Jack the Ripper claims first victim - Aug 31, 1888 - HISTORY.com Jack the Ripper claims first victim Share this: Jack the Ripper claims first victim Author Jack the Ripper claims first victim URL Publisher A+E Networks Prostitute Mary Ann Nichols, the first victim of London serial killer “Jack the Ripper,” is found murdered and mutilated in Whitechapel’s Buck’s Row. The East End of London saw four more victims of the murderer during the next few months, but no suspect was ever found. In Victorian England, London’s East End was a teeming slum occupied by nearly a million of the city’s poorest citizens. Many women were forced to resort to prostitution, and in 1888 there were estimated to be more than 1,000 prostitutes in Whitechapel. That summer, a serial killer began targeting these downtrodden women. On September 8, the killer claimed his second victim, Annie Chapman, and on September 30 two more prostitutes–Liz Stride and Kate Eddowes–were murdered and carved up on the same night. By then, London’s police had determined the pattern of the killings.

The murderer, offering to pay for sex, would lure his victims onto a secluded street or square and then slice their throats. As the women rapidly bled to death, he would then brutally mutilate them with the same six-inch knife. The police, who lacked modern forensic techniques such as fingerprinting and blood typing, were at a complete loss for suspects. Dozens of letters allegedly written by the murderer were sent to the police, and the vast majority of these were immediately deemed fraudulent. However, two letters–written by the same individual–alluded to crime facts known only to the police and the killer. These letters, signed “Jack the Ripper,” gave rise to the serial killer’s popular nickname. On November 7, after a month of silence, Jack took his fifth and last victim, Irish-born Mary Kelly, an occasional prostitute. Of all his victims’ corpses, Kelly’s was the most hideously mutilated. In 1892, with no leads found and no more murders recorded, the Jack the Ripper file was closed.

Related Videos Mary Ann Nichols: First of the Canonical Five Ripper Victims The First of the Canonical Five Ripper Victims August 31st, 1888; Whitechapel, London It was 1:20 am and the deputy at Wilmott’s Lodging House was kicking Mary Ann Nichols, known around the Whitechapel district as “Polly”, out of the house’s kitchen. Well-known to be an alcoholic, she had drunk away any money she could have spent on a bed for the night at a neighborhood public house. “Never mind”, Polly had said, with her customary pluck, “I’ll soon get my doss money. See what a jolly bonnet I’ve got now.” She pointed to the straw bonnet trimmed with black velvet on her head, and headed back out into the night. Sketch of Wilmott’s from the Illustrated Police News, Feb. 28th, 1891. By the end of August in 1888, the summer weather was long gone. The night of the 31st was drenched in rain and shocked by the flashes and claps of a thunderstorm.

On top of the miserable weather, the Shadwell Dry Dock Fire painted the gloomy sky red that night. Observing the spectacle had kept Ellen Holland, Polly’s roommate at the Willmott’s Lodging House, out late that evening. Ellen came across Polly on the corner of Osborn Street and Whitechapel Road at 2:30 am. Polly was drunkenly leaning against a wall, and bragged that she’d made her doss money three times over, but had already drunk it away. “I’ve had my doss money three times today and spent it. It won’t be long before I’m back.” At the time, Polly’s services would have gone for about 3 pence, which was also the price for a tall glass of gin. The cost of a bed in the doss house was 4 pence. Photo of Thrawl Street, Whitechapel (area of Wilcott’s Lodging House) circa 1902, from Jack London’s The People of the Abyss Ellen tried to convince Polly to come back to the lodging house with her, but Polly refused.

She was set on earning the money back one more time, claiming she would simply find a man to share a bed with after one more attempt. Leaving her to her conquest, Ellen watched Polly weave her way back down East Whitechapel Road. Whitechapel Road and Osborn Street. This street corner is where a drunk Polly is met by Ellen Holland at 2:30 AM on August 31st. The two women would chat for a bit, then Polly would go on about her way. It would be the last time anyone would see her alive. A Body on Buck’s Row 3:40am on the morning of August 31st, a carter named Charles Cross made his way down the narrow avenue of Buck’s Row on his way to work. In the early morning darkness, Cross stopped at the sight of a large object lying in the doorway of a horse stable. He walked closer to investigate, thinking it was a tarpaulin abandoned in the street. A few feet closer, though, he realized the figure on the ground was human. As he hesitated, unsure of how to proceed, he heard another man’s approaching footsteps. It was another carter, Robert Paul, also headed to work.

Cross called the other carter over, telling him that there was a woman in the street. Together, in the dark, the two men approached the figure stretched out on the ground. She was lying prone, her skirts pulled up to her waist. Tentatively, they felt her hands and face, finding them cold. Cross thought that he sensed some movement in her chest, though, which allowed the possibility that she was alive. The men tugged her skirts down over her knees to at least cover her up, and argued whether they should prop her up in the doorway. They were unsettled by the whole incident though, and they were both running late for work. They decided not to render further assistance on the scene, justifying their behavior by agreeing to tell the first constable they ran into on their way about what they had seen. They left the woman’s body alone on Buck’s Row, lying across the gateway. Minutes later they came across PC Mizen 55H. “She looks to me to be either dead or drunk,” Cross said to the constable, “but for my part I think she is dead.” If either of the men had possessed a lantern, however, there would have been no question that Polly Nichols was dead.

The following photographs show the location on Durward Street (formerly Buck’s Row) where Mary Ann Nichols’ body was discovered. Due to the unwanted attention resulting from the murder, Buck’s Row was changed to Durward Street later that same year (1888). Durward Street aka Buck’s Row very much as it would have looked in 1888. The arrow shows the location where the body of Polly Nichols was discovered. Durward Street, 1938, appearing just as it did at the time of the murder in 1888. The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered a few steps behind the man walking west along the brick wall near the center of the photo. (photo from Casebook Wiki ) Looking west down modern day Durward Street. Mary Ann Nichols’s body was found below where the tree stands near the corner of the brick wall in the center of the photo. Another recent photograph of Durward Street. The car bumpers seen in the photo mark the location of the entrance to the horse stable where Polly Nichols’s body was found, and where PC Neil is shown shining his torch in the famous illustration.

