Translation of Alea jacta est in English English Greek Alea jacta est in English Alea Jacta Est (en: "The Die Is Cast") is the third studio album by the Asturian power metal band WarCry, released on January 1, 2004 (see 2004 in music and 2004 in heavy metal music), and distributed through Avispa. See more at Wikipedia.org... ("The die is cast") is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as ) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the Rubicon river in Northern Italy. With this step, he entered Italy at the head of his army in defiance of the Senate and began his long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. The phrase has been adopted in Italian , Romanian , Spanish , French , Portuguese , Greek , Dutch , German , Polish and many other languages to indicate that events have passed a point of no return. See more at Wikipedia.org...

ALEA IACTA EST : definition of ALEA IACTA EST and synonyms of ALEA IACTA EST (English) For the album by WarCry, see Alea Jacta Est . Alea iacta est ( Latin : "The die has been cast") is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as iacta alea est [ˈjakta ˈaːlea est] ) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the River Rubicon in Northern Italy . With this step, he entered Italy at the head of his army in defiance and began his long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates . The phrase is still used today to mean that events have passed a point of no return, that something inevitably will happen. Contents Meaning and form The historian Frances Titchener has given a stylized description of the context of Caesar's pronouncement: We know from [Caesar's journals] that Caesar is not taking this lightly. He knows that if he marches on Rome with his armies, then he is a public enemy, and that he will either have to win, or die.

For a Roman patrician like Julius Caesar there is no life without military service; there is no life without service to the state. He cannot simply 'go native' and stay in Gaul , and he does realise that if he goes back to Rome, he would be killed. At this time the northernmost border of the Roman territory in Italy is the River Rubicon. Once someone crosses the River Rubicon, he's in Roman territory. A general must not cross that boundary with his army - he must do what the Romans call lay down his command, which means surrender his right to order troops, and certainly not be carrying weapons. Caesar and his armies hesitate quite awhile at this river while Caesar decides what to do, and Caesar tells us that he informs his soldiers that it's a little tiny bridge across the river, but once they cross it they'll have to fight their way all the way to Rome, and Caesar is well aware that he's risking not just his own life, but those of his loyal soldiers, and he might not win. Pompey is a formidable enemy.

It's also impossible to avoid the fact that Caesar was attacking the state, and as a patrician Roman this would have been very difficult for him, equivalent to beating up your father. He wouldn't have done any of this lightly. Finally he makes a decision, it's time to go, and he uses a gambling metaphor and he says 'Roll the dice', 'Alea jacta esto'. [1] Once the dice start rolling they cannot be controlled, even though we don't know what it is as the dice roll and tumble. Julius and his men swiftly cross the river and they march double time toward Rome, where they almost beat the messengers sent to inform the Senate of their arrival. — Titchener, To Rule Mankind and Make the World Obey [2] The phrase is still used today to mean that events have passed a point of no return , that something inevitable will happen.

Caesar was said to have borrowed the phrase from Menander , his favourite Greek writer of comedy; the phrase appears in “Ἀρρηφόρος” (Arrephoros,) (or possibly “The Flute-Girl”), as quoted in Deipnosophistae , Book 13 , paragraph 8. Plutarch reports that these words were said in Greek: Ἑλληνιστὶ πρὸς τοὺς παρόντας ἐκβοήσας, «Ἀνερρίφθω κύβος», [anerriphtho kybos] διεβίβαζε τὸν στρατόν. [3] He [Caesar] declared in Greek with loud voice to those who were present 'Let the die be cast' and led the army across. — Plutarch , Life of Pompey, 60.2.9 [4] Suetonius, a contemporary of Plutarch writing in Latin, reports a similar phrase. Caesar: ... "Iacta alea est", inquit.

[5] Caesar said ... "the die has been cast". — Suetonius , Vita Divi Iuli (The Life of the deified Julius), 121 CE, paragraph 33 Lewis and Short, [6] citing Casaubon and Ruhnk, suggest that the text of Suetonius should read Jacta alea esto, which they translate as "Let the die be cast!", or "Let the game be ventured!". This matches Plutarch's third-person perfect imperative ἀνερρίφθω κύβος (anerrhiphtho kybos). By the first century AD alea refers to the early form of backgammon that was played in Caesar's time. Augustus (Octavian) mentions winning this game in a letter. Dice were commonly known in Roman times and generally known as cubus. Literary references The phrase is used repeatedly to comic effect in the French Asterix comic books along with other Latin phrases such as " Veni, vidi, but not quite vici ".

