Glands in the Human Body Explained With Diagrams Follow Us Glands in the Human Body Explained With Diagrams Glands in the human body produce, control and regulate the flow of hormones, breast milk, saliva, and other useful fluids. Mental stress influences the flow of hormones and other fluids as well. This article explains the significance of glands in metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Advertisement Glands in the body release fluids or hormones that play an important role in maintaining the health of the body. Glands are classified as ducted and ductless glands. Ducted glands, also called exocrine glands, secrete some chemicals through ducts. Ductless glands are called endocrine glands. Glands receive signals from the brain to release useful fluids. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are the chemical messengers which facilitate the communication between the brain and the organs. As the nervous system uses nerves to send the required information, the glands in the human body use blood vessels as information channels. Here's an overview of the endocrine system.

Endocrine or Ductless Glands of the Human Body Pituitary Gland The location of the pituitary gland is indicated by the orange portion The pituitary gland, located at the base of the skull, is known as the 'master gland'. It controls the functions of other ductless glands. This tiny, pea-shaped gland is one of the most important parts of our body. It is divided into anterior and posterior pituitary. This gland influences metabolism, reproduction and growth by releasing hormones like prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, etc. Adrenal Glands Graphic image of the agrenal glands on top of the kidney The adrenal glands look like triangular hats placed on the top of the kidneys. The length of an adrenal gland is about one or two inches and it weighs only a fraction of an ounce. Though small in size, these glands secrete almost three dozen hormones! The main functions of adrenal glands include carrying out the metabolic processes and helping the body deal with stress. These glands regulate the 'fight or flight mechanism' of the body.

Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline while the adrenal cortex releases cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and aldosterone (which determines salt-water balance in the body). Thyroid Gland Location of the thyroid gland and the vocal cords Thyroid gland, located in the neck, looks like a butterfly. It weighs less than an ounce. Situated below our voice box, thyroid's main function is to regulate body metabolism. Functions of the body are severely affected when thyroid does not work well. Overactive or under active thyroid gland leads to several health problems. Hormones secreted by the thyroid play an important role in generation of heat and energy, protein synthesis, vitamins, protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, release and functions of other hormones, increased sensitivity of the body to other hormones like adrenaline, etc. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T34) are produced with the help of iodine and tyrosine. Therefore experts recommend incorporation of iodized salt in regular diet. Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid glands Human beings have four parathyroid glands. They are as small as a grain of rice and are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

These glands control the level of calcium in our blood and bones. They regulate the growth of muscles and bones by determining the distribution of calcium and phosphate in the body. These glands also govern the function of the nervous and muscular system. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates vitamin D and enhances the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract. Low PTH levels lead to fatigue and anxiety. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus controls pituitary secretions Hypothalamus (part of the brain) is known as the 'control and relay center of the endocrine system'. The autonomic nervous system is governed by the hypothalamus. It plays an important role in certain metabolic processes. Located near the pituitary gland at the basal part of the skull (above the brain stem), it controls pituitary secretions. All the automatically adjusted factors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, emotional behavior such as anger and sexual activity, body temperature, blood pressure, function of the cardiovascular system (heart rate), and abdominal visceral regulation are controlled by the hypothalamus. As we grow older, hypothalamus requires support to maintain optimum level of performance. Dysfunction of the hypothalamus results in depression or abnormal responses to stress.

It also leads to disturbances in the brain. Hormones released by the hypothalamus stimulate the release of other hormones like thyrotropin, prolactin, gonadotropin, corticotropin, growth hormone, etc. and inhibit the production of prolactin (by releasing dopamine), growth hormone (by releasing somatostatin), etc. The hormone oxytocin plays an important role in uterine contractions and lactation. The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin is also secreted by the hypothalamus. Prostate The prostate gland helps determine the male fertility level Prostate is a chestnut-sized gland, which plays an important role in the male reproductive system. It encircles the urethra below the bladder. It secretes an alkaline fluid which contains semen with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid that is expelled during ejaculation. Thus it determines the fertility quotient of a man. Prostate helps regulate blood pressure too. When an enlarged prostate creates pressure on the urethra and bladder, the man suffers from problems like difficulty in urination. Gonads Gonads are the male and female reproductive glands Gonads are the reproductive glands - ovaries in women and testicles in men.

They produce germ cells known as gametes. They release sex hormones. The almond-shaped ovaries are present on either side of the uterus. They produce ova or eggs. Important hormones, like estrogen and progesterone are secreted by them. The testicles are hidden in the scrotum and are responsible for the production of sperms in males. They release the hormone testosterone. They have a built-in thermostat to keep the sperms at the correct temperature. Thus, these glands play an important role in fertilization and reproduction. They determine the male/female characters (like development of body/facial hair) of a person. Thymus The thymus helps build a strong immune system The thymus, situated in the middle of the chest, beneath the upper part of the breastbone near the heart, is a pyramid-shaped small gland. It builds resistance for combating diseases and helps in one's physical development. The size of the thymus grows during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. It is most active in the early years after birth. It plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system. As the body reaches puberty, it starts shrinking. In adults, it is difficult to identify thymus.

