Element 74 | Article about Element 74 by The Free Dictionary Element 74 | Article about Element 74 by The Free Dictionary Related to Element 74: Element 75 , Element 51 tungsten (tŭng`stən) [Swed.,=heavy stone], metallic chemical element; symbol W; at. no. 74; at. wt. 183.84; m.p. about 3,410&degC;; b.p. 5,660&degC;; sp. gr. 19.3 at 20&degC;; valence +2, +3, +4, +5, or +6. Tungsten is a very hard, silver-white to steel-gray metal with a body-centered cubic crystalline structure. In its chemical properties it resembles molybdenum, the element above it in Group 6 of the periodic table periodic table, chart of the elements arranged according to the periodic law discovered by Dmitri I. Mendeleev and revised by Henry G. J. Moseley. In the periodic table the elements are arranged in columns and rows according to increasing atomic number (see the table entitled .....

Click the link for more information. . It is sometimes called wolfram, and the chemical symbol is taken from this name; in naming compounds of tungsten, use of the name wolfram as a root is preferred. Tungsten is one of the most dense metals and has a higher melting point than any other metal. Pure tungsten is ductile, and wires made of it, even those of very small diameter, have a very high tensile strength. The element is resistant to ordinary acids and aqua regia but dissolves in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. It forms compounds with carbon, chlorine, oxygen, sulfur, and some other elements. It is hexavalent in its most important compounds. It forms tungstic acid (H2WO4), or wolframic acid, which is the basis of a series of salts called tungstates, or wolframates. Tungsten metal is used extensively for filaments for light bulbs and electronic tubes. Carboloy carboloy [portmanteau word from carbon and alloy], an alloy containing cobalt, tungsten, and carbon. This alloy is extremely hard, harder than steel; it is used to cut steel, porcelain, quartz, and other materials. .....

Click the link for more information. , stellite, and tungsten steels steel, alloy of iron, carbon, and small proportions of other elements. Iron contains impurities in the form of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and manganese; steelmaking involves the removal of these impurities, known as slag, and the addition of desirable alloying elements. ..... Click the link for more information. are of importance in industry because they retain their hardness and strength at high temperatures. Tungsten is usually added to steel in the form of ferrotungsten, obtained by the reduction of ferrous tungstate in an electric furnace. Tungsten carbide is used in place of diamond for dies and as an abrasive. Sodium wolframate is used in the fireproofing of fabrics, in the weighting of silk, and as a mordant in dyeing. Tungsten does not occur uncombined in nature; large deposits of its ores are found in various parts of the world.

The trioxide occurs in nature as the mineral wolfram ochre; scheelite and wolframite wolframite , reddish-brown to grayish-black lustrous mineral, a tungstate of iron and manganese, (Fe,Mn)Wo4, occurring in crystals of the monoclinic system. It is the chief ore of the metal tungsten. ..... Click the link for more information. are the chief wolframate minerals. Tungsten is usually prepared from the trioxide by reduction with hydrogen or carbon. Tungsten was first isolated from tungstic acid in 1783 by the de Elhuyar brothers. Tungsten W, a chemical element in Group VI of the Mendeleev periodic system. Atomic number, 74; atomic weight, 183.85. It is a refractory, heavy metal with a light gray color. Natural tungsten consists of a mixture of five stable isotopes with mass numbers 180, 182, 183, 184, and 186. Tungsten was discovered and isolated as tungstic oxide (WO3) in 1781 by the Swedish chemist K.

Scheele from the mineral tungsten, which was later called scheelite. In 1783 the Spanish chemists, the brothers d’Elhuyar, prepared WO3 from the mineral wolframite and, by reducing WO3 with carbon, were the first to obtain the actual metal, which they called tungsten. The actual mineral wolframite was also known to Agricola (16th century); he called it spuma lupi (wolfs cream) because tungsten, which always accompanies tin ores, interfered with the smelting of tin, converting it into the foam or scum of slags (“it devours tin as the wolf devours the sheep”). In the USA and some other countries the element was also called tungsten (Swedish, “heavy stone”). For a long time tungsten was not used industrially. It was only in the second half of the 19th century that the effects of tungsten on the properties of steel were investigated. Tungsten is sparsely distributed in nature; its content in the earth’s crust is 1 x 10~4 percent by weight.

