moonraker - definition of moonraker in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of moonraker in English: moonraker 1dialect A native of the county of Wiltshire. Example sentences ‘If you're born and bred in the county, you can rightfully claim to be a 'Moonraker'.’ ‘The legend of the Wiltshire moonrakers is well known.’ 2A small square sail set above a skysail on a sailing ship. Example sentences ‘Any sail unfurled that is higher than the 3rd layer is technically a moonraker.’ Pronunciation: Which of the following is a type of dance? bourrée Which of the following is a type of dance? mazurka Which of the following is a type of dance? kramp Which of the following is a type of dance? galop Which of the following is a type of dance? gavotte Which of the following is a type of dance? ceroll Which of the following is a type of dance? pacarana Which of the following is a type of dance? merengue Which of the following is a type of dance? jot Which of the following is a type of dance?

Hamilton You scored /10 practise again? Retry Genealogy and Wiltshire, England Genealogy and Wiltshire, England Click on the map to see a larger map of Wiltshire (29,700 bytes) or here to see an enlarged map of the Swindon area as it was in 1890 (273,987 bytes) Contents Introduction This page is devoted to the county of Wiltshire, England, and covers the origin of its name, an outline of its history and geography, links to other web sites concerned with the county, genealogical resources relating to the county and the same types of information in more detail for those cities, towns and villages in the county in which I have a family history interest. In doing this, it is not my intention to duplicate unnecessarily, nor to compete with, web pages which already do some of those things, but to complement such pages and provide links to them, with appropriate description of what they have to offer. Origins of the Name The name is derived from that of the former county town of Wilton, and was recorded as Wiltunscir in an 870AD document.

In comparison with many modern counties it may therefore be regarded as a shortened form of Wiltonshire. The town acquired its name from the river on which it stands, the Wylye, which itself is derived from a Celtic word meaning tricky, a reference to its habit of unpredictable flooding. Geography Wiltshire is roughly rectangular in shape, measuring about 54 miles from north to south and 34 from east to west. It is bounded in the north by Gloucestershire, along most of its western edge by Somerset, in the south west by Dorset, the south east by Hampshire and along about half of its eastern side by Berkshire, although much of that part of Berkshire (the more northerly part) was transferred to Oxfordshire in 1974. Much of the county consists of chalk hills, which on a map mark a broad strip across the county from north east to south west, with lower lying land to the north west and south east. The higher hills are in the north, with a steep escarpment overlooking the Vale of the White Horse and the infant Thames in the very north of the county. Further west the escarpment, still high and steep, looks over the somewhat broader lush valley of the Bristol Avon.

To the south the altitude drops more gently across Salisbury Plain to the low lying valleys of the rivers which meet in and around Salisbury after cutting through the chalk hills to the city's north and west. From Salisbury the combined rivers flow, as the Salisbury or Hampshire Avon, to the sea at Christchurch. The high land of Salisbury Plain is divided from the even higher Marlborough Downs to its north by the Vale of Pewsey, which runs roughly west to east across the county to merge with the valley of the River Kennet as it continues eastwards. Wiltshire is larger than the average English county in area, but smaller than average in population, a direct result of its largely agricultural nature and the inhospitable nature of the chalk hills. It has been referred to as the county of chalk and cheese, the latter being a reference to the traditional dairy farming of the lower lying areas. The uplands have been traditionally used for sheep, the main basis for the county's, and at one time the country's, prosperity.

From early times wool was one of the main exports, following which manufacture of woollen goods became the staple industry on which many Wiltshire towns became prosperous, especially those in the west such as Trowbridge, Devizes, Melksham and Bradford-on-Avon. With the chalk being porous, water has always been a scarce commodity on the hills, so all the main towns are in the lowland parts, mostly in the band round the north and west, with Salisbury and Wilton in the smaller piece of lowland in the south east corner. Villages are strung in lines along the fringes of the hills where springs emerge at the junction of the porous chalk and the lower lying impermeable clays, and along the rivers whose valleys cut through the hills, but the hilltops are practically uninhabited. The biggest town by far is Swindon, in the north east corner, which is the only major industrial centre and was found by a recent government survey to be the most prosperous town in the UK. Second biggest is Salisbury, the only city in Wiltshire, and third the present county town Trowbridge in the west, where the County Council offices and the County Record Office are situated.

