GIARDINO : “How can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?” former French President Charles de Gaulle once asked about his native country. Good thing he never got around to governing Peru, a country with 2,500 soup recipes, more than 3,000 different types of potato and 2,000 species of fish. Nuestro Blog Guia para viajeros - Peru Travel Blog - info@giardinotours.com lunes, 13 de agosto de 2012 “How can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?” former French President Charles de Gaulle once asked about his native country. Good thing he never got around to governing Peru, a country with 2,500 soup recipes, more than 3,000 different types of potato and 2,000 species of fish. As one of the most biodiverse places on the planet, supporting jungle, high mountains and coastal desert, Peru calls upon a formidable stash of raw materials to concoct its cuisine.

Aside from hauling in one of the world’s biggest asparagus crops (186,000 tonnes) and netting more fish than anywhere outside of China, the country has gifted the global kitchen with the ubiquitous potato and the equally omnipresent tomato, two vegetables that trace their origin and early domestication back to the Peruvian Andes. Left to marinate for several centuries in a post-colonial melting pot stirred at intervals by African slaves, Chinese labourers, indigenous Quechua, Spanish settlers, Italian immigrants and – more recently – dynamic local chefs, this rich homegrown bounty has been transformed into exciting fusion dishes. Although Lima is Peru’s largest population centre, it is Arequipa, the nation’s second city that claims – not without merit -- to be guardian of the country’s most varied and inventive cuisine. Those keen on tradition can hunt down the real deal in generations-old picanterías (literally, “spicy restaurants”), while for modern sophistication, look for somewhere with a Novoandina (New Andean cuisine) moniker.

Kick-started in the 1980s by an audacious band of culinary experimentalists that included Peruvian celebrity chef Gastón Acurio, Novoandina has brought flair and creativity to Peruvian cooking without straying too far from its three main building blocks of potatoes, corn and aji (spicy red chili peppers). In Arequipa, Novoandianan restaurants still devote a large proportion of their menus to the common garden spud, but prepare it in a multitude of novel ways. Pastel de papas is a potato pie made with milk, eggs, cheese and aniseed. Ocopa Arequipeña consists of boiled potatoes doused in a pungent sauce of oil, garlic, onions, peanuts and cheese, accented with the sweet and minty Peruvian herb huatacay. The national spice-of-choice, aji, is best enjoyed in the signature Arequipa dish, rocoto relleno: spicy red peppers stuffed with ground meat and potatoes, and topped with cream and cheese. But it is also found in many salsas, salads and causas (mashed yellow potato dumplings).

While always honouring tradition, Novoandina chefs have broadened Peruvian menus by placing these reinvigorated standards alongside more offbeat inventions, such as shrimp fishcakes and alpaca stroganoff. Chef Acurio’s boldly experimental Chicha restaurant (named after a fermented Andean corn drink) has an eclectic menu that illustrates the incredible breadth and diversity of Peruvian cuisine. Highlights include cerviche – Peru’s famous raw fish dish marinated in lemon, salt, chilli and onions – available in dozens of different renderings, and cuy, a shock for anyone who has ever had a pet guinea pig, but a rich treat to Andean natives who have been eating it since pre-Inca times. Acurio puts a clever twist on cuy by serving it “Beijing-style” with purple corn pancakes, red peppers and pickled daikon. The equally ambitious Zigzag restaurant helmed by Swiss-born chef, Michel Hediger juxtaposes traditional alpaca steaks cooked on hot stones with interesting experiments in Peruvian-Italian fusion food, most notably gnocchi made with quinoa, a rice-like grain grown in the Andes that was once the sacred food of the Incas.

