Temporal Bone - Cranium Home > Skeletal System > Bones of the Head and Neck > Temporal Bone Temporal Bone The temporal bone is one of two bones that form parts of the sides and base of the cranium. A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along the squamosal suture. The superior temporal line is the topmost curved line on the parietal bone and lies above the inferior temporal line. This is where the temporal fascia attaches. The inferior temporal line also lies on the parietal bone, and is the site of attachment of the temporal muscle. Located near the lower edge is a gap, the external auditory meatus, which leads inward to parts of the ear.... Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image 2D Interactive 3D Rotate & Zoom Change Anatomical System Change View Angle Full Temporal Bone Description [Continued from above] . . . The temporal bones house the internal structures of the ear and have depressions, the mandibular fossae, which join the processes of the mandible.

Below each external auditory meatus, there are two projections: a rounded mastoid process and a long, pointed styloid process. The mastoid process provides an attachment for certain muscles of the neck, while the styloid process serves as an anchorage for muscles associated with the tongue and pharynx. The mastoid foramen is a prominent opening in the temporal bone, which is located behind (or posterior) to the mastoid process. Generally, it provides the opening through which a vein and artery pass. A zygomatic process projects from the front of the temporal bone in the region of the external auditory meatus. It joins the zygomatic bone and helps form the prominence of the cheek. Temporal bone | definition of temporal bone by Medical dictionary Temporal bone | definition of temporal bone by Medical dictionary bone [bōn] 1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts. 2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices for regional and alphabetical listings of bones, and see color plates 1 and 2. Called also os . adj., adj bo´ny.

There are 206 separate bones in the human body. Collectively they form the skeletal system , a structure bound together by ligaments at the joints and set in motion by the muscles, which are secured to the bones by means of tendons. Bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendons are the tissues of the body responsible for supporting and moving the body. Some bones have a chiefly protective function. An example is the skull, which encloses the brain, the back of the eyeball, and the inner ear. Some, such as the pelvis, are mainly supporting structures. Other bones, such as the jaw and the bones of the fingers, are concerned chiefly with movement. The bone marrow in the center manufactures blood cells. The bones themselves act as a storehouse of calcium , which must be maintained at a certain level in the blood for the body's normal chemical functioning. Structure and Composition. Bone is not uniform in structure but is composed of several layers of different materials. The outermost layer, the periosteum, is a thin, tough membrane of fibrous tissue. It gives support to the tendons that secure the muscle to the bone and also serves as a protective sheath.

This membrane encloses all bones completely except at the joints where there is a layer of cartilage. Beneath the periosteum lie the dense, hard layers of bone tissue called compact bone. Its composition is fibrous rather than solid and it gives bone its resiliency. Encased within these layers is the tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone, called cancellous or spongy bone because it contains little hollows like those of a sponge. The innermost portion of the bone is a hollow cavity containing marrow. Blood vessels course through every layer of bone, carrying nutritive elements, oxygen, and other products. Bone tissue also contains a large number of nerves. The basic chemical in bone, which gives bone its hardness and strength, is calcium phosphate. Development. Cartilage forms the major part of bone in the very young; this accounts for the great flexibility and resiliency of the infant skeleton. Gradually, calcium phosphate collects in the cartilage, and it becomes harder and more brittle. Some of the cartilage cells break loose, so that channels develop in the bone shaft. Blood vessels enter the channels, bearing with them small cells of connective tissue, some of which become osteoblasts, cells that form true bone.

The osteoblasts enter the hardened cartilage, forming layers of hard, firm bone. Other cells, called osteoclasts, work to tear down old or excess bone structure, allowing the osteoblasts to rebuild with new bone. This renewal continues throughout life, although it slows down with age. Cartilage formation and the subsequent replacement of cartilage by hard material is the mechanism by which bones grow in size. During the period of bone growth, cartilage grows over the hardened portion of bone. In time, this layer of cartilage hardens as calcium phosphate is added, and a fresh layer grows over it, and it too hardens. The process continues until the body reaches full growth. Long bones grow in length because of special cross-sectional layers of cartilage located near the flared ends of the bone. These harden and new cartilage is produced by the same process as previously described. Bone Disorders. fracture , a break in the bone, is the most common injury to the bone; it may be closed, with no break in the skin, or open, with penetration of the skin and exposure of portions of the broken bone. osteoporosis is excessive brittleness and porosity of bone in the aged.

osteomyelitis is a bone infection similar to a boil on the skin, but much more serious because blood supply to bone is less exquisite than that to other body organs and bone metabolizes more slowly, so that the infection can destroy the bone and invade other body tissues. osteomalacia is the term used for rickets when it occurs in adults. In these diseases there is softening of the bones, due to inadequate concentration of calcium or phosphorus in the body. The usual cause is deficiency of vitamin D, which is required for utilization of calcium and phosphorus by the body. In osteitis fibrosa cystica , bone is replaced by fibrous tissue because of abnormal calcium metabolism. The condition usually is due to overactivity of the parathyroid glands. osteoma refers to abnormal new growth, either benign or malignant, of the tissue of the bones. Although it is not common, it may occur in any of the bones of the body, and at any age. alveolar bone the thin layer of bone making up the bony processes of the maxilla and mandible, surrounding and containing the teeth; it is pierced by many small blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

tem·po·ral bone (tem'pŏr-ăl bōn) [TA] A large, irregular osseous formation situated in the base and side of the skull; it consists of three parts, squamous, tympanic, and petrous, which are distinct at birth; the petrous part contains the vestibulocochlear organ; the bone articulates with the sphenoid, parietal, occipital, and zygomatic bones, and by a synovial joint with the mandible. Synonym(s): os temporale [TA] . temporal bone One of two bones forming part of the sides and base of the skull and containing the hearing apparatus. Each temporal bone bears the mastoid process and articulates on its under surface with the head of the jaw bone (mandible). tem·po·ral bone The Temporal Bone - Anatomy, Sutures, Osseous Development | Kenhub The Temporal Bone Contents The temporal bone is a large, bilaterally symmetrical bone which forms the base of the cranial vault (along with the occipital bone ) and ascends to participate in the lateral walls of the skull .

It is divided into four parts: the squamous part, the tympanic part, the styloid process and the petrous part. Recommended video: Temporal bone Anatomy and landmarks of the temporal bone. Anatomy Squamous part The squamous part is a flat plate that builds the lateral wall of the middle cranial fossa. It houses the middle meningeal artery that is marked by a groove in the bone. The zygomatic process arises from the outer surface of the squamous part and articulates with the zygomatic bone . The glenoid fossa sits just below the zygomatic process where is comes into contact with the mandibular condyle . It is part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The squamous part is separated from the tympanic part by the petrous part. The petrotympanic fissure lies behind this division. Tympanic part The tympanic part is horseshoe-shaped and contributes to the anterior, posterior and inferior walls of the external acoustic meatus and the posterior, non-articulating part of the glenoid fossa. Laterally it is attached to the cartilage of the external acoustic meatus and medially to the tympanic membrane (temporal sulcus).

Styloid process The styloid process is a spike-like projection from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone. It arises just anteriorly to the stylomastoid foramen , which harbours the facial nerve (CN VII) and the stylomastoid artery. Petrous part The petrous part is the pyramid-shaped, medial part of the temporal bone and separates the middle and posterior cranial fossae. It is extremely solid and protects the interior auditory and vestibular apparatus. The internal acoustic meatus is located at the posterior surface leading to the ear canal. The inferior surface contains numerous openings such as the carotid canal (internal carotid artery) and the jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, cranial nerves IX, X and XI). The most posterior part of the petrous portion contains the mastoid process which is filled with mastoid air cells and lined with mucous membrane inside. Sutures The squamosal suture connects the temporal bone and parietal bone and continues as the sphenosquamosal suture anteriorly and the parietomastoid suture posteriorly. The occipitomastoid suture runs between the mastoid part of temporal bone and the occipital bone.

The zygomatic process articulates with the temporal bone through the temporozygomatic suture . Osseous Development Of the four portions of the temporal bone the petrous part and styloid process undergo endochondral ossification whereas the squamous and tympanic part develop through intramembranous ossification. Spread evenly over the entire bone are eight ossification centers that create three of the main fontanelles before birth. The mastoid process is missing in newborns and starts to grow with the increasing traction force of the sternocleidomastoid muscle . Learn more about the bones of the skull, its openings, nerves and more with kenHub’s interactive quizzes. Why make anatomy any harder than it already is? KenHub, where learning anatomy becomes easy. Get me the rest of this article for free Create your account and you’ll be able to see the rest of this article, plus videos and a quiz to help you memorize the information, all for free. You’ll also get access to articles, videos, and quizzes about dozens of other anatomy systems. Show references References: Neil S. Norton, Ph.D. and Frank H.

Netter, MD, Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Saunders, Chapter 2 Osteology, Page 32, 50 and 53. Friedrich Anderhuber, Franz Pera, Johannes Streicher: Waldeyer Anatomie des Menschen, De Gruyter (2012), 19th edition, p.718-722 Ellen G. Hoeffner, Suresh K. Mukherji: Temporal Bone Imaging, Thieme Medical Publishers (2008), p.1-4 Author: Temporal Bone Fractures: Background, Etiology, Presentation Temporal Bone Fractures Author: Antonio Riera March, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA more... Share Overview Background The temporal bone is the most complex bone in the human body. It houses many vital structures, including the cochlear and vestibular end organs, the facial nerve, the carotid artery, and the jugular vein. A temporal bone fracture can involve none or all of these structures.

Associated trauma to other cranial nerves (other than the facial nerve; ie, VI [abducens], IX [glossopharyngeal], X [vagus] and XI [spinal accessory] can also cause paralysis. The temporal bone is a very thick and hard structure located in the base of the skull. The base of the skull has multiple foramina, as seen in the images below, creating areas of decreased resistance susceptible to traumatic injury. Therefore, fractures that involve the temporal bone continue along the skull base with a pattern that follows the weakest points of the anatomy. Internal aspect of the skull base: arcuate eminence (AE), cochlea (C), foramen magnum (FM), internal auditory canal (IAC), foramen lacerum (L), foramen ovale (O), foramen rotundum (R), foramen spinosum (SP), sigmoid sinus (SS), transverse sinus (TS), vestibular system (V). References Sun GH, Shoman NM, Samy RN, Cornelius RS, Koch BL, Pensak ML. Do contemporary temporal bone fracture classification systems reflect concurrent intracranial and cervical spine injuries?. Laryngoscope. 2011 May.

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Media Gallery Internal aspect of the skull base: arcuate eminence (AE), cochlea (C), foramen magnum (FM), internal auditory canal (IAC), foramen lacerum (L), foramen ovale (O), foramen rotundum (R), foramen spinosum (SP), sigmoid sinus (SS), transverse sinus (TS), vestibular system (V). External aspect of the skull base: carotid canal (C), condyle (CO), foramen magnum (FM), jugular foramen (J), foramen lacerum (L), foramen ovale (O), pterygoid plates (P), styloid foramen (S), foramen spinosum (SP). Internal aspect of the skull base that represents, in black and blue colors, the pathway of the longitudinal temporal bone fracture lines. Internal aspect of the skull base that represents, in black and red colors, the pathways of the transverse temporal bone fracture lines. Axial high-resolution CT of the right temporal bone that represents a longitudinal fracture line that extends from the roof of the external auditory canal to the middle ear cavity.

Right temporal bone transverse fracture with severe spontaneous nystagmus (third degree) manifesting immediately after trauma. The fast component beats away from the fracture site in all directions of the gaze; the intensity of the spontaneous nystagmus is represented by the different lengths of black arrows. This type of nystagmus is usually seen by the naked eye. According to Alexander's law, the nystagmus increases when the eyes are turned in the direction of the quick component and decreases when the eyes are turned in the direction of the slow component. Internal aspect of the skull base depicting, in green color, a mixed temporal bone fracture line with both a longitudinal pattern (circle) and a transverse pattern (rectangle). Left temporal bone fracture line crossing the mastoid process and into Henle's spine and the external auditory canal (surgeon's view). of 8 The Radiology Assistant : Temporal bone - Anatomy Temporal bone - Anatomy Temporal bone - Anatomy Erik Beek and Robin Smithuis Radiology department of the University Medical Centre of Utrecht and the Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands In this review we present the normal coronal and axial anatomy of the temporal bone. Learn the anatomy by scrolling through the images.

Temporal bone The middle ear consists of the tympanic cavity and the antrum. The antrum is a large aircell superior and posterior to the tympanic cavity and connected to the tympanic cavity via the aditus ad antrum. The epitympanum or attic is the upper portion of the tympanic cavity above the tympanic membrane, and contains the head of the malleus and the body of the incus. The tympanic membrane, the malleus, incus and stapes transfer soundwaves to the stapes footplate, which is attached to the base of the cochlea in the oval window. Axial anatomy Scroll through the axial anatomy. Scroll through the axial anatomy from inferior to superior A = Antrum genu = first genu of facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion IAC = internal auditory canal long crus = long crus of the incus short crus = short crus of the incus U = utricle of vestibule Axial anatomy from inferior to superior At the most inferior level we see the facial nerve passing inferiorly to finally reach the stylomastoid foramen (not shown in this image). The carotid artery is shown within the carotid canal.

Also at this level is the top of the jugular bulb. Tympanic membrane The manubrium of the malleus (yellow arrow) is connected to the tympanic membrane. Malleus (yellow arow). Round window (blue arrow) At this level we can see the manubrium of the malleus (yellow arow) anterior to the long process of the incus. The round window is indicated by the blue arrow. The round window dissipates the pressure generated by the fluid vibrations within the cochlea and thus serves as a release valve. Stapes (green arrow) is seen connecting to the oval window. Stapes The base of the stapes rocks in and out against the oval window. The vibrations are transmitted via the endolymph to the hair cells of the organ of Corti of the cochlea. Cochlea Within the cochlea the movement of the hair cells convert the sound-vibrations into nerve impulses, that travel over the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex of the brain, which interprets the impulses as sound. . The head of the malleus is seen anterior to the head of the incus (yellow arrow).

Tympanic segment of the facial nerve In this image at the level of the internal auditory canal, the tympanic segment of the facial nerve is seen just medial and parallel to the wall of the epitympanum. The head of the malleus (yellow arrow) is seen anterior to the head and the short process of the incus. Geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve At this level the aditus ad antrum is seen. This is the connection between the tympanic cavity and the antrum. The labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve coming from the internal auditory canal angles sharply forward, nearly at right angles to the long axis of the petrous bone, to reach the geniculate ganglion. At the ganglion the facial nerve makes a U-turn (first genu of the facial nerve) to run posteriorly as the tympanic segment along the medial wall of the epitympanum. Antrum At this level the antrum is seen surrounded by smaller mastoid aircells just lateral to the superior semicircular canals . The three semicircular canals lie perpendicular to each other to sense acceleration and deceleration movements in each of the 3 spatial planes.

Static head position is sensed by the vestibule, which contains the position hair cells. Different head positions produce different gravity effects by small calcium carbonate particles (otoliths) on these hair cells. Coronal anatomy The petrous bone is positioned in an oblique orientation from posterolateral to anteromedial. As a result most structures will be sectioned obliquely on coronal images. The following coronal images go from anterior to posterior. First we will see the tympanic membrane with the ossicles, followed by the cochlea, antrum and semicircular canalls. Finally the most posterior image will show the point where the facial nerve exits the temporal bone at the stylomastoid foramen. Scutum (yellow arrow). Head of malleus (orange arrow) is seen medial to the incus (green arrow) Scutum The scutum (yellow arrow) is a sharp bony spur formed by the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity and the superior wall of the external auditory canal.

It is usually the first bony structure to erode as a result of a cholesteatoma, that is formed by medial retraction of the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane into the epitympanum. If the retraction continues it will result in ossicular destruction. If the cholesteatoma passes posteriorly through the aditus ad antrum into the mastoid itself, erosion of the tegmen mastoideum, with exposure of the dura and erosion of the lateral semicircular canal with deafness and vertigo, may result. On the left the most anterior point of the facial nerve is seen (white arrow). At this point the nerve makes a U-turn. It is named the genu or geniculum and represents the geniculate ganglion. The malleus is seen connected to the tympanic membrane and to the incus. Coronal reconstruction clearly demonstates that the incus (I) is positioned posterolateral to the malleolar head (H).On the axial image the short crus of the incus is seen pointing posterolaterally. In many illustrations you will see the incus connecting medially to the malleus, but this is not correct.

On the coronal reconstruction on the left it is clearly demonstated that the incus is positioned posterolaterally to the malleolar head. The long crus of the incus subsequently runs inferomedially to the stapes. Head of malleus (orange arrow) is seen medial to the Incus (green arrow) A coronal image slightly more posteriorly will show the facial nerve twice. The medial portion is the part that exits the internal auditory canal and runs towards the geniculate ganglion (medial white arrow). The lateral portion is the part that courses in a posterior direction, coming from the U-turn of the first genu. Long crus of the incus is seen connecting to the Stapes (blue arrow).Facial nerve in internal auditory canal and tympanic segment (white arrows). Facial nerve canal The facial nerve is seen in the internal auditory canal and entering the temporal bone (medial white arrow). The lateral white arrow represents the tympanic segment of the facial nerve running in the facial canal and curving around the oval window niche. At this point, the nerve runs in a horizontal plane in a posterior direction superiorly to the oval window .

The incus (orange arrow) is seen connecting to the stapes (blue arrow). Coronal scan showing the facial nerve (white arrow) above the oval window and below the lateral semicircular canal. Antrum The antrum is a large aircell superior and posterior to the tympanic cavity and connected to the tympanic cavity via the aditus ad antrum. It is surrounded by smaller mastoid aircells. On this last posterior coronal image the facial nerve assumes a vertical position to exit the petrous bone through the stylomastoid foramen. Test... Interactive Digital Education (part I), F.J.A. Beek, radiologist, Radiology department of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and the University Medical Centre of Utrecht, the Netherlands Lemmerling M, Kollias SS, eds. Radiology of the Petrous Bone. Springer 2003. Ch. 1, p.

1-14 Cranial and Facial Bones - Skeletal System Skeletal System 11 February 2016 - Lassa Fever outbreak in Benin, West Africa Bones of the Human Cranium and Face Introductory Note: Knowledge of bone structure and familarisation with the major bones of the human body is an essential part of training in many therapies, such as massage (in its many forms, incl. Indian head massage, Swedish massage, acupressure massage etc.), aromatherapy, shiatsu, and others. This page is intended to include the amount of detail required for most First Level Courses and some ITEC Diplomas. There are typically 206 bones in the body, though there may be up to about 226. Of these there are 22 bones of the Skull, which include: 8 Cranial Bones: 2 x Zygomatic Bones The other bone also included in this section is the hyoid bone, which is located in the neck (as illustrated below).

Other bones that may also be required knowledge to pass courses in Indian head massage and other similar therapies include: 33 Spinal Bones: 2 x Scapula 1 x Sternum The following two diagrams illustrate the positions of most of the cranial and facial bones required by First Level courses in massage and other therapies. It is not possible to illustrate all of the bones and parts of bones that may be included on such courses without also including more complicated diagrams illustrating sections cut through the skull (such as sagittal and transverse sections). To include information about the locations of all of the main features of the skeletal structures of the face and cranium, a table is included below the diagrams, summarising key facts about each. Diagrams of Cranial and Facial Bones Table Summarising Key Features of Cranial and Facial Bones (of skeletal structure of head) Orbit(s) Definition: The cavity (cavities) in the skull that contain the eye(s). These cavities are formed from parts of the following bones (also mentioned below): frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic.

Mechanical protection of the sensitive structures of the eye(s), including the eye balls themselves, together with the associated muscles, nerves, blood supply, and other tissues. Paranasal Sinuses Definition: air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes located within some skull bones. Paranasal sinuses include: frontal sinuses and maxillary sinuses (one pair of each); ethmoid sinuses (many spaces inside the ethmoid bone); two sphenoid sinuses. These are named after the bones in which they are located - see diagram for positions of bones. Producing mucus; Acting as resonating chambers - resulting in personal speaking and singing sounds that differ from person to person. draining mucus out of the skull via the nasal cavities as necessary (e.g. in case of over-production of mucus). Sutures Definition: The word "suture" has meanings in both anatomy and surgery. In the context of anatomy, a 'suture' is a type of immovable joint found only between skull bones and consisting of a small amount of connective tissue between the bones.

There are several of these joints in the skull, examples include: Coronal Suture (between frontal and parietal bones); Lamboidal Suture (between the parietal and occipital bones); and Sagittal Suture (between the two parietal bones). These joints hold the bones of the skull together. Bones of the Cranium Floor of the cranium, inferior to the frontal bone and anterior to the sphenoid. Non-technically: Centre of the face, behind the nose. Forms part of the nasal cavity and the orbits. Main support structure of the nasal cavity Frontal Forehead, extending down to form the upper surfaces of the orbits. Anterior roof of the skull. Back and base of the cranium, forms the back of the skull. Non-technically: Lower back of the head. The occipital condyles (rounded surfaces at the base of the occipital bone) articulate with the atlas (first vertebra of the spine), enabling movement of the head relative to the spine. Has a large opening called the Foramen Magnus which the spinal cord passes through. Parietal Top and sides of the cranium, posterior roof of the skull.

Sphenoid Anterior to the temporal bones and forms the base of cranium - behind the orbitals. Consists of a body, two "wings" and two "pterygoid processes" (not labelled on diagrams) that project downwards. Articulates with the frontal, parietal and temporal bones. Temporal Sides of the skull, below the parietal bones, and above and behind the ears Bones of the Face Hyoid In the neck, below the tongue (held in place by ligaments and muscles between it and the styloid process of the temporal bone). Supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles, and also some muscles of the neck and pharynx. (Commonly fractured during strangulation, so studied in autopsies if strangulation suspected.) Lacrimal Behind and lateral to the nasal bone, also contribute to the orbits. (Smallest bones in the face.) Contain foramina for the nasolacrimal ducts (tear ducts). Mandible Known as the lower jaw bone. Also forms the chin and sides of the face. (Largest, strongest facial bone.) Bone into which the lower teeth are attached.

The only moveable facial bone; motion of this bone is necessary for chewing food (the first stage of the digestion process). Each side of the mandible has a condyle and a coronoid process. The condyle articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint. Maxilla Upper jaw bone, which also forms the lower parts of the orbits. Bone into which the upper teeth are attached. Each maxilla contains a maxillary sinus that drains fluid into the nasal cavity. Nasal Pair of small oblong bones that form the bridge and roof of the nose. Palatine Back of the roof of the mouth (hence not illustrated above). Small "L-shaped" bones. Form the bottom of the orbitals and nasal cavities, and also the roof of the mouth. Turbinator Also known as Turbinate Bone and Nasal Concha. These terms refer to any of three thin bones that form the sides of the nasal cavity (not illustrated in the diagrams above). Form the nasal cavities. Vomer Thin roughly triangular plate of bone on the floor of the nasal cavity and part of the nasal septum. Separates the nasal cavities into left and right sides. Zygomatic Supports and balances the head.

Allows flexion and extension of the head. Axis The second vertebra, immediately below the atlas. See diagram above. Allows rotation of the head. Clavicle Long bone(s) positioned in an approximately horizontal orientation between the base of the neck and the shoulders. Forms the anterior aspect of the shoulder girdle and is sometimes (non-medically) referred to as the "collar bone". Articulates with the sternum (medially) and the scapulae (laterally). Humerus Long bone located in upper-arm (the longest bone in the upper-skeleton) Providing the mechanical structure of the upper-arms. Articulates with the scapula, enabling movement of the arms at the shoulder joints. Scapula Large, flat, triangular bones that form the posterior shoulder girdle (one scapula is located on each side of the body). Providing mechanical structure for the upper-body. Articulates with the clavicle and humerus, enabling movement of the arms at the shoulder joints. Sternum

Question: Where in the human body are the temporal bones?
Answer: The Head '