Buck’s Row / Durward Street, Then and Now This video offers the viewer a glimpse of what the murder scene looked like back in 1888, compared with how that same area looks today. Most of the Ripper crime scenes have changed drastically since 1888, with the exception of this one. Many of the structures and buildings visible in the photographs of 1888 are still present today, including the brick wall which still stands alongside the location where the body was found. Video created by Jack-the-Ripper-Tour.com , the original Jack the Ripper Tour, est. 1982. The Life and Death of Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols Probably more than any of the Ripper’s victims, Mary Ann Nichols’ life and decline is the best documented. This was due to extensive public inquest and prying into her personal life, as well as the personal lives of those who had been in contact with her. The years leading up to Polly’s death, particularly that final year of 1887-1888, had been marked by alcoholism, petty crime and family discord, dirty laundry of which was aired to the public during the terror of September 1888.

Nichols was born to Edward Walker, a locksmith, and his wife Caroline on 26 August 1845. She went on to marry William Nichols, a machinist for a printer, in 1864. They were together for over fifteen years and had five children: Edward John Nichols, Percy George, Alice Esther, Eliza Sarah and Henry Alfred. Then, around 1880, the marriage fell apart. Polly’s father, Walker, was incensed by the break-up and passed around rumors that William Nichols had been responsible for the dissolution of the marriage. He claimed that Polly had been confined with ill health, and her husband had taken up with her nurse. Nichols did not deny the affair with the nurse, only the idea that this affair had been the reason for the marriage’s demise. Walker’s rumor, however, was so widely believed that it was addressed at the inquest into Polly’s death. Nichols claimed that, though there had been an affair, it had occurred after Polly herself had left the marriage. He produced a birth certificate, testifying that his son with his mistress was born after Polly had left.

Regardless of when Nichols became involved with another woman, it is clear that Polly had plenty of demons of her own. Alcohol addiction interfered with her domestic life, her relationship with family members and her ability to keep her head above water in a financial sense. During their marriage, Nichols claimed, Polly had left him “five or six times” until finally leaving for the last time in 1881. All five children remained with their father, and William sent Polly support payments for two years. He found out, however, that Polly had been living as a prostitute, and discontinued payments. Polly sent summons for him to keep sending her money, but William was able to win his case by proving she was living with another man. From 1882 onward, Polly drifted from one workhouse to another, at some points completely disappearing from view of her family and public record. At the time of her death, William Nichols had not seen his wife in over three years. From March 24 – May 21 of 1883, Edward Walker took his daughter in as she attempted to pick up the pieces.

He reported that she was not “fast with men” and did not stay out late carousing, but she did continue to drink at home, causing tension between the two. Their relationship was characterized by constant rows, and soon Polly was out on the street again, breaking off all contact with her father. Walker claimed that he had left of her own accord after a particularly bad argument, and that he knew, “she would come to a bad end.” She was seen in June of 1886 at the funeral of her brother who had died when a paraffin lamp exploded and burned him. The family observed that she was dressed “respectably” possibly due to her living with a local blacksmith, Thomas Dew. By October of 1887, she was out on the streets again, spending most of her time in the Lambeth Workhouse on Prince’s Road. In what would be her final attempt to get her life together, Polly took a job as a domestic servant in the household of Samuel and Sarah Cowdry. Trying to quit drinking and gain some control over her life, she broke the four-year silence with her father to make amends.

“I just right to say you will be glad to know that I am settled in my new place, and going all right up to now. My people went out yesterday and have not returned, so I am left in charge. It is a grand place inside, with trees and gardens back and front. All has been newly done up. They are teetotalers and religious so I ought to get on. They are very nice people, and I have not too much to do. I hope you are all right and the boy has work. So good bye for the present. from yours truly, Mary Ann "Polly" Walker Nichols (1845 - 1888) - Find A Grave Memorial Mary Ann "Polly" Walker Nichols London Borough of Tower Hamlets Greater London, England Victim of Jack the Ripper. At the age of 43, she was the first of five confirmed Ripper victims. Most modern investigators and researchers believe that Jack the Ripper had more victims than the five confirmed ones. At five foot, two inches, plump, with brown eyes and graying dark brown hair, she had been married to a printer's machinist named William Nichols.

They had five children, with the oldest 21 years old and the youngest 9 years old at the time of her death. She and William had separated in 1881, due to her alcoholism and for her constant arguing, and for a couple of years; he had supported her with five shillings a week. About 1884, William took her to court and gained custody of the children, when she began to live with a blacksmith named Drew, without the benefit of marriage. After a year, Drew also left her due to her argumentative ways and from her drinking. She and William Nichols last saw each other in June 1886, at the funeral of their son who had died in an accidental fire. For several years, she lived in the East London workhouses, where the poor would work at menial jobs to earn the right to sleep in a large ward filled with fellow unfortunates. In May 1888, she found a respectable job working as a domestic servant in the house of a wealthy family, but within two months she was fired for stealing 3 pounds, 10 shillings, worth of clothing from the family.

She then lived with another prostitute, Nelly Holland, in a doss-house (a poor person's rooming house that would rent a small room with a bed for about eight cents a night; payable daily) at 18 Thrawl Street in the Whitechapel area of East London, but on August 29, 1888, she was evicted for lack of money. She spent the next two days living on the streets. She was last seen alive on the morning of August 31, 1888, about 2:30 am, when her friend, Nelly Holland, came across her at the corner of Osborn Street and Whitechapel Road. She was drunk, and admitted that she had earned about 24 cents (from prostituting herself) that evening, but had spent it all on drink. At 3:45 am, she was discovered murdered on Buck's Row, an unlit street that bordered the Whitechapel Jews Cemetery (and about a half mile from where Nelly Holland had last seen her), by Charles Cross, who was walking to work. He and a fellow workman, Robert Paul, immediately notified a patrolling policeman, Constable John Neil.

Her throat had been cut deeply to the neck, nearly severing her head from her body. Her abdomen had been slashed open, exposing her intestines. She remained in the Whitechapel mortuary until Thursday, September 6, when she was placed in a wooden coffin and taken to the City of London Cemetery in Ilford, where she was buried on Thursday, September 6, 1888. (bio by: Kit and Morgan Benson) Jack the Ripper's First Victim - Mary Nichols Murder. Contact JACK THE RIPPER WALK LONDON. The tour of Jack the Ripper's London continues with the events of 31st August 1888 when Mary Nichols became the first definite victim of Jack the Ripper. JACK THE RIPPER THE FIRST SUSPECTS As the 31st of August progressed a consensus began to form in the district and amongst both the investigating police and local journalists that the murder had been carried out by one of the local gangs. It was also widely believed that this same gang was probably responsible for the previous murders of Emma Smith and Martha Tabram.