See also the die is cast - Wiktionary the die is cast Etymology[ edit ] From games of chance in which the outcome is determined by the throwing of dice or a single die . Popularized by its use by Suetonius when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon to begin a civil war in the Roman Republic , indicating the commission of an irreversible act, whence also cross the Rubicon . The form “the die is cast” is from the Latin iacta ālea est , a grammatically incorrect translation by Suetonius , 121 , [1] of the Ancient Greek phrase of Menander ἀνερρίφθω κύβος ‎(anerrhíphthō kúbos), which Caesar quoted in Greek (not Latin). The Greek translates rather as “let the die be cast!”, or “let the game be ventured!”.

Historical details “The die is cast” is a literal translation of Latin iacta ālea est , as quoted in Suetonius , Vīta Dīvī Iūlī (The Life of the deified Julius), 121 Meaning of "Iacta alea est" The Question: I'm not sure, but I think Alexander the Great said, "The die is cast." Please set me straight as to who, when, and where. The Answer: Actually, it was Julius Caesar who uttered the phrase "Iacta alea est" [the die is cast]. Reportedly, with these words on Jan. 19, 49 B.C.E., Caesar and his army crossed the Rubicon , the stream bounding his province, to enter Italy. The advancement, in violation of the senate's orders, meant the civil war and Caesar's march against Pompey had begun. Caesar was said to have borrowed the phrase from his favorite Greek poet-dramatist, Menander . Today, the phrase "to cross the Rubicon" means to take an irrevocable step.

—The Editors Alea iacta est definition by Babylon’s free dictionary Wikipedia Dictionaries English Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia ("The die is cast") is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as ) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the Rubicon river in Northern Italy. With this step, he entered Italy at the head of his army in defiance of the Senate and began his long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. The phrase has been adopted in Italian , Romanian , Spanish , French , Portuguese , Greek , Dutch , German , Polish and many other languages to indicate that events have passed a point of no return. See more at Wikipedia.org... Latin quotes by Julius Caesar Latin quotes by Julius Caesar Latin Julius Caesar (102-44 BC), Roman Emperor and Military Leader Gaius Iulius Caesar In addition to being a great military leader, he was a talented writer. He wrote Commentaries (seven volumes), De De Bello Gallico (of its campaign against France and England), and De De Bello Civili (on the civil war between him and Pompeii).

Ab imo pectore - From my chest (Julius Caesar - Frankly - From my heart) Alea iacta est - The die has been thrown (Said by Julius Caesar when he crossed with his troops the Rubicon river in 49 BC, despite the refusal of the Roman Senate, thus provoking civil war) Beati Hispani quibus bibere vivere est - Lucky the Spaniards, for whom living is drinking (Julius Caesar) Caesarem vehis, Caesarique fortunam - You carry Caesar and Caesar's fortune (Julius Caesar said this words on a stormy voyage across the Adriatic Sea to pirates who had kidnapped him. These pirates would ask for a reward of 20 bars of gold, but Cesar insisted that they charged 50 for him. After Caesar was released, Caesar and his troops captured these pirates and crucified them - It was said to a Captain attempting to bring Caesar (in disguise) back to Italia, in search of Marcus Antonius and the bulk of Caesar's army. Not Pirates... He told them "I will return & crucify you all.." - Thank you: S.

Scott Fain Cum tridui viam processisset - With only three days' way forward (Julius Caesar - De Bello Gallico IV) Divide et impera - Divide and Conquer (Julius Caesar) Duas fossas XV pedes latas eadem altitudine perduxit - Directed the construction of two trenches fifteen feet wide and the same depth (Julius Caesar - The Gallic war) Et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit - And set up camp three miles from them (Julius Caesar - Bello Gallico ) Et tu, Brute? - And you too Brutus? (Julius Caesar last words - also quoted as Tu quoque, fili mi!

