D. Carlos I - Cascais, Portugal - Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com you are not logged in. [log in] D. Carlos I - Cascais, Portugal - Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com Welcome to Waymarking.com! We hope you've been able to find what you are looking for. We would also like to encourage you to take some time to browse some of the other aspects of our site. We recommend viewing our featured waymarks , or perhaps the newest waymarks . You can also create a free membership to track your progress online and share your locations with others. Click here to view the complete waymark directory N 38° 41.706 W 009° 25.158 29S E 463536 N 4283025 Quick Description: Statue of D. Carlos I penultimate King of Portugal. He died of a violent death, this occurred in 1908, when Carlos was murdered in Lisbon as he travelled in an open carriage with the royal family.

Location: Lisboa, Portugal Date Posted: 3/9/2011 3:21:44 PM Waymark Code: WMAXZ9 .KML File (Google Earth) Long Description: «Carlos became King on 19 October 1889. Colonial treaties with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (one signed in August 1890 that defined their African borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers and another signed on 14 October 1899, that confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th century) stabilised the situation in Africa. These agreements were however unpopular in Portugal where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country. Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt - on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 - causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary (in 1894) of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. The following year he decorated the famous Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon. Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration, publishing an account of his own studies in this area. On 1 February 1908 the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Barreiro and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by two republican activists: Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça. Buiça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat.

The king died immediately, his heir, Luís Filipe, was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The Queen alone escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police and bodyguards; an innocent bystander was also killed in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, the Prince Royal Luis Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed King of Portugal; he was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the last king as well.» b. August 13, 1983 d. April 16, 2006 Actor. A native of Lisbon, Portugal, he grew up in Runa, a village near Torres Vedras, Portugal. At the age of 18, he moved to Lisbon to become a model, first for Elite Models and later for On Fashion. After 4 years of working for fashion and advertisement campaigns, he was cast in "Morangos com A�ucar" as Dino, The character soon became one of the most beloved by the audience.

Francisco was supposed to become the central character in "Morangos com A�ucar" in the next season, however in the... [Read More] (Bio by: Shock ) Afonso VI b. August 21, 1643 d. September 12, 1675 Portuguese Monarch. He reigned as King of Portugal from 1656 to 1667. The second king of the House of Braganza, his parents were King Jo�o IV and his wife, queen Luisa de Gusm�o. He succeeded his father in 1656 at the age of 16. His reign saw military victories over the Spanish at Ameixial (June 8, 1663) and Montes Claros (June 17, 1665), culmination in the final Spanish recognition of Portugal's independence of February 13, 1668. Colonial affairs saw the Dutch conquest of Jaffnapatam, Portugal'... [Read More] (Bio by: Benny Chordt Hansen ) Alfonso V b. January 15, 1432 d.

August 28, 1481 Portuguese Monarch. He reigned as King of Portugal from 1438 to 1481. He was born in Sintra as the oldest son of King Duarte I and his Queen Eleanor of Aragon. He succeeded his father in 1438, only six years old.During his minority he was placed under the regency of his mother, according to the late will of his father. Being a foreigner and a woman, the queen was not a popular choice for regent. Opposition rose, and the queen's only ally was Afonso, illegitimate half brother of Duarte I and... [Read More] (Bio by: Benny Chordt Hansen ) Atalide, Caterine De Muse for poet, Luis Cam�es. In 1544, she was serving as lady-in-waiting to the Queen Consort of Philip I of Portugal. While in Lisbon, Cam�es saw Caterina in church and fell passionately in love with her. For the rest of his life, he would consider her the great spiritual love of his life; many of his most beautiful lyrics were dedicated to her.

In his sonnets, Cam�es disguised the name of his love in the anagram Natercia. Sources differ on if Caterina returned his affection or not, but it... [Read More] (Bio by: Iola ) b. October 3, 1941 d. March 29, 1956 Spanish Royalty, Infante de Espa�a. Alfonso Christian Teresa Angelo Francisco Borb�n y de Borb�n was the fourth son of Juan Carlos de Borb�n y Battenberg, Count of Barcelona and Mar�a de las Mercedes di Borbone. He was also the younger brother of Juan Carlos de Borb�n, nowadays Juan Carlos I King of Spain. Alfonso Borb�n y de Borb�n was killed in an uninvestigated and obscure incident when he and his brother were manipulating a cal. 22 pistol. In 1992 his remains were moved to Spain to be... [Read More] (Bio by: 380W ) b. November 25, 1638 d. November 30, 1705 British monarch, Queen consort of King Charles II.

