Ohio - American Lung Association | State of the Air 2015 American Lung Association in Ohio Notes: (1) INC indicates incomplete monitoring data for all three years. Therefore, those counties are excluded from the grade analysis. (2) DNC indicates that there is no monitor collecting data in the county. Ohio Ohio Summary Demographic State Data (and Source) Foreign-Born Population (2012 CB est.) 535,790 Foreign-Born Population (2000 CB est.) 339,279 Naturalized U.S.

Citizens (2012 CB est.): 231,207 Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 2001 – 2012) 141,086 Refugee Admission (HHS 2000 – 2012) 27,112 Illegal Alien Population (2010 FAIR est.) 110,000 Costs of Illegal Aliens (2009 FAIR) $563,119,993 Projected 2050 Population (2006 FAIR) 12,616,000 Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) According to the Census Bureau, the population of Ohio in 2012 was 11,544,225 residents. Between 2000 (population 11,353,140) and 2012, the state's average annual population change was 15,599 residents. That was an annual average change of 0.1 percent. The comparable national annual rate of change was 0.9 percent.

Between 1990 (population 10,847,115) and 2000, the state's annual average population change was 50,603 residents. The annual average rate of change was 0.5 percent compared to the national rate of change of 1.2 percent. Foreign-Born Population Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) According to the Census Bureau the foreign-born population of Ohio was about 535,790 persons in 2012. This estimate meant a foreign-born population share of 4.6 percent. The chart above shows the long-term change in the state's foreign-born population based on Census Bureau data. Foreign-Born Change Between 2000 and 2012 the Census Bureau estimate indicates an average annual rate of change in the foreign-born population of about 16,042 people, compared to the state's annual average population change of about 15,599 people. That is a 102.8 percent share of the state's population change (not including the children born in the United States to illegal aliens).

The foreign-born population grew by 57.9 percent between 2000 and 2012. Immigration also contributes to population growth through the U.S.-born children of immigrants. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 9.2 percent share of the state's current births is large enough to account for about 13,000 births a year. Combining the average increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for about 29,040 persons added to the state's population annually, i.e., nearly 186.2 percent of the state's overall population increase. As of 2012 about 46.1 percent of Ohio's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 2000. This compares with the national average 40.9 percent. In 2000, 42.2 percent of the state's foreign-born population that had arrived since the previous Census.

Foreign-Born Characteristics An indicator of the change in Ohio's immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population over five years of age that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 2000 and 2012, the share of non-English speakers changed from 6.1 percent to 6.7 percent. In 2000, 36.2 percent of those persons in also said they spoke English less than very well. In the 2012 estimate, the share was 34.9 percent that spoke English less than very well. In 2012 Spanish speakers were 34.0 percent of those who spoke other than English at home, and 35.9 percent of those who spoke English less than very well. Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) The chart above shows the regional composition of the state's foreign-born population and how it has changed from between 2000 and 2012.

Naturalization Census Bureau data in 2012 indicate that 231,207 residents of Ohio, or 43.2 percent of the foreign-born population in Ohio, were naturalized U.S. citizens, compared to 169,295 residents, or 49.9 percent, in 2000. Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was naturalized in 2000, and 45.8 percent in 2012. Net International Migration (NIM) Data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Census Bureau estimated that between 2000 and 2012, the change in Ohio's population resulting from net international migration has been about 27,910 people. It was 116.7 percent of total change (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States). 1 The remainder was due to net domestic migration and natural change (births minus deaths). A negative percentage results when there was an overall population decrease.

A percentage greater than 100 percent results when domestic migration is negative, i.e, a net loss from interstate migration. Immigrant Admissions Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) Recent "green card" recipients who intend to reside in Ohio were 92 percent above admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965 to 1969 period, annual admissions averaged about 7,441 persons. During the most recent five years, annual admissions averaged about 14,272 persons. Immigrant admissions data are from the Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) The chart above shows recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative amount of immigrant admissions since FY'65. The cumulative total of immigrant admissions to Ohio between fiscal years 1965 and 2012 has been 454,294 persons. The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986.

According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Ohio was 2,699 (1,466 pre-1982 residents and 1,233 agricultural workers). These data were published by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and reported in "Report on the Legalized Alien Population," March 1992. Admissions by Nationality: FY'96 - FY'05 The table below furnishes INS data by nationality on the immigrants who were admitted for residence in Ohio between 1996 and 2005. The INS data are for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1996. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year. The Department of Homeland Security website has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY'03 by year and by source country and intended state of residence.

(See ) then select the desired year, click Legal Permanent Residents, data and then select "supplemental table 1." Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) Ohio has received 27,112 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years including 2,245 refugees in fiscal year 2012. The chart above shows the annual admissions over the last ten years and the cumulative total of those admissions using data complied by the Office of Refugee Resettlement in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. government program that distributes new refugees among the states is the only immigration program that provides state governments the opportunity to participate in deciding how many newcomers will come to that state each year. Illegal Aliens Source: " The State Cost Studies " FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the illegal alien population of Ohio as of 2010 was about 110,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 11,900,000 persons. DHS Estimate - The current estimate by DHS of the illegal alien population in Ohio was n/a in 2012.

