How does gingivitis affect the body? - Gingivitis - Sharecare How does gingivitis affect the body? Topics | Oral Health | Periodontal Diseases | Gingivitis | How does gingivitis affect the body? A Answers (2) A American Dental Association answered If you have gingivitis, your gums may become red, swollen and bleed easily. At this stage, the disease is still reversible and can usually be eliminated by a professional cleaning at your dental office, followed by daily brushing and flossing. However, untreated gingivitis can lead to advanced gum disease, which lead to bone and tissue loss. If that happens, your teeth will feel loose and start moving around in your mouth. They also can fall out if the condition is not treated early. Research between systemic diseases and gum diseases is ongoing. While a link is not conclusive, some studies indicate that severe gum disease may be associated with several other health conditions such as diabetes or stroke. Helpful? 1 person found this helpful. A RealAge answered Gingivitis affects the gums, making them red and swollen, and with a tendency to bleed. Left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which is a more serious and destructive condition.

Periodontitis can result in the loss of a tooth or even multiple teeth. There is also a body of evidence to suggest that periodontitis increases a person’s risk of having a stroke or heart attack. In addition, a pregnant woman with periodontitis may be at risk for pre-term delivery. Helpful? 1 person found this helpful. This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Videos (6) Periodontal Disease Part I: How Oral Health Affects the Body | Modern medicine Periodontal Disease Part I: How Oral Health Affects the Body December 01, 2002 By Maria Perez-Mera , Stewart Perim Ralph, a 55-year-old smoker, has a history of cardiac problems. More recently, he has complained of a sore and dry mouth. Shirley suffers from uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. When brushing her teeth, she noticed her gums were red, swollen, and bleeding. A trip to the dentist found that this 30-year-old had high levels of plaque above and below the gum line.

These examples demonstrate the link between infections of the mouth and other health conditions. Whether it is a sore mouth, gums that have grown over the teeth, or periodontal disease, the increase in bacterial growth around the teeth can potentially affect conditions elsewhere in the body. In fact, there is mounting evidence that periodontal disease (PD) contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease; increases the risk for strokes, pre-term births, and osteoporosis; and poses a serious threat to people whose health is already compromised due to diabetes, suppressed immune systems, and respiratory disorders. The inflammatory process associated with PD may also play a role in perpetuating or exacerbating other health conditions, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and arthritis. As reported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, an estimated 80 percent of adults in the U.S. have some form of PD. While this condition can be reversed and controlled if diagnosed in its early stages, many people do not realize they are at risk until they experience tooth loss. And, according to the National Institutes of Health, at least 133 million Americans are missing one or more teeth.

Given these disparaging statistics, it is imperative that travelers educate themselves, their coworkers, and their patients about this growing public health concern. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE PD is characterized by the inflammation and bacterial infection of gums surrounding the teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. This condition includes gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and periodontitis (inflammation and/or degeneration of dental periosteum, alveolar bone, cementum, and adjacent gingiva), as well as trauma from occlusion and periodontal atrophy. In its mildest form - gingivitis - the gums become reddened and swollen, often bleeding easily. Typically, there is no associated discomfort. Gingivitis, in many instances, is caused by poor home care and is reversible with professional treatment and good daily brushing and flossing. Untreated gingivitis can progress to the more severe form of PD, periodontitis, which is classified in several ways.

With marginal periodontitis, the disease can be "slowly progressing," "rapidly progressing," or "refractory." The first diagnosis, common in patients 50 or 60 years of age, is characterized by abundant plaque - a sticky film that forms daily around the teeth - and calculus deposits with little pain. Rapidly progressing periodontitis, affecting young adults up to 35, presents with less plaque and calculus but extreme inflammation. Those cases considered refractory do not respond well to therapy and often recur soon after treatment. In juvenile periodontitis, children and adolescents suffer from generalized or localized lesions associated with systemic conditions. Older patients - in the 18 to 30 range - with similar symptoms are said to have post-juvenile periodontitis. A third main classification, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, has deep ulcerated craters in localized and generalized areas. These lesions are common in patients with AIDS. Trauma from occlusion is related to gingival inflammation, which results in loosened teeth, increased mobility, and widening of the periodontal ligament. Vertical defects in the alveolar bone are also possible.