The Evening News informed its readers that: “…these gangs, who make their appearance during the early hours of the morning, are in the habit of blackmailing these poor unfortunate creatures, and when their demands are refused, violence follows, and in order to avoid their deeds being brought to light they put away their victims. They have been under the observation of the police for some time past, and it is believed that with the prospect of a reward and a free pardon, some of them might be persuaded to turn Queen's evidence, when some startling revelations might be expected…" This theory most certainly influenced the early days of the police investigation into the murder of Mary Nichols. THE MURDER OF MARY NICHOLS THE AUTUMN OF TERROR BEGINS Mary, or “Polly” Anne Nichols, was a 43 year old prostitute who had begun the morning of her death drinking in the Frying Pan Pub on the corner of Thrawl Street, where she was seen at 12.30am. Having left the pub a little bit tipsy she had made her way along Thrawl Street, and tried to get a bed at the common lodging house located at number 18.

However, she didn't have the necessary four pence to pay for a bed and, as a result, the deputy keeper turned her away. Unperturbed, the plucky Polly Nichols told him that she would soon get the doss money and observed merrily "see what a jolly bonnet I'm wearing." She was evidently going to resort to prostitution to raise the money and obviously considered that the "jolly bonnet" would prove an irresistible draw to potential clients. It appears that her confidence was not unfounded for its seems she did meet with some success. One of the last sightings of her alive was about an hour an ten minutes before her body was discovered when a friend of hers, Emily Holland, met her outside a grocers store at the junction of Whitechapel Road and Osborn Street. Mary was leaning drunkenly against a wall and boasted to Emily how she had made the doss money "three times over" but had spent it on drink. Concerned at Mary's drunken state Emily tried to persuade her to go back to the lodging house with her and sober up in it kitchen. But Mary was having none of it and announced that she was off to make it one last time.

"It won't be long before I'm back," she slurred, and so-saying wandered off unsteadily in to the night. A little over an hour later, at 3.40am, a carter named Charles Cross was on his way to work along Bucks Row. As he passed a gateway which was then situated on the left just before the huge bulk of the local school which dominated (and still dominates) its top end, he noticed what appeared to be a tarpaulin lying on the ground. He went to investigate and saw, to his horror, that it was in fact the prone form of woman whose skirts had been pulled up around her waist. As he stood there, uncertain what to do next, he heard footsteps behind him. Turning he saw another carter, Robert Paul, coming towards him. The two men bent over to examine the body for signs of life. When they found none they, somewhat callously, decided that if she was dead there was little they could do for her and, since they were now late for work, they left the scene, agreeing to tell the first policeman they came across of their find.

But what neither of them had noticed was that the woman's throat had been savagely cut back to the spine. That discovery was made by Police Constable Neil, who walked his beat along Buck's Row a few minutes after they had departed. He shone his lantern onto the woman and saw a pool of blood forming around her neck and shoulders and noticed the mutilation to her throat. At that moment PC Thain was passing the far side of Buck's Row. Neil waved his lantern to attract his colleague's attention and then sent him to fetch the local medic Dr. Llewellyn who, when he arrived at the scene at around 4am, carried out a cursory examination of the body and, noting the severity of the wounds to the throat, pronounced life extinct. On closer examination he also observed that the deceased’s body and legs were still warm, although her hands and wrists were quite cold. This led him to surmise that she could not have been dead for more than half an hour. Meanwhile word of the murder was spreading around the immediate vicinity and local workers were arriving to gaze at the grisly scene.

Alarmed by the growing number of sightseers Llewellyn ordered the police to remove the body to the mortuary where, he said, he would make a further examination. Constables Thain and Neil duly lifted the body onto the wooden police ambulance, or to be more precise a wooden hand cart which had been converted to an ambulance, and the woman was taken round to the workhouse mortuary, which in reality was little more than a brick shed. Here, at around 5am Inspector Spratling turned up to take down a description of the deceased. At first he noticed only the neck wounds previously noted by Dr Llewellyn. But on closer inspection he discovered something that, up until that point, eluded everyone. Beneath her blood stained clothing a deep gash ran all the way along the woman’s abdomen, she had been disembowelled. Jack the Ripper's reign of terror had begun. Follow this link to the Jack the Ripper Tour main page. BOOKS AND DVD'S Below you will find details of some of the books and dvd's we offer. They can all be purchased from our online shop.

UNCOVERING JACK THE RIPPER'S LONDON Uncovering Jack the Ripper's London, by Ripper expert Richard Jones takes you on a fascinating journey back to the autumn of 1888 and tells the story of the 10 weeks over which the Whitechapel murders occurred. a close look at the period over The book is illustrated with both full colour and evocative black and white photographs that give an excellent feel for Jack the Ripper's London then and now. THE ULTIMATE TRUE CRIME DVD UNMASKING JACK THE RIPPER Unmasking Jack the Ripper, an acclaimed drama documentary was written by and is presented by author and leading ripper expert Richard Jones. It takes you step by step through the Jack the Ripper murders and features interviews with expert ripperologists including Paul Begg and Lindsay Siviter. Story Page Henry Alfred Born 1878 Murdered: Friday morning 31st August 1888. Her body was found at approximately 3.40am. Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols, murdered in Buck's Row, a narrow, cobbled street on August 31, 1888.

Her throat had been slashed so deeply the head was nearly severed. Her abdomen had been savagely ripped open from the breast bone, and her intestines were exposed. Again it appeared that Mary had been killed where she was found yet no-one living nearby had heard a sound. Her skirts were raised and her hands lay by her side. The inquest stated that "her throat had been cut from left to right...the windpipe, gullet and spinal cord being cut through...the abdomen had been cut open from centre of bottom of ribs along right side, under pelvis to left of the stomach....two small stabs on private parts...death being almost instantaneous" No tracks or markings had been found on the cobbles of Buck's Row. Mary is considered by many to be the actual first victim of the murderer that came to be known as Jack The Ripper.

Mary Ann Nichols [Polly] | 31st August 1888 | Jack the Ripper A list of Jack The Ripper Walking Tours Mary Ann Nichols [Polly] - 31st August 1888 Mary Ann Nichols, or 'Polly', was the first of the Whitechapel murders attributed to the violent, horrific, unidentified killer known as Jack the Ripper. Her life is relatively well-documented, perhaps due to her status as an inmate of various 'workhouses', which were places of refuge for the most poor and destitute. Her body was discovered on Bucks Row, which has since been named Durward Street, in the Whitechapel district of London on August 31, 1888. Polly was married and the mother of five children, but was separated from her husband and children at the time of her murder. Polly separated from her husband, William Nichols, more than seven years before her death. The cause of their separation is disputed; Polly insisted it was because of his infidelity, which William never denied. Her husband purported that their failing marriage was due to Polly's alcoholism, and police reports confirm that Polly was frequently drunk.

