Pre-decimal British coinage | Uncyclopedia | Fandom powered by Wikia Whoops! Maybe you were looking for LSD ? “If I give you a sovereign, can I see your thruppenny bits?” ~ Noel Coward Fifty pre-decimal pennies from 1959. This much money would have been sufficient to purchase a four-bedroomed house and a Morris Oxford V . Prior to decimalisation, when Great Britain and Ireland adopted a confusing monetary system based around a pound made up of one hundred pennies, a far more logical system known as LSD was used. L, S and D are the first letters of the names given to the different units of coin - L obviously stands for pounds and D stands for pennies (or pence). So far, everything is straightforward. Oddly however, S stands for shillings. Though pre-decimal currency is thought confusing by people under the age of 40 and foreigners , it really was much easier than the current system - and will undoubtedly be reintroduced if right-thinking British people get their way - as we shall see here. For the religious among us who choose to believe lies, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about Pre-decimal British coinage .

Contents [ show ] Farthing A farthing was equal to one quarter of a penny and would have been the weekly wage expected by the average working man up until the late 1920s when the Great Depression caused wages to fall dramatically. Very few women worked in those days (those that did were generally engaged in traditional female employment and were looked down upon by society); those that did were paid less than this amount because, strange as it may seem in these times of equality , it was then considered that a woman's work was worth less than a man's. However, as there was no coin worth less than a farthing, a group of four women would have to share one farthing between themselves and grocery shop as a group, splitting the purchases amongst themselves after buying. Although the farthing was insufficient to purchase anything at all post-1950, the coin was kept in circulation because the British population with their nostalgic love of pointless tradition had a great fondness for it and the cute picture of a wren on the back. Farthings were 13 inches wide, 4 inches thick and weighed 60lb.

Halfpenny Two farthings made a halfpenny which had a depiction of a galleon in full sail on the obverse as a reminder of our proud nation's glorious naval tradition which led to the Empire and all the good things that came of it. A halfpenny was what your grandad got for his weekly pocket money when he was seven years old back in 1920 and, as he's so fond of telling you, was enough money to see a western of a Saturday afternoon and still have enough change left over for a bag of chips and a packet of Woodbines on the way home. A halfpenny was much smaller than a farthing in order to be more portable, measuring just 10 inches across and 2.5 inches thick with a weight of only 36lb. Penny This old dear is having a well-earned breather after carrying her penny halfway to the village shop. When she gets there, she'll spend it on catfood , cabbages , whisky and her BNP membership fee.

Four farthings or two halfpennies made a penny, an incredible sum of money to the working classes , and enough to buy a modern house with sufficiently modern facilities as to be hygienic enough that only four of your twelve children would die before their first birthdays. 240 pennies made a pound, with each coin measuring just under 41 inches wide and 11 inches thickness with a weight of 134lb. As previously mentioned, penny was abbreviated to d. As seen in the photograph, one penny was the state weekly pension for many years. However, as Britain has become more prosperous, the pension has risen time and time again with many elderly people now living luxuriously on pensions of as much as twenty times this amount. Threepence The threepence coin, known as a threepenny bit.

The uniquely-shaped threepence coin, known as threepenny bit, was a convex regular polytope with a symmetry group of four-dimensional space, being a uniform star-polychoron the cells of which were 720 intersecting congruent pentagonal prisms of 120 vertices, 1200 edges, 1800 square faces and 720 pentagonal faces to connect the pentagonal prism cells to one another. Sixty cells came together at every vertex, and the squares were also faces of a uniform compound created of 75 tesseracts while the pentagons were also the faces of a standard star-polychoron. It measured a mere 8 inches across (its span of 7.32 lightyears in the 5th dimension was with typical British chippiness ignored by most citizens). It was 10 inches thick and weighed 96lb. . During the 1960's, it was not unknown for the threepenny bit to be given to children in Scotland for use for their church collection.