It does not occur in the free state, but forms its own minerals, mainly tung-states, among which wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO4, and scheelite, CaWO4, are of industrial importance. Physical and chemical properties. Tungsten crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice system with dimension a = 3.1647 angstroms. Density, 19.3 g/cm3; melting point, 3410° + 20° C; boiling point, 5900° C.

Thermal conductivity (cal/cm - sec - ° C), 0.31 at 20° C and 0.26 at 1300° C; specific electrical resistance (ohms · cm x 10~6), 5.5 at 20° C and 90.4 at 2700° C; electron work function, 7.21 x 10~19 joules (J), or 4.55 electron volts (e V); high-temperature radiation coefficient (watts per sq cm), 18.0 at 1000° C, 64.0 at 2200° C, 153.0 at 2700° C, and 255.0 at 3030° C. The mechanical properties of tungsten depend on its previous treatment.

The tensile strength (kilograms-force per sq mm [kgf/mm2]) of sintered ingots is 11, and of pressure-treated ingots, 100-430; the elastic modulus is 35,000-38,000 in the case of wire and 39,000-41,000 for single-crystal threads. The Brinell hardness of sintered ingots is 200-230, and of forged ingots 350-400 (1 kgf/mm2 ≈ 10 meganewtons per sq m [MN/m2]). At room temperature the plasticity of tungsten is low. Under ordinary conditions tungsten is chemically stable. At 400°-500° C the dense metal is appreciably oxidized in air to WO3. Above 600° C steam oxidizes it vigorously to WO2. The halogens, sulfur, carbon, silicon, and boron react with tungsten at high temperatures; fluorine reacts with tungsten powder at room temperature.

Hydrogen does not react with tungsten at temperatures up to the melting point. Tungsten forms a nitride with nitrogen above 1500° C. Under ordinary conditions tungsten is resistant to hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrofluoric acids, as well as to aqua regia; at 100° C it reacts slightly with them, and it dissolves rapidly in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Upon heating, tungsten dissolves slightly in solutions of alkalies, and it dissolves rapidly in molten alkalies with the addition of air or oxidizing agents; tungstates are formed during this process. In its com-pounds tungsten has a valence of 2 to 6; the compounds of higher valence are the most stable. Tungsten forms four oxides, the highest of which is the trioxide WO3 (tungsten trioxide) and the lowest the dioxide WO2, with two intermediate oxides, W10O29 and W4O11. Tungsten trioxide is a lemon-yellow powder, which dissolves in solutions of alkalies with the formation of tungstates.

Upon reduction with hydrogen it yields the lower oxides and tungsten successively. Tungstic acid (H2WO4), a yellow powder that is virtually insoluble in water and acids, corresponds to tungsten trioxide. Solutions of tungstates are formed upon its reaction with solutions of alkalies and ammonia. At 188° C, H2WO4 loses water and forms WO3. Tungsten forms a series of chlorides and oxychlorides with chlorine. The most important are WC16 (melting point, 275° C; boiling point, 348° C) and WO2Cl2 (melting point, 266° C; sublimates above 300° C), which are produced by the action of chlorine on tungsten trioxide in the presence of carbon. Tungsten forms two sulfides with sulfur, WS2 and WS3.

The tungsten carbides WC (melting point, 2900° C) and W2C (melting point, 2750° C) are solid refractory compounds; they are produced from tungsten and carbon at 1000°-1500°C. Preparation and use. Wolframite and scheelite concentrates (50-60 percent WO3) are the raw material for the preparation of tungsten. Ferrotungsten (an alloy of iron with 65-80 per-cent tungsten), which is used in steel production, is smelted directly from the concentrates; tungsten trioxide is smelted out to obtain tungsten and its alloys and compounds. Several methods are used in industry to obtain WO3.

Scheelite concentrates are decomposed by a soda solution at 180°-200° C in autoclaves (to produce an industrial solution of sodium tungstate) or with hydrochloric acid (to produce industrial tungstic acid): (1) CaWO4 (solid) + Na2CO3 (liquid) = Na2WO4 (liquid) + CaCO3 (solid) (2) CaWO4 (solid) +2HC1 (liquid) = H2WO4 (solid) + CaCl2 (liquid) Wolframite concentrates are decomposed either by sintering with soda at 800°-900° C, followed by leaching of the Na2WO4 with water, or by heating with a caustic soda solution. Decomposition with alkaline reagents (soda or caustic soda) yields a solution of Na2WO4 that contains impurities. After the impurities are removed, H2WO4 is isolated from the solution.