The daughter of John IV of Portugal and Luisa de Guzman. She married Charles in May of 1662. She was not a popular queen, being Roman Catholic, and her faith prevented her from being crowned. Charles was a womanizer, but Catherine failed to give birth to a living heir, despite several pregnancies. She was neglected by her husband, who continued to have children by his mistresses, and he refused to divorce her. Upon Charles' death in 1685, she... [Read More] (Bio by: Kristen Conrad ) Plot: Pantheon of the royal House of Braganza b. October 7, 1830 d. December 7, 1872 Crimean War Victoria Cross Medal Recipient. He served as a Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy. On May 29, 1855, in the Sea of Azov, Crimea, Lieutenant Buckley of the HMS Miranda with another officer and a Gunner, volunteered to land at a beach where the Russian Army were in strength. Once on shore they met considerable enemy opposition, but managed to set fire to corn stores and ammunition dumps, destroying enemy equipment.

On June 3, Lieutenant Buckley carried out another raid with a... [Read More] (Bio by: John "J-Cat" Griffith ) b. 1467 d. 1520 Explorer. Born in 1467, he was a Portuguese nobleman, explorer and navigator whose patron was King Manuel I of Portugal. On March 9, 1500, Cabral was sent on an expedition to India, with 13 ships. On April 22, 1500, he was the first European to see Brazil, claiming it for Portugal and naming it the "Island of the True Cross". King Manuel renamed this land "Holy Cross" and it was later renamed to Brazil. After Cabral returned to Portugal, he headed trade expeditions until he retired and died in... [Read More] (Bio by: John "J-Cat" Griffith ) b. 1524 d. June 10, 1580 Poet. Generally considered Portugal's greatest poet, his mastery and art is only comparable in greatness to Virgil, Dante or Shakespeare.

He penned dozens of sonnets and other poems, but is best remembered for his epic work "Os Lus�adas." He was born in Lisbon. When he was very young, legend says, he fell in love with a lady of the court. The lady had also caught the king's eye, however, and so Cam�es was sent into exile. The lady died of a broken heart, and Cam�es thought so much of her that... [Read More] (Bio by: Cristiana Santos ) Cardoso Pires, Jos� b. October 2, 1925 d. October 26, 1998 Portuguese Writer and Essayist. He was born in Sao Joao do Peso and died in Lisbon. He fought against the dictatorship in his country, and during the 1960s, he was forced into exile.

As a writer, he is best remembered for his books "Balada da Praia dos Caes" (Ballad of Dog's Beach), "Imperatores, Almirantes e Vampiros," "A Cavalo no Diabo," "Os Caminheiros e Outros Contos," "O Anjo Ancorado," "O Render dos Her�is," "Dinossauro Excelent�ssimo" and "Alexandra Alpha." As essayist, "T�cnicas do... [Read More] (Bio by: Jos� L Bernab� Tronchoni ) b. November 24, 1869 d. April 18, 1951 Portuguese President. He served as the President of Portugal from July 9, 1926, until his death on April 18, 1951. He also served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from July 9, 1926, to April 18, 1928. Also a noted military leader he was the author of the book, "Prefacio" (1928). Catherine of Castile b.

January 14, 1507 d. February 12, 1578 Portuguese Royalty. The posthumous daughter of Philipp I and Joanna of Castile, when her mother was imprisoned at castle Tordesillas, Catherine accompanied her. While her five siblings were raised at the courts in Mecheln and Madrid she lived in a small room which was located behind her mothers room. When her brother Charles and her sister Eleanor ... [Read More] (Bio by: Lutetia ) Cerejeira, Cardinal. Manuel Gon�alves b. November 29, 1888 d. August 2, 1977 Roman Catholic Cardinal. A native of Lousado, Manuel Gon�alves Cerejeira entered seminary in Braga, later pursuing his studies at the University of Coimbra.

