Colon | definition of colon by Medical dictionary Colon | definition of colon by Medical dictionary colon [ko´lon] the part of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; it is divided as follows: the ascending colon passes upward from the cecum to the lower edge of the liver, where it bends and becomes the transverse colon; the transverse colon crosses the abdominal cavity from right to left below the stomach and then bends downward to become the descending colon; the descending colon then extends downward along the left side of the abdomen, and at the brim of the pelvis it becomes the sigmoid colon, an S-shaped curve leading down to the sacrum where it becomes the rectum . See also digestive system and see color plates. adj., adj colon´ic. irritable colon (nervous colon) (spastic colon) terms formerly used for irritable bowel syndrome . co·lon (kō'lon), [TA] In medical dictation, the phrase colon mark is customarily used to identify the punctuation mark (:) when there is any possibility of confusion with the anatomic word. The large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum. [G.

kolon] colon /co·lon/ (ko´lon) [L.] the part of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum. ascending colon the portion of the colon passing cephalad from the cecum to the right colic flexure. congenital pouch colon a congenital malformation in which part or all of it is replaced by a dilated pouch and there is anorectal malformation with a fistula between the colon and the genitourinary tract. descending colon the portion of the colon passing caudad from the left colic flexure to the sigmoid colon. iliac colon the part of the descending colon lying in the left iliac fossa and continuous with the sigmoid colon. An elevated 'tumor' mass, which is usually epithelial, and often neoplastic; polyps are common in the colon, ♀ genital tract, nasopharynx, stomach See Bladder polyp , Cervical polyp , Colon polyp , Hairy polyp , Inflammatory polyp , Inflammatory fibroid polyp, Juvenile polyp , Pseudopolyp , Retention polyp .

Polyps Colon Colonic polyps are usually epithelial, and are acquired or hereditary Acquired polyps Adenomatous (tubular or villous) in morphology, ↑ frequency with age; although often asymptomatic, larger polyps are often announced by bleeding, or changed bowel habits; if really large, APs may form a leading 'front' of an intussusception; distinction between adenomatous polyps ('tight' round glands) and villous adenomas (finger-like fronds of elongated glands) has little practical importance–both have malignant potential; periodic colonoscopy and polypectomy yields a 3-fold ↓ in subsequent cancer; hyperplastic polyps are also acquired but are non-neoplastic Hereditary polyps are epithelial and may overlap with each other • Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) A premalignant, AD MIM 175100 condition presenting in early adulthood with 100s to 1000s of colonic polyps, related to a loss of the normal repression of DNA synthesis in the entire colonic epithelium; adenocarcinoma occurs in 70–100% of Pts,

 prevented by prophylactic colectomy • Gardner syndrome A rare AD MIM 175100 condition with premalignant polyps of the entire GI tract, which is identical to FAP, but has, in addition, extraintestinal tumors; most Pts develop colon carcinoma; other neoplasms in GS Pts include bile duct carcinoma, osteomas of the mandible, skull, and long bones, soft tissue tumors (fibromas, lipomas), sebaceous cysts, and rarely, thyroid and adrenal gland cancers • Turcott syndrome A rare AR MIM 276300 condition associated with brain tumors, eg medulloblastoma, glioblastoma • Other colon polyps Hamartomas, hyperplastic polyps, juvenile and retention polyps–little neoplastic potential • Turcott syndrome A non-hereditary condition characterized by diffuse GI polyposis, accompanied by alopecia, nail atrophy, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, weight loss, protein-losing enteropathy, electrolyte imbalance and malnutrition • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome An AD MIM 175200 condition with hamartomas of the entire GI tract, predominantly of the small intestine,

 focal Paneth cell hyperplasia, melanin spots in buccal mucosa, lips, and digits, intussusception and bleeding; colonic adenocarcinomas, when seen in PJS, arise in adenomatous and not in hamartomatous polyps; PJS may be associated with Sertoli cell tumor with annular tubules, see SCTAT.

Female urogenital tract Endometrial and endocervical polyps are circumscribed foci of cystic glandular hyperplasia of the mucosa and may cause abnormal bleeding; carcinoma arising in such polyps is rare; when smooth muscle is also present, they are designated as adenomatous polyps DiffDx Polypoid smooth muscle tumors, benign and malignant. See Müllerian mixed tumor.

