English Furniture Style Guide Restoration of the Monarchy Period (1660-1714) Following the austere years of Puritan rule, the return of the monarch from exile in Europe heralded a period of great luxury. On his return Charles II set about creating a court as dazzling as those of his Continental counterparts. After the flight of James II to France in 1688 following his unpopular religious policies, William and Mary (daughter of James II), were invited from Holland to rule England. The arrival of a foreign prince meant the introduction of yet more influences from abroad. The short reign of Queen Anne, sister of Mary, was marked by victories abroad in the War of Spanish Succession and a new sense of comfort and style at home. Baroque Style With Charles II back on the throne in 1660, the country was opened to Dutch and French influence with many highly-skilled furniture makers settling in England. Furniture remained heavy but with more carving and fine detail became fashionable, notably in the sculpture of Grinling Gibbons.

Locally-grown oak was the basic wood for country pieces and carcasses but, by the end of the century, case furniture was often veneered with English walnut or walnut imported from France or Virginia. The Georgian Era (1714-1820) The reigns of George I and II saw great changes in fashion in art, architecture and all forms of design. The stylistic diversity and experimentation in design during this period owed much to the fashion of travel abroad. The Mid Georgian period is renowned for the fine furniture produced by the countrys most talented craftsmen. The Late Georgian period is synonymous with neo-classicism. The excavations of the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum caught the public imagination and influenced every sphere of design and fine art. Rococo Style 18th century England saw renewed prosperity on an unprecedented scale. The result was a huge increase in the production of decorative arts and the development of a distinctive English style. William Kent was the first architect to include furniture as part of his integral design, setting a trend for the rest of the century. The designs of Thomas Chippendale's Directory of 1754 reflect the English vogue for the French, Chinese and Gothic tasts.

There was a departure from classical order and a move towards fantasy and asymmetry. Neo-Classical Style The second half of the 18th century was dominated by innovation in furniture design; the pre-eminent style was neo-classicism, developed by Robert Adam. Adam rejected the swirling curves of Rococo and evolved a new style characterised by symmetrical lines, attractive proportions, geometric shapes and a wealth of neo-classical detail. Probably Adam's most lasting influence in furniture design was the development of the sideboard. George Hepplewhite popularised Adam's designs in his 'Guide' of 1788 while Thomas Sheraton heralded a new era with his 'Drawing Book' of 1791-1794. Furniture of this period is characteristically light and elegant in appearance. Straight, tapering legs are typical of chairs at this time as are geometrical forms and the use of Greek and Roman ornament. Regency + William IV Period (1820-1837) When George IV took over from his sick father, George III, his influence as patron of the arts was considerable, and the Regency style was developed by an innovative group of his favourite designers and architects.

The brief reign of William IV was an important period of transition between the Regency and Victorian eras. Classically inspired architecture of the Regency period was still popular, but the romanticism that was to characterise the Victorian era had begun to take hold. Regency Style The complex designs of Sheraton's 'Cabinet Directory' of 1803 and the elaborate taste of the Prince Regent, laid the foundations for the styles which we often assume to be Victorian. The Regency was an era of innovation but based on revivalist styles such as Jacobean, French and the Grecian designs of Thomas Hope. This period saw the introduction of more exotic imported timbers, rosewood was in common use until the middle of the century, often inlaid with brass. In many cases pine or deal replaced oak for drawer linings and legs were turned rather than square. Victorian Period (1837-1901) The early years of Victoria's rule were characterised by immense social change, rapid population growth, the expansion of the cities and the rise of the middle class. In order to provide this class there was a move away from hand-made crafts towards mechanisation.

In 1851, the Great Exhibition was held. Victorian in every way it was a staggering display of technological and artistic achievement, that influenced British design for decades. Eclectic Style It is easy to be confused by the Victorian period as styles were not superseded by another 'new' fashion as in the past. The emergence of a middle class meant an unprecedented demand for furniture in varying styles; Renaissance, Jacobean and Gothic all continued through most of the 19th century alongside an eclectic French style based loosely on 18th century details. Even Chippendale was not ignored. New manufacturing techniques and materials such as iron were available for furniture. There are some examples of coal being used to make tables and chairs. Walnut replaced rosewood from the 1840s only for rosewood to come to the fore again twenty years later. By the 1880s, satinwood - this time imported from the East as opposed to the West Indies - became popular as Sheraton and Adam designs were rediscovered. Arts & Crafts Style A pure Gothic style was embraced by AW Pugin and by the 1862 London Exhibition makers such as William Morris and William Burgess.

