SparkNotes: Sigmund Freud: The Seeds of Psychoanalysis: 1890–1901 The Seeds of Psychoanalysis: 1890–1901 → Life as A Neurologist: 1882–1889 The Seeds of Psychoanalysis: 1890–1901, page 2 page 1 of 2 The years from 1890 to 1901 were difficult for Freud, but they were also some of the most productive years of his life. During this time he and Josef Breuer published the first psychoanalytic case studies (Studies on Hysteria, 1895), he completed his "self-analysis," and he wrote The Interpretation of Dreams, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and his case history Dora–all of which were to become classics. In the early 1890s, Freud and Breuer frequently discussed their patients' cases with each other. At some point they decided to write up some of the more interesting cases for publication. Studies on Hysteria, published in 1895, was the result.

The first case study presented in the book is by Breuer. In it, Breuer reports on his treatment of a patient (Bertha Pappenheim, called by the pseudonym "Anna O." in the book) who demonstrated many of the classic symptoms of hysteria. He treated her with the so-called "talking cure" or "cathartic cure," in which the patient discusses his or her associations with each of her symptoms and thereby causes them to disappear. Anna O.'s symptoms appeared to be associated with her father's illness. Anna O. was the first psychoanalytic patient. It was this new technique of talking through the patient's hidden memories that would become the center of Freud's technique. Freud believed that the hidden, or "repressed", memories that lay behind hysterical symptoms were always of a sexual nature. Breuer did not hold with this belief, which led to a split between the two men soon after the publication of the Studies. Freud had met someone in November 1887 who would become his sole confidant and friend during his time of isolation in the 1890s.

His name was Wilhelm Fliess, and he was a Berlin nose and throat doctor who had attended one of Freud's lectures at the University of Vienna on the recommendation of Josef Breuer. The two men soon started up a correspondence that lasted for some time. Each had his theories and thoughts to share with the other. Freud, convinced of the importance of sexuality for neurosis but shunned by his colleagues, found a supportive and eager audience in Fliess. Fliess–whose bizarre theories ranged from the existence of a "nasal neurosis" that could be cured by the application of cocaine to the nose, to a way of predicting when a woman would die based on the length of her menstrual period–found a similarly supportive, and much needed, audience in Freud. There were a great number of similarities between the men. Both held bizarre theories that were not supported by the medical mainstream; both were Jewish; and both had had a similar middle- class upbringing. Although their friendship fell apart in bitter disagreement around 1901, for the intervening years they were each other's strong supporters. In October of 1896, Freud's father Jakob died.

Freud later realized that this was the event that triggered his self-analysis during the next three years. Our record of Freud's self-analysis is based on the letters to Fliess and on the autobiographical and semi-autobiographical material in Freud's later writings. From 1897 to 1899, Freud dedicated himself to recording and analyzing his dreams, dredging up old childhood memories, and, in the process, determining the roots of his own neuroses. The dreams he had during this period provided much of the raw material for The Interpretation of Dreams, which was published in November 1899. During the course of his self-analysis Freud came to the conclusion that his own problems were due to a repressed desire for his mother and hostility towards his father. This was the famous "Oedipal complex" that became the heart of Freud's theory about the origin of neurosis in all of his patients. When The Interpretation of Dreams was published, Freud had high hopes for it. Even toward the end of his career, he looked back on it as one of the best books he had written.

But its reception was rather subdued: it sold a minimal number of copies and received a number of mixed reviews, many of which Freud either never saw or saw and forgot about. Freud was disappointed, but the middling sales did not keep him from working. He continued to treat patients, also finding the time to write The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, a book that proved to be somewhat more popular than The Interpretation of Dreams when it was published in 1901. During this time, Freud's family life progressed more successfully than his career. We know very little about the married life of Sigmund and Martha Freud, because they no longer wrote letters to each other. From the little we can tell, however, they enjoyed a good marriage. Martha was never Freud's intellectual companion–her sister Minna Bernays fulfilled that function–but their relationship seems to have stayed healthy throughout their more than fifty years of marriage. Martha and Freud's first child, Mathilde, was born in 1887. She was followed by Anna, Martin, Sophie, Ernst, and Oliver.

