those who had nothing to do with it.

hard, onregverdig يَقْسو عَلى، يُعامِل بِقَسْوَه не съм справедлив ser injusto být nespravedlivý k ungerecht behandeln uretfærdig είμαι άδικος για ser injusto con ebaõiglane olema غیرمنصفانه بودن olla epäreilu injuste envers לִהיוֹת לֹא הוֹגֶן כְּלָפֵּי जुल्म ne biti fer igazságtalan tidak adil ósanngjarn essere ingiusto con きびしすぎる 모질게 굴다 būti neteisingam kieno nors atžvilgiu būt netaisnam tidak adil onrechtvaardig zijn tegen skjære alle over én kam być niesprawiedliwym w stosunku do بی انصافی ser injusto a fi nedrept cu быть несправедливым byť nes

pravodlivý k biti krivično do ne biti fer vara hårt mot ทำโทษ; ติเตียน insafsızlık etmek 不公平地對待 несправедливий до кого نا انصافی کرنا không công bằng 不公平地对待 hard at it busy doing (something).

I've been hard at it all day, trying to get this report finished.

werk hard daaraan مَشْغول جِداً зает atarefado zapřažený sich abrackern være travl ριγμένος με τα μούτρα (στη δουλειά) liado/ocupado/atareado con algo tööhoos سخت مشغول كاري بودن työskennellä tiiviisti attelé à (qqch.) לַעֲבוֹד קָשֶה व्यस्त रहना naporno raditi keményen (csinál vmit) sibuk vera á fullu lavorato sodo 精を出して 전념하다 sunkiai, neatsitraukiant dirbantis aizņemts (kaut ko darot) sibuk melakukan sesuatu hard bezig zijn (arbeide) hardt/flittig ciężko pracujący, zapracowany په يوه كار باندي سخت مصروفيدل atarefado ocupat cu ceva усердно трудиться zanepr

ázdnený vprežen v (delo) zauzet slita hårt med ไม่ว่าง harıl harıl çalışarak, tüm gücüyle çalışarak 忙著做(某事) зайнятий کسی چیز میں مشغول ہونا bận bịu 忙于作（某事） hard done by unfairly treated.

You should complain to the headmaster if you feel hard done by.

word stief behandel مُعامَل مُعامَلَةً غَيْر عادِلَه несправедливо третиран injustiçado ukřivděný špatným zacházením ungerecht behandeln uretfærdigt behandlet αδικημένος, ριγμένος tratado injustamente ülekohut kannatama ناعادلانه برخود شده kaltoin kohdeltu injustement traité עוֹבֵד קָשֶה מִדָי अनुचित व्यवहार करना biti zakinut igazságtalanul bánnak vkivel diperlakukan tidak adil sem illa er komið fram við trattato ingiustamente 不当に扱われて 부당하게 대우하는 nuskriaustas [] netaisnu izturēšanos diperlakukan dengan tidak adil onrechtvaardig behandeld urettferdig behandlet nies

prawiedliwie potraktowany په درغلۍ،په بياوۍ injustiçado tratat incorect/nedrept обделённый zle zaobchádzať s nepravilno obravnavan nefer tretiran orättvist behandlad กระทำโดยมิชอบ haksızlığa uğrama, haksızlık edilme 受到不公平對待 такий, що зазнає несправедливого ставлення نا انصافی کرنا bị đối xử không công bằng 受到不公平对待 hard lines/luck bad luck.

Hard lines/luck! I'm afraid you haven't won this time; It's hard luck that he broke his leg. 'n jammerte حَظٌّ سَيِّء лош късмет azar smůla Pech! bare ærgerligt ατυχία mala suerte , mala pata ei vedanud بد شانسی huono onni pas de chance מָזַל בִּיש बदकिस्मती zla sreca, peh balszerencse sial óheppni sfortuna 不運 참 안됐다 gaila, nepasisekė neveiksme nasib tidak baik pech , ongeluk motgang , dårlig lykke pech بد بخت azar невезенье smola zla usoda, smola loša sreća hårda bud โชคร้าย şanssızlık, talihsizlik 運氣不好 тяжка доля خراب قسمت thật không may 坏运气 hard of hearing rather deaf.

He is a bit hard of hearing now.

hardhorend wees ثَقيل السَّمَع глух surdo nedoslýchavý schwerhörig halvdøv; tunghør βαρήκοος duro de oído kõva kuulmisega تقریباً کر huonokuuloinen dur d'oreille כְּבָד שְׁמִיעָה कम सुनना nagluh nagyothalló agak tuli heyrnarskertur, heyrir illa duro d'orecchi 耳が遠い 귀가 어두운 neprigirdintis pakurls hampir pekak hardhorend tunghørt przygłuchawy كوڼ duro de ouvido tare de ureche тугоухий nahluchlý naglušen gluv lomhörd ไม่ค่อยได้ยิน ağır işiten 幾乎沒有聽力 глухуватий بہراپن، اونچا سننا nặng tai 听觉不灵的，有点耳聋的 a hard time (of it) trouble

, difficulty, worry etc.

The audience gave the speaker a hard time of it at the meeting; The speaker had a hard time (of it) trying to make himself heard.

'n moeilike tyd, 'n swaar tyd مَتاعِب، وَقْتٌ صَعْب проблем momentos difíceis krušné chvíle; potíže schwere Zeit problemer δυσκολίες, βάσανα un mal rato raskustes مشکل؛ نگرانی hankaluudet du fil à retordre קושי मुश्किल teškoce (neugodnosti), teška vremena „megpróbáltatás” kesulitan í erfiðleikum, eiga erfitt (del filo da torcere) つらいめ 곤욕 rūpesčiai, sunkumai grūtības; raizes sukar het moeilijk maken voor; iemand moeilijk vallen vanskelighet , trøbbel przeprawa, trudności z استونځی momentos difíceis de furcă тяжёлый момент ťažkosti preglavice, težave poteškoća fullt upp เ

วลาที่ยาก zorluk , güçlük 麻煩，困難，煩擾 тяжкі часи پریشانیاں کھڑی کرنا gặp khó khăn 受苦，困难 hard up not having much especially money.

I'm a bit hard up at the moment; I'm hard up for envelopes. platsak wees, geldnood hê في وَضْع مادي صَعْب، لا يوجد لَدَيه مال на червено com falta de na suchu; úplně bez (peněz) knapp mit Geld etc. hårdt spændt for; i bekneb είμαι αδέκαρος, μου έχει τελειώσει κτ.

estar sin blanca/sin un duro; estar casi sin algo näpud põhjas در مضيقه tiukilla avoir grand besoin בִּמצוּקָה כַּספִּית तंगी bez novaca, u financijskim neprilikama rosszul áll tidak punya í kröggum, blankur (al verde), (a corto di quattrini) 欠乏している 돈에 몹시 궁한 (kam) striuka su (pinigais) [] grūtībās memerlukan blut , bijna door iets heen zijn i pengeknipe ; mangle noe być spłukanym په استونځی com muita falta de strâmtorat; lipsit de нуждающийся vo finančnej tiesni; nemať (čo) na tesnem (z denarjem) u oskudici dåligt ställt, ont om ขาดแคลนเงิน parasız, yolsuz 短缺(尤指金錢)，缺錢 в скрутному становищ

і پیسوں کی قلت ہونا cạn túi （钱）不多，缺钱

Question: What is the scientific scale for measuring the hardness of rocks?
Answer: Mohs' scale