Nasopharynx Nasal polyps Inflammatory ('allergic') polyps of the nasal cavity are not neoplastic, but rather reactive to inflammation or allergy; unlike true polyps, nasal polyps display edema and chronic inflammation (eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes), are bilateral, recurrent, and intranasal Skin Squamous polyps and fibroepithelial polyps or 'skin tags' are benign prolapses of upper dermis onto the skin surface, which have no neoplastic potential Stomach polyp Gastric polyp It is often (incorrectly) assumed that colon polyps are analogous to gastric polyps; hyperplastic polyps (type I and II polyps by Japanese authors) comprise 75% of all gastric polyps; they are neoplastic, but are usually benign co·lon (ko'lon) [L. colon, fr Gr.

kolon, large intestine] COLON AND RECTUM: Normal colon, seen endoscopically COLON AND RECTUM: Normal colon, seen endoscopically COLON AND RECTUM: Normal colon, seen endoscopically The large intestine from the end of the ileum to the anal canal that surrounds the anus, about 59 in (1.5 m) long; divided into the ascending, the transverse, the descending, and the sigmoid or pelvic colon. Beginning at the cecum, the first part of the large intestine (ascending colon) passes upward to the right colic or hepatic flexure, where it turns as the transverse colon passing ventral to the liver and stomach. On reaching the spleen, it turns downward (left colic or splenic flexure) and continues as the descending colon to the brim of the pelvis, where it is continuous with the sigmoid colon and extends to the rectum. See: illustration Function Mechanical: The colon mixes the intestinal contents. Chemical: The colon does not secrete digestive enzymes. The products of bacterial action that are absorbed into the bloodstream are carried by the portal circulation to the liver before they enter the general circulation.

More water is absorbed in the colon than in the small intestine. In this way, body fluids are conserved, and despite the large volumes of secretions added to the food during its progress through the alimentary canal, the contents of the colon are gradually dehydrated until they assume the consistency of normal feces or even become quite hard. See: absorption, colon ; defecation Bacteria of the colon The normal microbial flora in the colon, some of which may produce vitamins, esp. vitamin K; metabolize proteins and sugars; produce organic acids and ammonia; and deconjugate bile acids. Several conditions, such as use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, or dieting, may alter the normal flora. Although Escherichia coli is the most widely known bacterium that inhabits the colon, it is not the most common, being outnumbered by anaerobic Bacteroides species by a very wide margin. irritable colon Irritable bowel syndrome. colon The large intestine. It is called ‘large’ because of its diameter. Its main function is to conserve water by absorption from the bowel contents. It also promotes the growth of bacteria which synthesize vitamins.

colon a part of the large intestine of mammals, consisting of a wide tube with folded walls between the ILEUM of the small intestine and the RECTUM . The main function of the colon is the reabsorption of water from the FAECES . Colon The part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum. The sigmoid colon is the area of the intestine just above the rectum; linking the descending colon with the rectum. It is shaped like the letter S. What are Haustra? (with pictures) What are Haustra? Originally Written By: Vickie Christensen Revised By: C. Mitchell Last Modified Date: 02 December 2016 Copyright Protected: You won't believe these 10 facts about people Haustra is the collective name for the small pouches running along the large intestine in humans and many other animals that give the intestine its ribbed, segmented appearance. They’re formed at the intersection of the intestinal wall and longitudinal muscles known as taenie, and play an important role when it comes to processing solid waste and moving it along the intestinal tract.

Solid matter is trapped in each pouch, where it is squeezed and where the body extracts water; then, through a series of contractions, it’s moved along to the next pouch or pocket where the routine begins again. Without these pouches, digestion would be a lot more difficult, and problems with regular contractions can lead to a number of gastrointestinal issues. Healthcare experts often recommend that people eat diets high in fiber and lean proteins to help promote proper intestinal function, particularly if they’re prone to problems like diarrhea, cramps , or constipation . Ad Main Function The haustra, which may also be called haustra coli, haustrations of the colon, and sacculations of the colon, are where solid waste begins its transformation into feces, which makes them a really important part of the digestive process. The formation of sacculations increases the surface area of the large intestine, and this helps the colon achieve its three primary functions of retaining, transporting, and finally eliminating digested material as fecal matter. Muscles of the colon move the watery waste material forward and slowly absorb excess water while soluble and insoluble indigestible carbohydrates travel down the large intestine.

