Boxer Rebellion - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Boxer Rebellion: Background By the end of the 19th century, the Western powers and Japan had forced China’s ruling Qing dynasty to accept wide foreign control over the country’s economic affairs. In the Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60), popular rebellions and the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and suffered millions of casualties. Did You Know? America returned the money it received from China after the Boxer Rebellion, on the condition it be used to fund the creation of a university in Beijing. Other nations involved later remitted their shares of the Boxer indemnity as well. By the late 1890s, a Chinese secret group, the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“I-ho-ch’uan” or “Yihequan”), had begun carrying out regular attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians. (The rebels performed calisthenics rituals and martial arts that they believed would give them the ability to withstand bullets and other forms of attack.

Westerners referred to these rituals as shadow boxing, leading to the Boxers nickname.) Although the Boxers came from various parts of society, many were peasants, particularly from Shandong province, which had been struck by natural disasters such as famine and flooding. In the 1890s, China had given territorial and commercial concessions in this area to several European nations, and the Boxers blamed their poor standard of living on foreigners who were colonizing their country. Boxer Rebellion: 1900 In 1900, the Boxer movement spread to the Beijing area, where the Boxers killed Chinese Christians and Christian missionaries and destroyed churches and railroad stations and other property. On June 20, 1900, the Boxers began a siege of Beijing’s foreign legation district (where the official quarters of foreign diplomats were located.) The following day, Qing Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi (or Cixi, 1835-1908) declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China.

As the Western powers and Japan organized a multinational force to crush the rebellion, the siege stretched into weeks, and the diplomats, their families and guards suffered through hunger and degrading conditions as they fought to keep the Boxers at bay. By some estimates, several hundred foreigners and several thousand Chinese Christians were killed during this time. On August 14, after fighting its way through northern China, an international force of approximately 20,000 troops from eight nations (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) arrived to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners and Chinese Christians. Boxer Rebellion: Aftermath The Boxer Rebellion formally ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. By terms of the agreement, forts protecting Beijing were to be destroyed, Boxer and Chinese government officials involved in the uprising were to be punished, foreign legations were permitted to station troops in Beijing for their defense, China was prohibited from importing arms for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations to the foreign nations involved. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion.

Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912. Tags A History of the Boxer Rebellion (1900) Share By Jennifer Rosenberg Boxer Rebellion (1900): Beginning in 1898, groups of peasants in northern China began to band together into a secret society known as I-ho ch'üan ("Righteous and Harmonious Fists"), called the "Boxers" by Western press. Members of the secret society practiced boxing and calisthenic rituals (hence the nickname, the "Boxers") which they believed would make them impervious to bullets. At first, the Boxers wanted to destroy the Ch'ing dynasty (which had ruled China for over 250 years) and wanted to rid China of all foreign influence (which they considered a threat to Chinese culture). When the Empress Dowager backed the Boxers, the Boxers turned solely to ridding China of foreigners. By late 1899, bands of Boxers were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians.

By May 1900, the Boxer Rebellion had come out of the countryside and was being waged in the capital of Peking (now Beijing). To help their fellow countrymen and to protect their interests in China, an international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion." continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge On June 18, 1900, the Empress Dowager ordered all foreigners to be killed. Several foreign ministers and their families were killed before the international force could protect them. On August 14, 1900, the international force took Peking and subdued the rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion weakened the Ch'ing dynasty's power and hastened the Republican Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the boy emperor and made China a republic.