Sixpence Equal to Britain's entire defence budget in 1935, the sixpence was an enormously popular coin because, unlike those previously mentioned, it was made of a nice shiny metal and therefore looked all pretty and silvery . Interestingly, the modern 5p piece - which everybody hates and moans about because they say it's too small and gets stuck in the corners of your purse - is exactly the same dimensions as the old sixpence which was possibly the best-loved coin ever. There were 40 sixpences in a pound. Shilling Those who were tricked into taking the King's shilling would rapidly find themselves in the Navy, like these two unfortunates. Modern Navy uniforms are more revealing than these antique versions. Two sixpences or 12d made a shilling. The word shilling gave us the term shillinglaw, a practise by which naval recruitment officers would enter alehouses and place a shilling into the flagon of any healthy-looking males. If the drinker was unwary enough as to accidentally swallow the coin, he would be deemed to have "taken the King's shilling" and as such was officially now signed up as a member of the Navy .

He would then be hauled off to the nearest docks and put aboard a warship where his new career as a sailor would begin. So that it might be swallowed more easily, the shilling was a far smaller coin than those other mentioned here with a diameter of just 6 inches, a thickness of 2 inches and a weight of 14lb. 20 shillings made a pound. Florin A florin was equal to two shillings or 24d and was introduced during Victorian times in preparation for decimalisation, there being ten of them to a pound - in the usual British fashion, decimalisation didn't happen for another century due to having to pass through the House of Lords before being put into practice - and anything passing through the Lords, the members of which are generally well into their later years, can take a very long time indeed. A florin was slightly larger than a shilling, being 35 inches in width and 10 inches thick with a weight of 49lb. Half Crown The previous coins are all worth twice the amount of the coin below them in value with the exception of the threepence which was worth three times the coin below it.

This was considered illogical and likely to lead to confusion, so the half crown was worth two shillings and sixpence or 30d, written as 2/6, and as such there were eight of them to a pound. The British population were outraged when the coin was discontinued with the advent of decimalisation in 1971 as it had been a feature of the British way of life since time immemorial along with other popular venerable traditions such as cholera and smallpox . Made of wrought iron , the half crown was 32 inches across, 10 inches thick and weighed in at 42lb. Rather than being melted down for metal to make the new decimalised coinage in 1971, half crowns were put into use as manhole covers. These coins were also sellotaped to a Christmas or Birthday Card sent to you by relatives you didn't see very often, under the impression they'd given you a great deal of money to spend in the sales on new toys or the latest Bunty Annual. Double Florin This was introduced in Queen Victoria's Jubilee year of 1887, supposedly in an attempt to prepare for decimalisation.

As it was worth 4/- or 48d it's not clear where the arithmetic of this plan was going. They gave up minting it in 1890 but it was never withdrawn as legal tender, and since decimalisation its face value has been exactly 20p. However, as it is 22.6 grams of Sterling silver and rather rare you'd have to be Terry Fuckwitt to try spending one as a 20p piece. Equally, if someone tried to give you a Victorian double florin instead of a 20p piece you'd have to be Terry Fuckwitt to refuse it. Crown Once again, the system returns to a coin being worth double the value of the coin below it as a crown was worth two half crowns - 60d, or one quarter of a pound. Crowns are still minted and remain legal tender today, and so as not to confuse anyone have a value of five pounds.

Contrary to popular belief, the crown is not so-called after the symbol of the British monarchy but due to the fact that its size (18 inches wide, 4 inches thick) made it ideal as emergency headgear should one be caught out in a shower. Since they were made of gold-coloured metal, placing one upon the head would make the wearer look as though they were wearing a crown. A 1911 sovereign. Modern versions do not have the depiction of St. George killing the dragon after protests by anti-bloodsport campaigners persuaded the Royal Mint to change the design in 1988. Compare this £1 coin to the image on the left of the page. When first introduced, the £1 was known as a Thatcher because it was thick, brassy and thought it was a sovereign. Half Sovereign The half sovereign was worth ten shillings, 120d or two crowns. Half sovereigns are popular when made into rings, as worn by the wives and girlfriends of the sort of men mentioned in the section on sovereigns as females find the smaller size - just 19 inches wide, 9 inches thick with a weight of 73lb - more comfortable to wear.

Sovereign Sovereigns are worth far more than their face value nowadays as they've become popular when set into rings to make a very tasteful and attractive item of jewelry available from high class jewellers . These rings are commonly worn by chavs and large, bald-headed men because, in addition to their aesthetic value, they serve as very effective knuckle-dusters. Sovereigns were 45 inches across, 19 inches thick and weighed 105lb - explaining why the people who wear them as rings tend to drag their knuckles on the ground while walking. The Queen is still paid in sovereigns. Every Wednesday, she and Prince Philip travel by a special Rolls-Royce bus run by London Transport just for them to Pall Mall Post Office where they collect their pensions which, combined, amount to some sixteen million sovereigns - a small price for the nation to pay in return for the hard work they do.

