Ten Smallest Nations on the Globe Ten Smallest Nations on the Globe April 8, 2010 Telegram Did you know that the tiniest country in the world is seven times smaller than Central Park in New York? And are you aware of the fact that the tiniest state on the globe is ruled by the only remaining absolute monarch in Europe? These and many other interesting facts about the world’s ten smallest countries you will find below… 316 km² (122 sq mi) St Julians Bay in Malta. By maistora Around 400,000 citizens inhabiting Malta make this mini state one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. No wonder if the area of Malta’s islands covers just around 300 km². Located centrally in the Mediterranean Sea, the archipelago was a melting pot of many cultures and influences. From Phoenicians, Greek, Romans to French and British, invading the islands throughout history, Malta gained independence in 1964 and since 2004 it is a member of the European Union.

Today, Malta’s unique mix of European, North African and Arabic influences can be heard in the Maltese language, seen in the country’s rich cultural heritage and architecture and tasted in its fresh and yummy traditional cuisine. By nattu The azure islands of Maldives make up the smallest nation in Asia in both the population and the area. It is not only one of the tiniest countries in the world but also one of the most disparate countries as the Maldivian atolls are spread over 90,000 km² in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, the Maldives is the lowest country on the globe, with an average ground level of 1.5 m (4.11 ft) above sea level. The official language of around 400,000 citizens inhabiting the islands is Divehi (Mahl), though English is widely spoken. Over 1,000 coral islands make the Maldives one of the most beautiful and wanted tourist destinations on the globe. Today, tourism accounts for 28% of the country’s GDP, though until the 1970s the Maldivian islands were ‘terra incognita’ for international travellers.

The first tourist resort opened in 1972! 8. Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 km² (101 sq mi) Mt. Liamuiga on St.Kitts. By J.stephen Conn Two Caribbean islands constitute the smallest state both in terms of area and population in the Americas. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis has around 42,000 citizens inhabiting a beautiful land of white sandy beaches, lush mountains and azure waters. St Kitts and Nevis were among the first Caribbean islands settled by Europeans colonizers. Saint Kitts became the first colony of Great Britain in the West Indies in 1624 and then became the first French colony in the Caribbean in 1625, to achieve full independence only in 1983. Today, it is an independent Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. 181 km² (70 sq mi) By mrlins 29 atolls and 5 islands scattered in the middle of the Pacific Ocean make up the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The country of roughly 62,000 citizens gained its independence in 1986.

Before, the islands were a playground for many colonizers and occupants – Great Britain, Russia, Germany, Japan and the USA. Between 1946 and 1958, the latter country tested 67 nuclear weapons in the islands, including the largest nuclear test ever conducted by the USA. Despite its traumatic nuclear experience, today RMI is one of the most rewarding tourist destinations. Stunning lagoons, pristine waters and tropical surroundings attract divers, beach addicts and honeymoon makers from all over the world. 160 km² (62 sq mi) First frost in Liechtenstein. By Hellebardius Although small in size, Liechtenstein is grand in terms of wealth. The state boasts the world’s highest gross domestic product per capita. Surrounded by Switzerland and Austria, this microstate is the smallest German-speaking country and the only alpine country lying entirely within the Alps. Covering just 160 km², Liechtenstein is only a bit larger than Manhattan. Inhabited by 30,000 people, the country has more registered companies than citizens.

The head of state is the Prince of Liechtenstein who is the sixth wealthiest leader in the world and his wealth is estimated at USD $5 billion. By iko! Another tiny country located in Europe is a state of a beautiful and dignified name Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino (the Most Serene Republic of San Marino). It is an enclave, completely surrounded by Italy, therefore its official language is Italian and its currency is the euro. Inhabited by only 30,000 people, the country has the smallest population among the member states of the Council of Europe – the oldest international organisation working towards European integration. This lovely state, situated in the Apennine Mountains, is the world’s oldest sovereign state – its history dates back to 301 and its constitution, enacted in 1600, is the oldest constitution still in effect. San Marino is entirely built on top of the range and the highest point of the country is the breathtaking summit of Monte Titano (749 m/ 2,450 ft above sea level), a home to the Three Towers of San Marino where three historical castles are situated. 26 km² (10 sq mi) School in Tuvalu.

By mrlins Nine islands, numerous islets, lagoons and reefs form the microstate of Tuvalu . This fourth smallest country on our planet, covering just 26 km² and inhabited by around 12,000 residents, is located at the heart of the vast Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Tuvalu is has one of the lowest elevation in the world and therefore it is threate ned by the sea level rise. Moreover, the country is affected by the king tide, which can raise the sea level higher than a normal tide and submerge the nation entirely. The languages spoken in the country are English and Tuvaluan and the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, as Tuvalu is a Commonwealth realm. By Cedric Favero Throughout its history, the tiny oval-shaped country of Nauru , the world’s smallest island nation located in Micronesia, has been a tasty morsel for many empires. In the late 19th century the island was annexed by the German Empire, after World War I it became a region administrated by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom and during World War II it was occupied by Japan.