Pancreas Pancreas play a vital role in the digestive system The pancreas, located behind the stomach, is yellowish in color. It is about 7.5 inches long and 1.5 inches wide. It is connected to the small intestine. Certain cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes, which play an important role in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Important hormones - insulin and glucagon are secreted into the blood stream by the pancreas. Thus pancreas works as an endocrine as well as exocrine gland. As we all know, insulin helps lower the blood sugar level. But if glucose level is found to be too low, glucagon helps increase it. Malfunctioning of insulin-generating cells results in diabetes. Pancreas helps neutralize the chyme. (Chyme is the partly digested food. It is in the form of thick semi-fluid when it passes through the stomach.) Pineal Gland Internal structure of the pineal gland The pineal gland is located within the brain. It is safely positioned in the groove at the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres. It releases melatonin which supervises the biological clock of the body.

It controls our walking and sleeping patterns. Sexual development is also controlled by the pineal gland. Melatonin helps avoid and get over jet-lags. In the ancient times, the pineal gland was considered as the third eye, with supposed magical powers. Exocrine or Ducted Glands of The Human Body Lachrymal Glands Lachrymal glands help secrete tears Tears are produced by the lachrymal glands. They are found in the eye cavities. Their function of producing tears is controlled by the nervous system. They help lubricate the eyes. Sweat Glands Sweat glands are located in the middle of the skin layers Sweat is the salty fluid secreted by the sweat glands. Sweat accumulates in the small glands located under the skin and it evaporates when the body experiences excessive heat. Thus, these glands help maintain the body temperature. Salivary Glands Salivary glands secrete saliva, that aids the digestion process Salivary glands are located in and around the mouth and the throat. Saliva from salivary glands initiates the process of digestion. It helps moisten the mouth and prevents tooth decay. Malfunctioning of these glands causes dehydration.

Mammary Glands The rough anatomy of the mammary glands Mammary glands exist in both sexes. But, the hormones released by the ovaries stimulate the growth of the mammary glands in females, at the onset of puberty. After the birth of a child, the milk from the mammary glands nourishes the baby. Various hormones determine the production and flow of breast milk. Sebaceous Glands Sebaceous glands help secrete sebum Sebaceous glands lie under the skin. They secrete sebum. This fatty substance forms a water-repellent layer on the skin. It protects the skin and makes it supple. Sometimes, due to the presence of dust particles in the atmosphere, the pores on the skin get blocked. Obstruction in the path of the sebum leads to the formation of blackheads. Blackheads are the root cause of acne. Diseases Caused due to Functional Failure of Glands Hypothyroidism - caused due to thyroid malfunctioning Osteoporosis, diabetes, renal failure, multinodular goiter, hyper/hypothyroidism, polycystic ovaries and cancer are some of the diseases caused due to the failure of the glands in the human body.

Hormonal imbalance leads to skin problems Dwarfism, gigantism, outburst of acne, infertility, miscarriage, skin disorders, early/late puberty and excessive weight are some of the effects of hormonal imbalance in the body. The malfunctioning of one or more glands in the body can lead to mental disturbances, mood swings, depression and high/low blood pressure. Acupuncture aids gland functioning Balanced diet, various therapies like massage, shiatsu, aroma therapy, acupuncture, and regular exercise promote proper functioning of glands. Doctors may prescribe medications to improve the functions of the glands. In extreme cases, surgery is performed to remove a damaged gland. After the removal of the entire gland, hormone replacement therapy is usually recommended. The 'chakras' in our body 'Chakra', the Sanskrit word, means 'wheel' or 'turning'. Body 'chakras' refer to the important centers on our body. They are considered as the focal points of the human body which receive and transmit energies. There are seven major 'chakras' according to the 'Indian Upanishadas'. It is interesting to find that the locations of the endocrine glands in the human body correspond with the locations of these 'chakras'.

Activating the body chakras helps glands to function The activation of these 'chakras' helps gain control over the functioning of glands and achieve peace of mind. Yoga and meditation help gain control over these glands. You can lead a peaceful life by learning stress management techniques. Stress leads to dysfunction of glands resulting in harmful diseases and disorders. The functions of the endocrine and the exocrine systems are of extreme importance to the body. Proper functioning of the glands helps maintain weight, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, electrolyte balance, body temperature, heart rate, bone density, etc. With simple measures like healthy diet and regular exercise, you can maintain the health of the glands. Disclaimer: The article above is purely for the purposes of imparting information and is not to be substituted for any doctor/expert advice. Leena Palande NATURE CURES DISORDERS OF THE GLANDS Addison's Disease If the adrenal cortex produces insufficient amounts of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids the result is called Addison's Disease. The symptoms of Addison's include: electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, muscular weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of weight, low blood pressure and excess pigmentation of the skin (bronzing).

Addison's Disease can often be controlled with hormone replacement therapy. Excess production of ACTH or a tumour within the adrenal cortex results in Cushing's Disease. The symptoms of Cushing's include: obesity, high blood pressure, a round "moon" face, muscular weakness, a tendency to bruise easily and poor healing of skin lesions. See also Age spots Adrenal Medulla Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, often called adrenalin and noradrenaline. Both of these hormones are involved in the stress reaction called the "fight or flight response." When confronted with danger, these two hormones prepare our body to fight or to run. These hormones constrict the blood vessels of the kidneys and digestive system, dilate blood vessels in the heart and brain, raise blood pressure, and increase respiration. They constrict the blood vessels of the skin so that we will lose less blood should we be bitten, cut or shot. They rapidly convert glycogen to glucose, so that we might have extra energy. And these hormones cause more neurotransmitters to be available to our nervous system, so that our nerves can activate more muscle cells making us faster and stronger. All of these changes prepare us to respond to danger.