Her Majesty then visits the same back-street hairdresser she has been going to since 1903 for her weekly shampoo, set and blue rinse while Philip puts a bet on at the bookies and then has haddock and a small portion of mushy peas for his lunch since he finds the crispy bits in chips uncomfortable to chew with his false teeth. This done, the bus conveys them to Morrison's supermarket where they purchase tinned food for their corgis and, if the gas bill doesn't have to be paid that week, treat themselves to a nice cup of tea and a bun. Guinea This gold coin was meant to be worth one pound Sterling, but being real gold its actual value fluctuated all over the place thanks to the venal machinations of international currency speculators - not like today at all, eh? Eventually its value was fixed at 21/- and it was largely replaced by the Sovereign. However prices in guineas were still used by furniture salesmen, car dealers and bookmakers, all of whom wanted to mislead their customers as much as possible.

Decimalisation in 1971 finally banned pricing things in guineas, since which time the sharks have had to find other ways of confusing and fleecing the unwary. Pronunciation Many a German spy was captured and imprisoned during World War 2 when they nonchalantly strolled into a village shop to purchase those items essential to a Nazi abroad such as lager , Volkswagen spares and the Daily Mail . They'd probably have got away with it too, had the British not cunningly decided to pronounce the names of certain coins of the realm in peculiar ways that Johnny Foreigner would have no hope of ever coming to grips with. Every shopkeeper in the country knew that, should any shifty-looking types enter their premises and pronounce the names of any of the coins phonetically, they should immediately phone the Home Guard.

To pronounce the names properly and thus avoid looking like a foreigner, simply refer to this simple guide: Farthing - mag Halfpenny - hape-nee The penny was pronounced as the spelling suggests, but just to be on the safe side two pennies (2d) would be pronounced tuppence Threepence - thruppnee bit or throopnee bit, depending on region Sixpence - tanner Half Crown - arfer craan, affa crone or even arf dollar, depending on region Pound - quid Such a system would reveal even fluent English speakers, as nobody but a true Britisher could ever linguistically cope with, " two shillings and thruppunce," "tuppunce hap-nee" or "'alf a bob" without becoming hopelessly tongue-tied and revealing their true origins. Maundy Money Also known by pedants and pub bores by its full name The Queen's Maundy Money and donated by her to deserving poor folks in a religious ceremony dating back to 600AD which is traditionally carried out on Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Easter .

Originally, the ceremony involved the Archbishop of Canterbury washing poor people's feet, to mark the washing of the Disciples' feet by Christ ; this was rapidly changed to the charitable donation of money when it was decided that royalty should carry out the tradition as no British person would ever wish to see the hands of their beloved monarch touch something so vile as a poor person. Special Maundy coinage is produced yearly by the Royal Mint in the form of silver coins with denominations of one penny, two pennies, three pennies and four pennies (known as a groat). The amount donated is decided not by the recipient's need but in accordance with the monarch's age - thus in 2006, when Queen Elizabeth turned 80, 80 pence was donated to 80 poor people in a ceremony held at Guildford Cathedral . That year, in a display of astonishing generosity from the aristocracy, the selected poor also received a commemorative £5 coin marking Her Majesty's birthday and a special 50p coin to mark the 150th anniversary of the Victoria Cross medal.

As the grateful recipients filed out of the cathedral amongst much pomp and splendour, one lucky elderly gent was heard to mutter, "£6.30. That's going to keep the heating bills paid this winter. Thanks, you tight ol' cow." See Also Victorian coinage WHAT'S A GUINEA? Money and Coinage in Victorian - and twentieth century - Britain If you are under the age of 40 or didn't live in the United Kingdom or one of the Commonwealth countries which shared its strange currency before 1971, then you need this page. Pounds, shillings, and pence The coinage used in Victorian Britain had been much the same for three hundred years and was based on a system which had existed for more than a millennium. It lasted until 1971 when the currency was finally decimalised and the pound was divided into 100 smaller units. Similar changes were made to the currency in Ireland and several Commonwealth countries which still used Britain's ancient coinage system. In Britain the pound Sterling was (and is) the central unit of money. Prior to decimalization the pound was divided into twenty shillings and each shilling was divided into twelve pennies or pence.