As material travels from one haustrum to the next, the intestine removes a majority of the water. Digestive remains are mixed with bacteria and mucus to make feces. Next, this material moves to the ascending colon where more water is removed, and the stools become more solid as they travel along into the descending colon . At this point, intestinal bacteria use some of the fiber to nourish themselves. Contractions and Puckering Movement usually happens as a result of haustral contractions, which occur about every 25 minutes. These are painless and can’t usually even be detected by a person. They are more or less an automatic response that causes the colon contents to move to the next segment or pouch. Development in Humans The pouches happen as a result of taenial muscle intersections. The taeniae are long narrow muscles in the large intestine. It is the puckering action of the tenia coli that is responsible for circular muscle fibers found at about every inch (2.54 cm) in the large intestine. In between the haustra are semilunar folds, known as the plicae semilunares.

Tubes with taeniae and semilunar folds are adaptations, which assist in effective regulation of digesta or items in the alimentary tract undergoing digestion. Researchers have examined human fetuses to determine when these sacculations or colon tucks first appear, and in most cases they conclude that pouches develop in human fetuses at about the 10th or 11th week of gestation. The taeniae, which are linked to the formation of haustral clefts, also appear at this time. Common Problems A number of digestive problems can be traced to defects with these intestinal pouches. Some of the most serious involve situations in which a person’s pouches aren’t regular, which is to say that they don’t occur at sequential intervals the way they’re supposed to. This is most commonly caused by genetic flaw, and is relatively rare. It’s more common to see problems with haustral contractions. When contractions happen too fast, a condition known as “ spastic colon ” can emerge, which can cause frequent, watery stools. There are a number of things that can cause this, but stress and poor diet are usually among the most common culprits.

Healthcare professionals typically recommend that people eat a diet high in fibers, particularly fruits and whole grains, to optimize intestinal health. Getting plenty of exercise and spending a significant portion of each day standing rather than sitting can also help improve intestinal movement and timing. Certain medications and surgical interventions can help some people, but these sorts of fixes are typically seen as a last resort. Ad Spastic bowel syndrome | definition of Spastic bowel syndrome by Medical dictionary Spastic bowel syndrome | definition of Spastic bowel syndrome by Medical dictionary Related to Spastic bowel syndrome: irritable bowel syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome Definition Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common intestinal condition characterized by abdominal pain and cramps; changes in bowel movements ( diarrhea , constipation, or both); gassiness; bloating; nausea; and other symptoms. There is no cure for IBS. Much about the condition remains unknown or poorly understood; however, dietary changes, drugs, and psychological treatment are often able to eliminate or substantially reduce its symptoms. Description IBS is the name people use today for a condition that was once called—among other things—colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, nervous colon, spastic bowel, and functional bowel disorder.

Some of these names reflected the now outdated belief that IBS is a purely psychological disorder, a product of the patient's imagination. Although modern medicine recognizes that stress can trigger IBS attacks, medical specialists agree that IBS is a genuine physical disorder—or group of disorders—with specific identifiable characteristics. No one knows for sure how many Americans suffer from IBS. Surveys indicate a range of 10-20%, with perhaps as many as 30% of Americans experiencing IBS at some point in their lives. IBS normally makes its first appearance during young adulthood, and in half of all cases symptoms begin before age 35. Women with IBS outnumber men by two to one, for reasons that are not yet understood. IBS is responsible for more time lost from work and school than any medical problem other than the common cold . It accounts for a substantial proportion of the patients seen by specialists in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologists). Yet only half-possibly as few as 15%—of IBS sufferers ever consult a doctor. Causes and symptoms Symptoms The symptoms of IBS tend to rise and fall in intensity rather than growing steadily worse over time.

They always include abdominal pain, which may be relieved by defecation; diarrhea or constipation; or diarrhea alternating with constipation. Other symptoms—which vary from person to person—include cramps; gassiness; bloating; nausea; a powerful and uncontrollable urge to defecate (urgency); passage of a sticky fluid (mucus) during bowel movements; or the feeling after finishing a bowel movement that the bowels are still not completely empty. The accepted diagnostic criteria—known as the Rome criteria—require at least three months of continuous or recurrent symptoms before IBS can be confirmed. According to Christine B. Dalton and Douglas A. Drossman in the American Family Physician, an estimated 70% of IBS cases can be described as "mild;" 25% as "moderate;" and 5% as "severe." In mild cases the symptoms are slight. As a general rule, they are not present all the time and do not interfere with work and other normal activities. Moderate IBS occasionally disrupts normal activities and may cause some psychological problems. People with severe IBS often find living a normal life impossible and experience crippling psychological problems as a result. For some the physical pain is constant and intense.