History and Pre-History If asked which Wiltshire antiquity was most important in its heyday, which the oldest, and which employed the greatest amount of labour to construct, most people would have little hesitation in naming Stonehenge each time. However, they would almost certainly be wrong on all three counts. Certainly the circles at Avebury were ancient long before Stonehenge was constructed, and most experts now believe that it remained more important than Stonehenge when both were at their early bronze age peak of importance. As for the labour needed for its construction, the older Silbury Hill (photo on left), the highest ancient construction in Europe, exceeded Stonehenge in its requirement. The creation of a hill over 130 feet high and covering an area of 5.5 acres is estimated to have required about four million man hours. The nearby megalithic tomb known as the West Kennet Long Barrow, built to house the bodies of important inhabitants of the settlement at Windmill Hill, was constructed over 5,000 years ago, and was a sealed, disused, ancient monument before work began on the building of even the first stage of Stonehenge.

The Windmill Hill settlement was not just a collection of huts. It was surrounded by three concentric rings of banks and ditches, the latter up to ten feet deep. This was a large and wealthy community, using tools and pottery imported from far away. At the time of its discovery in the 1920s this was the largest and most complex neolithic settlement known in Europe, although others have been found since then. The associated West Kennet Long Barrow was constructed about 3000 BC, and was deliberately and very firmly sealed about a thousand years later, by which time it contained the remains of about fifty people, members of no more than half a dozen families. Close to the settlement, construction of the Avebury rings was started 4,500 years ago by the digging of a ditch, initially about twelve feet deep, with a twelve foot bank beside it. A few centuries later it was deepened to thirty feet, and the bank correspondingly raised, and a ring of huge sarsen boulders was erected just inside it.

In addition, two avenues of sarsens were constructed, each consisting of twin rows of stones for about two and a half miles, one going south west from the ring and the other roughly south east. The latter ended in another, smaller, set of rings, known today as the Sanctuary. The sanctuary consisted of four rings of wooden posts, one of alternating posts and sarsens, and an outer ring of sarsens, two of which were the end stones of the avenue. In the centre was a single upright stone. The three photos (click on each for a larger image) show respectively, a view along the ditch, one of the stones viewed from the bottom of the ditch, and the so-called "Swindon" stone standing beside the main Swindon-Avebury road just north of the village. Today the entire village is contained within just a part of the main circle and ditch. All this is not to deny the significance, and impressiveness, of Stonehenge.

In the photo on the left (click on the thumbnail for a larger, 53,435 bytes, image) the people are much closer than the stones, the upright stones of the trilithons being 18 feet (5.5 metres) tall by seven feet wide. Whereas the stones at Avebury are rough, raw sarsen, used in the same condition as they were found, those at Stonehenge were carefully shaped and cut to size, with ridges and grooves to form joints, so they could be used to make the great trilithons. When one considers that the sarsen used for the biggest stones is very difficult to work even with modern tools, it is amazing that so long ago people were able to do it at all. Moving the stones from where they were found was also a considerable task involving great organisation of many people over huge distances. The sarsens used at both Avebury and Stonehenge were transported some tens of miles from the Marlborough Downs of north Wiltshire, while the smaller (but still enormous) blue stones at Stonehenge were transported hundreds of miles from Pembrokeshire, in south west Wales.

All this construction work shows that in the early bronze age Wiltshire was a very wealthy place, with advanced engineering techniques. This has led some scholars to believe that at this time Wiltshire was the centre of Europe's most advanced culture, only later to be overtaken by that of Greece and later still Rome. More information about all the places mentioned, and others in both Wiltshire and Dorset, can be found on Philip Dunn's The Wicker Screen site, which is devoted to ancient structures of this kind, especially those of Wessex. Whether the people here when the Romans arrived considerably later were descended from the makers of the great monuments, or were later arrivals who had driven the earlier people out, remains the subject of scholarly dispute. Certainly the Romans found a Celtic people, living in small kingdoms, frequently at war with each other, in typical iron age communities. By this time many of the iron age hilltop forts, still visible to day, had been constructed, and more were built long after the Romans left, and were used for defence against the invading Saxons.