Although those divisions may seem odd, in fact having a pound divided into 240 equal parts does mean it can be exactly divided into halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, sixths, eighths, tenths, twelfths, fifteenths, sixteenths, twentieths, twenty-fourths, thirtieths, fortieths, forty-eightieths, sixtieths, eightieths, and one-hundred-and-twentieths. A decimal system allows precise division only into halves, quarters, fifths, tenths, twentieths, twenty-fifths, and fiftieths. Amounts of money were written in various ways. The pound was represented, as it still is, by a £ sign, the shilling by a 's' and the penny by a 'd' (for 'denarius', a Roman silver coin which was also used as the name for the English silver penny). So the meaning of £3-4s-6d is fairly obvious. But amounts below a pound were also written 12/6 meaning 12s-6d or 10/- or sometimes 10/= meaning ten shillings.

An amount such as 12/6 would be pronounced 'twelve and six' as a more casual form of 'twelve shillings and sixpence'. From the late eighteenth century a shilling was popularly called a 'bob' as in 'it cost three bob'. But you would only use that for whole shillings so it would be 'three bob' or 'three and eight' but never 'three bob and six'. From the early 19th century a five shilling piece or crown was sometimes called a dollar, probably because its appearance was similar to the Spanish dollar or peso - sometimes called a piece of eight. This expression gained currency again in the 1940s when US troops came to the UK during World War II. At the time a US dollar was worth exactly 5s. In the post-war period right up to the 1960s the phrase 'half a dollar' meaning 2/6 was also used.

The guinea A guinea was £1-1s-0d (which is £1.05) and could be written as '1g' or '1gn' or, in the plural, '3gs' or '3gns'. It was considered a more gentlemanly amount than £1. You paid a tradesman, such as a carpenter, in pounds but a gentleman, perhaps an artist, in guineas. It was a tradition in the legal profession that a barrister was paid in guineas but kept only the pounds, giving his clerk the shillings (they were all men then). In the 1850s and 60s the standard rate paid by Dickens for contributions to his weekly periodicals Household Words and All The Year Round was half a guinea a column or a guinea a page. His staff members were generally paid five guineas a week. In the early 1850s, before he worked for Dickens, Wilkie Collins was paid five-eighths of a guinea a page for his work in Bentley's Miscellany. That odd amount was worked out from the rate of ten guineas for a printed sheet of sixteen pages.

Per word, both amounts were similar. Like the pound, the guinea could also be divided exactly into many different amounts - halves, thirds, quarters, sixths, sevenths, ninths, fourteenths, twenty-firsts, twenty-eighths, thirty-sixths, forty-seconds, sixty-thirds, eighty-fourths, and one-hundred-and-twenty-sixths. One useful factor was that a third of a guinea was exactly seven shillings. Coins The coinage reflected the principal divisions of the money and added some of its own. A gold coin worth £1 was called a sovereign and the half sovereign, also in gold, was worth ten shillings. These coins were first minted in 1817 as a response to the rather uncertain value of earlier gold coins. Both were current throughout Victoria's reign. A crown was a silver coin worth 5s - though much more common was the half-crown worth 2/6 or exactly one eighth of a pound. The shilling was also a silver coin as were the sixpence and the threepence.

That coin was usually pronounced - and sometimes spelt - 'thruppence' and in conversation, the coin was sometimes called 'a thrupp'ny bit'. Silver coins called groats and worth four pence were also minted and were sometimes called Joeys. That term was also used for threepenny bits from 1937 when they were no longer small silver coins but were reissued in a yellowy nickel brass metal with 12 sides. Half-groats and silver pennies were not in circulation in the Victorian era but were still minted for a tradition known as Maundy Money where the Monarch gave poor people in a parish a groat, a threepence, a half groat and a penny. The number of poor people favoured in this way was the same as the number of the monarch's years. The tradition still goes on although now the number of people honoured is as many men and as many women as the monarch's years and they each get the same number of pence as years in the monarch's years - that is one more than her age.

For example, on Maundy Thursday 28 March 2002 the 75-year-old Queen Elizabeth II - who is therefore in her 76th year - gave out 76 pence (seven and a half sets of a fourpence, a threepence, a twopence and a penny) of Maundy money to each of 76 men and 76 women in Canterbury Cathedral. The sets come in a white leather purse. The recipients also get a second, red purse containing �5.50 in more ordinary money. Since 1971 the coins have been decimalised and are worth 4p, 3p, 2p, and 1p. The portrait of the Queen is the early one which was used from 1953 to decimalisation. Lower value coins were made of copper (bronze from 1860). The penny was accompanied by the halfpenny (pronounced hape-nee and sometimes written ha'penny) and the farthing, worth a quarter of a penny. Half farthings were also minted for some of Victoria's reign but were unpopular because of their small size.

Smaller coins - one third and one quarter farthings - were minted mainly for use in some British colonies. For most people the penny was still the central coin of their currency and was used in words like 'penn'orth' meaning a penny-worth of something as in 'I'll take a penn'orth of tobacco' and also as in 'it's a good penn'orth, sir' meaning it is good value for your penny. These coins were referred to as 'coppers' as in 'It cost a few coppers'. Not to be confused with the slang meaning of 'a copper' from the early Victorian period of 'a policeman'. Although all this can seem very confusing to people brought up with purely decimal coinage - like dollars and cents or euro and cent (the official spelling of the European currency in English takes no 's' for the plural though in popular use it almost always does) or the present day currency of almost every major country in the world - it became second nature to most people. Money calculations were part of a basic education along with the alphabet and multiplication tables. In Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, the young Pip is subject to endless mental arithmetic tests by Mr Pumblechook. One of them involves money.

"First (to get our thoughts in order) : Forty-three pence?" I calculated the consequences of replying "Four Hundred Pounds," and, finding them against me, went as near the answer as I could -- which was about eightpence off. Mr. Pumblechook then put me through my pence-table from "twelve pence make one shilling," up to "forty pence make three and fourpence," and then triumphantly demanded, as if he had done for me, "Now! How much is forty-three pence?" To which I replied, after a long interval of reflection, "I don't know." And I was so aggravated that I almost doubt if I did know. Mr. Pumblechook worked his head like a screw to screw it out of me, and said, "Is forty-three pence seven and sixpence three fardens, for instance?" "Yes!" said I. And although my sister instantly boxed my ears, it was highly gratifying to me to see that the answer spoilt his joke, and brought him to a dead stop. (Great Expectations, chapter IX) Forty-three pence is, of course, three shillings and sevenpence.

And a 'farden' is a farthing. Even more obscure for anyone not familiar with the peculiarities of pre-decimal English coinage is this passage from Dickens's Bleak House where the total price of a meal for three people is rapidly assessed by one of the diners for the benefit of the waitress, Polly. Mr. Smallweed, compelling the attendance of the waitress with one hitch of his eyelash, instantly replies as follows: "Four veals and hams is three, and four potatoes is three and four, and one summer cabbage is three and six, and three marrows is four and six, and six breads is five, and three Cheshires is five and three, and four half-pints of half-and-half is six and three, and four small rums is eight and three, and three Pollys is eight and six.

Eight and six in half a sovereign, Polly, and eighteenpence out!" Not at all excited by these stupendous calculations, Smallweed dismisses his friends with a cool nod and remains behind to take a little admiring notice of Polly, as opportunity may serve, and to read the daily papers, which are so very large in proportion to himself, shorn of his hat, that when he holds up the Times to run his eye over the columns, he seems to have retired for the night and to have disappeared under the bedclothes. Bleak House Chapter XX From this rather impenetrable paragraph we can deduce the price of everything on the menu which the three men - Jobling, Guppy, and Smallweed - ate. Smallweed adds up the amounts in his head and keeps a running total of the bill as he does so. The three of them ate four helpings of veal and ham with french beans - Jobling had two. The total, Smallweed says, "is three" or three shillings. Three shillings is 36d so each veal and ham was 9d.

Such calculations, knowing that four ninepences were three shillings, would have been second nature to most Victorians. Jobling also had double potatoes and four helpings of potatoes make the total "three and four". So they are a penny a portion bringing the total to 3s 4d. Jobling's summer cabbage - no-one else ate that - adds another 2d - total now 3s 6d or "three and six". After this came a helping each of marrow pudding taking the bill from "three and six" to "four and six" in other words adding a shilling. So each helping must have been 4d as there are twelve pennies in a shilling. Six helpings of bread (two a piece) at 1d each adds 6d making 5/- "is five". A portion of Cheshire cheese is also 1d, add three of those to get to 5s 3d (five and three). Four half pints of half and half - a drink comprising equal measures of ale and stout, two different kinds of beer - add a shilling taking the total from "five and three" to "six and three" or 6s 3d.

