The Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria The Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria Having gotten permission and funds from Ferdinand and Isabella Columbus set about outfitting a little fleet for a trip across the "Ocean Sea" to find a faster route to China and India. He got three ships, now remembered as the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. The Santa Maria was the largest of the ships (and also the slowest). It was Columbus's flagship on the first voyage. It was built in Pontevedra, Galicia. Because of this the Santa Maria was sometimes referred to as "La Gallega", meaning "the Galician". The ship was classified as a carrack, a three or four masted ocean going sailing ship. The Santa Maria had four masts. The fore and mainmasts both carried a square sail, while the mizzen (or aft) mast had a triangular sail. She reportedly sailed well across the Atlantic, but she ran aground near Haiti and broke apart. Her hewn timbers were then used to build a fort known as La Navidad, because the wreck occurred on Christmas Day.

The ship was not built especially for this journey, but had been built long before and was rented from its master and owner Juan de la Cosa. As Columbus was the Admiral of the Fleet, Juan was the Captain of the Santa Maria. He would also accompany Columbus on his second and third voyages. "Pinta", meaning "Painted One", is thought to be a nickname for the second vessel. Her given name is no longer certain. The Pinta was a caravel . This was a smaller two or three masted ship of about 20 meters in length (about 65 feet) and about 7 meters wide (22 feet). It could be crewed by about 25 sailors. It was captained on the first trip by Martï¿½n Alonso Pinzï¿½n. He was also part owner of both the Niña and the Pinta. Columbus had some difficulty with him on the first voyage. They became separated more than once largely at the seeming instigation of Pinzon. "Niña" was also a nickname. The third ship was originally named the Santa Clara. The name may have come from the original owner whose name was Juan Nino.

1 It was lateen rigged (or Latin rigged), which was a mast with a diagonal yard mounted with a triangular sail. It was captained by Vicente Yï¿½ï¿½ez Pinzï¿½n the brother of the captain of the Pinta. The ship carried a crew of about 25 and was classed a caravel (thought to be about 45 feet long). After the Santa Maria ran aground, Columbus used the Niña as his flagship. All told, there were about 120 crewmen for the combined fleet. They lived on hard biscuit, salted meat, and fish. They drank beer and water. Of course, they could not drink sea-water because of the high salt content. In that day they had not yet developed methods for distilling the sea-water to remove the salt. Living conditions were difficult. Sleeping was done on the hard deck, often exposed to the weather. Because of the danger of a wooden ship burning to the water-line, fires had to be strictly controlled. The cooking was done by the ships cook in the forward part of the ship. The captain normally had a small cabin in the aft part of the ship.

The three ships set out from Palos, Spain on 3 August 1492. The Niña & Pinta - The Columbus Foundation Gallery THE ORIGINAL NIÑA The original Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria used by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage across the Atlantic were common trading vessels. The Santa Maria which Columbus never liked, ran aground and sank on Christmas Eve 1492 in Hispaniola (now Cap Haitien). She was a Nao, a type of cargo vessel. The Niña and Pinta were Caravels which were used by explorers during the Age of Discovery. The Pinta returned home and disappeared from History without a trace, but the Niña, now there's a woman with a past! The Niña was Columbus' favorite and for good reason. She was named Santa Clara after the patron saint of Moguer. A Spanish vessel in those days had an official religious name but was generally known by nickname, which might be a feminine form of her masters patronmyic, or of her home port. Santa Clara was always Niña, after her master-owner Juan Nino of Moguer.

Vincente Yanez was her Captain on Columbus' First Voyage, and he later discovered the Amazon on an independent voyage. Built in the Ribera de Moguer, an estuary, now silted up, of the Rio Tinto, Niña made the entire First Voyage, bringing Columbus safely home. She accompanied the grand fleet of the Second Voyage to Hispaniola and Columbus selected her out of seventeen ships for his flagship on an exploratory voyage to Cuba, and purchased a half share in her. She was the only vessel in West Indian waters to survive the hurricane of 1495, and then brought back the Admiral and 120 passengers to Spain in 1496. She was then chartered for an unauthorized voyage to Rome, and was captured by a corsair when leaving the port of Cagliari, and brought to an anchor at Cape Pula, Sardinia where she was stripped of her arms and crew. The Captain, Alonso Medel, escaped with a few men, stole a boat, rowed back to Niña, cut her cables and made sail. She returned to Cadiz in time to sail for Hispaniola early in 1498, as advance guard of Columbus' Third Voyage.

She was lying in Santo Domingo in 1500, and we last heard of her making a trading voyage to the Pearl Coast in 1501. The Niña logged at least 25,000 miles under Columbus' command. In 1988, an American engineer and maritime historian, John Patrick Sarsfield, began building what was to become the first truly, historically correct replica of a 15th Century Caravel. John had discovered a group of master shipbuilders in Bahia, Brazil who were still using design and construction techniques dating back to the 15th Century. It was in Valenca, Brazil, using only adzes, axes, hand saws, and chisels, in additiion to naturally-shaped timbers from the local forest, that the Sarsfield Niña was built. Jonathan Nance, a British maritime historian and main researcher for the project produced a sail plan for the ship, which represents the Niña as she would have appeared during the eight recorded busy years of her life following her departure from the Canary Islands in September 1492.

In December 1991, the Niña left Brazil and sailed to Costa Rica on a 4000 mile unescorted maiden voyage to take part in the filming of 1492. Since then, the ship has visited over 300 ports in the U.S. She is the only 'sailing museum' which is continually 'discovering' new ports, while giving the public an opportunity to visit one of the greatest little ships in the world's history. The Columbus Foundation, British Virgin Islands Ship's cell (787) 672-2152 Christopher Columbus Ships Christopher Columbus Ships -Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria Christopher Columbus had three ships on his first voyage, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Columbus sailed from Palos de la Frontera on 3 August, 1492. His flagship, the Santa Maria had 52 men aboard while his other two ships, the Nina and Pinta were each crewed by 18 men. The Santa Maria was a nao, was a bit of a tub, and was not able to go near the coastline.

But was able to carry a lot of cargo, and it was able to stand up well in bad weather. The Niña, the Pinta were caravels, with a shallower draft than a nao, did not have much cargo space, but were able to explore shallow bays and the mouths of rivers. A carvel was square-rigged on its foremasts and mainmasts, but used a lateen sail on the mizzen to help in tacking. A caravel had about twenty crew members, who slept on the deck and would go below only if the weather was bad. The crew were gathered by Martín Alonso Pinzón (captain of the Pinta). They were experienced sea-men, and four of them had taken an offer from the Spanish throne for amnesty from prison if they took the voyage. Many of these sailors were from the nearby towns of Lepe and Moguer. Over several days, ships of Columbus's day would average a little less than 4 knots. Top speed for the vessels was about 8 knots, and minimum speed was zero. These speeds were quite typical for vessels of the period.

So overall, 90 or 100 miles in a day would be typical, and 200 phenomenal. Of the three ships on the first voyage, the Santa Maria was the slowest, and the Pinta was the fastest. The differences were not great over a long voyage. Santa Maria No one knows exactly what Columbus's Santa Maria was like. We can examine similar ships of the era. It was a nao, which simply means "ship" in old Spanish. She was fat and slow, designed for carrying cargo. It was a merchant ship, between 200-600 tons.The length of Santa Maria was about 18 meters, keel length 12 meters, beam 6 meters, and a draft about 2 meters. The Santa Maria was a rented vessel owned by Juan de la Cosa, who sailed with Columbus as the first officer. Formerly, known as the La Gallega since its owner was from Galicia, Columbus renamed the vessel Santa Maria. The Santa Maria had three masts (fore, main, and mizzen), each of which carried one large sail.

The foresail and mainsail were square; the sail on the mizzen, or rear, mast was a triangular sail known as a lateen. In addition, the ship carried a small square sail on the bowsprit, and small topsail on the mainmast above the mainsail. Most of the driving force of the craft was from the largest mainsail with the remaining sails used for trimming. The Santa Maria also had a crow’s nest on the mainmast. It had a raised stern. There was a forecastle in the bow of the ship. The ship ran aground off Hispaniola and had to be abandoned. The Pinta was captained by Martín Alonso Pinzón, an experienced mariner from the town of Moguer in Andalucia. Pinta was a caravel. We don't know much about Pinta, but it probably was about 70 tons, with a length of 17 meters, keel length 13 meters, beam 5 meters, and depth 2 meters. She probably had three masts, and most likely carried sails like those of Santa Maria, except for the topsail, and perhaps the spritsail. Niña.

Smallest of the fleet, captained by Vicente Añes Pinzón, brother of Martín. The Niña was another caravel of probably 50 or 60 tons. When she left Spain she had lateen sails on all masts; but she was refitted in the Canary Islands with square sails on the fore and main masts. Unlike most ships of the period, Niña may have had four masts, including a small counter-mizzen at the stern with another lateen sail. This would have made Niña the best of the three ships at sailing upwind. Length about 15 meters, keel length 12 meters, beam 5 meters, and depth 2 meters. What Happened To Nina, Pinta, And Santa Maria That Sailed In 1892? - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel What Happened To Nina, Pinta, And Santa Maria That Sailed In 1892? Sunday Insider - Columbus Days May 10, 1992|By James C. Clark This weekend, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria will reach St.

Augustine, where the replicas of the ships Columbus sailed from Spain to the New World will be on display. The caravels are touring ports in the Eastern United States on their way to New York, where the the three vessels will lead hundreds of other ships through New York harbor in a giant July 4 celebration. The replicas have been sailing through some rough financial waters, but builders and backers of the three ships can only hope they will fare better than a similar project a century ago. In 1891, William Curtis, an official with the U.S. State Department in Spain, came up with the idea to build replicas of the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria. His plan received the backing of Queen Maria. A commission was established in Spain to build the ships and sail them to Chicago, site of the World Columbian Exposition marking the 400th anniversary of Columbus' voyage. Construction of the Santa Maria went well, but work on the Nina and Pinta was much slower - those two ships were being built in Spain by Americans. At first, Congress refused to appropriate the money for the ships; by the time it agreed to foot the bill, construction of the ships was hopelessly behind schedule.

Instead of building new ships, the hulls of two rotting ships were used. By July 1892, the Santa Maria was ready to sail, but the Nina and the Pinta were found to be unsafe. The Santa Maria left for Puerto Rico, while the Nina and Pinta were towed from Spain by two U.S. Navy ships. All three were towed through the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes to Chicago. They drew large crowds and remained in Chicago after the exposition. In 1901, they were turned over to the city of Chicago. They drew tourists, but the city let the ships deteriorate. By 1913, the three ships were in terrible condition, but it was decided to use them for the opening of the Panama Canal. The ships were supposed to sail from Chicago to the new canal, then on to San Francisco. Near Milwaukee, the ships ran into rough seas on Lake Michigan. The Pinta and Nina nearly sank and had to be beached on the shore of Lake Erie. The Santa Maria made it to Boston, where a crew from Harvard University took over.

The ship was scheduled to stop at ports along the East Coast; the backers thought that curious sightseers would buy tickets in droves to tour the ships. But it didn't work out that way - almost no one showed up. Meanwhile, the Pinta and Nina had been towed back to the Chicago docks. The Santa Maria was finally headed back to Chicago in 1917, but was impounded in Canada because its owners could not pay wharf charges. It was not until 1918 that the fees were settled and the Santa Maria returned to Chicago. The three ships were not together long. The Pinta sank at its moorings; in 1919, the Nina caught fire and sank. In 1920, the Santa Maria was rebuilt and continued to draw tourists until 1951, when it was destroyed by fire.

MORE: The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria - Song Lyrics About Christopher Columbus The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria Children's Song Lyrics and Sound Clip Ben Stiefel This song is available on Ben Stiefel's Christopher Columbus Rockin’ Biography "Columbus set out on his trip to the Indies on perhaps the three most famous sailing ships in all the world today - I'm sure you know their names.

One, two, three - repeat after me… " Lyrics: The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria Add 'em up - a-one, two, three-uh Sailin' high - Sailin' low - See Columbus go, go, go The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria Add 'em up - a-one, two, three-uh Sailin' high - Sailin' low - See Columbus go, go, go The Santa Maria had three masts A slow, large ship - not too fast The Pinta was of medium size It was smaller and faster - my, oh my (repeat chorus) The Nina was the smallest ship It was fastest of all, that's pretty hip Together the three ships sailed away They traveled about a hundred miles each day The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria Add 'em up - a-one, two, three-uh Sailin' high - Sailin' low See Columbus go, go, go Nina - Pinta - Santa Maria - Sailin' free-uh Nina - Pinta - Santa Maria - Sailin' free-uh (instrumental solo) The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria Add 'em up - a-one, two, three-uh Sail

in' high - Sailin' low - See Columbus go, go, go Sailin' high - Sailin' low - See Columbus go, go, go See more of our Columbus Day and Social Studies Songs Many thanks to Ben Stiefel for permission to display these lyric excerpts.

© Ben Stiefel. All rights reserved. Used with permission. The Mariners' Museum | EXPLORATION through the AGES Christopher Columbusï¿½ Santa Marï¿½a Who sailed on the voyage? When Christopher Columbus proposed the expedition to the East Indies to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Crown was to provide everything the expedition needed. The three ships, the Santa Marï¿½a, Niï¿½a, and Piï¿½ta, were to sail from Palos, Spain. The crew would be pulled from Palos and surrounding towns: Moguer, Huelva, Lepe, Cadiz, Seville, Cordova, Jerez, and Puerto Santa Maria. The crew also included a few men who stayed aboard the Santa Marï¿½a; they were from the north country of Basque and Galicia. Columbus had a difficult time hiring sailors. Many of the seasoned mariners looked questionably at the Italian Admiral and the duration of his proposed trip.

A few old timers vouched for the voyage, as did the Pinzï¿½n brothers, Martï¿½n Alonso Pinzï¿½n (Captain of the Niï¿½a) and Vicente Yï¿½ï¿½ez Pinzï¿½n (Captain of the Piï¿½ta), who recruited relatives, friends, and former employees. The expedition carried a few families such as the Niï¿½os, Quinteros, and Pinzï¿½ns. Historians have also debated that since no one wanted to sail with Columbus, crewmembers were mostly prisoners given a reprieve. The Crown offered accused men the opportunity to put their litigation on hold while they went to sea. Four known criminals took the offer and all four were awaiting a death sentence. (A death sentence could be handed down if you stole bread or livestock.) One of the criminals, Bartolomï¿½ de Torres, was in prison. His friends, Alonso Clavijo, Juan de Moguer, and Pedro Y Zquierdo, broke into the prison, helped Torres escape and set sail on Columbusï¿½ expedition. Ironically enough, all four men went on successive voyages with Columbus. What did they wear?

When the crew signed on, they came aboard with only the clothes they owned. They were not given a special uniform for the expedition. Most sailors wore calf length pants, which today are called slops. They had a shirt, maybe a waistcoat or a jacket. Two disguising pieces of clothing that Spanish sailors wore were a hooded smock and a ï¿½gorroï¿½ï¿½ a red, woolen stocking-hat. Because leather-soled shoes would slip easily on a wet deck or spar, most sailors went barefoot on-board ship and saved shoes for land. During the voyage the crew tried to keep themselves and their clothes clean using salt water. The dirt was removed, but the salt stayed in the clothing. Where did they sleep? The Santa Marï¿½a, Niï¿½a, and Piï¿½ta were all built with a small cabin called a ï¿½toldillaï¿½ on the stern deck for the captain and other officers; this is where Columbus spent most of his time. The crew, on the other hand, had to sleep anywhere they could find that was dry and out of the sun. Many would sleep in the forecastle.

Since the ships only had one deck, the hold below would be full of supplies, bulge water from the ship (they all leaked a little), emptied pots from their toilet, and rats. Below deck was a place you would not like to be for very long. After arriving in America and seeing the natives use hammocks, the sailors quickly adopted their use aboard ship. What did they eat? In a letter to the King and Queen, Columbus had very specific orders for the food of the expedition. The standard food aboard a Spanish long-distance voyage was wine, olive oil, sea biscuit, and salted meat. Columbus requested from the Crown: good (not stale) sea biscuit, salted flour (for making bread aboard ship), wheat flour, wine, salt meat (usually salted beef), olive oil, vinegar, cheese, dried chickpeas, dried lentils, dried beans, salt fish (usually anchovies and sardines), fishing tackle, (fish for fishing while aboard), honey, rice, almonds, and raisins. The olive oil was used for cooking things like chickpeas, lentils, beans, and salted meat.

The bread they cooked onboard was usually ï¿½bakedï¿½ in the hot coals of the fire pit. One of the sailors cooked a meal in the fire pit, which was the one hot meal served every day at 11 am. The meal would be served in a large wooden trencher and the crew may have had small wooden bowls for their portion. The sailors would use the knives they carried for work (for cutting rope and sail cloth) to cut or pick-up large pieces of food. Otherwise they did not have any forks or spoons. The primary drink was wine and next, water. Both were kept in barrels onboard. The water quickly went stagnate, so wine with alcohol kept better for longer. So the crews drank the wine first and then drank the water as a last resort. There was no coffee or tea to add to the water. At the end of the day, the firebox was extinguished for the night, since fire on a ship is extremely dangerous. What were some jobs aboard ship? A merchant vessel in 1492 sailing for the East Indies had specific jobs for all onboard.

There was a hierarchy in which Christopher Columbus was at the top, in charge of the total expedition, and the Santa Marï¿½a, as the flagship, took the lead in navigation, direction, and speed. After Columbus, onboard the Santa Marï¿½a, were the sailors and other men who would import goods when it came time to trade in the Indies. They were: Juan de la Cosa- Master (Captain) - in charge of the sailing of the vessel and the crew Peralonso Pinzï¿½n- Pilot - in charge of navigation Luis de Terres- Interpreter - on the voyage because he knew Hebrew and Arabic so could hopefully translate and negotiate during trading Diego de Herana- Marshal of the Fleet - kept the discipline aboard ship and in the fleet Rodrigo de Escobedo - Secretary of the Fleet - kept the accounts of the expedition. Would make a full report to the King and Queen when they returned to Spain. Rodrigo Sï¿½nchez de Segovia - Comptroller - kept the accounts of the expeditors of the fleet (since it was totally funded by the Crown), kept a record of items traded with the native populations and the items received.

He would make a full account to the King and Queen, including their share of the spoils. Pedro Gutiï¿½rrez- Gentle Volunteer - actually a butler from the Kingï¿½s court, a sort of gentleman adventurer who will be a common presence in future voyages of exploration. Juan Sï¿½nchez- Shipï¿½s Surgeon - a surgeon in that period was not really a doctor, as we know them today. A surgeon knew how to give some types of medicines for particular symptoms, but he generally was trained in how to amputate limbs and remove bullets after a battle. Other crew included: Boatswain - the most experienced sailor onboard who had the men carry out the pilotï¿½s or masterï¿½s orders.

Also had responsibilities that included: stowing the supplies, keeping the shipï¿½s supplies dry, keeping the rope and sails in good order, keep the bilge pump working and clear of debris, and the general business of the ship Steward - in charge of the shipï¿½s food stores, water and wine, keeping the firewood dry, trimming the lampsï¿½ wicks, and watching over the shipï¿½s boys Carpenter - kept the wooden ship in repair, replacing rotten wood, fixing broken spars, etc. Copper - kept the barrels that held the food and drink from leaking and made new barrels as needed for new supplies Caulker - primary job was to repair leaks in the shipï¿½s caulking between the wood planks Silversmith - brought along as an assayer for precious stones, silver, and gold Able Seamen (Marineros) - the average sailor with some experience at sea Ordinary Seamen (Grumetes) - Sailors with little experience and shipï¿½s boys. The lowest on the shipï¿½s hierarchy. Since this was a peaceful expedition to a known area, there were no men-at-arms, known as marines today.

An average day aboard the Santa Marï¿½a had the crew split into two shifts or watches called the ï¿½Cuartosï¿½ and ï¿½Guardias.ï¿½ The master, de la Cosa, had the starboard watch and the pilot, Pinzï¿½n, had the larboard (port) watch. The men did everything according to their watch. They worked, slept, and ate with the same men. The only time the crews came together were during emergencies or foul weather. Columbus organized the watches the night they left Spain: 3 am, 7 am, 11 am, 3 pm, 7 pm, and 11 pm. Between 5 pm and 7 pm was called the dogwatch; this allowed the two different watches to change so that the same watch would not have to work every night. A shipï¿½s boy would be in charge of turning the shipï¿½s glass, shaped like a modern hourglass or egg timer, every 30 minutes. The Santa Marï¿½a did not have a shipï¿½s bell as you see in later years.

The boy who turned the glass would sing out a prayer letting the crew know what time it was. The 7 am watch would get up and have a cold breakfast. It most likely included a biscuit, some cheese, and some salted fish. They would also roll up any bedding they might have had and stowed it. A sailor was posted on the bow as a lookout and one was in the round-top on the main mast. They were looking for signs of land. The pilot or the master used a slate to write down compass direction and shipï¿½s speed, which was recorded in the logbook and then wiped off the slate by a grumete sailor for the new watch. Because the crew was all Roman Catholic, prayer was an important part of the daily routine. When the watch came on they said a set prayer. Every time the shipï¿½s boy turned the sand glass, he said a specific prayer. A prayer was said before the hot meal, and prayers and songs were sung at dayï¿½s end. The sailors would have all the prayers and songs memorized since most of them could not read or write.

Columbus wrote in his journal one song sung at sunset, ï¿½Salve Regina.ï¿½ Each watch was responsible for the entire workings of the ship while they were on duty. These responsibilities included: Keeping the decks clean and clear of debris Raising, lowering, and setting the sails Using the line (ropes) to tighten or loosen the sails as needed Scrubbing the deck and rails of the ship Maintaining the ropes, sails, and other things deemed important by the officer of the watch The sailors sang songs while they were winding up the anchor, hoisting a yard, or manning the pump. The rhythm of the song helped everyone work together better and faster. When their watch was over the sailors had close to four hours of free time. Many would sleep. They would have a cold meal or spend time telling stories and tales to each other. They would use the fishing tackle to fish off the side of the ship. Fresh fish would always be a welcome change for the afternoon. The watch would sing together and if someone had brought a flute or a drum, they would dance. What was their pay? The crew of the Santa Marï¿½a was paid the standard wage for a merchant ship on a yearlong voyage.

Since the King and Queen of Spain were sponsoring the expedition, the crews were paid in gold. The standard currency in 1492 was the maravedï¿½, which was a gold coin. The Spanish changed their coinage in 1497. One historian has put the 1,000 maravedï¿½ in gold worth about $6.95 before 1934, when the United States stopped using the gold standard. Master and Pilot were paid 2,000 maravedï¿½s a month. Marineros (Able seamen) were paid 1,000 maravedï¿½s a month. Grumetes (Ordinary seamen and boys) were paid 666 maravedï¿½s a month. Columbusï¿½ pay included a percentage of the spoils of the voyage. Did they get sick? There is no real documentation on specific illnesses the crew had on board the Santa Marï¿½a. When the Santa Marï¿½a left port, members of her crew could have had colds, the flu, and even small pox.

With the close quarters of the ship, other crewmen would quickly catch the illnesses. Most would have survived. The one disease that would have manifested itself while at sea was scurvy. Scurvy was the common illness on long sea voyages. It occurs when there is a lack of vitamin C in the diet. This causes the blood vessels to break down, and the person begins to bleed around the gums, eyes, and ears. It will eventually cause death if not treated. Treatment is as simple as ingesting something with vitamin C. Dried and salted food and few fruits and vegetables were the mainstay of the sailorï¿½s diet. Fresh fruit and vegetables were taken and eaten until they rotted or ran out. Once sailors started to show signs of the disease, there was little for the surgeon to do to relieve any of the symptoms and the sailor usually died. No one knew what caused scurvy, but eventually they understood that foods such as sauerkraut, lemon and lime juice, as well as fresh fruits and vegetables were the only way to cure the disease. It was not until 1932 that scientists figured out what caused the disease.

If any of Columbusï¿½ crew had scurvy when they arrived in the Caribbean, it would have quickly subsided by eating the fruits from the islands. What type of punishments did they have? On board a merchant ship, the master had total control of the ship. The men had to follow his orders even if they did not agree with them. If a sailor did not do his work in a timely fashion, did not do it properly, or made mutinous comments, he was punished. Punishment usually consisted of flogging or whipping with a rope. The boatswain usually administered the punishment, in front of the whole crew. The number of flogs depended on the master and the crime. Stealing extra rations was a major offense and many punishments had as many as 99 hits. The tool used was usually a rope that had been modified with smaller lines with a knot in the end. In later times it was referred to as a ï¿½cat-of-nine-tails.ï¿½ The knots at the end would cause cuts in the skin of the back and many times it took weeks to heal.

On the Santa Marï¿½a, Columbus had little discipline problems until October 10, 1492. The crewmembers of the Santa Marï¿½a from Basque and Galicia formed a tight group onboard the ship. These men began to worry that they had sailed too far out into the ocean to turn back and return home safely. These men also did not like or trust Columbus because he was an Italian sailing on a Spanish ship. When the crew brought their concerns and the fact that they wanted to turn back to Columbus, Columbus was said to have pointed out that when they reached the Indies, they would be rich. He also told them that there was no way they were turning back. He did promise that if they had not sighted land after three days, they would turn back. The men agreed and on the third day, land was sighted. The Pinzï¿½n brothers, who commanded the Niï¿½a and the Piï¿½ta, also did not like Columbus because he was Italian. So when the expedition returned, they started mentioning to friends and family that they were the ones who quelled the mutiny.

In a lawsuit brought by the brothers and their family, which lasted from 1514 to 1536, there was a completely different story than the one Columbus told. The Pinzï¿½ns said that Columbus lost his confidence in the expedition, was scared of his men, and wanted to turn back. But the Pinzï¿½n brothers claimed they boarded the Santa Marï¿½a on October 10, 1492. One version of this visit was that the Pinzï¿½ns convinced Columbus to continue sailing and if land were not sighted in three days, they would turn back. Another former sailor on the expedition testified that the Pinzï¿½ns wanted to turn back and Columbus told them if they had not sighted land the next day, they could cut off his head and return home. Historians have hotly debated who was right and who was telling a story to promote themselves. Some historians follow only the Pinzï¿½n court case, some only Columbusï¿½ accounts. A few modern historians have tried to take an investigative look at the evidence and put modern investigative techniques to use. One item they looked at was the meeting.

Based on the logbooks from the three ships, the wind speed and direction would have kept them from lowering the small boats the Pinzï¿½ns would have used to get to the Santa Marï¿½a. They sailed 171 miles on October 10th, too fast for a small rowboat to keep up with. But on October 9th, they sailed 58 miles, much slower, and more conducive to lowering a boat for a meeting. Historians also question the testimonies during the court case. These men testified fifteen or more years after the actual incident. Historians also feel the Pinzï¿½n family members on board the expedition and the family at home began discussing the brothersï¿½ role in the mutiny. Maybe hearing these stories changed the memories of the crew..? The Pinzï¿½n family was powerful in Palos; would anyone testify against them? Were these men coached by lawyers on what to say? The debate will probably never be solved for the Columbus or Pinzï¿½n supporters. You need to decide for yourself.

Santa Maria Model Ship | STEPHENS & KENAU™ The Model Shipyard Delivery and Insurance Packaging We deliver our models in specially designed wooden crates. We have been delivering models in these for many years with great success. Insurance All our models in transit are fully insured. In the unlikely event that the model is damaged in transit, The Model Shipyard must be notified immediately. Arrangements will then be made for the model to be returned to the studio in South Africa where it will be inspected and repaired. If the model cannot be repaired to its original splendour a replacement model will be built and sent to you. Delivery We deliver DAP (Delivered At Place duties unpaid). This means that we deliver door-to-door. We pay for the air freight, insurance, customs clearance and final delivery to your door. Import Duties and Taxes We export our models under a tariff heading that is usually duty free. However this is not a guarantee because it can vary from region to region. You might have to pay VAT (Value Added Tax) or GST(General Sales Tax) depending on which tax regime prevails in your region.

SHIP DESCRIPTION Armamant: – 9cm lombard, 4.5cm falconets Built By: – Galicia, Spain; 1492 One of the single most important voyages in history was the first of Christopher Columbus?s four voyages from Spain to the Americas between 1492 and 1502. In 1485, Columbus moved to Los Palos de la Frontera, Spain, with a view to interesting Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile in the same venture, and in this he was ultimately successful. When Columbus received this commission, the citizens of Palos furnished him with two caravels, NIÑA and PINTA, in satisfaction of a fine levied against the town by Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbus also hired the nao Santa Maria, a merchant ship from Galicia whose owner, Juan de la Cosa, sailed as pilot. Santa Maria was large enough for Columbus to make her his capitana, or flagship she was not an especially large ship for her day.

The mizzen carried a single fore-and-aft lateen sail, the main mast two square sails, a course, and a topsail, and the foremast a single square sail. There was also a square spritsail set from the bowsprit. The helmsman steered with a tiller that led to a rudder. With one deck and a year’s provisions, there were few creature comforts, and sleeping quarters were fairly rude. For auxiliary power, the ship could be pulled by a heavy yawl boat or rowed by wooden sweeps. Columbus found Santa Maria a dull sailer, and he complained that her draft was to deep to make her useful for exploration. Sailing from Palos on August 3, 1492, Santa Maria and Niña arrived at the island of Gomera in the Canary Islands on August 12. Pinta?s rudder trouble had forced her into Las Palmas, where Santa Maria and Niña put back to on August 25. They reached the Sargasso Sea on the 16th, and three days later they were out of the trade winds. There followed a week of light and variable winds.

Nonetheless, by the October 10th the crew of Santa Maria were near mutiny and Columbus apparently agreed to put about within a few days if they did not sight land. The next day, the appearance of manmade artifacts and tree branches confirmed that land must be near. At about 22H00 that night Columbus believed he saw a light in the distance. Four hours later, at about 02H00 on October 12, Pinta’s lookout Rodrigo de Triana saw the Taino Indian island of Fuanahani, in what is now the Bahamas, where they landed later that morning. Columbus gave this island the name San Salvador. Sailing through the Bahamas for two weeks, the little fleet crossed south to Cuba on October 27, sailing as far west as Puerto Padre. On November 20, the three ships made a tentative foray in the direction of the Bahamas, but, while trying to return to Cuba, Martin Alonso Pinzón in Pinta split off from the others to investigate Great Inagua Island, and he was gone until the New Year.

On December 12 at Moustique Bay, they took possession of the land in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. The presence of more gold artifacts and the friendliness of the local cacique, Guacanagari, encouraged the explorers. But while working their way eastward, tragedy struck on Christmas Eve. The only man awake aboard the ship seems to have been a ship’s boy at the tiller, for the master of midwatch, Juan de la Cosa, and the helmsman had fallen asleep. Shortly after midnight, Santa Maria grounded on a coral reef. No one was killed, but the ship was ruined and Christmas Day was spent salvaging what could be saved from the flagship. It would have been virtually impossible to cross the Atlantic with more than sixty men in the Niña, so thirty-nine crew remained at La Navidad. Niña sailed on January 4,1493 for the voyage home. As fate would have it, none of the men who stayed in Hispaniola would survive to greet Columbus on his return in November 1493. A number of replicas of Columbus’s ships have been built since the 400th anniversary of the first voyage.

Izak J H Hough Columbus Day Columbus Day Chris crossed the ocean (echo) He followed a notion (echo) He would find gold and treasure untold. Sailing in three ships (echo) He made the long trip (echo) West Indies would be the land he would see from the Nina, the Pinta, the Santa Maria Chris crossed the ocean (echo) In 14 hundred and 92 In 1492 (Tune: My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean) Columbus sailed over the ocean Columbus sailed over the sea Columbus discovered America But Columbus didn't see me! Nina They all sailed over the ocean Over the ocean blue Columbus was looking for India But Columbus missed it you see Columbus discovered America But Columbus didn't see me (repeat chorus) (Tune: Row, Row, Row Your Boat) Sail, sail, sail three ships slowly through the sea Count them- one, two, three Land, land, land they saw After many days the man who found the way!

(Tune: The Farmer in the Dell) In 1492 Columbus sailed across the sea In 1492 For 70 days he sailed For 70 days he sailed Columbus sailed across the sea For 70 days he sailed He came to a new land He came to a new land Columbus sailed across the sea And came to a new land Exploring he did go, Columbus sailed across the sea Exploring he did go He sailed back home to Spain He sailed back home to Spain Columbus sailed across the sea Then sailed back home to Spain WHEN YOU SAILED OUR WAY (Tune: Sailing, Sailing) Columbus, Columbus, sailed across the sea, And found a very special land That belongs to you & me. Columbus, Columbus, we celebrate your day, In fourteen hundred & ninety-two When you sailed our way. (Tune: Mary Had a Little Lamb) Columbus sailed the ocean blue, ocean blue, ocean blue. Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492. He sailed west to reach the east, reach the east, reach the east. He sailed west to reach the east in 1492. Asian shores he never reached, never reached, never reached.

Asian shores he never reached in 1492. Instead a whole new land he found, land he found, land he found. Instead a whole new land he found in 1492.

Question: Who sailed in the Nina - Pinta and Santa Maria?
Answer: Christopher Columbus