Wiltshire has a number of such forts, visible for many miles as clearly outlined earthworks silhouetted against the skyline, especially along the top of the escarpment around the north and western edges of the downs. That at Barbury, near Swindon, is now a country park. Nearby Liddington (photo left, click for a larger, 10,371 bytes, image) has a joint memorial to the local writers Richard Jefferies and Alfred Williams. The biggest such fort, Maiden Castle, lies just over the county boundary in Dorset. Wiltshire was the scene of important battles between the Celts and Saxons, and again later between the Saxons and Danes, culminating in Alfred's final victory at Edington, Wilts., in 878 AD. Wiltshire also saw much fighting in the battle for supremacy between Stephen and Matilda, and again in the Civil War, especially at the major Battle of Roundway Down, near Devizes.

Right up to the 19th century Wiltshire remained the scene of conflict, being one of the counties most involved in the Swing Riots as agricultural workers attempted to defend their jobs by smashing threshing machines and other newly introduced equipment. Apart from a few bombs on Swindon during the second World War, warfare in the twentieth century has impacted on Wiltshire soil only in the use of much of Salisbury Plain for army training, the development at Lyneham of the giant air base from which troops departed to fight in other lands and the use of various factories to produce armaments, especially Spitfires at South Marston. Nowadays, outsiders mostly see Wiltshire as a quiet rural area they pass through on the M4 motorway between London and south Wales and south west England, few of them even noticing Liddington Castle clearly visible for many miles from that road, especially when approaching it from the west. The links listed here are mainly concerned with tourist and business information, rather than genealogy, but help to give a feel for what the county is like. Some of them do include some historical information. Local newspapers in Wiltshire maintain this site .

TELEPHONE number (optional) FAX number (optional) Moonrakers Members Wiltshire interests page gives another oportunity to list surname interests in Wiltshire, but to use it you have to be a member of the Moonrakers mailing list (see above). It is currently run by Sue O'Neill, who writes (to the mailing list): To submit names reply to me on the list - that way people see what you are searching for! Please list them in alphabetical order. You must specifically ask me to post to the website. Tree Tops Family History Pages provides access to a TV family history query service on both Sky News and UK Channel 5, with a mailing list alternative for those who cannot receive those channels. The site also offers a family history news mailing list, lookups for indexed obituaries from Swindon's Evening Advertiser, sale of indices of Wiltshire parish marriages (from an increasing number of parishes), plus other items and services. Well worth a look. Off-line Resources Local newspaper archives can be found at all of the following, but not all local newspapers are held at all of them: J.

Britton: Beauties of Wiltshire (vols 1 and 2 1801, vol 3 1825) H.P. Wyndham: Wiltshire Extracted from the Domesday Book (1788) J. Britton: Beauties of England and Wales: Wiltshire (part 2 of volume 15, 1814) W. Cunningtom & R. Hoare: The Ancient History of Wiltshire (1810-1821) R.C. Hoare: The History of Modern Wiltshire (1822-1844 - southern half of the county only) J. Aubrey: Natural History of Wiltshire (1847) Rev. E.H.

Goddard: Wiltshire Bibliography (1929, Wilts County Council) Victoria County History of Wiltshire (15 vols, 1953-1991) Wiltshire Notes and Queries (quarterly, 1893-1916) Wiltshire Record Society (formerly Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society) has published records roughly annually since 1947. Enquiries to the Honorary Secretary, Wiltshire Record Society, c/o Wiltshire & Swindon Record Office, Bythsea Road, Trowbridge, Wilts. BA14 8JG. I have created a page to hold an interesting first-hand account of farm life in early 20th century Wiltshire, kindly sent to me by the author's daughter Judy O'Halloran. I list below the surnames and places mentioned in the article: Surnames: BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Native Tribes of Britain 27: Trinovantes Caledones (Caledonii) This is the name of peoples who lived in the Scottish Highlands and Islands.

The Romans used the word Caledones to describe both a single tribe who lived in the Great Glen between the modern towns of Inverness and Fort William. They also called all the tribes living in the north Caledonians. We know the names of some of these other tribes. They include the Cornovii and Smertae who probably lived in Caithness, the Caereni who lived in the far west of the Highlands, the Carnonacae and the Creones in the Western Highlands. The Vacomagi lived in and around the Cairngorns. Other unknown tribes lived in Orkney, Shetland and the Hebrides. Warriors from many of these tribes came together to resist the Romans under a leader called Calgacus at battle of Mons Graupius in AD 84. Although the Romans won this battle, they never successfully conquered the Highlands. The Romans admired the Caledonii for their ability to endure cold, hunger and hardship. Tacitus described them as red-haired and large-limbed. All these tribes lived very different lifestyles than neighbouring peoples in other parts of Scotland. In many areas they lived in tall stone towers, called Brochs, or other fortified sites, called Duns.

