Reclusive heiress Huguette Clark dies at 104 - Business - Local business - Huguette Clark mystery | NBC News Follow @billdedman NEW YORK — Huguette M. Clark, the mysterious copper heiress who became the subject of public fascination and police investigation after a century of life as a recluse, died Tuesday morning at age 104, registered under a fake name at a hospital in New York City. Her empty mansions, and a criminal investigation into the handling of her fortune, were the subject of a series of reports last year on msnbc.com. The criminal investigation continues into the handling of her money by her attorney and accountant, with detectives and a forensic accountant poring over the many years of Clark's financial records. An assistant district attorney was able to visit with Clark in the hospital, more than once, and to have a conversation with her, in both French and English. A state grand jury in Manhattan issued subpoenas for documents. It could be months before the investigation's conclusion is known.

Though she inherited one of the great mining fortunes of the 19th century, she lived quietly into the 21st century, secluded in a spartan hospital room for more than two decades despite being in relatively good physical health. Intensely shy, in the last year of her life she became a subject of public fascination, a trending topic of searches on Google and Yahoo, pictured on the cover of the New York tabloids, with fan pages on Facebook, a biography on Wikipedia, and her story read by tens of millions — though the last known photograph of her was made in 1930. After msnbc.com reported her death Tuesday morning, based on sources at the hospital, her attorney issued a brief statement of confirmation: "Madame Clark's passing is a sad event for everyone who loved and respected her over the years," said Michael McKeon, spokesman for attorney Wallace "Wally" Bock. "She died as she wanted, with dignity and privacy. We intend to continue to respect her wishes for privacy." The cause of death was not disclosed. She was just two weeks short of her 105th birthday, on June 9.

In recent years her eyesight had failed and her hearing was weak, and at times she had been unwilling to eat. She was moved in mid-April from her private room at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York up to its medical intensive care unit, then in mid-May to a room with hospice care. She had been living at the hospital under pseudonyms — the latest was Harriet Chase — in a guarded room with full-time private nurses. Her hospital room number didn't even exist — outside her room on the 3rd floor, a card with the fake room number "1B" and the name "Chase" was taped over the actual room number. When she was moved to intensive care, room 1B was cleared of her belongings, and the card was removed. Huguette Clark has been almost entirely alone, aside from her private nurse and occasional visits by her accountant. One of her former attorneys represented her for 20 years without meeting her face to face, instead talking through a closed door. Advertise She outlived her closest friend and social secretary, Suzanne Pierre, who was also French and the widow of Huguette's doctor. Madame Pierre died this spring after suffering from Alzheimer's disease in recent years.

A decade ago, Clark gave her a gift of $10 million by selling a painting. Born to high society and scandal Huguette (pronounced "u-GET") Marcelle Clark was born in Paris on June 9, 1906, the youngest child of U.S. Sen. William Andrews Clark of Montana (1839-1925), known as one of the copper kings. When she was a child, her father was described by The New York Times as either the richest or second-richest American, neck and neck with John D. Rockefeller. W.A. Clark made a fortune in copper mining in Montana and Arizona, and owned banks, railroads, newspapers, sugar, tea, timber, real estate and many other investments. He served one full term in the Senate as a Democrat from Montana, from 1901 to 1907, despite having to give up the seat earlier in 1900 in a scandal involving bribes paid to legislators to send him to the Senate. (The explanation attributed to him: "I never bought a man who wasn't for sale.") The 17th Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which removed the election of senators from the hands of legislators and gave it to the people, is a backhanded tribute to his legacy. While serving in the Senate in 1904, the 65-year-old widower shocked the political and financial world by announcing that he had secretly remarried three years earlier, and that he and his 26-year-old wife already had a 2-year-old daughter, Andrée. A second daughter, Huguette, was born in 1906. When Huguette was about 4, the family of four moved into a 121-room house at Fifth Avenue and 77th Street in New York City, stuffed with the senator's collection of French paintings. The senator died in 1925 and soon was largely forgotten, except to the occasional question on Jeopardy! and to historians in Montana, Arizona and Nevada, where his railroad spawned the city of Las Vegas and where Clark County is named for him. Associated Press This is the last known photo of Huguette Clark, taken 80 years ago. She has hidden away in a New York hospital room for at least the past 22 years. This photo was made on Aug.

11, 1930, the day of her divorce, in Reno, Nev. Her marriage lasted two years. She has no children. Huguette Clark grew up in high society in New York City and was educated at Miss Spence's School for Girls. When her father died, she received an allowance of $7,500 a month (about $1.2 million a year in today's dollars), and when she reached 21 she inherited one-fifth of her father's estate, an even split with his children from his first marriage. The entire estate was estimated at up to $300 million, or about $3.6 billion today. She was married in 1928, at 22, to William Gower, a law student and Clark family employee. The couple soon separated, had no children, and divorced in less than two years, in the summer of 1930. Thereafter she lived with her mother, Anna, in the apartments at 907 Fifth Ave. (at 72nd Street), occasionally receiving family visitors and a few friends, until Anna died in 1963.