Jobling had drunk two and they are 3d each. Four small rums are clearly 6d each, four making 24d or 2/- , bringing the total to 8s 3d "eight and three". And finally, Polly's waitressing service for three people is 1d each adding threepence to make a final total of 8s 6d. Smallweed gives Polly half a sovereign, which is ten shillings, leaving 1s 6d change or, as Mr Smallweed puts it, "and eighteenpence out!" Simple! The Florin The Victorians introduced one new coin intended as the first step towards a decimal system of coinage. A two shilling coin, exactly a tenth of a pound, was first minted in 1849. It was called a florin (a term first used for the coin produced in the 13th century in the Italian city of Florence) and it was minted for nearly 120 years until 1968 when, in preparation for decimalisation, a coin of the same size became the new ten pence piece.

A smaller 10p piece was issued in 1992 and the old florin sized coin finally disappeared on 30 June 1993. A florin was also called a 'two shilling piece' or a 'two bob bit'. It did not oust the popular half a crown, usually called a half-crown, worth 2s 6d, which remained in use until 1 January 1970. Even in the 1960s auctioneers at country sales would move the bidding on in half-crowns. The bid between five and ten shillings being always 'three half-crowns'. A double florin was minted in 1887 but was not popular. Guineas were not minted after 1813. In the eighteenth century half, third, and quarter guineas were also minted. Two and five guinea coins belonged to an earlier age. Up to the present The historical UK currency of pounds shillings and pence disappeared on 15 February 1971.

That date - called D-Day at the time in a strange echo of the popular name for the invasion of France in World War II - saw the start of the UK's first decimal coinage. From then on the pound was divided into 100 new pennies worth 2.4 pence. The ancient plural of 'pence' was retained (the two have always run in parallel, the plural for the coins usually being 'pennies' and for an amount being generally 'pence'). However, the symbol for the new penny was 'p' rather than 'd' and small amounts of money were soon referred to as so many 'pee' - 'twenty pee', '94 pee' etc. That usage still continues. The prefix 'new' disappeared from the language within a few years and was dropped from the coinage in 1982. Decimalisation of the currency had been discussed on and off for more than a century. But in 1961 a Committee of Enquiry under Lord Halsbury was appointed to examine it again.

Four years later the committee reported and proposed that the UK should decimalise its currency and the decision to do so, and how it would be done, was announced on 1 March 1966. The Decimal Currency Act was passed into law in 1967. As part of the changeover the Royal Mint was moved from its historic site near Tower Bridge in London to Llantrissant in South Wales. The ten pence and five pence coins (equivalent to the two shilling and one shilling pieces) were phased in from 1968 and a new seven sided fifty pence piece was issued in October 1969 to replace the ten shilling note which ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970. The halfpenny disappeared on 31 July 1969 and the half crown five months later on 31 December 1969. The last farthing had already disappeared from use. The last were dated 1956 and it was withdrawn in 1961. After D-Day 15 February 1971 all accounting was done in decimal form.

The remaining pre-decimal coinage continued to circulate but the old pennies and threepenny bits - which had no equivalent in the new system - ceased to be legal tender on 31 August 1971. The sixpence, which had an exact value of 2.5p, continued to circulate until 30 June 1980. The shillings and florins, which were identical in size to the new 5p and 10p coins, continued for much longer. In 1982 a new 20p piece, also with seven sides, appeared. The pound coin first appeared in 1983 and the one pound note disappeared on 11 March 1988, though Scottish banks continued to issue them into the 21st century. The decimal halfpenny vanished on 31 December 1984. A smaller 5p was issued in 1990 and the shilling finally disappeared on 31 December 1990 along with the original larger 5 pence coins.