When she left her husband, she left him with their children. William was able to provide evidence that Polly was a prostitute, and therefore was not obligated to provide alimony for her support. The night of Polly's murder was chilly compared to typical August weather in London, and it was stormy. From what we know of Polly's activities that night, she had been out searching for 'doss money', which meant that she was trying to earn money by prostituting herself to pay for her night's lodgings. One of her acquaintances overheard her drunkenly say that she had earned her doss money three times that evening and had spent it each time. If only Polly had returned home earlier in the evening, perhaps her fate would have been different. Instead, around 4:00 in the morning, two labourers found her body with several large, forceful cuts down her abdomen and on other parts of her body. She was laid to rest in a funeral paid for by her father, husband and eldest son, and remains at rest at the Manor Park Cemetery in a grave marked with a plaque.

Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Message Boards: Mary Ann Nichols descendants Mary Ann Nichols descendants Posted on Monday, January 19, 2004 - 2:30 pm: Mary Ann Nichols had five children Edward John, Percy George, Alice Esther, Eliza Sarah, and Henry Alfred. I thought it would be interesting to post any details found about what happened to them. Percy George Nichols died in 1948, this is an account from the Islington Gazette of Friday October 22, 1948. HOLLOWAY ROAD _____ INQUEST ON AGED MAN An accident in Holloway-road in August, when an 80-year-old Islington man was injured by a van was recalled at a St Pancras inquest yesterday (Thursday). The man, Percy George Nichols, of Kingsdown-road, N.19, was found dead at home on Saturday. His widow, Mrs Elizabeth Nichols of the same address said that after the accident in August he was brought home by the policeman and the driver of the van which had hit him. He seemed to get well gradually and was able to get about, but he was later taken bad and on Saturday she went for the doctor.

Her husband died before the doctor came. PC J. Craven said that on August 6 he was called to Holloway-road at the junction of Tollington-way and Tavistock-terrace. The man was sitting on a chair and said, �I was going to cross the road. I did not see the van. My eyesight is bad and being deaf I cannot hear them come.� The man refused to go to hospital. Dr Florence Louis, pathologist, said that death was due to haemorrhage due to the rupture of an aneurism. The damage to the aneurim was consistent with being struck by a vehicle. Henry Lukins, the van driver, of Garfield-road, Battersea, said that it was raining hard at the time of the accident and that his speed along Holloway-road was about 25 m.p.h. He added: �I saw him step off the pavement and I sounded my horn. As he paid no attention I applied my brakes.� Because the vehicle was on the tramlines it started skidding and the man was still �wandering across the road.� As soon as the van struck the man it stopped, the man falling over the radiator.

�There seems no doubt that his death is due to this event,� said the Coroner (Mr W. Bentley Purchase) to the jury. �Verdict: �Accidental death.� Posted on Monday, January 19, 2004 - 2:46 pm: The first wife of Percy George Nichols was Ada Amelia Crombleholme. I do not believe the couple had any children? They lived in Camberwell until the 1901 census, then between then and the 1920's left to live in Islington, North London. They appear on the 1923 electoral register at 45 Richmond Road, Islington, until 1926 when Ada died. By 1929, Percy George moved to 5 Kingsdown Road, Islington. He was living there when he remarried Elizabeth Maud Gell at Islington Register Office on 3rd October 1936. He was 68 and she was 59, both widowed. Elizabeth's maiden name had been Warden, and she lived at 5 Beversbrook Road.

They lived together at Kingsdown Road until Percy's death in 1948. Posted on Monday, January 19, 2004 - 3:39 pm: Hi Stephen, In many ways Polly's descendants are turning out to be few and far between, compared to Annie and Kate's as I hope to point out on this thread. Following is an account of Percy's first wife's inquest report from the Islington Gazette of the 24th September 1926: COLLAPSED IN THE STREET Barnsbury Women�s Sudden Death Sir Walter Schroder held an inquest at St Pancras Coroner�s Court concerning the death of Ada Amelia Nichols, aged 54, who resided at Richmond Road, Barnsbury. Percy George Nichols, a printer�s machine manager, the husband, stated that deceased had enjoyed very good health. On Tuesday week she partook of some mussels, after which she complained of having pains all over the body. She took some medicine, and recovered, and went on quite well till Sunday afternoon, when she complained of the intense heat.

She went for a walk, and in Matilda-street, Barnsbury, they went into a public-house, where deceased had two drops of whisky. As they were returning home the deceased stopped to talk to two female friends, whilst witness went home. A quarter of an hour later he returned to Matilda-street, and then found she had been taken ill, and was unconscious. She was placed in an ambulance and removed to the Royal Free Hospital. He followed, and on arriving at the hospital he was informed that she was dead. Other evidence was given that the deceased, in conversation with her two female friends, complained of feeling the heat very much. Leaving her friends she was seen to be running along, when she suddenly clutched the railings, after which she collapsed and fell to the pavement. On assistance going to her she was found to be unconscious. Police-constable Waugh, 1065Y, called an ambulance, and had her removed to the Royal Free Hospital, where life was found to be extinct. Dr (Miss) Cadle, house physician at the Royal Free Hospital, who made a post mortem examination of the body, said that death resulted from the rupture of the left coronary artery.

With disease of the coronary arteries, and an enlarged fatty heart, deceased was liable to die suddenly at any moment, and hurrying was one of the worst things for her to do. The Coroner recorded a verdict in accordance with the medical evidence. The death certificate records her death on the 19th September as "Ruptured Coronary Artery. Atheroma of vessels." (Message edited by neal on January 19, 2004) Posted on Monday, January 19, 2004 - 3:53 pm: As with Percy George Nichols, I believe his youngest brother Henry Alfred Nichols and his wife Alice Ada, did not have children after their marriage in 1910. Alice Ada Nichols died in 1957. Henry Alfred Nichols died on the 13th November 1967 at Wilkinson House, Dewar Street, Peckham, South London. He was 88, and a retired printers machine minder. His cause of death was (1) Bronchopneumonia (2) Chronic Bronchitis. George H.Berriman, nephew of 7 Arodene Road, SW2, was the informant.