(To produce precipitates that are coarser and easier to filter and wash, CaWO4 is first precipitated from the Na2WO4 solution and then decomposed with hydrochloric acid.) The dried H2WO4 contains 0.2-0.3 percent impurities. Calcination of H2WO4 at 700°-800° C yields WO3, from which hard alloys may be produced. To produce metallic tungsten, H2WO4 is further purified by the ammonia method—that is, by dissolving it in ammonia and crystallizing ammonium paratungstate, 5(NH4)2O · 12WO3 · «H2O. Calcination of this salt yields pure WO3. Tungsten powder is produced by the reduction of WO3 by hydrogen (carbon is also used in making hard metals) in electric tube furnaces at 700°-850° C. Compact metal is made from the powder by the powder metallurgy method—that is, by compressing in steel molds at pressures of 3-5 tons-force per sq cm and heat treatment of the billets.

The final stage of the heat treatment, heating to about 3000° C, is performed in special apparatus, with direct passage of an electrical current through the billets in a hydrogen atmosphere. Tungsten that lends itself well to pressure treatment (forging, drawing, and rolling) after heating is produced as a result of this process. Single tungsten crystals are obtained from the billets by the method of crucibleless electron-beam zone melting. In modern technology, tungsten is widely used both as pure metal and in the form of a number of alloys, the most important of which are alloyed steels, hard alloys based on tungsten carbide, and wear-resistant and temperature-resistant alloys. Tungsten is a component of a number of wear-resistant alloys used for coating the surfaces of machine parts (valves in airplane engines; turbine blades; and so on). Temperature-resistant alloys of tungsten with other refractory metals are used in aviation and rocketry. Its high melting point and low vapor pressure at high temperatures make tungsten indispensable for electric light filaments, as well as for making parts of vacuum-electrical devices in radio electronics and X-ray technology.

Several chemical compounds of tungsten are used in different fields of technology—for example, Na2WO4 in the paint and varnish and textile indus-tries, and WS2 as a catalyst in organic synthesis and an efficient solid lubricant for parts exposed to friction. REFERENCES It's Elemental - The Element Tungsten It's Elemental Melting Point: 3695 K (3422°C or 6192°F) Boiling Point: 5828 K (5555°C or 10031°F) Density: 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter Phase at Room Temperature: Solid Element Classification: Metal Period Number: 6 Group Number: 6 Group Name: none What's in a name? From the Swedish words tung sten, which mean "heavy stone." Tungsten's chemical symbol comes from its eariler, Germanic name, Wolfram. The name Wolfram comes from the mineral wolframite, in which it was discovered. Wolframite means "the devourer of tin" since the mineral interferes with the smelting of tin. Say what? Tungsten is pronounced as TUNG-sten.

History and Uses: Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O). Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals.

Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures. Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles. Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 1.25 milligrams per kilogram Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 1×10-4 milligrams per liter Number of Stable Isotopes: 2 ( View all isotope data ) Ionization Energy: 7.98 eV Tungsten | Define Tungsten at Dictionary.com tungsten noun, Chemistry. 1.

a rare, metallic element having a bright-gray color, a metallic luster, and a high melting point, 3410° C, and found in wolframite, tungstite , and other minerals: used in alloys of high-speed cutting tools, electric-lamp filaments, etc. Symbol: W; atomic weight: 183.85; atomic number: 74; specific gravity: 19.3. Expand 1760-70; < Swedish, equivalent to tung heavy + sten stone Related forms [tuhng-sten-ik] /tʌŋˈstɛn ɪk/ (Show IPA), adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for tungsten Expand Helter Smelter No More: Moving to Conflict Free Minerals Intel June 25, 2014 Historical Examples The first tungsten lamps appeared on the market in 1906, but these contained fragile filaments made by the squirting process. How many candle power should a 20-watt tungsten lamp give if its efficiency is one watt per candle power? Physics Willis Eugene Tower The Ultimate Weapon John Wood Campbell British Dictionary definitions for tungsten Expand noun 1.