Acurio tries similar tricks in another of his restaurants, the Trattoria del Monasterio encased in Arequipa’s emblematic Santa Catalina monastery, where local prawns are made into lasagna For a real spit-and-sawdust Arequipa eating experience, however, give the experimentalists a swerve and visit a picantería. These traditional, only-in-Arequipa restaurants are usually located in suburban areas and inspire fanatical local followings. Eschewing the gimmickry of the posh city centre eateries and generally only open for lunch, picanterías serve huge crowds of diners at communal tables in an atmosphere of organised chaos. Do not expect standard menus; the dish selection is largely determined by the day of the week. On a very crowded soup list, chupe de camarones is the crème de la crème, an Arequipan specialty that uses the city’s legendary river prawns submerged in a rich broth of milk, tomatoes, spices and hot peppers. It is traditionally served on Fridays; try it at Tradición Arequipeña where pan pipe-wielding music groups compete with the cacophony of hungry diners.

A further indication of Arequipa’s food obsession can be seen in the amount of gastronomic schools that lie dotted around the city. If you are visiting, you can learn the basics on a one-day cooking course. Peruvian food has gone international in recent years with television chefs such as Acurio taking the likes of cerviche and lomo saltado (a Chinese-Peruvian fusion dish made with shredded beef) into the mainstream. In 2004, The Economist stated that “Peru can lay claim to one of the world’s dozen or so great cuisines” while, two years later, Lima was recognized as the gastronomic capital of Latin America by the International Summit of Gastronomy in Madrid. Proud Arequipeños might beg to differ, but that is another story. Arequipa, Peru’s second city, claims to be guardian of the country’s most varied and inventive cuisine. Fuente: BBC Travel. 2012 Charles de Gaulle - Wikiquote Charles de Gaulle Jump to: navigation , search Men can have friends, statesmen cannot.

Charles-André-Joseph-Marie de Gaulle ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970 ), in France commonly referred to as le général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. During World War II, he reached the rank of Brigade General and then became the leader of the Forces Françaises Libres ("FFL" — the "Free French Forces") . Between 1944 and 1946, following the liberation of France from German occupation, he was head of the French provisional government. Called to form a government in 1958, he inspired a new constitution and was the Fifth Republic 's first president, serving from 1958 to 1969. This article needs cleanup. Please review Wikiquote:Templates to determine how to edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Contents All my life I have had a certain idea of France. Toute ma vie, je me suis fait une certaine idée de la France. Opening sentence of his Mémoires de guerre. I have understood you! Je vous ai compris !

Said before the population of Algiers after they had called upon him to take power, June 4, 1958. Long live free Quebec! Vive le Québec libre! Said in 1967 on the balcony of Montréal City Hall. It caused a diplomatic uproar with Canada and inflamed the Quebec sovereignty movement. France has no friends, only interests. Clementine Churchill: "General, you must not hate your friends more than you hate your enemies" De Gaulle (in English): "France has no friends, only interests." (De Gaulle did not speak specifically of France, but of all nation-states, including Britain. This remark was in line with his saying "Men can have friends, statesmen cannot",*Les hommes peuvent avoir des amis, pas les hommes d'Etat., in Interview, December 9, 1967). Yes, it is Europe , from the Atlantic to the Urals, it is Europe, it is the whole of Europe, that will decide the fate of the world. Oui, c'est l'Europe, depuis l'Atlantique jusqu'à l'Oural, c'est toute l'Europe, qui décidera du destin du monde.

23 November 1959, Strasbourg. The phrase shown in bold is the most often quoted excerpt. De Gaulle was expressing his vision of Europe's future. Now she is like everyone else. Maintenant, elle est comme les autres. Spoken at the funeral of his daughter Anne, who had Down Syndrome, February 1948 France cannot be France without greatness. Early life[ edit ] When we were children, we often played war. We had a fine collection of lead soldiers. My brothers would take different countries: Xavier had Italy; Pierre, Germany. Or they would swap around. Well, I, gentlemen, always had France. Reminscing during an ocean voyage to Tahiti, quoted in The Atlantic, November 1960 World War II[ edit ] France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war. La France a perdu une bataille, mais la France n'a pas perdu la guerre. Poster À tous les Français (To All Frenchmen), August 1940. À tous les Français was designed and displayed in London to accompany the Appel du 18 juin (Appeal of 18 June) following defeat at the Battle of France.