1 Studies in Hysteria (Penguin Classics): Sigmund Freud, Josef Breuer, Nicola Luckhurst, Rachel Bowlby: 9780142437490: Amazon.com: Books By A Reader on July 26, 2004 Format: Paperback This new translation, by Nicola Luckhurst, of Freud's Studien über Hysterie is a remarkable achievement, surpassing James Strachey's classic translation. What makes it better? It stays very close to the text - obviously. Paradoxically, this means that the text is rougher, and more open. Luckhurst's translation preserves Freud's physical metaphors, the peculiarity of style and with this the feel that Freud is developing a new language for his new science, psychoanalysis. In this translation, Freud is not the dour, august professor but the young explorer discovering sexuality and desire. Luckhurst has an exquisitely sensitive ear for Freud's language.

For example, she picks up a number of metaphors related to pregnancy, labor, and childbirth that had disappeared in Strachey's translation: "These metaphors, often neutralized in earlier translations, seem important in that they indicate an unconscious feminine identification - by which I mean Freud's empathy (or counter-transference) for his patients as women and as mothers. Recovering these metaphors may allow hysteria to signify differently, as we hear Freud's patients dis-identify with their maternal or pregnant self, and project it into the psychoanalyst." For anyone interested Freud and psychoanalysis, the Translator's Preface is worth the price of the book. In sum: this new translation of one of the founding texts of psychoanalysis is a great read - and it will change the way we read Freud. By Maurizio Pompili on January 27, 2001 Format: Paperback A fascinating book that explores the hidden factors behind anxiety, written when Freud was still studying his first hysterical patients that became famous in the psychoanalytic literature. The collaboration with Breur was actually sealed with this book, but ironically it was also the end of their friendship.

Apart from the psychoanalytic concepts, the reader can really enjoy the five case studies included in "Study on hysteria". Only one case study was written by Breur and this goes to show that Freud really wanted to go deep into the unconscious whereas Breur after the first patient didn't go any further; basically because he would have had to confront himself with the patient's sexual drives as well as his instincts. This is a very stimulating book that allows the reader to appreciate the kind of female patients affected by hysteria before the 20th century, that were not understood by most psychiatrists. Freud menaged to understand why the repression of the sexual instinct led to a neurosis. By B. Marold HALL OF FAME TOP 500 REVIEWER on April 30, 2012 Format: Kindle Edition|Verified Purchase This may be one of the very few works of scientific research which is more than 100 years old, and is still being read by the non-professional. Since the work is so well known, and since another reviewer has commented on the translation, a matter on which I am not qualified, I will limit myself to the virtues of the Kindle edition.

Often, Kindle editions of older works are dumb as bricks. But this edition has at least three facets which are essential for a scholarly book, in addition to the usual ability of Kindle to search texts. First, it has a complete, active table of contents, including references to the Bibliography, Notes, and printed index. Second, it has active "drill down" notes. This may be the second most valuable asset of e-books, after searching. Footnotes are bad enough, when there are many, because they are often hard to read. End notes are a disaster if you really need them (as when you are writing a paper.) The third is the combination of printed index and the fact that the Kindle gives the page number of the printed edition. Searching may be quicker, but the original index will give you the places where a topic discussion is important, as when it spans several pages. I did notice one glitch, which was unworthy of an edition at this price. The Active table of contents reference to a list of appreviations pointed to the space between the previous and the following entry. Somehow, that list was left out. I got this book when I was doing a paper on the Salem Witch Trials, and it was eminantly helpful.

There are few references more impressive than when you cite "really important" sources from the likes of Freud, Darwin, Einstein, Newton, and Faraday rather than to some secondary reference about these people and their work. Sigmund Freud - Reviews of his most important works Sigmund Freud - Work - Reviews Studies on Hysteria Published in 1895 by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer , Studies on Hysteria is generally regarded as marking the beginning of the psychoanalysis. In fact, it is a work of transition between the pre-analytical period and Freud's works as we know it. As such, the Studies on Hysteria is often a source of confusion for the lay reader who believes he will find here the true teachings of Freud's thought. Studies on Hysteria is a fascinating read because the cases reported by the authors are each the equivalent of a short novel that captures the reader's interest. We see the development history of the disease and the risks of a new form of treatment that leaves the word to the patient. The enthusiasm of the authors, especially of the young Freud, is contagious and if the severity of the clinical presentation has been questioned more recently ( Anna O.