A similar reduction followed for the 10p in 1992 leading to the disappearance of the florin and the old 10p on 30 June 1993. From September 1992 the penny and two pence pieces were made from copper plated steel rather than bronze - though some 2p pieces were issued in bronze in 1998. The two types can be sorted with a magnet. In 1997 a �2 bimetallic coin was first issued (though special issue �2 coins to commemorate various events had been produced since since 1986). The 50p piece was reduced in size from 1997 and the larger version vanished on 28 February 1998. Commemorative five pound pieces, silver in colour and similar in size to the old crown are also minted from time to time and although they are legal tender at face value the market is almost exclusively to collectors. The Royal Mint continues to issue gold sovereigns and a variety of other gold and silver coins to satisfy the market both for investment and for collectors.

They can be bought direct from the Royal Mint or, if you want to pay more, through dealers. Some of the Commonwealth countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, adopted a different approach to decimalisation, creating a new 'dollar' worth ten shillings which was divided into a hundred cents, each worth 1.2 old pennies. Their new currencies were introduced slightly before that of the UK. Ireland decimalised its punt at the same time as the UK, dividing it as the UK did into 100 pence. That currency was replaced on 1 January 2002 by the euro. For more on the euro click here. Banknotes The first paper money was issued by the Bank of England in the 1690s. But it was not widely used or trusted. Banknotes began to be issued in quantity in 1797 when an economic crisis stopped the Bank making payments in coins for more than �1. It issued the first �1 notes in March that year. Notes for �2, �5, �10, and �15 are also known. These notes continued until 1828 and values up to �1000 were issued in small numbers.

They were all very simple, hand-signed and until 1808 numbered by hand as well. From 1817, after the troubles of the wars against Napoleon and France were over, the gold sovereign became used and trusted as the common unit for �1. For most people, whose weekly wages were less than �1, the sovereign more than fulfilled their needs. Wealthy people though needed higher value currency and from 1829, when the Bank stopped issuing �1 and �2 notes, it continued with the �5 note. Higher denominations were made, though they were rarer and very few have survived. In 1853 bank officials stopped signing the notes by hand and the signature was printed. Throughout this period the design of the notes was simple. The ink was black, the paper white. The only decoration was the figure of Britannia in a small oval vignette at the upper left of the note. Although some details changed the design remained much the same until 1855. Then, the words Bank of England were moved to the top centre of the note in an elaborate typeface.

Britannia remained top left but a new image within a new vignette was designed by the artist Daniel Maclise RA. The printing process was improved. The wording was also changed. Instead of the note promising to pay by name the Chief Cashier it promised to pay 'the bearer on demand' - a phrase still used on English banknotes. From this redesign onwards, the plain white note universally known from that time as 'a fiver', would look familiar for more than 100 years. It was eventually replaced with a more pictorial design in 1957. During World War I the �1 note re-appeared, issued not by the Bank of England but by the Treasury. It was accompanied by a ten shilling note. Production continued after the war and five shilling and even half crown notes were also issued. These notes bore the head of the monarch, George V. In 1928 the Bank took over production of one pound and ten shilling notes in a new design - green for the pound and brown for the 10/- note. Britannia replaced the monarch's head which did not reappear until 1960.

A �10 note was first issued in the modern era in 1964 followed by a �20 note in 1970 and a �50 note in 1981. See the Royal Mint website for more information on coinage and the Bank of England for banknotes. Coins v.1.511 O’Brien Coin Guide: Irish Pre-Decimal Farthing | The Old Currency Exchange is a specialist dealer and valuer of coins, tokens and banknotes The Old Currency Exchange is a specialist dealer and valuer of coins, tokens and banknotes The best-stocked coin and banknote shop in Ireland. We buy and sell old collections, attic accumulations and house-clearances. Exchange your old coins and banknotes for euro Menu Ireland is one of only four nations to issue farthing coins in the 20th century. The other three countries to circulate farthings were the UK (1900-1956), South Africa (1923-60), and Jamaica (1900-63).