The DHS estimate is available for only the 10 states with the largest illegal alien populations. The DHS estimate of the national illegal alien population in 2012 was 11,430,000. Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 100,000 as of 2010. Fiscal Cost of Illegal Aliens FAIR's most recent estimate of the cost outlays due to illegal immigration and tax receipts from illegal aliens in Ohio are as shown on the right: Limited English Proficiency Students Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, a large majority of these students enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs may be assumed to be children of either legal or illegal immigrants with a predominance of children of illegal aliens. In Ohio, LEP public school enrollment in 2010 ( 40,933) was 243.1 percent of LEP enrollment a decade earlier.

By contrast, overall K-12 enrollment in the state was 96.1 percent of enrollment a decade earlier. Population Projection FAIR projected Ohio's population in 2050 likely would be between 12,422,000 million and 12,616,000 million with current levels of immigration. Alternatively, the population could be lower (11,555,000) if immigration were reduced to a level where it balanced the number of U.S. residents leaving to reside outside of the United states, i.e., zero-net immigration. See " Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050: Four Immigration Scenarios ," FAIR 2006. Foreign Students Graph Tables-Ohio (183 KB) Data compiled by the Institute of International Education (IIE) record the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Ohio as 28,401 in 2013. The chart above illustrates the change in the number of foreign students attending school in Ohio since 1997. For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States .

Immigration Impact “Division personnel shall not arrest or detain persons for Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) unless a warrant exists or a criminal violation was observed.” Dayton Adopted the “Welcome Dayton Plan” that urges policies that emphasize immigration status checks limited to people suspected of serious crime only, prevent questioning victims/witnesses about their immigration status, and focus enforcement efforts on serious/violent crime and not federal immigration law. Oberlin Establishes a basic don’t ask, don’t tell approach in regards to immigration status and prevents Oberlin law enforcement from entering into 287(g) agreement with the Department of Homeland Security Population Profile The cities of Dayton and Cincinnati have grown into one another in a rush of development, which residents complain is wiping out farmland and overtaxing water, traffic, and school systems. 1 Growth has been particularly dramatic in Ohio's fastest growing county, Warren County just north of Columbus, which grew 64 percent between 1990 and 2000. 2 Environmental and Quality of Life Profile Water:By 2050 the state's population is projected to rise from 11.5 million in 2006 to over 12.6 million.

3 Ohio has a daily, per-capita water demand of 129.5 gallons. 4 This means that by 2050 public water usage will have increased by 142.5 million gallons each day. Traffic:Vehicle traffic on Ohio highways increased by 27 percent between 1990 and 2007. Nearly one-half (45%) of Ohio's major urban highways are congested. One-quarter (25%) of Ohio's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition, and 27 percent of its bridges are structurally obsolete. 5 Unfortunately, the state’s budget has not been able to keep up with increasing congestion. By 2014, Ohio is projected to have a $10.1 billion highway funding shortfall at the state level alone. 6 In 2007, it was estimated that poor road conditions cost Ohio residents $1.7 billion each year in repair and operating expenses. 7 Vehicle traffic on Ohio highways increased by 27 percent between 1990 and 2007. Nearly one-half (45%) of Ohio's major urban highways are congested.

One-quarter (25%) of Ohio's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition, and 27 percent of its bridges are structurally obsolete. 8 Unfortunately, the state’s budget has not been able to keep up with increasing congestion. By 2014, Ohio is projected to have a $10.1 billion highway funding shortfall at the state level alone. 9 In 2007, it was estimated that poor road conditions cost Ohio residents $1.7 billion each year in repair and operating expenses. 10 Between the Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton and Toledo urban areas, congestion cost commuters $1.4 billion in wasted time and extra fuel alone in 2007. Nationwide, the cost of congestion was over $87 billion. In 2002, traffic congestion amounted to approximately 250 million hours of lost time for Ohio motorists and will increase to nearly 460 million hours of delay by 2020. In 2002, 25 percent of residents of Columbus listed traffic congestion as their number one concern about the area; it was the first time traffic had surpassed crime as the top concern.

11 Disappearing open space:The amount of developed land in Ohio increased by nearly 1.3 million acres between 1982 and 2007, growing at a pace of 42,000 acres per year for the last 10 years of that period. 12 Ohio's available farmland decreased twelve percent between 1982 and 1997, from 15.2 million to 13.6 million acres, and its pasture land decreased 40 percent, from 2.8 million acres to 2 million acres. Ohio ranked eighth in the nation in the amount of land that was converted to urban uses between 1992 and 1997. In that same period, Ohio ranked second out of all states in acreage of prime agricultural land converted to urban uses. 13 Ohio's original wetlands areas have declined from about five million acres to less than half a million acres—a loss of 90 percent.

