March 1807 - What Happened - On This Day On This Day What Happened in March 1807 Full Calendar Mar 2 US Congress bans the slave trade within the US, effective January 1, 1808 Election of Interest Mar 2 William Cavendish-Bentinck becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time after the fall of William Grenville 's Whig government British Prime Minister Mar 5 1st performance of Ludwig von Beethoven 's 4th Symphony in B Composer Ludwig van Beethoven Mar 25 First fare-paying, passenger railway service in the world established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales. Mar 25 British Parliament abolishes slave trade throughout the British Empire; a penalty of £120 per slave is introduced for slave ship captains. Event of Interest This Week In Business Travel History – 25 March 2012 | Frequent Business Traveler This Week In Business Travel History – 25 March 2012 By Michael Acampora on 27 March 2012 Share In 1609, Henry Hudson embarked on his journey to America on behalf of the Dutch East India Company.

Hudson was one of the first explorers to chart the new world, including New York’s Hudson River, which was named in his honor. The first ever fare-paying passenger railway service began in Wales (Britain) in 1807. The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was active until 1960. In 1920, Waddon Airport at Croydon was first used as London’s airport. Located about 10 miles south of the city, Waddon Airport was used instead of Hownslow, which had been considered London’s main airport until that point. Today, London Heathrow Airport is the city’s main airport. It is also the busiest airport in the United Kingdom, the third busiest in the world, and handles more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world. Swissair was formed in 1931, after a merger between Balair and Ad Astra Aero airlines. Formerly the national airline of Switzerland, Swissair ceased operating this very same week in 2002 after filing for bankruptcy. Concorde 02 hit supersonic speed for the first time in 1970.

Twenty-three years later, the first female Concorde pilot made her inaugural flight as First Officer on the daily London-New York route in 1993. Concorde went out of service in 2003, following a tragic crash in 2000 in Paris, higher fuel costs, and a downturn in the economy. In 1976, the Washington D.C. underground Metro opened. Today, it is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the U.S., behind the New York City Subway. And finally, the September 2007 approval by the U.S. Department of Transportation for five U.S.-based airlines (American Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and US Airways) to begin direct service to either Beijing or Shanghai, China, went into effect in 2009, opening the door for many more business trips to that country. (Photo: Eduard Marmet) Interesting facts about Wales | Just Fun Facts Interesting facts about Wales Wales is a country in southwest Great Britain known for its rugged coastline, mountainous national parks, distinctive language and Celtic culture. Wales is called Cymru in Welsh.

Wales is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east, the Irish Sea to its north and west, and the Bristol Channel to its south. The official languages of Wales are Welsh and English. Wales has a population of 3,168,000 people as of 2016. Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the tenth largest city in the United Kingdom. Wales is a country full of natural beauty. Much of its landscape is mountainous, from Snowdonia to the northwest, home to the rare and iconic relic of the ice-age the Snowdon lily, to the Brecon Beacons in the south. Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales, at an elevation of 1,085 meters (3,560 ft) above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles outside the Scottish Highlands. Together, the three Welsh National Parks – Snowdonia, Pembrokeshire Coast and Brecon Beacons – protect an impressive 20% of Wales, including precious landscapes, habitats, villages and heritage sites.

The Brecon Beacons National Park shelters Europe’s largest cave system, Mynydd Llangatwg, Britain’s longest and largest showcave, Dan-yr-Ogof, as well as Britain’s deepest cave, Ogof Fynnon Ddu (308 meters / 1,010 feet). Wales has three UNESCO world heritage sites – Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd, Blaenavon Industrial Landscape and Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal. The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward includes the castles of Beaumaris and Harlech and the castles and town walls of Caernarfon and Conwy.These extremely well-preserved monuments are examples of the colonization and defence works carried out throughout the reign of Edward I (1272–1307) and the military architecture of the time. Blaenavon Industrial Landscape – The area around Blaenavon is evidence of the pre-eminence of South Wales as the world’s major producer of iron and coal in the 19th century.

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal – Situated in north-eastern Wales, the 18 kilometre long Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal is a feat of civil engineering of the Industrial Revolution, completed in the early years of the 19th century.The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is the longest aqueduct in Britain (307 meters / 1007 feet). Wales is the land of mythical King Arthur, the famous Romano-British leader fighting against the invading Anglo-Saxons. Arthur’s fortress, Camelot, is placed by both Geoffrey of Monmouth and Chrétien de Troyes in Caerleon, the site of one of the three Roman legionary forts in Britain. Chepstow Castle, Monmouthshire, is the oldest surviving post-Roman stone fortification in Britain (in other words, the oldest medieval castle made of stone). Its construction began in 1067 – over a hundred years before Windsor Castle was rebuilt in stone (in 1170). Wales is believed to have more castles per square kilometer than anywhere else in the world.

Begun in 1120, Bangor Cathedral is the oldest cathedral still in use in Britain. In Llangadwaladr lies Britain’s oldest royal tombstone, that of Cadfan ap Iago, King of Gwynedd from 616 to 625. The monastery of Bangor-on-Dee, near Wrexham, is the oldest in Britain. It was founded in 560. The oldest tree in Wales, Llangernyw Yew, is between 4,000 and 5,000 years old. The National Botanic Garden of Wales features the world’s largest single-span glasshouse measuring 110 meters (360 feet) long by 60 meters (200 feet) wide and houses over 1,000 species of plants. Famous people from Wales include Richard Burton, Sir Anthony Hopkins, Tom Jones, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Shirley Bassey, Timothy Dalton and Monty Python comedian and film director Terry Jones. Mount Everest was named after Welsh surveyor and geographer Sir George Everest from Gwernvale, Breconshire.

In 1804, the world’s first railway steam locomotive, “The Iron Horse”, launched on its inaugural journey from from Penydarren to Abercynon in Glamorgan. The world’s first fare-paying, passenger railway service was established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea in 1807. It later became known as the Swansea and Mumbles Railway. Merthyr Tydfil boasts the world’s earliest surviving iron railway bridge, the Pont-y-Cafnau, built in 1793, as well as the world’s first railway tunnel. Lawn tennis was invented in 1873 by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield to entertain his guests at a garden party at Nantclwyd House in Llanelidan, Denbighshire. The medieval St Donat’s Castle was purchased in 1925 by newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst for his mistress, the actress Marion Davies. Lamb is the meat traditionally associated with Welsh cooking owing to the amount of sheep farming in the country. The population sheep in Wales is four times greater than the Welsh population of humans.

The original national emblem of Wales was the Leek (Cenhinen), over the years this was often confused with a very similar Welsh word Cehhinen Bedr which means daffodils and so the daffodil was adopted as a second emblem of Wales. In the 2000 Census, 1.7 million Americans reported Welsh ancestry (although the true figure is most likely higher given the high occurrence of Welsh surnames in the USA). Typically Welsh surnames are given names ending in “-s”, such as Williams, Davies, Jones, Edwards, Roberts, Hughes, Lewis, or Evans. More traditional names include Owen, Lloyd, Morgan, Vaughan, Jenkins, Meredith or Griffith(s). Only 21% of the entire Welsh population of Wales can speak the native language. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (lan-vire-pool-guin-gith-go-ger-u-queern-drob-ooth-clandus-ilio-gogo-goch) is a Welsh word which translates roughly as “St Mary’s Church in the Hollow of the White Hazel near a Rapid Whirlpool and the Church of St.

Tysilio near the Red Cave”. The Welsh motto is “Cymru am byth” which means “Wales forever”. 1807 - Historical Events - On This Day On This Day Jan 1 Curacao is taken by English (until March, 1816) Jan 12 Gunpowder-ship explodes in Leiden, Netherlands, 150 die Event of Interest Jan 20 Napoleon convenes great Sanhedrin, Paris French Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte Jan 28 London's Pall Mall is 1st street lit by gaslight Feb 3 A British military force, under Brig-Gen. Sir Samuel Auchmuty captures the city of Montevideo, then part of the Spanish Empire now capital of Uruguay.

Feb 8 Battle of Eylau ends inconclusively between Napoleon 's forces and Russian Empire - 1st battle Napoleon isn't victorious Feb 9 French Sanhedrin convened by Napoleon Bonaparte Feb 10 US Coast Survey authorized by Congress Feb 19 British squadron under Admiral Duckworth attempts to force passage of Dardanelles Event of Interest Feb 19 VP Aaron Burr arrested in Alabama for treason; later acquitted 3rd Vice President of the United States Feb 24 17 die & 15 wounded in a crush to witness execution of Holloway, Heggerty & Elizabeth Godfrey in England Mar 2 US Congress bans the slave trade within the US, effective January 1, 1808 Election of Interest Mar 2 William Cavendish-Bentinck becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time after the fall of William Grenville 's Whig government British Prime Minister Mar 5 1st performance of Ludwig von Beethoven 's 4th Symphony in B Composer Ludwig van Beethoven Mar 25 First fare-paying, passenger railway service in the world established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales.

Mar 25 British Parliament abolishes slave trade throughout the British Empire; a penalty of £120 per slave is introduced for slave ship captains. Event of Interest Mar 25 George Canning becomes British Foreign Secretary British Prime Minister May 22 Former VP Aaron Burr is tried for treason in Richmond, Virginia (acquitted) May 22 Townsend Speakman 1st sells fruit-flavored carbonated drinks (Philadelphia) Jun 14 Emperor Napoleon I's French Grande Armee defeats the Russian Army at the Battle of Friedland in Prussia (modern Russian Kaliningrad Oblast) ending the War of the Fourth Coalition. Jun 19 Admiral Dmitry Senyavin destroys the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Athos. Jun 22 British board USS Chesapeake, a provocation leading to War of 1812 Jun 26 Lightning hits gunpowder warehouse in Luxembourg; 230 die Jun 28 British troops lands at Ensenada, Argentina Jul 7 France, Russia & Prussia sign Peace of Tilsit Jul 9 Treaties of Tilsit signed by Napoleon I and Alexander I. Event of Interest The First Railroads and Trains in the U.S.

and the World More railroad records: Locomotives , Bridges & Tunnels , Routes & Track , Train Records , Train Wrecks Note: This page was written by Christopher Muller and is copyright ï¿½ RailServe.com. Content may not be reproduced in whole or in part on any website, message board, or other medium. Please contact us with any questions, suggestions, or corrections. What was the world's first railroad? What was the first train in the world? The earliest railroads consisted of horse-drawn carts on wooden tracks, some built for mining as early as the 16th century. The first railroad to operate with a steam locomotive was the Penydarren Tramroad at Penydarren Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. On February 21, 1804, a locomotive successfully pulled 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers at a maximum speed of 5mph over the 9-mile railroad. This early experiment in steam was considered a success, but the locomotive's weight damaged the track and it was never placed in revenue service. What was the world's first railroad to use a steam locomotive in revenue service?

The first railroad to use a steam locomotive in revenue service (as opposed to tests or trials) was the Middleton Railway in Leeds, UK. The railroad was initially built in 1758 to haul coal using horse-drawn vehicles on wooden tracks. Matthew Murray built a locomotive named Salamanca with four flanged wheels and a single cog (toothed) wheel that engaged with an adjacent rack rail for propulsion. Steam-powered coal trains began operating on August 12, 1812. Three additional locomotives were built and operated until 1834. The railroad was converted to standard gauge in 1881 and still operates today as a tourist/heritage railway. What was the world's first passenger railroad? The first railroad to carry fare-paying passengers was the Swansea and Mumbles Railway, originally known as the Oystermouth Railway. The railroad was initially built in 1804-1806 and used horse-drawn vehicles to carry limestone between Swansea and Oystermouth in South Wales. Passenger service began on March 25, 1807, making it the first passenger railway in the world.

Passenger service lasted nearly 20 years, ending in 1826 when horse-powered buses on an adjacent road stole much of the railroad's traffic. Ironically, the first passenger railroad was also the first to succumb to road versus rail competition. What was the world's first passenger railroad to use a steam locomotive? The world's first steam-powered passenger railroad was the Stockton & Darlington Railway, operating 25 miles of track through Darlington in the North East of England. In September 1825, Robert Stephenson & Co. completed the first steam locomotive for the railway, named Locomotion. The first train operated on the 27th of the month carrying both coal and passengers. Additional locomotives arrived the following year but passenger service was largely horse-drawn until a complete conversion to steam power in 1833. What was the first railroad in the USA? Several experimental and temporary construction-oriented railroads were built during the 18th century, most powered by horses or gravity. The first American railroad to operate with a steam locomotive was the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company which built a railroad between coal fields at Carbondale and its canal at Honesdale, Pennsylvania.

In 1828, the D&H ordered a steam locomotive from Britain's Foster, Rastrick & Company. The locomotive, named the Stourbridge Lion, was tested in Honesdale on August 8, 1829. The locomotive performed well but, at 7-1/2 tons, was too heavy for the wooden rails. The railroad was instead operated using gravity to propel coal cars downgrade and a series of incline planes with stationary steam engines to pull cars back up. What was the first railroad in the USA to use a steam locomotive in revenue service? The first U.S. railroad to use a steam locomotive in revenue service was the South Carolina Railroad. It opened on Christmas Day 1830 using the "Best Friend of Charleston" steam locomotive on six miles of track in Charleston, South Carolina. The locomotive achieved a solo max speed of 30mph, though regular passenger trains were limited to approximately 12mph. The locomotive's boiler exploded on June 17, 1831, when a poorly trained fireman intentionally blocked the relief valve. The crew was injured but the railroad continued operating using other locomotives already acquired.

By 1833, the railroad was completed 136 miles from Charleston to Hamburg, South Carolina, the world's longest railroad at the time. When was the first U.S. transcontinental railroad completed? The Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad met on May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah. The Transcontinental Railroad linked the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by rail for the first time. What was the world's first rack/cog railway? The first cog railway was the Middleton Railway in Leeds, UK, also the first railway in the world to use a steam locomotive in revenue service. The rack and pinion system was patented by John Blenkinsop, the Middleton coal mine manager. Blenkinsop believed that a locomotive light enough not to break the track (a problem experienced during prior attempts at steam locomotive use, including at the Penydarren Ironworks) would not have sufficient adhesion to to haul loaded coal cars on steep grades. The wooden track railroad, initially built in 1758 to haul coal using horse-drawn vehicles, was replaced with iron rail and a third cog rail.

Matthew Murray of the engineering firm Fenton, Murray & Wood built a locomotive to operate on the cog railway, named the Salamanca. The world's first cog railway was operating on August 12, 1812. Blenkinsop's design was a success but the locomotive's boiler exploded in 1818 due to improper safety valve use. A second boiler explosion in 1834 led to the abandonment of steam and return to horse power. By the time steam was reintroduced in 1866, modern track and locomotive design negated the need for a cog system. What was the world's first mountain-climbing rack/cog railway? The Mount Washington Cog Railway in the White Mountains of New Hampshire was the world's first mountain-climbing cog railway when completed in 1869. The 3.1-mile railroad climbs from Marshfield Base Station (elevation 2700') to the summit of Mt. Washington (6288') with an average grade of 25% and max grade of 37.4% (Jacob's Ladder).

The railroad has been in continuous operation since 1869 and today operates a combination of steam and diesel locomotives. What was the first subway in the world? The world's first subway was the Metropolitan Railway in London. The Met opened on January 10, 1863, operating nearly four miles between Paddington (Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street via King's Cross. The railway used steam locomotives to haul gas-lit wooden carriages. The subway was expanded many times and is used today by the London Underground. What was the first subway in the USA? The first attempted subway in the U.S. was the Beach Pneumatic Transit Company in New York City. Alfred Ely Beach completed a demonstration subway beneath one block of Broadway from Warren Street to Murray Street, opened to the public on February 26, 1870. A single subway car was propelled by a large reversible fan at one end of the tunnel. It is unclear how this pneumatic technology could be applied on a larger scale. Political opposition by New York City's mayor followed by the Panic of 1873 spelled the end to Beach's subway ambitions. The earliest American subway still in use is in Boston.

The Tremont Street Subway opened on September 1, 1897, serving four stations at Boylston Street, Park Street, Scollay Square, and Adams Square. The subway was operated with trolleys powered by an overhead line. Much of the original tunnel is now part of MBTA's Green Line between Boylston, Park Street, and Government Center. What was world's first electric-powered public passenger railway? Werner von Siemens (founder of today's multinational Siemens AG) demonstrated an electric locomotive at the Berlin industrial Exposition in 1879 and nearly 100,000 attendees rode the electric train. Just two years later, Siemens also designed the first public electric trolley, the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway. On May 12, 1881, the 1.5-mile railway opened at Lichterfelde, Germany, carrying a maximum of 26 passengers at speeds up to 30mph. What was the first electric-powered public passenger railway in the USA? Inventor Leo Daft tested several electric locomotives in New Jersey in 1881 and 1882.

A larger scale test was conducted in November 1883 using a 2-ton, 12 horsepower locomotive on the Saratoga & Mt. McGregor Railroad in New York. However, it was on August 10, 1885, that Daft completed the first public electric railway in the USA. The Baltimore and Hampden horsecar line was converted to third rail electric power and operated successfully for several years. What was the first large scale electric trolley system in the world? Richmond Union Passenger Railway began operation of 10 electric streetcars on February 2, 1888 in Richmond, Virginia. The electric system designed by Frank Julian Sprague featured two 5.6 kW motors on each car powered by a 450-volt overhead trolley wire. Four months after opening, Richmond had 40 streetcars operating over 12 miles of track at a maximum speed of 15mph. By the following year, dozens of cities worldwide were planning trolley systems based on Sprague's technology used in Richmond. What was the first electrification of a mainline steam railroad?

The world's first electrification of a mainline steam freight and passenger railroad was the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's Howard Street Tunnel, completed in 1895. Electric locomotives coupled to full trains (including steam locomotive) and pulled them nearly three miles between Camden Street Station and a new station at Mount Royal Avenue through the 7,339 foot tunnel. The tunnel is used today by diesel-powered CSX freight trains. RECOMMENDED RESOURCES Techniques of surface information by the railway authorities Techniques of surface information by the railway authorities Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Railway Authorities around the globe are investing maximum force and finance in the field of surface inspection to ensure safety and uninterrupted service. The twentieth century saw the emergence of many techniques of surface investigation. These were mostly Non-Destructive Testing and changed the face of surface inspection. Timely and accurate surface inspection can Prevent serious catastrophic damage.

This thesis deals with the use of NDT focusing mainly on ultrasonic methods of detecting flaws in railway tracks, after a brief overview of a history of railway and the way it has been shaped through different eras. Other NDT methods are reviewed in somewhat detail and compared with the ultrasonic method. Also, through the studies conducting over time and findings of different research papers the benefits and short comings of different ultrasonic techniques are discussed. The devising of new technology for surface inspection is an ongoing process and this thesis also deals with the new upcoming technologies and what the railway authorities and transportation agencies are doing around the globe to make this field better and more effective. The conclusion is based on results derived by the comparison between various methods of NDT. Introduction After a number of serious derailment accidents in the twentieth century, Railway Authorities began to doubt the existing surface testing techniques. Thus the century saw the emergence of a whole new array of surface testing techniques which were far more reliable and unfailing than the previously used techniques. These techniques categorized under the broad umbrella of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) changed the face of Surface testing. Railway is a huge and ever expanding industrial sector. Any industry this size is bound to face problems regarding maintenance and safety now and then.

Railway authorities around the globe are now keener than ever to adopt methodology that will give them quality assurance and fool proof results. Railroad engineering practice regulations require the inspection of tracks for physical defects on very short intervals. And perhaps by far the most wide spread application of Non Destructive Testing is the inspection of railway tracks. Non-Destructive testing application in the field of railway finds its origins in 1923. Dr. Elmer Sperry took notice of the increasing number of train derailments which were disastrous and claimed many lives. He reviewed the already existing railway flaw detecting techniques and developed the first rail inspection car. This piece of equipment was designed to detect transverse fissures in the rails. The car successfully detected transverse fissure in the head of a rail which on further investigations was found really faulty. After that Dr. Sperry increased the number in his fleet to ten cars. [ i ] Many others also joined in the race and during the century countless techniques, each one more innovative and advanced than those preceding it. The NDT techniques are many and are categorized by the technology they use. Most commonly used are the Eddy Current technique and the Ultrasonic technique.

In Eddy Current Technique currents are induced in conductors that oppose the change in flux that generates them. It is caused when conductors are exposed to a change in magnetic field due to relative motion of the field source and the conductor; it can also be caused due to variations of the field with time. This causes the electrons to flow in circular direction, or a current, within the body of the conductor. Circulating eddies of current led to creation of induced magnetic fields that oppose the change of the original magnetic field, causing repulsion or dragging forces between the conductor and the magnet. The stronger the applied magnetic field, or the electrical conduction of the conductor, or on the other hand, the faster the field that the conductor is exposed to changes, the greater the currents developed and the greater will be the opposing field. In ultrasonic method Very short ultra-sonic pulse waves ranging from 0.1 to 15 MHz, occasionally up to 50MHz, are launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize the material. The same technique can also be used to determine the thickness of the material in question. This technique is often performed on metal and alloys, and can be effectively applied to wood, wood composites and even concrete.

It is a widely used technique in aerospace, automotive and transport oriented industries. In this thesis we are reviewing in detail the different sort of techniques that have been used over time for the detection of flaws in rails. In doing there advantaged and disadvantages will also be under discussion. Ultrasonic method being the main focus, all the ultrasonic techniques will be discussed in detail. How and why they are suitable for detection of flaws in rail tracks. Also the short comings they have. Technology is an ever evolving phenomenon and the future of NDT will also be summarized in this study. Literary Overview Introduction Railroads have provided a great deal of efficiency and economy to passenger and freight transportation. The average train load has become heavier so the infrastructure faces the pressure and discontinuities start forming on the rail tracks. The detection of these flaws effectively has been the number one priority of the railway authorities to ensure and maintain safety standards. The techniques older than NDT were not proving effective and the accidents due to these flaws of railway were claiming lives of Hundreds.

NDT techniques have proven most effective yet there are some draw backs associated to them too and the ever going process of the innovation and evolution of technology is bringing about many new methods which are working towards the ensuring of 100% safety. Transportation authorities around the globe are ever active to bring forward the ground breaking work of researchers in this field. History of Railway Every important invention is followed by the further development of innovative technologies needed to preserve and maintain that invention. The invention and development of the railroad system is one of the most significant events in human history. It changed the face of transportation effecting greatly on industrialization and urbanization. The history of railway can be traced back as far as 600 BC in form of the Rut way [ ii ] used by Greeks and Romans. After that we find origins of some primitive railways in the 16 and 17 century in the provinces which have now formed Germany. In the mid-15th century or even a little before that, records of a system called "hunds" are available. Hunds were hand propelled tubs which went on rails and were used by miners. The same technology was brought by the German miners to UK in various areas of the Lake District.

During 1603 and 1604 the first railway or wagon way was built with the approximate length of almost 2 miles. It emerged from the mines in Strelley and went up to Wollaton. Built by Huntingdon Beaumont and was called the Wollaton wagon. He reportedly built three more wagon ways. [ iii ] The traces of the world's first public railway find their origin in 1798. It was used to carry coal from the out wood are to Lake Lock. [ iv ] In the 19 century railroads were established all over the world. The establishment of railways in different part of the world is given below in the list [ v ] in chronological order. 1802 The Carmarthenshire Tramroad, later the Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway, located in south west Wales, was established by Act of Parliament. 1803 The first public railway, the Surrey Iron Railway opens in south London. 1804 First steam locomotive railway - Penydarren - built by Richard Trevithick, used to haul iron from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon, Wales.

1807 First fare-paying, passenger railway service in the world was established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales. Later this became known as the Swansea and Mumbles Railway although the railway was more affectionately known as "The Mumbles Train" (Welsh: Tren Bach I'r Mwmbwls). The railway survived using various forms of traction until 1960. 1808 The Kilmarnock and Troon Railway was the first railway in Scotland authorized by Act of Parliament and the first in Scotland to use a steam locomotive. 1808 Richard Trevithick sets up a circular steam railway (didn't go anywhere) for the public to experience for 1 shilling each. 1812 First commercial use of steam locomotives on the Middleton Railway, Leeds 1814 George Stephenson constructs his first locomotive, Blücher. 1825 Stephenson's Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first publicly subscribed, adhesion worked railway using steam locomotives, carrying freight from a Colliery to a river port (Passengers were conveyed by horse-drawn carriages).

1827 September 7 - Oldest railway in continental Europe opens between ÄŒeské BudÄ›jovice and Leopoldschlag, (horse-drawn carriages) later extended to Kerschbaum and Linz. 1828 July 4 the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) begins construction of a track; the Charleston & Savannah commenced construction a few months later. 1828 October, first French railway between Saint-Etienne and Andrézieux (horse-drawn carriage). 1829 George and Robert Stephenson's locomotive, The Rocket, sets a speed record of 47Â km/h (29Â mph) at the Rain hill Trials held near Liverpool. 1830 The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway opens in Kent, England on the 3 May, Engineered by George Stephenson, 3Â months before the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. A 5Â¾ mile line running from Canterbury to the small port and fishing town of Whitstable, approx. 55Â miles east of London.

Traction was provided by three Stationary Winding Engines, and "INVICTA"; Invicta was an 0-4-0 Loco, built by the Stevenson company, but only operated on a level section of track owing to the fact she produced a meagre 9Â hp. 1830 opens with 23 miles of track in the United States with mostly hardwood rail topped with iron. Over 100 railroads are incorporated in New York alone. The Tom Thumb (locomotive) was designed and built by Peter Cooper for the B&O-the first American-built steam locomotive. 1830 The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens, and the first steam passenger service, primarily locomotive hauled, is started. The line proves the viability of rail transport, and large scale railway construction begins in Britain, and then spreads throughout the world. The Railway age begins. 1831 First Passenger Season tickets issued on the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway.

1832 railway switch patented by Charles Fox 1833 The Great Western Railway Works, near Swindon, England are founded by Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1834 Bavarian Ludwigsbahn, the first German railway line connects Nuremberg and Fürth. 1834 Ireland's first railway, the Dublin and Kingstown Railway (D&KR) opens between Dublin and Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire), a distance of six miles. 1835 In Belgium a railway was opened on May 5 between Brussels and Mechelen. It was the first railway in continental Europe. 1836, July 21 - First Railway in Canada; it was a 16-mile run between La Prairie, Quebec and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. 1837 The first Cuban railway line connects Havana with Bejucal, in 1838 the line reaches Güines. This is also the first railway in Latin America and the Iberian world in general.