Finally, in 1968 Nauru gained its independence. Today, the small island surrounded by coral reef is inhabited by around 9,000 people, who speak two official languages – English and Nauruan and pay in Australian dollar. 1.95 km² (0.75 sq mi) Monte Carlo in Monaco. By Jody Art Surrounded on three sides by France, Monaco is the second smallest country in the world. A beautiful location on the northern central coast of the Mediterranean Sea makes the state a popular tourist destination. Monaco is also famed for its liberal tax policy – wealthy foreigners make up around 84% of the state’s population which totals to around 33,000 people squeezed into 1.95 km². The head of state is Prince of Monaco and the official language is French, though English and Italian are widely spoken. Despite the fact that the state is not a member of the European Union its currency is the euro. Monaco has even acquired the right to mint euro coins with Monegasque designs on one side.

By juanRubiano The spiritual centre of the Catholic world, ruled by the bishop of Rome, i.e., the Pope, Vatican City is a city-state landlocked by Italy. With a population of around 800 inhabitants and an area of 0.44 km², the City is the smallest country in the world. It was established in 1929 under the terms of the Lateran Treaty. This walled enclave within the city of Rome has unusual political system – the Pope is the head of government. He has full executive, legislative and judicial power and therefore he is the only absolute monarch in Europe. The official language of Vatican is Italian and the currency is the euro. Today, Vatican is one of the most visited places on the Italian Peninsula, with St Peter’s Basilica and Piazza San Pietro being the most popular iconic sites of the state.

History, Role, and Activities of the Council of Europe: Facts, Figures and Information Sources - GlobaLex History, Role, and Activities of the Council of Europe: Facts, Figures and Information Sources by Sophie Lobey Sophie Lobey holds a Master of International Trade and Finance (Paris, 1992) from "Institut Supérieur de Gestion" (Advanced Institute of Management). She has worked for fifteen years as Sales and Marketing Manager for Council of Europe Publishing , and has been responsible for the commercial website of the Council of Europe since 1997. The main aim of this article is to assist the reader seeking information about the Council of Europe and to provide sources of information (bibliographic sources, web sites, contacts) for further research. Origins and membership The Council of Europe is the continent's oldest political organization, founded in 1949. It groups together 47 countries [i] , including 22 countries from Central and Eastern Europe, has a pending application from one additional country (Belarus), and has granted observer status to five other countries (the Holy See, United States, Canada, Japan and Mexico).

The Council of Europe is distinct from the 25-nation European Union, but no country has ever joined the Union without first belonging to the Council of Europe. It is headquartered in Strasbourg, in north-eastern France. The Council was set up: - to protect human rights, pluralist democracy and the rule of law; - to promote awareness and encourage the development of Europe's cultural identity and diversity - to find common solutions to the challenges facing European society: such as discrimination against minorities, xenophobia, intolerance, bioethics and cloning, terrorism, trafficking in human beings, organized crime and corruption, cybercrime, violence against children; - to consolidate democratic stability in Europe by backing political, legislative and constitutional reform. The current Council of Europe's political mandate was defined by the third Summit of Heads of State and Government, held in Warsaw in May 2005.

How it works The main component parts of the Council of Europe are: the Committee of Ministers, composed of the 47 Foreign ministers or their Strasbourg-based deputies (ambassadors/permanent representatives), which is the Organization’s decision-making body; the Parliamentary Assembly, grouping 636 members (318 representatives and 318 substitutes) from the 47 national parliaments. The current President is René van der Linden; the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, composed of a Chamber of Local Authorities and a Chamber of Regions. Its current President is Halvdan Skard; the 1800-strong secretariat, headed since September 2004 by Secretary General Terry Davis (SOC, United Kingdom), former Vice-President of the Parliamentary Assembly and former President of the Socialist Group of the Assembly. Ordinary budget : In 2007, 197,214 ,00 euros. The Intergovernmental program of activities is approved annually by the Committee of Ministers according to the Organization’s political priorities.

The tangible results of co-operation take many forms depending on the topics being dealt with: conventions and international agreements binding on states that ratify them; recommendations to member states on solutions to common problems; meetings and conferences between experts in various fields, politicians, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other specialized groups; training, technical assistance and partnership programs to promote democracy and legal reform; reports and studies as a basis for action in individual states; awareness campaigns and events of European interest. Some practical achievements 200 legally binding European treaties or conventions many of which are open to non-member states on topics ranging from human rights to the fight against organized crime and from the prevention of torture to data protection or cultural co-operation. For further researches about the treaties, the Treaty Office web site proposes a glossary, a search tool and the complete information on the signatures and ratifications by each member states. Recommendations to governments setting out policy guidelines on such issues as legal matters, health, education, culture and sport. Council of Europe official web site The portal of the Council of Europe and the web sites which are linked to it are intended to provide public access to information on the aims, activities and achievements of the Council of Europe in general.

Citizens and researchers sometimes confuse the various European institutions whose names are often quite similar. The following definitions intend to clarify the role of the different organizations. · Council of Europe : An international organization in Strasbourg comprising 47 European democracies. · European Council : Regular meeting (at least twice a year) of the heads of state or government from the member states of the European Union for the purpose of planning Union policy. · Parliamentary Assembly : The deliberative body of the Council of Europe, composed of 318 representatives (and the same number of substitutes) appointed by the 47 member states’ national parliaments. · European Parliament : The parliamentary body of the European Union which comprises 786 European Members of Parliament of the 25 European Union countries, elected by universal suffrage. · European Court of Human Rights : Based in Strasbourg, this is the only truly judicial organ established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It is composed of composed of one Judge for each State party to the Convention and ensures, in the last instance, that contracting states observe their obligations under the Convention. Since November 1998, the Court has operated on a full-time basis.