Unlike the Taexali and Venicones, the Caledones rarely made religious offerings of fine metal objects. Top Taexali Little is known about this group who lived in what is today Grampian, except that the people lived in small undefended farms and hamlets. They shared much with their neighbours the Venicones to the south. These low lying and fertile parts of eastern Scotland provide archaeological evidence for different types of settlement and rituals compared to those of the Highlands and Islands to the west and north. Although the Taexali were defeated by the Romans in AD 84, they were never permanently occupied. Like the Venicones and Caledones, they lived beyond the northern most frontier of the Roman Empire; the Antonine Wall. Carvetii This tribe lived in what is today Cumbria. They are a poorly known group which were made into their own civitas (an administrative units or 'county') in the Roman Province. There is very little archaeological evidence for the people who lived in this area before the Roman Conquest. Like their neighbours, the Novantae, these peoples probably lived in small farms and did not use coins or have big hillforts.

The Carvetti might have been a smaller tribe within the large kingdom or federation of the Brigantes. Venicones This tribe lived in what is today Tayside. The Roman army campaigned several times in the territory of this people, but they were never permanently conquered and occupied. The archaeological evidence shows that this people and their northern neighbours, the Taexali, had much in common. The Venicones were one of the few groups in northern Britain at this time that buried their dead in stone lined graves, such graves and cremation burials are very rare in other parts of Britain before the Roman period. Archaeologists suspect many Iron Age peoples often practised complex funeral rituals in which bodies were naturally allowed to decompose. The Venicones and Taexali also made offerings of prestigious decorated locally made metal objects in bogs and lakes, including massive bronze armlets. Only the Venicones and Taexali wore these unusual ornaments, which could weigh over 1.5 kg each and were worn one on each arm. Top Epidii Little is known about this mysterious tribe except that they lived in the modern region of Kintyre and probably the islands of Arran, Jura and Islay.

Top Damnonii This is the tribe or people who lived in the central part of Scotland around what is today Glasgow and Strathclyde. The name of this tribe could be spelt either as Damnonii or as Dumnonii although the Dumnonii is also the name of the people who lived in Devon and Cornwall at this time. Many tribes in Britain and France at the time of the Roman Conquest shared similar names which may have been as a result of inter-tribal contact. It could, however, be coincidence, as people used similar types of names for themselves such as 'the people of the mountains', 'people of the horn' or 'the brave people' etc. The Damnonii were conquered by the Romans and for many years their territory was occupied by the Roman army before they retreated further south to the line of Hadrians Wall. Novantae The Novantae were a little known tribe or people who lived in what is today south-west Scotland. The people living in this area did not build massive forts on the tops of mountains, as did the Votandini, nor did the make many offerings of fine metal objects.

Like their neighbours to the south, the Carvetii, archaeologists have found little evidence for the lives of these peoples before the Roman Conquest. They were clearly farmers and herders, but few of their farms and other settlements have been excavated by archaeologists so far. Selgovae A British tribe of Scotland, the name is thought to mean 'hunters'. The Roman geographer Ptolemy places them in the Southern uplands of Scotland, although it is not clear from the little evidence we have as to exactly where this people lived. Some scholars place their location as the upper Tweed Basin, and it is unclear if they were part of the Votadini. The Selgovae might have used Eildon Seat as their principal settlement, but this might have been a Votadinian site. Like the Votandini, they were conquered in AD 79-80 by the Roman army. Top Votadini The Votadini were a very large tribe or people that lived in the south east of Scotland. In the north, their territory started at Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth and stretched as far south as Northumberland in northern England.

It is not clear where the boundary between the Votadini and the other large tribe, the Brigantes, was, although it probably frequently shifted as a result of wars and as smaller tribes and communities changed allegiances. The Votadini, like the Brigantes, were a group made up of smaller tribes, unfortunately the names of these smaller tribes and communities remain unknown. Archaeologically, the territory of the Votadini was very different to that of either the Venicones or the Novantae. Large walls, banks and ditches surrounded most of their farms and the people made offerings of fine metal objects, but never wore massive armlets. There are also at least three very large hillforts in their territory (Yeavering Bell, Eildon Seat and Traprain Law), each was located on the top of a prominent hill or mountain. The hillforts may have been used for over a thousand years by this time as places of refuge and as places for meetings for political and religious ceremonies. Top Brigantes This large tribe was, like the Votandini, a federation of smaller communities. The name means 'upland people' or 'hill dwellers'.