Foods rich in vitamin C can be beneficial for treating hypoadrenalism. Nickel can be beneficial for treating hypoadrenalism. Tin supports the adrenal glands. In addition to low vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and/or vitamin B1 (thiamine), low levels of tin is a common nutritional cause of low adrenaline, which can lead to left-sided cardiac insufficiency. While fatigue or depression may be experienced with cardiac insufficiency of either side, breathing difficulties or asthma are more common with left-sided cardiac insufficiency and swelling of hands and feet is more common with right-sided cardiac insufficiency, regardless of the cause. GONADS These are the sex glands and consist of the ovaries in females and the testes in males. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones and ovaries produce female sex hormones. The effect of sex hormones usually becomes noticeable between the ages of 12--15 years of age when humans reach puberty. Puberty is the biological event which brings the child into adolescence. It occurs about one to two years earlier in females than in males. Puberty begins when the pituitary gland in the brain releases the gonadotropic hormone.

The gonadotrophic hormone acts on the gonads causing them to become functionally mature. When this occurs, the person will soon become reproductively mature and the gonads will greatly increase their production of sex hormones. These sex hormones produce the secondary sex characteristics for the sexes. These are things such as facial hair in males, the appearance of breasts in females, pubic and axillary hair (hair in the arm pits), lower voice for both sexes and the other characteristics which describe men and women. Three different groups of hormones are produced by the various organs of the female reproductive system. These are called the oestrogenic hormones (commonly called oestrogen). The first group, composed primarily of the hormone beta-estradiol is responsible for maintaining the uterine environment, and it also effects behaviour. The second group, composed primarily of progesterone, makes the uterus favourable to the reception of a developing embryo. The third, chorionic gonadotrophin, prevents ovulation during pregnancy. The male sex hormones are called androgens. The main androgen is the steroid hormone known as testosterone. Testosterone causes males to have larger muscle mass and to be more aggressive in behaviour.

See the Menopause page for information about the changes that take place when the ovaries stop producing oestrogen. HYPOTHYMUS The hypothymus Is situated in the brain and gives signals to the other glands particularly the pituitary . The hypothalamus controls blood pressure, hunger, gastrointestinal function, the feeling of fullness (after eating), thirst, water retention, bladder contraction, decreases heart rate, body temperature, sweating, sleep, wakefulness and alertness. It also initiates the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). KIDNEYS The kidneys extract waste and excess water from blood to make urine. The urine is sent to the urinary bladder through tubes called ureters. When the bladder is full, urine is released from the body through the urethra. See the Urinary page for more information about kidney problems and natural remedies The lachrymal glands produces lachrymal fluid (tears), which moisten the surface of the eye, lubricate eyelids and wash away foreign bodies. Tears are a salty fluid which are produced continuously, to keep the surface of the eye from drying out and also to trap dust particles and other airborne material on a film of liquid.

The "windshield wiper" action of the eyelids during a blink sweeps the surface clean every few seconds. Tears also contains antibodies (one of their components being lysozyme) that help protect the eye from infection by breaking up bacteria and foreign bodies. The eyelids also provide a mechanical barrier against injury, closing reflexively when an object comes too close to the eye. The reflex is triggered by the sight of an approaching object, the touch of an object on the surface of the eye or the eyelashes being exposed to wind or small particles such as dust or sand. Dry eye syndrome Potassium is one of the important components that comprise tear film. Tear film includes electrolytes, one of which is potassium. One of the first-line treatments prescribed for dry eye is the use of lubricating drops. It is often recommended to choose a drop with an electrolyte composition closest to that of natural tears. Potassium in addition to bicarbonate appears to be one the most important of these electrolytes in tear film. Several research studies have demonstrated that potassium levels have a direct impact on tear film. Researchers have found that lower levels of potassium negatively affect tear-film break-up time and also are integral to the maintenance of corneal epithelium.

Another study on animal subjects showed that potassium is necessary for the maintenance of normal corneal thickness. Each of these discoveries highlights the importance of potassium to the optimal health of the corneal surface. Potassium can be lacking in the diet due to intense farming techniques. Intensive physical activity, old age, diabetes, drinking alcohol and taking some medications can also cause the body to have lower levels of potassium in which case at least one of the following potassium rich foods should be consumed daily. Highest sources of potassium in milligrams per 100 grams Dried basil, chervil, coriander, dill, parsley 4240 mg Sun dried tomatoes 3427 mg Raw cocoa 2509 mg Sjogren's Syndrome If the lacrimal glands don't produce enough tears, the eyes can become painfully dry and can be damaged. A rare cause of inadequate tear production is Sjogren's syndrome. The eyes can also become dry when evaporation causes an excessive loss of tears, for example, if the eyelids don't close properly. See the Eye page for more information on eye conditions and diseases and natural remedies to treat them.

LYMPH GLANDS The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and is a channel that carries a clear or whitish fluid called the lymph. Lymph This is a clear fluid that travels via the lymphatic channels. This contains fluid, debris, chemicals, toxins, bacteria, viruses and lymphocytes on its way back from the tissues. The lymph channels These are a network of tubes or vessels much like the blood vessels that cover all the tissues of the body. The lymphatic channels get progressively smaller as they pass in to distant organs and tissues. For example, the vessel at the beginning of the arm is thicker. It branches into thinner tubes that progressively become thinner and thinner as they travel up to the fingers. At the tips of the fingers the vessels may be the thinnest with places where they may be only a few cells thick. These are called lymphatic capillaries. The walls of the capillaries are usually single cell thick. This helps in the movement of the immunity producing cells called lymphocytes (type of white blood cells), and the toxins, germs and chemicals to move in to the lymph capillaries freely. The arteries also branch similarly at the tips of the organs.