Causes Researchers remain unsure about the cause or causes of IBS. It is called a functional disorder because it is thought to result from changes in the activity of the major part of the large intestine (the colon). After food is digested by the stomach and small intestine, the undigested material passes in liquid form into the colon, which absorbs water and salts. This process may take several days. In a healthy person the colon is quiet during most of that period except after meals, when its muscles contract in a series of wavelike movements called peristalsis. Peristalsis helps absorption by bringing the undigested material into contact with the colon wall. It also pushes undigested material that has been converted into solid or semisolid feces toward the rectum, where it remains until defecation. In IBS, however, the normal rhythm and intensity of peristalsis is disrupted. Sometimes there is too little peristalsis, which can slow the passage of undigested material through the colon and cause constipation. Sometimes there is too much, which has the opposite effect and causes diarrhea.

A Johns Hopkins University study found that healthy volunteers experienced 6-8 contractions of the colon each day, compared with up to 25 contractions a day for volunteers suffering from IBS with diarrhea, and an almost complete absence of contractions among constipated IBS volunteers. In addition to differences in the number of contractions, many of the IBS volunteers experienced powerful spasmodic contractions affecting a larger-than-normal area of the colon—"like having a Charlie horse in the gut," according to one of the investigators. DIET. Some kinds of food and drink appear to play a key role in triggering IBS attacks. Food and drink that healthy people can ingest without any trouble may disrupt peristalsis in IBS patients, which probably explains why IBS attacks often occur shortly after meals. Chocolate, milk products, caffeine (in coffee, tea, colas, and other drinks), and large quantities of alcohol are some of the chief culprits. Other kinds of food have also been identified as problems, however, and the pattern of what can and cannot be tolerated is different for each person. Characteristically, IBS symptoms rarely occur at night and disrupt the patient's sleep. STRESS .

Stress is an important factor in IBS because of the close nervous system connections between the brain and the intestines. Although researchers do not yet understand all of the links between changes in the nervous system and IBS, they point out the similarities between mild digestive upsets and IBS. Just as healthy people can feel nauseated or have an upset stomach when under stress, people with IBS react the same way, but to a greater degree. Finally, IBS symptoms sometimes intensify during menstruation, which suggests that female reproductive hormones are another trigger. Diagnosis Diagnosing IBS is a fairly complex task because the disorder does not produce changes that can be identified during a physical examination or by laboratory tests. When IBS is suspected, the doctor (who can be either a family doctor or a specialist) needs to determine whether the patient's symptoms satisfy the Rome criteria. The doctor must rule out other conditions that resemble IBS, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis . These disorders are ruled out by questioning the patient about his or her physical and mental health (the medical history), performing a physical examination, and ordering laboratory tests. Normally the patient is asked to provide a stool sample that can be tested for blood and intestinal parasites.

In some cases x rays or an internal examination of the colon using a flexible instrument inserted through the anus (a sigmoidoscope or colonoscope) is necessary. The doctor also may ask the patient to try a lactose-free diet for two or three weeks to see whether lactose intolerance is causing the symptoms. Treatment Dietary changes, sometimes supplemented by drugs or psychotherapy, are considered the key to successful treatment. The following approach, offered by Dalton and Drossman, is typical of the advice found in the medical literature on IBS. The authors tie their approach to the severity of the patient's symptoms: Mild symptoms Dalton and Drossman recommend a low-fat, high-fiber diet. Problem-causing substances such as lactose, caffeine, beans, cabbage, cucumbers, broccoli, fatty foods, alcohol, and medications should be identified and avoided. Bran or 15-25 grams a day of an over-the-counter psyllium laxative (Metamucil or Fiberall) may also help both constipation and diarrhea. The patient can still have milk or milk products if lactose intolerance is not a problem. People with irregular bowel habits—particularly constipated patients—may be helped by establishing set times for meals and bathroom visits.