This name is very appropriate as the Pennines formed the heart of their territory. After the Roman Conquest, the Brigantes were formed into a very large civitates, or administrative unit that covered most of Yorkshire, Cleveland, Durham and Lancashire. It stretched from the North Sea to the Irish Sea. We know the names of some of the smaller tribes they made up the Brigantes at the time of the Roman Conquest. They include the Setanti in Lancashire , the Lopocares, the Corionototae and the Tectoverdi around the Tyne valley. This huge area was very varied. As well as people living in the Dales and hills, many people farmed the fertile land in Durham, Tyneside and Teeside. At the time of the Roman Conquest people in this region wore swords carried in distinctive local metal scabbards that were highly decorated. An important centre for the Brigantes was built at Stanwick in North Yorkshire in the first century AD. This was probably the capital of Queen Cartimandua who ruled the Brigantes. Cartimandua was friendly towards the Romans, but her husband was anti-Roman. The Romans invaded and occupied the territory in AD79.

Top Parisi The Parisi lived in East Yorkshire. They were a small, but distinctive group of people who farmed the chalk hills of the Yorkshire Wolds. The Parisi share their name with the people who lived in France around what is today Paris although whether both tribes shared strong links is hotly debated. The British Parisi are known for their unusual 'chariot-burials' and cemeteries. Unlike other people living in Britain between about 300 and 100 BC, the people in East Yorkshire buried their dead in large cemeteries. This was much like the way many peoples in France and Germany buried their dead at the same time. However, in other respects, the East Yorkshire Parisi lived in British style houses, wore British style ornaments and used British style pottery. At the time of the Romans, the Parisi had stopped burying they dead in this unusual way. However, the carried on other distinctive styles of life and remained separate from their large, powerful neighbours, the Brigantes.

After the Roman Conquest they were made into their own small civitas with their capital at Petuaria (modern Brough on Humber) Top Cornovii The Cornovii are a surprisingly obscure tribe, given that they lay well within the boundaries of the Roman province and their civitas capital, Wroxeter, was one of the largest in Britain. They share their name with a Caledonian tribe who lived in the far north of Scotland. The name probably means 'people of the horn'. There is no reason to think that this group shared any common ancestry with the group in Caithness. Many tribes or peoples in Europe at the time of the Roman Conquest shared similar names. This might be because these tribes had contacts with each other. But it is just as likely to be a coincidence, as people used similar types of names for themselves such as 'the people of the mountains' or 'the brave people' etc. The Cornovii never issued coinage and before the Roman Conquest left little evidence to recognise them. They probably lived in what are today the modern counties of Staffordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire.

Top Deceangli The Deceangli, the Ordovices and the Silures were the three main tribe groups who lived in the mountains of what is today called Wales. However, in prehistory Wales, England and Scotland did not exist in anyway as distinctive entities in the ways they have done so for the last 1000 years. The Deceangli were the peoples of what is today north Wales and probably included the peoples who lived on the Isle of Anglesey. The Romans considered Anglesey, or Mona as they and the locals at the time called it, as a stronghold of the Druids. Because the Druids played an important role in encouraging the recently conquered Britons to resist the Roman Conquers, the Roman army specifically targeted Anglesey for destruction. On the eve of Boudicca's revolt in what is today East Anglia, the Roman Army has only just completed the long and difficult task of conquering the tribes living in the Welsh Mountains. The final episode of that conquest was the invasion of Anglesey and the slaughter of the Druids there. Top Ordovices This group covered much of the mountains and valleys of what is today mid-Wales.

They were the northern neighbours of the Silures and the Southern neighbours of the Degeangli. Like the Silures and Degeangli, these peoples lived in small farms, often defended against attack. After the emperor Claudius invaded southern England in AD 43, one of the main leaders of the Britons, called Caratacus escaped to the Ordovices and the Silures. They were stirred into rebellion by Caratacus and for a long time successfully resisted the Romans. The Roman general Agricola only finally defeated the Ordovices in 77-8. The tribe was incorporated into Britannia and became a civitas (an administrative district). Top Corieltauvi This large tribe appears to have been created only shortly before the Roman Conquest of Britain. It offered no resistance to the Romans and was quickly turned into a civitas (an administrative district equivalent to a modern county) with its capital at the city of Leicester. The Corieltauvi combined groups of people living in what is today most of the East Midlands (Lincolnshire. Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Northamptonshire).