Morris and the critic John Ruskin inspired a new generation of makers and designers looking towards a purity of design and honesty of craftsmanship. These principles were fundamental to the Art Workers'Guild, The Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society of 1888 and the Guild of Handicraft founded by C.R. Ashbee in the same year. Charles Voysey was a major influence in this simpler style, often using native oak. The look continued well into the 20th century with the Cotswold School of Earnest Gimson, the Barnsleys and Gordon Russell. (from 1901) Edwardian England, From 1890 - 1914. England basked in middle class prosperity and comfort with furniture to match. Often produced in large quantities, Edwardian design drew heavily on fashions from the previous two centuries. If it was innovative, it was in its clever reduction of scale to fit smaller rooms at a time when space was at a premium with the massive boom in urban sprawl. Mahogany, rosewood and satinwood were particularly popular, often with ivory or bone stringing outlined with boxwood.

Art Nouveau Style Wistful and foliate - the term Art Nouveau comes from a Parisian shop of the same name which sold work by some of the best designers of the day; Emile Galle, Louis Tiffany and Eugene Vallin. It was the progressive designer from the Arts and Crafts movement, Arthur H Mackmurdo, who sowed the seeds of Art Nouveau in England as early as 1883. In turn the Scotsman, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, influenced the development Art Nouveau in Europe which began to flourish in 1889 at the Paris Exhibition, distinguished by the building of The Eiffel Tower. At the Paris Exhibition of 1900, the Art Nouveau movement reached its peak and by 1910 was already being surpassed. Art Deco Style The Art Deco movement was born in and dominated by France. Young designers reacted against the sinuous style of the previous twenty years and reintroduced straight lines into furniture. The use of wood once again became an important factor, a leading proponent of the movement was Emile Ruhlmann who used Macassar ebony and even sharkskin. A Chinese style lacquer became popular.

After the upheaval of the First World War, new styles allowed new materials such as chromed steel tubing for chairs by Le Courbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Marcel Breuer. History of Antique English and American Furniture [Part 1] [Part 2] [Part 3] [Part 4] [Part 5] [Part 6] ( Originally Published 1963 ) Antique furniture all too often is held in considerable awe. A card table or a sideboard that has been handed down through four or five generations of the same family deserves respect. In all likelihood, such a piece is still in excellent condition and can be used almost as confidently now as it was 150 years ago. Until about 100 years ago, furniture was made by hand in cabinetmakers' shops or by carpenters in new settlements hacked out of the wilderness. These craftsmen worked with durable hardwoods, joined them carefully, and when a more sophisticated society demanded furniture with decoration, made veneer many times thicker and stronger than the acceptably good veneer of the present time. Some antique furniture is worth no more than the wood out of which it was made. Age is not necessarily synonymous with quality.

There are excellent pieces of 200-year-old furniture in museums, restorations, and private collections as well as some almost as old that belong to descendants of the families for whom they were made. Then again, Great-great-Aunt Abigail's needlepoint footstool or Great-Uncle Henry's office chair is likely to have much more sentimental than financial or museum value. In one way, it seems as if there should be a great deal more antique furniture. Tables, chairs and benches, beds, and chests and cupboards are the oldest pieces in general use, and had been made in one form or another for centuries before Columbus discovered America. However, the Mayflower and all the ships that brought settlers to North America during the seventeenth century had little room for furniture. Personal necessities were much more important. As a result, furniture had to be made in this country from the earliest days of the Virginia and Massachusetts settlements. This furniture naturally copied the styles with which the settlers had been familiar in the land of their origin. As the Colonies grew and flourished, furniture was imported from England and, in lesser amounts, from France. English furniture styles always have been most influential in this country.

Yet, although the skilled cabinetmakers who emigrated to the Colonies followed current styles in England and Europe, they did not copy them exactly. America has its own heritage of furniture of which it can be proud. It is improbable that anyone now will chance upon furniture made in the seventeenth century, and almost as improbable that any eighteenth-century pieces are still to be found and identified. A good many pieces made in the late eighteenth century and in the first half of the nineteenth century are still being used in private homes. By far the greatest amount of eighteenth-cen-tury furniture is in museums, restorations, and private collections. Although you are not likely to make such a valuable find, it is desirable to understand the various styles of furniture that predominated after 1650. Comfortable and graceful Queen Anne furniture was made in England chiefly from 1702 to 1720 and in this country from about 1725 to 1750. However, it is possible to find a tea table or other occasional piece in the style of Queen Anne that was made in this country as late as the 1850's and 1860's.