Boxer Rebellion The Chinese Secret Society called - I Ho Ch'uan "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" Originally a Secret Society that Dated before 1700 and whose Origins are Cloaked in Myths and Legends The Boxer Rebellion (English) or the Righteous Harmony Society Movement (Chinese) Was a Violent Anti-imperialism, Anti-Christian Movement by the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" Known as "Boxers" in English Between 1898 and 1901 Boxer Rebellion Poster against Foreigners - 'Pig' Put to Death Imperial China in the 19th Century was in a dire state of decay. Partly responsible for the deterioration of this once powerful empire was the increasing pressure from the West and later from Japan. The Chinese had been badly beaten in the Opium Wars (concluded in 1842) and were forced to open Chinese ports to foreign trade and residents. The Manchu Dynasty, already ravaged by domestic rebellion, found itself powerless to resist further demands from Western Powers and between 1856 to 1898, a network of foreign control over the entire Chinese economy had been established.

The European powers saw China as an imperialistic opportunity where they could gain influence and power without territorial sovereignty. Internal weakness in China and the suspicion that China might even implode resulted in the European powers negotiating more and more concessions by way of trading posts that were virtually independent colonies. The Western powers saw China as primitive and ripe for exploitation; in many respects the last area of the world where territorial gains could be made, as the days of rapidly expanding Empires were over. For the Americans, late to the scramble for an Empire, China offered a chance to make up for missed opportunities and create a new market for its goods. At no point did the Western powers see China as an equal despite the fact that Chinese civilization pre-dated their own. In response to imperialist expansion, growth of cosmopolitan influences, and missionary evangelism, and against the backdrop of state fiscal crisis and natural disasters, local organizations began to emerge in Shandong in 1898. A secret society, known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony attracted thousands of followers. Foreigners called members of this society "Boxers" because they practiced martial arts.

Boxers Great Misery in China - from Foreign Intervention The Boxers believed they had magical powers, and that foreign bullets could not harm them. Millions of "Spirit Soldiers," they said, would soon rise from the dead and join their cause. What is clear is that a group of Jesuits were expelled from China due to Boxer influence. A series of bad harvests, plagues, and harsh sanctions imposed by the Western powers and Japan (after the war of 1894-5) had caused much bad feeling. There was a growing fear that the Chinese would be reduced to servants of the Western Powers, into this environment the Boxers started preaching anti-western beliefs. Boxers and Chinese Soldiers The Boxers saw anything Western as evil. Boxers practiced traditional martial arts and used Chinese weapons such as curved halberds and spears. All foreigners were 1st class devils and Chinese who had converted to Christianity were 2nd class devils, those who worked for the foreigners were 3rd class devils. The Boxers were very superstitious, believing in spells and magic. Some magic would mean they were immune to western bullets. Incantations would be used to create a trance like state among the followers.

The Boxers were not above using printing presses to publish huge numbers of leaflets spreading their beliefs accusing the catholic church of abusing Chinese women and children. Western Imperialism Boxer Religious & Patriotic Frenzy News Print Illustrations . . . circa 1900 At first, the Boxers wanted to destroy the Ch'ing Dynasty, which had ruled China for over 250 years, and wanted to rid China of all foreign influence (which they considered a threat to Chinese culture). When the Empress Dowager backed the Boxers, the Boxers turned solely to ridding China of foreigners. The Boxer Rebellion was concentrated in Northern China where the European powers had begun to demand territorial, rail, and mining concessions. Imperial Germany responded to the killing of two missionaries in Shandong Province, in November 1897, by seizing the port of Qingdao. A month later, a Russian naval squadron took possession of Lushun, in southern Liaoning. Britain and France followed, taking possession of Weihai and Zhanjiang respectively.

By late 1899 - Bands of Boxers were Massacring Christian Missionaries and Chinese Christians Massacres in China of Foreigners Description of the Boxers, "They advanced in a solid mass and carried standards of red and white cloth. Their yells were deafening, while the roar of gongs, drums and horns sounded like thunder. . . . They waved their swords and stamped on the ground with their feet. They wore red turbans, sashes, and garters over blue cloth". Boxers Tz'u hsi - Imperial Dowager Empress of China Tz'u-hsi - Empress of the Ch'ing Dynasty, searched for a way to rid her empire of foreign parasites. Throughout the nineteenth century, China's Emperors had watched as foreigners encroached further and further upon their land. Time and again, foreigners forced China to make humiliating concessions. Foreign regiments, armed with modern weapons, consistently defeated entire imperial armies. Now, a new century was about to begin. The Dowager Empress credited the Boxers' claim of magical imperviousness to both blade and bullet. She decided to use the Boxers to remove the foreign powers from China.