Tissue injury may occur from an acute change in force, such as biting a cherry pit, or from chronic trauma like clenching. Periodontal atrophy, on the other hand, is classified as presenile when the height of a uniform periodontium is lessened without cause. Disuse atrophy occurs as support for periodontal tissues weakens, either from a thinning periodontal ligament or reduction of fiber bundles, or as a result of bone loss through osteoporosis. ETIOLOGY OF PD If left undisturbed, microbial plaque accumulates in pockets between teeth and gums, progressing under the gum line. Research has shown that dental plaques can contain more than 400 species of bacteria, the differing strains of which are responsible for various types of oral disease. These bacteria produce toxins that irritate the gums and stimulate an inflammatory response. When the body's reaction to the microorganisms becomes destructive, supportive tissue and bone around the teeth slowly erode. This scenario not only can lead to loose teeth, but also to bacteria entering the bloodstream (bacteremia), becoming transient, and targeting distant organs, putting the patient's health at risk. THE CVD CONNECTION A case in point involves cardiovascular disease.

Studies show that people with PD are almost twice as likely to suffer from atherosclerosis, characterized by the thickening of coronary arteries due to build-up of fatty proteins. Several theories exist to explain this link. One deals with the increased probability of thrombus formation when oral bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to plaque in the vessels of the heart. Another possibility is that the inflammation associated with periodontal disease may be more generalized than once thought. Scientists now believe inflammation leads to an increased build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries. Once infection initiates the body's inflammatory response, cytokines and cell division factors are produced by macrophages and T cells. Macrophages ingest modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), creating "foam cells" that, together with T cells, compose the earliest form of atherosclerotic plaque. As reported in the May 2002 issue of Scientific American, inflammatory molecules promote expansion of the plaque - which typically grows outward rather than upward. A "fibrous cap" develops over it, adding to the plaque's size. Even so, literature suggests that blockage of blood flow by plaque accounts for only 15 percent of myocardial infarctions (MIs).

The majority of MIs occur when this cap ruptures due to the secretion of inflammatory substances by foam cells - which also may produce clot-promoting tissue factor - and a thrombus develops over the break, blocking the artery. To identify individuals with the most active inflammatory responses, researchers suggest measuring levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood. This element, secreted by the liver, encourages inflammation of arterial walls and promotes clotting. A 2001 study from the University at Buffalo discovered that patients infected with oral bacteria causing periodontal disease had the highest concentrations of CRP, associated with a greater propensity for cardiovascular problems. Other patient populations that are disproportionately affected by the link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease include those with heart murmurs and artificial prostheses, such as hip joints. These individuals, in particular, are at higher risk for developing infective endocarditis, characterized by a bacterial infection of damaged heart valves or the interior lining of the organ's walls. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends that such patients take antibiotics before a dental treatment. A similar link to PD has been shown with strokes.

One study found that people diagnosed with acute cerebralvascular ischemia were more likely to have an oral infection than those in the control group. Additional research discovered patients with PD had a one-and-a-half to two times greater risk of experiencing fatal CVD or stroke. PD AND DIABETES It has long been believed that a link exists between PD and diabetes - which develops from either a deficiency in the body's insulin production (type 1/insulin-dependent) or the body's inability to use the insulin correctly (type 2/non-insulin-dependent). In fact, research has shown that either type of diabetic is more prone to developing periodontal disease than healthy individuals. This is especially true for those with type 2 diabetes who find it difficult to control their glucose levels. Given their compromised immune systems, diabetics are often unable to combat infections, including those associated with PD. When bacteria enter the bloodstream and activate immune cells, prompting an inflammatory response, high levels of cytokines damage or destroy cells in the pancreas, altering the production and/or utilization of insulin and exacerbating the diabetic condition. Management of the disorder can be further affected by severe periodontal disease, which can increase blood sugar levels.

