Marshal of England - Everything2.com Marshal of England Sat Dec 20 2003 at 3:27:51 The Office of Marshal The Marshal was originally an officer of the king’s household, the 'marechal', that is the head groom, the individual who was in charge of the king’s stables acting under the direction of the constable, or the 'count of the stable' - an office very likely imported into England by the Normans in emulation of the marescalci, the masters of the horse of the early Frankish kings. Within the feudal or early medieval estate, the position of master of the king's horse was an office of some authority and power and the office of Marshal of England accordingly became one of the nine Great Offices of State . The Marshal's main job was to maintain the muster roll of the knights of the kingdom and summon them into battle when the need arose, thus effectively making the Marshal the leader of the feudal host and commander of the king's cavalry. Since the Marshal assumed military command, he naturally also assumed responsibility over questions of military disclipline; maintaining order between the assembled knights both in time of war and at court in times of peace and deciding on questions of chivalry.

This particular duty was formalised during the reign of Edward III who established the Court of Chivalry , where the Marshal and Constable of England acted as joint judges over criminal matters and the Marshal himself adjudicated over questions of heraldry and the use of arms. The military aspects of the role became less important over time and were essentially eliminated by the reforms of the Tudors, and the office of Marshal is now almost entirely ceremonial. He accompanies the sovereign during the formal opening and closing of Parliament, and is responsible for organising such events as coronations, state funerals and royal weddings. He is also the head of the College of Arms and is responsible for appointment of the various heraldic officials. The office of Marshal of England was was generally, but not exclusively, an hereditary title, lying first of all with the Marshal family (whose surname was naturally derived from the office itself) and later passing to the Bigod , Mowbray and Howard families. Earl Marshal and Marshal of England Although it is the office of Marshal of England its holders were often more generally known by the title of 'Earl Marshal'; although the early holders of the office (particularly those that were not earls to begin with) never used the title.

It was the later Bigod Marshals that first began to style themselves as 'Earl Marshal' and with the appointment of Thomas of Brotherton to the office of Marshal of England in 1385 he was formally granted the right to use the title of 'Earl Marshal' in the subsequent year. Since all of the subsequent holders of the office has been earls, the title 'Earl Marshal' and the office of 'Marshal of England' have generally regarded as being synonymous, although a technical distinction remains between the office itself and the style of 'Earl Marshal', either granted to or assumed by the officeholder. Circumstances have arisen, as with the case of Thomas Mowbray in 1399, where one individal was styled 'Earl Marshal' whilst another assumed the actual office of 'Marshal of England'. Generally speaking most of the appointments seem to have been of the nature of a 'double creation' with the grantees being awarded both the title of Earl Marshal and the office of Marshal of England, sometimes styles as Grand or Great Marshal of England.

The Howard Dukes of Norfolk, who have held the office as of hereditary right since 1672 were specifically granted the title and office of 'Earl Marshal of England', combining the two designations into one, but the present incumbent the Duke of Norfolk follows the older tradition of describing himself as both 'Earl Marshal' and Hereditary 'Marshal of England'. THE MARSHALS OF ENGLAND Marshal to Bigod The first Marshal of England was a gentleman by the name of Gilbert who appears during the reign of Henry I . Gilbert, or Gilbert le Marechal as perhaps he should be called, is sometimes mistaken for a Gilbert de Clare thereby giving rise to the spurious notion in some quarters that the office was held by the de Clare family. This Gilbert was followed by his son John, who took the name of John Fitz Gilbert le Marechal and is therefore also known as 'John le Marechal' and 'John the Marshal', and it is he who secured the office as hereditary.

When John Fitz Gilbert died in either 1164 or 1165, it is possible that his eldest son Gilbert Marshal may have succeeded as his date of death is also given as 1165 and he may therefore have outlived his father. But there appears no record of this Gilbert having held the office and it is therefore generally assumed that he did not succeed. John Fitz Gilbert was certainly succeeded by his son John Marshal who was Marshal until his death in 1194. He left no sons and the office of Marshall together with the family estates passed to his younger brother William Marshal . As it happens William Marshal had already made his mark on the world, having served in the household of the young Prince Henry (son and heir of Henry II ) before his untimely death in 1184, and been rewarded with the hand of the heiress Isabel de Clare , which brought him considerable wealth and the title Earl of Pembroke . William Marshal became, thanks to both his wealth and his incorruptible sense of honour very much the leading magnate in the Anglo-Norman world, ending a long career of service to the crown when he was chosen to act as Regent during the troubled years of Henry III's minority.

The growth of William Marshal's personal power and influence was mirrored in the growth of the stature of the office of Marshal; towards the end of his life he was known as the 'Grand Marshal of England', and the office of Marshal was seen as being equal to, rather than subordinate to that of the Constable of England . After William Marshal's death in 1219, each of his five sons succeeded to the office in turn until the death of Anselm Marshal , the last of the Marshals in 1246. The Marshal estates and titles fell therefore to be distributed amongst each of William Marshall's five daughters as co-heiresses. One Hugh Bigod , who was Earl of Norfolk had married Maud Marshal , the eldest of the five daughters and in the subsequent division of the spoils it was to the Bigod family that the office of Marshal of England was given. Accordingly it was Roger Bigod , 4th Earl of Norfol k son of the aforementioned Hugh Bigod and Maud Marshal who became Marshal of England after the death of Anselm Marshal .

From Roger Bigod the 4th Earl the office passed to his son, Roger Bigod the 5th Earl, but with the death of the 5th Earl in 1306 the line of Bigods ran out and the office of Marshal (together with the title Earl of Norfolk ) reverted to the crown. ( Roger Bigod made Edward I his heir in any case) But although the Bigod tenure of the office was comparatively short it established the connection of the office of Marshal with Norfolk which has been a recurring feature ever since. The reigns of Edward II , Edward III and Richard II Edward I himself was succeeded by Edward II in 1307 and the office of Marshal was granted to Robert de Clifford for a few months in 1307 and later to Nicholas Seagrave in 1308. (In the absence of any evidence to the contrary it appears that Nicholas Seagrave continued as Marshal until 1315.) On the 10th February 1315 Edward II granted the office of Marshal of England to his younger half-brother, Thomas of Brotherton , the Earl of Norfolk and made it hereditary.

Unfortunately Thomas of Brotherton died in August 1338; his only daughter and heiress Margaret became the Countess of Norfolk and was also permitted to style herself as 'Marshal of England'. This however, was merely a courtesy title and had nothing to do with the office itself, to which appointments continued to be made throughout the Margaret's life. (She died in 1399.) Edward III (king since 1327) consequently made a succession of appointments; first there was William Montague , the 1st Earl of Sailsbury who held the office until his death in 1344, secondly Thomas de Beauchamp , the 3rd Earl of Warwick who was Marshal until his death on the 13th November 1369 and lastly, Edmund Mortimer the 3rd Earl of March who was Marshal until the accession of Richard II in 1377. Richard II appointed Henry Percy as Marshal of England, but he seems to have held the office only for the purposes of the coronation of 1377 and was replaced later that same year by John Fitzalan until he drowned in the Irish Sea in 1379.

Thomas Holland , the 3rd Earl of Kent was the next appointment in 1380, and served as Marshal until 1385. He was followed by Edward Courtenay , the 3rd Earl of Devon for a few months, before Richard II decided to create Thomas de Mowbray as Marshal of England for life. In the following year Richard II made the office hereditary and further granted Thomas Mowbray the formal right to use the title 'Earl Marshal' - arguably making Thomas the first 'Earl Marshal'. Thomas Mowbray was however exiled in 1398 and all his offices were were declared forfeit. His office of Marshal of England was granted to Thomas Holland , the 3rd Earl of Kent , and son of the previous Thomas Holland who had held the office between 1380 and 1385, together with the title Duke of Surrey. The Reigns of Henry IV and Henry V Thomas Mowbray died in exile at Venice in the September of 1399 and was followed by his eldest son, Thomas Mowbray .

After the execution of Thomas Holland in 1399, this second Thomas Mowbray was allowed to inherit the title of Earl Marshal, which he continued to hold until his execution for treason at York in 1405. But Thomas Mowbray did not hold the office of Marshal of England, which was granted to Richard Neville , the Earl of Westmorland . Richard Neville died in 1412 at which point the Mowbrays appear to have revived their claim to the office, and the titular Earl Marshal in the form of John Mowbray , later the 2nd Duke of Norfolk , became Marshall of England. The subsequent Mowbray Dukes of Norfolk were similarly appointed until 1476, when the 4th Mowbray Duke died without male heirs. With the extinction of the Mowbray line, the title of Duke of Norfolk and the office of Marshal were amongst the honours bestowed by Edward IV on his younger son Richard Plantagenet in 1476. Following the death of Edward IV in 1483 his elder son became Edward V , only to have the crown taken from him by his uncle Richard III .

When Richard became king, he turned to one of his most ardent supporters, John Howard and appointed him as Duke of Norfolk and Marshal of England in the June of 1483, by which time it must be assumed that his nephew Richard was dead. This John Howard was later killed at the battle of Bosworth in August 1485 along with king Richard himself. The reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII Henry Tudor , the victor of the battle of Bosworth created William Berkeley , the 1st Earl of Nottingham as Earl Marshal and Great Marshal of England in 1486. This appointment was also an hereditary creation, but as William Berkeley died without issue in 1497, nothing really came of it, and on William's death Henry VII created his infant son Henry, later Henry VIII as Marshal. Of course the office of Marshal merged with the crown on the accession of Henry to the throne as Henry VIII in 1509 and the following year he appointed Thomas Howard , son of the John Howard killed at Bosworth , who was the Earl of Surrey at the time.

Thomas Howard was later restored as Duke of Norfolk in 1514, and succeeded in that title by his son, another Thomas Howard in 1524, who was also appointed to the office of Marshal in 1533. This Thomas Howard the 3rd Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in 1547 and his honours declared forfeit and he only escaped execution because Henry VIII died before the execution warrants could be signed. The reigns of Edward VI , Mary I and Elizabeth I With the death of Henry VIII his young son Edward VI became king. During Edward's the office of Marshal was held; firstly by Edward Seymour , the 1st Duke of Somerset until his execution in 1551; and secondly by John Dudley , the 1st Duke of Northumberland until his execution in 1553, shortly after the death of the young king Edward himself. Although both of the gentlemen in question were technically appointed by the king, it would be accurate to say that both gentlemen appointed themselves when they gained control of the government of the kingdom.

Edward was of course, succeeded by his half sister Mary who released the imprisoned Thomas Howard from captivity and restored him to his previous position as both Duke of Norfolk and Marshal. Thomas died the following year, and his son another Thomas Howard succeeded as the 4th Duke of Norfolk and was duly re-appointed to his father's office of Marshal of England. Thomas Howard the 4th Duke, continued to serve Mary's successor Elizabeth until ambition got the better of him and he was executed for treason on the 2nd June 1572. Thereafter Elizabeth departed from tradition and appointed firstly George Talbot the 6th Earl of Shrewsbury , and secondly Robert Devereux , the 2nd Earl of Essex as Marshals. Robert Devereux was executed for high treason on the 25th February 1601, after which the office of Marshal was allowed to fall vacant for the remainder of Elizabeth's reign. The reigns of James I and Charles I After the death of Elizabeth in 1603, James I became the first Stuart king of England.

He appointed Edward Somerset , the 4th Earl of Worcester as Marshal but only for the purposes of the coronation of 1603, after which the office again fell vacant. It was not until 1621 that the vacancy was filled when James I returned to the Howard family and on the 29th August 1621 granted to Thomas Howard the Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, the office of Marshal for life. His son Charles I similarly granted the title of Earl Marshal and the office of Marshal of England to Henry Frederick Howard , son and successor to Thomas Howard . By the time Henry Frederick Howard died in 1652, Charles I had been dead for almost three years and the country was essentially a republic and felt no need of a Marshal, earl or otherwise, and the office once again fell vacant. After the Restoration With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 it was necessary to appoint an Earl Marshal to preside over the coronation ceremenony and the choice fell upon James Howard , the 3rd Earl of Suffolk , representing a junior branch of the Howard family.

Whilst he relinquished the office once the business of the coronation was concluded, the main branch of the Howard family, now restored to their dukedom of Norfolk were were eager to regain the office of Marshal. In the year 1672 the Howards finally got their wish. But Charles II felt unable to grant the dignity of Marshal to the Thomas Howard whom he had restored to the dukedom of Norfolk in 1660 (becoming the 5th Howard Duke of Norfolk ), for the simple reason that Thomas Howard was mentally incompetent at the time. Charles therefore turned to his brother and heir Henry Howard and created him Earl of Norwich by Letters patent issued on the 19th October 1672, and additionally, after noting that "the ancient and great office of Marshal of England has been too long vacant", also granted to him "the Name, Style, Title, Rank, Authority, Jurisdiction, Dignity, and Honour of Earl Marshal of England". The office of Marshal of England together with the title Earl Marshal has thereafter resided with the Howard family.

Although since the Howards have generally inclined towards being Roman Catholics , they were for many years prevented from actually carrying out the duties of the office itself, and therefore relied on deputies. Such discrimination has long since been abandoned and the Howards have been free to take matters into their own hands. The current Marshal is Edward William Fitzalan-Howard , the 18th Duke of Norfolk . THE MARSHALS AND EARL MARSHALS OF ENGLAND Main hereditary creations are prefaced by the family name; other creations for life or a fixed period time listed under the monarch who made the appointment. MARSHAL Earl Marshal of England – Real Titles and Orders by Real Titles and Orders Earl Marshal of England Earl Marshal (alternatively Marschal, Marischal or Marshall) is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England (then, following the Act of Union 1800, in the United Kingdom). It is the eighth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable and above the Lord High Admiral. The Earl Marshal has among its responsibilities, the organisation of State funerals and the monarch’s coronation in Westminster Abbey.

He is also a leading officer of arms. The current Earl Marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, who inherited the position in 2002. There was formerly an Earl Marshall of Ireland and Earl Marischal of Scotland. England The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses and protecting the monarch. In England the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal (served c.1130—1165) after The Anarchy. His second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke, made the office very important. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals and the regency during Henry III’s childhood. After passing through his daughter’s husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into “Earl Marshal” and the title remained the same even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom). In the Middle Ages the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the king’s horses and stables.

When chivalry declined in importance the constable’s post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry. In conjunction with the Lord High Constable he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry, for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms, which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers’ wages, and including the misuse of armorial bearings. In a declaration made on 16 June 1673 by Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, the Lord Privy Seal, in reference to a dispute over the exercise of authority over the Officers of Arms the powers of the Earl Marshal were stated as being “to have power to order, judge, and determine all matters touching arms, ensigns of nobility, honour, and chivalry; to make laws, ordinances and statutes for the good government of the Officers of Arms; to nominate Officers to fill vacancies in the College of Arms; [and] to punish and correct Officers of Arms for misbehaviour in the execution of their places”.

Additionally it was declared that no patents of arms or any ensigns of nobility should be granted, and no augmentation, alteration, or addition should be made to arms, without the consent of the Earl Marshal. Today the Earl Marshal is considered the eighth of the Great Officers of State, with the Lord High Constable above him and only the Lord High Admiral beneath him. The Earl Marshal organises coronations and the State Opening of Parliament. In the general order of precedence, the Earl Marshal is currently the highest hereditary position in the United Kingdom outside the Royal Family. Although other state and ecclesiastical officers rank above in precedence, they are not hereditary. The exception is the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, which is notionally higher than Earl Marshal and also hereditary, but as it is currently held by a marquess (Marquess of Cholmondeley), is consequently lower in the general order of precedence. The holding of the Earl Marshalship secures the Duke of Norfolk’s traditional position as the “first peer” of the land, above all other dukes.

Ireland Among the men who have held the title of Earl Marshal of Ireland are William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex (1539–1576). Scotland The title of Earl Marischal was created in the peerage of Scotland for William Keith, the Great Marischal of Scotland. The office of “Marischal of Scotland” (marascallus Scotie or marscallus Scotie) had been hereditary, held by the senior member of the Keith family, since Hervey (Herveus) de Keith, who held the office of Marischal under Malcolm IV and William I. The descendant of Herveus, Sir Robert de Keith (d.1332), was confirmed in the office of “Great Marischal of Scotland” by King Robert the Bruce around 1324. Robert de Keith’s great-grandson, William, was raised to the peerage as Earl Marischal by James II in about 1458. The peerage died out when George Keith, the 10th earl, forfeited it by joining the Jacobite Rising of 1715.

The role of the Marischal was to serve as custodian of the Royal Regalia of Scotland, and to protect the king’s person when attending parliament. The former duty was fulfilled by the 7th earl during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, who hid them at Dunnottar Castle. The role of regulation of heraldry carried out by the English Earl Marshal is carried out in Scotland by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The separate office of Knight Marischal was first created for the Scottish coronation of King Charles I in 1633. The office is not heritable, although it has been held by members of the Keith family. The title was forfeited in 1715, due to the 10th earl’s participation in the Jacobite uprisings. United Kingdom The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that the Earl Marshal and Lord Great Chamberlain continue for the time being to have seats so as to carry out their ceremonial functions in the House of Lords.

Lords Marshal of England, 1135–1397 John Marshal 1135–1165 (?) William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1194–1219 William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1219–1231 Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1231–1234 Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke 1234–1241 Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke 1242–1245 Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke 1245 Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1245–1269 Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 1269–1306 Robert de Clifford 1307–1308 Nicholas Seagrave 1308–1316 Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 1316–1338 Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk 1338–1377 Henry Percy, Lord Percy 

1377 John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, Lord Maltravers 1377–1383 (died 1379) Thomas Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1383–1397 Earls Marshal of England, 1397–present Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk 1397–1398 Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey 1398–1399 Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 1400–1412 John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 1412–1432 John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 1432–1461 John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk 1461–1476 jointly: Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk 1476–1481 (Countess Marshal) Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York 1478

–1483 Sir Thomas Grey 1476–1483 (acting) John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 1483–1485 William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley 1486–1492 Lord Henry, Duke of York 1494–1509 Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 1509–1524 Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 1524–1547 Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 1547–1551 John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 1551–1553 Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, restored 1553–1554 Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk 1554–1572 George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury 1572–1590 in commission 1590–1597 Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1597–1601 in commission 16

02–1603 Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester 1603 in commission 1604–1622 Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey 1622–1646 Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey 1646–1652 ???

1652–1661 James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 1661–1662 in commission 1662–1672.

Commissioners in 1662:[3] Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton John Robartes, 1st Baron Robartes Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk 1672–1684 Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk 1684–1701 Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk 1701–1732 Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk 1732–1777 Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk 1777–1786 Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk 1786–1815 Bernard Edward Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk 1815–1842 Henry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk 1842–1856 Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk

 1856–1860 Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk 1860–1917 Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk 1917–1975 Miles Francis Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk 1975-2002 Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk 2002– Deputy Earls Marshal The position of Earl Marshal had a Deputy called the Knight Marshal from the reign of Henry VIII until the office was abolished in 1846.

Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of the office during the minority or infirmity of the Earl Marshal. Prior to an Act of Parliament in 1824, Protestant deputies were required when the Earl Marshal was a Roman Catholic. Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle 1673–?

Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle 1701–1706 Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk, 1st Earl of Bindon 1706–1718 Henry Bowes Howard, 4th Earl of Berkshire 1718–1725 Talbot Yelverton, 1st Earl of Sussex 1725–1731 Francis Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham 1731–1743 Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham 1743–1763 Henry Howard, 12th Earl of Suffolk, 5th Earl of Berkshire 1763–1765 Richard Lumley-Saunderson, 4th Earl of Scarbrough 1765–1777 Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham 1777–1782 Charles Howard, Earl of Surrey 1782–1786 Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard 1816–1824 Lord Edward Fitzalan-Howard 1861–1868 Edmund

 Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent 1917–1929 Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey 2000–2002 © Copyright – 2013-2016 Howard Family | British family | Britannica.com British family Thomas Howard, 2nd earl of Arundel Howard Family, a famous English family whose head, the duke of Norfolk , is the premier duke and hereditary earl marshal of England .

The earls of Suffolk , Carlisle, and Effingham and the Lord Howard of Glossop and Lord Stafford represent the family in its younger lines. The family was founded by William Howard, a lawyer in the county of Norfolk who was summoned to Parliament in 1295. His family acquired the duchy of Norfolk through the marriage of Robert Howard with Margaret, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk. Their son, John, eventually succeeded to most of the Mowbray estates and was created duke of Norfolk and hereditary earl marshal in 1483 when the Mowbray line died out. John was killed fighting for Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485). His son, Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk (1443–1524), was a councillor and military commander for the kings Henry VII and Henry VIII . His son, Thomas, the 3rd duke (1473–1554), held various high offices under Henry VIII, who took two of Norfolk’s nieces—Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard—as wives.

After Catherine’s execution, both Norfolk and his son, Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (1517–47), were accused of treason by Henry; Surrey was executed, but Norfolk survived and regained his dukedom during the reign of Queen Mary. Surrey’s son, Thomas Howard, the 4th duke (1538–72), was executed for his intrigues against Queen Elizabeth I on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots. The family’s most notable member during Elizabeth’s reign was Charles, 2nd Lord Howard of Effingham (1536–1624), who was lord high admiral and commanded the fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada . It took the Howards until 1660 to regain the title of duke of Norfolk, which had been forfeited with the 4th duke’s execution in 1572. In 1672 the office of earl marshal was made hereditary to the dukes of Norfolk. However, the civil disabilities incurred by the Howards on account of their Roman Catholicism tended to discourage the family’s prominence in subsequent periods.

Learn More in these related articles: Former Duchess Of Norfolk, Mother To Earl Marshal Of England, Dies Aged 85 – Royal Central Royal Engagements This Week (8 April) Anne, Duchess of Norfolk was the wife of the 17th Duke of Norfolk. The Dukes of Norfolk hold the hereditary office of Earl Marshal, where they are responsible for organising State Funerals and the coronation of the new Monarch at Westminster Abbey. Born Anne Mary Teresa Constable-Maxwell in 1927, the Duchess was the eldest daughter of Wing-Commander Gerald Constable-Maxwell, a Knight of Malta and a Papal Chamberlain, who descended from the Barons Herries. Her mother was American from Dallas, Texas. In 1949, she married The Honourable Miles Fitzalan-Howard, who was heir to his father, Lord Howard of Glossop, to his mother, Baroness Beaumont, and also to the 16th Duke of Norfolk. He succeeded his mother in 1971, his father in 1972, and his cousin as Duke in 1975. Miles Fitzalan-Howard died in 2002.

The Duchess is survived by her two sons and three daughters including Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk and his family, who live at the family seat of Arundel Castle. A requiem mass will be held at Arundel Cathedral at noon on Friday, April 19, to which all are welcome. This will be followed by a private family service at the Fitzalan Chapel within the castle. As a mark of respect, Arundel Castle will be closed to the public on Friday and will reopen on Saturday, April 20. Information sourced from The Bognor Regis Observer Photo Credit: Worthing Herald Arundel Castle - Restored Norman Castle in England Arundel Castle BOOKS Arundel Castle is a restored medieval castle. It was founded by Roger de Montgomery on Christmas Day 1067. Roger became the first to hold the earldom of Arundel under William the Conqueror. From the 11th century onward, the castle has been in the family of the Duke of Norfolk, and is still the principal seat of the Howard family. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War and then restored in the 18th and 19th centuries.