Moderate symptoms The advice given by Dalton and Drossman in mild cases applies here as well. They also suggest that patients keep a diary of symptoms for two or three weeks, covering daily activities including meals, and emotional responses to events. The doctor can then review the diary with the patient to identify possible problem areas. Although a high-fiber diet remains the standard treatment for constipated patients, such laxatives as lactulose (Chronulac) or sorbitol may be prescribed. Loperamide (Imodium) and cholestyramine (Questran) are suggested for diarrhea. Abdominal pain after meals can be reduced by taking antispasmodic drugs such as hyoscyamine (Anaspaz, Cystospaz, or Levsin) or dicyclomine (Bemote, Bentyl, or Di-Spaz) before eating. Dalton and Drossman also suggest psychological counseling or behavioral therapy for some patients to reduce anxiety and to learn to cope with the pain and other symptoms of IBS. Relaxation therapy, hypnosis, biofeedback , and cognitive-behavioral therapy are examples of behavioral therapy.

Severe symptoms When IBS produces constant pain that interferes with everyday life, antidepressant drugs can help by blocking pain transmission from the nervous system. Dalton and Drossman also underscore the importance of an ongoing and supportive doctor-patient relationship. Alternative treatment Alternative and mainstream approaches to IBS treatment overlap to a certain extent. Like mainstream doctors, alternative practitioners advise a high-fiber diet to reduce digestive system irritation. They also suggest avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and fatty, gassy, or spicy foods. Recommended stress management techniques include yoga , meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback, and reflexology . Reflexology is a technique of foot massage that is thought to relieve diarrhea, constipation, and other IBS symptoms. Alternative medicine also emphasizes such herbal remedies as ginger (Zingiber officinale), buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana), and enteric-coated peppermint oil. Enteric coating prevents digestion until the peppermint oil reaches the small intestine, thus avoiding irritation of the upper part of the digestive tract.

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), and other herbs are recommended for their antispasmodic properties. The list of alternative treatments for IBS is in fact quite long. It includes aromatherapy , homeopathy, hydrotherapy , juice therapy, acupuncture , chiropractic, osteopathy, naturopathic medicine, and Chinese traditional herbal medicine. Prognosis IBS is not a life-threatening condition. It does not cause intestinal bleeding or inflammation, nor does it cause other bowel diseases or cancer . Although IBS can last a lifetime, in up to 30% of cases the symptoms eventually disappear. Even if the symptoms cannot be eliminated, with appropriate treatment they can usually be brought under control to the point where IBS becomes merely an occasional inconvenience. Treatment requires a long-term commitment, however; six months or more may be needed before the patient notices substantial improvement. Resources 1. capable of reacting to a stimulus. 2. abnormally sensitive to stimuli.

irritable bowel syndrome the most common disorder presented by patients with gastrointestinal complaints, consisting of (1) altered bowel habits with diarrhea, constipation, or alternating diarrhea and constipation; (2) abdominal pain and intolerance to flatus; and (3) absence of detectable organic disease. Many inappropriate terms have been used to describe this disorder, including mucous colitis, nervous colon, spastic colon, and irritable colon. This syndrome should not be confused with colitis or other inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract; in irritable bowel syndrome there is no inflammation, and it is not necessarily limited to the colon. Patient Care. Because of psychological factors that usually contribute to the disorder and its tendency to be chronic in nature, treatment should be holistic and individualized to meet the needs of each patient. In most cases, treatment is needed for an extended period of time. Patients should be assured that there is no relationship between their disorder and malignancy of the bowel. Modes of therapy include psychotherapy, biofeedback training, medications such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, and analgesics, and a diet that is high in bran and fiber.

Nursing care for the patient with irritable bowel syndrome is essentially the same as that for someone with diarrhea or constipation . Patient teaching should include information about gas-forming foods such as legumes and those in the cabbage family. Milk and milk products are restricted in those patients who have shown an intolerance to milk. Anxiety can often be mitigated by teaching the patient about the nature of the illness and reassurance that it is not related to malignancy of the bowel and can be managed by relatively simple, noninvasive measures. Ineffective coping patterns are not uncommon in these patients. When there is evidence that the patient is either unable to cope or is using harmful coping mechanisms such as smoking, drinking, or drug abuse, health teaching concerning relaxation techniques, wholesome diet, exercise, and recreation is appropriate. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating, all in the absence of organic pathology. Associated with uncoordinated and inefficient contractions of the large intestine. irritable bowel syndrome n. Abbr. IBS A chronic disorder characterized by motor abnormalities of the small and large intestines, causing variable symptoms including cramping, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea.