New research has shown that while PD is often cited as a complication of diabetes, it may actually play a role in its onset. Studies suggest that those with periodontal disease are at a higher risk of developing the disorder. Once infections bring about the reactionary process, type 2 diabetes may be induced in otherwise healthy individuals - even when no additional risk factors are present. LINKS TO RESPIRATORY DISEASE More research is needed to confirm if individuals with PD are at an increased risk for respiratory disease. However, studies have found that when bacteria from the mouth and throat are inhaled into the lower respiratory tract, they can cause infection or make existing conditions - such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - worse. Patients with swallowing difficulties - including some diabetics and alcoholics - may even increase their chances of aspiration due to damaged reflexes, thus intensifying the potential for infection. Literature suggests PD sufferers have elevated levels of bacteria, including gram-negative enteric species and Psuedomonas aeruginosa. In fact, scientists estimate the prevalence of certain microorganisms - staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and yeasts - in dental plaque at upwards of 77 percent.

Some are particularly difficult to eradicate, remaining in patients with PD following antibiotic treatment. Any bacterial presence, in turn, places individuals at higher risk for developing disorders like pneumonia. This life-threatening infection affects patients of all ages, but particularly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. PROBLEM PREGNANCIES Studies are underway to determine the relationship between periodontal disease and pre-term, low birth weight (PLBW) babies. Earlier findings reported that pregnant women with PD may be seven times more likely to have babies born too early and too small. Recent research takes this theory one step further, suggesting the presence of generalized PD - and its associated attachment loss - increases the risk. Add other pre-existing conditions such as diabetes into the mix and scientists warn of a double threat. Not only does the bacterial infection hamper the ability of mothers to control their blood sugar, but PD appears to trigger levels of biological fluids that induce labor, resulting in premature deliveries. HORMONAL INFLUENCES There are many other changes in hormone levels throughout a woman's life that can affect gingival health. These stages are noted at puberty, during menstruation, and at menopause. Altered levels of progesterone and estrogen increase blood circulation throughout the body - including the gums.

The increase may cause the gums to become more sensitive to irritants such as bacterial plaque found in the mouth. In addition, estrogen deficiency following menopause - and osteopenia/osteoporosis - speed the progression of oral bone loss. Reduced bone density surrounding the teeth makes them more susceptible to the ravages of periodontal disease, resulting in increased tooth mobility and loss. THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN PD Both genetics and environmental factors play a role in patients' susceptibility to periodontal disease. Researchers believe a number of genes - differing within cultural groups - are responsible for the presence and severity of PD in patient populations. In one study of identical and fraternal twins, for example, genetics accounted for approximately half of the variance in periodontal disease. Future examinations may focus on which genetic components affect underlying risks, eventually providing new avenues for treatment and arresting the disease prior to the presentation of initial symptoms. UNDERSTANDING THE BIG PICTURE Since infections of the mouth can heighten the risk for systemic diseases - and existing disorders may promote PD and tooth decay - it is important for travelers to be aware of common signs and symptoms experienced by patients of all ages.

By understanding the link between periodontal disease and other conditions, mobile providers can implement care plans that not only improve oral health, but also enhance quality of life through better case management. References American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, May 7). Research presented today provides further evidence on the importance of good oral health in pregnant women. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, August 2). Healthy gums are likely to lie behind milk mustaches. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, August 16). Low dietary vitamin C can increase risk for periodontal disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2000, November 30). Study finds substantial genetic basis for risk of periodontal disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2001, June 21). People with rheumatoid arthritis have more periodontal disease.

Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2001, September 20). C-reactive protein - a predictor of heart disease - is elevated in patients with periodontal disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2001, November 21). More severe periodontal disease poses additional threat to pregnant diabetics. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (2002, February 7). New study confirms periodontal disease linked to heart disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (n.d.). Chronic periodontal disease could lead to diabetes. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (n.d.). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (n.d.). The mouth-body connection. Heart disease and stroke; Osteoporosis; Preterm low birth weight births; Respiratory diseases.

Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology. (n.d.). What are periodontal diseases? Retrieved October 22, 2002, from American Academy of Periodontology, Committee on Research, Science and Therapy. (1998). Position paper: Periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J. Periodontol, 69, 841-850. American Dental Association. (2002, October). Emerging trends in periodontics help manage patients with gum disease. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from wysiwyg://11/ American Dental Association. (2002, October). Regular dental care essential for proper nutrition of the aged, study says. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from wysiwyg://8/ American Dental Association. (2002, October). Visit to dentist may reveal bulimia, osteoporosis.

Retrieved October 22, 2002, from wysiwyg://5/ Classification of Periodontal Diseases [Part II: Periodontal Disease; Chapter 14]. In F.A. Carranza. (1990). Glickman's clinical periodontology (7th edition; pp. 202-209). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. Libby, P. (2002, May). Atherosclerosis: The new view. Scientific American, 286(5), pp. 46-55. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. (2000, May 25). First-ever Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health finds profound disparities in nation's population. Retrieved October 22, 2002, from Trauma from occlusion [Part II: Periodontal Disease; Chapter 19]. In F.A. Carranza. (1990). Glickman's clinical periodontology (7th edition; pp. 264-285). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

How Plaque and Gum Disease Affect Your Health Rheumatoid arthritis Premature birth What's behind the links? Experts can't say for certain, but they believe that oral bacteria can escape into the bloodstream and injure major organs. Inflammation is probably a common denominator, experts say. Periodontal disease, marked by inflammation, may increase inflammation throughout the body. Inflammation, in turn, is an underlying problem in diseases including heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis . Gum Disease and Heart Disease Over the years, many studies have found that people with gum disease are more likely to also have poor heart health , including heart attacks . A 2009 paper on the relationship between heart disease and gum disease was issued by the American Academy of Periodontology and The American Journal of Cardiology. Its joint recommendations encourage cardiologists to ask their patients about any gum disease problems. In addition, periodontists are encouraged to ask their patients about any family history of heart disease as well as their own heart health . Continued Gum Disease and Diabetes If you have diabetes , you are more likely than people who don't have diabetes to have gum disease. Why? Again, inflammation may be partly to blame.

And, those with diabetes are more likely to contract infections, including gum disease. If your diabetes is not under control, you are at even higher risk of gum disease. Gum Disease and Dementia Gum disease has also been found to raise the risk of dementia later in life. Other researchers have found that periodontal problems may also be associated with milder cognitive impairment, such as memory problems that make activities of daily life more difficult. In a recent study, participants who had the worst gum disease scored the worst on memory tests and calculations. Periodontal Disease and RA Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease marked by inflammation and painful joints. People with RA are more likely to have periodontal disease, and one study found that they had more missing teeth than people who don't have RA. Chronic inflammation is common to both conditions. Although scientists haven't found evidence that one condition causes the other, a 2009 study found that people with a severe form of RA had less pain, swelling, and morning stiffness after their periodontal disease was treated. Gum Disease and Premature Birth Studies on the link between periodontal disease and preterm birth have produced conflicting results.

Some show that women with gum disease are more likely to deliver a baby before term, which sets up the baby for health risks. Others, though, have not found a link. Studies are ongoing. Other research has found that treating periodontal disease in pregnant women helps them carry their infants to term. One recent study showed that women with periodontal disease who completed periodontal treatment before the 35th week were less likely than those who did not get treatment to deliver their babies early. Minimizing the Dangers of Plaque & Gingivitis To keep plaque under control, brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and floss daily. Use an antimicrobial mouthwash to reduce the bacteria in your mouth . Get your teeth cleaned professionally on a regular basis. Ask your dentist about the best cleaning schedule for you. Find out if you might benefit from a protective coating or sealant applied to the chewing surfaces of the teeth in the back of your mouth where tooth decay often begins.

WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Michael Friedman, DDS on November 29, 2015 Sources SOURCES: David Cochran, president of the American Academy of Periodontology, and professor and chair of the Department of Periodontics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Sally Cram, DDS, periodontist, Washington, D.C., and consumer advisor, American Dental Association. American Academy of Periodontology: "Gum Disease and Diabetes," "Inflammation: Connecting the Mouth and Body?", "Journal of Periodontology and the American Journal of Cardiology develop joint clinical recommendations," "Frequently Asked Questions," "Healthy Gums and a Healthy Heart: The Perio-Cardio Connection." Offenbacher, S. Journal of Periodontology, October 1996; vol 67: pp 1103-1113. Seymour R. British Dental Journal, May 23, 2009; vol 206: pp 551-552. Radnai, M. Journal of Dental Research, March 2009; vol 88: pp 280-284.

American Dental Association: "Plaque," "Cleaning Your Teeth and Gums," "Tooth Decay." Noble, J. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery Psychiatry, online May 5, 2009. Kaisare, S. British Dental Journal, Aug. 11, 2007; vol 203: pp 144-145. Srinivas, S. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, May 2009; vol 200: p 497 and e1-8. Smolik, I. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, May 2009; vol 30: pp 188-90, 192, 194, 198, 210. Kamer, A. Alzheimer's & Dementia, July 2008; vol 4: pp 242-50. Wang, T. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, May 2009, vol 36: pp 372-379. Ortiz, P.

Journal of Periodontology, 2009, vol 80: pp 535-540. Mercado, FB. Journal of Periodontology, June 2001; vol 72: pp 779-787. © 2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. Pagination Gingivitis: Learn About Symptoms and Treatment Gingivitis Prognosis Gingivitis Overview Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums (gingiva) surrounding the teeth . Gingivitis affects a significant portion of the population and is the most common form of periodontal diseases (diseases of the tissues surrounding the teeth). Chronic gingivitis may lead to receding gums and can be a precursor of periodontitis. This inflammation of the gingiva is classified according to severity. It can range from mild to severe gingivitis and more uncommon but serious necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Inflammation is a complex system by which bacteria-fighting cells of the body are recruited to an area of bacterial infection. Inflammation plays a major role in gingivitis. It is this inflammation of the gums that accounts for most of the symptoms of gingivitis.

Bacteria can cause inflammation of the gums. Although bacteria are normally found in our bodies and provide protective effects most of the time, bacteria can be harmful. The mouth is an ideal place for bacteria to live. The warm, moist environment and constant food supply are everything bacteria need to thrive. If not for a healthy immune system , bacteria in the mouth would rapidly reproduce out of control, overwhelming the body's defense system. An infection begins when the body's immune system is overwhelmed. The gum disease of gingivitis is an infection that occurs when bacteria invade soft tissues and bone adjacent to teeth. The severity of this infection varies from mild to severe and can be an indication of a life-threatening systemic disease. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 7/30/2015 Medical Author: Gum Disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis) Symptoms, Treatments, Causes Periodontitis, also generally called gum disease or periodontal disease, begins with bacterial growth in your mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that surrounds your teeth . What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis? Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis ( gum disease ).

However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage. When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. What Causes Gum Disease?

Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease. These include: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy , puberty, menopause , and monthly menstruation , make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop. Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancer or HIV that interfere with the immune system. Because diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar , patients with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities. Medications can affect oral health , because some lessen the flow of saliva , which has a protective effect on teeth and gums. Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantin and the anti- angina drug Procardia and Adalat , can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue. Bad habits such as smoking make it harder for gum tissue to repair itself. Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis to develop. Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis. Continued What Are the Symptoms of Gum Disease?