The Imperial Court, now under Tz'u-hsi's firm control, issued edicts in defense of the Boxers, drawing heated complaints from foreign diplomats. In January of 1900 the Empress released an Edict explaining that Secret Societies were part of Chinese culture and not to be confused with criminal elements. The Western powers were furious as this gave almost official support to the Boxer movement. At the Gate of the 'Forbidden City' (1900) Death to Foreigners Notice In the early months of 1900 thousands of Boxers roamed the countryside. They attacked Christian missions, slaughtering foreign missionaries and Chinese converts. Then they moved toward the cities, attracting more and more followers as they came. Nervous foreign ministers insisted that the Chinese government stop the Boxers. From inside the Forbidden City, the Empress told the diplomats that her troops would soon crush the "rebellion." Meanwhile, she did nothing. By May 1900, the Boxer Rebellion had come out of the countryside and was being waged in the capital of Peking (now Beijing).

To help their fellow countrymen and to protect their interests in China, an international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion.". Attacks on Foreigners Missionaries in China On June 18th, 1900, the Empress Dowager ordered all foreigners to be killed. Several foreign ministers and their families were killed before the international force could protect them. Tz'u hsi the Empress Dowager, who ruled in the Emperor's name, declared war on the foreign powers that had diplomatic representation in Peking. Diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers and some Chinese Christians retreated to the Legation Quarter. They were surrounded, the foreigners could neither escape nor send for help. For almost two months, they withstood fierce attacks and bombardment. The Boxers were unable to break into the compound, which was finally relieved by the international army of the Eight-Nation Western Alliance in July.

European Legation in Peking Besieged The conflict came to a head in June of 1900, when the Boxers, now joined by elements of the Imperial army, attacked foreign compounds within the cities of T'ien Tsin and Peking. The legations of Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia, and Japan were all located on the same city block, close to the Forbidden City. The Taiyuan Massacre was the mass killing of foreign Christian missionaries and of local church members, including children, from July of 1900, and was one of the bloodier and more infamous parts of the Boxer Rebellion. 222 Chinese Eastern Orthodox Christians were killed, along with 182 Protestant missionaries and 500 Chinese Protestants known as the China Martyrs of 1900. Forty-eight Catholic missionaries and 18,000 Chinese Catholics were killed. Destruction of a Chinese Temple on the Bank of the Pei Ho River Fighting at T'ien Tsin The United States, eager to rescue its ministers and to assert its presence in China, sent a contingent of 2,500 sailors and marines.

After rescuing another besieged delegation in T'ien Tsin, the international force marched to Peking, fighting Boxers and imperial soldiers along the way. The weather was a major obstacle, as it was extremely humid, with temperatures sometimes reaching 110 degrees Fahrenheit (43 Celsius). Western Forces including American with British and Japanese Troops Storming Peking The brutal Boxer Rebellion uprising crumbled on August 14th, 1900, when 20,000 foreign troops entered the Chinese capital, Peking (Beijing). On August 15th, 1900, the international force took Peking and subdued the rebellion. The international troops looted the capital and even ransacked the Forbidden City. Disguised as a peasant, the Empress Dowager escaped the city in a cart. The Assault on Peking The Boxer Rebellion ultimately claimed the lives of more than 32,000 Chinese Christians and several hundred foreign missionaries. The Boxer Rebellion weakened the Ch'ing Dynasty's power and hastened the Republican Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the boy Emperor and made China a republic. Prisoner Boxers . . .