Ordained priest in April 1911, he started collaborating for the journal "A Palavra" and by the following year, founded the "O Imparcial" newspaper in order to oppose anti-clericalism at the named University of Coimbra, of which he formed part of its teaching staff between 1911 and 1928, occupying several chairs. Appointed suffragan of of... [Read More] (Bio by: Eman Bonnici ) Plot: Pante�o dos Patriarcas. Cintron, Conchita b. August 9, 1922 d. February 17, 2009 Matadora. Called "La Diosa de Oro", or "Blonde Goddess", she was arguably the best-known female bullfighter of all-time, killing roughly 750 bulls over the course of her career. Born Concepcion Cintron Verrill to American parents (her father was a Puerto Rican West Point graduate) living in Chile for business reasons, she was raised in Lima, Peru, from age three.

At around 11 Conchita was taught horse riding by Ruy da Camara, a retired Portugese rejoneador (bullfighter from horseback) whom she... [Read More] (Bio by: Bob Hufford ) da Costa Nu�es, Cardinal. Jos� b. March 15, 1880 d. November 29, 1976 Roman Catholic Cardinal. Born in the archipelago of the Azores, Portugal, Jos� da Costa Nu�es was baptized four days after his birth in the parish church of Candel�ria. Undergoing studies in the Diocesan Seminary of Angra, he went to Macau, China, as a missionary on June 4, 1903, where he was ordained priest on July 26 of that same year. Faculty member of the Seminary of Macau between 1903 and 1906, when he was named vicar general of the diocese of Macau and Timor, a position he held until 1913... [Read More] (Bio by: Eman Bonnici ) da Cunha e Menezes, Cardinal. Carlos b.

April 7, 1759 d. December 14, 1825 Roman Catholic Cardinal. A native of Santa Engr�cia in the municipality of Lisbon, Carlos da Cunha e Menezes studied at the University of Coimbra, obtaining a doctorate in canon law in 1784. Ordained priest in June that year, he was successively named canon primicerius of the patriarchal cathedral of Lisbon and vicar capitular of Lisbon. Elected patriarch of Lisbon on August 23, 1819, he received his episcopal consecration on December 19 followed by the title of inquisitor four days later. Pope... [Read More] (Bio by: Eman Bonnici ) Plot: Pante�o dos Patriarcas.

Portugal (Cherry, Plum, and Chrysanthemum) | Alternative History | Fandom powered by Wikia Portugal (Cherry, Plum, and Chrysanthemum) 41,170pages on Anthem " A Portuguesa " Capital (and largest city) Lisbon Language Portuguese Ethnic Group Portuguese; Afro-Portuguese; Indian Portuguese; Chinese Portuguese Demonym Portuguese Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic legislature Assembly of the Republic of Portugal Established October 5, 1910 Currency Portuguese escudo ($) (PTE) Time Zone WET (UTC+0) summer WEST (UTC+1) Calling Code +351 Internet TLD .pt Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country located in Southwestern Europe , on the Iberian Peninsula that includes overseas provinces and territories. Metropolitan Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. Contents History Colonial restoration At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia.

Luanda, Benguela, Bissau, Lourenço Marques, Porto Amboim and the Island of Mozambique were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its African territories. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, and Silva Porto were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions. Other episodes during this period of the Portuguese presence in Africa include the 1890 British Ultimatum.

This forced the Portuguese military to retreat from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola, which had been claimed by Portugal and included in its "Pink Map", which clashed with British aspirations to create a Cape to Cairo Railway. 1910 Revolution Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt (June 14, 1892 and May 10, 1902) causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. An inefficient system of rotating governments which saw the Progressive Party and Regenerator Party alternating in power since the Portuguese Regeneration Era also resulted to a decline of the Portuguese political system. The republicans blamed King Don Carlos I of Portugal for many of the problems in the country. On January 28, 1908, several republican leaders were imprisoned after the polices found republican Afonso Costa and Francisco Correia Herédia (viscount of Ribeira Brava), both armed, at the Municipal Library elevator with others who had gathered to attempt a coup d'état. During the events 93 republican sympathizers were detained and their arms confiscated, but the Republican Party was only partially dismantled.

As a consequence, King Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered on February 1, 1908 in Lisbon's Commerce Square while returning from Vila Viçosa in Alentejo. Several days later, the King's younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed as the new King with reigning name Manuel II of Portugal. However, the political situation degraded again quickly, leading to having seven different governments in the space of two years. On October 3, 1910, the republican uprising foreshadowed by the political unrest finally took place. Between October 4–5, 1910, members of the Carbonária, republican youth and elements of the Army instigate a coup d'état against the already weak constitutional monarchy. The young King and his family escaped from the Palace in Mafra for exile to England . On the morning of October 5, 1910, the Republic was declared from the balcony of Lisbon City Hall, ending eight centuries of monarchy in Portugal. Teófilo Braga was elected president of the provisional government a day later.