Gum disease may progress painlessly, producing few obvious signs, even in the late stages of the disease. Although the symptoms of periodontal disease often are subtle, the condition is not entirely without warning signs. Certain symptoms may point to some form of the disease. The symptoms of gum disease include: Gums that bleed during and after tooth brushing Red, swollen, or tender gums Formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums Loose or shifting teeth Changes in the way teeth fit together upon biting down, or in the fit of partial dentures. Even if you don't notice any symptoms, you may still have some degree of gum disease. In some people, gum disease may affect only certain teeth, such as the molars. Only a dentist or a periodontist can recognize and determine the progression of gum disease. How Does My Dentist Diagnose Gum Disease? During a dental exam, your dentist typically checks for these things: Gum bleeding, swelling, firmness, and pocket depth (the space between the gum and tooth; the larger and deeper the pocket, the more severe the disease) Teeth movement and sensitivity and proper teeth alignment Your jawbone, to help detect the breakdown of bone surrounding your teeth How Is Gum Disease Treated?

The goals of gum disease treatment are to promote reattachment of healthy gums to teeth; reduce swelling, the depth of pockets, and the risk of infection; and to stop disease progression. Treatment options depend on the stage of disease, how you may have responded to earlier treatments, and your overall health. Options range from nonsurgical therapies that control bacterial growth to surgery to restore supportive tissues. A full description of the various treatment options is provided in Gum Disease Treatments. How Can Gum Disease Be Prevented? Gum disease can be reversed in nearly all cases when proper plaque control is practiced. Proper plaque control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing. Brushing eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached; flossing removes food particles and plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. Antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the American Dental Association. Continued Other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include: Stop smoking . Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis.

Smokers are seven times more likely to get gum disease than nonsmokers, and smoking can lower the chances of success of some treatments. Reduce stress . Stress may make it difficult for your body's immune system to fight off infection. Maintain a well- balanced diet . Proper nutrition helps your immune system fight infection. Eating foods with antioxidant properties -- for example, those containing vitamin E ( vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables) and vitamin C (citrus fruits, broccoli, potatoes) -- can help your body repair damaged tissue. Avoid clenching and grinding your teeth . These actions may put excess force on the supporting tissues of the teeth and could increase the rate at which these tissues are destroyed. Despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the American Academy of Periodontology says that up to 30% of Americans may be genetically susceptible to gum disease. And those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to develop some form of gum disease. If anyone in your family has gum disease, it may mean that you are at greater risk, as well.

If you are more susceptible to gum disease, your dentist or periodontist may recommend more frequent check-ups, cleanings, and treatments to better manage the condition. Is Gum Disease Linked to Other Health Problems? According to the CDC, researchers have uncovered potential links between gum disease and other serious health conditions. In people with healthy immune systems, the bacteria in the mouth that makes its way into the bloodstream is usually harmless. But under certain circumstances, these microorganisms are associated with health problems such as stroke and heart disease . Diabetes is not only a risk factor for gum disease, but gum disease may make diabetes worse. Gum Disease Home Remedies, Treatment & Gingivitis Symptoms Medical Author: Steven B. Horne, DDS Steven B. Horne, DDS Dr. Steve Horne began his career at Brigham Young University obtaining his BA in English. He earned his Doctorate of Dental Surgery in 2007 from the University of Southern California where his pursuit for academic excellence landed him on the Dean's List. He was recognized for his superior clinical skills and invited to help teach other dental students in courses on restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, and tooth anatomy.