case in particular), this work marks a real epistemological rupture in the study of the human psyche. Co-authored by Joseph Breuer and Freud, this book also marks the gradual break between the two men. Freud will embark on the path of psychoanalysis while Breuer, older than him, will only follow from afar the work of his former protégé. The various chapters of the book bear the signature and stamp of their author and the differences between the two men are clearly exposed. -- You may buy this book online from our store at Amazon.com. Click here to be taken to the store pages. -- The Interpretation of Dreams Published in 1899 but dated 1900 by the publisher, this book is the cornerstone of psychoanalysis . Impressive work, The Interpretation of Dreams was one of the books that Freud was the most attached as notes were added several times, according to the re-editions and the developments of his thought. The Interpretation of Dreams is a large monograph on which Freud worked for several years.

It is important to understand that this book is the culmination of an intense work on himself, called since then self-analysis, made throughout the second half of 1890 and which can be traced in the correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess . A large number of dreams reported in the book are the author's own and witness to the informed reader for Freud's conflicting dynamics during those years of turmoil, which many did not fail to study thereafter. Written in Freud's own rich style, which eventually earned him the Goethe Prize, this book is a study of dreams and resumes, to discuss and demonstrate the weaknesses, the different approaches made up to date of the dream phenomenon. It was only later that he devotes several chapters to the question of the interpretation of dreams, and lays the theoretical and metapsychological bases of all of his work ( dreamwork , the wish fulfillment , the Oedipal complex , the first topic , etc.). (Read also our paper on the dream interpretation in psychoanalysis - click here .) -- You may buy this book online from our store at Amazon.com. Click here to be taken to the store pages.

-- On Dreams On Dreams is a small booklet written by Freud after the publication of his monograph on dream interpretation, in 1900. At the urging of his friends, including Wilhelm Fliess , Freud agreed to write a sort of summary of his work in a more accessible form. With a quick and easy read, this little book gives only a rough idea of the Freudian conception of dreams and leaves little room for the rich theorizing about the mental life contained the last chapters of his previous book. Still it is a good introduction to the subject of dreams for anyone who wants to have a general idea. -- You may buy this book online from our store at Amazon.com. Click here to be taken to the store pages. -- Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria Freud's vision about women made the object of numerous studies, conferences and colloquia, many of them having as a central team the case Dora, the unhappy young woman misunderstood by the master. Nevertheless, the situation is much more complex. By publishing the case Dora in 1901, Freud wanted to exemplify and to prove through a clinical example his dream monograph published one year ago.

It is not at all surprising that the account of the case is specially centered on the analysis of two dreams. Furthermore, psychoanalysis is at its incipient phase and Freud is still far away from realizing the true importance of the transference in the development of the treatment. The case Dora has the typical imprint of Vienna at the beginning of the XX century, of the hypocrisy which characterized the treatment of sexual and adultery problems. A pretty disturbed mother - obsessed with cleaning -, a father whose mistress was the wife of a friend - friend who tries, at the same time, to seduce Dora, who rejects him, and then he allies with her father in order to make everything look like the imagination of the young woman, here are the premises for a day to day life drama. Let´s add as well the fact that the father's mistress involves herself in the sexual education of the young girl, which makes complete the picture of an explosive situation. Freud was often reproached the abrupt intervention in the Dora case. Some have seen it as a trauma repetition when Freud, believing the girl's story, interpreted it as a sign of love for the one that she rejected. This analytic episode comes soon to an end at the initiative of the patient.

An interesting text, especially if we avoid adopting a priori a polemical position and we seek to find the necessary lessons from this partial failure. -- You may buy this book online from our store at Amazon.com. Click here to be taken to the store pages. -- The Psychopathology of Everyday Life With the monograph about dream's interpretation , the book about jokes and the present work - which treats of the forgetting and the slips and mistakes - Freud tries to prove the general value of his new science in the understanding not only of the pathology but also of the human psyche in his generality. Written at the same time as Interpretation of Dreams, the Psychopathology of the Everyday Life was published in 1901 and it is one of the best well-known works by the lay public. Enjoying a pleasant and fascinating reading due to the numerous related and analyzed examples, this book contributed to the spreading of the idea that no act is gratuitous and nothing happens without a purpose. -- You may buy this book online from our store at Amazon.com. Click here to be taken to the store pages.

-- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality This treatise was published in 1905 and was often modified; along the years; it was rewritten almost completely by Freud and had a bewildering effect on all areas dealing with the human psyche research. A durable but fake myth claims that the book's publishing would have lead to vehement reactions from the scientific world who was horrified by the infantile sexuality theories. However, the reality is different. Many books regarding sexuality were published at that time and the matter of an infantile sexual life was often approached and pretty good accepted. Besides, Freud's book enjoyed from the beginning a rather discrete but favorable reaction, especially because the readers did not realize immediately to what extent the conception over the psycho-sexuality was revolutionary. The three essays are a classical work of psychoanalysis. -- You may buy this book online from our store at Amazon.com. Click here to be taken to the store pages. More reviews will be published here soon. Please register with our newsletter to keep in touch with our news and updates. Copyright 1998-2013, AROPA. All rights reserved.

The Interpretation of Dreams - As early as my Studies in Hysteria, published in 1895, I was able to give the explanation for the first hysterical attack which a woman of over forty suffered at the age of fourteen - Book Drum The Interpretation of Dreams by Chaconne Freud here seems oddly possessive of the work he published jointly in 1895 with collaborator and one-time mentor Josef Breuer (See note to page 80). Scattered throughout it are references to the patient he alludes to here – Anna von Lieben, member of a wealthy and influential Viennese family to whom he gave the pseudonym 'Frau Cäcilie M'. Towards the end of the book's collection of case histories, he relates her first hysterical attack at the age of fifteen (not fourteen), during which she allegedly experienced her grandmother's 'piercing' gaze as a physical pain in her own forehead. Online edition of Freud and Breuer's ' Studies in Hysteria ', as translated by A. A.

Brill, (1937) The Interpretation of Dreams and Studies in Hysteria These - PSYC - 250 View Full Document The Interpretation of Dreams and Studies in Hysteria. These publishing's were incredibly influential to psychology (Lacoursiere, 2009, p.4). Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Perspective is one that is strongly developed based off of an unconscious forces in which an individual is unaware of which ultimately forms a person's personality and forms their actions. These unconscious forces are a person's true desires which are hidden due to their disturbing aptitude (Feldman, 2013, p.13) . Because of this, Freud argues that a person has three opposing forces: the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud's theory describes the id as an inborn nature of the human which presents primal instincts while the ego is the part of the personality that is logical and rational. The superego represents a person's conscious mind which controls the ideas of right and wrong from the ego and the id (Feldman, 2013, p.13).

Furthermore, Freud developed a psychosexual development for children in which he theorizes that children go through distinct stages where gratification and pleasure is placed on their body parts. Freud's stages are as follow: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. If children are unable to fulfill a certain stage, Freud's theory suggests that fixation, or in ability to complete that stage and move to the next may occur (Feldman, 2013, p.13). Lawrence Kohlberg expanded upon Piaget's work and further developed his own Moral Development theory which explains the way in which moral reasoning is completed. He based this theory off of interviews and research performed with young children in which different This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document COMPARING THEORISTS 8 moral situations were presented to the participants of the study and then were further evaluated upon their responses to the questions from each scenario. Kohlberg was not particularly worried about the response to the questions and was not looking for a correct or incorrect answer but was rather interested in each participants reasoning for their decision. The different responses that Kohlberg reported were categorized into his theory of moral development.

He split the categories into three levels and the lowest level is preconventional morality in which individuals follow rules based on a punishment and reward system. The next level is conventional morality in which people approach morality as a basis as a responsible member of society in which people obey social norms. Lastly, postconventional morality where people abide by their own individual morality. Kohlberg's theory proposes that people move through each level of morality in a fixed order and cannot reach the highest form of morality until adolescence has been obtained as a result of cognitive deficits . However, his theory also proposes that not every individual will reach the highest level of morality. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Erikson Stage of Development Paper.docx Williston State College PSYC 250 - Summer 2014 Upon entering the nursing home where I work, I see one of the residents sitting in he Erikson Stage of Development Paper.docx Sigmund Freud Biography - Founder of Psychoanalysis By Kendra Cherry Updated May 06, 2016 Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis.