Also called irritable colon, spastic colon. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Etymology: L, irritare, to tease; OFr, boel + Gk, syn, together, dromos, course abnormally increased motility of the small and large intestines, of unknown origins. Most of those affected are young adults who complain of diarrhea and, occasionally, pain in the lower abdomen. The pain is usually relieved by passing flatus or stool. In diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome, other more serious conditions, such as dysentery, lactose intolerance, and the inflammatory bowel diseases, must be ruled out. Because there is no organic disease present in irritable bowel syndrome, no specific treatment is necessary. Many persons benefit from the use of bulk-producing agents in the diet because bulk tends to stabilize the water content of the stool. Antidiarrheal drugs are helpful in decreasing the frequency of stool. Although this is a functional disorder, patients experience pain and discomfort and need emotional support. Mild tranquilizers or antidepressants are sometimes given to relieve anxiety or depression. Also called functional bowel syndrome, mucous colitis, spastic colon .

irritable bowel syndrome Irritable colon GI disease A condition characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, mucus in stools, irregular bowel habits, alternating diarrhea and constipation; IBS may accompany anxiety and panic disorders; Sx tend to wax and wane over yrs; the primary defect appears to be abnormal GI tract contractions–motility, which does not lead to any serious organ problems; it is a diagnosis of exclusion Management Symptomatic–high fiber diet, exercise, relaxation techniques, avoid caffeine, milk products, sweeteners, medications ir·ri·ta·ble bow·el syn·drome (IBS) , irritable colon (ir'i-tă-bĕl bow'ĕl sin'drōm, kō'lŏn) A condition characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms including constipation, diarrhea, gas and bloating, all in the absence of organic pathology. Associated with uncoordinated and inefficient contractions of the large intestine. Synonym(s): spastic colon . irritable bowel syndrome A persistent disorder of unknown cause characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, abdominal rumblings (borborygmi), excessive gas production, urgency to empty the bowels and intermittent diarrhoea often alternating with constipation.

It most commonly affects women between 20 and 40 especially those of an anxious disposition. After full investigation and reassurance the symptoms will often settle on simple treatment. There is no consensus of opinion and no hard evidence as to the cause of this common disorder. Also known as spastic colon, mucous colitis, colonic spasm or nervous diarrhoea. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Digestive Diseases: Rectal & Colon Diseases | Cleveland Clinic Many Americans have difficulty moving their bowels. Many things contribute to this problem. Some causes include diet and activity level and others are unknown. This article will describe some of the more common bowel problems. Anatomy and physiology The large bowel consists of the colon (5 feet long) and the rectum (8 inches long). Many times the rectum is referred to as the opening where stool emerges, but that is actually the anus. The rectum is 4 inches long and just upstream from the anus. Just upstream from the large bowel is the small bowel. The colon's main function is to process the 3 pints of liquid stool it receives each day into a manageable amount of solid stool, ready for evacuation. The rectum coordinates the process of evacuation.

Normally, a person can pass up to 200 grams of solid stool daily. However there is a lot of variation in the amount of stool a normal person passes. This can vary from 3 times daily to 3 times per week. Functional disorders Functional disorders are disorders in which the bowel looks normal but doesn't work properly. These are the most common problems affecting the colon and rectum. The direct cause is frequently unknown. Constipation poor habits, especially delaying using the toilet Movement problems in the large bowel, including slow or uncoordinated movement A person who is constipated may strain during a bowel movement or just pass very hard stool. Passage of hard stool may contribute to the development of anal problems such as fissures (painful cracks in the anal tissue lining) or hemorrhoids . Irritable or sensitive bowel is a condition in which the colon muscle contracts in an abnormal fashion, which may lead to several problems. Some patients have predominantly diarrhea ; others have constipation; and others alternate between constipation and diarrhea. The abnormal contraction can lead to high pressure that builds up in the colon causing abdominal cramps , gas , bloating, and sometimes extreme urgency.

Irritable bowel syndrome(sensitive colon; spastic colon) Irritable or sensitive bowel is a condition in which the colon muscle contracts in an abnormal fashion, which may lead to several problems. Some patients have predominantly diarrhea, others constipation, and others mixed constipation and diarrhea. The abnormal contraction can lead to high pressure that builds up in the colon causing abdominal cramps, gas, bloating, and sometimes extreme urgency. Treatment includes avoiding foods that make the problems worse, tailoring diet to the particular symptoms, managing stress , and medications. Structural disorders Structural disorders are those in which there is something visually abnormal that may need to be removed, altered or repaired by an operation. These may include removing a portion of the colon for diverticulitis or for a cancer. Anal disorders Internal hemorrhoids Internal hemorrhoids are normal blood vessels that line the inside of the anal opening. We are born with them. They are thought to be the fine tuning mechanism that allows us to contain gas and avoid passing it until we feel it is socially acceptable. When they become enlarged as a result of straining or pregnancy , they may become irritated and start to bleed. Occasionally internal hemorrhoids can become enlarged enough to protrude outside the anal opening.