circa 1901 The society of righteous and harmonious fists - Philosophy for life Tuesday, November 8, 2011 The society of righteous and harmonious fists I’ve been researching Chinese culture for a report. One thing that caught my eye was the Boxer Rebellion at the beginning of the 20th century, when the Chinese people first rose up against foreign powers – in anticipation of the later Maoist revolution. Check out how mystical the Boxer rebellion was [the passage is from Wikipedia]: The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known by foreigners as the Boxers, or “Yihe Magic Boxing”, was a secret society founded in the northern coastal province of Shandong consisting largely of people who had lost their livelihoods due to imperialism and natural disasters. Foreigners came to call the well-trained, athletic young men “Boxers” due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. The Boxers’ primary feature is spirit possession, which involved “the whirling of swords, violent prostrations, and chanting incantations to Taoist and Buddhist spirits.

When the spirit possession had been achieved, the boxers would allegedly obtain invulnerability against guns and cannon.” People were recruited through demonstrations that apparently showed members were impervious to bullets – where rigged guns were fired at a person who for all appearances had really been shot, but seemed to be unharmed. The Boxers believed that they could through training, diet, martial arts and prayer perform extraordinary feats, such as flight. Further, they popularly claimed that millions of spirit soldiers would descend from the heavens and assist them in purifying China of foreign influences. The Boxers consisted of local farmers/peasants and other workers made desperate by disastrous floods and widespread opium addiction, and laid the blame on Christian missionaries, Chinese Christians, and the Europeans colonizing their country. Missionaries were protected under the policy of extraterritoriality. Chinese Christians were alleged also to have filed false lawsuits. The Boxers called foreigners “Guizi” (鬼子, literally: demons), a deprecatory term, and condemned Chinese Christian converts and Chinese working for foreigners. The Boxers were only lightly armed with rifles and swords, claiming supernatural invulnerability towards blows of cannon, rifle gunshots, and knife attacks.

The Boxers were typical of millennial movements, such as the American Indian Ghost Dance, often rising in societies under extreme stress. Naturally the Boxer rebellion got their ass handed to them by the foreign powers’ army…but you can see why the present Chinese government is so worried by new religious-political movements like Falun Gong, when all that belief in violent magic lies so near the surface of the popular consciousness. For the curious, you might enjoy this CIA-sponsored documentary on China from 1967, called ‘The Roots of Madness’. Clearly xenophobic, made during the Vietnam War, although also quite interesting on Chinese history, including the Boxer Rebellion. If you have problems with that link, the film is in shorter clips as well, starting here . Leave a Reply Boxer Rebellion (1900) Society of Harmonious Fists, aka - HIST - 101 View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: Boxer Rebellion (1900) Society of Harmonious Fists, aka Boxers Nationalism and xenophobia on the rise Attacks on Christian missionaries and foreign settlements. International force sent in (inc.

Ams) to crush it. Prompts a second round of Open Door notes from Hay calling for powers not to use the rebellion as an excuse to gain more territory. Asia (cont) Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Imperialist rivalry between Japan and Russia breaks out into war TR arranges the Portsmouth Conference (1905) to settle dispute Japanese feel betrayed after failing to gain Sakhalin Island Gentlemens Agreement (1908) Japan upset by California laws preventing Japanese children from attending public schools Compromise calls for Japan restricting emigration in return for TR persuading California to repeal laws. Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) Important agreement that pledges: a) respect for each others territories, and b) to support the open door in China. Theodore Roosevelts Big Stick Policy 1901, TR becomes Pres after McKinley is assassinated in Buffalo, NY TR declares his philosophy of foreign policy: talk softly, and carry a big stick The Big Stick in the Americas Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) US gets okay from Britain to go it alone The Nicaragua v.