) Fere libenter homines, id quod volunt, credunt - People almost always willingly believe what you want (Julius Caesar - De Bello Gallico, III, 18) Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres - Gaul is divided into three parts (Julius Caesar - De Bello Gallico ) Hoc voluerunt - They wanted this (Julius Caesar after Pompey's defeat in Munda in 45 AD) Ignavi coram morte quidem animam trahunt, audaces autem illam non saltem advertunt - The cowards agonize about death, the brave don't even notice it (Julius Caesar) Iulia Pompeio nupsit - Julia married Pompey (Things people do to please their father - Julia was the daughter of Julius Caesar and married Pompey so his father could form a strong political alliance with him) Libenter homines id quod volunt credunt - Men freely believe in whatever they want (Julius Caesar) Malo hic esse primus quam Romae secundus - I prefer to be first in this place than to be second at Rome.

(Julius Caesar, according to Plutarch ) Meos tam suspicione quam crimine iudico carere oportere - My people should never be suspected of breaking the law (Sentence of Julius Caesar, after divorcing Pompeii in 62 BC) Puri sermonis amator - Lover of pure and simple speach (said of Julius Caesar by Terentius) Quibus rebus Roman nuntiatis tantus repente terror invasit - Upon learning this news, an intense, sudden fear invaded Rome (Julius Caesar - De Bello Civili ) Utinam populus Romanus unam cervicem haberet! - I wish the Roman people had but one neck! (Julius Caesar) Veni, vidi, vici - I came, I saw, I conquered (Julius Caesar) Total: 21 Julius Caesar - Wikiquote Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: G AIVS C ÆSAR ) ( 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC ) was a Roman religious , military, and political leader. He played an important part in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire .

His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, with the first Roman invasion of Britainia in 55 BC. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest military geniuses of all time, as well as a brilliant politician and one of the ancient world's strongest leaders. For the famous play by William Shakespeare , see Julius Caesar (play) . Contents Men willingly believe what they wish. The die is cast. Fortune, which has a great deal of power in other matters but especially in war, can bring about great changes in a situation through very slight forces. Veni, vidi, vici. I came, I saw, I conquered.

Written in a report to Rome 47 B.C., after conquering Pharnaces at Zela in Asia Minor in just five days; as quoted in Life of Caesar by Plutarch ; reported to have been inscribed on one of the decorated wagons in the Pontic triumph, in Lives of the Twelve Caesars , Julius , by Suetonius Variant translation: Came, Saw, Conquered Inscription on the triumphal wagon reported in The Twelve Caesars by Suetonius , as translated by Robert Graves (1957) Alea iacta est . The die is cast. As quoted in Vita Divi Iuli [The Life of the deified Julius] (121 CE) by Suetonius , paragraph 33 (Caesar: … "Iacta alea est", inquit. – Caesar said … "the die is cast".) Said when crossing the river Rubicon with his legions on 10 January, 49 BC, thus beginning the civil war with the forces of Pompey . The Rubicon river was the boundary of Gaul, the province Caesar had the authority to keep his army in.

By crossing the river, he had committed an invasion of Italy. The Latin is a translation; Caesar actually spoke this in Greek, as reported by Plutarch , Plutarch , Life of Pompey, 60.2.9: Ἑλληνιστὶ πρὸς τοὺς παρόντας ἐκβοήσας, «Ἀνερρίφθω κύβος», [anerriphtho kybos] διεβίβαζε τὸν στρατόν. He [Caesar] declared in Greek with loud voice to those who were present ‘Let the die be cast’ and led the army across. He was reportedly quoting the playwright Menander , specifically “Ἀρρηφόρῳ” (Arrephoria, or “The Flute-Girl”), according to Deipnosophistae , Book 13 , paragraph 8, saying «Ἀνερρίφθω κύβος» (anerriphtho kybos).

The Greek translates rather as “let the die be cast!”, or “Let the game be ventured!”, which would instead translate in Latin as Jacta Alea Est. According to Lewis and Short ( Online Dictionary: alea , Lewis and Short at the Perseus Project. See bottom of section I.), the phrase used was a future active imperative , “let the die be cast!”, or “Let the game be ventured!”, which would instead translate in Latin as iacta alea est. Gallia est pacata. Gaul is subdued. Written in a letter with which Caesar informed the Roman Senate of his victory over Vercingetorix in 52 BC Sed fortuna, quae plurimum potest cum in reliquis rebus tum praecipue in bello, parvis momentis magnas rerum commutationes efficit; ut tum accidit. Fortune, which has a great deal of power in other matters but especially in war, can bring about great changes in a situation through very slight forces.