a hard malleable ductile greyish-white element. It occurs principally in wolframite and scheelite and is used in lamp filaments, electrical contact points, X-ray targets, and, alloyed with steel, in high-speed cutting tools. Symbol: W; atomic no: 74; atomic wt: 183.85; valency: 2–6; relative density: 19.3; melting pt: 3422±20°C; boiling pt: 5555°C Also called wolfram Word Origin C18: from Swedish tung heavy + stenstone Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for tungsten Expand n.

rare metallic element, 1796, from Swedish tungsten "calcium tungstate," coined by its discoverer, Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) from tung "heavy" + sten "stone." Used earlier as the name for calcium tungstate (1770). Atomic symbol W is from Latin wolframium, from German Wolfram "iron tungstate" (see wolfram ). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper n. Symbol W A hard brittle corrosion-resistant metallic element having the highest melting point of any metal and used in high-temperature structural materials and in electrical elements, notably lamp filaments. Atomic number 74; atomic weight 183.85; melting point 3,422°C; boiling point 5,555°C; specific gravity 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Also called wolfram. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. (tŭng'stən) Symbol W A hard, gray to white metallic element that is very resistant to corrosion. It has the highest melting point of all elements, and it retains its strength at high temperatures. It is used to make light-bulb filaments and to increase the hardness and strength of steel. Atomic number 74; atomic weight 183.84; melting point 3,410°C; boiling point 5,900°C; specific gravity 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Also called wolfram. See Periodic Table . The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Translation of Tungsten in English Tungsten in English tungsten \tung"sten\ (?), n. [sw. tungsten (cf. dan. tungsteen, g. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to dan. tung, icel. ?ungr) + sten stone. see stone.] 1.

(chem.) a rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. it has both acid and basic properties. when alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. symbol w (wolframium). atomic weight, 183.6. specific gravity, 18. 2. (min.) scheelite, or calcium tungstate. [obs.] tungsten Traduzione Inglese del termine Tungsten Tungsten in Inglese tungsten \tung"sten\ (?), n. [sw. tungsten (cf. dan. tungsteen, g. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to dan. tung, icel. ?ungr) + sten stone. see stone.] 1. (chem.) a rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. it has both acid and basic properties. when alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. symbol w (wolframium).

atomic weight, 183.6. specific gravity, 18. 2. (min.) scheelite, or calcium tungstate. [obs.] tungsten W (element) | Article about W (element) by The Free Dictionary W (element) | Article about W (element) by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia . tungsten (tŭng`stən) [Swed.,=heavy stone], metallic chemical element; symbol W; at. no. 74; at. wt. 183.84; m.p. about 3,410&degC;; b.p. 5,660&degC;; sp. gr. 19.3 at 20&degC;; valence +2, +3, +4, +5, or +6. Tungsten is a very hard, silver-white to steel-gray metal with a body-centered cubic crystalline structure. In its chemical properties it resembles molybdenum, the element above it in Group 6 of the periodic table periodic table, chart of the elements arranged according to the periodic law discovered by Dmitri I.

Mendeleev and revised by Henry G. J. Moseley. In the periodic table the elements are arranged in columns and rows according to increasing atomic number (see the table entitled ..... Click the link for more information. . It is sometimes called wolfram, and the chemical symbol is taken from this name; in naming compounds of tungsten, use of the name wolfram as a root is preferred. Tungsten is one of the most dense metals and has a higher melting point than any other metal. Pure tungsten is ductile, and wires made of it, even those of very small diameter, have a very high tensile strength. The element is resistant to ordinary acids and aqua regia but dissolves in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. It forms compounds with carbon, chlorine, oxygen, sulfur, and some other elements. It is hexavalent in its most important compounds. It forms tungstic acid (H2WO4), or wolframic acid, which is the basis of a series of salts called tungstates, or wolframates. Tungsten metal is used extensively for filaments for light bulbs and electronic tubes.