First Republic era The Constitution of the Republic was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers and two chambers of parliament. Manuel de Arriaga was elected as first President of the Republic. The republic which established by the constitution was anticlerical and had a hostile approach to the issue of church and state separation, like that of the French Revolution, and the future Mexican Constitution of 1917 and Spanish Constitution of 1919. It provoked important fractures within Portuguese society, notably among the essentially monarchist rural population, in the trade unions, and in the Church. 1900 King Carlos Portuguese Luger Bottom of Page This is believed to be one of two hundred fifty gun order delivered to the Portuguese and stamped with the King Carlos I. This was a common tactic of DWM in the 1900's to place the crest of the country on their initial deliveries, begun with the Swiss, continued with the American Eagle and so on. This is a long frame, 120mm barrel, 7.65mm Parabellum with the long sear, early extractor, dished toggles and no stock attachment characteristic of the 1900 early models.

(1089) NOTE: Photographs taken today with the high mega-pixel camera show more than we sometimes can see with the human eye. Magnified close-ups show us tool marks and natural surface conditions that one normally doesn't see in the ordinary handling of the weapon. Photographs are copyrighted, all rights reserved, any extraction, reproduction or display of gun pictures without the express consent of the Phoenix Investment Arms is strictly prohibited. Thank you for your cooperation. Carlos I became King on 19 October 1889. Colonial treaties with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (one signed in August 1890 that defined their African borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers and another signed on 14 October 1899, that confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th century) stabilized the situation in Africa. These agreements were however unpopular in Portugal where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country. Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt - on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 - causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy.

Carlos responded by appointing Joï¿½o Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution. As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary (in 1894) of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. The following year he decorated the famous Portuguese poet Joï¿½o de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon. Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration, publishing an account of his own studies in this area. Carlos I of Portugual It is know that there is a factory cutaway with serial numbers 204-205 but it does not bear the Crown C Ist head stamp. The first known head stamp is number 203, then 227, 271 and now this one numbered 280. Each example we have examined of the three we have in our possession has dissimilarities: #203 has a type II thumb safety, 271 has a type I and #280 has a type III. None of the examples of King Carlos models had a circle triangle proof of the Portuguese.

#280 has the serial number on the barrel parallel while the other guns it is parallel to the number on the receiver. #271 has Crown B,U,G, proofs but we know that early DWM had two lines with one B.U.G. proofing the guns the other line wasn't. Our conclusion was this small order was pulled from production guns, sequentially numbered and Crown CI stamped. This is the ultimate classic German Luger with the pencil thin barrel and dished toggles. What a beautiful work of art and gun craftsmanship. On 1 February 1908 the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viï¿½osa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Almada and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodrï¿½ in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paï¿½o fronting on the river. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by two republican activists: Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiï¿½a.

Buiï¿½a, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir, Luï¿½s Filipe, was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The Queen alone escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police and bodyguards; an innocent bystander was also killed in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, the Prince Royal Luis Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed King of Portugal; he was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the last king as well. Inside the well of the frame is the alleged "flaming bomb" early DWM stamp. This was mistaken by early American Eagle collectors to be a US proof and has ultimately proven itself to be a DWM proof.

Note on right how the commercial Lugers all the serial numbers were "hidden" or under the sight line Above and below you can see the gun is very clean with all the serial numbers on the trigger, squeeze grip (early narrow squeeze grip), the stop lug, the bottom of the toggle links all make this unique and rare specimen a distinctive collector's piece. The all matching gun has a clear bottom with no proofs or numbers. It is entirely subjective to give any Luger a rating of excellent or fine, just as it is to declare it xx% blued or strawed. Few Lugers are out of the box new and these are premium priced. Bluing percentages is like Beauty, in the eye of the beholder. We strive to provide pictures so you can judge for yourself if the gun meets your criteria. While rare is an overused word describing the Luger this particular model is in fact very rare. There are less than five of these known in collections and they were produced in a very low quantity as a sales tool to the Portuguese Government. Portuguese (Civ5) | Civilization Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The Portuguese are one of the dominant trading nations in the game, oriented towards sea trade.

Throughout the game, their Trade Routes produce double the Gold revenue from resource diversity. As if this weren't enough, their unique naval unit, the Nau , is able to conduct special trade missions that provide one-time Gold boosts, in addition to an XP bonus. What's more, thanks to their unique improvement, the Feitoria , they can gain access to almost all luxuries without having to trade for them, thus leaving more Gold and resources for other sorts of trading deals! Because their main power comes from City-States , Portugal should be concerned primarily with them, which points towards a diplomatic victory . Develop the Portuguese as a seafaring civilization while developing the Patronage Social Policy tree, try to rush Astronomy , and start producing Naus ASAP. Then explore the world while trading, and send out Workers to build Feitorias in all City-States you consider to be strategic for you. Just be warned that if a warlike civilization decides to attack these City-States, you'll be drawn into a war whether you like it or not.

Be prepared to defend your "protectorates!" Civilopedia Entry Edit Inhabited since prehistoric times, Portugal was reached by Phoenician and later Carthaginian traders in the first millennium BC, there meeting Celtic tribes that had pushed into Iberia across the Pyrenees. Over the following centuries, the Romans , Suebi and Visigoths ruled the peninsula; but the history of Portugal might be said to begin with the Muslim invasion in 711 AD. During the Reconquista, Portugal was born as an independent Christian kingdom in 1143. Spearheading the "Age of Discovery," in the 15th and 16th centuries Portugal would establish the first global empire, stretching from South America to Africa to the Far East. The 1800s saw the dismantling of that empire, Brazilian independence in 1822 being the most serious blow to the power and prestige of Portugal. After the 1910 revolution which ended the monarchy, Portugal suffered through a succession of juntas and dictatorships until democratic elections were finally held in 1975.

A new constitution in 1976 and membership in the EEC in 1986 insured that it would remain a progressive democracy. The erroneous view that Portugal has been no more than an outpost on the fringe of Europe was summarized by American journalist Richard H. Davis, who wrote, "Portugal is a high hill with a white watch tower on it flying signal flags. It is apparently inhabited by one man who lives in a long row of yellow houses with red roofs, and populated by sheep who do grand acts of balancing on the side of the hill." But, with its rich history and culture, and now one of the world's most globalized nations, Portugal is much, much more. Climate and Terrain Edit The modern nation of Portugal occupies a portion of the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, as well as two archipelagos in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores. Not a large country, it nevertheless offers a diversity of terrain, ranging from the low-lying coast to rolling plains in the south to the Estrela Mountains, rising to 1981 m (6500 feet) at their highest point.

The Azores lie 1640 km (1019 miles) west of Lisbon, straddling the mid-Atlantic Ridge; Madeira is 974 km (605 miles) southwest of Lisbon. Three rivers arise in the Meseta, the central plateau of Spain, and flow through Portugal to the Atlantic; these are the Douro in the north, the Tejo in the center, and the Guadiana along the southeastern border. Portugal's climate is Mediterranean. Despite cooler temperatures in the mountains, it is one of Europe's warmest countries. Average annual rainfall ranges from 3000 mm (118 inches) in the northern mountains to less than 300 mm (12 inches) along a stretch of the Douro. The archipelagos have a climate classified as Maritime Temperate, although Madeira is considerably drier than the Azores. With humans having been settled in the area for thousands of years, little is left of the original flora and fauna. The most notable vegetation is the several species of pine and oak. Portugal has the usual mammalian and avian species common across Iberia.

On the other hand, Portuguese waters are among the richest in the world in terms of biodiversity, with thousands of species of fish including several of sardine, tuna and mackerel. Ancient History Edit A distinct human culture emerges in Portugal in the Mesolithic period, c. 5500 BC. Within 2000 years, Neolithic tribes from Andalusia moved into Portugal, bringing agriculture, pottery and the working of soft metals. At some point prior to 500 BC, Iron-Age Celtic peoples crossed into Iberia from the north, supplanting the Neolithic inhabitants. Around the same time, voyagers from Phoenicia and Carthage established trading posts and settlements. When Rome gained control of the peninsula in 201 BC as result of the Second Punic War, the Lusitani federation resisted Roman rule from its fortresses in the west until the Celtic tribes were at last suppressed around 140 BC. In 25 BC, Caesar Augustus founded Augusta Emerita (modern Mérida) as the capital of the province of Lusitania, which encompassed all of Portugal.

As the Western Roman Empire declined, a Germanic tribe, the Suebi, crossed from Gaul into Iberia. There they settled in southern Galicia, annexed Lusitania, and overran the rest of the peninsula. They in turn were supplanted by the Visigoths, who after a period left Iberia for North Africa. By 550 AD the Suebic kingdom had been restored and its king converted to Catholicism ; but the Gothic kingdom was weak and divided, plagued by decades of unrest. When Muslim forces invaded in 711 AD, the only serious resistance was centered on Mérida. Within two decades, the Moors overran most of Portugal and Galicia. In 756, Abd al-Rahman I established the Umayyad caliphate at Cordoba. Muslim Iberia & Reconquista Edit Portugal would remain under Muslim rule for the next five-and-a-half centuries. In 1031 AD the Caliphate of Cordoba was dissolved into 23 separate "taifa" kingdoms, each with its own emir answerable to Damascus.

Most of Portugal fell under the Taifa of Badajoz, but incessant warfare among the taifa led to conquest by the Almoravids from Morocco in 1086, who were in turn supplanted by the Almohad dynasty in 1147. The Moorish rule of al-Andalus, the Muslim portion of Iberia, was by turns enlightened and ruthless. Only the northern kingdom of Asturias remained Christian, defeating the Moors several times to retain its independence. Fifty years after Charles Martel turned back the Muslims at the Battle of Tours, Charlemagne opened the Christian effort to reclaim Iberia in his invasion of 778 AD. Making common cause with Asturias, the Franks and Teutonic Knights would spend the next 500 years slowly pushing the Moors back until by 1300 the only Muslim holdings in the peninsula were centered on the Emirate of Granada on the Mediterranean coast. In doing so, the crusaders created a number of Christian kingdoms in Iberia: Navarre in 824; Leon in 910; Aragon in 1035; Castile in 1037 ...

and Portugal in 1143 AD. Founding of Portugal Edit The county of Portugal, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Léon, was awarded to D. Henrique by the king for his service in the efforts to drive back the Muslims. In 1128, the newly created Count of Portugal defeated his mother's forces to insure his sole reign. For the next decade, his son, Afonso Henriques conducted a continuous campaign against the Moors until, at the Battle of Ourique in July 1139, he won a decisive victory. Immediately after, he was unanimously proclaimed King D. Afonso Henriques of Portugal by his soldiers. Afonso Henriques established his Cortes at Lamego, where he was officially crowned by the Archbishop of Braga. The new kingdom was recognized as an independent Christian state by the King of Leon and Castile in 1143, and by Pope Alexander III in 1179. D. Afonso Henriques and his successors continued their push southward against the Moors. In 1249, Portugal's Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve region, giving the country its present mainland borders.

Following the Reconquista, Iberia was largely peaceful, and the kingdom prospered both economically and culturally. In 1383, John I of Castile, son-in-law to the aging king of Portugal, claimed the throne after his demise. A faction of lesser Portuguese nobles and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later King John I), half-brother of the last king, defeated the Castilians and the House of Aviz ascended to rule Portugal. Empire Edit John I of Portugal soon found an outlet for the restless among his adventurous sons. Long a maritime people, the Portuguese would be leaders in the voyages of exploration, in the process building a globe-spanning empire. The empire began modestly enough with the conquest of its first overseas outpost, the Muslim city of Ceuta on the north coast of Africa in 1415 AD. Under the patronage and direction of John's third son, Infante Henry - better known as Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) - Portuguese captains would soon after discover Madeira and the Azores, sparking the first wave of Portuguese colonization.

Throughout the rest of the century, the Portuguese would sail south along the African coast, claiming territories, as they sought a route around it to India and the East. Vasco de Gama final opened a sea route to India in 1498, bringing the wealth of the East to Portugal. Two years later, the errant fleet of Pedro Álvares Cabral would discover and claim the land of Brazil for the crown. A decade after that, Afonso de Albuquerque would conquer Goa in India , Ormuz on the Persian Strait, and Malacca in Malaysia. Other Portuguese merchants would establish trading posts along the shores of India, Taiwan, Japan and Timor. By the beginning of the 16th century, the small nation of Portugal held dominion over the sea lanes of the Indian and South Atlantic oceans, making its economic, military and political power the rival of any in Europe. Restoration Edit The Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 would lead to a union of Spain and Portugal under Philip II of Spain; although still a sovereign nation, this union deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, which in turn led to its embroilment in Spanish wars in Europe and abroad.