· Court of Justice of the European Communities : Meets in Luxembourg and ensures compliance with the law in the interpretation and application of the European Treaties of the European Union . · International Court of Justice : Judicial body of the United Nations which meets in The Hague. · European Commission of Human Rights: Until November 1998, this international body examined the admissibility of all individual or state applications against a member state in accordance with the European Convention on Human Rights; it expressed an opinion on the violation alleged in applications found to be admissible in cases in which no friendly settlement is reached. · European Commission : The executive organ of the European Union , based in Brussels, which monitors the proper application of the Union treaties and the decisions of the Union institutions. · European Convention on Human Rights : Treaty by which the member states of the Council of Europe undertake to respect fundamental freedoms and rights. · Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Adopted by the United Nations in 1948 in order to strengthen the protection of human rights on the international level. Council of Europe’s organs and bodies The Council of Europe is made up of two organs set up under its statute , the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly.

Committee of Ministers The Committee of Ministers is the Council of Europe's decision-making body. It comprises the Foreign Affairs Ministers of all the member states, or their permanent diplomatic representatives in Strasbourg. It is both a governmental body, where national approaches to problems facing European society can be discussed on an equal footing, and a collective forum, where Europe-wide responses to such challenges are formulated. In collaboration with the Parliamentary Assembly, it is the guardian of the Council's fundamental values, and monitors member states' compliance with their undertakings. The work and activities of the Committee of Ministers include: Political dialogue Supervising the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights The working documents of the Committee of Ministers and the adopted texts are available on line. The adopted texts gather the treaties and conventions , the declarations and conclusions, the recommendations to member states, the resolutions and decisions. A selection of these documents is also published in paper format and is available from Council of Europe Publishing . Most of the activities and news can be consulted on the Committee of Ministers web site . Parliamentary Assembly The Parliamentary Assembly is the parliamentary organ of the Council of Europe.

The Assembly representing the political forces in its member states consists of a number of individual representatives from each member State, with a President elected each year from among them for a maximum period of three sessions. The current President is René van der Linden (Netherlands, EPP/CD) a Member of the Dutch parliament. He was elected in January 2005. Whilst in the Committee of Ministers, each member State has one vote; in the Parliamentary Assembly the number of representatives, and consequently votes, is determined by the size of the country. The biggest number is eighteen, the smallest two. As there are an equal number of representatives and substitutes, the total number of members of the Assembly is therefore 636, plus 18 Observers. The sessions of the Parliamentary Assembly are divided into four part-sessions, each lasting for about a week at the end of January, April, June and September.

The Assembly has ten committees (Political Affairs - Legal Affairs and Human Rights - Economic Affairs and Development - Social, Health and Family Affairs - Migration, Refugees and Population - Culture, Science and Education - Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs - Equal Opportunities for Women and Men - Rules of Procedure and Immunities – Monitoring) plus the Bureau and the Standing Committee. In the interest of its work, a committee may also appoint one or more standing or ad hoc sub-committees. In more than fifty years of existence, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has shown its great flexibility and adaptability as an international inter-parliamentary body to the developments in Europe, and in particular to the dramatic historic changes which have taken place over the last years. No other international parliamentary forum was so well equipped as the Parliamentary Assembly to integrate the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe into the family of the other European democracies. The tremendous advantage of its members also being members of their national parliaments and, for some of them, full members of Western European Union, the European defense organization, enables the Assembly to keep in close contact with national politics. The Assembly can adopt three different types of texts: recommendations, resolutions, and opinions.

Recommendations contain proposals addressed to the Committee of Ministers, the implementation of which is within the competence of governments. Resolutions embody decisions by the Assembly on questions, which it is empowered to put into effect or expressions of view, for which it alone is responsible. Opinions are mostly expressed by the Assembly on questions put to it by the Committee of Ministers, such as the admission of new member states to the Council of Europe, but also on draft conventions, the budget, and the implementation of the Social Charter. Up to the year 2004, the Assembly also adopted texts called Orders (instructions from the Assembly to one or more of its committees). This category of texts was then abolished but some of its characteristics can now form part of Resolutions (see Rule 23 of the Rules of Procedure). Texts adopted by the Assembly are available on-line in a provisional version as soon as possible after their adoption. The provisional version is replaced by a final version some weeks later. The Adopted texts have been indexed from 1949. Full text versions of the Adopted Texts are online from 1949 onwards . The documents and working papers are numbered in series preceded by the reference Doc.

- Some of the main types of documents are: Motions for a recommendation or resolution, which have to be tabled by ten or more members of the Assembly belonging to at least five national delegations. Motions are then referred to committees for report and possibly to other committees for opinion. A report is divided into two parts: the operational draft resolution, recommendation, opinion or order and the explanatory memorandum. Both parts are discussed in committee, but only the operational part is voted on. When a report has been adopted in committee it is tabled for discussion by the Assembly either at a part-session or at a meeting of the Standing Committee. Written declarations allow members of the Assembly to give formal expression to their views on matters of European interest. At least twenty representatives or substitutes of four nationalities and two political parties must sign a written declaration. It must not exceed 200 words. If judged by the President to be in order, it is printed as an Assembly document and distributed. If a written declaration receives new signatures before the opening of the next part-session it is redistributed. Questions, which take the form of written or oral to the Committee of Ministers.