The pair are considered to be the founding texts of the Résistance. At the root of our civilization, there is the freedom of each person of thought, of belief, of opinion, of work, of leisure. A la base de notre civilisation, il y a la liberté de chacun dans sa pensée, ses croyances, ses opinions, son travail, ses loisirs. Speech, November 25 1941. Let us be firm, pure and faithful; at the end of our sorrow, there is the greatest glory of the world, that of the men who did not give in. Soyons fermes, purs et fidèles ; au bout de nos peines, il y a la plus grande gloire du monde, celle des hommes qui n'ont pas cédé. Speech, July 14 1943. "Do you know that you have caused us more trouble than all the rest of our European allies?" "I do not doubt it. France is a great power." Conversation with Anthony Eden , recounted in de Gaulle's Mémoires de guerre. Quoted in The Atlantic, November 1960.

It is unnecessary, for the Republic has never ceased to exist. I was the Republic. Reply in August 1944 to a statement of regret that the windows of the Hotel de Ville in Paris were not opened for the crowd outside cheering the reestablishment of the Republic. Quoted in The Atlantic, November 1960. Fifth Republic and other post-WW2[ edit ] I am retiring. I have a mission, and it is coming to an end … France may still one day need an image that is pure. She must be left this image. If Joan of Arc had married, she would no longer have been Joan of Arc. Said to Pierre Bertaux in 1944, as recounted in The Atlantic, November 1960 Supported General Douglas MacArthur during his row with President Harry Truman by saying MacArthur was: "A foreign military leader whose daring was feared by those who profited by it." De Gaulle said that MacArthur's critics should "pay deserved tribute to the legendary service of a great soldier". from William Manchester's "American Caesar". I am a man who belongs to no-one and who belongs to everyone.

Je suis un homme qui n'appartient à personne et qui appartient à tout le monde. Press conference, May 19 1958 Why do you think that at 67 I would start a career as a dictator ? Pourquoi voulez-vous qu'à 67 ans je commence une carrière de dictateur ? Press conference, May 19 1958 (De Gaulle was changing the constitution to make government more efficient, after decades of impotent parliamentary regime, and he mocked journalists who claimed he was establishing a dictatorship). Politics, when it is an art and a service, not an exploitation, is about acting for an ideal through realities. La politique, quand elle est un art et un service, non point une exploitation, c'est une action pour un idéal à travers des réalités. Press conference, June 30 1955 No policy is worth anything outside of reality. Il n'y a pas de politique qui vaille en dehors des réalités. Televised speech, June 14 1960 How can you govern a country which has two hundred and forty-six varieties of cheese?

Comment voulez-vous gouverner un pays qui a deux cent quarante-six variétés de fromage? Les Mots du Général, Ernest Mignon, 1962 I am not ill. But do not worry, one day, I will certainly die. Je ne vais pas mal. Mais rassurez-vous, un jour, je ne manquerai pas de mourir. Press conference, February 1965, denying rumours that he secretly had a terminal disease Of course one can jump up and down yelling Europe ! Europe ! Europe ! But it amounts to nothing and it means nothing. Bien entendu, on peut sauter sur sa chaise comme un cabri en disant l’Europe ! l’Europe ! l’Europe ! mais cela n’aboutit à rien et cela ne signifie rien. Interview on a presidential campaign, December 1965 INA archive of the video (De Gaulle meant that he wanted to build a European Union on realities, i.e. the existing nation-states with their respective interests – not on slogans and abstractions) Long live Montreal, Long live Quebec! Long live Free Quebec! Vive Montreal; Vive le Québec! Vive le Québec libre!

From a balcony at Montreal City Hall, with particular emphasis on the word 'libre'. The phrase, a slogan used by Quebecers who favoured Quebec sovereignty, and de Gaulle's use of it, was seen by them as lending his tacit support to the movement. The speech sparked a diplomatic incident with Canada's government, and was condemned by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, saying that "Canadians do not need to be liberated." Men can have friends, statesmen cannot. Les hommes peuvent avoir des amis, pas les hommes d'Etat. Interview, December 9 1967. Background Information[ edit ] General de Gaulle was the de facto leader of the Free French Forces which had escaped to London in World War II. Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain , a hero of world War I , had signed an armistice (agreement to end fighting) with the invading forces of Nazi Germany, and led the Nazi-collaborating government of Vichy France in the south. The Nazis had occupied the north of France. De Gaulle was opposed to surrender and had left France on June 15 , 1940 after Pétain made clear he wanted to do so.

