Malawi Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 128 shipments match burley crop 327 shipments total NMANUFACTURED LIGHT AIR-CURED TOBACCO STRIPS BURLEY TYPE, CROP 2011, GRADE; MWBXULBC4T NO UNMANUFACTURED TOBACCO - 297 CARTONS "MALAW U S:298-594 , 2011 GTN BURLEY... Brazil Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 86 shipments match burley crop 2,054 shipments total ...40FT HC CONTAINER(S) CONTAINING 2178 CARDBOARD CASESWITH UNMANUFACTURED BRAZILIAN BURLEY TOBACCO STRIP, 2014 CROP, HTS 2401.20.8520 CLEAN ON BOARD FCL/FCL FREIGHT...

Bulgaria Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 72 shipments match burley crop 186 shipments total ...IN BASEL / SWITZE CCO SCRAPS, 2011 CROP NET: 36,900.00 KGS CON 246 CARTONS UNMANUFACTURED MALAWI BURLEY TOBA OURCE OF HEAT MSC (11-010WW...…MARKS AND NOS. LOT NO. LA4058 2011 CROP CTN S NOS. 1-99 100-189,192-200 201-246,556-557 MARKS AND NOS. LOT... Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 58 shipments match burley crop 1,083 shipments total TOBACCO TOBACCO TOBACCO TOBACCO TOBACCO 1287 CARTONS WITH UNMANUFACTURED, BRAZILIAN, BURLEY STRIPS, CROP YEAR 2013.

SHIPPED ON BOARD FREIGHT COLLECT: FORACCOUNT OF G.F. VAUGHAN... Brazil Has verified third-party data 43 shipments match burley crop 5,955 shipments total ...CONTAINER(S) CONTAINING 198 CASES WI TH: UNMANUFACTURED BRAZIL BURLEY TOBACCO STRI PS, 2012 CROP: GRADE: 1009399 B-0HF5RMS BR 20 12 ''CLEAN ON BOARD... Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 47 shipments match burley crop 783 shipments total PAPER AND PAPERBOARD WITH UNMANUFACTURED BRAZIL BURLEY MIXED STEMS 2014 CROP PO 09693 HTS 2401.30.3320 GRADE BLYSTM INTERMODAL CERTIFICATE THE CONTAINERS LISTED UNDER...

Mozambique Has verified third-party data 43 shipments match burley crop 127 shipments total 99 CARTONS MOZAMBIQUE UNMANUFACTUIRED BURLEY STRIPS TOBACCO 2012 CROP CONTRACT NO. 11-010 WW SEAFREIGHT AND DESTINATION THC AND ISPS TO BE COLLECTED AT DESTINATION... Guatemala Trading Company Has verified third-party data 36 shipments match burley crop 292 shipments total TOBACCO UNMANUFACTURED GUATEMALAN BURLEY TOBACCO STEMS, 2015 CROP HTS NO. 2401.30.3320 TOBACCO UNMANUFACTURED GUATEMALAN BURLEY TOBACCO STEMS, 2015 CROP HTS NO. 2401.30...

Malawi Has verified third-party data 33 shipments match burley crop 67 shipments total MALAWI BURLEY STRIPS PO NUMBER 4900000278 REF ERENCE NUMBER 13-302 MATERIAL 35000103 BATCH 1N13112 CONTAINER MARK 1N1MW HTS 2401.20.8520 NET 18,528...…...7 13.7 NET 193 K GS GRADE 1N1MW CROP YEAR 2013 TYPE OF TOBACCO BURLEY STRIPS COUNTRY OF ORIGIN MALAWI PTUS JOB MW-13... Results per page: A Guide in Tobacco Types and Classifications A Guide in Tobacco Types and Classifications A Guide in Tobacco Types and Classifications Published on February 15th, 2013 00:00 Tobacco Types Virginia is undoubtedly the most famous tobacco type implemented in pipe tobacco these days. Approximately 60% of the American tobacco crop is Virginia.