During dental school, he provided dental care for underserved populations of Los Angeles and Orange County, Mexico, and Costa Rica with AYUDA. Following dental school, Dr. Horne entered active duty with the U.S. Army and practiced dentistry at Fort Knox, Kentucky, for four years. During this time, he was deployed to Baghdad, Iraq, and received multiple Army Achievement Medals, the Army Commendation Medal, and served as Company Commander. Dr. Horne currently practices full time at Torrey Pines Dental Arts in La Jolla, California, as a general dentist. Dr. Horne is a member of the American Dental Association, the California Dental Association, and the Academy of General Dentistry. Dr. Horne is married to his wife, Christy, and they have a chocolate Labrador named Roscoe. Medical Editor: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston).

He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications. Quick GuideThe Ugly Truth About Your Toothbrush & Germs What is gum disease (gingivitis)? Gum disease, or gingivitis , is inflammation of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth and is most commonly a result of poor dental hygiene . Gingivitis is a very common condition and varies widely in severity. It is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when teeth are brushed or flossed. Gingivitis is not the same thing as periodontitis, although sometimes a person may be affected by both. What is the difference between gingivitis and periodontal disease? While gingivitis is inflammation of the gums around the teeth, periodontal disease occurs when the bone below the gums gets inflamed or infected. Gingivitis starts when food debris mixes with saliva and bacteria-forming plaque that sticks on the surfaces of teeth.

If dental plaque and tartar aren't removed by brushing with toothpaste and flossing, it can become mineralized and form tartar, or calculus. Tartar is very hard and can only be removed by a professional dental cleaning. Both dental plaque and tartar are filled with harmful bacteria, and if they aren't removed from teeth, they will begin to irritate the gums and cause gingivitis. If left untreated, gingivitis will often extend from the gums to the bone and lead to periodontitis. When the underlying bone gets infected, it will start to recede away from the teeth and form deep gum pockets. These pockets collect plaque and bacteria as they are very difficult to keep clean, and more bone loss occurs. As periodontal disease progresses into later stages and more bone tissue is lost, the teeth may eventually become loose and fall out. What causes gum disease? Gum disease is mostly caused by improper oral hygiene that allows bacteria in plaque and calculus to remain on the teeth and infect the gums. But there are other factors that increase the risk of developing gingivitis. Some of the most common risk factors are as follows: Smoking or chewing tobacco prevents the gum tissue from being able to heal.

Crooked, rotated, or overlapping teeth create more areas for plaque and calculus to accumulate and are harder to keep clean. Hormonal changes in puberty , pregnancy , and menopause typically correlate with a rise in gingivitis. The increase in hormones causes the blood vessels in the gums to be more susceptible to bacterial and chemical attack. At puberty, prevalence of gum disease ranges between 70%-90%. Cancer and cancer treatment can make a person more susceptible to infection and increase the risk of gum disease. Alcohol affects oral defense mechanisms. Stress impairs the body's immune response to bacterial invasion. Mouth breathing can be harsh on the gums when they aren't protected by the lips, causing chronic irritation and inflammation. Poor nutrition , such as a diet high in sugar and carbohydrates and low in water intake, will increase the formation of plaque. Also, a deficiency of important nutrients such as vitamin C will impair healing. Diabetes mellitus impairs circulation and the gums ability to heal. Medications such as antiseizure medications promote gum disease. Infrequent or no dental care Poor saliva production Does gum disease cause bad breath? Bad breath , or halitosis , is most frequently associated with a condition of the mouth like gum disease.

As the bacteria that are normally present in the mouth break down plaque and tartar, they release chemicals that have a strong odor. Bad breath can also come from plaque that builds up on the tongue. As the plaque and tartar are removed from the teeth and tongue with regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, the halitosis can be eliminated. This is the easiest way to reverse bad breath, but it can take a while for the mouth odor to completely disappear. A person needs to be consistent and persistent with oral hygiene to reverse the condition. Other causes of bad breath include partially erupted wisdom teeth , dry mouth , mouth breathing, postnasal drip , infections in the throat or lungs , tonsil stones , smoking , digestive problems, and systemic diseases like diabetes . Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 4/6/2016 Gum Disease - body, causes, What Is Gum Disease? Gum Disease Gum Disease Photo by: Yuri Arcurs Gum disease is an infection caused by bacteria that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. KEYWORDS for searching the Internet and other reference sources Dentistry Periodontitis What Is Gum Disease? Like getting gray hair and wrinkles, losing teeth once seemed to be an inevitable part of growing old.