And, of course, the famous eighteenth-century styles are still being reproduced or adapted by today's furniture manufacturers. A very late Queen Anne piece undoubtedly is the product of a cabinetmaker who produced individual pieces to order in his shop. There are still a few cabinetmakers scattered around the country who make excellent reproductions and do reliable restoring of genuinely old pieces, but by about 1850 furniture began to be mass-produced in factories. Political events, economics (including prosperity at home and trade with other countries), and the freedom to travel from one country to another influenced the styles of furniture as well as the amount considered essential in a home. Every so often, also, a great furniture designer who introduced new and different-looking pieces established a style and set a period. Between 1700 and 1800, five distinctly different furniture styles prevailed in England and America. The names attached to these styles or periods were sometimes those of the reigning monarchs, sometimes of a furniture designer. Furniture made in the American Colonies prior to 1700 was influenced by the Jacobean (1603-88) and the William and Mary (1688-170Z) periods in England.

In this country the William and Mary influence extended to about 1725. Then the Queen Anne style took over until about 1750. By that time Thomas Chippendale's new and different-looking chairs and tables were the vogue in England, but it was at least 1755 before any of Chippendale's designs were copied here, just as it had been about 1725 before the Queen Anne style, popular in England by 1705, was introduced in this country. The seventeenth-century Jacobean and William and Mary furniture tended to be heavy, almost ponderous. It was made in both England and this country of solid wood, especially oak, although walnut became quite fashionable for William and Mary pieces. Simplicity of structure, straight lines, and squat proportions were typical. Legs were firmly braced with stretchers. Carving was preferred to inlay and veneer for decoration. Many a Jacobean piece appeared weighted down by its carving. Typical were panels, as on the doors of chests, carved in geometric designs. A variation was strapwork consisting of thin, flat pieces of wood. The backs of chairs also often were solid wood, carved.

However, seats might be upholstered with leather or woven pads in England. In this country rush seats were more common. Beds were monstrous, although how much of this effect was due to the bedstead and how much to the hangings is a question. Never before or since were beds so high as between 1600 and 1660. Hangings were important, and could be drawn to cover the four sides of a bed. Their purpose was to shut out the cold. Truckle or trundle beds, which were low and on wheels so they could be pushed under a bedstead, were made for children and servants. Daybeds were quite another thing and were the forerunners of reclining couches. Tables were long. The trestle, which is the oldest style of table and goes back to Medieval times, began to have some competition. The gateleg table, a style still popular, was made first during the Jacobean period. Cricket tables with three legs were also new. Stools perhaps were even more common than chairs. They were made in great numbers and doubled as seats and tables. They were about the height of a chair seat.

Side chairs and armchairs, which were really side chairs with wood arms attached, offered little choice when it came to comfort. In addition to solidbacks, there were slat-back chairs, which had three or more wide and usually shaped wooden pieces horizontally across the back. The banister-back chair had fairly wide vertical slats surmounted by a crest or top rail. Some of these top rails, as well as the banisters, were more richly carved than others. The latter part of the seventeenth century, technically known as the Restoration period in England, followed by William and Mary, brought lighter and more adaptable furniture. Special turnings, scrolled and more elaborate stretchers, became fashionable. Decorations expanded to include lacquer, marquetry, and some inlay. The wing chair appeared before 1700; it was probably the first comfortable one and certainly the first upholstered one. The wings attached to the frame of the back served the same purpose as hangings on a bed-that is, they cut off drafts. Earlier, settees had been no more than wood benches with arms and backs. Between 1660 and 1690, sofas began to have covered arms and backs.

Chairs of all kinds became more important than stools because the new styles transformed them into movable, decorative furniture instead of simple seats. From this time forward, to identify the period to which side chairs or armchairs belong, the characteristics of certain parts must be noted. The shape of the front legs, also the back legs, and the kind of feet were usually typical. Stretchers and their placement are almost as important. Stretchers disappeared during some periods-Chippendale, for instance. The back of a chair and particularly the vertical or horizontal pieces (splats) and the crest rail were subject to many changes, and are perhaps easiest to keep in mind. The first desks made during the 1600's were not the furniture that we recognize by that name. Instead, they were large, heavy, slant-top boxes in which writing materials were stored and which provided a writing surface. Desk boxes had a revival in the nineteenth century, when smaller ones were much used by Victorian ladies. The writing or desk box was placed on a stool or small table. It was 1700 before desks were made to any extent as separate pieces of furniture.