A written question is circulated as an Assembly document and the reply by the Committee of Ministers is later published with the question as another Assembly document. Members of the Assembly may put questions for oral answer to the Chairman-in-office of the Committee of Ministers. Normally an oral reply to each question is given by the Chairman of the Committee of Ministers during the presentation of the communication from the Committee of Ministers. These questions appear together in a single document. The replies appear in the sitting report (CR). Other types of document are: communications from the Secretary General, requests for opinion transmitted by the Committee of Ministers, progress reports of the Bureau and the Standing Committee, statutory report on the activities of the Committee of Ministers The working papers have been indexed from 1949. Full text versions of the working papers are online from 1992 onwards. Verbatim Records Official reports of debates (CRs) contain the verbatim speeches in English or in French in the report compiled in that language and a summary of its simultaneous interpretation in the other official language. Thus the English report contains in extenso the speeches made in English, together with a summary in English of the speeches made in French or any other language. The assembly records are online from 2000 onwards.

The Adopted texts, Working papers and Assembly records are also available in paper version series and may be ordered via Council of Europe Publishing . The online newsletter APCE Infos can be consulted online and most activities and news can be found on the Parliamentary Assembly official web site . Congress of Local and Regional Authorities The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe was established in 1994 as a consultative body to replace the former Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe. It works on the basis of Statutory Resolution (2000) 1 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The Congress is the voice of Europe’s regions and municipalities in the Council of Europe. It provides a forum where local and regional elected representatives can discuss common problems, pool their experience and express their views to governments.

It also advises the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on all aspects of local and regional policy; co-operates closely with national and international organizations representing local and regional government; organizes hearings and conferences at local and regional levels to reach a wider public whose involvement is essential to a working democracy; and prepares regular country-by-country reports on the state of local and regional democracy in all the Council’s member and applicant states and monitors, in particular, how the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government are being implemented. The Congress comprises two chambers: the Chamber of Local Authorities and the Chamber of Regions. The two-chamber assembly has 318 full members and 318 substitute members, each of whom is an elected representative from one of over 200,000 local and regional authorities in the Council’s member states. The Congress elects its President from the members of each Chamber on an alternating basis. The President shall remain in office for two ordinary sessions. The Congress meets once a year in Strasbourg when it also welcomes delegations from accredited European organizations and some non-member states as special guests or observers.

The Standing Committee, drawn from all national delegations, meets between the Congress plenary sessions during the Autumn and Spring Sessions with the different Commissions. The Congress divides its work up amongst four statutory committees: the Institutional Committee, which has the particular task of preparing reports on the progress of local and regional democracy in Europe and is assisted by a Committee of independent experts; the Committee on Culture and Education, responsible for media, youth, sport and communication; the Committee on Sustainable Development, responsible for environmental affairs and spatial and urban planning; and the Committee on Social Cohesion, responsible for issues concerning employment, citizenship, migration, inter-community relations, equality between women and men, and solidarity. The Chamber of Regions also has a special Working Group on Regions with Legislative Power. In the field: support programs The Congress actively participates in projects aiming at reinforcing local democracy and trans-border co-operation in Europe. That is why it is encouraging the creation of Associations of Local and Regional Authorities such as LDA, NALAS, ENTO or NALAG. These projects are supported by the Congress, with its experience notably in the fields of training.

Monitoring local democracy in all countries The European Charter of Local Self-Government, one of the Organization's key achievements, was drawn up in 1985 and is the reference instrument that the Council of Europe uses as its basis in this field. Of the 42 member states that have signed it to date, 41 have ratified it. The Congress has the task of preparing different types of reports to assess the extent to which the Charter is being implemented: Monitoring reports on local democracy , are drawn up country by country. Forty-two reports have been prepared since 1995, the aim being to complete the exercise in all the signatory states by 2006/2007. In addition to examining the situation in the new democracies, the Congress has made a point of studying the situation in countries with a longer-standing democratic tradition. The monitoring exercise provides an important basis on which to enter into a constructive political dialogue with the authorities of member states in connection with local and regional democracy issues. This enables the Congress to familiarize governments, parliaments, associations, elected representatives and the media with its main conventions and legal instruments concerning local and regional institutional issues.

Numerous legislative reforms have been set in motion by member states in the light of the conclusions in these reports. · General reports providing an across-the-board analysis of the application of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in member states and countries applying to join the Council of Europe. Observation of elections: all reports per country The Congress regularly observes local and/or regional elections in member and applicant countries, a key factor in its objective of monitoring progress towards and the state of local and regional democracy in the countries concerned. Such observation always includes an analysis of the election campaign, not just the day of voting and involves discussion at the highest level with representatives of parties and group contesting the elections, election commissions, media and civil rights groups. Reports and proposals are subsequently adopted by the Congress Bureau and made known to the relevant authorities in the countries concerned. On average, the Congress has conducted five or six such observations per year, over the last decade. The adopted texts of the Congress (recommendations, resolutions, and opinions) are presented online.