British farthings ceased to be legal currency in 1960 The farthings of South Africa, Jamaica and Ireland ceased to be legal currency in 1961, 1969 and 1971, respectively. More importantly, from a numismatic viewpoint, Ireland was both the first and last country to issue and use farthings for circulation purposes – although some sources believe this early currency was a method for stripping Ireland of its silver reserves. The first English pennies (or starlings) were cut in half (for halfpennies) or in four (originally known as ‘fourthings’, later corrupted to farthings). The old ‘long cross’ design of these silver pennies made this task easy and fragmented medieval pennies are very collectable. Medieval English ‘cut’ farthings (fourthings) The first purpose-made farthing coins were issued in Ireland during the reign of King John between the years 1190 and 1198. Since no English round farthings (i.e.

struck as farthings, as opposed to ‘cut’ quarter pennies) have been found to date and the number of round halfpennies of this period is so small compared with the number of pennies, it has been postulated that the Irish three denomination (penny, halfpenny and farthing) system was unique in the sterling world at the time. John (as Lord of Ireland), Second coinage, Farthing, Dublin mint, Norman, mascle with trefoil of pellets at angles, rev. norm retrograde in arms of cross, (S 6220; DF 38). His ‘first issue’ of coinage in Ireland was restricted to halfpennies, i.e. no farthings. John (as King), Third coinage, Farthing, Dublin mint, Roberd moneyer (SCBI Belfast 387, S 6234, DF 52). Good fine, extremely rare These first farthings were very small and light. As silver rose in value, they were no longer issued and, as there was a need for small, fractional coins, farthings were eventually re-introduced as copper coins.

By the 20th century, they were produced in bronze for durability reasons. The last Irish farthing (for circulation) was issued in 1959 and they were accepted as legal currency up until decimalisation in 1971, and they are still exchangeable today at the Central bank of Ireland at face value. At approx. 768 to a Euro, it is better to bring them to a coin dealer who will, no doubt, offer a much better exchange rate. an Irish farthing was issued in 1966 as part of a collectors’ set to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Rising. These did not circulate but they are often found loose in small groups of coins. a British farthing was issued in 1970 as part of a BU collectors’ set to commemorate the last year of imperial (pre-decimal) coinage in the UK. These are not usually found outside of these special sets. The modern Irish Farthing The farthing (¼d) (Irish: feoirling) was the lowest value coin of the pre-decimal Irish pound.

There were 4 to a penny, 48 to a shilling, 96 to a florin and 960 to a pound. The coin had lost much of its value through inflation long before decimalisation in February 1971, and during the 1960s no farthings were produced for general circulation in either Ireland or the UK. Since the Irish pound was pegged to the British pound until 1979, the Irish farthing had the same dimensions and weight as the British version. Irish and British farthings officially measured 0.796875 inches (20.2406 mm) in diameter and weighed 2.83495 grams. These bronze coins comprised 95.5% copper, 3% tin and 1.5% zinc. Similar to the other seven Irish Free State coins, the Irish farthing was designed by the English artist Percy Metcalf. The reverse design featured a woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) and the obverse featured the Irish harp. 1928-66 Irish Farthing (reverse design) As their common name implies, the woodcocks are woodland birds.

They feed at night or in the evenings, searching for invertebrates (mostly earthworms) in soft ground with their long bills. This nocturnal habit and their unobtrusive plumage make them difficult to see when they are resting during day-light hours. Woodcock at rest Woodcocks have stocky bodies, cryptic brown and blackish plumage and long slender bills. Their eyes are located on the sides of their heads, which gives them 360° vision. Unlike in most birds, the tip of the bill’s upper mandible is flexible. In Ireland, the woodcock (Gaelic: Creabhar) is a popular gamebird and is now quite rare due to overhunting. It is similar to, but a different species to the more commonly seen Snipe. From 1928 through 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name Saorstát Éireann circling around.

1928-37 Irish Farthing (obverse design) Irish Free State Farthings 1966 96,000 In 2006 some fake 1941 farthings appeared on the market and some of these faked coins were authenticated by a US grading company before they were advised (by Irish numismatists) that the coins were fake. It is only a matter of time before more and better ones appear. Caveat emptor (buyer beware) Farthings were not very common in circulation after 1950 and vanished entirely around 1960 since few retailers displayed goods worth less than a halfpenny back then. As such, the later dates (1950s and 1966) are usually found with very light,. if any, circulation wear.

1959 and 1966 farthings are often found in small uncirculated groups Farthings are rarely found heavily worn Damaged coins are not uncommon – especially from 1928 to 1932 The woodcock motif was later adopted for the decimal 50p coin (1970-2000) that replaced the obsolete ten shilling note in February 1971. ______________________________________________________ If you found this article useful, please connect to me on LinkedIn and endorse some of my skills.

Question: In the UK in pre-decimal currency how many farthings were in a shilling?
Answer: 48