Three days later, de Gaulle obtained special permission from Winston Churchill to broadcast a speech via BBC Radio over France, despite the British Cabinet's efforts to block the broadcast. In the speech, de Gaulle reminded the French people that the British Empire and the United States of America would support them in an effort to retake their land from the Nazis . On June 18 , 1940, at 19:00, de Gaulle's voice was broadcast nationwide. Speech of June 18[ edit ] "The leaders who, for many years, were at the head of French armies, have formed a government. This government, alleging our armies to be undone, agreed with the enemy to stop fighting. Of course, we were subdued by the mechanical, ground and air forces of the enemy. Infinitely more than their number, it was the tanks, the airplanes, the tactics of the Germans which made us retreat. It was the tanks, the airplanes, the tactics of the Germans that surprised our leaders to the point to bring them there where they are today. "But has the last word been said? Must hope disappear? Is defeat final? No!

"Believe me, I speak to you with full knowledge of the facts and tell you that nothing is lost for France. The same means that overcame us can bring us to a day of victory. For France is not alone! She is not alone! She is not alone! She has a vast Empire behind her. She can align with the British Empire that holds the sea and continues the fight. She can, like England, use without limit the immense industry of United States. "This war is not limited to the unfortunate territory of our country. This war is not finished by the battle of France. This war is a world-wide war. All the faults, all the delays, all the suffering, do not prevent there to be, in the world, all the necessary means to one day crush our enemies. Vanquished today by mechanical force, we will be able to overcome in the future by a superior mechanical force. "The destiny of the world is here.

I, General de Gaulle, currently in London, invite the officers and the French soldiers who are located in British territory or who would come there, with their weapons or without their weapons, I invite the engineers and the special workers of armament industries who are located in British territory or who would come there, to put themselves in contact with me. "Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished. Tomorrow, as today, I will speak on Radio London." Jews remain what they have been at all times: an elite people, self-confident and domineering. Attributed to a news conference (27 November 1967) the earliest occurrence of this statement yet located is in The Cross and the Flag, Vol. 27, (1968) by the Christian Nationalist Crusade French Are Too Comfortable to Consider Reform - The New York Times The New York Times Global Business |French Are Too Comfortable to Consider Reform Search French Are Too Comfortable to Consider Reform By PAUL TAYLOR Continue reading the main story PARIS — “How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?” Gen. Charles de Gaulle said.

His distant successor as president of France, who is to be elected Sunday for a five-year term, faces the same puzzle of how to reform a perennially rebellious country to meet the economic challenges of the 21st century. The conservative president, Nicolas Sarkozy , set out with great energy in 2007 to shake things up but ran out of steam after loosening the 35-hour workweek and raising the minimum retirement age to 62 from 60 in the face of great resistance. His most recent move has been to reduce labor costs by cutting social insurance charges on payrolls and raising value-added taxes on goods and services instead. Continue reading the main story The Socialist challenger, François Hollande, the hot favorite to sweep Mr. Sarkozy from office in the runoff election Sunday, says he will reverse that switch and sounds disinclined even to try the structural economic changes advocated by many economists and the European Union. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “Does anyone really believe that liberalism, privatization, deregulation, which led us to where we are today in the financial crisis, will help us get out of this crisis?” Mr. Hollande said last week when asked whether he would emulate measures being taken in Spain and Italy.