Virginia is the finest of all blending tobaccos and has the greatest level of natural sugar, which usually allows it a mild sweet taste. Virginia is applied in nearly all mixtures, is a good burner and helps in lighting. It gives a light charming taste when utilized in moderation. Pure Virginia tobacco is commonly known from flake types. Dunhill is a great example of Virginia tobacco, medium in strength and a very lovely in taste. Burley tobacco is the second most widely used tobacco for pipe tobacco blending. It includes nearly no sugar, which provides a much dryer and richer flavor than Virginia. Burley is widely used in different aromatic mixtures as it absorbs the flavorings. Burley tobacco burns gradually and is a cool smoke, which makes it a great supplement to mixtures that have a tendency to burn quick and strong. - “White burley” - pure tobaccos taste with a tender nature that will never “bite.” The specialized term for Burley is “air cured”. This air curing is carried out in big open barns, by the organic air flow during one or two months. The color is varying from light brown to reddish-brown Oriental is a kind of tobaccos, cultivated in Turkey, the Balkans, and Russia.

The most popular types are Izmir, Samsun, Yenidji, Cavella and Bursa. A common feature is a dusty, dry and often somewhat acidulous aroma. Many of them are also applied in “exotic” cigarettes from Egypt and other Arab countries. Tobacco Classifications Air-Cured: These tobaccos are dried out in a natural way, hidden from sunlight in big barns. The drying is completed on the entire plant or as individual leaves. Sugar is a co-product of this three month seasoning procedure. Dark Tobaccos: These tobacco plants are highly full-fledged and progressed at the time of picking. The leaf is exposed to a next fermentation process. These leaves are used to produce cigars. Fire-Cured: Akin to Dark, its pure drying is accomplished by a wood-fired fumigation. Sun-Cured: Practically all of Oriental Tobaccos are treated by this process. Oriental Tobaccos are cultivated in Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria and various neighboring countries. Tobacco Arrangement by Cut Flake cut: Tobacco packed as sizeable, flat flakes. It should be grated out in order to split the flakes.

Ribbon cut: Tobacco sliced into long, slim ribbons, however not as long or as fine as Shag. Cube cut: Compressed tobacco cut into small square portions. Shag: Tobacco shredded finely, which is recognized as Sherlock Holmes’ favorite type. Navy cut: Historically tobacco was placed in a long thin fabric tube and sprained tight. This is typically a slow burning tobacco By Joanna Johnson, Staff Writer. Copyright © 2013 TobaccoPub.net. All rights reserved. Cigarettes Brands Tobacco in Virginia Tobacco in Virginia cartouche on the lower right-hand corner of the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, showing tobacco hogsheads being inspected and shipped overseas Source: Library of Congress A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina. Drawn by Joshua Fry & Peter Jefferson in 1751 There are multiple species of tobacco, which is in the same botanical family as eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes, and chili peppers. Nicotinia rustica was domesticated in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, and migrated north with the help of Native American farmers.

Tobacco is not native to Virginia, but it was being grown in Virginia when Jamestown was settled. John Rolfe is credited with importing the seeds of a different species, Nicotiana tabacum, perhaps via a smuggler who obtained the seeds on a Caribbean island controlled by the Spanish. Thanks to Rolfe, Virginians grew a species of tobacco that was less harsh, with less nicotine, and competed successfully against the Nicotinia rustica imported to Spain. 1 Tobacco growing and processing dominated Virginia's economy for over three centuries, and transformed its landscape. Tobacco wears out the land, exhausting minerals and nutrients from the soil. The first Virginia colonists to acquire ownership of land were positioned to gain great wealth, permitting them to abandon old fields and plant in fresh soil that would produce great quantities of the crop. The hunger for new land was fundamental to Virginia's colonial claims to the Ohio River Valley and to Kentucky. Virginians seeking new places to grow tobacco created conflicts with Native American tribes long after Powhatan's paramount chiefdom had been subjugated and the Coastal Plain had been occupied by European trespassers. Early towns in Virginia, including Alexandria, developed at locations where tobacco inspection stations and warehouses were built.

Growing tobacco is very labor-intensive, so in the 1600's the Virginia gentry who had acquired land needed to import a labor force. Imports of indentured servants were spurred by grants of headrights, but the supply of interested immigrants from England declined after the end of the English Civil War and restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660. Religious and economic refugees were recruited from France and what today is Germany in the 1700's, as were the Scottish settlers in Ireland who sought greater opportunity in the New World. However, by 1700 it was clear that the Virginian leaders had committed to getting their labor from Africa. In the second half of the 17th Century the Virginia gentry institutionalized and expanded slavery for one primary reason: to obtain the labor needed to farm tobacco. Without tobacco, slavery in Virginia may have died out as the practice did in the northern states - and without the economic factor of slavery, Virginia might have chosen to stay with the Union rather than join the Confederacy in the American Civil War in 1861-65. Tobacco seeds are very, very tiny.

Tobacco seedlings are grown in seedbeds of very fine soil, then transplanted to farm fields in the late spring after all danger of frost is past. Each slave or indentured servant working on a tobacco plantation in colonial days may have planted and weeded about two acres of cleared land with 9-10,000 plants a year, requiring bending over perhaps 50,000 times. Tobacco drained the soil of key nutrients, requiring labor to clear forests so tobacco could be planted in fresh soil. "Old fields" had to remain unplanted for one-two decades before soil fertility was restored naturally (unless fertilized with animal manure). The most economical way to grow tobacco was on large farms, where most of the acreage could be left unused for 20 years: 2 [B]ecause the main crops, tobacco for export and corn for subsistence, were very demanding of soil nutrients, they required long rotations after short use if the land was to regain its fertility without manuring.

The planter could grow tobacco for three years, followed by another three of corn, which has a deeper root system than tobacco and hence draws on another layer of soil, but the land then had to lie fallow for 20 years before yields could once again be profitable. To maintain this rotation, the planter required 20 acres per hand, just for these two crops. Second, while seventeenth century planters introduced domestic livestock, they did not pen and feed it... and hence could not use animal manure. Long rotations were therefore the rule. tobacco was air-dried before being packed ("prized") into hogsheads for shipping to England Tobacco has been grown in nearly every Virginia county. Tobacco culture has evolved over the centuries, and has become an essential element of what makes Virginia unique. However, the tobacco-growing counties now are almost all in Southside and Southwest Virginia, and few urban Virginians have ever walked in a tobacco field, pulled suckers, topped plants, or even seen the crop harvested. Today the process of growing tobacco is still labor-intensive, but profits from several acres of tobacco can exceed the profits from many more acres planted in corn or soybeans.

Nationwide, the annual tobacco crop was sold for about $3 billion in 1997, but the "value added" by processing it into cigarettes and other products was substantially greater - consumers spent $60 billion on tobacco products in 1998. Peak value of the tobacco crop was $3.5 billion in 1981, the same year as peak production. In 2010, the US tobacco crop was valued at $1.25 billion. Since 1970, Virginia's tobacco crop has ranged in value from a low of $61 million in 2005 to a high of $266 million in 1981. In 2010, value was $78 million. 3 in 1963 bright tobacco processing was concentrated in the Richmond Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), burley tobacco processing in Louisville, and cigar leaf wrapper processing in Pennsylvania Source: Library of Congress, "The national atlas of the United States of America," Tobacco Manufactures Different types of tobacco are grown in different places. In the United States, tobacco is a regional crop, concentrated in the Southeastern United States.

Pennsylvania farmers grow cigar filler, while Connecticut River valley farmers produce the leaves used for cigar wrappers by growing tobacco plants under white cloth to reduce the number of spots from the sun and insects. Tobacco is also grown in large quantities in Zimbabwe, China - and especially in Brazil. tobacco-growing counties in the United States Source: US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service, Trends in U.S. Tobacco Farming (TBS-257-02, November 2004) Cigarette, cigar, and pipe tobacco manufacturers blend different tobaccos to create unique tastes and burning characteristics. As described by a US Department of Agriculture report: 4 Tobacco is not a homogeneous product. The flavor, mildness, texture, tar, nicotine, and sugar content vary considerably across varieties or types of tobacco. Defining characteristics of different tobacco types include the curing process (flue-, air-, sun-cured) and leaf color (light or dark), size, and thickness. A given type of tobacco has a different quality depending on where it is grown, its position on the stalk (leaves near the bottom of the stalk are lower in quality), and weather conditions during growing and curing.

counties growing burley tobacco (left) are concentrated west of the Blue Ridge, and counties growing flue-cured tobacco (right) are concentrated east of the Blue Ridge Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service Burley is a dark leaf grown primarily in Kentucky and Tennessee, plus some southwestern Virginia counties (and starting in the 1990's, in Piedmont counties as well). 5 Bright tobacco (also known as "flue cured" or "Virginia" tobacco) is grown in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain from Northern Florida to Maryland. Strip the paper from a cigarette today, and the different color of tobaccos inside are obvious. Typically the darker-colored tobaccos are burley and the lighter-colored tobaccos are "bright," but foreign tobaccos are also added to almost every cigarette. The use of Turkish tobacco led to one brand being named Camels. Many different brands use that same tobacco, blending it with other types in different ratios to create unique flavors. Local regions in the Southeastern United States that grow bright tobacco are known traditionally as "belts." Tobacco used to be sold at auctions in warehouses in small southern towns.

Auctions were held in sequence, moving north as the crop ripened from the "Georgia Belt" in August to the "Old Belt" in Virginia in late Fall. Climate plays a role. The harvest in Georgia is over by late August, but in Virginia the end of the harvest for flue-tobacco or "Type 11" tobacco is mid-October. tobacco planting/harvest dates, starting in south and migrating north Source: US Department of Agriculture, Field Crops Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates (October 2010) Farmers would bring their crop to a warehouse, and bidders from different tobacco companies (such as Philip Morris) would walk along piles of tobacco arranged in long rows. An auctioneer would chant the bids until finally announcing the price at which each pile was sold. The bidders walked at a steady pace, and it might take just 10-15 seconds at each pile until the auctioneer concluded his sing-song chant of the bids with "Sold American!" (if purchased by the American Tobacco Company, for example). A clerk trailing the bidders would write the price and the buying company on a ticket, which he would toss on each pile.

After examining all the tickets on his piles, the tobacco farmer would discover if he had made a profit that year. flue-cured leaves knotted into hands, piled on tobacco warehouse floor for auction prior to being "prized" into hogsheads (visible in rear) Source: Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries Digital Collections, Rarely Seen Richmond The warehouse auction process has almost disappeared now. Farmers are contracting in the Spring with a specific tobacco company to sell the crop, eliminating the competitive bidding in the Fall. Small Virginia towns that had tobacco warehouses, such as South Hill, have lost both the economic activity of the crowd that came to auctions and an activity that reflected the unique culture of the tobacco growing community. After a farmer sold his tobacco, the leaves were shipped to processing plants, where chopping and blending created different combinations with different flavors. Major centers of tobacco manufacturing were Lynchburg, Petersburg, and Richmond. After the Civil War, North Carolina emerged as the center of tobacco processing, and cigarette brands named after Winston and Salem commemorated manufacturing centers in that state. One cigarette factory in Richmond remains, visible on Interstate 95 south of the James River. That facility is owned by Phillip Morris USA, a subsidiary of Altria.

Altria sells Marlboro, which has 44% of the market in the United States. The company closed its North Carolina production plants in 2010, shifting production of cigarettes for European markets to non-American factories and placing all US production in Richmond. Altria also relocated its headquarters from New York to Richmond, making Richmond "Tobacco Town" again. 6 Altria's plant along I-95, first built in 1973, now produces half of all the cigarettes sold within the United States, and that Richmond facility may be the largest cigarette production plant in the world. Competition for that title comes from cigarette manufacturing in China, where production of the dominant Hongta ("Red Pagoda") brand is concentrated in the city of Yuxi. 7 Richmond is still dotted with old tobacco facilities. The Liggett and Myers cigarette manufacturing plant in downtown Richmond is now an office building. Tobacco storage warehouses on the slopes of Church Hill are being converted into housing for young, upwardly-mobile professionals. Twenty-five years ago, it was common in the early morning for the whole downtown to smell of ripening tobacco.

The closest warehouses now are several miles south of town - as you drive by on I-95, look for the blue sheds with "Shh! Tobacco sleeping" sign. declining Virginia tobacco production (in pounds), 1970-2010 Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service, Quick Stats Four types of tobacco were raised by Virginia farmers, but one specialty version is no longer grown in sufficient quality to be recorded in the government statistics. Virginia tobacco farmers grow bright tobacco (classified by the US Department of Agriculture as flue-tobacco or Type 11) in what USDA calls the Piedmont District (basically Southside Virginia, east of the Blue Ridge). Burley (Type 31) tobacco is grown primarily in Southwestern Virginia. The Blue Ridge separates the bright and burley regions. Until the mid-1990's, 98% of the burley in Virginia was grown west of Patrick County. In addition, small amounts of tobacco classified as fire-cured (Type 21, cured with smoke) and sun (Type 37, cured in direct sunlight) are grown in Virginia.

Sun-cured tobaccos, often grown in Turkey and the Balkans, are added to many types of cigarettes to add aroma. Bright tobacco leaves are picked as they ripen, the bottom leaves first. The requirement to make multiple trips through the tobacco fields, to harvest leaves as they ripen, is one reason tobacco is still a labor intensive crop. The picked leaves are flue-cured. A half-dozen or so leaves will be tied together at their base, and the bundles will be hung in air-tight barns. The barns are heated by propane burners located outside the barn, with flues carrying the heat into the barn to bake the leaves slowly. As the green tobacco leaves dry out and cure in the dry heat, the leaves turn yellow with brown "sugar spots." Burley leaves are harvested all at once, by cutting the tobacco plant stalk at ground level. Leaves are left attached to the stalk, which is speared onto a stick and then hung in long rows at the top of barns to dry until brown. Burley barns are not air-tight, and the leaves dry in the cool autumn air without extra heat. Air circulation in the barn is increased by bending every other board away from the barn wall.

Drying is essential to prevent the leaves from rotting, and ultimately to allow them to burn in cigarettes, pipes, cigars, etc. burley tobacco air-curing in barn Source: National Park Service Fire-cured leaves are smoked in barns, in a process similar to smoking meat. Stalks are harvested similar to burley, so farmers make just one pass through the fields. Tobacco stalks are hung on racks, where leaves are exposed to several days of heat and smoke from hardwood fires. Tobacco is often reported to be "the world's most widely cultivated non-food crop." 8 Most Virginia farms do not grow tobacco, but it's a key crop for those who do. In the Piedmont District ("Piedmont" tobacco region as defined by the US Department of Agriculture - not the entire Piedmont physiographic province...), less that 10% of the farms had an allotment allowing them to grow tobacco.

In 1996, however, that one crop "accounted for about half the gross value of production for the agricultural sector of the Piedmont region in 1996." Tobacco was grown on 10% of the average farm (29 of 290 acres) but generated 90% of the income for farms in that region. 9 types of tobacco in cigarettes, 1990-1999 Source: US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service, Trends in the Cigarette Industry After the Master Settlement Agreement Unfortunately for Virginia farmers who appreciate the income from tobacco, the harvest is declining in quantity and value now. This is due in part because the supply of tobacco has increased as manufacturers - mostly cigarette companies - are importing cheaper tobacco from Africa and China and South America. Brazil is now the world's largest producer of flue-cured tobacco. estimated leaf production (in million kilograms of uncured green tobacco) Phase I vs.

Phase ii in the 1700's, tobacco was "prized" into hogsheads weighing 1,000 pounds for export to England Source: The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland (1875) tobacco hogsheads too heavy to lift into wagons could be transported by "rolling roads" from farm to riverbank, for inspection (after 1730) and export Source: University of North Carolina, The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland (1875) References 1. Joseph C. Winter, Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer, University of Oklahoma Press, 2000, p.

4, ; "Brief History and Culture of Tobacco," East West School of Herbology, June 2007, (last checked October 29, 2016) 2. Lois Green Carr and Russell R. Menard, "Land, Labor, and Economies of Scale in Early Maryland: Some Limits to Growth in the Chesapeake System of Husbandry, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 49, No. 2, June 1989, p.413 (last checked October 29, 2011) 3. Gale, H. Frederick Jr., Foreman, Linda, Capehart Thomas, Tobacco and the Economy: Farms, Jobs, and Communities , Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Economic Report No. 789. September 2000, p. 1; US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service "Quick Stat," (last checked October 29, 2011) 4. Tobacco and the Economy: Farms, Jobs, and Communities , p.1 5.

"Burley tobacco belt stretches east," Southeast Farm Press, March 8, 2006, (last checked October 26, 2013) 6. "Factory shows that Richmond is still a tobacco town," Virginia Business, September 27, 2013, ; "Cigarette making still going strong in South Richmond," Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 30, 2013, (last checked October 26, 2013) 7. "Altria to close 2 tobacco facilities; some operations moving to Richmond," Richmond Times-Dispatch, ; "China Dependent On Tobacco In More Ways Than One," National Public Radio, February 18, 2011, (last checked October 28, 2016) 8. International Tobacco Growers Association, "Tobacco Types," (last checked October 29, 2011) 9. Tobacco and the Economy: Farms, Jobs, and Communities , Appendix 2, p. 37 10.

Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), "Review of the Tobacco Indemnification and Community Revitalization Commission" June 2011, p.i. p. iv (last checked October 30, 2011) 11. Hayley Boriss and Marcia Kreith, "Tobacco Profile," Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, (last checked October 30, 2011) Peter Jefferson's 1747 map of the Fairfax Grant noted the Hunting Creek tobacco inspection warehouse Source: University of North Carolina, "Early Maps of the American South," A Map of the northern neck in Virginia (by Peter Jefferson, Robert Brooke, Benjamin Winslow, Thomas Lewis, 1747) Malawi Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 60 shipments match burley strips crop 327 shipments total UNMANUFACTURED MALAWI LIGHT AIR-CURED BURLEY TOBACCO THRESHED STRIPS,CROP 2014. NETT KG:35 640.0KGS UNMANUFACTURED MALAWI LIGHT AIR-CURED BURLEY TOBACCO THRESHED STRIPS...

Brazil Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 56 shipments match burley strips crop 2,009 shipments total ...GROSS 348.864,0 LBS N FORM NET KGS K10XP STRIPS 147.200,0 CASES WITH: BURLEY TOBACCO STRIPS: GRADE : EH41009646 CLEAN...…NO. CASES 001/736 GRADE: K10XP CROP: 2012 BON D #: EH41009646 GROUP: K10XPBR273 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN: BRAZIL DEALER NAME: HAIL & COTTON Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data Has a significant amount of contact information 40 shipments match burley strips crop 1,072 shipments total ...CONTAINER LBS NET: 87.318,0 DANVILLE, VA - U.S.A.

BURLEY STRIPS CROP YEAR: 2012, RE 12/5844732-001 DDE 2120706414/9 KG NET... Mexico Has verified third-party data 41 shipments match burley strips crop 206 shipments total ...106920 NET KILOGRAMS OF MEXICAN UNMANUFACTURED LIGHT AIR-CURED TOBACCO STRIPS BURLEY TYPE CROP 2014 ID 0920028500 NCM 2401.20.29.90 TOBACCO, PARTLY OR...

Brazil Has verified third-party data 24 shipments match burley strips crop 5,773 shipments total 1X40 CONTAINER(S) CONTAINING 99 CASES WITH: UNMANUFACTURED BRAZIL BURLEY TOBACCO STRIPS, 2011/2012 CROPS: GRADES: 1010207 B-0SF5RWS BR 2011 1010525A B-0FL4RWS BR... Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data 26 shipments match burley strips crop 150 shipments total ...TOBACCO 07 X 40 CONTAINERS CONTAINING 672 CAS ES WITH: BURLEY TOBACCO STRIPS, CROP 2016: GR ADE: KG1 FORM: STRIPS NET KGS: 120.960,0...…NO.

CASES 001/672 GRADE: KG1 CROP: 2016 BOND #: EH43003640 GROUP: KG1BRTNH COUNTRY OF ORIG IN: BRAZIL DEALER NAME: UTC Brazil Manufacturer Has verified third-party data 24 shipments match burley strips crop 90 shipments total ...TOBACCO 736 CARTONS WITH BURLEY STRIP TOBACCO P.O. : 4534835988 HTS : 2401.20.8520 IMPORTER OF RECORD:61-0489394 CROP YEAR: 2015 BOND EH43002454 CLEAN... Mozambique Has verified third-party data 23 shipments match burley strips crop 123 shipments total 198 CARTONS MOZAMBIQUE BURLEY UNMANUFACTURED TOBAC - 198 CARTONS MOZAMBIQUE BUR LEY UNMANU FACTURED TOBACCO STRIPS 2015 CROP CONTRACT NO .

11-010 WW NET WEIGHT: 39600KG... Malawi Has verified third-party data 22 shipments match burley strips crop 67 shipments total MALAWI BURLEY STRIPS PO NUMBER 4900000278 REF ERENCE NUMBER 13-302 MATERIAL 35000103 BATCH 1N13112 CONTAINER MARK 1N1MW HTS 2401.20.8520...…...13.7 NET 193 K GS GRADE 1N1MW CROP YEAR 2013 TYPE OF TOBACCO BURLEY STRIPS COUNTRY OF ORIGIN MALAWI PTUS JOB MW-13-1006... Results per page: Burley Tobacco Burley Tobacco Tweet For over 100 years burley tobacco has been an important cash crop in western North Carolina as well as in other areas of Appalachia. The large, weather-beaten, rough-timbered tobacco barns that dot the landscape are a familiar sight.

In many mountain families, several generations worked side by side on small farms – planting, harvesting, and curing burley tobacco. However, like many other agriculture commodities, tobacco production is changing. In fact, the combination of market evolution and new legislation is threatening the survival of the burley tobacco industry in our region. Statistically, North Carolina is the largest grower of tobacco in the country, accounting for about two-thirds of domestic tobacco production. In 2002, the value of the state tobacco crop was about $800 million, roughly 12 percent of the total value of the state’s agricultural production. One of every eleven workers in the state is directly or indirectly involved in tobacco production. Its manufacture adds $11 billion to the state’s economy – more than any other industry. Production Three kinds of tobacco are used in cigarette production: bright, burley, and oriental (also called Turkish) – with bright and burley being the two varieties grown in the United States. By far, bright is the most common. North Carolina growers produce about 348 million pounds of flue-cured bright tobacco and about 10 million pounds of naturally-cured burley.

The process of growing and selling burley is similar to that of bright, but there are significant differences in the way it is harvested and cured. With burley, the entire stalk is cut and left stacked teepee-style in the fields. The stacks are then collected and allowed to air-cure in large open barns with natural air-flow. In fact, the technical term for burley is “air cured.” After one to two months of curing, burley leaves will turn color, anywhere from a light brown to a mahogany shade. While bright tobacco was king in the piedmont and eastern regions of North Carolina, burley ruled in the western part of the state. At its peak, over 10,000 small farms, many less than an acre in size, produced burley tobacco in approximately twenty counties in the mountains and foothills. Half of that production occurred in Madison, Buncombe, Yancey, and Haywood counties. Burley provided an important economic supplement, its income often meaning the difference between solvency and bankruptcy for rural Appalachian families.

Tobacco Quotas In 1938 the United States government, responding to the Great Depression, implemented a price control mechanism on tobacco called “quotas.” This system was intended to ensure that the industry remained viable and profitable to farmers by limiting production and providing price supports. Over the years, the larger, richer landowners purchased quotas from smaller farmers. Frequently, these large growers would “sharecrop” the production rights back to smaller farmers, in effect recreating the 19th century yeoman economic system. In 2004, the U.S. Congress passed a tobacco reform bill that eliminated the quota system and its price supports. Farm owners received a cash buyout proportionate to the quotas they owned. Four of the ten billion dollars designated for the buyout program are destined for North Carolina, effectively changing the way 76,000 tobacco farmers conduct business. A large percentage of smaller burley producers, almost all in the mountains, chose the cash buyout in lieu of continued free-market production. They feared it would be impossible to compete with large growers without government assistance. Future of Tobacco Farming Many experts believe the big farms will survive in a market environment.

Since supply restrictions have been eliminated, some may even grow in size. However, smaller farms are already beginning to disappear. The largest producer of burley in North Carolina, Madison County, had over 1,200 tobacco farmers in 1993. Since the quota system was eliminated, that number has dwindled to less than 700. Coupled with a declining demand for cigarettes and pressure from Turkish and Brazilian imports, the future of the industry is uncertain. Agricultural economists are recommending that tobacco farmers, especially those growing burley, have a back-up plan as commodity prices and demand weakens. One farming family in Buncombe County recently planted raspberries on land that had been used to grow burley tobacco a few short years ago. However, reluctant to completely abandon an important part of their traditional Appalachian heritage, they still planted seven acres of burley tobacco where once they had grown and harvested more than sixty. This essay was based on information provided by Phillip Morris USA, the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the Asheville Citizen-Times, and Duke and N.C. State Universities.

For more information please see: “Tobacco Farming in the Age of the Surgeon General’s Warning: The Cultural Ecology and Structuration of Burley Tobacco Production in Madison County, North Carolina,” by Catherine Algeo, 1998. Characteristics of Burley Tobacco Farms, by Tom Capehart, 1991. Seeds of Wealth: Four Plants That Made Men Rich, by Henry Hobhouse, 2003. Mister Golden Leaf Himself, by the North Carolina Farm Bureau Federation, 1994.- This video describes the similarities and differences between the two types of tobacco grown in North Carolina and how the tobacco industry benefits North Carolina’s economy Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky’s Burley Belt, by John van Willigen and Susan C. Eastwood,1998.

Question: Burley is which type of crop?
Answer: Tobacco