The Civil War, Book III, 68; variant translation: "In war, events of importance are the result of trivial causes." I assure you I had rather be the first man here than the second man in Rome. On passing through a village in the Alps, as attributed in Parallel Lives , by Plutarch , as translated by John Langhorne and William Langhorne (1836), p. 499 Variant: First in a village rather than second in Rome. I will not … that my wife be so much as suspected. His declaration as to why he had divorced his wife Pompeia , when questioned in the trial against Publius Clodius Pulcher for sacrilege against Bona Dea festivities (from which men were excluded), in entering Caesar's home disguised as a lute-girl apparently with intentions of a seducing Caesar's wife; as reported in Plutarch's Lives of Coriolanus, Caesar, Brutus, and Antonius by Plutarch , as translated by Thomas North, p. 53 Variant translations: Caesar's wife must be above suspicion. It is not the well-fed long-haired man I fear, but the pale and the hungry looking.

As reported in Plutarch 's Anthony'; William Shakespeare adapted this in having Caesar declare Cassius as having "a lean and hungry look." Καὶ σύ, τέκνον; And you, son? Reported as Caesar's last words, spoken to Marcus Junius Brutus , as recorded in Divus Iulius by Suetonius , paragraph 82; this gave rise to William Shakespeare 's famous adaptation in Julius Caesar : "Et tu, Brute? — Then fall, Caesar!" He seated himself at the head of the lines in front of the camp, the Gallic chieftains are brought before him. They surrender Vercingetorix , and lay down their arms. Commentarii de Bello Gallico [Commentaries on the Gallic War] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. All Gaul is divided into three parts Book I, Ch.

1 ]; these are the first words of De Bello Gallico, the whole sentence is "All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third." [1] Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest/strongest . Book I, Ch. 1 Consuesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. The immortal gods are wont to allow those persons whom they wish to punish for their guilt sometimes a greater prosperity and longer impunity, in order that they may suffer the more severely from a reverse of circumstances. Book I, Ch. 14, translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. In most cases men willingly believe what they wish.

Book III, Chapter 18 Variant translation: Men willingly believe what they wish to be true. As quoted in The Adventurer No. 69 (3 July 1753) in The Works of Samuel Johnson (1837) edited by Arthur Murphy, p. 32 Compare: "What each man wishes, that he also believes to be true" Demosthenes , Olynthiac 3.19 Sunt item, quae appellantur alces. Harum est consimilis capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine paulo antecedunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus et crura sine nodis articulisque habent neque quietis causa procumbunt neque, si quo adflictae casu conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubilibus: ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt.

Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animadversum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur. Huc cum se consuetudine reclinaverunt, infirmas arbores pondere adfligunt atque una ipsae concidunt. There are also animals which are called elks [alces "moose" in Am. Engl.; elk "wapiti"]. The shape of these, and the varied colour of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are destitute of horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up.

Trees serve as beds to them; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing. When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them. Book VI Vercingetorix , having convened a council the following day, declares, "That he had undertaken that war, not on account of his own exigencies, but on account of the general freedom; and since he must yield to fortune, he offered himself to them for either purpose, whether they should wish to atone to the Romans by his death, or surrender him alive." Ambassadors are sent to Caesar on this subject. He orders their arms to be surrendered, and their chieftains delivered up. He seated himself at the head of the lines in front of the camp, the Gallic chieftains are brought before him.

They surrender Vercingetorix, and lay down their arms. Book VII Misattributed[ edit ] Beware the leader who bangs the drums of war in order to whip the citizenry into a patriotic fervor, for patriotism is indeed a double-edged sword. It both emboldens the blood, just as it narrows the mind. And when the drums of war have reached a fever pitch and the blood boils with hate and the mind has closed, the leader will have no need in seizing the rights of the citizenry. Rather, the citizenry, infused with fear and blinded by patriotism, will offer up all of their rights unto the leader and gladly so. How do I know? For this is what I have done. And I am Caesar. This statement by an unknown author has also been wrongly attributed to William Shakespeare , but there are no records of it prior to late 2001. It has been debunked at Snopes.com Quotes about Caesar[ edit ] Caesar overtook his advanced guard at the river Rubicon, which formed the frontier between Gaul and Italy.