Panama debate Colombian control of Panama; resistance The Panamanian Revolution (1903) Banau-Varilla Hay-Banau-Varilla Treaty (1903) Colombia compensated for $25 million in 1921 Panama Canal (cont) Construction of the Canal: A man, a plan, a canal: Panama Dr. William Gorgas: eradication mosquitos and yellow fever Venezuela (1901) US forces sent in by TR to force it to pay debts to European creditors Santo Domingo (1904) US sends troops in to occupy ports, collect taxes, and oversee debt repayment Done to prevent European powers from doing the same thing Policy is called the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: US may intervene to prevent others from doing so... The Progressive Impulse Who were the Progressives? A movt so broad gauged it almost Progressivism (2) During what rebellion did members of a Chinese secret society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists begin attacking foreigners? Taiping Rebellion Decembrist Revolt Peoples' Spring Boxer Rebellion During what rebellion did members of a Chinese secret society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists begin attacking foreigners?

Taiping Rebellion Decembrist Revolt Peoples' Spring Boxer Rebellion Original conversation User: During the Meiji Restoration, Japan rejected Western ways of life. True False User: During what rebellion did members of a Chinese secret society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists begin attacking foreigners? Taiping Rebellion Decembrist Revolt Peoples' Spring Boxer Rebellion Weegy: Boxer Rebellion. User: Where did the French establish colonies in Asia? Burma Vietnam Indonesia Cambodia Weegy: British established colonies in India and Burma. User: Where did German immigrants to the United States tend to settle? in cities along the East Coast in the desert Southwest in the valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri rivers in Rio de Janeiro Weegy: German immigrants to the United States tend to settle in cities along the East Coast. andrewpallarca |Points 31056| User: What did Italians call Ellis Island? the Island of Hope the Island of Tears the Island of Fears the Island of Freedom Weegy: the Island of Tears justpretty |Points 1771| User: What African leader opened Ethiopia to Western thought and practices?

Samori Ture Muhammad Ahmad Cetshwayo Menelek Weegy: Menelek rickjames |Points 884| User: Who worked to modernize Thailand? Meiji Sun Yat-sen Cecil Rhodes Chulalongkorn Weegy: Chulalongkorn, worked hard to modernize Thailand, but met with much resistance from the older ministers. LindsayBrooke |Points 175| User: Who led a resistance movement against the French in West Africa? Samori Ture Muhammad Ahmad Cetshwayo Menelek Weegy: Samori Ture led a resistance movement against the French in West Africa. Ture was born about 1830 in a village named Sanankaro in Guinea. He fought against French attempts to colonize West Africa. [ He is referred to today as a leading figure in the opposition against European imperialism. Read more: Who led a resistance movement against the French in West Africa? | Answerbag ] jher000 |Points 8066| User: Who became empress of India following the Sepoy Rebellion?

Ci Xi Olympe de Gouges Mary Wollstonecraft Queen Victoria Weegy: Queen Victoria of England became the empress of India. User: The Meiji Restoration in Japan marked the overthrow of the shogun/samurai/daimyo/emperor . Weegy: The Meiji Restoration in Japan marked the overthrow of the SHOGUN. Expert answered| emdjay23 |Points 3108| boxerrebellion - The Fists of Righteous Harmony The Fists of Righteous Harmony The Fists of Righteous Harmony (The origins of the Boxers in China) At the conclusion of the nineteenth century, China faced imperialism on all fronts from western powers and began to resist these forces nationwide. In the province of Shantung, people were known for their strong independence who protested to the involvement of German engineering and missionaries in their lives. The Fists of Righteous Harmony was one secret organization in the province of Shantung that supported the resistance that the government was initiating throughout the nation. They eventually received the name “boxers” from foreigners for their style of fighting.