I think people will agree that it's hard to believe that a son of a Jack the Ripper victim was still alive in 1967! Posted on Tuesday, January 20, 2004 - 2:58 pm: Thanks Brad, I've also managed to follow up the family of Alice Esther Nichols, Mary Ann Nichols eldest daughter, with slightly more success. Alice Esther married William Samuel Edwards. They had two children and were still living in Camberwell on the 1901 census. Up until 1923, the family lived at 23 Ashbourne Grove. I am reliably informed that the second child remained single all her life and did not have children. The first child was named Iris Alice Edwards. Her father William Samuel Edwards of Ashbourne Ruskin Road, Carshalton, Surrey, died on 6th December 1925. His probate read effects of over �700. Iris Alice married in her 30's at Lambeth, and the couple had one child. Her husband died in the early 1950's at Epsom, Surrey. This left mother, daughter and granddaughter together.

Alice Esther Edwards (nee Nichols) died at the grand old age of 92 on 21st August 1962 at Epsom District Hospital, Surrey. She had been living at Tadworth with Iris Alice, and left effects of �2748 6s. Iris Alice died in the 1980's. I am in contact with her daughter who informs me that despite spending many years in the company of her grandmother Alice Esther Edwards, she never gave her any details about her mother Mary Ann Nichols. In fact, she told her nothing much about the Nichols family, only scraps of info like having a brother Percy. Again it looks like a case of a daughter of a Ripper victim keeping quite about the fate of her mother. The same happened with the family of Annie Chapman and Kate Eddowes. The relative has also informed me that there are no photographs of Mary Ann Nichols, but she does have some of her grandmother Alice Esther that I hope will be first seen on this thread when she sends them on to me. Posted on Wednesday, January 21, 2004 - 2:31 pm: Jeff, That's an idea . . .

I was also thinking that if you were the great grandchild of one of Jack the Ripper's victims the whole idea might be a little close to home. It's one thing for us to dabble in this mystery, but if the vicitim was your great grandmother it might be a lot more disturbing. I know I wouldn't want to be reading about my reletive's womb being taken out in the dark of night. And I would imagine if you heard about it from the time you were a tiny child you might be a bit sick of the whole topic. Just a thought. Posted on Wednesday, January 21, 2004 - 9:13 pm: Hi Kris, There is always a special sense of horror when a relative or friend is the victim of a dreadful crime. I know a young woman, who I knew years ago as a child, who got shot by bandits in Los Angeles and took a number of years to recover (she seems to be doing well now). It stands to reason that if the victim dies (and in the case of the Whitechapel victims, they died horribly) the descendants would have been badly affected.

An example that comes to mind (although the victim did not die) were the daughter and wife of Secretary of State William Seward. The young lady (Fanny Seward) was never physically strong. When Seward was attacked on his sick bed by Lewis Payne (John Wilkes Booth's co-conspirator)on April 14, 1865, Payne stabbed the Secretary, and his two sons (as well as a male assistant). The horror of the attack killed Mrs. Seward within two months, and Fanny died in a year - and Seward himself survived the attack (although he died seven year later). Best wishes, Posted on Sunday, March 07, 2004 - 12:32 pm: Thanks Gary and Belinda, I think there was a likeness with the shape of her face, she probably looks less like her mother than the picture of her brother Edward John in Andy and Sue Parlour's book. But in saying that it is of course difficult to tell considering all that we have of Polly is a mortuary photograph where she's lying down. The photograph of Alice is part of a larger one that also has her husband William and two daughters included.

My computer finds it difficult to upload whole pictures to the boards but I hope to send it through in time. All the best Posted on Tuesday, June 01, 2004 - 1:58 am: Hi Neal, Thanks for the additional info on the sinking of George's boat. Yes, I know his name is Herbert George, but they called him George! Using a second name seems common in this family. Florence had a total of 6 children, 4 girls and 2 boys. 2 died in childhood, 1 as a young man, 1 in 1964 and the 2 youngest are still alive. I believe the daughter who remained in England would have received most of her mother's photos, etc., so I will try to find out her married name and children's names and whether they remained in Essex, as she died approx. 1964. It is interesting that you are from Essex, so you would be familiar with the places. I have never been to England, so I look at maps and try to comprehend what it really looks like, distances, travelling times, etc. I had hoped to visit England this year, but circumstances have made that unlikely.

Perhaps next year I'll get to see it for myself. Maureen maurdam at yahoo dot com Posted on Tuesday, June 08, 2004 - 6:17 am: Hi Neal, I will try to remember your new name. Old name, actually, but new to us here! Thanks for checking Lilian and Florence for death records. It's odd that you could not find anything and I'm wondering if I made a mistake on the year. I am away from home for a few days and can't access my family tree database until I return. If you can think of some good questions I should be asking my cousins when they visit in a couple of weeks, please feel free to email me at mauradam at yahoo dot com Thanks. Posted on Tuesday, November 23, 2004 - 3:22 pm: I am doing some genealogy on my family and did a search on "Samuel Edwards and Birminhgam" (my great-great grandfather).

I came (to my surprise) across this site and found that (according to a post by Chris Scott on 5/11/2003) it was my great-grandmother's brother William Samuel Edwards who married Alice Esther Nichols, making Alice, in essence, a great-great aunt (I think) of mine. Alas, I don't think I have any photos, but when I am home for Christmas I will see if thee are some. My mother, I think, could well have known Alice. First I've heard of any of this. Posted on Tuesday, November 30, 2004 - 3:02 pm: Hi Richard, I've been in contact with Alice and William Edwards only remaining direct relative and she couldn't tell me a lot about them. Good to hear that you are related to William's family. She certainly didn't know about her connection to the Jack the Ripper victim even though she was with Alice for a good deal of her old age. To all, I've managed to find the death certificate for Mary's eldest son Edward John Nichols from the burial date provided by Maureen.

Edward John died aged 40 (was probably older) on the 15th September 1908 at Edmonton Union Workhouse. He was described as a tool maker journeyman of 99 South Street, Ponders End, Enfield. Cause of death was a Carcinoma of the submaxillary gland, exhaustion, certified by William Magill mb. His wife Lilian M. Nichols registered the death. Neal Posted on Saturday, December 25, 2004 - 12:11 am: BAH I dont know...lol I'll go ask my dad...well tommorow seeing that is christmas day and hes sleeping(its 12 in the morning) but I thought id check this before I go to bed since I havent in awhile...ok well Ill check back later and tell you. Wait one of them were a cop I think...so whichever one of them were a cop...AH that might not help at all and im pretty tired lol Ill just ask my dad in the morning lol ok well, talk to you soon. Administration Use of these message boards implies agreement and consent to our Terms of Use .