Well aware how critical a decision confronted him, he turned to his staff, remarking: "We may still draw back but, once across that little bridge, we shall have to fight it out" As he stood, in two minds, an apparition of superhuman size and beauty was seen sitting on the river bank playing a reed pipe. A party of shepherds gathered around to listen and, when some of Caesar's men broke ranks to do the same, the apparition snatched a trumpet from one of them, ran down to the river, blew a thunderous blast, and crossed over. Caesar exclaimed: "Let us accept this as a sign from the Gods , and follow where they beckon, in vengeance on our double-dealing enemies. The die is cast." He led his army to the farther bank, where he welcomed the tribunes of the people who had fled to him from Rome. Then he tearfully addressed the troops and, ripping open his tunic to expose his breast, begged them to stand faithfully by him.

Suetonius , in The Twelve Caesars, as translated by Robert Graves (1957), ¶ 31-33 Variant translations: He caught up with his cohorts at the River Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province, where he paused for a while, thinking over the magnitude of what he was planning, then, turning to his closest companions, he said: "Even now we can still turn back. But once we have crossed that little bridge, everything must be decided by arms." As he paused, the following portent occurred. A being of splendid size and beauty suddenly appeared, sitting close by, and playing music on a reed. A large number of shepherds hurried to listen to him and even some of the soldiers left their posts to come, trumpeters among them. From one of these, the apparition seized a trumpet, leapt down to the river, and with a huge blast sounded the call to arms and crossed over to the other bank. Then said Caesar: "Let us go where the gods have shown us the way and the injustice of our enemies calls us.

The die is cast." And so the army crossed over and welcomed the tribunes of the plebs who had come over to them, having been expelled from Rome. Caesar addressed the sol- diers, appealing to their loyalty, with tears, and ripping the garments from his breast. As translated by Catherine Edwards (2000) Brutus, quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est; Hic, quia consules eiecit, rex postremo factus est. Brutus was elected consul, when he sent the kings away; Caesar sent the consuls packing, Caesar is our king today. Note left on a statue of Caesar in Rome, prior to the Ides of March, as reported in Suetonius , in The Twelve Caesars, as translated by Robert Graves (1957), Divus Iulius ¶ 80 In that man were combined genius , method, memory, literature, prudence, deliberation, and industry. He had performed exploits in war which, though calamitous for the republic, were nevertheless mighty deeds. Having for many years aimed at being a king, he had with great labor, and much personal danger, accomplished what he intended.

He had conciliated the ignorant multitude by presents, by monuments, by largesses of food, and by banquets; he had bound his own party to him by rewards, his adversaries by the appearances of clemency. Why need I say much on such a subject? He had already brought a free city, partly by fear, partly by patience, into a habit of slavery. With him I can, indeed, compare you [Mark Antony] as to your desire to reign; but in all other respects you are in no degree to be compared to him. Jesus was Caesar - Summary The spreading of these texts is free, except for commercial purposes. SUMMARY The question is: IS JESUS DIVUS JULIUS? (IS JESUS THE HISTORICAL FIGURE OF DIVUS JULIUS, THE GOD TO WHICH JULIUS CAESAR WAS ELEVATED?) Framework of the argumentation: A) ICONOGRAPHY OF CAESAR DO NOT FIT OUR IDEA OF HIM. In our minds Caesar is a field marshall and a dictator. However, authentic images (statues and coins) portray the idea of the clementia Caesaris, a clement Caesar. The bust of Caesar in the Torlonia Museum resembles Jesus significantly.