Before about 50 to 1 BC, archaeological evidence suggests two different groups or tribes lived in this region. One lived in what is today Lincolnshire, the other in what is today Northamptonshire. Both areas were different to each other and were important centres of population and economy in the period c. 400 and 100 BC. The Corieltauvi are known from their coins that are found throughout the East Midlands. This group appears to have been a new federation that united earlier different groups. This was a region were people lived in villages, and some times larger settlements. Leicester was certainly an important large settlement before the Roman Conquest, as were a number of large settlements in Lincolnshire, such as Dragonby and Old Sleaford. Top Iceni This was another tribe that issued coins before the Roman Conquest. Their coins and other archaeological evidence shows that the tribe's territory was in the modern counties of Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. They appear to have been a wealthy and powerful group of tribes between 200 and 50 BC. From their territory come the finest hoards of gold treasure found in Iron Age Britain; the Snettisham torcs.

Other hoards of elaborately decorated bronze chariot fittings point to a love of conspicuous display by the nobles of the Iceni. This tribe also shunned contacts with the Roman world and the changes they brought with them that characterised the life styles of Catuvellauni and Trinovantes at this time. The Iceni had important religious centres at Snettisham and at Thetford. But when they were made into Roman Civitas, the Romans did not choose either of these centres, but the settlement at Caistor, near what is today Norwich. Was this because the Iceni led the most successful revolt against Roman rule in the history of Roman Britain? When the Romans invade southern Britain in AD 43 the Iceni were friendly towards the new rulers. Their king Prasutagus became a client-king of Rome. But on his death the kingdom was incorporated into the Roman province and together with other abuses led to the Icenian revolt led by Prasutagus' widow, Queen Boudicca. Top Demetae These were the people who lived in the fertile lands of Pembrokeshire and much of Carmarthenshire in southwest Wales.

They lived in small farms scattered across the countryside and shared many features of their lives with their neighbours across the Bristol Channel in Devon and Cornwall. They were friendly towards the Romans and quickly adapted to Roman rule, unlike their more warlike and scattered neighbours in the mountains of Wales; the Silures and the Ordovices. Because of this the Demetae did not need to be intensively garrisoned by the Roman army, except along their eastern border, which may have been to protect them from their hostile neighbours, the Silures. The tribe was incorporated into the province of Britannia and became a civitas (an administrative unit, or county, within the Roman province). The capital of the Roman civitas was at Carmarthen (Moridundum Demetarum). Top Catuvellauni The Catuvellauni were the tribe that lived in the modern counties of Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire and southern Cambridgeshire. Their territory also probably included tribes in what is today Buckinghamshire and parts of Oxfordshire. The tribal name possibly means 'good in battle'. The Catuvellauni existed as a tribe at the time of Julius Caesar, but in the following years became an extremely powerful group.

Their first known king was Tasciovanus, who is known from the coins he minted with his name on them. He founded a royal and ritual centre at Verulamium, modern St Albans in about AD10. There were several other large settlements or clusters of villages in their territory, such as at Baldock and Welwyn. Before this time, the Catuvellauni, Trinovantes and Cantiaci were very different from other British tribes. They had been using coins for at least a century, adopted the same way of burying the dead as was practised in northern France, and eat and dressed in ways more common in France than other parts of Briton. Tasciovanus successors created a large kingdom through conquest and alliance that included the Trinovantes and Cantiaci. The most successful king was Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), but after his death in the late 30's AD, his kingdom was beset by rivalries between his successors. This was the excuse used by the Roman Emperor Claudius to conquer southern Britain in 43 AD.

The Catuvellauni were one of the most pro-Roman of British peoples who very quickly and peacefully adopted Roman lifestyles and Roman rule. A very rich grave of a pro-Roman Catuvellaunian ruler who lived at the time of the Roman Conquest has been excavated at Folly Lane, St Albans. They became one of the first civitas in the new province, Verulamium becoming one of the first and most successful cities in Roman Britain. Top Silures Several Roman authors including Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus mention this tribe and later civitas (administrative unit in a Roman province). Their territory was south east Wales - the Brecon Beacons and south Welsh valleys. A people of the mountains and valleys, we know relatively little about how they lived. Like the other tribes of the Welsh Mountains, they were difficult for the Romans to conquer and control. For a time in the period around AD 45-57, they led the British opposition to the Roman advance westwards. Tacitus describes them as a strong and warlike nation, and for ten years or more the Romans fought to contain, rather than conquer them.

Although defeated and occupied by the early 60's, their bitter resistance may explain the late grant of self governing civitas status to them only in the early 2nd century. The capital was established at a previously unoccupied site at Caerwent and was given the name Venta Silrum. Tacitus described them as swarthy and curly-haired, and suggested their ancestors might be from Spain because of the similarities in appearance with some peoples in Spain. However, there is no evidence to suggest any genetic links between south Wales and parts of Spain. Top Dubunni This large tribe lived in the southern part of the Severn Valley and the Cotswolds and were one of the few groups to issue coins before the Roman Conquest. The main distribution of these coins shows that the Dubunni occupied or ruled an area as far south as the Mendips, and the coins also hint that the group was divided into northern and southern subgroups. The Dubunni lived in very fertile farmland in farms and small villages. They did not resist the Roman Conquest, unlike their neighbours, the Silures. Indeed, they may have been one of the first tribes to submit to the Romans, even before the Romans reached their territory.

The Dubunni had a central or important settlement at Bagendon in Gloucester, on the eastern edge of their territory. This centre was replaced by the important Roman city of Cirencester, which became the capital of the Dubunnic civitas after the Roman Conquest. Top Dumnonii The Dumnonii were the British tribe that occupied the whole of the South West peninsula and parts of Southern Somerset. They did not use coins, nor did they have large settlements to act of political centres for the tribe, and there is no evidence for a dynasty of Dumnonian kings. The Dumnonii were probably a group of smaller tribes that lived across the large area of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset. The people lived in small farmsteads, usually surrounded by large walls, however, there were also local differences in the types of settlements and other aspects of life between different parts of Devon and Cornwall. There is also evidence for contacts and trade with Brittany with whom they shared similar styles of highly decorated pottery. Cornwall was one of the few parts of Britain where the dead were buried at this time.

The Dumnonii appear to have accepted the Roman conquest without resistance and as a result few garrison forts were placed in their territory, although this area never fully adopted Roman ways of life. Life styles and types of settlements remained little changed from the Iron Age through the Roman period. The Romans granted them civitas status and the town of Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) was their administrative centre. Top Durotriges Centred in Dorset, this people were also found in southern parts of Wiltshire and Somerset and western Dorset. This was a people that minted and used coins before the Roman Conquest, but there is no evidence from the coins or burials for a strong dynasty of kings. Rather the Durotriges seem to have been a loosely knit confederation of smaller tribal groups at the time of the Roman conquest. One of these smaller tribal groups that lived around Dorchester, buried their dead in inhumation cemeteries. A unique feature of the Durotriges at this time was that they still occupied hillforts. Although hillforts are one of the most well known features of the Iron Age, most were no longer occupied at turn of the first millennium.

Best known of these Durotrigean hillforts is that of Maiden Castle near Dorchester, others include South Cadbury Castle and Hod Hill. A major trading centre existed at Hengistbury Head from which cross-channel trade with Gaul was controlled. This may be the settlement called Dunium by Ptolemy which was located on the border between the Durotiges and Atrebates. Cross channel trade was not an important source of goods for the Durotriges, who preferred local products. A particular type of pottery made at Poole Harbour was traded through out the territory of the Durotriges. At the time of the Roman invasion the Durotriges put up a spirited, if unsuccessful opposition and they are almost certainly one of the two tribes that Suetonius records fighting against Vespasian and the 2nd legion. After the conquest they were made into a civitas with their capital was at Durnovaria (Dorchester) in the mid-70's. Later a second Durotrigean civitas was created, administered from Lindinis (Ilchester). Top Belgae The Belgae were probably not a British tribe.