Empty mansions and financial questions In February 2010, at age 103, Huguette Clark was the subject of a feature story on msnbc.com, a photo narrative of her life and family history. She caught the imagination of the public because her three opulent homes remained unoccupied: an estate alongside the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara, Calif., worth an estimated $100 million, which she had not visited since the 1950s; a country house in New Canaan, Conn., on the market for $23 million, which she expanded but never spent a night in; and the largest apartment on New York City's Fifth Avenue, actually 42 rooms on the 8th and 12th floors, valued at about $100 million. Full coverage: 'The Clarks, an American story of wealth, mystery and scandal' The homes have been carefully maintained through all these years. The oceanfront estate in Santa Barbara remains furnished, with paintings on the walls, gardens tended, furniture carefully covered, the great house ready to be opened if she should send word of an impending visit.

The country house in Connecticut has had extensive repairs, watched by a full-time caretaker who said he wasn't sure whether Clark was dead or alive. And the apartments in New York, with her collections of dolls and dollhouses as well as fine paintings and furniture, are visited regularly by housekeepers and her attorney. Claudio Papapietro Irving Kamsler, Huguette Clark's longtime accountant, pleaded guilty in October 2008 to attempting to disseminate indecent material to minors. The court sentenced him to five years of probation, but he was allowed to keep his license as a certified public accountant. In a letter he told his client only the barest details of the case. Then a feature story became an investigation. Msnbc.com reported in August that her wealth was managed by her attorney, Wally Bock, 79, of Queens, N.Y., and her certified public accountant, a felon named Irving H. Kamsler, 64, of the Bronx, N.Y.

Kamsler pleaded guilty in 2008 to attempting to distribute indecent material to 13- and 15-year-old girls in an AOL chat room, where he went by the handle "IRV1040." He remains a registered sex offender in New York. Msnbc.com also reported that the attorney and accountant became the owners of the New York City apartment of another elderly client, a lawyer at Bock's firm who had been Clark's attorney. The apartment was bequeathed to them after the man's last will and testament was revised six times during his last years, a period when his family and neighbors said he suffered from dementia. The Manhattan district attorney began investigating the handling of Clark's finances. The DA's Elder Abuse Unit and New York City police detectives have looked at allegations relating to transactions in her bank accounts, as well as the confidential sale of her Stradivarius violin for $6 million, the sale of a Renoir painting for $23.5 million, the gift of $10 million to the friend and social secretary, and the gift to her longtime nurse of cash to buy four homes now worth about $1.7 million.

Advertise The criminal investigation is being handled by the same prosecutor as the Brooke Astor case, in which the son and attorney of the New York heiress were convicted in 2009 of stealing from her. Huguette Clark's fortune is said to be about four times that of Astor's. Christopher Sadowski Attorney Wallace "Wally" Bock says he has always done exactly what his client, heiress Huguette Clark, has asked. He acknowledged soliciting from her a gift of $1.5 million for the community where his daughter and grandchildren live. The attorney and accountant had not been accused of a crime in the handling of the Clark finances, and both men said through written statements last year that they had handled Clark's affairs in accordance with her wishes. A family fight to protect her In September, three Clark family members went to court in New York , asking that a guardian be appointed to protect her. The relatives (her half-nieces and half-nephews, descendants of Clark's father from his first marriage) said they had been blocked from visiting Clark through the years and, citing news articles, they alleged that the attorney and accountant had exerted undue influence on her.

(Read the document: the family's petition .) The attorney, Bock, confirmed in court documents that after the terrorism attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, he had solicited a donation from Clark of more than $1.5 million, which she gave to a West Bank community where his daughter is a settler. Bock said that she gave the donation freely of her own accord. New York ethics rules prohibit lawyers from soliciting gifts from clients "for the benefit of the lawyer or a person related to the lawyer." Bock also revealed that she signed a will more than five years earlier, and that Bock and Kamsler have a power of attorney to handle all her financial affairs. Bock told the court he has safeguarded Clark's health, safety, welfare and privacy. He said she chose to live in the hospital, even when she was well. He denied controlling her affairs and access to her, saying he has merely carried out her wishes. "Ms. Clark has explicitly instructed me on many occasions that she does not want visitors and does not want anyone — including her relatives — to know where she resides," Bock wrote.

(Read the document: Bock's sworn statement to the court .) Telling the client less than the full story The court documents also included a 2009 letter in which Kamsler told Clark obliquely of his guilty plea. He characterized his arrest in his letter to his client this way: "I recently visited with you and explained my legal situation concerning my pleading guilty to a single felony charge involving the use of my computer to attempt to communicate with minors, who in fact were not minors but were undercover agents." His letter was signed by "H.M. Clark" to indicate her willingness that he continue as one of her executors and trustees. Bock and Kamsler have both declined to say whether they are also named as beneficiaries.

(Read the document: Kamsler's letter signed by Huguette Clark .) Kamsler's letter didn't mention that he was indicted on five charges, or that he was charged with trying to disseminate indecent material to people who he thought were 13-year-old and 15-year-old girls, or that he tried to get the girls to engage in sexual acts and suggested they meet him in a "deserted road or park." (Read the document: Kamsler's criminal court file and investigator's report .) A state judge rejected the family petition , without a hearing, saying their claim was "insufficient in its hearsay, conclusory and speculative assertions" on the capacity of Clark to handle her affairs. The case presented something of a Catch-22: The judge said the relatives were not able to provide first-hand information about Clark to prove their allegations against the attorney and accountant, but the relatives said they had been prevented for many years by the attorney and accountant from visiting Clark. (Read the document: the judge's rulling .) Any will filed by Bock could be contested, which would lead to a court battle over her fortune.