Freud's developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation. Psychoanalysis became a dominating school of thought during the early years of psychology and remains quite influential today. In addition to his influence on psychology, Freud's ideas have permeated popular culture and concepts such as denial, Freudian slips, the unconscious, wish fulfillment, and the ego are even commonly used in everyday language. In a 2002 review of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud was ranked at number three. Let's learn a bit more about his life and theories in this brief biography. Sigmund Freud Was Best-Known For: Founder of psychoanalysis . Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856 He died September 23, 1939 Life and Career: When he was young, Sigmund Freud’s family moved from Frieberg, Moravia to Vienna where he would spend most of his life. His parents taught him at home before entering him in Spurling Gymnasium, where he was first in his class and graduated Summa cum Laude.

After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, Freud worked and gained respect as a physician. Through his work with respected French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud became fascinated with the emotional disorder known as hysteria . Later, Freud and his friend and mentor Dr. Josef Breuer introduced him to the case study of a patient known as Anna O. , who was really a woman named Bertha Pappenheim. Her symptoms included a nervous cough, tactile anesthesia, and paralysis. Over the course of her treatment, the woman recalled several traumatic experiences, which Freud and Breuer believed contributed to her illness. The two physicians concluded that there was no organic cause for Anna O's difficulties, but that having her talk about her experiences had a calming effect on the symptoms. Freud and Breuer published the work Studies in Hysteria in 1895. It was Bertha Pappenheim herself who referred to the treatment as "the talking cure." Later works include The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). These works became world famous, but Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages has long been a subject of criticism and debate.

While his theories are often viewed with skepticism, Freud’s work continues to influence psychology and many other disciplines to this day. Influence: Freud also influenced many other prominent psychologists, including his daughter Anna Freud , Melanie Klein , Karen Horney , Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson , and Carl Jung . Contributions to Psychology: Regardless of the perception of Sigmund Freud’s theories, there is no question that he had an enormous impact on the field of psychology. His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology , human development, and abnormal psychology . Selected Publications by Sigmund Freud: (1895) Studies in Hysteria Psychology Essays - Hysteria Psychology Essays - Hysteria Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Hysteria has been seen as both a form of political protest and as the failure to negotiate and resolve the Oedipus complex. Discuss with reference to the Dora case.

In many ways, hysteria and the hysteric patient go right to the very heart of psychoanalysis. It was after all, as we shall see, the basis of Freud and Breuer's assertions on the validity of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic treatment and has been used ever since by theorists and practitioners as a test case with which to continually asses those initial findings. In the late nineteenth century, as now, the hysteric patient exists in a kind of hinterland of diagnosis, being appropriated for the good, sometimes, of not themselves but the larger discourse of psychiatry or critical theory. The many case histories that litter the canonical texts of psychoanalysis are testament to the wide variety of symptoms and manifestations of hysteria that are as numerous as are the patients themselves. Karl Abraham, in his essay on Hysterical Dream States (1988) gives us this same sense as early as 1910: these states differ greatly in degree, exhibit considerable variations in their duration, are often associated with the affect of anxiety(and)I myself have come across these state sin a number of patients whom I have treated with psychoanalysis.

(Abraham, 1988: 90) With this in mind, in this essay I would like to look at two of the most important aetiological views of hysteria of the last hundred and twenty years; those of Freud and the non-resolution of the Oedipus complex and those of the French and American feminists who viewed hysteria as being, not only a manifestation of phallocentric social registers but also a protest against them. In order to centre this study within an existing analytical framework I will constantly refer both views back to Freud's case history of Dora (Freud, 1977), itself of course, one of the seminal early works on the formation of psychoanalysis and thinking of hysteria and hysterical symptoms. One can only appreciate the impact of Freud's work on hysteria, I think, if one first places it into the context of contemporary and preceding medical theory.