1837 Leipzig-Dresden Railway Company opens the first long-distance German railway line connects Leipzig with Althen near Wurzen, in 1839 the line reaches Dresden. 1837 The first Austrian railway line connects Vienna with Wagram, in 1839 the line reaches Brno. 1837 The first rail line in Russia connects Tsarskoye Selo and Saint Petersburg. 1837 The first line in France opens between Le Pecq near the former royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Embarcadère des Bâtignoles (later to become Gare Saint-Lazare) 1837 Robert Davidson built the first electric locomotive 1838 Edmondson railway ticket introduced. 1839 The first railway in Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Italy, from Naples to Portici. 1839 The first rail line in the Netherlands connects Amsterdam and Haarlem. 1844 The first rail line in Congress Poland is built between Warsaw and Pruszków. The first Atmospheric Railway, the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway opened for passenger service between Kingstown & Dalkey in Ireland.

The line was 3Â km in length & operated for 10Â years. 1845 The first railway line built in Jamaica opened on November 21. The line ran 15Â miles from Kingston to Spanish Town. It was also the first rail line to be built in any of Britain's colonies. The Earl of Elgin, Jamaica's Governor presided over the opening ceremonies, by the late 1860s the line extended 105Â miles to Montego Bay. 1846 James McConnell met with George Stephenson and Archibald Slate at Bromsgrove. It was at this meeting that the idea of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers came about. 1846 The first railway line in Hungary, connects Pest and Vác 1847 First train in Switzerland, the Limmat, on the Spanisch-Brotli-Bahn Railway line. 1851 First train in British India, built by British invention and administration. 1851 Moscow - Saint Petersburg Railway 1852 The first railway in Africa, in Alexandria, Egypt.

1853 Passenger train makes in début in Bombay, India 1853 Indianapolis' Union Station, the first "union station", opened by the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, and Bellefontaine Railroad in the United States. 1854 The first railway in Brazil, inaugurated by Peter II of Brazil on April 30 in Rio de Janeiro, built by the Viscount of Maua.[14] 1854 The first railway in Norway. Between Oslo and Eidsvoll. 1854 First railway in Australia. Horse-drawn line from Goolwa to Port Elliot, South Australia. 1854 First steam drawn railway in Australia. Melbourne to Hobson's Bay, Victoria. 1854 The first line in Chile, from Copiapó to Caldera, in Chile. 1855 the Panama Railway with over 50Â miles (80Â km) of track is completed after five years of work across the Isthmus of Panama at a cost of about $8,000,000 dollars and over 6,000 lives-the first 'transcontinental railway'.

1856 The first railway in Papal State, Italy, from Rome to Frascati. 1856 First railway completed in Portugal, linking Lisbon to Carregado. 1857 Steel rails first used in Britain. 1857 The first railway in Argentina, built by Ferrocarril Del Oeste between Buenos Aires and Flores, a distance of 10Â km, was opened to the public on August 30. 1858 Henri Giffard invented the injector for steam locomotives 1862 The Warsaw - Saint Petersburg Railway is opened 1863 First underground railway, the 4 mile (6.2Â km) Metropolitan Railway opened in London. It was powered by adapted steam engines (which condensed the steam to be let out only at particular places with air vents). Gave rise to entire new mode of subterranean urban transit: the Subway/U-Bahn/Metro. 1863 Scotsman Robert Francis Fairlie invents the Fairlie locomotive with pivoted driving bogies, allowing trains to negotiate tighter curves in the track. This innovation proves rare for steam locomotives but is the model for most future diesel and electric locomotives.

1865 Pullman sleeping car introduced in the USA.

Question: The first passenger fare-paying railway service was established in which European country in 1807?
Answer: Wales