It is a Grade I listed building. The keep and gatehouse have been open to the public since 1800 and the gardens since 1854. Today you can visit the keep, castle, chapel and gardens. There is a Restaurant and a Gift Shop, and a range of events in the grounds along with educational and private tours. The castle is also available as a film location and for Corporate Events, Conferences, Pivate Functions and Banquets. The oldest feature is the motte, an artificial mound, over 100 feet high from the dry moat, and constructed in 1068: followed by the gatehouse in 1070. Many Earls of Arundel and Dukes of Norfolk were executed for treason, a pattern exacerbated when the pope of the day required all Roman Catholics in England to become treasonable by imposing on them on obligation to assassinate Quenn Elizabeth I.

The 'Poet' Earl was executed in 1547; his father, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk only escaped the death penalty because King Henry VIII died the night before the execution was due and the 4th Duke (1536-72) was beheaded for plotting to marry Mary Queen of Scots. There have been two cardinals and a saint in the Howard family; St Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel (1557-95) died in the Tower of London for treason. By contrast, his son, the 'Collector' 14th Earl (1585-1646), as his nickname suggests, was responsible for many of the treasures which can be seen today. The results of all this history are concentrated at the Castle, which houses a fascinating collection of fine furniture dating from the 16th century, tapestries, clocks, and portraits by Van Dyck, Gainsborough, Mytens, Lawrence, Reynolds, Canaletto and others. Personal possessions of Mary, Queen of Scots and a selection of historical, religious and heraldic items from the Duke of Norfolk's collection are also on display.

Arundel Castle is now the home of The Duke and Duchess of Norfolk and their children. The Duke of Norfolk is the Premier Duke, the title having been conferred on Sir John Howard in 1483 by his friend King Richard III. The Dukedom has carried with it the hereditary office of Earl Marshal of England. This means that the Duke is in charge of state ceremonial such as the coronation and funeral of the sovereign and such occasions as the sovereign declares shall be a state occasion, e.g. the investiture of HRH The Prince of Wales and the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill. Visitors often ask about the relationship of the English sovereign to the Dukes of Norfolk: they share a common ancestor in King Edward I (1239-1307) and also King Edward III (1312-1377). As Earl Marshal, the Duke is head of the College of Arms, founded in 1484, the official authority on heraldry and genealogy in England and Wales. Arundel Castle is located in Arundel, West Sussex, England. Gatwick Airport is less than an hour's journey by road or rail.

By car the castle is 4 miles north of Littlehampton and the south coast, and midway between Chichester and Worthing on the A27. Follow the brown and white tourist road signs. Pay & Display car park directly opposite the Castle's Lower Lodge entrance in Mill Road . There is a frequent direct train service from London (Victoria Station) and intermediate stations, including Gatwick Airport. Frequent trains also run from Brighton, Worthing, Littlehampton, Bognor Regis, Chichester and Portsmouth. (Some journeys involve a change of train.) The Castle is a ten-minute walk or a short taxi ride from Arundel station. Stagecoach Coastliner Service 700 runs half hourly (Monday to Saturdays only) between Brighton, Worthing, Littlehampton and Arundel. National Express Service runs daily from Eastbourne to Falmouth via Brighton, Worthing, Arundel, Chichester, Havant, Portsmouth, Southampton, Bournemouth and Weymouth. Free Coach parking opposite the Castle's Lower Lodge entrance in Mill Road.

Address: Telephone from the UK: 01903 882173 Telephone from the US: 010 44 1903 882173 Telephone from France: 00 44 1903 882173 Telephone from other countries: +44 (0)1903 882173 Fax: 01903 884581 Google map showing the location of Arundel Castle Google map showing Arundel Castle Arundel Castle was built during the reign of William the Conqueror as a fortification for the mouth of the River Arun and a defensive position for the surrounding land against invasion from the Continent. The original structure was a motte and double bailey castle. Roger de Montgomery was declared the first Earl of Arundel as the King granted him the property as part of a much larger package of hundreds of manors. Roger was a cousin of William's and had stayed in Normandy to keep the peace there whilst William was off in England.

He was rewarded for his loyalty with extensive lands in the Welsh Marches and across the country, together with one third of Sussex. After Roger de Montgomery died, the castle reverted to the crown under Henry I. The King, in his will, left Arundel Castle and the attached land to his second wife Adeliza of Louvain. In 1138, three years after Henry's death, she married William d'Albini II (aka d'Aubigny), the first Earl, of the d'Aubigny family of Saint-Martin-d'Aubigny in Normandy. William was responsible for creating the stone shell on the motte, thus increasing the defence and status of the castle. Arundel Castle and the earldom have passed through generations almost directly since 1138, with occasional reversions to the crown and other nobles for a brief time. In 1139, the Empress Matilda was invited to stay at Arundel for some time during her travel to press her claim to the English throne upon Stephen. The stone apartments constructed to accommodate the Empress and her entourage survive to this day.