New treatments are being developed all the time. Traditional care has included improving bowel habits, using elastic bands to pull the internal hemorrhoids back into the rectum, or removing them surgically. There are new devices that use sound waves to discover exactly where the excessive blood flow is occurring into these vessels and allow the doctor to specifically tie off the area. Also there is the 'stapled' hemorrhoidectomy where a special device is used to pull the hemorrhoid tissue back into the body and staple it in place. Doctors can examine patients and pick the treatment that would best treat their problems. External hemorrhoids External hemorrhoids are veins that lie just under the skin on the outside of the anus. Usually they do not cause any symptoms. Occasionally a blood clot can form and can be very painful. Many times this will get better on its own. Sometimes, removal of the clot is done under local anesthesia in the doctor's office. These are not dangerous blood clots that can travel to other organs. The biggest concern they raise is pain. Anal fissure An anal fissure is a split or tear in the lining of the anus that occurs after trauma, which can be from a hard stool or even diarrhea.

As a result, the person experiences bleeding and intense burning pain after bowel movements. The pain is caused by spasm of the sphincter muscle, which is exposed to air by this tear. The pain with bowel movements has been described as the feeling of passing razor blades. Fissures are the anal problem misdiagnosed most commonly. They frequently are mistaken for hemorrhoids. Fissures often get better by themselves. If they don't improve, your doctor can recommend an ointment or medication that will relieve the pain. In certain cases, surgery may be recommended if the tear does not heal due to excessive sphincter spasm. Perianal abscess Our anal region has tiny glands that open on the inside of the anus and probably aid in passage of stool. When one of these glands becomes blocked, an infection may develop. When pus forms, there is an abscess (a pocket of pus). Treatment includes draining the abscess, usually under local anesthesia in the doctor's office. Fistula-in-ano In about 50% of cases after drainage of a perianal abscess, a tunnel develops from the gland on the inside of the anus to the skin around the anus. This is termed a fistula-in-ano.

Fistulas drain mucous fluid onto the skin and blood. They rarely heal by themselves and usually need surgery. Other perianal infections Between the anal area and the tailbone, hair in this region can burrow under the surface and causing infection. This is called pilonidal disease . It may present as abscess in this area just below the tailbone or small draining openings. Usually surgery is needed to treat this problem. Sexually transmitted diseases that can affect the anus include herpes , AIDS , chlamydia , and gonorrhea . Anal warts that are small growths on the anal skin that look like tiny pink cauliflowers and are caused by a virus ( HPV ). Colon and rectal disorders Diverticular disease Colonic diverticula are little out-pouchings or sacs in the bowel lining that occur when the lining gets pushed through weak spots in the muscle of the bowel wall. They usually occur in the sigmoid colon, where the large bowel exerts the highest pressure. Diverticular disease is very common in Western societies and may be due to low-fiber Western diets. Diverticula rarely cause symptoms unless one of the sacs gets blocked and infected.

This occurs in about 10% of people with diverticula and is termed diverticulitis. Occasionally, bleeding will occur in this area. Surgery is needed in about half the patients who have complications of their diverticula. Polyps and cancer Cancer of the colon and rectum is a major health problem in America today. It occurs when there is a complete loss of control of the way lining cells of the large bowel grow and divide. Many things contribute to this loss of control. Some of these things are in our environment, some are contained in our diet, and some are in our genetics (what we inherit from our parents). The first abnormality seen in this pathway when the control of the lining cells is first affected is a polyp. A polyp is a small growth that may look like a mushroom protruding from the lining tissue of the large bowel. There are many types of polyps and not all are the type that can turn into cancer. However, removing these polyps before they develop severe changes and grow can prevent the progression to cancer. When cancer develops surgery is required for removal. Chemotherapy may be recommended for cancer of the colon or rectum. Certain cancers of the rectum may require radiation treatment .