Carboloy carboloy [portmanteau word from carbon and alloy], an alloy containing cobalt, tungsten, and carbon. This alloy is extremely hard, harder than steel; it is used to cut steel, porcelain, quartz, and other materials. ..... Click the link for more information. , stellite, and tungsten steels steel, alloy of iron, carbon, and small proportions of other elements. Iron contains impurities in the form of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and manganese; steelmaking involves the removal of these impurities, known as slag, and the addition of desirable alloying elements. ..... Click the link for more information. are of importance in industry because they retain their hardness and strength at high temperatures. Tungsten is usually added to steel in the form of ferrotungsten, obtained by the reduction of ferrous tungstate in an electric furnace. Tungsten carbide is used in place of diamond for dies and as an abrasive. Sodium wolframate is used in the fireproofing of fabrics, in the weighting of silk, and as a mordant in dyeing. Tungsten does not occur uncombined in nature; large deposits of its ores are found in various parts of the world.

The trioxide occurs in nature as the mineral wolfram ochre; scheelite and wolframite wolframite , reddish-brown to grayish-black lustrous mineral, a tungstate of iron and manganese, (Fe,Mn)Wo4, occurring in crystals of the monoclinic system. It is the chief ore of the metal tungsten. ..... Click the link for more information. are the chief wolframate minerals. Tungsten is usually prepared from the trioxide by reduction with hydrogen or carbon. Tungsten was first isolated from tungstic acid in 1783 by the de Elhuyar brothers. Tungsten W, a chemical element in Group VI of the Mendeleev periodic system. Atomic number, 74; atomic weight, 183.85. It is a refractory, heavy metal with a light gray color. Natural tungsten consists of a mixture of five stable isotopes with mass numbers 180, 182, 183, 184, and 186. Tungsten was discovered and isolated as tungstic oxide (WO3) in 1781 by the Swedish chemist K.

Scheele from the mineral tungsten, which was later called scheelite. In 1783 the Spanish chemists, the brothers d’Elhuyar, prepared WO3 from the mineral wolframite and, by reducing WO3 with carbon, were the first to obtain the actual metal, which they called tungsten. The actual mineral wolframite was also known to Agricola (16th century); he called it spuma lupi (wolfs cream) because tungsten, which always accompanies tin ores, interfered with the smelting of tin, converting it into the foam or scum of slags (“it devours tin as the wolf devours the sheep”). In the USA and some other countries the element was also called tungsten (Swedish, “heavy stone”). For a long time tungsten was not used industrially. It was only in the second half of the 19th century that the effects of tungsten on the properties of steel were investigated. Tungsten is sparsely distributed in nature; its content in the earth’s crust is 1 x 10~4 percent by weight.

It does not occur in the free state, but forms its own minerals, mainly tung-states, among which wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO4, and scheelite, CaWO4, are of industrial importance. Physical and chemical properties. Tungsten crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice system with dimension a = 3.1647 angstroms. Density, 19.3 g/cm3; melting point, 3410° + 20° C; boiling point, 5900° C.

Thermal conductivity (cal/cm - sec - ° C), 0.31 at 20° C and 0.26 at 1300° C; specific electrical resistance (ohms · cm x 10~6), 5.5 at 20° C and 90.4 at 2700° C; electron work function, 7.21 x 10~19 joules (J), or 4.55 electron volts (e V); high-temperature radiation coefficient (watts per sq cm), 18.0 at 1000° C, 64.0 at 2200° C, 153.0 at 2700° C, and 255.0 at 3030° C. The mechanical properties of tungsten depend on its previous treatment.

The tensile strength (kilograms-force per sq mm [kgf/mm2]) of sintered ingots is 11, and of pressure-treated ingots, 100-430; the elastic modulus is 35,000-38,000 in the case of wire and 39,000-41,000 for single-crystal threads. The Brinell hardness of sintered ingots is 200-230, and of forged ingots 350-400 (1 kgf/mm2 ≈ 10 meganewtons per sq m [MN/m2]). At room temperature the plasticity of tungsten is low. Under ordinary conditions tungsten is chemically stable. At 400°-500° C the dense metal is appreciably oxidized in air to WO3. Above 600° C steam oxidizes it vigorously to WO2. The halogens, sulfur, carbon, silicon, and boron react with tungsten at high temperatures; fluorine reacts with tungsten powder at room temperature.