In 1176, William d'Aubigny died and Arundel Castle reverted to the crown, under Henry II, who spent a vast amount of capital re-structuring the building, mainly for domestic needs. When Henry died, the castle remained in the possession of Richard I ("the Lionheart"), who offered it to the Aubigny family line under William III comte de Sussex. The last in the Aubigny male line was Hugh, who died at a young age in 1243. When his sister Isabel wed John FitzAlan of Clun, the castle and earldom passed to him. The FitzAlan family enjoyed an uninterrupted hereditary line until 1580. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1272, Arundel Castle and the earldom passed to his five-year-old son Richard. Thirteen years later, Edward I granted Richard the right to hold two fairs per year at the castle as well as the power to collect taxes. This grant provided funding for the much needed renovation of the castle, which, by this time, had fallen into disrepair. Once sufficient funds were available, FitzAlan added the well tower and re-constructed the entrance to the keep.

After Richard's death, his son Edmund was executed for his part in the rebellion against Edward II. Arundel subsequently passed to the 6th son of Edward I who was also executed. The castle and titles then passed back to the FitzAlans four years later. The tenth Earl, Richard, fought at the Crécy with Edward III and tEdward, the Black Prince. FitzAlan was also responsible for constructing the FitzAlan Chapel, built posthumously according to his will. In 1380 the future Henry IV of England maried Mary de Bohun here. The eleventh Earl, also called Richard, was beaten by King Richard II, for his poor manners. At the funeral of the Queen Anne, the Earl arrived late and then asked to leave early. Richard II later grew tired of his treachery and executed the Earl before confiscating his property. Arundel was given by the crown to John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, but when he was executed by Henry IV, Arundel was returned to the FitzAlan line once again. The next earl, Thomas, married the daughter of John of Portugal.

The couple eventually became the first members of the FitzAlan family to be buried in the chapel built by Richard FitzAlan, the tenth Earl. The FitzAlan line ceased when Mary FitzAlan, daughter of the nineteenth earl, married Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. The crown seized Arundel upon his execution for conspiring to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1572. The castle was later returned to his heirs, the successor Earls of Arundel. Although the castle remained in the hands of the Howard family over the succeeding centuries, it was not their favourite residence. Various Dukes of Norfolk invested time and energy into improving other ducal estates, including Norfolk House in London and Worksop. During the Civil War (1642-45), the Castle was badly damaged when it was twice besieged, first by Royalists who took control, then by Cromwell's Parliamentarian force led by William Waller. Nothing was done to rectify the damage until about 1718 when Thomas, the 8th Duke of Norfolk (1683-1732) carried out some repairs.

Charles Howard, the 11th Duke (1746-1815), known to posterity as the 'Drunken Duke' and friend of the Prince Regent subsequently carried out further restoration beginning in 1787 and continuing for a number of years, as he desired to live there and entertain his visitors there. Many of his improvements have since been revised and remodelled, but the library in the castle is still as he had it designed and built. He held a large party at Arundel Castle to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the signing of Magna Carta shortly before his death in 1815. In 1846, Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert visited Arundel Castle for a few days. Henry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk had remodelled the castle in time for her visit. He was thinking of disposing of some of the 11th Duke of Norfolk's work, as there had been complaints from the celebrities of the day that it was too cold, dark and unfriendly.

The Duke devised a new apartment block for the new Queen and her Consort, Prince Albert to stay in, commissioning a portrait of the Queen and decorating the block with the finest of Victorian furniture and art. There was also a re-structuring of bedrooms for the court. The Duke spared no expense to make the Queen's visit enjoyable, and he succeeded. The Queen was received on December 1, 1846 by the Duke, Edward Howard Howard-Gibbon the Mayor of Arundel, and other town dignitaries, and then she retired to her private apartments in the castle. On her visit she walked in the newly designed grounds and visited areas of the county nearby, including Petworth House. Almost every part of the castle that the Queen would visit was re-furbished and exquisitely decorated to Royal standards. At the end of her visit, she wrote to the Duke and commented on how enjoyable her visit was, commenting on the "beautiful" castle and the friendliness of her reception. The suite of rooms in which Victoria stayed are now part of the family's private apartments but the suite of bedroom furniture made for her is on display.

Among other things to see are the Queen's bed, the guest book bearing her and her Consort's signature. Soon after the Royal visit, the 14th Duke began re-structuring the castle once again. The 14th Duke died before its completion, and the work was overseen by his successor, the 15th Duke. Work was completed in 1900, and the castle began to look like the structure on display today. It was one of the first English country houses to be fitted with electric light, integral fire fighting equipment, service lifts and central heating. The gravity fed domestic water supply also supplied the town. Electricity cost over £36,000 to install, but the splendidly carved chimneypiece in the Drawing Room only cost £150! Changes were made to the grounds and the dark Victorian gardens were replanted to make them bright and colourful. The problem of light within the castle itself was tackled by the replacement of windows to make the interior brighter. The keep was restructured later on, but the original keep was kept until then for its antiquity and picturesque setting. The 16th Duke had planned to give the castle to the National Trust.