First to appear, between 1688 and 1700, was the familiar slanttop desk with a chest of drawers under the hinged top that could be lowered for a writing surface. Then in quick succession came the secretary, which consisted of a slant-top desk topped with a bookcase or cupboard having wood or glass doors, and the kneehole desk with a recess in the center and tiers of drawers on either side. Chapter II. Jacobean Period. 1603-1688 Chapter II. Jacobean Period. 1603-1688 Description This section is from the book " The Practical Book Of Period Furniture ", by Harold Donaldson Eberlein And Abbot McClure. Also available from Amazon: The Practical Book Of Period Furniture . Chapter II. Jacobean Period. 1603-1688 Reigns of James I and Charles I; The Commonwealth; Reigns of Charles II and James II Carolean Period 1660-1688 WERE it not for the following exemption it might be hard upon the reader that this book necessarily begins with the Jacobean period, which is the most complicated of all.

Jacobean furniture, however, is only and pre-eminently adapted to residences of the Tudor and Stuart type, so that if the reader's home is of a later style it would be as well for him to begin with the next chapter - that on William and Mary furniture - returning later to this section to inform himself upon its subject. Jacobean furniture is heavy and cumbersome, and therefore not well suited to modern apartments or houses other than those of the styles of architecture mentioned above. Jacobean Period 1603-1688 Jacobean (Proper), Cromwellian, Carolean Material Usually Oak See Text Pages 29-70 Fig. 1. Jacobean Chair Wainscot. Fig. 2. Cromwellian Chair Upholstered. Fig. 3. Carolean Chair Caned. Fig. 4. Jacobean Court Cupboard Characteristic Form and Ornament. Fig. 5. Late Jacobean Marqueterie Cabinet Showing Transition to William and Mary. Fig. 6. Refectory Table. Bulbous Legs Characteristic of Jacobean (Proper). Key Plate I. Jacobean Period - Continued Fig. 7.

Gate Table (wings swing out like a gate to support leaves) Of a Type Persisting from Cromwellian Times through Eighteenth Century. Fig. 8. Carolean Chair and Settee . Covered with Embroidery. Fig. 9. Carolean Day-Bed . For those whose needs embrace Jacobean furniture the authors have endeavoured to offset all difficulties and make its study as easy as possible by treating it in the most practical and systematic manner. They would also cheer the reader by assuring him that the subsequent periods are much simpler and less varied in their characteristics. Before treating of Jacobean furniture itself it is necessary to say a few words regarding the terms used,when we speak of the Jacobean or Stuart period, with reference to furniture, we ordinarily include everything between 1603, when James I ascended the throne of England, and 1688, when the second James fled before the victorious approach of William of Orange. Fig. 1. Jacobean Oak Cupboard, c. 1665, Characteristic Strapwork Frieze. Geometrical Panels Made of Applied Mouldings Inlaid in Centre. Detail of Frieze at Top. By Courtesy of Mr. R. W.

Lehne, Philadelphia . By a narrower but, at the same time, more strictly accurate application, the term "-Jacobean" is restricted to the period from 1603 to 1649. The developments between 1649 and 1660 are classified as "Crom-wellian." To everything subsequent to the Restoration and prior to 1688 the term "Carolean" is applied. While bearing in mind the more usual and comprehensive scope of the designation "Jacobean," the narrower and more exact usage is perhaps preferable as it enables us to refer readily to certain specific furniture types without incessantly quoting approximate dates. Besides, the names "Cromwellian" and "Carolean" carry with them lively historical associations that are not a little helpful in recalling the influx of varied agencies that materially affected the styles of furniture as well as everything else throughout the realm. Each of these minor epochs comprised within the general period from 1603 to 1688 was subject to its own special set of influences that all took shape in outward form.

It is impossible not to accord due recognition to these differences and therefore, for the sake of greater exactitude and clearness, we shall hereafter, as far as may be, differentiate the styles according to the subdivisions just noted. As to the extreme limits of any mobiliary 1 period at either end, it would be not only arbitrary but misleading and inaccurate as well to say that such and such a furniture type began or ended at just such a date. As a matter of fact a process of evolution, sometimes slow and sometimes rapid, was always taking place. Styles so overlapped that the best one can do is to give dates at which approximately boundary posts can be set, dates at which certain features became noticeably prominent. To show both how unwise and unsafe it is to take too didactic or categorical an attitude, we may cite the instance of a cabinet reputed to have been made for Marie Antoinette and formerly classed by experts as unquestionably " Louis Seize " upon the evidence of its style. A few years ago it became necessary to repair it and when taken apart it disclosed the name of the maker who had died long before Marie Antoinette was born.

Keeping ever before us, then, this necessary latitude in judgment, for which we are bound to make allowance, we shall pass on to an enumeration of the articles of furniture in common use within the period covered by this chapter. 1 Pertaining to movable furniture, cf. Fr. meuble, Latin mobilis. It may be said here that, while their variety in number and form is great, their characteristics are unmistakable and different from those of any succeeding period. The illustrations in the Chronological Key and throughout the chapter have been selected with such care that they will at once familiarise the reader with the work of this period. Different Antique Furniture Terminology From A to Z. - Antiques World Different Antique Furniture Terminology From A to Z. Posted on by James Different Antique Furniture Terminology From A to Z. Below is a list of terminology very often used in antique furniture in alphabetical order. This will be very helpful if you are interested in antiques and want to learn and understand the styles and construction. Although some of the terminology may be confusing it is helpful to read them below and then view our antique furniture for sale so you can put a picture to the different words.

Amboyna Amboyna is a type of wood from south east Asia usually a reddish-brown in colour with a curled and mottled grain and was used for veneers in furniture. Acanthus An acanthus is a leafy carved ornament in the top of the columns of the Corinthian. They are found in mahogany furniture from the Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian periods. Apron An apron is situated below the seat rail of a chair, settee, cabinets and tables, it can be shaped like on this wonderful card table. Alabaster Alabaster is usually translucent and white or grey in colour, form of the mineral gypsum which can be polished to a smooth and waxy finish. Often used in sculpture, decorative stone panelling, beads and cabochons. Arcading Arcading is a carved architectural ornament in the shape of arches. Can be seen on chair-backs and applied on panels on coffers. Astragal Astragal is a small moulding used on glass for glazing bars. Armoire An armoire is a wardrobe, usually from France. Ash Ash is a figured hardwood having a variety of shades in the grain.

Baize Ball-and-Claw is a talon or claw grasping a ball on the feet of some furniture. Bamboo Turning Bamboo turning is turned timber made to simulate bamboo, usually painted. Ball Foot A ball foot was used in the 17th century on cabinets or to the turned legs on tables. Baluster Baluster is a turned vase-shaped post supporting the rail of a staircase or splat of a chair. Banding Banding is a decorative, inlaid border or edging around a piece of furniture. Baroque Baroque is a style of architecture, art and decoration which is bold details and sweeping curves. Bead Bead or beading is a moulding resembling a string of beads. Beech Beech is a wood with very little grain Bell turning Bell turning is a type of turning used on furniture legs and pedestal supports shaped like a bell. Bergere Bergere is a chair with upholstered sides and usually caned or upholstered. Birch Birch is a hardwood with a close grain and is one of the strongest cabinet woods. Bevel A bevel or bevelled edge is an edge that has been cut at a slant.

Biedermeier Biedermier is a style of furniture produced in Austria and Germany during the Victorian period. Bird’s eye Maple Birds eye or birds eye maple is a decorative wood from maple and has a striking grain. Black Forest Black forest furniture is highly carved and is known for carved bears and other creatures of the forest, such as deer and birds. Bolection moulding Bolection moulding is a projecting moulding of ogee shape, raised round a panel. Boulle Boulle is decorative type of marquetry which tortoiseshell, brass, copper and tin were used in elaborate floral or curving designs. Bombe Bombe is a French term, meaning “blown out”, describing a large outward swelling curve on the front of a piece of furniture. Bonheur-du-jour A Bonheur-du-jour is a small, pretty lady’s writing desk Bracket foot A Bracket foot is used on chest, chest on chest or a cabinet. It is a straight corner edge and curved inner edges. Breakfront A breakfront is a piece with a front of which has one or more projecting portions. Bulb A bulb is the bulb like part of the turned supports of furniture on tables, chairs etc.

Burr Burr or also known as burl is a curly-grained veneered surface cut from irregular growths of the tree, such as the roots or crotches. A bun foot is a foot that resembles a slightly flattened ball or sphere. Bureau A Bureau is a desk with a sloping fall-front. The flap is hinged above a chest of drawers. Cabriole leg Cabriole leg is a leg with a double curve. It is stylised form an animal hind leg with elongated “S” shape; usually the foot is in the shape of a hoof, bun, paw, claw and ball or scroll feet. Cabochon A cabochon is in the form of a gem shape, polished and usually convex, it is usually found on the knees of chair legs. Camel back A camel back is a chair or sofa back and the top rail is in the form of a serpentine curve with two humps downward and three humps upward. Candelabra A Candelabra is a branched candlestick or lamp stand, can be found on dressing tales and some chests. Caning Caning is a woody stem of rattan or sugar cane used for wickerwork, seats of chairs, summer furniture, etc.