The views expressed here in no way reflect the views of the owners and operators of Casebook: Jack the Ripper. Our old message board content (45,000+ messages) is no longer available online, but a complete archive is available on the Casebook At Home Edition, for 19.99 (US) plus shipping. The "At Home" Edition works just like the real web site, but with absolutely no advertisements. You can browse it anywhere - in the car, on the plane, on your front porch - without ever needing to hook up to an internet connection. Click here to buy the Casebook At Home Edition . The "Jack the Ripper" Autopsy Reports The "Jack the Ripper" Autopsy Reports Mary Anne "Polly" Nichols Five teeth were missing, and there was a slight laceration of the tongue. There was a bruise running along the lower part of the jaw on the right side of the face. That might have been caused by a blow from a fist or pressure from a thumb. There was a circular bruise on the left side of the face which also might have been inflicted by the pressure of the fingers. On the left side of the neck, about 1 in.

below the jaw, there was an incision about 4 in. in length, and ran from a point immediately below the ear. On the same side, but an inch below, and commencing about 1 in. in front of it, was a circular incision, which terminated at a point about 3 in. below the right jaw. That incision completely severed all the tissues down to the vertebrae. The large vessels of the neck on both sides were severed. The incision was about 8 in. in length. The cuts must have been caused by a long-bladed knife, moderately sharp, and used with great violence. No blood was found on the breast, either of the body or the clothes. There were no injuries about the body until just about the lower part of the abdomen. Two or three inches from the left side was a wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen.

There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards, the injuries were form left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument. Annie Chapman The left arm was placed across the left breast. The legs were drawn up, the feet resting on the ground, and the knees turned outwards. The face was swollen and turned on the right side. The tongue protruded between the front teeth, but not beyond the lips. The tongue was evidently much swollen. The front teeth were perfect as far as the first molar, top and bottom and very fine teeth they were. The body was terribly mutilated...the stiffness of the limbs was not marked, but was evidently commencing. He noticed that the throat was dissevered deeply; that the incision through the skin were jagged and reached right round the neck... On the wooden paling between the yard in question and the next, smears of blood, corresponding to where the head of the deceased lay, were to be seen.

These were about 14 inches from the ground, and immediately above the part where the blood from the neck lay. He should say that the instrument used at the throat and abdomen was the same. It must have been a very sharp knife with a thin narrow blade, and must have been at least 6 in. to 8 in. in length, probably longer. He should say that the injuries could not have been inflicted by a bayonet or a sword bayonet. They could have been done by such an instrument as a medical man used for post-mortem purposes, but the ordinary surgical cases might not contain such an instrument. Those used by the slaughtermen, well ground down, might have caused them. He thought the knives used by those in the leather trade would not be long enough in the blade. There were indications of anatomical knowledge...he should say that the deceased had been dead at least two hours, and probably more, when he first saw her; but it was right to mention that it was a fairly cool morning, and that the body would be more apt to cool rapidly from its having lost a great quantity of blood. There was no evidence...of a struggle having taken place. He was positive the deceased entered the yard alive....

A handkerchief was round the throat of the deceased when he saw it early in the morning. He should say it was not tied on after the throat was cut. Report following the post mortem examination: He noticed the same protrusion of the tongue. There was a bruise over the right temple. On the upper eyelid there was a bruise, and there were two distinct bruises, each the size of a man's thumb, on the forepart of the top of the chest, The stiffness of the limbs was now well marked. There was a bruise over the middle part of the bone of the right hand. There was an old scar on the left of the frontal bone. The stiffness was more noticeable on the left side, especially in the fingers, which were partly closed. There was an abrasion over the ring finger, with distinct markings of a ring or rings. The throat had been severed as before described. the incisions into the skin indicated that they had been made from the left side of the neck. There were two distinct clean cuts on the left side of the spine. They were parallel with each other and separated by about half an inch. The muscular structures appeared as though an attempt had made to separate the bones of the neck.

There were various other mutilations to the body, but he was of the opinion that they occurred subsequent to the death of the woman, and to the large escape of blood from the division of the neck. The deceased was far advanced in disease of the lungs and membranes of the brain, but they had nothing to do with the cause of death. The stomach contained little food, but there was not any sign of fluid. There was no appearance of the deceased having taken alcohol, but there were signs of great deprivation and he should say she had been badly fed. He was convinced she had not taken any strong alcohol for some hours before her death. The injuries were certainly not self-inflicted. The bruises on the face were evidently recent, especially about the chin and side of the jaw, but the bruises in front of the chest and temple were of longer standing -- probably of days. He was of the opinion that the person who cut the deceased throat took hold of her by the chin, and then commenced the incision from left to right.

He thought it was highly probable that a person could call out, but with regard to an idea that she might have been gagged he could only point to the swollen face and the protruding tongue, both of which were signs of suffocation. The abdomen had been entirely laid open: the intestines, severed from their mesenteric attachments, had been lifted out of the body and placed on the shoulder of the corpse; whilst from the pelvis, the uterus and its appendages with the upper portion of the vagina and the posterior two thirds of the bladder, had been entirely removed. No trace of these parts could be found and the incisions were cleanly cut, avoiding the rectum, and dividing the vagina low enough to avoid injury to the cervix uteri. Obviously the work was that of an expert -- of one, at least, who had such knowledge of anatomical or pathological examinations as to be enabled to secure the pelvic organs with one sweep of the knife, which must therefore must have at least 5 or 6 inches in length, probably more. The appearance of the cuts confirmed him in the opinion that the instrument, like the one which divided the neck, had been of a very sharp character.