These capillaries give out a clear fluid called the plasma. This plasma bathes the tissues and enters the lymphatic channels as lymph. The lymph channels eventually drain at a large lymphatic vessel called the thoracic duct at the chest that drains into a blood vessel. All the filtered fluid, salts and proteins as well as the debris ends up in the blood stream. The lymph nodes The lymph nodes are small bean shaped glands or bulbs that tend to occur in clusters similar to grapes. Along the lymph channels reside approximately 600 lymph nodes. These act as filters that sieve off the harmful substances brought by the lymphatic channels. The lymphatic channels of the fingers, hand and arm for example comes to be filtered at the lymph nodes that lie at the elbow and the arm pit. Similarly, those of the legs, toes and thighs drain into nodes behind the knees and the groin. Lymph channels from the face, head and scalp drain at the nodes present at the back of the head, behind the ears and sides of the neck. Some lymph nodes are located deeper within the body at the chest (between the two lobes of the lungs), around the coils of the intestines, in the pelvis etc.

The lymph nodes contain two regions within them which include the cortex and the medulla. The cortex contains collections of lymphocytes. These contain predominantly B-lymphocytes and some T-lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes mature completely within the bone marrow while the T lymphocytes exit the bone marrow immature and attain maturity within the thymus . The lymphatic system also contains the thymus that lies behind the chest bone. The lymphatic vessels entering the lymph nodes are called afferent lymphatic vessels and those exiting are called efferent lymphatic vessels. Spleen The lymphatic system also consists of other organs like the spleen that lies on the above left sided part of the abdomen. It acts like a large filter to remove worn out and damaged red blood cells from the blood and recycle them. The spleen also contains B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. When blood passes through the organ these cells pick up the infections. See the Spleen page for more information and natural foods that protest the spleen. These are also part of the lymphatic system and lie at the back of the throat. These are sentinels that protect the digestive system and the lungs from bacteria and viruses.

Functions of the lymphatic system Drainage of fluid from blood stream into the tissues ï¿½ The circulating blood through narrow vessels leads to leakage of fluid or plasma into the tissues carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carrying waste materials from the tissues into the lymph channels. The leaked fluid drains into the lymph vessels. This forms a circulatory system of fluids within the body. Filtration of the lymph at the lymph nodes ï¿½ The nodes contain white blood cells that can attack any bacteria or viruses they find in the lymph as it flows through the lymph nodes. The cancer cells may also get trapped similarly at the lymph nodes and thus lymph nodes act as indicators of how far the cancer has already spread. Filtering blood ï¿½ This is done by the spleen. The spleen filters out bacteria, viruses and other foreign particles. Raise an immune reaction and fight infections ï¿½ The lymphatic system especially the lymph nodes are over active in case of an infection the lymph nodes or glands often swell up in case of a local infection. Scrofula Scrofula is the term used for lymphadenopathy of the neck, usually as a result of an infection in the lymph nodes, known as lymphadenitis.

It can be caused by tuberculosis or a non-tuberculosis bacterial infection. Prickly ash is known to be an effective remedy for scofula caused by a bacterial infection. 2 parts cleavers 1 part mullein Place the herbs in a small saucepan and cover with cold water. Heat slowly and simmer, covered for 20-45 minutes. The longer you simmer the herbs, the stronger the tea will be. Drink 2-3 cups a day for several weeks. PANCREAS The pancreas lies between the kidneys. Cells known as the islets of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas. The islets of Langerhans have two types of cells: alpha cells which produce a hormone called glucagon, and the beta cells which produce a hormone called insulin. Insulin is the hormone which escorts glucose across the cell membrane. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter the cell and, therefore, cannot be used to produce energy. Glucagon functions to cause the liver to convert more glycogen to glucose, thereby, raising the blood sugar level. If the Islets of Langerhans stop or lessen their production of insulin, the result is diabetes mellitus.

The symptoms of diabetes include: loss of weight, excessive thirst, increase in urination, itching in the skin and fatigue. Because glucose cannot enter cells, the blood sugar level is high. This high blood sugar level causes sugar to be excreted in urine. High volumes of water are needed to remove the sugar from the kidneys. Since water is used for this purpose, thirst occurs to replace this lost water. See the Diabetes page for more information and natural foods which can treat it. Amylase is an enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates. It is produced in the pancreas and the salivary glands . When too much amylase is secreted the condition is called Hyperamylasemia (high blood amylase level) Kidney disease Toxaemia of pregnancy See the Liver page for more information and natural treatments for disorders of the pancreas, gallbladder and liver. See the Urinary system page for more information and natural remedies for disorders of the urinary system. See the Intestines page for more information and natural remedies for disorders affecting the intestines. PARATHYROID GLANDS On the back side of the thyroid gland are four small bodies known as the parathyroid glands. These are the smallest endocrine glands.