The Bulletin , the newsletter of the Congress and other news or general information are available on the official web site of the CLRAE Other documentary resources LOREG is a database gathering official documents connected to local and regional democracy of the member countries of the Council of Europe. These texts are issued mainly by national authorities or the Council of Europe. Maintained by the Council of Europe as well as by a network of national government representatives, this activity is part of the Stability Pact framework. Even if the consultation of this database should not replace that of the official publications LOREG is to allow a quick first approach to the information (international legal instruments, reports and comparative studies, national legislation, regulations…) Functioning and monitoring The European Court of Human Rights is now directly accessible to the individual and its jurisdiction is compulsory for all contracting parties. It sits on a permanent basis and deals with all the preliminary stages of a case, as well as giving judgment on the merits. The Court's final judgments are binding on the state concerned. Monitoring the Court's judgments in which a violation is found is the task of the Committee of Ministers, which ensures that states take any general measures needed to prevent further violations (changing legislation, case-law, rules or practice).

It also makes sure that just satisfaction awarded by the Court is paid to the applicant and, in certain cases, that other concrete measures are taken to make sure full compensation is granted (such as reopening procedures, lifting a banning or confiscation order, striking off a police record or granting a residence permit). HUDOC is a database which contains the case-law of the supervisory organs of the European Convention on Human Rights (the European Court of Human Rights , the former European Commission of Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers). The judgments, decisions, resolutions and reports of these bodies are held in a database and can be consulted via a search mechanism . New documents are regularly added to HUDOC (the judgements are available on HUDOC on the same day they are made public) and work is currently under way on introducing the backlog of old cases to the system (from 1959). The database now includes the reports of visits of the CPT ( European Committee for the Prevention of Torture ) and the conclusions adopted by the European Committee of Social Rights (also presented in the European Social Charter Database - Collective complaints ). It also presents statistical reports and information on the execution of judgements.

The database is also available in CD-ROM format and book format (publisher: Carl Heymanns Verlag ) Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights The Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights was established in 1999 as an independent institution within the Council of Europe. In accordance with his mandate, the Commissioner focuses his activity on four main areas. These are the promotion of the education in and awareness of human rights, the encouragement for the establishment of national human rights structures where they do not exist and facilitate their activities where they do exist, the identification of short-comings in the law and practice with regards to human rights and, lastly, the promotion of their effective respect and full enjoyment in all the member States of the Council of Europe. The official web site presents all the official documents and news relating to the activity of the Commissioner for Human Rights . Human rights for everyone The 1950 European Convention on Human Rights establishes a single, permanent system to control and protect human rights: the European Court of Human Rights . Anyone who claims that his or her rights have been infringed may lodge a complaint if no further legal remedies are available in the national courts.

The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture appoints independent experts to the Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) to make spot checks on the treatment of prisoners in places of detention and to recommend measures to strengthen their protection. The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine is the first internationally binding agreement providing protection against the misuse of biological and medical techniques. It aims to safeguard fundamental rights, freedoms and the dignity and identity of individuals. The first Additional Protocol (1998) prohibits human cloning, and the second Additional Protocol (2002) addresses the issue of transplantation of organs and tissues of human origin, and the third the issue of biomedical research . The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities is the first legally binding multilateral instrument safeguarding national minorities. Its basic principles include equality before the law, preserving culture, identity, religion, languages and traditions, access to the media, free and peaceful contact with people legally residing in other states and using minority languages. A Charter for Regional or Minority Languages aims to halt the decline of unofficial languages traditionally used within a state by its nationals and to promote their spoken and written use in public life. It also encourages people to teach and use them.

The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) was formed in 1993 to combat all forms of racism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism. It assesses the efficiency of existing national and international measures. Building democracy The European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the Venice Commission was established in 1990, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, to provide legal advice on the development and functioning of democratic institutions and constitutional law. It has played a leading role in the adoption, particularly in Eastern Europe, of constitutions that conform to the standards of Europe's constitutional heritage. Its work involves constitutional engineering (constitutional assistance, co-operation with constitutional courts) and it adopts a comparative approach (collection and dissemination of case-law and legal studies in matters of constitutional law from Constitutional Courts and other courts throughout Europe). Codices Database CODICES, like its paper counterpart, the Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law, regularly reports on the case-law of Constitutional Courts and Courts of equivalent jurisdiction, both in Europe and in other parts of the world. It also presents information on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Communities.

Divided in “précis” (4 000 summaries of decisions); interactive access to decisions or articles of the constitutions. Systematic Thesaurus (detailed structure); 5 main chapters (Constitutional justice, Sources of constitutional law, General principles, Institutions, Fundamental Rights), subdivided into 3 levels of thematic sections. · Alphabetical index of more than 1 000 keywords. full texts (5 000 integral texts) Court descriptions (Introduction, Basic texts, Composition and organisation, Powers, Nature and effects of judgments, Bibliography). Constitutions: Full text, complete indexation (60 countries), Laws on the courts (cumulative documents). CODICES allows judges and constitutional law specialists in the academic world to be informed about key judgments as quickly as possible, provides assistance to national judges in solving critical questions of law which often arise simultaneously in different countries, and promotes international exchanges. The CODICES CD-Rom is published three times a year. Each issue contains information on the most important case-law since 1993, and also covers the previous four months’ cases.