Canopy A canopy is a draped covering of fabric suspended over a piece of furniture and supported by four posts usually on four poster beds. Canted A canted surface is bevelled, chamfered, or obliquely faced can be seen on the corners of chest of drawers and are called canted corners. Canterbury A Canterbury is an ornamental stand having compartments and divisions for papers, portfolios, envelopes, magazines etc. A carcase is the term used for the body of a piece of furniture. Carlton House Desk The original Carlton House desk was made in the 1790s for George IV, then the Prince of Wales, living at Carlton House in London. Cartouche A cartouche is usually oval in shape, a cartouche is an ornamental motif with curved or scrolling edges. Often the cartouche contains a coat-of-arms, ornamental monogram or an inscription. Caryatid A caryatid is a decorative upright female figure used in the place of a column. In the early 18th century it can be found on chests and cupboards and quite common on some French furniture. Case furniture Case furniture is furniture which provides storage space.

Cavetto A cavetto is a hollowed moulding forming in profile the quadrant of a circle. A prominent cornice in large pieces of antique furniture. Cellaret A cellaret is a portable chest, case, or cabinet for storing bottles, decanters and glasses, dating from the 18th century. Ideal for storing wine and can be seen in some sideboard drawers. Chaise lounge A Chaise lounge is a long chair designed for relaxing and is upholstered. Chamfered A chamfered edge is bevelled or cut away from the square of the top or edge of a piece. Chesterfield A chesterfield is an overstuffed sofa of large size with upholstered ends. Chequer banding Chequer banding is inlay of light and dark woods forming a pattern of squares like that of a chess or chequer boards. Chest-on-chest A chest on chest is a chest of drawers consisting of two parts, one on top of the other. They are also known as a tallboy. Cheval mirror A cheval mirror is a large full-length mirror, usually standing on the floor. Chiffonier A chiffonier is a small sideboard, or cabinet with cupboard or drawers below.

Claw and ball foot Claw and ball foot is usually on the end of a cabriole leg representing an animals paw or dragons or birds claw, clutching a ball. Chippendale Thomas Chippendale 1718-1779 was one of the greatest cabinet makers of the 18th-century in England. Club foot Club foot is to the base of a cabriole leg but is more well known as a pad foot. Cock beading Cock beading is small moulding, around the edges of drawers. Commode A commode is a low chest-of-drawers but later became a term for bedroom cupboards. Console table A console table is a small table that can be attached to the wall, has two legs in front or can be free-standing against the wall. Corbel A corbel is a bracket and can be seen on antique bookcases. Cornice A cornice is a horizontal moulding at the top of pieces, such as bookcases, cabinets and antique wardrobes. Crotch veneer Crotch veneer is a thin sheet of wood cut from the intersection of the main trunk and branch of a tree, showing an irregular patterned effect of graining.

Coromandel Coromandel is a very hard wood similar to ebony and is very hard waring. Crackle Crackle or crackle glaze is cracks painted furniture as decoration. Crazing Crazing is another term for surface cracks in the glaze painted furniture. Credenza A credenza is a sideboard and is usually very elaborate with a mirror back. Cross banding Cross banding is thin strips of decorative cross-grained veneer. Crown moulding Crown moulding is the highest moulding on a door, window, or cabinet. Davenport desk An antique davenport desk is a small writing desks with usually a sloping top, brass galleries, a set of drawers on one side and false drawer fronts on the other. It is said that Gillows of London, first created the desk around 1790 for a Captain Davenport. Dentil Dentil or dentil moulding is the moulding under the cornice consisting of a series of small rectangular shaped blocks or “teeth”. Dovetail Dovetail is a term in carpentry used to construct drawers, can be seen in antique chest of drawers.

Drop-leaf A drop leaf is a leaf which is hinged to the side of a table, which drops at the side when not in use. Dowel A dowel is a headless pin of metal or wood which fits into a corresponding hole on another piece, forming a joint fastening them together, can be seen on table leaves. Drum table A drum table is a round table with a deep apron resembling a drum and usually has drawers in the frieze. Dumbwaiter A dumb waiter is a serving table, consisting of several shelves and can also be known as a tier table. Edwardian furniture was made during King Edward VIIs reign in Britain from 1901 to 1911 Ebony Ebony is the name of woods that are very dark in colour, sometimes dark brown or green to black in colour. Ebonizing Ebonizing is the staining of wood to black to simulate ebony. Egg-and-dart Egg-and-dart moulding is a decorative motif consisting of egg shapes alternating with dart-like points. Elm Elm is a wood a light wood with very striking grain. Embossing Embossing is a process of stamping or hammering wood so that a design protrudes beyond the surface.