Hydrogen does not react with tungsten at temperatures up to the melting point. Tungsten forms a nitride with nitrogen above 1500° C. Under ordinary conditions tungsten is resistant to hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrofluoric acids, as well as to aqua regia; at 100° C it reacts slightly with them, and it dissolves rapidly in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Upon heating, tungsten dissolves slightly in solutions of alkalies, and it dissolves rapidly in molten alkalies with the addition of air or oxidizing agents; tungstates are formed during this process. In its com-pounds tungsten has a valence of 2 to 6; the compounds of higher valence are the most stable. Tungsten forms four oxides, the highest of which is the trioxide WO3 (tungsten trioxide) and the lowest the dioxide WO2, with two intermediate oxides, W10O29 and W4O11. Tungsten trioxide is a lemon-yellow powder, which dissolves in solutions of alkalies with the formation of tungstates.

Upon reduction with hydrogen it yields the lower oxides and tungsten successively. Tungstic acid (H2WO4), a yellow powder that is virtually insoluble in water and acids, corresponds to tungsten trioxide. Solutions of tungstates are formed upon its reaction with solutions of alkalies and ammonia. At 188° C, H2WO4 loses water and forms WO3. Tungsten forms a series of chlorides and oxychlorides with chlorine. The most important are WC16 (melting point, 275° C; boiling point, 348° C) and WO2Cl2 (melting point, 266° C; sublimates above 300° C), which are produced by the action of chlorine on tungsten trioxide in the presence of carbon. Tungsten forms two sulfides with sulfur, WS2 and WS3.

The tungsten carbides WC (melting point, 2900° C) and W2C (melting point, 2750° C) are solid refractory compounds; they are produced from tungsten and carbon at 1000°-1500°C. Preparation and use. Wolframite and scheelite concentrates (50-60 percent WO3) are the raw material for the preparation of tungsten. Ferrotungsten (an alloy of iron with 65-80 per-cent tungsten), which is used in steel production, is smelted directly from the concentrates; tungsten trioxide is smelted out to obtain tungsten and its alloys and compounds. Several methods are used in industry to obtain WO3.

Scheelite concentrates are decomposed by a soda solution at 180°-200° C in autoclaves (to produce an industrial solution of sodium tungstate) or with hydrochloric acid (to produce industrial tungstic acid): (1) CaWO4 (solid) + Na2CO3 (liquid) = Na2WO4 (liquid) + CaCO3 (solid) (2) CaWO4 (solid) +2HC1 (liquid) = H2WO4 (solid) + CaCl2 (liquid) Wolframite concentrates are decomposed either by sintering with soda at 800°-900° C, followed by leaching of the Na2WO4 with water, or by heating with a caustic soda solution. Decomposition with alkaline reagents (soda or caustic soda) yields a solution of Na2WO4 that contains impurities. After the impurities are removed, H2WO4 is isolated from the solution.

(To produce precipitates that are coarser and easier to filter and wash, CaWO4 is first precipitated from the Na2WO4 solution and then decomposed with hydrochloric acid.) The dried H2WO4 contains 0.2-0.3 percent impurities. Calcination of H2WO4 at 700°-800° C yields WO3, from which hard alloys may be produced. To produce metallic tungsten, H2WO4 is further purified by the ammonia method—that is, by dissolving it in ammonia and crystallizing ammonium paratungstate, 5(NH4)2O · 12WO3 · «H2O. Calcination of this salt yields pure WO3. Tungsten powder is produced by the reduction of WO3 by hydrogen (carbon is also used in making hard metals) in electric tube furnaces at 700°-850° C. Compact metal is made from the powder by the powder metallurgy method—that is, by compressing in steel molds at pressures of 3-5 tons-force per sq cm and heat treatment of the billets.

The final stage of the heat treatment, heating to about 3000° C, is performed in special apparatus, with direct passage of an electrical current through the billets in a hydrogen atmosphere. Tungsten that lends itself well to pressure treatment (forging, drawing, and rolling) after heating is produced as a result of this process. Single tungsten crystals are obtained from the billets by the method of crucibleless electron-beam zone melting. In modern technology, tungsten is widely used both as pure metal and in the form of a number of alloys, the most important of which are alloyed steels, hard alloys based on tungsten carbide, and wear-resistant and temperature-resistant alloys. Tungsten is a component of a number of wear-resistant alloys used for coating the surfaces of machine parts (valves in airplane engines; turbine blades; and so on). Temperature-resistant alloys of tungsten with other refractory metals are used in aviation and rocketry. Its high melting point and low vapor pressure at high temperatures make tungsten indispensable for electric light filaments, as well as for making parts of vacuum-electrical devices in radio electronics and X-ray technology.