Following his death in 1975, the 17th Duke cancelled the plan. The 17th Duke created an independent charitable trust to guarantee the castle's future as an economically viable residence, and oversaw restorative carried out at Arundel. The castle remains the principal seat of the Dukes of Norfolk, the dukedom currently being held by the 18th Duke, who is also the Earl Marshal of England and Chief Butler of England. Founded in 1390 by the 4th Earl of Arundel and situated in the grounds of Arundel Castle, the Fitzalan Chapel is still the burial place of the Dukes of Norfolk. It is a fine example of Gothic architecture with a carved timber roof and choir stalls. The carved stone tombs are of major artistic interest. In 1879 it was determined that the Chapel did not form part of the Protestant parish church but was an independent ecclesiastical structure and therefore remains Catholic. A glass wall now divides the Chapel from the parish church; an unusual, if not unique, anomaly in England. Access involves a ramp and a step to the gardens and 9 steps up to the Chapel.

Film Location For: The Collector Earl's Garden and other Gardens The new formal garden at Arundel has been conceived as a light-hearted tribute to Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel (1585-1646), known as ‘The Collector’. He died in exile in Padua during the English Civil War and though his body was brought back to England and buried in the Fitzalan Chapel at Arundel, the elaborate tomb which he had specified in his will was never erected. This garden, adjoining the church, is now his memorial. Lord Arundel was the first of the great English art collectors, whose antique marbles are now at Oxford, and the library at the Royal Society; but the magnificent Van Dyck and Mytens portraits and some other objects commissioned or collected by him form the basis of the collection now at Arundel Castle, while his retrieval of lost family estates, titles and honours after the disasters of his ancestors’ executions and attainders in the previous century were instrumental in the revival of the Norfolk family. The new garden occupies about a third of the area of the Georgian and Victorian walled kitchen garden,.

The walled garden originally supplied flowers and vegetables to the castle and to Norfolk House but was gradually given up after the Second World War and was largely derelict by the 1970s. The present Duke and Duchess, with the c backing of the Castle Trustees, have already re-created the rest of this area as an organic kitchen garden; part of a general programme of restoration and enhancement of the whole castle and grounds undertaken over the last twenty years or so. This new garden has been designed by Isabel and Julian Bannerman with Russell Taylor as job architect, and has been conceived as a Jacobean formal garden. It is an imaginative re-creation of what the Collector Earl’s formal garden may have been like at Arundel House, his town palace overlooking the Thames in London (now the site of the Howard Hotel and Temple Underground Station). The domed pergola and fountains are based on those seen in the garden vista in the background of the famous Mytens portrait of the Countess of Arundel in the drawing room, while the various gateways and pavilions are based on Inigo Jones’s designs for Arundel House preserved at the RIBA Drawings Collection. They have been executed in green oak.

The grand centrepiece is the rockwork ‘mountain’ planted with palms and rare ferns to represent another world, supporting a green oak version of ‘Oberon’s Palace’, a fantastic spectacle designed by Inigo Jones for Prince Henry’s Masque on New Year’s Day 1611, flanked by two green oak obelisks. This contains a shell-lined interior with a stalagmite fountain and gilded coronet ‘dancing’ on top of the jet. The garden is divided into formal courts with a centre canal pond and tufa-lined cascade. The planting is restrained—no flowers but catalpas, scented magnolia grandiflora and shrubs. The garden is an evocation of a Jacobean garden, not a re-creation.. Before the present 18th Duke and Duchess moved permanently to the Castle in 1987, the gardens had been largely neglected. Over the intervening years the Duchess, together with the head gardener, has transformed the 2 acres allocated to the gardens. There are hot and cool herbaceous borders with contrasting foliage plants, a cut flower border which together with the ornamental Victorian kitchen garden supplies the Castle with fresh fruit, vegetables and cut flowers.

A rare lean-to peach house and vinery, originally built in 1850 by Clarke & Hope, has been restored to its former glory and houses exotic fruit and vegetables. The sheltered location of the gardens makes it possible for many of the tender perennials such as cannas and salvias to remain in the ground throughout the winter. The Fitzalan Chapel has its own small garden charmingly planted in white and there is also a newly planted rose garden in what was once an 18th Century bowling green. The arms of the present Duke Quarterly 1st Gules on a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the first (Howard); 2nd Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or, Armed and Langued Azure, in chief a Label of three points Argent (Thomas of Brotherton); 3rd Checky Or and Azure (Warenne); 4th Gules a Lion rampant Or, Armed and Langued Azure (Fitzalan).

Question: Which family holds the hereditary right to the office of Earl Marshal of England?
Answer: HOWARD FAMILY