Social cohesion and social rights The European Social Charter (together with its additional protocols) is the counterpart of the European Convention on Human Rights. It safeguards fundamental human rights, including the right to work, to professional training, fair pay and working conditions, union membership, social and medical assistance and social security. The revised Charter (1996) strengthens measures for sex equality and recognizes rights in other areas, such as the right to decent housing. The Directorate General of Social Cohesion (DG III) monitors the Council of Europe’s social cohesion strategy. Its purpose is fourfold: setting standards and monitoring compliance with legal instruments, developing policy, projects in member states, and research and analysis. Protecting citizens The European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism lays down ground rules for extraditing suspected terrorists and aims to make this easier. Fighting terrorism through international co-operation is a priority for the Council of Europe. Member states are urged to withdraw reservations and to ratify the relevant legal instruments and there is overwhelming support for the Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism and the Convention on Extradition.

A plan of action for this new context updates legal instruments and reinforces co-operation, particularly by identifying the financial sources of terrorism, improving investigative methods, adapting judicial systems, updating legal training and supporting the victims of terrorism. The Council of Europe has adopted the Criminal and Civil Law Conventions on Corruption . The GRECO ( Group of States Against Corruption ) monitors implementation of the conventions. A major convention to combat cybercrime is the first international treaty on crimes committed against or using computer networks. Cultural and natural heritage The European Cultural Convention , adopted in 1954, is a vast framework convention. It covers schooling, higher education and research, culture, heritage, sport and youth policy and is a basis for dialogue and co-operation for 49 nations, including the 47 member states. A global web site details all these activities. The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Heritage (Bern Convention) provides legal protection for many threatened animal and plant species. The European Landscape Convention aims to encourage public authorities to adopt policies and measures for protecting, managing and planning landscapes throughout Europe. The Council of Europe runs programmes on human rights and citizenship, history and language teaching, teacher training , European-oriented secondary education, access to higher education, student mobility and recognition of qualifications.

The European Youth Centres in Strasbourg and Budapest are residential international training and meeting centres for the leaders of European youth organisations. The European Youth Foundation funds international activities. As regards sports issues , the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour recommends practical crowd security measures at major football matches. The Anti-doping Convention enables states to collaborate in doping control programmes. The Council of Europe Partial Agreements allow some states to engage in specific activities of common interest with the consent of other members. The most important are: the Council of Europe Development Bank funds housing, job creation and social infrastructure projects in depressed areas, and aid for refugees and natural disaster victims; the European Centre for Global Interdependence and Solidarity (North-South Centre) was set up in Lisbon (Portugal) in 1990 to encourage co-operation between Europe and the South.

It links governments, local authorities, NGOs and parliamentarians worldwide to promote human rights, democracy and education; the EDQM establishes common compulsory quality standards for medicines (European Pharmacopoeia) in all member states and is now a main quality and safety authority within Europe and outside it; the Pompidou Group , a major European forum, takes a global and multidisciplinary approach to the problems of drug abuse and trafficking; Eurimages is a support fund for the co-production and distribution of European feature films and documentaries; the European Audiovisual Observatory provides information to policy-makers and audiovisual industry professionals in the fields of television, film, video/DVD and multimedia. Information on the market, legal aspects and the financing of audiovisual productions is available through different channels such as the Statistical Yearbook; the European Centre for Modern Languages in Graz (Austria) trains teacher-trainers, language manual authors and language programme experts.

Democratic stability programmes To reinforce democratic stability, the Council of Europe intervenes in various ways, including short-term expert missions, assistance and co-operation programmes, seconding experts to international organisations and to its own local offices (Belgrade, Tirana, Sarajevo, Mostar, Pristina, Podgorica, Baku and Yerevan) and to Chechnya (to the Russian President’s Special Representative). Joint Programmes between the Council of Europe and The European Commission are also developed in this field. Priority projects A new concept was introduced in 2002 in the form of two integrated projects on “Responses to violence in everyday life in a democratic society” and “Making democratic institutions work”. The Council of Europe co-operates with member states and civil groups, drawing on past experience in different sectors of the Organisation in order to establish integrated policies around these specific themes.

[i] 47 MEMBER STATES: Albania (13.07.1995), Andorra (10.11.1994), Armenia (25.01.2001), Austria (16.04.1956), Azerbaijan (25.01.2001), Belgium (05.05.1949), Bosnia & Herzegovina (24.04.2002), Bulgaria (07.05.1992), Croatia (06.11.1996), Cyprus (24.05.1961), Czech Republic (30.06.1993), Denmark (05.05.1949), Estonia (14.05.1993), Finland (05.05.1989), France (05.05.1949), Georgia (27.04.1999), Germany (13.07.1950), Greece (09.08.1949), Hungary (06.11.

1990), Iceland (07.03.1950), Ireland (05.05.1949), Italy (05.05.1949), Latvia (10.02.1995), Liechtenstein (23.11.1978), Lithuania (14.05.1993), Luxembourg (05.05.1949), Malta (29.04.1965), Moldova (13.07.1995), Monaco (05.10.2004), Montenegro (11.05.2007), Netherlands (05.05.1949), Norway (05.05.1949), Poland (26.11.1991), Portugal (22.09.1976), Romania (07.10.1993), Russian Federation (28.02.1996), San Marino (16.11.1988), Serbia (03.04.200

3), Slovakia (30.06.1993), Slovenia (14.05.1993), Spain (24.11.1977), Sweden (05.05.1949), Switzerland (06.05.1963), ”The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” (09.11.1995), Turkey (09.08.1949), Ukraine (09.11.1995), United Kingdom (05.05.1949) Hauser Global Law School Program, New York University School of Law 40 Washington Square South, New York, New York 10012-1099 Telephone: (212) 998-6691, Facsimile: (212) 995- The 10 Smallest Countries In The World - WorldAtlas.com World Facts The 10 Smallest Countries In The World A list of the 10 smallest countries by total land area.

Some of the coziest nations, islands, and places on the planet. A small island in turquoise waters With over 194 countries in the world, it's easy to think the word "country" equates to a massive land area with large numbers of people. Some nations are so small that cities within other nations are giants compared to them. Mostly found in Europe, the Carribean, and the Pacific, there are many countries in the world with an area of less than 400 square kilometers. The top 10 smallest countries in the world cover a total area of 1491.4 km² which is smaller than the area of the city of Huston, Texas (1625.2 km²) With their own governments and own culture, these small countries are some of the richest, most remote, and most intriguing places in the world.

Let's take a look at the 10 smallest countries in the world today: 10 – Grenada - 344 km² Image via: 4photos.net An island nation in the Caribbean, Grenada is also known as “The Island of Spice." The world's largest producer of nutmeg and mace crops, this nation located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago was colonized by the French from 1649 to 1763, which explains the very strong influence of French tradition and culture in the country. A popular tourist destination, you'll find French-influenced architecture and art all around the island, with cricket as the most popular sport. 9 – Malta - 316 km² Image via: maltaholidays.uk.com Malta is another island country, however, its located in the Mediterranean Sea. 3 major islands make up the Republic of Malta: Gozo, Comino, and the largest, Malta. This small country has a population of over 450,000 inhabitants, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

Another popular tourist destination, foreigners from all over the world come to Malta for its sunny weather, attractive beaches, over 7,000 years of intriguing history, and a still vibrant nightlife. 8 – Maldives - 300 km² Image via: maparchitects.dk A popular tourist destination in the Indian Ocean, the Maldives is the smallest country in Asia in terms of area and population. There are over 1,192 coral islands in the Maldives, which are spread over 90,000 sq.km, making it one of the world's most dispersed countries. The country was once the colony of many empires, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the British, but became an independent country in 1965. Today, the Maldives has a vibrant tourism economy due to its famous white sand beaches and crystal blue waters. 7 – Saint Kitts and Nevis - 261 km² Image via: roomsuggestion.com The Mother Colony of the West Indies, these 2 islands in the Caribbean were some of the first islands to be occupied by Europeans. Its economy is dependent on tourism, agriculture, and small manufacturing industries. The islands also provide fantastic diving sites due to abundant marine life.

A major sugar exporter for centuries, the large plantations are now beautiful estates that have been converted into hotels and resorts. 6 – Liechtenstein - 160 km² Image via: wikipedia.org A German-speaking country, this is the only nation in the world to be completely located in the Alps. Located between Switzerland and Austria, Liechtenstein is the richest country in the world by GDP per capita, with the lowest unemployment rate (1.5%). Getting into the country is a little tricky without an airport. Visitors must go through Switzerland's Zurich Airport to reach this Alpine country that's still ruled by a prince. 5 – San Marino - 61 km² Image via: commons.wikimedia.org Surrounded completely by Italy, San Marino is also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino. Claiming to be the oldest surviving sovereign state in the world, it is also one of the wealthiest in terms of GDP per capita. The 3rd smallest country in Europe, it has a population of only 30,000, boasting of one of the lowest unemployment rates in the world.

4 – Tuvalu - 26 km² Image via: oceanislandtravel.com Formerly known as the Ellice Islands, Tuvalu is located in the Pacific Ocean, north east of Australia. There are about 10,000 inhabitants, with 8km of roads, and only 1 hospital present on the main island. The country was once a British territory but became independent in 1978. A difficult place to get to, tourism is not very significant. In 2010, less than 2,000 visitors came to Tuvalu, with 65% of them coming for business. 3 – Nauru - 21 km² Image via: jouljet.blogspot.ca An island nation located east of Australia, Nauru is the smallest island country in the world. It was known in the 1980's for a booming phosphate mining but is now a quiet island off the radar of tourists. Formerly known as Pleasant Island, its phosphate resources are now depleted, leading to a 90% national unemployment rate, with the remaining 10% employed by the government.

Nauru is also known as the country with the most obese people in the world, with 97% of its men and 93% of women being obese or overweight. Because of this, Nauru is also home to the world's highest level of type 2 diabetes, with 40% of its population suffering from the ailment. 2 – Monaco - 2 km² Image via: burgessyachts.com Located on the French Riviera, Monaco is home to the largest number of millionaires and billionaires per capita in the world. Known for its gambling and luxury goods and services industry, Monaco is a favourite playground of the rich and famous. Bordered by France on 3 sides and one side by the Mediterranean Sea, the residents of Monaco are mostly French-speaking. With a population of over 36,000, Monaco is the world's most densely populated country. The most popular annual event is the Formula 1 race, with tracks passing through the city streets. 1 – Vatican - 0.44 km² Image via: sentiarometours.com The world's smallest country is the Vatican, also known as the Holy See.