Étagère An Étagère is a free-standing cabinet or wall shelves used to display small objects, sometimes with drawers and doors. Empire Empire is a period of design during the reign of Napoleon 1804-14. Greek, Roman, and Egyptian motifs were widely used. Engraving Engraving is the process of cutting or carving lines into a wood surface. Escutcheon An escutcheon is a metal plate fitted around a keyhole for protection and decoration, they are usually in brass. Étagère An Étagère is a free-standing cabinet or wall shelves used to display small objects, sometimes with drawers and doors. Federal Federal is An American period 1780-1830 influenced by English styles such as Adams, Sheraton, Regency, Hepplewhite and Empire. Mahogany, pine and maple were used. The most common ornament on this period of furniture was the eagle. Fauteuil A Fauteuil is a French arm chair with upholstered seat and back. Fielded panel A Fielded panel has bevelled edges, enclosing a flat central field can be seen on antique coffers.

Finial A finial is an ornamental knob crowning, sometimes found on stretchers on a table, chairs and stools, on cabinets and at the top of pole screens. Flip-top A Flip-top table is an antique dining table that tilts. Fluting Fluting is a decoration formed by making parallel, concave grooves usually seen on column shafts and run in a vertical direction. French polish French polish is a durable finish of high gloss created by applying lots of layers of shellac to wood. The name is used because it is believed to have been first used in France in the late 1600s. Gallery A Gallery is an ornamental metal or wood railing around the edge of a piece of furniture. French Provincial French Provincial is a furniture style created by craftsmen in the French provinces. Gadrooning Gadrooning is an applied series of small vertical, diagonal or twisted flutes commonly used as a border decoration on the edges of tables.. Georgian The Georgian period is English furniture from 1714 to 1800. Among the best known designers and cabinet makers were Hepplewhite, Sheraton, Chippendale, and Adams. Mahogany and walnut were the main woods used.

Gesso Gesso is a plaster of chalk and white lead which may be cast to make ornamental forms to be applied to wood panels, plaster surfaces etc. like the surrounds of mirrors. Gilding Gilding is the decoration of an object with a thin layer of gold, gold leaf or gold foil usually around mirror frames. Gillows was Founded in 1703 by Robert Gillows, the Gillows firm operated from Lancaster, England, Gillows was especially noted for their quality and innovative designs. Hepplewhite Hepplewhite is an English designer from the18th century, He wrote “The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer’s Guide”. Hassock Hassock is a tightly stuffed, upholstered cushion used as a footstool or seat. Herring bone Herring bone or also known as feather banding is a decorative border of inlay around furniture and is different to cross banding in that two strips of veneer compose the banding and are laid at an angle of approximately 90 degrees one with the other and so forming a herringbone pattern. Horse hair Horse hair is hair cloth, used for covering of chairs and used for upholstery filling.

Inlay Inlay is a form of decoration used on furniture, inlay is thin layers of wood with a contrasting material is used to create a pattern. Jardinière A Jardinière is a plant or flower container Jacobean Jacobean is a period in English design from 1603 to 1688, it is usually in oak and is heavy furniture. Japanning Japanning is a term used to imitate designs from the Far East usually painted. Joinery Joinery is the craft of woodwork, making furniture etc. by means of mortise and tenon, dovetail, tongue and groove, dowels, etc. Kingwood Kingwood is a Brazilian wood which is used in fine cabinetwork and was given its name because it was the preferred wood by the kings of France in the 18th century. Kneehole desk An antique kneehole desk is a desk with pedestals down either side and has a central opening for the knees of a person seated at it. Lowboy A Lowboy is a Chest of drawers mounted on short legs. Lacquer Lacquer is the oriental varnish obtained from the sap of the lacquer tree. It gives a high-gloss finish to furniture.

Linen fold Linen fold furniture is furniture that has panels of decoration in the form of folded linen. Lions Mask Carving Lions Mask Carving is a carved ornamental feature in the form of a lion’s head. Mahogany Mahogany is a straight grained hard wood ranging in colour from salmon-pink through bright red. Maple Maple is a light wood and usually golden in colour Marquetry Marquetry is several shaped pieces of wood used as a veneer on furniture to create decorative patterns. Mitre joint A mitre joint is usually used on frames, each of the edges being cut at an angle of 45 degrees and joined together. Mother-of-pearl Mother-of-pearl is a term used to reference the hard, iridescent inner lining of certain shells such as oyster and mussel. Used as a decorative inlay in furniture like key escutions. Neo-classic Neo-classic refers to the second revival of classic design for interior decoration in the 18th century. Nest of tables A nest of tables is a group of tables, constructed so that one fits under the other. Oak Oak is a hardwood which varies from light tan to deep leathery brown with a fine grain.