The mode in which the knife had been used seemed to indicate great anatomical knowledge. Elizabeth Stride Dr. George Baxter Phillips, who also handled the Chapman and Kelly murders, performed the post mortem on Stride. He was also present at the scene and, after examining the body, asserts the deceased had not eaten any grapes. His report is as follows: The body was lying on the near side, with the face turned toward the wall, the head up the yard and the feet toward the street. The left arm was extended and there was a packet of cachous in the left hand. The right arm was over the belly, the back of the hand and wrist had on it clotted blood. The legs were drawn up with the feet close to the wall. The body and face were warm and the hand cold. The legs were quite warm. Deceased had a silk handkerchief round her neck, and it appeared to be slightly torn. I have since ascertained it was cut. This corresponded with the right angle of the jaw. The throat was deeply gashed and there was an abrasion of the skin about one and a half inches in diameter, apparently stained with blood, under her right arm. At three o'clock p.m.

on Monday at St. George's Mortuary, Dr. Blackwell and I made a post mortem examination. Rigor mortis was still thoroughly marked. There was mud on the left side of the face and it was matted in the head. The body was fairly nourished. Over both shoulders, especially the right, and under the collarbone and in front of the chest there was a bluish discoloration, which I have watched and have seen on two occasions since. There was a clear-cut incision on the neck. It was six inches in length and commenced two and a half inches in a straight line below the angle of the jaw, one half inch in over an undivided muscle, and then becoming deeper, dividing the sheath. The cut was very clean and deviated a little downwards. The arteries and other vessels contained in the sheath were all cut through. The cut through the tissues on the right side was more superficial, and tailed off to about two inches below the right angle of the jaw. The deep vessels on that side were uninjured. From this is was evident that the hemorrhage was caused through the partial severance of the left cartoid artery. Decomposition had commenced in the skin.

Dark brown spots were on the anterior surface of the left chin. There was a deformity in the bones of the right leg, which was not straight, but bowed forwards. There was no recent external injury save to the neck. The body being washed more thoroughly I could see some healing sores. The lobe of the left ear was torn as if from the removal or wearing through of an earring, but it was thoroughly healed. On removing the scalp there was no sign of extravasation of blood. The heart was small, the left ventricle firmly contracted, and the right slightly so. There was no clot in the pulmonary artery, but the right ventricle was full of dark clot. The left was firmly contracted as to be absolutely empty. The stomach was large and the mucous membrane only congested. It contained partly digested food, apparently consisting of cheese, potato, and farinaceous powder. All the teeth on the lower left jaw were absent. Catherine Eddowes The body was on its back, the head turned to left shoulder. The arms by the side of the body as if they had fallen there. Both palms upwards, the fingers slightly bent. The left leg extended in a line with the body.

The abdomen was exposed. Right leg bent at the thigh and knee. The throat cut across. The intestines were drawn out to a large extent and placed over the right shoulder -- they were smeared over with some feculent matter. A piece of about two feet was quite detached from the body and placed between the body and the left arm, apparently by design. The lobe and auricle of the right ear were cut obliquely through. There was a quantity of clotted blood on the pavement on the left side of the neck round the shoulder and upper part of arm, and fluid blood-coloured serum which had flowed under the neck to the right shoulder, the pavement sloping in that direction. Body was quite warm. No death stiffening had taken place. She must have been dead most likely within the half hour. We looked for superficial bruises and saw none. No blood on the skin of the abdomen or secretion of any kind on the thighs. No spurting of blood on the bricks or pavement around. No marks of blood below the middle of the body. Several buttons were found in the clotted blood after the body was removed. There was no blood on the front of the clothes. There were no traces of recent connexion.

When the body arrived at Golden Lane, some of the blood was dispersed through the removal of the body to the mortuary. The clothes were taken off carefully from the body. A piece of deceased's ear dropped from the clothing. I made a post mortem examination at half past two on Sunday afternoon. Rigor mortis was well marked; body not quite cold. Green discoloration over the abdomen. After washing the left hand carefully, a bruise the size of a sixpence, recent and red, was discovered on the back of the left hand between the thumb and first finger. A few small bruises on right shin of older date. The hands and arms were bronzed. No bruises on the scalp, the back of the body, or the elbows. The face was very much mutilated. There was a cut about a quarter of an inch through the lower left eyelid, dividing the structures completely through. The upper eyelid on that side, there was a scratch through the skin on the left upper eyelid, near to the angle of the nose. The right eyelid was cut through to about half an inch.

There was a deep cut over the bridge of the nose, extending from the left border of the nasal bone down near the angle of the jaw on the right side of the cheek. This cut went into the bone and divided all the structures of the cheek except the mucuous membrane of the mouth. The tip of the nose was quite detached by an oblique cut from the bottom of the nasal bone to where the wings of the nose join on to the face. A cut from this divided the upper lip and extended through the substance of the gum over the right upper lateral incisor tooth. About half an inch from the top of the nose was another oblique cut. There was a cut on the right angle of the mouth as if the cut of a point of a knife. The cut extended an inch and a half, parallel with the lower lip. There was on each side of cheek a cut which peeled up the skin, forming a triangular flap about an inch and a half. On the left cheek there were two abrasions of the epithelium under the left ear. The throat was cut across to the extent of about six or seven inches.

A superficial cut commenced about an inch and a half below the lobe below, and about two and a half inches behind the left ear, and extended across the throat to about three inches below the lobe of the right ear. The big muscle across the throat was divided through on the left side. The large vessels on the left side of the neck were severed. The larynx was severed below the vocal chord. All the deep structures were severed to the bone, the knife marking intervertebral cartilages. The sheath of the vessels on the right side was just opened. The cartoid artery had a fine hole opening, the internal jugular vein was opened about an inch and a half -- not divided. The blood vessels contained clot. All these injuries were performed by a sharp instrument like a knife, and pointed. The cause of death was hemorrhage from the left common cartoid artery. The death was immediate and the mutilations were inflicted after death. We examined the abdomen. The front walls were laid open from the breast bones to the pubes. The cut commenced opposite the ensiform cartilage. The incision went upwards, not penetrating the skin that was over the sternum. It then divided the ensiform cartilage.

The knife must have cut obliquely at the expense of that cartilage. Behind this, the liver was stabbed as if by the point of a sharp instrument. Below this was another incision into the liver of about two and a half inches, and below this the left lobe of the liver was slit through by a vertical cut. Two cuts were shewn by a jagging of the skin on the left side. The abdominal walls were divided in the middle line to within a quarter of an inch of the navel. The cut then took a horizontal course for two inches and a half towards the right side. It then divided round the navel on the left side, and made a parallel incision to the former horizontal incision, leaving the navel on a tongue of skin. Attached to the navel was two and a half inches of the lower part of the rectus muscle on the left side of the abdomen. The incision then took an oblique direction to the right and was shelving. The incision went down the right side of the vagina and rectum for half an inch behind the rectum. There was a stab of about an inch on the left groin. This was done by a pointed instrument.