Spurred by the diversion of income from its overseas colonies and trade to Spanish coffers, in 1640 AD an uprising of Portuguese nobles would restore independence to Portugal, in the form of the House of Bragança, which would supply rulers for both Portugal and Brazil . For the next 150 years, Portugal would remain largely untroubled by the politics of Europe. With the exception of a brief Spanish invasion during the Seven Years' War, the Portuguese crown and people were content to enjoy the fruits of their colonial empire and peace. That is, until French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte intervened. Portugal had managed, despite being allied with Great Britain for over four centuries, to remain out of the turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars. In 1807, after the Prince Regent Joao - serving in place of his incapacitated mother Maria I - refused to join the Continental Blockade, which banned British imports to Europe, French and Spanish troops invaded Portugal. Unable to resist, in November, the prince along with the administration and court (about 10,000 people) fled across the Atlantic to Brazil.

Although Portugal would be liberated by guerrillas and Anglo-Portuguese forces under the command of Wellington, the five-year occupation and the relocation of the government would herald a slow but inexorable decline that lasted into the 20th century. The erosion of the colonial empire, most significantly the independence of Brazil in 1822, would cripple Portugal's economy. With the exception of colonial affairs and revolts, the government largely maintained an unofficial policy of isolationism. The nation fell behind other European countries both socially and technologically. Agriculture, including the fishing industry, and tourism became the major sources of income; Portugal came to be increasingly viewed as a "sleepy backwater of Europe." Revolution and Republic Edit Twice during this period, in 1892 AD and again in 1902, the Government was forced to declare Portugal bankrupt. In both cases, the announcements were followed by protests, riots, social turmoil, localized revolts, and widespread republican propaganda. This culminated in the assassination in February 1908 of the king and the heir apparent, his son Luis Filipe.

King Carlos' second son, Manuel II would assume the crown, but was unable to improve conditions (he reigned 2 years). In October 1910, a revolution would discard the monarchy and establish a republic. But economic instability, social chaos, and political unrest were fertile grounds for radicalism. In response, a 1926 coup d'état led by the military established the Ditadura Nacional ("National Dictatorship"). Governed by a series of military juntas, Portugal's fortunes and influence continued to slip. Beginning in 1960, independence movements in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974). As a result, Portugal faced trade and arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions by the international community. A New Order Edit The junta devoted blood and money Portugal could ill-afford in its efforts to resist decolonization. Facing a tide of dissent, both external and internal, the junta was finally swept away by the Carnation Revolution, a relatively bloodless left-wing military coup in April 1974. The revolution led to independence for the remaining overseas territories, as well as the restoration of democracy after a two-year transition period.

The Portuguese constitution was rewritten in 1976 AD to accommodate both socialist and communist principles. Since then, the government has swung between neosocialism and neoliberalism. Land reforms and nationalizations were undertaken, and Portugal was obliged to twice allow International Monetary Fund stabilization programs to recover economically. In 1986, Portugal joined the EEC, and subsequently the European Union. In 1999, the last Portuguese colony, Macau, was handed over to the People's Republic of China. Through such efforts, Portugal has once again been integrated into Europe and taken its place among the fraternity of the world's nations. Portuguese Trivia Edit In 1373 AD, the kings of Portugal and England signed a treaty of alliance; ratified by the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, the pact remains in force, making it the oldest continuous alliance in the world. The " Great Lisbon Earthquake " (now estimated to be a 9 on the Richter Scale) and ensuing tidal waves in 1755 AD razed the city and devastated much of central and southern Portugal, causing damage and death as far away as North Africa.

The death toll in Lisbon alone has been placed as high as 100,000 people, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Fado is a music genre that originated in Lisbon in the 1820s, although its roots reach further back; it was recently added to the "World's Intangible Cultural Heritage" list by UNESCO, the United Nations' cultural organization. List of Cities

Question: Which European country was twice, in 1892 and again in 1902, declared bankrupt?
Answer: Portugal