With prompt, expert treatment, most people can be cured of colorectal cancer. Many people are worried about the risk of having a colostomy or bag on the abdominal skin to collect stool. Hardly anyone needs a permanent colostomy. Because colorectal cancer comes from polyps, colonoscopy can prevent colorectal cancer by finding and removing polyps. People at special risk for colorectal cancer include those who have had polyps or cancers in the past, or those who have a history of colorectal cancer in their family. Indeed, the decreased incidence of colorectal cancer in the U.S. in recent years can be attributed to the rising acceptance of cancer surveillance colonoscopy. Colitis Colitis is a group of conditions that cause inflammation of the large bowel. There are several types of colitis, including: Infectious colitis (due to an infection that attacks the large bowel) Ischemic colitis (caused by not enough blood going to the colon) Radiation colitis (after radiotherapy usually for prostate, rectal, or gynecological cancer) Crohn's disease (cause not known) Colitis causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal cramps, and urgency.

Treatment depends on the diagnosis, which is made by colonoscopy and biopsy. Summary Many diseases of the colon and rectum can be prevented or treated by seeking prompt medical care. Most importantly, colon cancer is a preventable disease. The most important risk factor is having a direct family member who had colon cancer. Discussion with your doctor can determine when you need an evaluation (usually a colonoscopy ) to look for polyps. For people with no family history and no symptoms, the current recommendation is that everyone should have their first colonoscopy at age 50. People who have symptoms of any of these conditions should consult their doctor without delay. References: McQuaid KR. Gastrointestinal Disorders. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2015. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014. library.ccf.org Accessed 4/13/2015. Mills JC, Stappenbeck TS. Gastrointestinal Disease. In: Hammer GD, McPhee SJ. eds. Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, Seventh Edition.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013. library.ccf.org Accessed 4/13/2015. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Digestive Diseases A-Z Accessed 4/13/2015. © Copyright 1995-2016 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. All rights reserved. This information is provided by the Cleveland Clinic and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or health care provider. Please consult your health care provider for advice about a specific medical condition. This document was last reviewed on: 4/10/2015…#4090 Related Institutes & Services Irritable Bowel Syndrome Information Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close A syndrome is a collection of symptoms that often occur together. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common syndrome that causes many individuals to seek medical help. This condition is separate from inflammatory bowel disease and is not related to other bowel conditions.

Irritable bowel syndrome is also known as spastic colon, irritable colon, mucous colitis, and spastic colitis. The condition includes symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain and bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. Some individuals who have the condition have minor symptoms, while others experience a significant impact on daily life. IBS can cause intestinal damage in some causes. Typically it just causes a range of symptoms. According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), approximately 20 percent of Americans experience IBS symptoms, and more women than men are affected. IBS does not increase your risk for gastrointestinal cancers, but it can still have a significant effect on your life. What Causes IBS? The exact cause of IBS is unknown. Possible causes include an overly sensitive colon or immune system. Post-infectious IBS is caused by a previous bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract.

The physical processes involved in IBS can vary, but may consist of: slowed or spastic movements of the colon, causing painful cramping abnormal serotonin levels in the colon, affecting motility and bowel movements mild celiac disease that damages the intestines, causing IBS symptoms Symptoms of IBS Individuals with IBS have gastrointestinal complaints that last at least three months for at least three days per month. Symptoms such as bloating and gas are typically resolved after having a bowel movement. It’s not uncommon for an individual with IBS to have episodes of both constipation and diarrhea. These symptoms do not have to be persistent. They can be present for a period of time and then resolve, only to come back. Some individuals experience continuous symptoms. How Is IBS Diagnosed? Your doctor may be able to diagnose IBS based on your reported symptoms. They may have you adopt a certain diet or cut out specific food groups for periods of time to rule out any food allergies. A stool sample may be taken to rule out infection, and blood tests can be done to check for anemia and rule out celiac disease. A colonoscopy may also be performed.

This is a test in which a tube with a camera and light source is inserted through the anus to enable your doctor to examine your colon and take tissue samples (biopsies) if necessary. This is typically done only if your doctor suspects other causes for your symptoms, such as colitis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease), or cancer. It is also typically recommended as a screening test for cancer if you are over 50 years of age and have not had a previous colonoscopy. Treating IBS There is no cure for IBS. Treatment is aimed at symptom relief. Lifestyle changes are typically tried before medication. Things you can do to ease symptoms of IBS include: participating in regular physical exercise minimizing caffeinated beverages that stimulate the intestines eating smaller meals

Question: What is the morecommon three word name of the human condition that is known as Spastic Colon ?
Answer: IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME