Frequently Asked Questions | How to Play Backgammon How to Play Backgammon What is the Aim of Backgammon? The object of Backgammon is to remove (bear off) all your checkers from the board. Who invented Backgammon? No one knows who invented Backgammon. Currently evidence including early dice made of human bones indicates Backgammon originated around 5,000 years ago in what today is known as Iraq. How many pieces does each player start with in a game of Backgammon? Each player starts with 15 checkers of their own colour. How many points are on a Backgammon Board? There are 24 points on a backgammon board. What is a Gammon? This is when a game ends and the loser has not removed any checkers from the board. What is a Backgammon? This is when the game ends and loser has not only failed to remove any checkers from the board but also has a checker on the bar or in the winners home board. About How to Play Backgammon How to Play Backgammon is your starting point to find out everything about Backgammon.

We show you how to play the game, where you can play the game, the equipment you need to play backgammon and once you have mastered the game we look at ways for it to make you money. Useful Links How to Play Backgammon | How to Play Backgammon | Backgammon Articles' Categories | Play65™ How to Play Backgammon Backgammon Objective The objective of backgammon is to bring all your checkers, white or black, into your own home board so that you can begin to remove them from the board (the bear-off game phase). The winner of the game is the first player to bear off all of his checkers. Backgammon Set-up and Rules To start playing backgammon, each player throws a single die and the player who rolls the highest number plays first. If equal numbers come up, then both players keep rolling their die until they roll distinct numbers. Commonly, the first player uses the joint numbers on the already-thrown dice to start, although this rule is not harshly followed today. After the initial turn, the players alternate turns and roll two dice each time.

In some matches, the winner of the last game plays first in the next backgammon game , although this backgammon rule is not always put into effect.Click here to view the full list of backgammon rules . Backgammon Moves The roll of the dice indicates how many points, or pips (the unit of distance on a backgammon board ) the player is to move his checkers. Backgammon checkers can by no means move backwards, they only move forward towards their own home boards, meaning the white and black pieces are always moving in opposite directions around the backgammon board, one player moving his checkers clockwise while the other counter-clockwise. More rules concerning the movement of checkers: A checker can be moved to any point that is vacant, to one that is occupied by your own checkers or to a point that has no more then one of your opponent’s checkers on it. In other words, two or more checkers that are occupied by your opponent are considered a block for you. The numbers on the two dice represent separate moves.

For instance, if a player rolls 5 and 3, he may move one checker five spaces to an open point and another checker three spaces to an open point, or he may move a single checker a total of eight spaces to an open point. If you roll the dice and a double (same number on both dice) comes up, you can move the pieces twice. For example, with a role of 2-2, you may move 2 points 4 times in any given combination (one piece 8 points, two pieces 4 points each, one piece 6 points and the other 2, two pieces 2 points and a third piece of 4 points, four pieces 2 points each, etc). Usually, the more doubles a player rolls, the greater his chances of winning the game. Hitting a blot A single checker on a point is called a blot and it may be attacked (hit) by the opponent. Checkers of different colors may not inhabit the same point. Thus, when one player’s checker lands on point occupied by the opponent’s blot, the latter is taken off the board and moved to the bar, and stays out of play until the checker is entered by the opponent into his inner board.

You can re-enter your checker from the bar only if one of the numbers appear on the rolled dice match a point which is not occupied by two or more of your opponent’s checkers. If none of the points is open, the player loses his roll. If a player is capable of entering several but not all of his checkers, he is obliged to enter as many as he can and then give up the rest of his turn. Doubling cube The doubling cube is a dice with the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64, used for raising the stakes at backgammon tournaments and matches. The use of the doubling cube can be done at any stage of the game: A player who feels he has an advantage over his opponent may suggest doubling the stakes. He may do this when it is his turn and he has not yet rolled the dice. To double, the player simply places the doubling cube with the numbers 2 facing up. The opponent may refuse the offer by resigning (and thus losing the game) or may accept it.

The opponent who accepts the offer is now the owner of the doubling cube, meaning he is the only one who may double the stakes again (this time by placing the doubling cube with the number 4 facing up). Bearing off Bearing off – removing your pieces from the home board – is the final stage of the backgammon game. To start this, all of your 15 checkers should be in the home board. The same as with normal moves, you bear off according to the roll of the dice, always from the highest occupied point in your home board. When there is no checker on the point indicated by the roll, the player must make a legal move by using a checker on a higher point. If there are not any checkers on higher points, the player is allowed to remove a checker from his highest occupied point. However, you have no obligation of bearing off if you have another legal move to make. Winning a Backgammon Game The winner of the game is the first player to bear off all of his checkers. If your rival has not been able to bear off neither of his checkers, you score a gammon, a double victory, which counts twice a normal win.

Triple victory or a backgammon, counts three times a6 normal win and is scored when your opponent has not succeeded in bearing off any of his checkers and still has checkers on the bar or in the winner’s home board. Backgammon Rules – And How To Play Backgammon Rules – And How To Play You are here: Home / Learn / Backgammon Rules and Terms / Backgammon Rules – And How To Play Backgammon Rules – And How To Play Backgammon is a game for two players, played on a board consisting of twenty-four narrow triangles called points . The triangles alternate in color and are grouped into four quadrants of six triangles each. The quadrants are referred to as a player’s home board and outer board, and the opponent’s home board and outer board. The home and outer boards are separated from each other by a ridge down the center of the board called the bar . Figure 1. A board with the checkers in their initial position. An alternate arrangement is the reverse of the one shown here, with the home board on the left and the outer board on the right. The points are numbered for either player starting in that player’s home board.

The outermost point is the twenty-four point, which is also the opponent’s one point. Each player has fifteen checkers of his own color. The initial arrangement of checkers is: two on each player’s twenty-four point, five on each player’s thirteen point, three on each player’s eight point, and five on each player’s six point. Both players have their own pair of dice and a dice cup used for shaking. A doubling cube , with the numerals 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 on its faces, is used to keep track of the current stake of the game. Object of the Game The object of the game is move all your checkers into your own home board and then bear them off. The first player to bear off all of their checkers wins the game. Figure 2. Direction of movement of White’s checkers. Red’s checkers move in the opposite direction. Movement of the Checkers To start the game, each player throws a single die. This determines both the player to go first and the numbers to be played. If equal numbers come up, then both players roll again until they roll different numbers.

The player throwing the higher number now moves his checkers according to the numbers showing on both dice. After the first roll, the players throw two dice and alternate turns.The roll of the dice indicates how many points, or pips , the player is to move his checkers. The checkers are always moved forward, to a lower-numbered point. The following rules apply: A checker may be moved only to an open point , one that is not occupied by two or more opposing checkers. The numbers on the two dice constitute separate moves. For example, if a player rolls 5 and 3, he may move one checker five spaces to an open point and another checker three spaces to an open point, or he may move the one checker a total of eight spaces to an open point, but only if the intermediate point (either three or five spaces from the starting point) is also open. Figure 3. Two ways that White can play a roll of . A player who rolls doubles plays the numbers shown on the dice twice. A roll of 6 and 6 means that the player has four sixes to use, and he may move any combination of checkers he feels appropriate to complete this requirement.

A player must use both numbers of a roll if this is legally possible (or all four numbers of a double). When only one number can be played, the player must play that number. Or if either number can be played but not both, the player must play the larger one. When neither number can be used, the player loses his turn. In the case of doubles, when all four numbers cannot be played, the player must play as many numbers as he can. Hitting and Entering A point occupied by a single checker of either color is called a blot . If an opposing checker lands on a blot, the blot is hit and placed on the bar .Any time a player has one or more checkers on the bar, his first obligation is to enter those checker(s) into the opposing home board. A checker is entered by moving it to an open point corresponding to one of the numbers on the rolled dice.For example, if a player rolls 4 and 6, he may enter a checker onto either the opponent’s four point or six point, so long as the prospective point is not occupied by two or more of the opponent’s checkers. Figure 4.

If White rolls with a checker on the bar, he must enter the checker onto Red’s four point since Red’s six point is not open. If neither of the points is open, the player loses his turn. If a player is able to enter some but not all of his checkers, he must enter as many as he can and then forfeit the remainder of his turn.After the last of a player’s checkers has been entered, any unused numbers on the dice must be played, by moving either the checker that was entered or a different checker. Bearing Off Once a player has moved all of his fifteen checkers into his home board, he may commence bearing off . A player bears off a checker by rolling a number that corresponds to the point on which the checker resides, and then removing that checker from the board. Thus, rolling a 6 permits the player to remove a checker from the six point.If there is no checker on the point indicated by the roll, the player must make a legal move using a checker on a higher-numbered point. If there are no checkers on higher-numbered points, the player is permitted (and required) to remove a checker from the highest point on which one of his checkers resides.

A player is under no obligation to bear off if he can make an otherwise legal move. Figure 5. White rolls and bears off two checkers. A player must have all of his active checkers in his home board in order to bear off. If a checker is hit during the bear-off process, the player must bring that checker back to his home board before continuing to bear off. The first player to bear off all fifteen checkers wins the game. Doubling Backgammon is played for an agreed stake per point. Each game starts at one point. During the course of the game, a player who feels he has a sufficient advantage may propose doubling the stakes. He may do this only at the start of his own turn and before he has rolled the dice.A player who is offered a double may refuse , in which case he concedes the game and pays one point. Otherwise, he must accept the double and play on for the new higher stakes. A player who accepts a double becomes the owner of the cube and only he may make the next double.Subsequent doubles in the same game are called redoubles . If a player refuses a redouble, he must pay the number of points that were at stake prior to the redouble.

Otherwise, he becomes the new owner of the cube and the game continues at twice the previous stakes. There is no limit to the number of redoubles in a game. Gammons and Backgammons At the end of the game, if the losing player has borne off at least one checker, he loses only the value showing on the doubling cube (one point, if there have been no doubles). However, if the loser has not borne off any of his checkers, he is gammoned and loses twice the value of the doubling cube. Or, worse, if the loser has not borne off any of his checkers and still has a checker on the bar or in the winner’s home board, he is backgammoned and loses three times the value of the doubling cube. Optional Rules The following optional rules are in widespread use. Automatic doubles. If identical numbers are thrown on the first roll, the stakes are doubled. The doubling cube is turned to 2 and remains in the middle. Players usually agree to limit the number of automatic doubles to one per game. Beavers. When a player is doubled, he may immediately redouble (beaver) while retaining possession of the cube.

The original doubler has the option of accepting or refusing as with a normal double. The Jacoby Rule. Gammons and backgammons count only as a single game if neither player has offered a double during the course of the game. This rule speeds up play by eliminating situations where a player avoids doubling so he can play on for a gammon. Irregularities The dice must be rolled together and land flat on the surface of the right-hand section of the board. The player must reroll both dice if a die lands outside the right-hand board, or lands on a checker, or does not land flat. A turn is completed when the player picks up his dice. If the play is incomplete or otherwise illegal, the opponent has the option of accepting the play as made or of requiring the player to make a legal play. A play is deemed to have been accepted as made when the opponent rolls his dice or offers a double to start his own turn. If a player rolls before his opponent has completed his turn by picking up the dice, the player’s roll is voided. This rule is generally waived any time a play is forced or when there is no further contact between the opposing forces.

Backgammon Rules Rules of Backgammon Setup Backgammon is a game for two players, played on a board consisting of twenty-four narrow triangles called points . The triangles alternate in color and are grouped into four quadrants of six triangles each. The quadrants are referred to as a player's home board and outer board, and the opponent's home board and outer board. The home and outer boards are separated from each other by a ridge down the center of the board called the bar . Figure 1. A board with the checkers in their initial position. An alternate arrangement is the reverse of the one shown here, with the home board on the left and the outer board on the right. The points are numbered for either player starting in that player's home board. The outermost point is the twenty-four point, which is also the opponent's one point. Each player has fifteen checkers of his own color. The initial arrangement of checkers is: two on each player's twenty-four point, five on each player's thirteen point, three on each player's eight point, and five on each player's six point. Both players have their own pair of dice and a dice cup used for shaking.

A doubling cube , with the numerals 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 on its faces, is used to keep track of the current stake of the game. Object of the Game The object of the game is move all your checkers into your own home board and then bear them off. The first player to bear off all of their checkers wins the game. Figure 2. Direction of movement of White's checkers. Red's checkers move in the opposite direction. Movement of the Checkers To start the game, each player throws a single die. This determines both the player to go first and the numbers to be played. If equal numbers come up, then both players roll again until they roll different numbers. The player throwing the higher number now moves his checkers according to the numbers showing on both dice. After the first roll, the players throw two dice and alternate turns. The roll of the dice indicates how many points, or pips , the player is to move his checkers. The checkers are always moved forward, to a lower-numbered point.

The following rules apply: A checker may be moved only to an open point , one that is not occupied by two or more opposing checkers. The numbers on the two dice constitute separate moves. For example, if a player rolls 5 and 3, he may move one checker five spaces to an open point and another checker three spaces to an open point, or he may move the one checker a total of eight spaces to an open point, but only if the intermediate point (either three or five spaces from the starting point) is also open. Figure 3. Two ways that White can play a roll of . A player who rolls doubles plays the numbers shown on the dice twice. A roll of 6 and 6 means that the player has four sixes to use, and he may move any combination of checkers he feels appropriate to complete this requirement. A player must use both numbers of a roll if this is legally possible (or all four numbers of a double). When only one number can be played, the player must play that number. Or if either number can be played but not both, the player must play the larger one. When neither number can be used, the player loses his turn.

In the case of doubles, when all four numbers cannot be played, the player must play as many numbers as he can. Hitting and Entering A point occupied by a single checker of either color is called a blot . If an opposing checker lands on a blot, the blot is hit and placed on the bar . Any time a player has one or more checkers on the bar, his first obligation is to enter those checker(s) into the opposing home board. A checker is entered by moving it to an open point corresponding to one of the numbers on the rolled dice. For example, if a player rolls 4 and 6, he may enter a checker onto either the opponent's four point or six point, so long as the prospective point is not occupied by two or more of the opponent's checkers. Figure 4. If White rolls with a checker on the bar, he must enter the checker onto Red's four point since Red's six point is not open. If neither of the points is open, the player loses his turn. If a player is able to enter some but not all of his checkers, he must enter as many as he can and then forfeit the remainder of his turn.

After the last of a player's checkers has been entered, any unused numbers on the dice must be played, by moving either the checker that was entered or a different checker. Bearing Off Once a player has moved all of his fifteen checkers into his home board, he may commence bearing off . A player bears off a checker by rolling a number that corresponds to the point on which the checker resides, and then removing that checker from the board. Thus, rolling a 6 permits the player to remove a checker from the six point. If there is no checker on the point indicated by the roll, the player must make a legal move using a checker on a higher-numbered point. If there are no checkers on higher-numbered points, the player is permitted (and required) to remove a checker from the highest point on which one of his checkers resides. A player is under no obligation to bear off if he can make an otherwise legal move. Figure 5. White rolls and bears off two checkers. A player must have all of his active checkers in his home board in order to bear off. If a checker is hit during the bear-off process, the player must bring that checker back to his home board before continuing to bear off.

The first player to bear off all fifteen checkers wins the game. Doubling Backgammon is played for an agreed stake per point. Each game starts at one point. During the course of the game, a player who feels he has a sufficient advantage may propose doubling the stakes. He may do this only at the start of his own turn and before he has rolled the dice. A player who is offered a double may refuse , in which case he concedes the game and pays one point. Otherwise, he must accept the double and play on for the new higher stakes. A player who accepts a double becomes the owner of the cube and only he may make the next double. Subsequent doubles in the same game are called redoubles . If a player refuses a redouble, he must pay the number of points that were at stake prior to the redouble. Otherwise, he becomes the new owner of the cube and the game continues at twice the previous stakes. There is no limit to the number of redoubles in a game. Gammons and Backgammons At the end of the game, if the losing player has borne off at least one checker, he loses only the value showing on the doubling cube (one point, if there have been no doubles).

However, if the loser has not borne off any of his checkers, he is gammoned and loses twice the value of the doubling cube. Or, worse, if the loser has not borne off any of his checkers and still has a checker on the bar or in the winner's home board, he is backgammoned and loses three times the value of the doubling cube. Optional Rules The following optional rules are in widespread use. Automatic doubles. If identical numbers are thrown on the first roll, the stakes are doubled. The doubling cube is turned to 2 and remains in the middle. Players usually agree to limit the number of automatic doubles to one per game. Beavers. When a player is doubled, he may immediately redouble (beaver) while retaining possession of the cube. The original doubler has the option of accepting or refusing as with a normal double. The Jacoby Rule. Gammons and backgammons count only as a single game if neither player has offered a double during the course of the game. This rule speeds up play by eliminating situations where a player avoids doubling so he can play on for a gammon.

Irregularities The dice must be rolled together and land flat on the surface of the right-hand section of the board. The player must reroll both dice if a die lands outside the right-hand board, or lands on a checker, or does not land flat. A turn is completed when the player picks up his dice. If the play is incomplete or otherwise illegal, the opponent has the option of accepting the play as made or of requiring the player to make a legal play. A play is deemed to have been accepted as made when the opponent rolls his dice or offers a double to start his own turn. If a player rolls before his opponent has completed his turn by picking up the dice, the player's roll is voided. This rule is generally waived any time a play is forced or when there is no further contact between the opposing forces. GAMMONLIFE–BACKGAMMON RULES by Michael Strato Introduction There are many differant games one can play on a backgammon board, each with its own set of backgammon rules and different starting positions, but “standard backgammon” is the international version played at live backgammon tournaments worldwide, and on most Internet backgammon play sites.

Read these Backgammon Rules and you will quickly learn how to play this wonderful board game of skill and luck. Information on other games that can be played on a backgammon board are found in GammonLife’s Variants Section . The Rules of Backgammon Backgammon is a game played between two opposing sides on a board marked with 24 triangles called “points”. Each side has 15 checkers of a different colour that move in opposite directions counting the points as spaces according to the numbers rolled by a pair of dice. The player first to get his checkers around, and then off the board, wins the game. In addition to their checkers, each player has a pair of dice and a dice cup (to shake and toss the dice). There is also a doubling cube which is initially placed in the middle of the tray on one side of the board. This cube is marked with the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 and is used for doubling the stakes in a game. Setting Up The Board The backgammon board consists of four sections (quadrants) of six points each - the points in backgammon are also known as “pips”.

The vertical strip down the middle of the board is called the “bar” and it is where checkers are placed after they are “hit” or "sent back" . The set up of the board, the numbers of each point and the names of the four quadrants are shown below: The board may also be set up in the reverse position of the above, like this: Backgammon players should learn to play using both starting positions and please note that real backgammon boards do not come marked with the numbers of the points, names of the quadrants nor the word "Bar". The next two diagrams show the direction each player moves his checkers: As can be seen, the players move their checkers against each other in opposite directions, clockwise and counter-clockwise, leading to encounters along the way. Starting a Game – Moving the Checkers To start a game, the players toss only one die each and the player with the higher number must make the first move using both numbers of what is called the “opening roll”. However, if the players toss the same number, they must roll a single die again until they do roll different numbers. After the opening roll, players alternate turns by rolling a pair of dice.

To roll the dice, a player shakes them in the cup several times and then tosses them onto his right-hand side of board from a reasonable height so that they bounce and roll. The dice must land flatly on the surface of board for the roll to be valid. If the dice are “cocked”, leaning on one of their edges against a checker or against the inside wall of the board, the roll does not count and must be repeated. The roll is also repeated if one or both dice land on top of a checker and stay there, or if one or both dice bounce anywhere out of the right side of the board. If the dice land in between checkers, as long as they have come to rest flatly on the surface of board, the roll is considered valid. A player’s furthest checkers are on his 24 point in his opponent’s home board and these and all his other checkers must move in descending numerical order towards the 1 point. When a player has two or more checkers on a triangle he is said to own that point, and his opponent may not land on these “closed or made points” nor use them in moving the numbers of his dice roll.

Thus a player’s checkers can only land on unoccupied points or those he already owns. (There is no limit to how many checkers a player may have on any point.) And to be more precise, a player must use the exact numbers showing on the dice roll as moves. One checker can use both numbers, but as separate moves, or different checkers can use each number separately. Therefore, if a player has a 2 and 3 to play, even though there might be an unoccupied point five spaces away from one of his checkers, that particular checker cannot be moved if his opponent owns the two points that are 2 and 3 spaces away from his checker since both numbers are blocked. However, all numbers rolled must be played if possible, so he must try his moves with his other checkers elsewhere on the board. When a player rolls the same number on both dies, such as a 5 and a 5, it is called a “doublet” or “double”, and the player gets to play that number four times instead of just two – he may move as many of the four as possible with any combination of his checkers.

Due to blocked points, on any roll, a player will sometimes be able to use only one of the numbers showing on the dice and in some cases neither. However, in a case where he can use one or the other but is then blocked to move the second number, the higher number must be played. When a player leaves a checker alone on a point, it becomes a “blot”, and if the opponent rolls the right number or combination of numbers, he has the option to ”hit” or “send back” one or more blots, although he may choose not to hit at all if there a more strategic play available. When a player hits a blot, he must lift the checker off the point and place it on the vertical “bar” in the centre of the board. Then, on the next roll, the opponent must try to “re-enter" and “re-circulate” the checker, playing it back onto the board from the bar by counting in from the 24 point. One can only re-enter, or "come down" from the bar, onto “open points” in an opponent’s home board.

If one does not roll the number(s) of an open point(s), he may not play his dice rolls with other checkers elsewhere on the board. In the case where an opponent has filled in all six of his home board points, the player on the bar is “closed out” and does not get to roll again until his opponent does open a point he can enter on. Please note that it is impossible that both players get closed out on the bar and that there are no draws or stalemates in backgammon. Owning points is good strategy, and when a player makes several consecutive points in a row anywhere on the board it is called a “prime”. Primes can hinder a player from getting his checkers home while his opponent advances his own army forward. However, the shorter the prime the easier it is for an opponent to roll numbers that jump over a prime. The best is a six-point prime which is impassable although a player may continue to move other checkers not being blocked by the six-point prime, unless, as explained above, the player has one or more checkers on the bar and the six points of a home board are closed.

The Bear Off Process Once all 15 checkers are inside the home board a player begins to bear them off according to the rolls of the dice. A checker on the 6 point can be removed with a 6 on a dice roll, one from the 5 point with a 5, and so forth. Here is where doublets can come in handy to win the race as there are times when a player will be able to bear off four checkers on a single roll. If for example, while bearing off, a player has rolled a 5 but no longer has any checkers on the 5 point, but does have one or more checkers on his 6 point, he must move the 5 from his 6 point over to his 1 point. If he has no checkers on either the 5 or 6 point and has rolled a 5, or even a 6 for that matter, he is allowed to remove a checker from the next lower point where checkers remain. If a player still has checkers in the home board of one who is bearing off, or that player is still on the bar, the one bearing off should attempt to make moves that do not leave blots.

If a blot is exposed and is hit by an opponent, the bear off is delayed until the checker that has been hit re-circulates from the bar into his opponent’s home board on the other side of the board and back around into his own home board - in other words, one must have all his checkers in his homeboard in order to continue bearing off. To further explain the above, if a player has two checkers on his 6 point and two on his 5 point and he rolls a 6-5, if his opponent is waiting on the 2 point for a blot to open, the player does not have to bear off one checker from the 5 point and another from the 6 point for this will leave two blots. To avoid being hit, it is perfectly legal to bear off one from the 6 point and move the other one on the 6 point with the 5 of the dice roll over to the 1 point.

When bearing off, a beginner player may sometimes arrive at a position where it appears as if he has to move both the numbers of his roll inside his board without taking a checker off, but that depends on the position – if a player has four checkers left to bear off, one on each of his 1, 2, 5 and 6 points, and the player rolls a 4 and a 3, no checker comes off, the player must move the 4 and 3 using the checkers on his 5 and 6 point. However, if a player has, for example, two checkers on his 1 point, two on his 3 point and one on his 6 point, and rolls a 5-2, he does not have to play the 5 from the 6 point to the 1 point and then the 2 from his 3 point to his 1 point. Instead, he may first play the 2, from his 6 point to his 4 point, and then bear the checker off from his 4 point using the 5 of the dice roll. Scoring The first player to bear off all his checkers wins the game.

However, if an opponent fails to bear off at least one checker from his home board or is caught with one or more checkers still outside his home board, in the outer board areas, the winner scores a “gammon”. A gammon is worth twice the points or stakes being played for in “match play”, a series of games played up to a certain number of points, or, twice the current wager in a “money game”, a series of single games played at predefined stakes. If the winner has removed all his checkers and his opponent still has one or more checkers in the winner’s home board, or on the bar, the winner scores a ”backgammon”, which is worth triple the number of points or current wager. The Doubling Cube The doubling cube is used to raise the stakes in a game. It has six sides individually marked with the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 on its faces. It is not used in a 1-point match, or single game, unless one is playing a money game.

Anytime after the opening roll in match play, and before he rolls his dice, a player who believes he has an advantageous position may offer his opponent to play for twice the stakes. The doubler takes the cube from the centre of the tray and places it in the middle of the board with the number 2 face up and says “I double”. His opponent agrees to play on by saying “I take”, lifting the cube and placing it in the tray on his side of the board with the 2 showing face up. If the opponent refuses the cube, he says “I drop” or “I pass” and the current games ends with the doubler scoring the win. If a player who has accepted a cube wishes to re-double his opponent later in the game, the cube is offered back at 4 and if taken can be re-offered later by the original doubler at 8, and so on. But for example, if the players are in a 7-point match there is no need to double higher than 8, since 8 points will end a 7-point match in the current game.

If for example, the players are tied 3-3 in the score of a 7-point match, there is no need to double higher than 4. However, the cube may go up to 16, 32 or 64 in longer matches and in money games. When the cube has been used in a game that results in a gammon or backgammon, the winner gets wins twice (for a gammon) or three times (for a backgammon) the number of points showing on the cube. Therefore, in the example of a 7-point match, the match would end in one game if the cube reaches 4 since a gammon would be worth 8 points and a backgammon 12 points. The Crawford and Jacoby Rules There are a couple of additional rules regarding the doubling cube. In match play, the Crawford Rule states that when one of the players reaches a score where he is just one point away from winning the match, the doubling cube may not be used in the following game. However, if the leader does not win the match in that game, the doubling cube maybe be used by his opponent in all subsequent games until the end of the match.

In money games, the Jacoby Rule is an optional rule - players can agree to play with "the Jacoby" or not. When used, this rule states that when no cube has been offered in the money game, then gammons and backgammons do not count and do not scored as such. Improve Your Game Now that you know how to play backgammon get out your board and try a few games with friends or family members. If you wish to learn how to play the game better, sharpen your skills with the help of backgammon expert Paul Money in his GammonLife series called “Beginners Please” . Paul will tell you the best way to play the opening rolls, how to calculate odds and probabilities and much more. You can also get a free program called GNUBG that you can play against on your computer. In addition to a teaching feature, the program will also analyze your skill level and show you where you made errors. You may also use it to analyze yourself and others you play against on the Internet, if the server where you play allows you to save a "match file". To download the program and to learn how to use its many features please see Robert-Jan Veldhuizen's GNU Tutorial . .

Copyright © 2006-2011 by GammonLife.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be broadcast, published, re-written, or re-distributed in any form. The Rules of Backgammon Game Categories The Rules of Backgammon Two variations of Backgammon are included after the main rules - Dutch Backgammon and Acey Deucey, a game popular within the American armed forces. Backgammon Equipment The game of Backgammon is played on a specially designed board consisting of four tables of six thin triangles or points on each table. The points start from the edges of the board nearest the players and are directed inwards so that they form two rows of 12 points opposite each other. A bar bisects the board and the two tables on one side are designated the "inner tables" or "home tables", the others being referred to as the "outer tables". Traditionally, the inner tables should be positioned facing the greatest light source. There are fifteen white disks, fifteen black disks, two dice, two dice shakers and a doubling cube.

The doubling cube is a die having the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 inscribed upon its 6 faces. Preparation and Objective Each player attempts to move all his pieces into the inner table nearest to him (his home table) and once that is achieved, to move or "bear" the pieces off the board. The first player to do this wins. However, that is only half the story because backgammon is not being played properly unless it is being played for stakes. So the ultimate objective of a Backgammon match is to win more stakes than the opponent. Starting Pieces can only move in one direction - from the opponent's inner table through the opponent's outer table, back through the player's outer table and finishing in the player's inner table. White pieces move in a clockwise direction, Black moves in an anti-clockwise direction. Since the inner tables point towards the light, it should therefore be clear who sits where. For the purposes of describing the starting position, the points will be numbered1 to 12 on either side of the board starting with the first square of the inner table and finishing with the last square of the outer table.

On Black's side, position 2 white pieces on point 1, 5 black pieces on square 6, 3 black pieces on square 8 and five white pieces on square 12. White's side should mirror this arrangement exactly. Although Backgammon is played for stakes, this does not necessarily mean money - one can use counters, beans or one can just keep a score with pen and paper. However, the gambling element can be eliminated completely by following the normal rules and merely ignoring the doubling cube and the stakes. Normally, however, a stake is decided up front be it monetary or otherwise. To begin, each player rolls one die each at the same time. If a double is rolled, then the stake is doubled and both players roll again. This is repeated until one player rolls a higher number than the other. The player with the highest throw then uses the dice throw from both players to take the first turn and also chooses to play white or black (and thus which side to sit). Doubling and stakes At any time after the first turn, either player can offer to double the stakes prior to casting the dice.

Upon being presented with such an ultimatum, the other player must choose either to forfeit the game and the current stake or accept the offer. Once the stake has been doubled once in this way, only the player who accepted the most recent offer to double the stake can offer to re-double it. Whenever this happens, the other player either forfeits the game or accepts the double and the opportunity to offer the next double. The doubling cube is used to record the current amount of the stake. Basic Play Each turn consists of the opportunity to move counters towards the player's inner table according to the roll of the two dice. Unless a double is thrown, two moves are allowed, one for each number on the dice. When a double is thrown, four moves are allowed of the number on the dice. Player's are not allowed to pass on their moves - as many moves as possible must be made each turn. A point with two or more pieces of the same colour on it is safe - the opponent cannot land a piece on such a point.. A point hosting only one piece is called a "blot".

Such a piece is vulnerable - if the opponent lands on this point the piece is captured and moved to the bar (this means physically placed on the middle bar dividing the board). Captured pieces are re-entered on the furthest point from the player's inner table. A throw of 1 allows the piece to move from the bar to point one of the opponent's inner table. A throw of 5 allows the piece to enter at point 5 of the opponent's inner table. If a player has one or more pieces on the bar, no other pieces can be moved until all such pieces have re-entered play. So if the dice throw and position of enemy pieces prevents a player from re-entering a piece onto the board from the bar, the player cannot move any other piece and play passes to the opponent. A point hosting two or more of the opponent's pieces is said to be "blocked". If six points in a row are blocked, the opponent is said to have formed a "prime". This is a highly advantageous achievement because a prime cannot be traversed by an opponent but is completely free to be traversed by the player who created it.

Bearing Off Once all pieces are present in a player's inner table, that player can start "bearing off". A throw of 1 allows a player to bear off a piece from point 1 of his inner table, a throw of 2 allows a player to bear off a piece from point 2 of his inner table and so on. Pieces borne off are simply removed from the board. Player's do not have to bear off - if available, they can choose to move a piece within their inner table instead. This is often done to pair up singlets in order to prevent them from capture. When a player rolls a number that is higher than the highest point of the inner table upon which that player has pieces, the player is allowed to bear off the next highest piece. For example, with a roll of double 5, if the player has a piece on point 5, two pieces on point 3, one piece on point 2 and one piece on point 1, the player would bear off the four highest placed pieces and be left with just one piece on point 1.

If after starting to bear off, a player's piece is captured, that piece must re-enter at the other side of the board and bearing off cannot re-start until all pieces are once again residing in the inner table. Finishing The first player to bear off all pieces wins the game. If the opponent has borne off at least one piece, a single game is won and the current stake is forfeited. If the opponent has not borne off any pieces, this is a "gammon" and worth double the current stake. If the opponent has a piece left on the bar or within the opponent's inner table, this is a "backgammon" and worth triple the current stake. Dutch Backgammon This is played in the same way as Backgammon with only 2 differences: All the pieces start off the board "in hand" and all 15 must be entered on the opponent's inner table before any can proceed further A player cannot take an opponent's piece until at least one of his pieces has been moved into his inner (bearing) table.

Acey Deucey This gambling game is popular with the US military forces and is similar to Dutch Backgammon - the keynote feature is that a throw of a 1 and a 2 is a special throw called "acey deucey". It is played in the same way as backgammon with the following rule differences: At the beginning, the player who starts also chooses which table to enter and the opposing player must enter on the opposite table and travel in the opposite direction. This, of course, is a purely cosmetic modification to the rules and does not affect the outcome of the game at all. All pieces start off the board "in hand". It isn't necessary for all pieces to be entered before any other piece can move. This applies at the beginning and during the game. A player throwing an acey deucey first moves a 1 and a 2 in the normal way. Then the player chooses a double from 1 to 6 and moves again, exactly as if that double had been thrown. e.g. if the player selects double five, that player makes 4 moves of 5 each. Finally, the player is entitled to another throw of the dice, effectively a new turn.

However, if a player is not able to move both the initial 1 and 2, then the turns stops immediately and the double and the extra throw are forfeited. Similarly, if all four moves that constitute the double cannot be taken, the ensuing extra throw is forfeited. Doubling is not part of Acey Deucey and there is no doubling cube. However, some people play that the stake is doubled each time an acey-deucey is thrown. Acey Deucey also has a different method to determine the winnings each game. At the end of the game, the losing player must pay the winning player the stake times the number of pieces still remaining on the board.

Question: With how many pieces does each player start a game of Backgammon?
Answer: 15