Several chemical compounds of tungsten are used in different fields of technology—for example, Na2WO4 in the paint and varnish and textile indus-tries, and WS2 as a catalyst in organic synthesis and an efficient solid lubricant for parts exposed to friction. REFERENCES Vertaling van Tungsten in het Engels Tungsten in Engels tungsten \tung"sten\ (?), n. [sw. tungsten (cf. dan. tungsteen, g. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to dan. tung, icel. ?ungr) + sten stone. see stone.] 1. (chem.) a rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. it has both acid and basic properties. when alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. symbol w (wolframium). atomic weight, 183.6. specific gravity, 18. 2. (min.) scheelite, or calcium tungstate.

[obs.] tungsten Tungsten - definition of tungsten by The Free Dictionary Tungsten - definition of tungsten by The Free Dictionary (tŭng′stən) n. Symbol W A hard, brittle, corrosion-resistant, gray to white metallic element extracted from wolframite, scheelite, and other minerals, having the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of any metal. Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature structural materials and wear-resistant tools and machine parts; in electrical elements, notably lamp filaments; and in instruments requiring thermally compatible glass-to-metal seals. Atomic number 74; atomic weight 183.84; melting point 3,422°C; boiling point 5,555°C; specific gravity 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Also called wolfram. See Periodic Table . [Swedish : tung, heavy (from Old Norse thungr) + sten, stone (from Old Norse steinn; see stāi- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots).] tung·sten′ic (-stĕn′ĭk) adj.

tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən) n (Elements & Compounds) a hard malleable ductile greyish-white element. It occurs principally in wolframite and scheelite and is used in lamp filaments, electrical contact points, X-ray targets, and, alloyed with steel, in high-speed cutting tools. Symbol: W; atomic no: 74; atomic wt: 183.85; valency: 2–6; relative density: 19.3; melting pt: 3422±20°C; boiling pt: 5555°C. Also called: wolfram [C18: from Swedish tung heavy + sten stone] tung•sten (ˈtʌŋ stən) n. a rare, bright gray, lustrous metallic element having a high melting point, 3410°C: used in electric-lamp filaments. Symbol: W ; at. wt.: 183.85; at. no.: 74; sp. gr.: 19.3.

[1760–70; < Swedish, =tung heavy + sten stone] tung•sten′ic (-ˈstɛn ɪk) adj. tung·sten (tŭng′stən) Symbol W A hard, gray to white metallic element that is very resistant to corrosion. It has the highest melting point of all elements. Tungsten remains very strong at high temperatures and is used to make light-bulb filaments and to increase the hardness and strength of steel. Atomic number 74. Also called wolfram. See Periodic Table . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Tungsten dictionary definition | tungsten defined » more... Deposits of copper, tin, iron and tungsten have been discovered, and a variety of other mineral products (graphite, mica, spodumene, coal, petroleum, &c.). In unlimited supply, important deposits of rich iron ores suitable for smelting purposes; and for the manufacture of steel of certain descriptions abundance of manganese, chrome and tungsten ores are available. Scheelite, another mineral of tungsten, is also found in Queensland.

Considerable quantities of the following minerals have been found: barytes (heavy spar), magnetite (magnetic iron ore), and pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) in Humboldt county; roofing slate in Esmeralda county; cinnabar (ore containing quicksilver) in Washoe county; haematite in Elko and Churchill counties; cerussite and galena (lead ores) in Eureka county; and wolframite (a source of tungsten) at Round Mountain, White Pine county. Thus, hydrogen unites with but a single atom of chlorine, zinc with two, boron with three, silicon with four, phosphorus with five and tungsten with six. Traduction de Tungsten en Anglais Tungsten dans Anglais tungsten \tung"sten\ (?), n. [sw. tungsten (cf. dan. tungsteen, g. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to dan. tung, icel. ?ungr) + sten stone. see stone.] 1.

(chem.) a rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. it has both acid and basic properties. when alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. symbol w (wolframium). atomic weight, 183.6. specific gravity, 18. 2. (min.) scheelite, or calcium tungstate. [obs.] tungsten

Question: Which element, atomic no. 74 derives its name from the Swedish word for heavy stone?
Answer: Tungsten