The parathyroid glands produce the parathyroid hormone which plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphate ions in blood. These two ions are important in nerve and muscle function and in maintaining bone structure. Vitamin D is important to the parathyroid glands because it promotes retention of calcium and phosphate. Without vitamin D bones cannot develop and they become soft and bend. This is the disease called rickets in children. Adults lacking in vitamin D can lose important minerals from the bones causing them to become porous and brittle and osteoporosis is the result. 10-15 minutes of midday sunshine on the skin can provide all the body needs. It is not the same as sunbathing; the skin simply needs to be exposed to sunlight. Through a window is not enough. Over exposure of the suns rays can be dangerous for the skin but no exposure at all can be equally detrimental to the bones and teeth. Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays in sunlight convert cholesterol in the skin into vitamin D.

During the winter months (October-April) when it is too cold to expose the skin to the sun and in the northern hemisphere there is not enough UVB rays from the sun anyway, it is advisable to raise the weekly intake of oily fish and cod liver oil. If a blood test shows very low levels then spupplements may be required. Supplements must be vitamin D3 and not D2 and check that aspartame has not been added to chewable forms.

Highest sources of vitamin D per serving listed Krill oil - 1 teaspoon: 1000 IU Eel - 85 g or 3 oz: 792 IU Maitake mushrooms - 70 g: 786 IU Rainbow trout - 85 g or 3 oz: 540 IU Cod liver oil - 1 teaspoon: 440 IU Mackerel - 85 g or 3 oz: 400 IU Salmon - 85 g or 3 oz: 400 IU Halibut - 85 g or 3 oz: 196 IU Tuna - 85 g or 3 oz: 228 IU Sardines - 85 g or 3 oz: 164 IU Chanterelle mushrooms - 85 g or 3 oz: 155 IU Raw milk - 1 glass or 8 oz: 98 IU Egg yolk - 1 large: 41 IU Caviar - 28g or 1 oz: 33 IU Hemp seeds - 100 g or 3.5 oz: 22 IU Portabella mushrooms

 - 85 g or 3 oz: 6 IU NOTE: One IU is the biological equivalent of 0.3 μg or 0.3 micrograms.

See the Bones page for natural remedies for disorders affecting the bones. PEYERï¿½S PATCHES These are round or ovoid bundles of lymphatic tissue made up of unencapsulated lymphatic cells that protect the mucous membranes of the small intestines (the ileum) from infection. While the complete role and function of these lymphoid tissues is uncertain, they contain lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells so that when an infection occurs, the Peyerï¿½s patches can protect the interior of the intestine. PINEAL GLAND Is situated in the brain and manufactures melatonin for correct sleeping patterns, helps with reproductive cycles, sends hormonal messages to the hypothalamus and needs sunlight to function properly. The pineal gland, attached to the lower surface of the brain, is considered an endocrine gland. The pineal gland secretes two hormones: serotonin and melatonin. Serotonin functions as a neurotransmitter and has been proven to be involved in some depression. The pineal gland is stimulated to produce serotonin by sunlight. The lack of sunlight in winter can result in a type depression called Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. SAD can usually be treated with lights which mimic the sun's affect on the pineal gland.

Melatonin is a hormone which triggers sleep. Melatonin may also be useful to correct "jet lag," as it can be used to alter the body's "biological clock". PITUITARY GLAND This is called the "master gland" because its various hormones regulate all other endocrine glands. It is located at the place in the brain where the sensory nerves originate near the top of the brain stem and is connected to the brain by a short stalk called the infundibulum. The pituitary gland is about the size of a cherry and is divided into three regions. Of these, the anterior (front part) lobe is the largest. The posterior (back part) is only slightly smaller than the anterior lobe. Between the anterior and posterior lobes is third region, the pars intermedia. Each of these regions produces its own group of hormones. Pituitary Anterior Lobe This produces the somatotrophic hormone, which in people is commonly called the human growth hormone (HGH). If this hormone is produced in greater than normal quantities, the bones grow very long. HGH acts to prevent the epiphyseal junction from forming, thus making continued growth possible in these bones.

The result of this greater than normal production of HGH is pituitary giantism and people with this condition may grow to be 9 feet tall. Giantism is accompanied by a corresponding increase in size of the internal organs. If there is an increased secretion of HGH after the appearance of the epiphyseal line, the long bones do not grow. However, there is growth in the bones of the face, hands and feet. This condition is called acromegaly. Deficiency of HGH causes pituitary dwarfism. If dwarfism is recognized early in a child or adolescent, HGH produced through genetic engineering can be administered causing the child to grow. A second hormone produced by the anterior pituitary is prolactin. In mammals, prolactin stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands which is used to nourish the young. It may also stimulate maternal behaviour. A third hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary is the thyroid stimulating hormone. This hormone causes the thyroid gland to function, and if this hormone is absent, the thyroid gland shuts down. The anterior lobe of the pituitary also produces the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

ACTH influences the amount of various corticoids produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands. Corticoids help regulate the amount of minerals in our bodies, as well as carbohydrate metabolism. The anterior pituitary also produces the two gonadotrophic hormones, the follicle-stimulating hormone and the luteinizing hormone. The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes both egg cells and sperm cells to mature so that reproduction can occur. The luteinizing hormone (LH) works with the follicle-stimulating hormone to prepare the female body to nourish a developing child during pregnancy. Pituitary Posterior Lobe This secretes two hormones, the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the oxytocic hormone. ADH controls the reabsorption of water from the kidneys into the blood stream. If this hormone is deficient, the blood stream does not reabsorb water from the kidneys and urine is formed in excess amounts. The resulting disease, called diabetes insipidus, may result in the excretion of as much as 10 gallons of urine per day. ADH also increases blood pressure.