The number one cause of tooth loss in adults is still gum disease, also known as periodontal (per-ee-o-DON-tel) disease. This is an infection caused by bacteria that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. About three out of four adults over age 35 have some type of gum disease. However, tooth loss does not occur until the disease is advanced. It often can be prevented by taking good care of the teeth and gums and seeing a dentist regularly. The mildest form of gum disease is known as gingivitis (gin-gi-VY-tus). It causes the gums to become red and swollen and bleed easily. At this stage, gum disease is still easily treatable. If gingivitis is left untreated, though, it can turn into periodontitis (per-ee-o-don-TY-tis), a more serious gum disease. In advanced periodontitis, the gums and the Gum disease causes the gums to become red, swollen, and inflamed. Compare the healthy gums on the left to the diseased gums on the right. Long-term gum disease causes the gums to pull away from the teeth. Biophoto Associates/Science Source, Photo Researchers, Inc.

bone that supports the teeth can be badly damaged. The teeth may become loose and fall out, or they may have to be pulled by a dentist. What Causes Gum Disease? Gum disease is caused by plaque, a sticky film on the teeth made by bacteria that live in the mouth. If plaque is not removed each day by brushing and flossing, it hardens into a rough substance called calculus, also known as tartar. The bacteria in plaque produce chemicals that irritate the gums and cause infection. If left in place, these chemicals cause the gums to pull away from the teeth and create little pockets of space between the teeth and the gums. As the infection gets worse, the pockets get deeper. The result may be the destruction of the bones in the jaw that hold the teeth in place. Most adults over age 35 have some degree of gum disease. People who smoke or use chewing tobacco, have uncontrolled diabetes, eat poorly, or have too much stress are all at greater risk for developing gum disease. Female hormones can play a part as well; girls who are going through puberty and pregnant women also are at risk. What Happens When People Have Gum Disease? Symptoms Gum disease is usually painless in the early stage.

A person might not feel it until it has reached an advanced stage. However, these are some signs that a person may have gum disease: gums that bleed easily during tooth brushing or flossing red, swollen, or tender gums gums that have pulled away from the teeth bad breath that does not go away pus between the teeth and gums loose teeth a change in the way the teeth fit together when the person bites a change in the fit of a partial set of false teeth Diagnosis A dentist can check the gums for signs of disease. In addition to looking at them, the dentist can use a probe with a special rounded tip. This probe is moved gently around the gum line to search for pockets in the gums. Treatment Treatment depends on the type of gum disease and how far along it is. Cleaning the tooth surface and the root below the gum line helps the gum tissue heal and reattach to the tooth surfaces. Antibiotics can help control the growth of bacteria. If the pockets are too deep to clean inside, the dentist may need to perform surgery to shrink the pockets. If part of the bone supporting the teeth has been destroyed, further surgery may be needed. Such surgery can reshape or rebuild the bone that has been lost. How Can Gum Disease Be Prevented?

Brushing and flossing the teeth helps remove plaque. In the early stage of gum disease, brushing twice a day and flossing every day usually will cure the problem. Guidelines include: Using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Picking a brush that feels comfortable and will reach all the teeth, even those in back. Replacing the brush when the bristles show signs of wear. Brushing with a short, gentle, back-and-forth motion. Remembering to brush the inside surfaces, the back teeth, and the tongue. Flossing to reach plaque between the teeth and under the gum line, where a brush cannot go. It also is important to see a dentist regularly for checkups and professional cleanings. Resources American Dental Association, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. The leading national organization for dentists has information about gum disease and dental care on its website. Telephone 312-440-2500

Question: What part of the body is affected by gingivitis?
Answer: Gums