The Romans applied the name Belgae to a whole group of tribes in northwest Gaul, but the appearance of a civitas of this name in Britain is something of a mystery. According to the Roman geographer Ptolemy the territory of the Belgae included not only Winchester but also Bath nearby and an as yet unidentified settlement called Ischalis. It seems likely that Ptolemy has made an error here since the resulting shape of the territory of the Belgae would bear little resemblance to pre-Roman tribal geography and would be something of an administrative nightmare. If the civitas was actually focussed around Winchester (called by the Romans Venta Belgarum - 'town of the Belgae') there is still a problem, since this area seems to have been part of the old kingdom of the Atrebates. The civitas of the Belgae was therefor most probably an artificial creation of the Roman administration, like the neighbouring civitas of the Regni, and was created at about the same time in c. AD 80 following the death of King Cogidubnus. Its administrative capital at Winchester was known as Venta Belgarum, which was an important settlement before the Roman Conquest.

Top Atrebates This is another British tribe that shares a name with a tribe in pre-Roman France. They were the second most powerful group in southern Britain at the time of the Roman Conquest, they issued and used coins, and had many contacts with France. They probably consisted of a group of tribes ruled by a single dynasty, their territory originally stretched from what is today West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire. After the Roman Conquest, their territory was divided into three separate civitates, one such centre was at the major settlement at Silchester, near Reading. Another major Royal centre, comparable to those at St Albans, Colchester and Stanwick, was at Chichester. The Atrebates had long links of trade with France and it is likely that people from the Atrebates were related by married to people from French tribes. Commas, a French leader from the French tribes called the Atrebates, fled to Britain during Julius Caesar's conquests of Gaul. Commius then appears as the name of the Atrebates ruler.

From about 15 BC, the Atrebates seem to have established friendly relations with Rome, and it was an appeal for help from the last Atrebatic king, Verica, which provided Claudius with the pretext for the invasion on Britain in AD 43. After the Roman Conquest, the territory of the Atrebates was divided up, with Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) becoming the capital of a Roman civitas that administered the area of modern Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Surrey and north Hampshire. The name Atrebates means 'settlers' or 'inhabitants'. Top Regni Like the civitas of the Belgae, the Regni are not a tribe or people known at the time of the Roman Conquest, rather the Romans created this civitas (an administrative unit within a Roman province), possibly around a smaller tribal group that were part of the Atrebates. Before the Roman Conquest, the whole of the territory between what is to today West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire was the territory of the Atrebates, this important kingdom had two major centres at Silchester, near Reading, and Chichester.

West Sussex was an area with very strong links to France before the Roman Conquest and was one of the first areas to use coins and adopt north French styles of cremating the dead. Between about 10 BC and AD 43, Chichester became an important Royal centre, on a par with St Albans, Stanwick or Colchester. This area was very pro-Roman and served as one of the bases for the Roman Conquest of Britain. The ruler of the area was King Cogidubnus, who started the great palace at Fishbourne, outside Chichester, after the Conquest. Because of his help to the Romans, Chichester at least remained a client Kingdom and not part of the new Roman province until Cogidubnus' death in about 80 AD. After this time, the territory of the Artebates was divided up into three civitas, with the Regni being the civitas centred on Chichester and administering West Sussex. Top Cantiaci This is the name of the tribe or people who lived in north and east Kent.

Like other peoples in southeast Britain at the time of the Roman Conquest, this group was very open to influences from France and the Mediterranean World and they eventually became part of the large kingdom of Cunobelinus. Like the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes they buried their dead according to the north French custom of cremation. After the Roman Conquest they became a civitas based on their principle settlement at Canterbury. Top Trinovantes The Trinovantes are the first British tribe to be mentioned by a Roman author, appearing in Caesar's account of his invasion of 54 BC. By this date they seem to have been already involved in a power struggle with the neighbouring tribes to the west who were to be forged into the kingdom of the Catuvellauni under Tasciovanus. This group shared the same ways of life and religious practices as the Catuvellauni and Cantiaci. They used coins, cremated their dead, ate from plates and drank from cups, They became part of the large kingdom established by the rules of the Catuvellauni.

The king Cunobelinus essentially absorbed the two tribes into one larger kingdom and he or his predecessors, established Colchester as a new royal site on the same model as St Albans. It was Colchester, that became the target for the Roman Emperor Claudius' invasion in AD43. After the Roman Conquest, the Trinovantes were restored as tribal entity in the form of a civitas (an administrative unit or county) within the new Roman Province. The capital of the civitas was the Roman city of Colchester, which was originally founded as colony for retired Roman soldiers.

Question: The natives of which English county are known as Moonrakers?
Answer: Wiltshire