14 Sprawl: A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 110.4 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Columbus metropolitan area, and 46.5 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Cincinnati metro area, which crosses into Kentucky, sprawl consumed an additional 176.6 square miles and population increase accounted for 20.8 percent of the increase. 15 Crowded housing: An estimated 52,819 of Ohio’s housing units were classified as crowded in 2008, defined as units with more than one occupant per room. This amounted to 1.2 percent of the state’s housing units. 9,829 of those were severely crowded, with at least 1.5 occupants per room. 16 Following the national trend, crowded housing rates were driven upward by immigration. 13 percent of children in immigrant families live in crowded housing, more than double the 5 percent of children with native-born parents.

17 Air pollution: Hamilton County is the tenth-most polluted county in the U.S. measured by year-round particle pollution, and Cuyahoga County ranked 21st. Of the 32 counties graded for the number of high ozone days in the American Lung Association’s 2010 assessment, 24 received an "F," five received a "D," and three received a "C." 18 In 2000, the power plants used to support Ohio's population produced 375,000 tons of nitrous oxide, the equivalent of the annual emissions from 19 million cars. 19 Poverty: As in almost all states, Ohio’s immigrants are more likely to be poor than their native-born counterparts. In 2007, 15.0 percent of foreign-born households were below the poverty line, compared to 13.1 percent of native households. An additional 8.7 percent of the foreign-born and 8.2 percent of native households were not in poverty but had incomes less than 1.5 times the poverty level.

20 21.5 percent of immigrant children lived in a poor family in 2006, compared to 17.6 percent of native children. 21 Education: Public school enrollment in Ohio increased by 58,000 students between 1998 and 2008. Over the same period, the number of students per teacher increased from 16.5 to 17.1, the ninth-highest ratio in the country. 22 The Cincinnati school district was already using more than 130 temporary trailer classrooms in 2003. 23 In Columbus, one quarter of all schools are overcrowded. 24 In Hilliard, some classes meet daily in staff dining rooms and study halls are being held in gyms. Solid Waste: Ohio generates 1.42 tons of solid waste per capita. 25 Endnotes: Lynn Hulsey and Lawrence Budd, "Rush to the Middle: Growth has Joined Dayton and Cincinnati into One City," Dayton Daily News, October 28, 2001. Joann Rouse, "Warren County Continues Growth," Dayton Daily News, February 24, 2002.

Jack Martin and Stanley Fogel. "Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050." FAIR. March 2006. U.S. Geological Survey 2000 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, "State Page: Ohio," Accessed July 21, 2010. American Society of Civil Engineers, "2009 Ohio Infrastructure Report Card." The Road Information Project (TRIP), "Key Facts about Ohio’s Road and Bridge Conditions and Federal Funding." February 2007. Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, "State Page: Ohio," Accessed July 21, 2010. American Society of Civil Engineers, "2009 Ohio Infrastructure Report Card." The Road Information Project (TRIP), "Key Facts about Ohio’s Road and Bridge Conditions and Federal Funding." February 2007. "Curing Myopia; Regional Planning a Must for Central Ohio," Columbus Dispatch, April 28, 2002.

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, "Summary Report: 2007 National Resources Inventory." "Growth and Change at the Rural-Urban Interface: An Overview of Ohio's Changing Population and Land Use," The Exurban Change Project, Ohio State University, March 2003. "A History of Ohio Wetlands," Ohio Department of Natural Resources website. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, "Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities," NumbersUSA, March 2001. American Community Survey, Three-Year Estimates 2006-2008. Custom Table. Kids Count Data Center (2008 American Community Survey Data) American Lung Association, "State of the Air 2010." Dennis Fiely, "Evidence Building for Deadly Effects of Air Pollution," Columbus Dispatch, June 17, 2002. Migration Information Source State Data (Migration Policy Institute) Urban Institute, state data accessed through data tool. NEA, "Rankings and Estimates," 1999 and 2009 editions.

Jennifer Mrozowski, "Four Schools May Add Trailers," Cincinnati Enquirer, March 8, 2003. "Condition of Columbus Schools," KidsOhio.org, Fall 2002. "Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers. BlackDemographics.com | Ohio Ohio researched and written by Shandira Pavelcik 1700s Ohio, Iroquois for “good/large river”, became the 17th union state in 1787 just after the American Indian Wars due to the Northwest Territory and the Northwest Ordinance. Ohio’s first Constitution announces the abolishment of slavery, which was the condition for all of the NW Territory. Many settlers came to Ohio by invitation or as land grants for military service to occupy and assist in the protection of the land from the Indians. The few African Americans that did settle were recorded at a population of 337 in 1803, where the total Ohio Population was 45,000. Because slavery was not allowed, each Black person was counted and not included in the 3/5 persons provision.

The US African American total population in 1800 was 1,002,037. Many of the African Americans that were early settlers of Ohio came with former masters, runaway slaves of the south and those that had never been enslaved, freed men and women. Some early recordings are of James Davis, born March 6, 1787 as the first African American born in Marietta, Ohio. He was later noted as moving to Dayton, OH and becoming a successful Barber, accomplished violinist, and founder of American Sons of Protection, the oldest African American self-help society. In 1797, Arthur Boke is the first Black Man to settle in Franklinton (Columbus). 1800s Early ties to Jefferson & Washington In 1803, Henry Hill is recorded as married to Eve Nickens in Ross County Ohio, later he settled in Columbus where Henry was a tanner and taught his son the trade as well. His family attended the First Anti-Slavery Baptist Church of Chillicothe. His son was one of the first teachers in the area.