Even the wreath he wears, the oak wreath of the soter, the Savior, corresponds in form and significance to the crown of thorns worn by the Holy One. B) JESUS LIFE IS CONGRUENT TO THE LIFE OF CAESAR. Both Julius Caesar and Jesus began their careers in northern countries: Caesar in Gaul, Jesus in Galilee; both cross a fatal river: the Rubicon and the Jordan; both then enter cities: Corfinium and Cafarnaum; Caesar finds Corfinium occupied by a man of Pompey and besieges him, while Jesus finds a man possessed by an impure spirit. There is similarity in structure as well as in place names: Gallia > Galilaea; Corfinium > Cafarnaum; occupied/besieged > possessed (both obsessus inLatin). The similarities remain consistent throughout (when occupation or besieging is referred to in the one text, possession is used in the other, etc.) etc. People and places have the same function in both stories: Pompey is the political godfather of Caesar and competes with him in the same way John the Baptist does with Jesus.

Antony and Lepidus became Caesars successors, the first as flamen, high priest of the Divus Julius cult, the second as pontifex maximus, just as Simon and Peter do with Jesus (they both melt into one figure  Simon Peter). Decimus Junius Brutus betrays Caesar as Judas betrays Jesus. The other Brutus is Caesars murderer and Barabbas is a murderer. Octavian is the young Caesar, his posthumously adopted son. John is adopted by Jesus as he is dying on the cross. Nicomedes of Bithynia was said to have had nightly meetings with Caesar as did Nicodemus of Bethany with Jesus. Cleopatra had a special relationship with Caesar as did Mary Magdalene with Jesus. Julia, Caesars aunt and widow of Marius plays the same role as Mary, the mother of Jesus. The Senate is Caesars enemy, just as the Council is Jesus Satan. Caesar comes from Gaul, in the north, at the beginning of the Civil War, while Jesus also comes from the north, Galilee, at the beginning of his public life.

Corfinium is the first city Caesar occupies and Cafarnaum is the first city Jesus enters. Rome is the capital, where Caesar first triumphs and later is assassinated. Jerusalem is the city where Jesus is celebrated on Palm Sunday and later put to death. Names resemble each other in writing and phonetically  Gallia and Galilaia, Corfinium and Cafarnaum, (Julia) Mària and Marìa, Nicomedes of Bithynia and Nicodemus of Bethania, etc. Other examples are not as obvious but can still be recognized: Junius (Brutus) and Judas, Brutus and Barabbas, Senatus and Satanas, etc., or even ROMA and HieROsolyMA, Antonius and Simona (mirror images, from right to left, as if it were written in Aramaic), etc. D) CAESARS MOST FAMOUS QUOTATIONS ARE FOUND IN THE GOSPELS  IN STRUCTURALLY SIGNIFICANT PLACES.

Most quotes are word for word, sometimes with insignificant differences: «He who does not take sides is on my side» reoccurs as «For he that is not against us is for us.». «I am not King, I am Caesar» appears as «We have no king but Caesar». «The best death is sudden death» appears as «What you are going to do (lead me to death), do quickly». «Did I save them, that they might destroy me?» is «He saved others; he cannot save himself.» Only in two cases are there slight, yet meaningful distortions: «Alea iacta est(o)», «The die is cast», became « casting (a net into the sea): for they were fishers» (confusion of lat. alea, die, and gr. (h)aleeis, fishers)  the miraculous netting of fish). «Veni vidi vici», «I came, I saw, I conquered, changed to «I came, I washed and I saw.» (confusion of enikisa, I won, and enipsa, I washed)  the healing of the blind.

An additional confirmation is that the words as well as actions of Caesar and Jesus reoccur in the same place and in the same sequence, while preserving the same chronology. This is easily demonstrated by comparing the different chapter and verse (paragraph) numbers of the quotes used above: alea/aleeis (the die / fishers): App. BC 2.115; Plut. Caes. 63 / Jh 13:27 (=ca. Mk 14:21) save/save: App. BC 2.146; (=ca. Plut. Caes. 68)/ Mk 15:31 The only apparent inconsistency is in the second example. That quote, however, in general repeated by Caesar as proof of strategical focus also appears in different places in classical historians (twice in Caesars own report of the Civil War, 1.33 and 1.85, while Sueton, who uses the quote a total of 89 times, uses it for the first time in Chapter 75 of his biography of Caesar).