This organization had been repressed by an imperial decree in 1909 and returned on the scene at the end of the nineteenth century for their new resistance cause. The boxers not only opposed the work of both Christian and Protestant missionaries, but ostracized and eventually terrorized those who had converted. There were two groups that were influential to the development of the boxer movement: The Spirit Boxers and the Big Sword Society. The Big Sword Society became prominent in 1895 in Southwestern Shantung which was not politically stable at the time. “[I]n the initial phase of its development, the organization’s sole purpose was to protect people’s lives and property” (Cohen 17). Though there was some attempt by the government to disband the society, they were not completely considered a threat as long as their primary goal remained the same: to protect families. Soon, however, the members of the Big Sword society began a campaign against Christian communities. In 1896 a series of attacks erupted on the Christian communities the Big Swords, though some scholars contend that they were not directly related to anti-Catholic sentiments.

Because the society went from being protectors of civilization to instigators of assault, the local authorities took action against their leaders and for the most part, the influence of the Big Sword Society was over. Unlike the Big Sword Society, people involved in the Spirit Boxers, which developed in the mid-1890’s were of a poor peasant background. “Their rituals, which included bowing or performing the koutou in a southeasterly direction, chanting spells, swallowing charms, and, most important, calling upon the gods to possess them were precisely the rituals soon to be practiced by the boxers United in Righteousness during their expansionist phase” (Cohen 30). The movement of the boxers spread extremely rapidly. They appealed to people wanting to join a secret society for many reasons. “They guaranteed the invulnerability of their followers to the foreign devils’ weapons. And they promised a tremendous victory of the forces which had been oppressing them…” (O’Connor 14). So, it would be easy for boxers to gain support because they claimed to be impenetrable by foreign weapons, to have magical powers, including the power to fly for some and they guaranteed victory.

Further, the boxers claimed to have the support of “spirit soldiers,” or soldiers who would come to the aid of soldiers in a time of need. Another reason that they appealed to the Chinese public was that they told propaganda stories about the terror that occurred inside Christian orphanages towards Chinese children and that Chinese women would be raped in Christian churches. For such a proud nation, like China, these two claims would be utterly unimaginable and the highest forms of disrespect. Many scholars have written that the expansion of the Boxer movement was helped by the Northern China drought that occurred in 1898 and 1899. “It created a sizable population of young makes who, idled by the lack of farm work, were bored and had a surplus of free time on their hands” (Cohen 34). Paul Cohen, author of History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth, goes on to point out that the Boxers often had surplus supplies of food and as the drought continued, this was influential in encouraging many others to join the cause. Works Cited Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Events, Experience, and Myth.

New York, NY: Columbia UP, 1997. Esherick, Joseph W. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Los Angeles, CA: University of California P, 1987. O'Connor, Richard. The Spirit Soldiers. New York, NY: G.P Putnam Sons, 1973. Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion. New York, NY: Walker and Company, 2000. Price, Eva J. China Journal: An American Missionary Family During the Boxer Rebellion. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. The Boxer rebellion the Society of Righteous and - WORLD HIST - 101 The boxer rebellion the society of righteous and SCHOOL View Full Document The Boxer rebellion (the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists), 1899-1900 a. Local militia attacked foreigners, Chinese Christians b. Crushed by European and Japanese troops c. Collapse of Qing dynasty in 1912 V. The Transformation of Japan A. From Tokugawa to Meiji 1. Crisis and reform in early nineteenth century a.

Crisis: crop failure, high taxes, rising rice prices all led to protests and rebellions b. Tokugawa bakufu tried conservative reforms, met with resistance 2. Foreign pressure for Japan to reverse long-standing closed door policy a. 1844 requests by British, French, and United States for the right of entry rebuffed b. 1853, U.S. Commodore Perry sailed U.S. fleet to Tokyo Bay, demanded entry c. Japan forced to accept unequal treaties with United States and other western countries 3. The end of Tokugawa rule followed these humiliations a. Widespread opposition to shogun rule, especially in provinces b. Dissidents rallied around emperor in Kyoto 4. The Meiji restoration, 1868 a. After brief civil war, Tokugawa armies defeated by dissident militia b. The boy emperor Mutsuhito, or Meiji, regained authority c. End of almost seven centuries of military rule in Japan B. Meiji reforms 1. Meiji government welcomed foreign expertise a. Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constitutions and education b. Ito Hirobumi helped build Japanese constitutional government 2.