Another man, William Dailey, also showed as registered married in Chillicothe, Ross County, in 1825. He is known to have been a servant to George Washington, a courier for Thomas Jefferson and volunteer Sailor during the Revolutionary War. There is no record of his freedom, but to be a volunteer in war is a status of a freed man. In 1800, he owned a hotel and bread making business that he continued when he moved to Ohio. He lived well with a wagon cart of bread being sold daily known as Dailey Bread. The first African American church in Ohio was founded in Burlington in 1807. In 1805, John Newton Templeton was born a slave but emancipated at 8-years old by his owner’s will in 1813. The owner’s children took the freed slaves to Adams County, OH. In 1824, Templeton entered Ohio University. Four years later, he received his bachelor’s degree, becoming only the fourth African American college graduate in America and the first in the Midwest. There was Fanny Demint lived until 1827, a former slave and married to another servant of Thomas Worthington.

She made her way to a freed woman by being a caterer. Sarah Woodson Early, an educator and Temperance advocate. Her father was the son of Thomas Jefferson and his slave Sally Hemings. She was a teacher in many Ohio communities and in 1859 went on to teach English at Wilberforce University. The Ohio Black Laws and the Abolitionist Movement In 1804, the Black Laws were enacted by the Ohio Legislature which affected the settlements of African Americans because of the restrictions of employment and punishment for harboring slaves. The court system further prevented African Americans to testify in the court system. A second set was introduced in 1807 which added the “stipulation that African Americans be allowed to settle in Ohio only if they can provide $500 bonds”. This leads to increasing the Suffrage laws until 1829/1831/1849. Even with these restrictions, the population continued to grow with 1,899 African American Residents in Ohio by 1810. Approximately 1800, Bazeal, Norman Sr.

a free man from Maryland was awarded by the War Department with a gun, a mule, an $8-a-month pension and land in Marietta, OH. In 1814, Richard Fisher is recorded as the first African American landowner in Ohio. He purchased land in Salem Township, Washington County, OH. Also in Washington County in 1802, Christopher “kitt” (Putnam) Malbone was a slave turned free and supported himself “by tending a floating mill and clearing land on farms.” As a resident, he was able to cast a vote for delegates that would attend the Ohio Statehood Convention. In doing so, he became the first African American to vote in Ohio. The Delegates then voted to remove the right for African Americans to vote. The abolitionist movement beginning in 1815 was boosted by the Anti-Slavery Society, which began as various church and missionary campaigns and even newspapers. In Cincinnati, Charles Osborne developed the first of its kind “Philanthropist” which encouraged the end of Slave Labor as well as abstain from drinking. Benjamin Lundy was another abolitionist who came on as a writer and assistant to Charles.

He was also a Lecturer who traveled as far as Haiti. This was an encouragement for those in the Underground Railroad. In 1816, John Stewart became the first African American Missionary by trekking up to Sandusky Ohio and converting members of the Wyandot Indians, including Jonathan Pointer, a kidnapped slave that became Stewart’s interpreter. This encouraged the missionaries. Even the Presbyterian church declared that no slaveholder would be able to take communion. Ohio Black Population Grows From 1800-1850, there were known to be 20-30 Black communities developed in Ohio known as “Black Towns”. In 1820, the First African American school opened. The total Ohio African American population was 4,723 of the 581,000 total Ohio population. The US African American population was 1,771,656. This is the period of Reform and building of Railroads throughout Ohio. The migration also sparked white mob riots. In 1829, the Cincinnati race riots lasted 3-days destroying homes and driving 1,000 African-Americans to Canada while also receiving an invitation by the Governor of Upper Canada.

In 1830, January 1st, also known as “Black Friday”, approximately 80 African Americans were driven from Portsmouth, OH. This mobbing went on for years, eventually driving hundreds of African Americans out of Ohio. By 1843, no Native Americans had claims to any land in Ohio. However, the census recorded a growth from the last ten years of African Americans at 9,574 in total population in 1830. The total African American population in the US was 2,328,642 of which 319,599 are freed. Education and the Underground Railroad By 1840, 17,345 African Americans lived in Ohio. In 1850, there were 25,279 and 3,638,808 African Americans in the US. The Underground Railroad had a major impact in the growth of migration from the south into Ohio with nearly 3,000 miles or routes in the state. Even with the Ohio Fugitive Slave laws, it is estimated that 40,000 slaves escaped through the Ohio Underground Railroad.