The sequence inversion in the 4th and 5th example is not relevant because their position in Mark is only hypothetically determined by John who is known for not taking chronology too exactly (even so, both quotes are closely aligned) There is an easily recognized pattern: the miraculous victories of Caesar become the victorious miracles of Jesus. Accordingly Caesars clashes with the Caecilii, Claudii and Metelli mutate into the healing of the blind (lat. caecilius = blind), lame (lat. claudius = the lame) and crippled (metellus mistakenly from mutilus = mutilated) There appear to be alterations in the text which must have taken place during the long copy process: the Gospel would therefore have originated from a mis-copying of a report on the Roman Civil War  first from cumulative copying mistakes and then a final «logical» editing. [ Extract from the book Jesus was Caesar, p. 209-211 ] Other observations confirm these results. Ex: E) THE EASTER LITURGY DOES NOT FOLLOW THE GOSPEL, BUT THE BURIAL RITUAL OF CAESAR (as Ethelbert Stauffer proved, cf.

Jerusalem und Rom im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, Bern 1957, p. 21). [ Extract from the book Jesus was Caesar, p. 59-63 ] Fire does not appear in the Gospels, but it is of utmost importance in the Easter Vigil as it is in the cremation of Caesar. Nevertheless in the Gospels fire does not disappear completely: the PYRA mutates into MYRA, the stake into myrrh (which is given to Jesus with wine and vinegar respectively). Consequently, the suit of armor of Vercingetorix, which should have hung at the trophy, the cruciform memorial of victory, at the head of Caesars bier, was replaced by Anthony with a wax representation of the assassinated body of Caesar, stripped of his blood splattered toga and exposed to all the mourning who perceived it as a cross. The corresponding dates of death, the Ides of March and the 15th day of Nizan are a further chronological confirmation of the Easter Vigil representing Caesars death.

What emerges from the comparison is the fact that no matter what the comparison the same structures and sequences are found and differences are reduced to the simple mix up of letters. What really changes is the perception. All of these similaritiesthere is a complete synopsis of Caesars biography and Marks gospel in the German text; [ Extract from the book Jesus was Caesar, p. 281-285 ] the lectures stress the gems found in writing mistakes and mutations; the iconography studied stresses the fact that typical Jesuanic traits, such as the Pieta-face, the crown of thorns, the long hair, the beard, the clothing, the crosier, the aureole, all variations of the cross, the Resurrection, the Ascension, etc. previously occur on coins with Caesars likeness and are still evident in those minted by Antony and Octavian Augustus  cannot be attributed to pure chance and require an explanation. The most convincing one is: THE CULT SURROUNDING JESUS IS ACTUALLY THE CULT OF DIVUS JULIUS, [ Extract from the book Jesus was Caesar, p.

325-329 ] MODIFIED OVER THE COURSE OF CENTURIES IN VETERAN COLONIES IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE EMPIRE. The proximity of languages offered a convenient breeding ground for this change with the Latin of the colonies slowly giving way to the Greek of the surroundings (with occasional emergence of the Aramaic substratum). The political changes which occurred with Vespasian and Titus after the Jewish war, such as the necessity of integrating Jews into the empire, led to the development of a cult and texts ad usum Iudaeorum: Divus Julius became the Messiah. Adding quotes from the Biblia Iudaica, which replaced the classical one, helped to make the most Roman of all histories a Jewish story. [ Extract from the book Jesus was Caesar, p.166-168 ] SUMMATION: The protoevangelium seems to be the historiae of Asinius Pollio, which were not only the basis for the works of future historians (particularly Appian and Plutarch), but also the basis for liturgical texts used throughout the entire empire in the caesarea, the temples of Divus Julius.

This popular version, anchored in the daily and religious life of the people, was transformed by the cult and changed during the copying and translation process  traduttore traditore  and eventually became our Gospel. The fact that the Church always claimed that St. Marks Gospel was written in Latin, in Rome twelve years after the Lord departed is confirmed in an impressive way. RESULT: The century long debate as to whether the Gospels are history or literature, a product of tradition or editing, is traced back to objective and verifiable proofs and proven. The question as to whether Jesus was actually a historical figure is also solved: Jesus is the historically transmitted figure of Divus Julius.

Question: Attributed to Julius Caesar, what does the phrase ‘Alea iacta est’ translate to in English?
Answer: The die has been cast