Niel Micklem in his The Nature of Hysteria (1996) details the condition's long history: The lively interest for medicine that hysteria has aroused since it was first recorded in ancient Egypt more than 3,000 years ago has yielded a substantial amount of writing(and)the most accomplished research worker would be hard pressed to account for all the literature. (Micklem, 1996: 1) As Micklem suggests, hysteria is a protean and multifaceted disease (Micklem, 1996: 3) that is difficult to discern both by the physician and the historian. However right from its earliest beginnings, the notion of hysteria has always been associated with the notion of sexual development and, in particular, that of women. Greek myth is littered with countless examples of phantasmatic conditions brought on by either sexual excess or repression; from the mythological portrait of Demeter to Plato's assertions in Timaeus that: When (sexual) desire is unsatisfied the man is over-mastered by the power of the generative organs, and the woman is subjected to disorders from the obstruction of the passages of the breath, until the two meet and pluck the fruit of the tree.

(Plato, trans. Howett, 1970, steph.91) As Micklem suggests, this swing between repression and nymphomania has been a constant leitmotif in aetiological thinking regarding hysteria since Plato and Homer. However, in the nineteenth century work of Pierre Briquet and, later Jean Martin Charcot, the reliance upon sex and frustration as a central feature of hysteria was abandoned in favour of an approach that concerned itself far more with genetic and hereditary factors. It was at this time, also, that the psychiatric profession began to take hysteria seriously as a condition and it was chiefly through this that it was twinned with neurosis; a factor that was to have a marked impact on Freud's interest in it as a basis for psychoanalysis. Around the end of the nineteenth century, then, the work of Briquet and Charcot had instilled hysteria into the annals of neurological illness.

Charcot's work on hysteria concretized the condition as one that could be studied through recognition of underlying psychopathological causes rather than physical symptoms, as Stanley Finger asserts: Charcot hypothesized that mental events can act as agents provocateurs, or triggers, for hysterical reactions, at least in an individuals with weak constitutions. He found provoking agents in the loss of a loved one, fears about a real illness, and work-related trauma. (Finger, 2000: 194) This notion, as Ernest Jones suggests in his The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1961: 208) was to have a profound effect on Freud and form the basis of his and Breuer's Studies on Hysteria (1972). The case history of Dora stands, along with Anna O, Little Hans and the Rat Man, as seminal texts in the history of psychoanalysis. Freud prefaces his study with the caution that it represents only part of the over all research, however it is a remarkably illuminating and complete record of the early applications of psychoanalysis.

The case itself surrounds Dora, an eighteen year old woman who suffered a variety of neurotic illness including shortness of breath (dyspnoea), lose of voice, paralysis, fainting spells, depression and threats of suicide. In analysis, Dora revealed that she had been pursued by Herr K. a family friend, whose wife was conducting a sexual affair with Dora's father; Dora's mother was an ineffectual figure in the story who was marginalized both by Dora and, subsequently by Freud himself. Dora's bouts of hysteria coincided with real and imaginary contact with Herr K. and reveal themselves through a series of paraparaxes and dreams that provide material for Freud's interpretation. For Freud, of course, hysteria existed as a psychic rather than a physical condition (Freud, 1972: 25). His and Breuer's Studies in Hysteria and his own case notes on Dora follows, in some senses, what we have seen as Charcoldian lines of thought, tracing the source of the patient's hysterical symptoms back to some childhood event or trauma.

In the first dream analysis, for instance, Freud links Dora's dream concerning the burning of a house in which she stays with childhood memories of bedwetting and being woken up by her father: Think of the expressions you used: that an accident might happen in the night, and that it might be necessary to leave the room. Surely the allusion must be to a physical need? And if you transpose the accident into childhood what can it be but bedwetting? (Freud, 1977: 108) The Dora study is interesting, I think, in that it provides us with an ideal fulcrum around which to place Freud's thought. We can note echoes still of Charcot in the analysis and of Freud's earlier insistence on childhood trauma but, of course, by the study's publication in 1905 Freud had formulated his concept of the Oedipus complex (Jones, 1961) and it is this, along with transference perhaps, that provides much of the analytical undercurrent of the text. The symbolism of Dora's first dream, for instance, is suffused with Oedipal imagery and reference.

It details the dreamer trapped in a burning house whereupon she is awoken by her father. Her Mother, in the meantime, attempts to save her jewelry box but is stopped again by her father; as Dora exists the house she awakens. Freud interprets this dream as an indication of Dora's repressed sexual desires for her father; the jewelry box becoming symbolic of both her womb and the favour of her father for her mother. The dream reoccurred whilst the subject was visiting the lakeside holiday home that became the scene of the attempted seduction by Herr K. and this was seen by Freud as an indication that Dora's repressed sexual desires for her father were being awakened in order to further suppress her mature desire for her suitor: My interpretation was that she had at that point summoned up an infantile affection for her father so as to be able to keep her repressed love for Herr K. in its state of repression. This same revulsion in the patient's mental life was reflected in the dream.

(Freud, 1977: 124) Here we have two important features of Freud's notion of the importance of the Oedipus complex in the formation of neurosis, firstly that this manifests itself in dreams and secondly that Dora unconsciously drew upon her unresolved Oedipal or Electra complex in order to repress mature sexual desire. If we return again to the first dream we note tropes and Oedipal leitmotifs that even Freud did not discover. The locking of the jewelry box, for instance, is linked with the locking of her brother's room by her mother: My brother's room, you see, has no separate entrance, but can only be reached through the dining-room. Father does not want my brother to be locked in like that. (Freud, 1977: 101) We can detect quite clearly here the extent of the Oedipal reference in the dream.

Commensurate with Freud's notions of condensation (Freud, 1965: 312) and displacement (Freud, 1965: 340), Dora suggests that her brother is, in fact the treasure or jewel that her Mother wants to lock away; by not allowing this, her Father both displays his own Oedipal affect (in reality) and strengthens Dora's Oedipal attachment to him (in her dream). For Freud, of course, this unresolved complex is repressed and manifests itself as hysteria. Of course, the third element of Oedipal attachment here (after her father and Herr K) is the transference onto Freud himself and the Dora case history stands, perhaps, as one of the greatest stories of seduction, of reader by author, in psychoanalysis. In Freud and the Passions, John O'Neil suggests that: Listening with the third ear to Dora meant taking on the part of a hysterical daughter caught in a series of transgressive erotic triangles, while at the same time, attempting to preserve his own discrete boundary as analyst-father.

It meant supplementing a fractured verbal narration (her story) with meanings he read into her physical symptoms (his story), joining them together as a single story. (O'Neill, 1996: 101) Whereas, as many commentators have pointed out (Blass, 1992; Krohn and Krohn, 1982) there is a wealth of Oedipal content in the Dora case and Freud's interpretation it has also been the basis for much criticism. Much of this criticism, in recent years has centered around Freud's phallocentric interpretation of Dora's symptoms (Horrocks, 2001). Freud's assertions that Dora's revulsion upon being kissed by Herr K. is reflective of her repressed desires, be they Oedipal in the first instance or for Herr K in the second, is for instance refuted by Roger Horrocks in Freud Revisited: Psychoanalytic Themes in a Postmodern Age (2001), who sees her actions as merely the understandable reactions of a woman caught up in a, mainly masculine, play of power.

In her essay The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in 19th Century America (1992), Carroll Smith Rosenberg highlights this phaollocentric construction of the hysterical patient: Contemporaries noted routinely in the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s that middle class American girls seemed ill-prepared to assume the responsibilities and trials of marriage, motherhood and maturation. Frequently women, especially married women with children, complained of isolation, loneliness and depression. (Smith Rosenberg, 1992: 26) This views hysteria as the outcome of an oppressive masculine society that both controls and diagnoses. Dora, for instance, is defined by the wishes of her father, as daughter; as lover by Herr K. and as hysteric by Freud. The phallocentric construction of the feminine binary in the text, displaying on the one hand the ineffectual housewife in the shape of Dora's mother and the cause of desire in the form of Frau K. traps Dora who fits into neither and so is labeled neurotic.

Smith Rosenberg (and others such as Elaine Showalter in The Female Malady [1987]) also point to the adoption of hysterical symptoms as a sociopolitical protest by the women against the impossible situation that they found themselves in: It is quite possible that many women experienced a significant level of anxiety when forced to confront or adapt in one way or another to these changes. Thus hysteria may have served as one option to tactic offering particular women otherwise unable to respond to changes (Smith Rosenberg, 1992: 26) We can note, for instance, that there is a distinct link between the concept of illness in the case of Dora and the inability to accept social roles. Her Father's illness precludes him from satisfactorily fulfilling his role as father, lover and husband and Dora's hysterical attacks seems to occur at times of stress, when she is being forced, either by her father, Herr. K or Freud to adopt an external, clearly defined feminine role to which she is not accustomed. In fact Freud mentions but then glosses over this very point in his early analysis (Freud, 1977: 74-75).

Caught within a binary of feminization, Dora exists as the projections of the male presences around her and, in order to protest against this, withdraws into hysteria, and as Mari Jo Buhle suggests: Freud's most acclaimed study of a hysteric discloses such a huge blind spot that the celebrated case of "Dora" documents more clearly the author's own avoidance mechanisms. (Buhle, 1998: 30) As we have see, then, there are cases to made for hysteria to be based in both Freudian notions of the unresolved Oedipus complex and the creation of feminine ideals and social norms by a largely masculine society. Freud's case study is as interesting to the student of the development of Freudian psychoanalysis, I think, as the psychoanalyst him or herself. Of course, we have here looked briefly at only two of the many psychoanalytical frameworks that have been designed to study hysteria.

We might mention, for instance Lacan's discussion of the Dora case in essay Function and Field of Speech and Language (Lacan, 2004) or Klein's notions of the father as 'good object' in the aetiology of feminine sexuality and how it relates to the resolving of the Oedipus complex. What we can assert, by looking at these two specific instances, is the extent that psychoanalytic and socio-political interpretations of hysteria say as much about the wider culture than they do about the condition itself. This view, of course, is commensurate with Foucault's concept of enunciative discourses in his Madness and Civilization (2004) and The Archaeology of Knowledge (1989) The case of Dora provides us with an interesting picture of Freud struggling to come to terms with not only concepts such as hysteria and the Oedipus complex but transference, negative transference and, in fact, the whole basis of modern psychoanalysis. As we have seen, the criticism of the second wave feminists was, perhaps, well founded.

The case study, whilst being an exemplar in the ways that analysis can be used is also just as indicative of its problems and shortfalls.

References Abraham, Karl (1988), Hysterical Dream States, published in Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis, (London: Karnac) Adler, Alfred (1956), The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, (London: Harper Torchbooks) Beizer, Janet (1994), Ventriloquized Bodies: Narratives of Hysteria in Nineteenth Century France, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press) Buhle, Mary Jo (1998), Feminism and its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis, (London: Harvard University) Finger, Stanley (2000), Minds Behind the Brain, (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Freud, Sigmund (1977), Case Histories 1: Dora and Little Hans, (London: Penguin) Freud, Sigmund (1965), The Interpretation of Dreams, (London: Discus Books) Freud, Sigmund and Breuer, Joseph (1972), Studies in Hysteria, (London: William Benton) Freud, Sigmund (1976), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, (London: Penguin) Freud, Sigm

und (1974), Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, (London: Penguin) Foucault, Michel (2004), Madness and Civilization, (London: Routledge) Foucault, Michel (1989), Archaeology of Knowledge, (London: Routledge) Foucault, Michel (1990), The History of Sexuality: Vol.

3: The Care of the Self, (London: Penguin) Horrocks, Roger (2001), Freud Revisited: Psychoanalytic Themes in the Postmodern Age, (London: Palgrave) Jones, Ernest (1961), The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, (London: Pelican) Kahane, Claire (1990), In Dora's Case: Freud, Hysteria, Feminism, (New York: Columbia University Press) Klein, Melanie (1997), The Psycho Analysis of Children, (London: Verso) Lacan, Jacques (2004), Ecrits: A Selection, (London: Routledge) Micklem, Niel (1996), The Nature of Hysteria, (London: Routledge) Murohy, Sean and Popay, Jennie (eds), Health and Disease: A Reader, (Milton Keynes: Open University Press) O'Neill, John (1996), Freud and the Passions, (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University) Plato (1970), Dialogues of Plato, (trans. B.

Jowett), (London: Sphere) Showalter, Elaine (1987), The Female Malady, (London: Virago) Smith Rosenberg, Carroll (1992), The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in 19th Century America, published in Black, Nick, Boswell, David, Gray, Alastair, Wolheim, Richard (1971), Freud, (London: Fontana|)

Question: Who wrote the book "Studies in Hysteria" and "Interpretation of Dreams"?
Answer: Sigmund Freud