Once it was believed that a separate hormone, called vasopressin, acted on the walls of arteries to produce an increase in blood pressure (hypertension); but it was recently discovered that vasopressin is, in actuality, ADH. A diuretic drug stimulates urination, usually by decreasing the action of ADH. By doing this, diuretic drugs are useful in controlling high blood pressure. The oxytocic hormone (oxytocin) causes the contractions which lead to child-birth. The oxytocic hormone also increases blood pressure and decreases the formation of urine during pregnancy. Pituitary Pars Intermedia This produces a hormone called intermedin. Little is known of the function of this hormone in people. In fish it functions to darken the scales. PROSTATE The prostate's purpose is to help with the male reproductive system. It makes up to 70% of the fluid that is ejaculated during intercourse, mixing its secretions with the sperm that are made in the testicles. The prostate also contracts at the time of ejaculation to prevent retrograde (backward) flow of semen into the bladder.

See the Urinary page for more information about prostate problems and natural remedies SALIVARY GLANDS Are situated in the buccal cavity and secretes amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates. It is produced in the pancreas and the salivary glands. Salivary glands produce as much as a quart of saliva each day. Saliva is important to lubricate the mouth, help with swallowing, protects teeth against bacteria and aids in the digestion of food. The three major pairs of salivary glands are: Parotid glands - on the sides of the face Submandibular glands - at the floor of the mouth Sublingual glands - under the tongue There are also several hundred minor salivary glands throughout the mouth and throat. Saliva drains into the mouth through small tubes called ducts. Sore, Swollen and Bleeding Gums Dental health usually focuses on preventing cavities in the teeth. But it's important to pay attention to the gums, too. Gums play a major role not only in dental health, but in the overall well-being. In many instances, swollen and bleeding gums are a sign of gum disease.

However, there are a number of other factors that could be causing gum problems. See the Teeth page to find out more and for natural protection and treatments of gum and teeth problems. When there is a problem with the salivary glands or ducts, symptoms such as salivary gland swelling, dry mouth, pain, fever and foul-tasting drainage into the mouth may be experienced. Many different problems can interfere with the function of the salivary glands or block the ducts so that they can not drain saliva. Following are some of the more common salivary gland problems: Bacterial Infections These generally cause one-sided salivary gland swelling. Other symptoms such as fever and pain will accompany the swelling. The bacteria are typically those found normally in the mouth, as well as staph bacteria. These infections most often affect the parotid gland. Dehydration and malnutrition increase the risk of getting a bacterial infection. See the Bacteria page for more information and natural foods to protect against and cure bacterial infections. Cysts Cysts can develop in the salivary glands if injuries, infections, tumours or salivary stones block the flow of saliva.

Some babies are born with cysts in the parotid gland due to a problem with the development of the ears. It can appear as a blister or soft, raised area. Cysts may interfere with eating and speaking. Salivary Stones or Sialoliths The most common cause of swollen salivary glands, salivary stones are accumulations of crystallized saliva deposits. Sometimes salivary stones can block the flow of saliva. When saliva cannot exit through the ducts, it backs up into the gland, causing pain and swelling. Pain is usually intermittent, is felt in one gland, and gets progressively worse. Unless the blockage is cleared, the gland is likely to become infected. Sialadenitis Bacterial infection of the salivary gland, most commonly the parotid gland, may result when the duct into the mouth is blocked. Sialadenitis creates a painful lump in the gland and foul-tasting pus drains into the mouth. Sialadenitis is more common in older adults with salivary stones, but it can also occur in babies during the first few weeks after birth. If not treated, salivary gland infections can cause severe pain, high fevers and abscess (pus collection).

Viral Infections Viral infections such as mumps, flu and others can cause swelling of the salivary glands. Swelling occurs in parotid glands on both sides of the face, giving the appearance of "chipmunk cheeks." Salivary gland swelling is commonly associated with mumps, occurring in about 30% to 40% of mumps infections. It usually begins approximately 48 hours after the start of other symptoms such as fever and headache. Other viral illnesses that cause salivary gland swelling include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Coxsackie virus and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See the Virus page for more information and natural food remedies and protection against viral infections and disease. Trouble opening the mouth widely Trouble swallowing The treatment for this is generally surgery to remove the parotid gland if symptoms worsen. Although a benign tumour is not cancerous, meaning it will not spread to other parts of the body, it may continue to grow and become more painful and debilitating as it can affect the facial nerves.

Adding the following natural foods to the diet may help to diminish the growth: Almonds (five per day) Apple cider vinegar , lemon and honey: Take one tablespoon of apple cider vinegar, one half of a freshly squeezed lemon and a teaspoon of honey in a glass or warm water upon waking daily before eating or drinking anything else. Sunflower seeds (one small handful per day) Tomatoes (cooked and consumed with a little sesame oil) Bicarbonate of soda may help to alkalise the body which can reduce growth of tumours but caution should be taken as it is high in sodium which those with high blood pressure should avoid. Otherwise take one half teaspoon ever few days in some milk or water. Bicarbonate of soda mixed with coconut oil makes a very good alternative toothpaste. Black grapes : The mineral compounds iridium and rhodium in grape seeds and colloidal gold in black grape skins have been proven to reduce tumours and so should be consumed daily. Rice bran oil and sesame oil, used together for cooking, have shown to be beneficial when trying to reduce tumours in some people. Avoid alcohol, excessive consumption of iron-rich foods, processed and refined foods, sugar and tobacco smoking.