Abolition of the feudal order essential to new government a. Daimyo and samurai lost status and privileges b. Districts reorganized to break up old feudal domains c. New conscript army ended power of samurai; rebelled in 1877 but lost 3. Revamping tax system a. Converted grain taxes to a fixed money tax: more reliable income for state This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document b. Assessed taxes on potential productivity of arable land 4. Constitutional government, the emperor's "gift" to the people in 1889 a. Emperor remained supreme, limited the rights of the people b. Less than 5 percent of adult males could vote c. Legislature, the Diet, was an opportunity for debate and dissent 5. Remodeling the economy and infrastructure a. Transportation: railroads, telegraph, steamships b. Education: universal primary and secondary; competitive universities c. Industry: privately owned, government controlled arms industry d. Zaibatsu : powerful financial cliques 6. Costs of economic development borne by Japanese people a.

Land tax cost peasants 40 percent to 50 percent of crop yield, provided 90 percent of state revenue b. Peasant uprisings crushed; little done to alleviate suffering c. Labor movement also crushed; Meiji law treated unions and strikes as criminal 7. Japan became an industrial power in a single generation a. Ended unequal treaties in 1899 b. Defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1904 {CHAPTER 33} I. Foundations of empire A. Motives of imperialism 1. Modern imperialism a. Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands b. Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities 2. Two types of modern colonialism a. Colonies ruled and populated by migrants b. Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document.

TERM WORLD HIST 101 - Spring 2011 Intro Fatt Hing Chin-Chinese man, old fish at market, went to California for gold Wen Ch31Notes Boxer Rebellion - encyclopedia article - Citizendium This editable Main Article is under development and not meant to be cited; by editing it you can help to improve it towards a future approved , citable version. These unapproved articles are subject to a disclaimer . Caption reads: Some of China's troublemakers - "Boxer" Prisoners captured and brought in by 6th U.S. Cavalry, Tientsin [Tianjin], China. The Boxer Rebellion was an outbreak of anti-foreign violence that occurred in China during 1900. In the years leading up to the rebellion there was a growing ill-feeling in China, particularly in the north of the country, in response to the growth in European commerce. In addition to this there was also the acquisition of Kiaochow by Germany in 1897, Port Arthur by Russia and Wei-hai-wei by the British Empire , both in 1898.

In order to stem the tide of European expansion The Chinese government, in collusion with the dowager Empress Tzu Hsi, set up a secret organisation whose name translated as 'The Society of Harmonious Fists', its members were popularly termed 'Boxers'. Many young Chinese were drawn to the society seeing it as an outlet for their emotions towards the West. The society was responsible for attacks on missionaries and Christian converts, however when they began attacking foreign-controlled railways the European powers took measures to safeguard their nationals, sending reinforcements to China. When the reinforcements, led by Admiral Seymour, attempted to make their way to Peking (then the capital) they were fired upon by the forts at Taku. Immediately the violence in Peking escalated. On 19th June the German Minister was assassinated and the foreign legations placed under siege. On 14th August, over 2 months later, the legations where relieved by a six-nation force, in what proved to be an early international coalition (just 14 years before WWI ), which promptly looted the capital. Later in the year a German expeditionary force, under von Waldersee, took strong punitive measures to avenge the murder of the German Minister.

The uprising in Peking is the most noteworthy however there were less bloody risings in the provinces of Shensi and Manchuria that were dealt with by the Russians. Despite the ruthless manner in which the rebellion was quelled by the European powers it only acted to intensify the resentment that had caused it and drove many young Chinese into the Nationalist and Republican movements. The Boxer Rebellion - History Learning Site The Boxer Rebellion Citation: C N Trueman "The Boxer Rebellion" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 26 May 2015. 16 Aug 2016. The Boxer Rebellion targeted both the Manchu dynasty in China and the influence of European powers within China. Though the Boxer Rebellion failed but it did enough to stir up national pride within China itself. In 1895, China had been defeated by Japan. This was a humiliation for the Chinese as Japan had always been considered as a lesser nation to China. China lost control of Korea and Formosa to Japan. Within the elite of Chinese society, it was believed that this defeat was entirely the blame of the Europeans who were dominant in China and that they alone were responsible for China’s defeat.

Many Chinese began to feel the same. It was believed that the Europeans were driving China’s domestic and foreign policy and that the situation was getting out of control. By the end of the Nineteenth Century, a strong sense of nationalism swept over China and many wanted to reclaim China for the Chinese. In 1898, these feelings boiled over into rebellion. The rebellion began in north China in the Shantung Province. This province was a German sphere of influence and Germany dominated the rail lines, factories and coal mines that existed in Shantung. The Germans made considerable profits while the Chinese there were paid very poor wages and lived very poor lifestyles. In Shantung, gangs of Chinese people roamed the streets chanting “Kill the Christians” and “Drive out the foreign devils”. Germans who lived in Shantung were murdered as were other European missionaries. Those Chinese who had converted to Christianity were also murdered. Those behind the Shantung rebellion belonged to a secret society called Yi Ho Tuan – which meant “Righteous Harmony Fists” when translated into English. This was shorten to Boxers and the rebellion has gone done in history as the Boxer Rebellion.

By 1900, the rebellion had started to spread across northern China and included the capital Peking. One of the targets of the Boxers was the Manchu government. They were seen as being little more as unpatriotic stooges of the European ‘masters’ who did nothing for national pride. The inspiration behind the Manchu government was the Empress Dowager. She was nicknamed “Old Buddha” – but never to her face. She had been married to the former emperor and was a very clever person. China was a society where women were ‘kept in their place’, therefore, she was an oddity within that male dominated society. Empress Dowager Tzu realised what was going on and made secret contact with the Boxers offering them her support. This they accepted. This allowed the Boxers to turn their full attention to the Europeans. Peking had many Europeans living in it in 1900. Their lifestyle was completely different to that of the Chinese who lived in the city. The Europeans effectively treated the Chinese in Peking as their slaves. It was not surprising that the Boxers found many ready supporters in Peking.

In June 1900, it became clear that their lives were in danger and many prepared to leave the city. The German ambassador in China wanted to register one final protest at the way the Europeans were being treated in China. As he made his way to the Royal Palace to protest, he was dragged from his sedan chair (being carried by Chinese) and murdered. The message was clear. Even the high and mighty were not safe. The rest of the Europeans crowded into the British Legation for their own safety. They were defended by an assortment of 400 European soldiers and sailors nicknamed the “Carving Knife Brigade” because of their lack of proper weapons. They fought off the Boxers with great bravery who were joined in the attack by troops who guarded the Manchus. The Siege of the Legation lasted for 55 days until an international force marching from Tientsin on the coast managed to relieve them. 66 Europeans had been killed in this time and 150 had been wounded. This type of treatment was unforgivable from a European point of view. America had also been shocked by the treatment of the Europeans.

The international force, as a punishment, went of the rampage in Peking – effectively urged on by the officers commanding them. Peking was extensively damaged. The Chinese government was also ordered to pay $450 million in compensation – a vast sum of money for any nation let alone one as poor as China. The European force, now supported by the Manchus, then took its revenge on the Boxers. Those caught were given little mercy and they were beheaded in public. The Manchus were effectively forgiven as was the Dowager Empress despite her apparent treachery. She and her family were allowed to return to the Forbidden Palace in Peking facing no punishment other than European nations re-establishing their authority over the Chinese. She had no other choice but to be compliant.

Question: The Society of Harmonious Fists was responsible for which rebellion?
Answer: Boxer Rebellion