This country fits within the Italian capital city of Rome, and is the center of the Catholic Church. It is also home to the biggest church in the world – St. Peter's Basilica, and holds some of the most significant art works of the Renaissance such as The Pieta and the Creation of Adam. Its income comes from the voluntary contributions of over 1 billion members of the Roman Catholic Church around the world. The remainder of its economy comes from the sales of postage stamps, tourist mementos, and admission fees of museums. The 50 Smallest Countries In The World Rank 10 Smallest Countries on Earth You are here: Home / Places / 10 Smallest Countries on Earth 10 Smallest Countries on Earth March 13, 2011 By paul 1 Comment Have you been to all corners of your country? You will most likely answer no to this question. The average person will most likely not see all parts of his or her country owing to its size. But if you live in one of the smallest countries in the world, seeing everything that your nation has to offer in terms of sights will not be a problem for you. In fact, you can most likely do that in one day or even morning.

Between breakfast and brunch, you can walk from one end of your nation to the other. 1. Vatican City Located within the city of Rome, this is a landlocked sovereign city-state with an area of approximately 44 hectares or 110 acres. Vatican City is not a very old country. It was only established in 1929 and is ruled by the Bishop of Rome, also known as the Pope. Its territory includes the St. Peter’s Basiica, the Sistine Chapel, the Apostolic Palace, several buildings, and some museums. Apart from these popular sites, the territory also include the Vatican Gardens. These are medieval gardens that cover about 23 hectares of the whole country. Vatican City has a population of about 800. 2. Monaco With a land mass of .75 square miles, Monaco is the second smallest country in the world. It also happens to be the world’s second smallest monarchy. Monaco is located in South Western Europe and is surrounded by France on three sides and the Mediterranean Sea. With its population reaching over 30,000, Monaco is also one of the most densely populated nations on Earth.

The country’s main industry is tourism; every year, many people visit this microstate to gamble or enjoy its wonderful weather. 3. Nauru Located in Micronesia in South Pacific, Nauru is an island state with a land area of 8.1 square miles. The Republic of Nauru is the smallest island nation in the world. This county gained its independence in 1968 but this island has been home to its natives for at least 3,000 years. In 1798, a whale hunted named John Fearn was the first Westerner to visit the island. He named it Pleasant Island. Right now, this nation has a population of over 9,000. For this reason, they have no armed forces. 4. Tuvalu Also located in the Pacific Ocean, Tuvalu is an island nation with a total area of 10 square miles. This nation has five atolls and four reef islands. This nation was formerly known as Ellice Islands. It was discovered in 1568 and was under Britain towards the end of the 19th century. They gained their independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.

Right now, this country has a population of 10,472. Because it has almost no natural resources, Tuvalu’s main source of income is foreign aid. 5. San Marino With a total land area of 24 square miles, San Marino is the fifth smallest nation in the world. It also has the smallest population of all Council of Europe members. San Marino, however, is one of the oldest surviving independent nations in the world. This country’s founding dates back to the third of September, 301. This country’s constitution was enacted in 1600, making San Marino the second oldest constitutional republic on Earth. San Marino is also one of the richest countries in the world; they have a budget surplus and no national debt. 6. Liechtenstein Liechtenstein is also a landlocked country located in Europe. Surrounded by Switzerland and Austia, this country has a total area of about 61.7 square miles. This Alpine country may be one of the smallest but it is one of the wealthiest in the world. It is a favorite winter destination in Europe but this is not how the country earns most of its money. Liechtenstein is a popular business center with more registered companies than residents.

7. Marshall Islands Located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, Marshall Islands is composed mainly of atolls and islands. This country has a total area of 70 square miles and a population of over 62,000. This country gained its independence from the United States only in 1986. Up until today, aid from the US is generally what keeps Marshall Islands’s economy afloat. This nation has almost no natural resources and imports more than they export. In recent years, Marshall Islands suffered from extremely high energy costs. 8. Seychelles Serchelles has a total area of 174 square miles. This is the 8th smallest country in the world in terms of land mass but has an estimated population of 84,000. This archipelago consists of 115 islands and can be found in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles has always been progressive, exporting cinnamon, copra, and vanilla. But since they gained independence in 1976, Seychelles’s main source of income has been tourism. The tourists industry currently employs a third of the country’s working population. 9.

Maldives Another island nation, Maldives is also located in the Indian Ocean. This is currently the smallest Asian country in terms of land area and population. Its total land area is only 115 square miles and as of 2010, it has a population of about 396,334. The country has 1,192 islets but only two hundred of these islands are inhabited. The capital is Male and has about a third of the population of the whole nation. The country’s main source of income today is tourism; in the olden times, this country was a major source of cowry shells, dried tuna fish, and coir rope. 10. St. Kitts and Nevis Also called the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, this is a country located in the West Indies. It is comprised of two islands and has a total land area of 104 square miles. These islands were the first islands in the Caribbean to be inhabited by Westerners. They gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1983. Not only is this the smallest nation in the Americas in terms of area, this also has the smallest population.

As of today, this country’s main source of income is tourism. They also rely on agriculture and offshore banking to earn money. Photo Credits:

Question: Which member country of the Council of Europe has the smallest population?
Answer: San Marino