A woman named Lucy Sessions, in 1850, becomes the first African American woman to graduate from Oberlin College and to be awarded a college degree from an American College. In 1851, Soujourner Truth gave her famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech at the Women’s Convention in Akron. By 1860, there were 36,673 African Americans in Ohio. Because of the Black Laws, African Americans were not considered citizens of the state. Therefore, they funded their own schools. In 1830, the School Fund Society was founding and establishing schools throughout Ohio. The Colored Education Society opened schools also. The country’s oldest, private black university, Wilberforce University, was founded in 1856. John Malvin, the son of a slave man and free African American woman, and therefore also free, lived as a carpenter and transporting goods as the Captain of the ship Auburn. He worked with The Colored America and in 1839 became the President of the School Fund Society. In 1843 and 1844, he served as a Delegate at Colored Conventions.

He worked with the paper Palladium of Liberty and in 1848, he helped file the Declaration of Sentiments, in repeal of the Black Laws. From 1850-1860 he was a Conductor of the Underground Railroad, President of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society and lecturer. He became an advocate and organizer in developing a committee sent to the Dominion of Canada which in turn the citizens bought 3-acres of land in Ohio, which became the colony of Wilberforce. In 1863, the African American Bishop Daniel Payne, bought Wilberforce University for the African Episcopal Church, which made Wilberforce the first college in the US controlled by African Americans. In 1887, Central State University is founded in Wilberforce. Charles Langston, grandfather to the poet Langston Hughes, moved to Ohio from Virginia. Living in Chillicothe, OH, he also campaigned for the repeal of the Black Laws, which wouldn’t be repealed until 1849 and African American education restrictive laws weren’t repealed until 1887.

In 1850, Langston aided the formation of the Ohio Colored League and the next year advocated for the removal of the word “white” from the language in the Ohio Constitution. In 1852, he organized St. Marks Masonic Lodge where he became the deputy Grand Master by the next year. In 1858, he was arrested for breaking the Fugitive Slave Law. In 1872, he moved to Kansas with his family. Charles Langston’s brother, John Mercer Langston, becomes the first African American in the US to be elected to public office as the Clerk of Brownhelm Township in 1854. He is also admitted to the Ohio Bar and began practicing law. By 1852, Cincinnati was home to 200 African Americans that owned property in total value of $500,000, of approximately 3,500 African Americans in the city. African Americans were still able to find the benefit of Ohio’s anti-slavery policy. Robert Gordon, a former slave, starts a coal business in 1847. Peter Clark, free man, edits the Herald of Freedom Newspaper in 1853.

Robert S Duncanson, a self taught painter was internationally known for his murals and landscapes, having had the opportunity to travel throughout Europe. He donated many works for the benefit of Abolitionist causes. At the start of the civil war, he painted a depiction of Blacks attending to the needs of White soldiers called Land of the Lotus Eaters. From this work, he gained the praise from the duchess of Sutherland in 1861 and the painting was eventually owned by the King of Sweden. Civil War The Civil War began in 1861 with the Union Army not allowing African Americans to volunteer. However, the Confiscation Act was enacted allowing for the Union Army to free slaves that are under their control. By 1862, African American men in Cincinnati were impressed to build fortifications to defend the city from Confederate attack. They were designated the Black Brigade. In 1863, the first regiment of African American recruits from Ohio reported for Civil War service in Delaware, Ohio. They were the 27th Ohio Volunteer Infantry; renamed the 5th United States Colored Troops and 178th US Colored Troops in 1864.

5,092 African American Ohio men fought in the civil war. The war ended in 1865. Reconstruction By 1870, the African American population in Ohio was at 63,213 growing to 80,000 by 1880. Populations of at least 2,000 or more residents were found in each of the counties and cities of Hamilton, Ross, Greene, Gallia, Franklin, Brown, and Clark. During this Reconstruction Period, African Americans continued to bring on great accomplishments. In 1883, George Washington Williams writes and publishes the History of the Negro in America from 1619 to 1880. Granville T Woods received a patent for “telegraphony”, an apparatus combining the telegraph and telephone which makes the morse code useless and allows for anyone to send messages in 1885. Then in 1887 Woods creates a telegraph system to be used between trains and rail stations and eventually forms Woods Electrical Company and then goes on to continue creating inventions like bulky mechanical resistors used to dim lights in theaters.

John Parker, also an inventor and a former slave, invents a screw for tobacco presses and later establishes the Ripley Foundry and Machine Company in 1887. By 1890, Ohio has grown to 87,000 African Americans in residence. Edwin Berry erects a 22 room hotel called the Hotel Berry in Athens, OH as the state boasts of the ease of travel throughout having access in water, path-roads, railroads and interurban transportation systems. The largest employment was the railroads. The 1880s allowed for the discovery of oil in Ohio which opened up many oil companies. The labor force grew as more jobs became available in throughout the rural cities. Employment was benefitting from Industrial, Manufacturing, Coal Mining, and major natural resource distribution. 1900 gave way to new and booming industries which burst Ohio’s growth to 97,000 African Americans, of the total population in Ohio being 4,158,000. In the US, there were 8,833,994 African Americans.

1900 – 1950 The 1900s were known as the Progressive Era with Ohio changing from an agricultural to an industrial state and merging apart into a class system of the poor and the wealthy. By this time, seven Ohio citizens had been Presidents and from 1873-1883, they largely won due to the Black vote of 22,000 African Americans. The first baseball teams formed and toured different states. Moses Fleetwood Walker attended Oberlin College in 1877 where he began his career in baseball. Simpson Younger was the first African American to play on the team, but Fleetwood went on to play at the University of Michigan where he joined minor leagues in 1882. A year later, he was in Toledo, OH playing his first season in professional league for the Northwestern League. The Toledo Club was allowed to be a member of the American Association in 1884 and the commencement of the season made him the first African American to play in the Major Leagues. He went on to invent and gain a patent for an explosive artillery shell and a patent for a device that allows for film operators to change reels easily during screening.

In 1891, Walker experienced legal issues and time in jail until 1898. After his release, he worked for a paper and in 1904, he purchased an Opera House, having live entertainment and showing movies. Paul Lawrence Dunbar was well known for his 12 books of poetry, short stories, a play and five novels. William DeHart Hubbard won the Gold Medal in the 1924 Olympics in France. The Great Migration and World Wars By 1920, 186,187 African Americans resided in Ohio. This period is also called the Great Migration through to 1940, where the African American population grew to 339,461 in Ohio. Moving from the South to the North was encouraging for the jobs and opportunities provided by the North. “In a study of housing in Akron completed in 1939, it was determined that 60% of the city’s houses were constructed between 1914 to 1924 when the Great Migration was at its peak.” World War I helped facilitate the time of Depression with many people losing their jobs due to the 1929 stock market crash.

Industries started to close and business was no longer as profitable. By 1930, there were 309,304 African Americans in Ohio (4.6% of the total OH population) and in the US, 11,891,143 African Americans in the US (9.7% total population). The Ohio legislature required public boards of education to provide medicines and clothing to the needy, allowing them to borrow money and issue bonds to fund the operation. New Programs such as Social Security Act of 1935 issued unemployment and aid. In 1941, World War II caused 839,000 Ohio men and women to go to war, of which, 50,340 were African American. Ohio’s economy began to rebound with the contracts awarded to supply services and goods to the military, providing employment to many African Americans. Sports continued to be an outlet. Jesse Owens wins 4-gold medals in the Olympic games in Germany. Frederick Douglass “Fritz” Pollard was the first African American to play in the Rose Bowl and second named as All-American in football.

He joined the Akron Pros in 1919, becoming a National Football League in 1922. Pollard went on to play for several teams and returned to the Akron Indians in 1926, retiring in 1937. Between 1934-1946, there was a ban from allowing African American football players in the league. In 1944, William Willis is the first African American to start in the College All-Star Football game. The first football game between a predominately African American school, Wilberforce University against predominately White school, Bergen College of New Jersey; Wilberforce wins. In the same year of 1947, Larry Doby is the first African American to play in the American League with the Cleveland Indians. The next year, Leroy Satchel Page is the first African American to pitch in a Major League World Series game for the Cleveland Indians. Marion Motley is the first African American in the Cleveland Browns to lead in professional football rushing yards. 1950s & 60s By 1950, Ohio was bustling throughout the state.

There were 513,072 African Americans in Ohio and 15,042,286 in the US. The US has changed dramatically by the end of World War II in 1945. Icabod Flewellen, in 1953, founded the first independent African American Museum in Cleveland. Dorothy Dandridge, a Cleveland native, won an Academy Award for her role as Carmen Jones in 1954. The 50’s gave way to suburban living and a desire for equal rights and living. As racial tensions grew, so did Civil Rights campaigns. There were low levels of hiring and employment amongst African Americans. Segregation became more prominent with separate entries and usages for different races. Homes were also harder for African Americans to own. Finally, the “Ohio General Assembly enacted the Ohio Civil Rights Act of 1959. This legislation replaced the Ohio Public Accommodations Law of 1884”. There were consistent civil rights battles and struggle in the 60’s as far as race relations.

Ohio started the decade with 786,097 African American residents in the state out of 18,871,831 in the US. More African Americans were heavily involved in education, earning degrees, becoming lawyers, doctors and politicians. Carl B Stokes was elected as Mayor of Cleveland in 1967, the first African American to be elected mayor of a major city in the country. The next year, his brother Louis Stokes, a prominent civil rights attorney, is the first African American elected to Congress from Ohio. 1970s By the 1970’s, there were 970,000 African Americans in Ohio, 11.1% of the population. Cleveland, OH was the 9th largest African American population in the city with 287,841 residents. Cincinnati was the 18th largest with 125,070 African American residents. Columbus had 99, 627 while Dayton counted at 74,284 African American residents. Toledo had 52,915 African Americans.

In other cities, Akron – 48,205, Youngstown – 35,285, East Cleveland – 23,196, Canton – 13,766 and Springfield with 12,723 African American residents. 1980s – Present In 1980, there were 1,068,997 African Americans in Ohio, just 10.5% of the total Ohio population. After 200 years of Ohio history, by 1990, 1,290,668 African Americans were living in Ohio. In 2004, there were 36,597,015 African Americans in the United States 12.8% of the total US population. 11.7% were in Ohio. By 2006, there were 1,290,668 African Americans in Ohio. 2006 recorded 543,064 African Americans in the civilian labor force. The median income for a family by this time among African Americans was $50,037.

Accomplishments of Ohioans continued with Edwin Moses, of Dayton, who won 2-Gold Medals in track and field in the Olympics and maintains a legacy of winning 122 straight victories over his opponents. Toni Morrison in 1993 was the first to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. Numerous African Americans became mayors in Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Toledo, Dayton and Youngstown – Michael Coleman, Rhine McLin, Jack Ford, Mark Mallory, Jay Williams, and Donald Culliver. The Ohio African American population grew to 1,541,771 in 2010, being just 13.4% of the total Ohio population which was a growth of 12.3% from 2000. In 2010, Columbus ranks as number 15 with having the Largest Number of Black or African Americans with 787,033. Much of the contribution of the study of African American history is contributed to the Richard Shannon book, “Profiles in Ohio History A Legacy of African American Achievement”. Areas noting quotations were direct from the book, an excellent reference for researching the many achievements of the early Black Ohioans.

More information was found from various sites as noted below. Ohio’s population and achievements continues to grow, for more information on the demographics of African Americans in Ohio and other states, continue on at City & State Black Population . To revisit the history of Ohio, then you may want to visit these sites and landmarks: Ceveland African American Museum American Hospital Directory - Individual Hospital Statistics for Ohio Individual Hospital Statistics for Ohio Statistics for non-federal, short-term, acute care hospitals. Data are based on each hospital's most recent cost report and other sources / Definitions Hospital Name Ohio Furniture and Mattress Stores | American Freight | American Freight Home > Ohio Furniture Stores Ohio Furniture Store American Freight Furniture and Mattress is a discount furniture store with over 100 locations nationwide, including the state of Ohio. All stores stock affordable and discount furniture inventory for the living room, dining room, kitchen, and bedrooms, as well as a wide selection of mattresses. Name brand manufacturers turn over merchandise to American Freight for quick liquidation, and disbursement of unclaimed freight, cancelled orders, closeouts, overruns, and special buyouts. Find name-brand, discount furniture from BeautyRest, NordicRest, Simmons, Serta, and Stewart and Hamilton at American Freight.

All Ohio American Freight Furniture and Mattress locations offer free layaway and same day delivery and pick up. American Freight opened their first Ohio store (Store #1) on February 20, 1994, in Lima. Now, the state has sixteen American Freight Furniture stores across the state of Ohio, located in Akron, Boardman, Cincinnati, three locations in Columbus, Dayton, Delaware, Heath, Lexington, Lima, Massillon, Maumee, Northfield, Parma, and Willoughby. In Ohio, there is always an American Freight Furniture and Mattress conveniently located, for easy delivery and pick-up service, and affordable furniture. Ohio Furniture and Mattress Stores Our Ohio American Freight Furniture and Mattress stores can be found in the following areas: Akron Ohio Jewish History | Jewish Virtual Library Tweet Jewish settlement in Ohio paralleled the opening of new lands to the west of the Allegheny and Appalachian Mountains, the development of canals, roads, and later, railroads. The first documented Jewish settler in Ohio was an English watchmaker named Joseph Jonas, who settled in Cincinnati in 1817. His presence, something of a curiosity to the locals who had never seen a Jew, was well tolerated.

As his relatives joined him, and new settlers made their way to Cincinnati , there was a large enough group to establish Ohio's first congregation, Bene Israel, in 1824. Cleveland , in the northeastern portion of the state, also attracted Jewish settlers. Daniel Maduro Peixotto arrived in 1835 to teach at Willoughby Medical College, and in 1839 a group of 15 men and women from Unsleben, Bavaria, joined Simson Thorman and founded the Israelitic Society. Prior to the Civil War, five other Jewish communities were founded: Columbus (1838); Dayton (1850); Hamilton (1855); Piqua (1858); and Portsmouth (1858). Throughout the German Jewish immigration period (through the 1870s) communities were also established in Youngstown, Akron , Toledo , and Canton. With little overt antisemitism, Jews were elected to public office. Marcus Frankel served as mayor of Columbus , and William Kraus and Guido Marx were mayors of Toledo . Cincinnati 's Jewish community played a significant national role in the development of the Reform movement.

Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise founded The Israelite in 1854, the first English language newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1855 he convened a national conference in an attempt to unify American Jewry , which, while unable to achieve that goal, was successful in producing Minhag America, a new prayer book co-edited by Rabbi Isador Kalisch , then rabbi of Cleveland 's Tifereth Israel. Wise organized the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1873 and in 1875 founded the first American rabbinical seminary, Hebrew Union College . With the influx of eastern European immigration beginning in the 1880s, the largest of Ohio's Jewish communities created complex organizational structures, which often included federations, social settlements, educational bureaus, hospitals, homes for the aged, schools, labor unions, and social and benevolent societies. Economically, peddling and small businesses led to larger enterprises and the professions. Some nationally known businesses emerging from Ohio were the B. Manischewitz Company and the Federated Department Stores, founded in Cincinnati , and the Cleveland -based American Greetings Corporation and Forest City Enterprises.

In the 20th century there were six Jewish mayors in Cincinnati ; Howard M. Metzenbaum, a Democrat from Cleveland , was a United States senator for 17 years; Gilbert Bettman and Lee Fisher were state attorneys general. Pauline Steinem, a suffragist from Toledo , was the first woman to serve on the Toledo Board of Education, and Mary Belle Grossman, an attorney from Cleveland , was the first woman municipal judge in the United States . Sally Priesand , raised in Cleveland and ordained at Hebrew Union College in 1972, was the first woman rabbi in the United States . Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver was a leader in the international Zionist movement ; rabbis Arthur J. Lelyveld and Sylvan Ruslander were active in the civil rights movement. II , there was increased movement of Jewish populations to the suburbs of Roselawn, Golf Manor, and Amberley Village of Cincinnati ; Bexley of Columbus ; and the "Heights" – Shaker, Cleveland , and University – of Cleveland , as well as Beachwood, which became about 80 percent Jewish.

In 2001 the major Jewish communities in Ohio were in the metropolitan areas of Cleveland (81,500), Cincinnati (22,500), Columbus (22,000), Dayton (5,000), Akron (3,500), Toledo (5,900), Youngstown (3,200), and Canton (1,500). These eight cities and their suburbs all have federations or community councils. The eight federations work together on a state-wide basis to support the Government Affairs Committee of Ohio Jewish Communities, located in Columbus , the state capital. There are more than 100 synagogues in the state, 14 day schools, and seven Anglo-Jewish newspapers: Akron Jewish News, American Israelite ( Cincinnati ), Cleveland Jewish News, Dayton Jewish Observer, Jewish Journal (Youngstown), Ohio Jewish Chronicle and The New Standard (both Columbus ), Stark Jewish News (Canton area), and the Toledo Jewish News.

There are three institutes of higher Jewish learning in Ohio: the H ebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion , mentioned above; the Laura and Alvin Siegal College of Judaic Studies in Beachwood; and the Telshe Yeshiva (Wickliffe). All three train either rabbis or educators. Several of Ohio's universities offer Jewish studies majors and graduate level degrees, as well as provide Hillel Foundation meeting centers for students. In addition, a number of prominent families have established foundations that support local, national and international educational efforts, including the Melton, Schottenstein, and Wexner families of Columbus , and the Mandel and Stone families of Cleveland . The Klau Library and the Jacob Rader Marcus Center for the American Jewish Archives ( AJA ) are located on the campus of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati . A major repository of written and audio-visual American Jewish history, the AJA publishes the American Jewish Archives Journal. A second source of Jewish archives material in the state, focusing on northeast Ohio, is at the Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland .

There are two Jewish museums: the Skirball Museum at the Hebrew Union College, which also houses the Center for Holocaust and Humanity Education; a second, the Milton and Tamar Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, opened in 2005 in Beachwood. It is to include The Temple-Tifereth Israel's distinguished collection of international Judaica and a new interactive presentation of local American Jewish history . Ohio Treasurer Josh Mandel announced the purchase of $50 million worth of Israel bonds on April 28, 2016, the largest single Israel bond purchase in the states history. Since his election to the position of State Treasurer, Mandel has made four seperate purchases of Israel bonds, totalling over $167 million. Every Ohio Treasurer since 1993 has invested millions in Israel bonds, and Mandel stated that he is “proud to carry on this tradition because it is in the best interests of the taxpayers of Ohio.” As of 2013, Ohio's Jewish population was approximately 148,680 people. Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica . © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved. J.A.

Avner, "Judaism," in: T.S. Butalia and D.P. Small (eds.), Religion in Ohio (2004). Wittenberg, Ed. “Ohio to purchase $50 million in Israel bonds,” Cleveland Jewish News , (April 28, 2016) Minority Business Assistance Centers (MBAC) Minority Business Assistance Centers (MBAC) (614) 728-0088 Minority Business Assistance Centers (MBAC) The Ohio Development Services Agency (ODSA) Minority Business Development Division (MBDD) supports the growth and sustainability of small, minority-owned, and disadvantaged businesses in Ohio. Supporting these businesses means providing them with resources that include technical and professional assistance, access to capital, surety bonding, and connection to business opportunities through the assistance of the Minority Business Assistance Centers (MBAC). The Division leverages these resources to support the achievement of the state's 15% Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)set-aside goal, which is overseen by the Department of Administrative Services. The Division works with entrepreneurs, and emerging business enterprises to help them achieve, scale, and market success.

The overarching goal is to help small, minority-owned, and disadvantaged businesses contribute to job creation and economic growth in Ohio. The Centers provide the following services: Accounting assistance Completing federal, state and local certification applications Contract procurement assistance

Question: In which American state are the cities of Dayton, Akron and Cincinnati?
Answer: Ohio