Get checked for vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin B12 and particularly if taking any medications. Also get tested for vitamin D deficiency. See more on the Cancer page. SEBACEOUS GLANDS These are the glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. They are especially abundant on the face and scalp but are distributed all over the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Sebum (Latin meaning fat or tallow) is made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene and metabolites of fat-producing cells. The sebaceous glands are classified as holocrine glands because sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts as a delivery system for antioxidants, antimicrobial lipids, pheromones and provides hydration of the skin. Sebum is odourless, but its bacterial breakdown can produce odours. Sebum is the cause greasy hair and earwax is partly composed of sebum.

Conditions caused by disorders of the sebaceous glands include: acne, seborrhoea, sebaceous cysts, hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma. Acne is caused by the skins pores being clogged by too much sebum which allows bacteria to flourish. Seborrhoea is the name for the condition of greasy skin caused by excess sebum. See the Skin page for natural remedies for greasy skin and acne. SWEAT GLANDS Perspiration (sweating, transpiration, or diaphoresis) is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin. Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: Eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of the body. In humans, sweating is primarily a means of thermoregulation which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2-4 litres per hour or 10-14 litres per day. Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to the evaporation of water.

Hence, in hot weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as dogs, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and pharynx. Primates and horses have armpits that sweat like those of humans. Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few, such as humans and horses, produce large amounts of sweat in order to cool down Hyperhidrosis Hyperhidrosis means excessive sweating. It can be localised or affect the whole body. Sweating is controlled by the brain, which sends signals along nerves called ï¿½sympathetic nervesï¿½ to the small sweat glands in the skin. These nerves are part of the ï¿½autonomic nervous systemï¿½ which controls many unconscious body functions. Increased sweating is a normal response to a rise in body temperature and to emotions such as anxiety. Localised symmetrical hyperhidrosis is the most common type of hyperhidrosis, this affects certain body sites (localised), and both sides equally (symmetrical).

The palms, soles, under arm skin, face and scalp, or a combination of these, can be affected. The cause is not known. It often begins in the teens, and tends to improve slowly as you get older. This type of hyperhidrosis is also called focal or primary hyperhidrosis. Generalised hyperhidrosis (affecting the whole body) can be caused by some illnesses including infections, and by hormonal conditions including the menopause, diabetes and an overactive thyroid gland. This type of hyperhidrosis is called secondary hyperhidrosis. Some medicines can also cause excessive sweating, including fluoxetine (Prozac) and similar antidepressants. Sometimes no cause can be found. Disease or irritation of the sympathetic nerves is a rare cause of increased sweating, either generally or in localised areas (typically just on one side). Anxiety can trigger or worsen hyperhidrosis, but this does not necessarily mean that the affected person is unusually anxious or stressed. Sometimes worry about sweating can create a vicious circle making the problem worse. Hyperhidrosis is a feature of some rare inherited conditions.

There is a trend for the common localised symmetrical type to run in families and up to a third of sufferers may have a family member with the condition. Symptoms of hyperhidrosis Visible sweat, wet clothes and a clammy handshake can be embarrassing and can interfere with work and personal relationships. Some people find hand sweating produces problems writing on paper. Hyperhidrosis affects the water-producing (eccrine) sweat glands and not the apocrine sweat glands which produce the more oily type of sweat which causes odour, especially under the arms. Therefore bad odour is not a direct result of hyperhidrosis; however, if sweaty feet get soggy inside shoes, overgrowth of harmless skin bacteria can cause a bad smell. Alcohol, certain medications and spicy foods can bring on an episode of hyperhidrosis. THYMUS The thymus is located in the upper part of the chest. It is made of two lobes that join in front of the trachea. The thymus is an important part of childrenï¿½s immune systems. It grows larger until puberty and then begins to shrink. The gland produces thymosins, which are hormones that stimulate the development of antibodies.

The thymus also produces T-lymphocytes which are white blood cells that fight infections and destroy abnormal cells. The thymus gland is very active in childhood. It plays a crucial role in developing and improving a childï¿½s immune system. The main thymus gland function is to produce and process lymphocytes or T cells (in T cells ï¿½Tï¿½ stands for thymus derived). Lymphocytes are white blood cells which are also known as leukocytes. After the white blood cells mature, they leave the thymus gland and get settled in the spleen and the lymph nodes, where a fresh batch of T cells is produced. These white blood cells are the bodyï¿½s immune system and protect the body by producing antibodies that stop the invasion of foreign agents, bacteria and viruses. These cells also ensure the proper functioning of the body system and look after the wear and tear of the organs. Another function of the thymus gland is to prevent the abnormal growth of cells that may lead to cancer. The T lymphocytes travel from the bone marrow to the thymus gland where they remain until they get activated. After maturity, the lymphocytes enter the blood stream.

From there they travel to other lymphatic organs and provide defence mechanism against diseases. The thymus also produces a hormone called thymosin, which stimulates the T cells in the other lymphatic organs to mature. This gland also produces another hormone called thymopoietin, which is protein present in the mRNA (messenger RNA) and is encoded by the TMPO gene. In some cases, the thymus may become underactive. The individual may have a weak immune system and be prone to many infections and allergies. These infections can be chronic and may continue for a long time. When there is a lack of T cells in the body, it can lead to immunodeficiency diseases. The person suffering from immunodeficiency diseases may show symptoms like extreme sweating, puffiness or soreness of the throat, swelling in the glands and depression. Malnutrition and a deficiency of protein, at an early age, can lead to the slow or limited growth of the thymus, thus impairing the normal functioning of the lymphocytes. Thus ensure that your child eats a well balanced meal and also has the right amount of proteins. THYROID GLAND This is located in the throat, lying along side of the larynx.

It is shaped like the letter H. The thyroid gland uses iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to produce the hormones thyroxin and triiodothyronine. Both of these hormones function to regulate cellular metabolism. Metabolism refers to all of the processes that make energy available to cells. As such, these hormones regulate the conversion of glycogen (stored glucose) to glucose. Symptoms of declining thyroid function are dry skin, hair loss, sensitivity to hot and cold, unexplained weight gain, missing outer third of eyebrows, constipation, brittle nails, high or low blood pressure, susceptibility to infections, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, joint or muscle pain, cystic breasts or ovaries, chronic sinusitis, slow heart rate, temporomandibular joint syndrome, dental problems, headache and increased cholesterol levels. Hypothyroidism The deficiency of thyroxin results in a reduction in the metabolism rate. If hypothyroidism occurs during infancy or childhood the result is called cretinism. Cretinism is characterized by stunted physical growth and mental retardation.

If hypothyroidism occurs in an adult, it results in such symptoms as: reduced body temperature, a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, dryness of the hair and skin, loss of energy, weight gain and depression. Foods to avoid if suffering from hypothyroidism: broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, cassava, cauliflower, flaxseeds, kale, kelp, lima beans, millet, mustard greens, peanuts, peaches, pine nuts, plums, prunes, soybeans, spinach, strawberries, sweet potato, Swedes and turnips. Many processed products such as soy sauce, energy bars and chocolate contain soybean oil (soy lecithin) and should also be avoided. Hyperthyroidism The opposite condition results from an over-production of thyroxin. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism include: rapid heart rate, increase in blood pressure, increase in metabolism (resulting in weight-loss), oily skin, an increase in body temperature, excess sweating, and nervousness. People suffering from hyperthyroidism may eat very large amounts of food and still lose weight. Hyperthyroidism is treated by removing part of the thyroid gland and by the use of drug therapies.

In hyperthyroidism, where milder forms of nutritional therapy such as para-aminobenzoic acid or magnesium have not been very effective, bromine can be very effective in human and animals and, provided the correct amount is used, no side effects are experienced. Bromine inhibits both, T4 thyroxine and T3 triiodothyronine hormones, and in some cases only a short course of bromine is needed to return (hyper) thyroid functions back to normal. Goiter This is an enlarged thyroid gland, which results in a swelling in the neck. A goiter can result from either hyper or hypothyroidism, but it is more common in hypothyroidism. A goiter is generally caused by a lack of iodine . The thyroid stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to work. But without iodine, no thyroxin is produced. The pituitary gland responds to this by making the thyroid gland work harder and harder. Therefore, like a muscle, the thyroid gland gets bigger. Iodine is gained from seafood and from vegetables grown in soil which contains iodine. Iodine is often artificially supplemented in the diet by including it in salt (iodized salt).

If natural sea salt is not processed and refined, where all the valuable mineral content is stripped to sell in other industries, it would naturally contain all the iodine that is required. Natural unrefined sea salt can be obtained especially from France where the processing keeps all the mineral content intact.

Highest sources of iodine in micrograms per serving listed in brackets Chlorella, dulse, spirulina algae and kelp (1 tablespoon or 5 g) 750 ï¿½g Himalayan crystal salt (half a gram) 450 ï¿½g Cranberries (4 oz or 114 g) 400 ï¿½g Lobster (3.53 oz or 100 g) 100 ï¿½g Cod (3 oz or 85 g) 99 ï¿½g Plain yoghurt (8 oz or 227 g) 75 ï¿½g Seafood, clams etc (3.53 oz or 100 g) 66 ï¿½g Potato (one medium size) 60 ï¿½g Milk (8oz or 227 g) 59 ï¿½g Shrimp (3 oz or 85 g) 35 ï¿½g Navy beans (4 oz or 114 g) 32 ï¿½g Turkey (3 oz or 85 g)

 34 ï¿½g Anchovies (100 g) 30 ï¿½g One medium sized egg 24 ï¿½g Cheddar cheese (1 oz or 28 g) 23 ï¿½g Tinned tuna (3 oz or 85 g) 17 ï¿½g Gouda cheese (1.42 oz or 40 g) 14 ï¿½g Prunes (five) 13 ï¿½g Strawberries (8 oz or 227 g) 13 ï¿½g Butter beans (4 oz or 114 g) 8 ï¿½g Lean beef (3 oz or 85 g) 8 ï¿½g Apple juice (8oz or 227 g) 7 ï¿½g Peas (4 oz or 114 g) 3 ï¿½g Green beans (4 oz or 114 g) 3 ï¿½g Banana (one medium) 3 ï¿½g NOTE: ONE ï¿½g is one microgram.

Highest sources of tyrosine in milligrams per 100 grams Lachrymal gland synonyms, lachrymal gland antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com Lachrymal gland synonyms, lachrymal gland antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com Related to lachrymal gland: submandibular gland noun any of the glands in the eyes that secrete tears Synonyms Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Can-Fite Completed Patient Enrollment for the Phase II Trial in Dry Eye Syndrome with CF101 Other actions may include modulation of the immune system, and stimulation of the lachrymal gland. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.

Question: In the human body what is produced by the lachrymal glands?
Answer: Tears