Occasional table An antique occasional table is a term for small tables such as side tables, coffee tables, lamp tables etc. Ormolu Ormolu is French for ground gold, the term refers to brass mounts. Ottoman An ottoman is a low, upholstered seat without backs or arms. Sometimes used as a foot-rest and can have storage space inside. Oyster veneering Oyster veneering is a technique used on William and Mary furnishings; it was achieved by cutting or slicing the smaller branches of certain trees such as walnut or olive. These small, rounded veneers, with their circular striations, resembled the inside of an oyster and when pieced together produced a most dramatic effect. Pad foot A Pad foot is a club foot resting on an oval disc. Parquetry Parquetry is the inlay of geometric design. Partner’s desk An antique partners desk is a desk large enough to seat two people facing each other with working drawers or cupboards on both sides. Patera Patera is a round or oval motif incorporating fluting leaves or flower petals and is usually carved or inlaid.

Patina Patina is a term used to describe a mellow sheen formed on the surface of furniture due to wear, age, exposure, and hand-rubbing. Pedestal A Pedestal is a term for an upright support either turned or in the form of a cupboard. Pediment A Pediment is usually above a cabinet and can have scrolls. Pembroke table A Pembroke table is basically a drop-leaf table. Pie-crust edge A Pie-crust edge is usually on tables and the tops edge is carved or moulded in scallops. Pier glass Pier glass is a tall, narrow framed mirror . Pilaster A Pilaster is an term for a flattened column for decoration rather than a structural support. Pine Pine is a wood that is uniform in texture with the occasional knots. A Plinth is the low square base of a piece of furniture. Poplar Poplar is an even-textured and straight-grained wood used for cross-banding. Queen Anne Queen Anne is a period in English furniture design from 1702-1714. Reeding Reeding is a term for carved tall, straight lines in a piece. Usually seen on edges of furniture.

Regency Regency is the Period from 1810-1820 but in the trade antique regency furniture made from 1800 – 1830 is often called Regency. Relief Relief is forms of moulded, carved or stamped decoration raised from the surface of a piece of furniture forming a pattern. It is a decoration that protrudes from the surface. Renaissance Renaissance is the revival of interest in classical design. Rococo Rosewood is a wood that is beautifully figured appearance, rosewood was a favourite among upscale cabinet makers of the 18th and 19th centuries. Satinwood Satinwood is a pale wood with a silky appearance. Salon set A salon set is a complete set of matched seating furniture for a specific room also knows as a salon Parlour Suite. Sarcophagus A sarcophagus is a rectangular, coffin-shaped box that has tapering sides. Scallop shell Carving Scallop shell carving is a semi-circular shell with ridges. This ornamental motif was common in furniture design during the Queen Anne and Georgian periods.

Scroll pediment A Scroll pediment is a pediment and usually has a finial is placed in the centre of a cornice. Serpentine Serpentine is a term for a piece of furniture decoration shaped like an s-curve Serpentine curve A Serpentine curve it the winding and curving design often used in furniture legs or on the front of cabinets or desk. Sheraton, Thomas Sheraton Furniture is from 1750-1806, He was an English cabinetmaker who is famous for his designs. He used mahogany as his main wood; he followed the classic, simple design in the wake of Adam and Hepplewhite. Shield back A Shield back chair has the back in the shape of a shield which was common in Hepplewhite designs. Sideboard An antique sideboard is a large piece of dining-room furniture with a flat top and sometimes a back for displaying china and glass. The body is a storage unit, composed of drawers, sometimes flanked on each side by cabinets with doors. Stretcher A Stretcher is the rail at the bottom of furniture strengthening or stabilising which often forming X, H or Y shapes.

Stringing Stringing is the term for decorative inlay in the form of fine lines. Splat A Splat is the flat central support on a chair’s back or between the seat and the top-rail. Tea caddy A tea caddy is a decorative small box created for storing tea leaves, many with two compartments one for black tea and the other for green tea. Tallboy A tallboy is a different word for an antique chest-on-chest, it is a high chest-of-drawers. Tortoiseshell Tortoiseshell was used as an inlay or a decorative overlay on wood surfaces. Tapestry Tapestry is heavy hand-woven fabric which can be found on some chair seats. Teakwood Teakwood is a strong, tough wood. Veneering Veneering is the fixing of thin layers of wood to the surface of a piece of furniture. Victorian The Victorian era is when Queen Victoria was on the throne between 1837 to 1901. Victorian furniture was constructed throughout this era and is well collected today. Webbing

Question: What is the name for the style of furniture made in England between 1603 and 1688?
Answer: Jacobean