If a court invalidated the will, Clark's estate would flow to her nearest relatives, presumably the dozen or so direct descendants from her father's first marriage. Related content Flowers on Tuesday at the door to the Clark mausoleum, where Huguette Clark will be interred. Burial No information was available about any funeral Mass for Clark, who was raised a Roman Catholic, like her mother. The family has made preparations in recent years for Clark to be entombed in the grand Clark family mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, N.Y. Construction at the mausoleum was taking place in March to make room for Huguette, who had not made arrangements before, though the mausoleum was built before she was born. Also resting there are her sister, who died of meningitis at 16; their father the senator; his first and second wives, and other children and relatives from his first marriage.

Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism' Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism' By THE NEW YORK TIMES John Davison Rockefeller was the richest man in the world at the height of his active career. Starting his business life as a poor boy in an office, with little formal education and no capital except what he saved by strict economy out of meager earnings, he became the pioneer of efficient business organization and of the modern corporation, the most powerful capitalist of his age, and the greatest philanthropist and patron of higher education, scientific research and public health in the history of the world. It was estimated after Mr. Rockefeller retired from business that he had accumulated close to $1,500,000,000 out of the earnings of the Standard Oil trust and out of his other investments. This was probably the greatest amount of wealth that any private citizen had ever been able to accumulate by his own efforts. The foregoing estimate was made on the basis of 1918 income tax returns, which indicated that Mr.

Rockefeller's taxable income was then $33,000,000 and that his total fortune was probably more than $800,000,000. At that time he had distributed about $500,000,000 in public benefactions. Mr. Rockefeller's taxable income in 1921 had decreased to between $1,000,000 and $1,500,000, and he no longer headed the list of the Internal Revenue Bureau, as there was a taxpayer with a net income of more than $5,000,000. John D. Rockefeller Jr. made a public statement in the same year that his father's wealth had never reached $1,000,000,000, although the elder Rockefeller had often been referred to as "the world's only billionaire." John D. Rockefeller Jr.

also said that his father's property had been "materially reduced by the large gifts from principal which he had made during recent years." In 1923, during the Senate oil investigation, it was learned from testimony at Washington that the elder Rockefeller was no longer a stockholder in the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and that he did not hold 1 per cent of stock in any of the Standard Oil companies. The World's Greatest Giver Mr. Rockefeller, who had been the greatest "getter" of money in the country during the years he was exploiting its oil resources, became, after his retirement from business, the world's greatest giver. He gave even more than Andrew Carnegie, whose philanthropies amounted to $350,000,000. Not until Mr. Rockefeller's death were complete and accurate figures on his benefactions made public. Then it was disclosed that in the period between 1855 and 1934 he had made gifts to various charitable and educational organizations totaling $530,853,632.

Of this sum, $182,851,480 went to the Rockefeller Foundation, $129,209,167 to the General Education Board, $73,985,313 to the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in New York City and $59,931,891 to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. These were the largest items on his list of philanthropies. There were other sizable gifts, however, including $34,708,375 to the University of Chicago and large gifts to Protestant churches, the Y. M. C. A, Y. W. C. A., the Anti-Saloon League and the Republican National Committee. The amount of money that Mr. Rockefeller induced others to give cannot be estimated. It was his custom, however, to make many of his gifts contingent upon the ability of sponsors of an institution to raise an equal amount through their own efforts. Mr. Rockefeller also distributed a large part of his fortune among members of his family. Whereas the elder Rockefeller owned less than 1 per cent of the stock of any of the Standard Oil companies in 1923, John D.

Rockefeller Jr., it was testified before the Senate committee, owned Standard Oil stock with a market value of $410,674,399, paying an annual dividend of $11,946,622. The life story of the man who started with nothing and accumulated so much and who gave away so much is the outstanding example of the romance of American business, the most dramatic illustration of the opportunity for amassing wealth which was a part of the era of rugged individualism. How his heredity and environment, his home life and his early training fitted him to seize opportunity when it came to him; how it came; how he developed it in the foundation of the first and most powerful of American trusts, and how he devoted his declining years to "scientific giving" on a scale as large as his business enterprises make one of the most fascinating stories in American life. Favorable heredity was an important factor in Mr. Rockefeller's success. It is a commonly accepted scientific belief that only the hardiest, strongest spirits have the courage to leave their homes and emigrate to a new country in its early days, and that the descendants of such pioneers are best fitted to survive in an era of ruthless competition.

Ancestors From Coblenz John D. Rockefeller's ancestors came to this country from near Coblenz on the Rhine in 1720. The family, originally named Rochefeuille or Rocquefeuille, according to genealogists, had left the Province of Languedoc in the south of France during the persecution of the Huguenots in 1685. The pioneer spirit and a simple and unyielding religious faith were traditions in the Rockefeller family. John D. Rockefeller was born in Richford, a village in Tioga County, near Oswego, N. Y., on July 8, 1839. His father was William Avery Rockefeller, a country doctor and farmer. His mother was Eliza Davison, daughter of John and Cynthia Davison of Niles Township, near Moravia, N. Y. John D. had two younger brothers, William and Frank. Mr. Rockefeller himself testified, during his infrequent reminiscences of his life, to the practical training and business lessons he received from his father almost as soon as he was able to walk and talk.

His mother, who was a strict disciplinarian and "used a birch switch," also encouraged him in hard work, economy and thrift. The story of his first business experience is told in "Random Reminiscences of Men and Events," the only book that Mr. Rockefeller ever published. "When I was 7 or 8 years old," he wrote, "I engaged in my first business enterprise with the assistance of my mother. I owned some turkeys, and she presented me with the curds from the milk to feed them. I took care of the birds myself and sold them all in businesslike fashion. My receipts were all profits, as I had nothing to do with the expense account, and my receipts were kept as carefully as I knew how." A legend in connection with the boy's ownership of the turkeys was that they had strayed away and had been lost for several days, and that his mother promised him he could have them for his very own if he found them. He searched for the turkeys with the same thoroughness that he displayed in his maturity and found them after much trouble. Kept a Memorandum as Boy The great gifts that Mr.

Rockefeller made to charity and his active interest in the church when he became rich can also be traced back to the lessons he learned in the family circle. His parents taught him to make small gifts to the church and to the poor, even when he was a small boy. Under his father's guidance, he kept from boyhood an account of every cent he received and spent and gave away. The first of these account books, a small paper-backed memorandum book, which became famous in later years as "Ledger A," contained a record of everything, including "philanthropies" of a cent or two and incidents of his early life. Finding this little book twenty-five years later in a collection of old papers, Mr. Rockefeller recalled how he had economized so much in those days that he had even kept his accounts on the cover. Ledger A showed that as a boy Rockefeller had given a cent to his Sunday school every Sunday. In one month there were entries of 10 cents to foreign missions, 50 cents to the Mite Society, 12 cents to the Five Points Mission in New York, 35 cents to his Sunday school teacher for a present and 10 cents to the poor people of his church.

"I had a peculiar training in my home," Mr. Rockefeller once said. "I cannot remember when hard work was new or strange to me. We were taught to work, to save and to give. Ours seemed to be a business training from the beginning. We were encouraged to be self-reliant. I was taught to do as much business at the age of 10 or 11 as it was possible for me to do. I was sent over the hills to buy cordwood. I did not require the presence of anybody to enable me to secure good measure of good wood from the men who sold it. It was good training for me." Mr. Rockefeller discovered the secret of making money his slave at the age of 14. He had saved $50 from his turkey sales, other small enterprises and the performance of chores for his father and the neighbors. Lending this at 7 per cent, he received the principal and interest back at the end of a year. About the same time he received $1.12 for three days of back-breaking labor, ten hours a day, digging potatoes for a neighbor.

On entering the two transactions in his ledger he realized that his pay for this hard work was less than one-third the annual interest on his $50 and resolved to make as much money work for him as he could. Family Moves to Ohio The Rockefeller family moved to a farm near Cleveland in 1853. Mr. Rockefeller, who had attended the Owego Academy at Oswego, N. Y., spent a year and a half at the Cleveland High School. There he met Laura Celestina Spelman, a classmate, whom he married when he was 25. Her father was a merchant of Akron, Ohio. His father had intended to send him to college, but could not afford to do so. Instead, John D. attended a business college for several months, learning bookkeeping and the fundamentals of commercial transactions. At the age of 15 he joined the Erie Street (now the Euclid Avenue) Baptist Church in Cleveland. It was a struggling mission church, with a $2,000 mortgage about to be foreclosed. Young Rockefeller stood at the door of the church begging contributions every Sunday until he raised enough to pay the debt.

Two years later, when he was only 17, he was made a trustee of the church and later on was superintendent of the Sunday school for thirty years. He was always active in the church, and once said that he had been a "beggar" for church funds all his life and was proud of it. He got his first job on Sept. 26, 1855, at the age of 16, after tramping the streets from morning to night for six weeks, at a time when business was bad and jobs were scarce. The job was a turning point in his life. He said later that he had almost given up hope of getting work in a business office and that a few more refusals of work would have sent him back to his father's farm. When he became rich Mr. Rockefeller celebrated Sept. 26 with annual parties which he seemed to rank as high as or higher than his birthday celebrations. His first employers were Hewitt & Tuttle, who had a wholesale produce commission warehouse on the lakefront at Cleveland. At first he was a clerk and assistant bookkeeper. He did not get paid until Jan. 1, 1856.

Ledger A showed that he had received $50 for more than three months' work, out of this paying his landlady and washerwoman, saving a little and giving away a little. There were entries of "25 cents to a poor man" and "50 cents to a poor woman." The ledger disclosed that from Nov. 24, 1855, to the following April he spent $9 for clothes and gave $5.58. At the end of a year he became bookkeeper for Hewitt & Tuttle at a salary of $500 a year. He attached vital importance later on to the influence this job had in shaping his career. It gave him a chance to see and hear how business was transacted by members of the firm, in addition to auditing the books, passing bills, collecting rents, adjusting claims and meeting customers. After another year his salary was raised to $700, but he demanded $800 and gave up his job when it was refused. His First Business Venture In 1858, at the age of 19, he went into the commission business for himself in partnership with Maurice B. Clark, an Englishman ten years his senior.

Each put $2,000 into the business. Rockefeller had saved $1,000 and he borrowed the rest from his father at 10 per cent interest. He was the junior partner in the firm, which was called Clark & Rockefeller. "We were prosperous from the beginning," Mr. Rockefeller told his Bible class in later years. "We did a business of $450,000 the first year. Our profit was not large--I think about $4,400." Mr. Rockefeller was always "a great borrower," as he said himself. He kept expanding his business and borrowed large sums to finance it. His reputation for work and economy, as well as his regular habits and church attendance, gave his credit a high rating at the banks. Once a bank president warned him that he had borrowed almost all the money in the bank and that the directors wished to see him right away. "All right," he replied. "I'll go right over to see them. I want to borrow a great deal more." He got the additional loan and paid it back on time.

He organized the commission business to a high point of efficiency, drove sharp bargains and continued to live frugally and simply, saving money and putting it back into his business, so that he was prepared to seize the opportunity which came after oil was discovered in Pennsylvania in 1859. Mr. Rockefeller went into the oil business in 1862, after making a thorough study of its possibilities. He and his partner, Clark, invested in a refinery planned by Samuel Andrews, who had learned how to refine the crude oil. A new firm was organized under the name of Andrews, Clark & Co. Although he was destined to become the best-known oil man in the world, Rockefeller was then so young and unknown that his name did not even appear in the firm. Partnership Is Dissolved Andrews, Clark & Co. built a small refinery on the bank of Kingsbury Run, near Cleveland, in 1863. The oil business in its infancy was so haphazard and speculative that this firm could not surmount its obstacles. In 1865 the partnership was dissolved and the plant was offered at auction. Mr.

Rockefeller, undiscouraged, bought it in for $72,500, borrowing most of the money, and organized the new firm of Rockefeller & Andrews. In 1867 this firm absorbed an oil refinery that had been established by William Rockefeller, and took in as partners William Rockefeller and Henry M. Flagler. This was the first of the long series of reorganizations and mergers that led to the formation of the great Standard Oil Trust. In 1870, when he was 31 years old, Mr. Rockefeller organized the original Standard Oil Company, with William Rockefeller, Andrews, Flagler and Steven V. Harkness, all of whom grew rich and prominent with him as his associates. Mr. Rockefeller was president of the company, which was incorporated in Ohio for $1,000,000, a huge sum in those days. By 1872 nearly all the refining companies in Cleveland had joined the Standard Oil Company, and its capital was increased to $2,500,000.

The company soon was refining 29,000 barrels of crude oil a day and was making 9,000 oil barrels a day in its cooper shop. It owned several hundred thousand barrels of oil tankage, warehouses for storing refined oil and works for the manufacture of paints and glue. The capital was increased in 1873 to $3,500,000 to include other refining companies, and trustees were appointed to hold properties which could not be held under the charter from the State of Ohio. All these properties were merged in the Standard Oil Trust in 1882, with a capital of $70,000,000, which later was increased to $95,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller said in later years that he and his associates did not dream of the magnitude of the subsequent expansion of Standard Oil. But the business had an extraordinarily rapid growth, outdistancing all competitors. For one thing, at a time when capital was hard to get, especially for such a speculative industry as oil was then, Rockefeller could always get capital, either by putting his profits back into the business or by borrowing.

Another reason for the success of Standard Oil in an era of ruthless competition, Mr. Rockefeller said, was the fact that it was one of the first companies to work out the problem of direct selling to the consumer on a broad scale. Moreover, the Rockefeller system of close accounting and strict economy gave the Standard Oil a tremendous advantage over most of the oilmen, who had little or no business training. Others Join His Company Early conditions in the oil industry were so unstable that many companies were ruined overnight by sharp fluctuations in the market. Mr. Rockefeller began preaching to his competitors in an around Cleveland that they were all in danger of being wiped out unless they had some mutual organization for protection, and inviting them to come into Standard Oil. At the end of two years nearly all of the petroleum refiners in Cleveland were members of the Standard Oil Company, beginning a development and absorption which were to become one of the wonders of the nineteenth century business world. Cleveland displaced Pittsburgh as the principal oil-refining center of the country. This resulted in efforts to dislodge Rockefeller from his position of growing power. Colonel Thomas A.

Scott, head of the Pennsylvania Railroad, projected a combination of railroads and oil refiners under the name of the South Improvement Company with the announced intention of "wiping Cleveland off the map." Rockefeller fought back to save his business and fortune and was ready to grapple for the final battle when the charter of the South Improvement Company was revoked. This victory was followed by a merger of the Pittsburgh refiners into the Standard Oil combination. Refiners in Philadelphia, New York, New Jersey, New England, Pennsylvania and West Virginia then went into the combination. Mr. Rockefeller organized the Standard Oil Trust, holding the stocks of all these companies, as well as of the original Standard Oil Company, in 1882, when he was 43 years old. The original Standard Oil Company had already distributed some $11,000,000 in dividends and had established assets of $55,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller was growing richer and more powerful every day, and was still putting his money back into the business. In the organization of the Standard Oil Trust Mr. Rockefeller created a new form of commercial enterprise which became more powerful than the richest bank in the country.

It marked the beginning of an era of modern industrial monopoly. Pipe line companies and other companies for gathering, distributing and marketing petroleum products in all parts of the world were organized, all working in cooperation for the general benefit of the trust. Mr. Rockefeller effected great savings in the business. He developed a system of pipe lines which proved one of the greatest factors in the economical transportation of oil. The Standard Oil built its own pipe lines, bought its own tank cars for transporting oil in train loads, and established its own depots, warehouses and docks. It made its own barrels in its own shops, bought whole forests of timber and built drying houses to dry the wood. It made its own glue and paint and hired scientists to work in laboratories on means of utilizing the by-products of petroleum hitherto wasted. Expands His Influence The name of Rockefeller spread all over the world. His agents and steamships with their cargoes of oil invaded every port. His great corporation had gradually established itself in practical control of oil production and distribution in America. Mr. Rockefeller began investing his profits in other corporations in other industries, including iron interests, steamships and railroads.

At the height of his career he directed the affairs of thirty-three oil companies and indirectly influenced the affairs of hundreds of other companies. The combined capitalizations of the corporations in which he was interested ran into billions. They employed hundreds of thousands of men and women. Rockefeller became the richest man in the world. People began to denounce him as a menace and to call the Standard Oil an octopus. The anti-trust movement began in the United States. Muckraking grew in fashion in the magazines, with Rockefeller and Standard Oil as the chief targets. Ida M. Tarbell wrote a book, "The History of the Standard Oil Company," in which she attacked the business methods and financial operations with which Mr. Rockefeller had created the Oil Trust. He was accused of crushing out competition, getting rich on rebates from railroads, bribing men to spy on competing companies, of making secret agreements, of coercing rivals to join the Standard Oil Company under threat of being forced out of business, building up enormous fortunes on the ruins of other men, and so on. Mr. Rockefeller denied all these charges. He declared that there was a great difference between good trusts and bad trusts, between moral and immoral corporations.

He insisted that the Standard Oil was a good trust and that he had made his money honestly and honorably. In an age of waste and inefficiency, when the proper exploitation of natural resources was badly needed, he declared, industrial combinations were a necessity. He was proud of succeeding where others had failed in a highly hazardous industry, and was proud that there had never been any "water" in Standard oil stock. Denying that he had coerced rivals into joining Standard Oil, he declared that they had been glad to join, and had often had so little faith in the oil business that they insisted on being paid in cash instead of taking Standard Oil stock when their companies were merged into his. Had they had the faith he had, he said, they would have grown rich with him. Denies Coercing Others "No man, no concern," he said once, "was ever forced into the Standard Oil Company. The charge is false. We treated the smallest and weakest among our competitors with just as much consideration as the biggest and ablest. Our organization was formed upon the principles of cooperation, conservatism and service." Mr. Rockefeller declared that his business methods had brought about an economic revolution which had antagonized those who preferred old and obsolete methods of doing business.

It is a striking contrast that the American who had since been most bitterly criticized by radicals should have regarded himself as a revolutionist in economics and should have derided the standpatters of the business world. Mr. Rockefeller, though denounced by labor unions and radicals as an oppressor of the workers, gave financial support to a survey by John D. Rockefeller Jr. of conditions in the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company following the labor troubles of 1913. This survey resulted in the Rockefeller plan of industrial relations, a plan of industrial democracy soon put into effect in the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company and, in 1918, in the Standard Oil Company. The occasions on which Mr. Rockefeller answered the charges against him were very few. He followed in the main a policy of "sawing wood and saying nothing." On one occasion he said: "Sometimes things are said about us that are cruel and they hurt. But I am never a pessimist. I never despair. I believe in man and the brotherhood of man and am confident that everything will come out for the good of all in the end.

I have decided to say nothing, hoping that after my death the truth will gradually come to the surface and that posterity will do strict justice." Mr. Rockefeller "sawed wood" with such good effect that it was estimated that the Standard Oil combine distributed $751,000,000 in dividends in the twenty-nine years between its organization in 1882 and its dissolution by the United States Supreme Court in 1911. In 1895, at the age of 56, Mr. Rockefeller retired from active business, merely retaining the title of president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, capitalized at $110,000,000, into which the Standard Oil Trust had been reorganized after its dissolution was first ordered by the courts in 1892. He retired from this office in 1911, six months after the corporation was ordered to dissolve into its constituent companies. During the dissolution suit the government filed a list of Standard Oil stockholders, showing that Mr. Rockefeller held 247,692 shares with a market value of $167,192,000.

This was only part of his fortune, as he had enormous holdings in companies outside the oil industry, including stock in most of the trunk line railroads in the United States. Selected Able Aids One of his talents, in business as in philanthropy, was in selecting good men and letting them alone. His personal nature was little known to the general public, so that it was not generally realized that Mr. Rockefeller was the forerunner of the modern executive who keeps his desk clear, spends his afternoons on the golf links and delegates detail to subordinates. He believed in conserving his strength. After he was 34 he made it a practice to take a nap of an hour or two after luncheon every day and frequently took three or four afternoons away from his office for golf or puttering around his country estate, laying out roads and paths and planting trees. He never bustled and never was excited. He used to say that after he had established himself he could hardly be called "diligent in business" in the copybook sense and that he was only a fifth wheel in the Standard Oil organization. Mr. Rockefeller took up golf in 1899 and played it constantly thereafter.

It was his sole exercise in his later years. When well past 80 he played a good nine holes in 41 to 45, and was delighted when he defeated an opponent or when his side won in a foursome. On his eighty-second birthday he played a round of golf with his physician and lifelong friend, Dr. H. F. Biggar of Cleveland, also 82, and planned a game of golf for his 100th birthday. He played the game all the year round on his private links at Pocantico Hills and at Ormond Beach, Fla. In his eighties he sometimes played on hot Summer days with an attendant following him around to hold an umbrella over his head to protect him from the sun. Early in 1928 he cut his daily course from eight holes to six at Ormond Beach, remarking that eight holes was too much for a man of 88 and that it was better to play a good game for six holes than to be a dub for eight. Mr. Rockefeller attributed his long life to his temperate habits. He never used alcohol or tobacco, ate moderately and exercised daily. At the time of the eighty-two-year-old golf match Dr.

Biggar said that Mr. Rockefeller never took medicine, that he played golf every morning, slept well and ate well of simple and plain foods. He once had indigestion for several years, but got over it. He lived on a methodical schedule, with a time for everything--a certain hour for golf, a certain hour for motoring, & c. After every meal he remained at the table playing Numerica, a simple puzzle of numbers, with members of his household, to aid his digestion. He went to bed early and got up early. He liked to hear music on rising and retiring, especially old songs and Negro melodies. In his declining years he liked to play with his grandchildren, whom he taught to save and give like himself. He had birthday parties with frosted candles and enjoyed joining the children in blowing out the flames. Wore Wigs for Many Years Mr. Rockefeller wore wigs for many years, having them made by an expert in Washington. He had a special wig for golf, another for church and others for ordinary wear. Mr. Rockefeller was much more friendly to strangers in his later years than earlier.

He carried shiny new dimes around by the pocketful and distributed them among girls and boys he found playing in the street and to singers on the ferry between Tarrytown and Nyack, which he often crossed in his automobile. Whereas in former years he had been cold and reticent toward the general public, he surprised reporters and photographers several times in recent years with his friendly and approachable behavior. He engaged strangers in genial conversation and handed them the inevitable new dimes as souvenirs of the meetings. He apparently cared little for the pomp and circumstance of life. The spotlight did not attract him. He never held public office and he kept off committees. When he gave money to charity he contented himself with a brief announcement and did not seek applause. It was several years after he founded the Rockefeller Institute before he visited the buildings. When he did visit them he was unheralded and had no official welcome. Neither Mr. Rockefeller nor his wife took much interest in social affairs outside of the circle of their lifelong friends. Mrs. Rockefeller devoted most of her life to her family, church and Sunday school and charities. During her last years she was unable to attend church and Mr. Rockefeller brought her notes on the sermons every Sunday.

She died at Pocantico Hills in 1915 while Mr. Rockefeller was in the South. The Rockefellers had five children, one of whom, Alice, died in infancy. Two other daughters died later in mature life. They were Bessie, who married Charles A. Strong, formerly Professor of Psychology at Columbia University, and Edith, who married Harold McCormick of Chicago in 1895 and divorced him in 1922. The living children are John D. Rockefeller Jr. of New York, who married Miss Abby Greene Aldrich, daughter of former United States Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, and Alta, now Mrs. E. Parmalee Prentice of New York. Had Five Fine Homes Mr. Rockefeller, at one time, had five homes. His town house was at 4 West Fifty-fourth St. The country estate at Pocantico Hills, near Tarrytown, N. Y., was his favorite residence. He called it Kiikuit--old Dutch for Lookout.

It is situated on a hill overlooking the Hudson River and the valleys and hills of Westchester County, and contains 3,000 acres, with beautiful gardens. Mr. Rockefeller built on this property a home at a cost of more than $2,000,000. The property was said to cost $500,000 a year to maintain. With 350 employes and thirty teams constantly at work, the payroll was said to be about $18,000 a month. Mr. Rockefeller also had a large estate called Golf House at Lakewood, N. J., and formerly had a Summer place called Forest Hill near Cleveland, surrounded by 640 acres of lawns, gardens and groves. This house burned down in 1918 and was not rebuilt. Several years ago he bought an estate at Ormond Beach, Fla., where he spent his Winters. A mystery in Mr. Rockefeller's private life which he never cleared up publicly concerned his attitude toward his father and his brother Frank. Frank Rockefeller cast in his fortunes with his brothers, John and William, in their early oil ventures, and became wealthy as Vice President of the original Standard Oil Company.

He became estranged from his brothers, however, and severed business connections with them. He became a stock farmer in Kansas and died in a hospital in Cleveland in 1916 after an intestinal operation. On his deathbed Frank Rockefeller dictated this statement: "Frank Rockefeller has not sent for his brother John and will not send for him, nor will he advise his brother of his illness." Frank Rockefeller hinted that his brother John had failed to take care of his father properly in his old age. Mr. Rockefeller, in his book, "Random Reminiscences," gave his father credit for training him in practical ways and teaching him the principles and methods of business. He also said in this volume that his father had charged him 10 per cent interest on loans needed in financing the young man's business. In this connection, John D. wrote that 10 per cent was a common interest rate on such loans in those days, but that many persons regarded it as excessive. He added that his father often tested his business capacity by demanding the return of his loans at unexpected moments, which frequently embarrassed John D. and, he admitted, somewhat displeased him.

William Rockefeller, who remained on friendly terms with his brother John all his life, died at his estate, near North Tarrytown, in 1922. His temperament was much different from his brother's. Whereas John D. belonged to few clubs and seldom visited them, William belonged to many and frequently visited them. William was not particularly interested in philanthropic work and was not prominent in religious activities. His largest known public benefaction was a gift of $1,000,000 to the United War Work Fund. The two brothers were together a great deal and frequently visited the boyhood home in Upper New York State together. Hoped to Be a Centenarian John D. Rockefeller reached a great age partly because he devoted the same attention to organizing the resources of his body that he once gave to organizing the oil industry. After he had passed 90 he told his friends he hoped to pass 100. By living each day contented and quiet, he explained, he believed he had the best chance of living each morrow.

Having many years ago rid himself of the worry over more than $1,000,000,000 in capital holdings by turning them over to his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr., to be spent "for the benefit of all mankind," Mr. Rockefeller spent the remainder of his life in contentment and increasing health, pleased to be known as "Neighbor John." He turned over even the Tarrytown estate to his son. During the last decade, the only wealth that lay in his hands for immediate personal disposal was supplied each morning at 7 o'clock, when his valet filled one pocket of his trousers with newly minted nickels and the other pocket with newly minted dimes, about $5 worth. To encourage the downcast, he gave a nickel. To reward the triumphant, who beat him at golf, he gave a dime. Benefactions requiring larger sums and more careful examination were matters for his son. Although the tactics of the predatory age in which the oil industry grew up had passed into history, and since then beneficiaries of hundreds of millions for public health, education and welfare had intervened, Mr.

Rockefeller's awareness of enemies who could not forgive him for his great wealth was registered by his own statement at the age of 92: "It must be the aim of a Christian to make his enemy lovely. It is not my supreme business to secure my safety, but to remove his ugliness. He may injure my reputation; but, far worse, he is blighting his own character. Therefore I must seek to remove the greater thing, the corrosive malady in his own soul." Free from any worry about the practical application of these principles, however, having turned the entire administration of philanthropy over to his son, Mr. Rockefeller continued to look forward to each birthday as an achievement in the business of living indefinitely. His Views on the Depression In 1932 he disposed of the prolonged depression with the observation that "God's in His heaven. All's right with the world." His preoccupation was the choice of poems and prayers to be read at breakfast as aids in the art of living. "These things," he often said, "express my sentiments more satisfactorily than I could myself." On the eve of his ninety-third birthday, Mr. Rockefeller gave his last birthday message to the public, via the press.

He said: "These are days when many are discouraged. In the ninety-three years of my life, depressions have come and gone. Prosperity has always returned, and will again." But on his ninety-fourth birthday he refrained, for the first time in many years, from giving his usual message. For the first time in many years, too, his physicians found it unadvisable for him in a weakened condition after a cold, to undertake his annual trip to Florida for the Winter season. He did, however, spend what he described as his "happiest Thanksgiving" at his Pocantico Hills estate. Thereafter his routine was administered more and more flexibly. He succeeded in reaching Florida in February, 1934, but admitted he would have to abandon his daily golf, which had been reduced to two holes before his last cold. As long as he remained in Florida, however, he had himself driven to the golf courses to watch others play. After his return to his Summer home in Lakewood in 1934, his public appearances were limited practically to his change of residence with the seasons.

On these occasions he liked to accost groups of children with a cheery "How-are-you?" They stared at the aged face from which the greeting emerged but made no reply. Mr. Rockefeller's physical activity became limited to sitting privately in the sun a few hours a day, and being driven in an automobile along private driveways, sunk in cushions, sometimes with the shades drawn when the passing panorama lost his attention. During his infrequent walks, male nurses walked at each elbow. Electric elevators were installed in his residences so that he might not have to climb a single flight of stairs. Besides a careful diet, oxygen tanks were kept on hand and included in his traveling baggage as respiratory stimulants. Interested in World Events He continued to be interested in the events of the outside world and had the daily newspapers read to him--as well as the Bible--but he was completely isolated from all but a few friends and members of his family and a few well-behaved children. The outside world was periodically reminded that he still existed only by reports that he had caught cold or had recovered from one. In July, 1935, Dr.

Vanderhoef Disbrow said that a complete physical overhaul of his system showed there was every possibility Mr. Rockefeller would achieve his ambition to live a century. At the age of 96, he had then outlived the maximum set by the life insurance mortality tables, which go no higher because only one man does in 100,000. Mr. Rockefeller spent his ninety-fifth birthday at Golf House, breaking a custom of fifteen years' standing of spending that day with his family at Pocantico Hills. Even then his physical condition was causing concern among members of his family. Suffering from recurrent colds, Mr. Rockefeller left earlier and earlier each Fall for Florida. He left last Fall on Oct. 8, wearing a Landon sunflower in the lapel of his coat. He had planned to return to Golf House June 2 and celebrate his ninety-eighth birthday there next July 8. Never Despair, Rockefeller Philosophy; He Held Clear Conscience Finest Asset Statements in which John D.

Rockefeller, at various times, made known his views of wealth, religion, philanthropy and other topics included the following: I have always indulged the hope that I should be able to establish efficiency in giving, so that wealth may be of greater use to the present and future generations. One of the most important of the elements which go to make up civilization is the progress of morality and religion. Sometimes things are said about us that are cruel, and they hurt. But I am never a pessimist--I never despair. I believe in man and the brotherhood of man and am confident that everything will come out for the good of all in the end. I believe it is a duty for a man to get all the money he honestly can and give all he can. Do all the good you can. Do not grow old before your time. Maintain an interest in life and all living things. A little rest now and then helps a man to accomplish more. Be earnest. Do not be afraid to work. Persevere. If you make a mistake, remember that it is human to err. Try again and try harder. Live within your means.

One of the swiftest toboggans I know of is for a young man just starting in life to get into debt. There is no feeling in this world to be compared with self-reliance--do not sacrifice that to anything else. A clear conscience is worth more and is a greater comfort than is a great fortune gathered by dishonorable methods. The religion of man is his most important possession. There is nothing in the world that can compare with Christian fellowship; nothing that can satisfy but Christ. Sons of wealthy parents have not the ghost of a chance compared with boys who came from the country with the determination to do something in this world.

Question: 94 years ago today, what New York born oil baron became the worlds first billionaire?
Answer: John D. Rockefeller