Below this was a cut of three inches going through all tissues making a wound of the peritoneum about the same extent. An inch below the crease of the thigh was a cut extending from the anterior spine of the ilium obliquely down the inner side of the left thigh and separating the left labium, forming a flap of skin up to the groin. The left rectus muscle was not detached. There was a flap of skin formed by the right thigh, attaching the right labium, and extending up to the spine of the ilium. The muscles on the right side inserted into the frontal ligaments were cut through. The skin was retracted through the whole of the cut through the abdomen, but the vessels were not clotted. Nor had there been any appreciable bleeding from the vessels. I draw the conclusion that the act was made after death, and there would not have been much blood on the murderer. The cut was made by someone on the right side of the body, kneeling below the middle of the body. I removed the content of the stomach and placed it in a jar for further examination. There seemed very little in it in the way of food or fluid, but from the cut end partly digested farinaceous food escaped.

The intestines had been detached to a large extent from the mesentery. About two feet of the colon was cut away. The signoid flexure was invaginated into the rectum very tightly. Right kidney was pale, bloodless with slight congestion of the base of the pyramids. There was a cut from the upper part of the slit on the under surface of the liver to the left side, and another cut at right angles to this, which were about an inch and a half deep and two and a half inches long. Liver itself was healthy. The gall bladder contained bile. The pancreas was cut, but not through, on the left side of the spinal column. Three and a half inches of the lower border of the spleen by half an inch was attached only to the peritoneum. The peritoneal lining was cut through on the left side and the left kidney carefully taken out and removed. The left renal artery was cut through. I would say that someone who knew the position of the kidney must have done it. The lining membrane over the uterus was cut through. The womb was cut through horizontally, leaving a stump of three quarters of an inch. The rest of the womb had been taken away with some of the ligaments.

The vagina and cervix of the womb was uninjured. The bladder was healthy and uninjured, and contained three or four ounces of water. There was a tongue-like cut through the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta. The other organs were healthy. There were no indications of connexion. I believe the wound in the throat was first inflicted. I believe she must have been lying on the ground. The wounds on the face and abdomen prove that they were inflicted by a sharp, pointed knife, and that in the abdomen by one six inches or longer. I believe the perpetrator of the act must have had considerable knowledge of the position of the organs in the abdominal cavity and the way of removing them. It required a great deal of medical knowledge to have removed the kidney and to know where it was placed. The parts removed would be of no use for any professional purpose. I think the perpetrator of this act had sufficient time, or he would not have nicked the lower eyelids. It would take at least five minutes. I cannot assign any reason for the parts being taken away. I feel sure that there was no struggle, and believe it was the act of one person. The throat had been so instantly severed that no noise could have been emitted.

I should not expect much blood to have been found on the person who had inflicted these wounds. The wounds could not have been self-inflicted. My attention was called to the apron, particularly the corner of the apron with a string attached. The blood spots were of recent origin. I have seen the portion of an apron produced by Dr. Phillips and stated to have been found in Goulston Street. It is impossible to say that it is human blood on the apron. I fitted the piece of apron, which had a new piece of material on it (which had evidently been sewn on to the piece I have), the seams of the borders of the two actually corresponding. Some blood and apparently faecal matter was found on the portion that was found in Goulston Street. Mary Kelly The body was lying naked in the middle of the bed, the shoulders flat but the axis of the body inclined to the left side of the bed. The head was turned on the left cheek. The left arm was close to the body with the forearm flexed at a right angle and lying across the abdomen. The right arm was slightly abducted from the body and rested on the mattress.

The elbow was bent, the forearm supine with the fingers clenched. The legs were wide apart, the left thigh at right angles to the trunk and the right forming an obtuse angle with the pubes. The whole of the surface of the abdomen and thighs was removed and the abdominal cavity emptied of its viscera. The breasts were cut off, the arms mutilated by several jagged wounds and the face hacked beyond recognition of the features. The tissues of the neck were severed all round down to the bone. The viscera were found in various parts viz: the uterus and kidneys with one breast under the head, the other breast by the right foot the liver between the feet, the intestines by the right side and the spleen by the left side of the body. The flaps removed from the abdomen and thighs were on a table. The bed clothing at the right corner was saturated with blood, and on the floor beneath was a pool of blood covering about two feet square. The wall by the right side of the bed and in a line with the neck was marked by blood which had struck it in a number of separate splashes. The face was gashed in all directions, the nose, cheeks, eyebrows, and ears being partly removed.

The lips were blanched and cut by several incisions running obliquely down to the chin. There were also numerous cuts extending irregularly across all the features. The neck was cut through the skin and other tissues right down to the vertebrae, the fifth and sixth being deeply notched. The skin cuts in the front of the neck showed distinct ecchymosis. The air passage was cut at the lower part of the larynx through the cricoid cartilage. Both breasts were more or less removed by circular incisions, the muscle down to the ribs being attached to the breasts. The intercostals between the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs were cut through and the contents of the thorax visible through the openings. Mary Kelly as she was found in her bed at 13 Miller's Court. The skin and tissues of the abdomen from the costal arch to the pubes were removed in three large flaps. The right thigh was denuded in front to the bone, the flap of skin, including the external organs of generation, and part of the right buttock. The left thigh was stripped of skin fascia, and muscles as far as the knee.

The left calf showed a long gash through skin and tissues to the deep muscles and reaching from the knee to five inches above the ankle. Both arms and forearms had extensive jagged wounds. The right thumb showed a small superficial incision about one inch long, with extravasation of blood in the skin, and there were several abrasions on the back of the hand moreover showing the same condition. On opening the thorax it was found that the right lung was minimally adherent by old firm adhesions. The lower part of the lung was broken and torn away. The left lung was intact. It was adherent at the apex and there were a few adhesions over the side. In the substances of the lung there were several nodules of consolidation. The pericardium was open below and the heart absent. In the abdominal cavity there was some partly digested food of fish and potatoes, and similar food was found in the remains of the stomach attached to the intestines. Dr. George Bagster Phillips was also present at the scene, and gave the following testimony at the inquest: The mutilated remains of a female were lying two-thirds over towards the edge of the bedstead nearest the door.

She had only her chemise on, or some under linen garment. I am sure that the body had been removed subsequent to the injury which caused her death from that side of the bedstead that was nearest the wooden partition, because of the large quantity of blood under the bedstead and the saturated condition of the sheet and the palliasse at the corner nearest the partition. The blood was produced by the severance of the cartoid artery, which was the cause of death. The injury was inflicted while the deceased was lying at the right side of the bedstead.

Question: Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who?
Answer: Jack The Ripper