“I believe that today the way we can create growth is through new technologies, through higher education and new energy sources,” he said. The inconvenient truth is that most of the French are too comfortably off — despite 10 percent unemployment, a flatlining economy and a national debt approaching 90 percent of annual economic output — to countenance radical changes to their way of life. While there has been plenty of hand-wringing about deindustrialization and relative economic decline during the election campaign, particularly in comparison with neighboring Germany, there is little, if any, sense of urgency. This is partly because France has been immunized from the crushing bond market pressure that drove Greece, Ireland and Portugal to seek bailouts and Italy and Spain to undertake draconian austerity measures and structural changes. A brief moment of drama in January when Standard & Poor’s stripped France of its AAA credit rating for the first time evaporated after borrowing costs held steady and other credit raters did not follow suit. France still borrows at historically low rates of about 3.1 percent for 10-year bonds, partly because investors assume its fate is tied to Germany’s, but also because it has a rock-solid track record of being able to raise revenue.

Public services work well, the country has an ideal geographic location and a large consumer market, with a well-educated work force and high hourly productivity — just as well, given how few hours the French work, on average. Another reason for wariness of change is that successive French governments have burned their fingers trying to overhaul protective labor laws, the minimum wage, health care benefits and an underfunded pay-as-you-go pension system. Advertisement Strikes and mass street demonstrations, with broad public support, defeated attempts to overhaul special early retirement systems for some public employees in 1995 and efforts to create a lower-wage first employment contract for young people in 2006. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy The French, it seems, would rather live with nearly 25 percent youth unemployment than see the minimum wage or rigid job protection for incumbent workers eroded. And many are unwilling to see any connection between the two. Some of Mr.

Hollande’s economic advisers, speaking under cover of anonymity to avoid embarrassing the candidate in the final days of a tense campaign, say he would be more of a reformer as president than he dares to say before the election. The Socialist would offer trade unions a grand bargain of seats in corporate boardrooms and more consultation in government in exchange for cooperation in overhauling the pension system and accepting necessary public spending curbs, they say. Whether France’s weak and divided unions, steeped in a tradition of confrontational relations, are ready to share such responsibility remains to be seen. Mr. Hollande’s main hope is the C.F.D.T., the second-largest union confederation, which has long favored negotiated change over strikes but is overshadowed by the larger, Communist-led C.G.T. and sometimes outflanked by smaller but more radical unions. Mr. Sarkozy made a brief effort to negotiate with the unions on pension overhaul but ended up imposing it from the top down against mass protests. He has spent much of the campaign denouncing the unions, especially the C.G.T., as “intermediate bodies” that distort the will of the French people.

If he is re-elected, France could well see a “third round” of the presidential election in the streets this year, as frustrated unions protest his plan to force retrained unemployed people to take the first vacancy they are offered. The tens of thousands of activists who attended rallies of the Communist-backed Jean-Luc Mélenchon are a warning of the resistance any president may face if he tries to roll back what most French people consider social rights. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The “Nixon to China” theory of politics suggests Mr. Hollande might have a better chance of achieving incremental changes to the welfare state and labor markets than Mr. Sarkozy, because he may face less militant opposition from the unions. After all, some of his economic advisers say, between 1997 and 2002, Lionel Jospin, a Socialist, opened more state enterprises to private capital than any conservative prime minister. Mr. Hollande has said that if he is elected, he will immediately begin a European negotiation on measures to revive economic growth. He has also said he will call an immediate audit of public finances.

That could give him political cover to make public spending cuts because of a worse-than-expected inherited fiscal and economic position, and to agree to pursue some structural changes in a compromise with Germany on a European growth pact. Paul Taylor is a Reuters correspondent. A version of this article appears in print on May 2, 2012, in The International Herald Tribune. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe Chapter 16 Central Western Europe SECTION 1: France. - ppt download Presentation is loading. Please wait. Chapter 16 Central Western Europe SECTION 1: France. Published by Jemimah Hines Modified about 1 year ago Embed Presentation on theme: "Chapter 16 Central Western Europe SECTION 1: France."— Presentation transcript: 1 Chapter 16 Central Western Europe SECTION 1: France 2 INTRO French call their country “The Hexagon.” 6 sided, water borders three sides. Mountains form forbidding barriers on two other sides. Northeast = Low Hills and flat, wide plains provide easy passage into neighboring countries. Strong national identity. 3 Regions and Economic Activities Historic cultural and economic regions exist within France. Varied Market Economy – Rich farming areas.

– Huge, urban manufacturing and commercial centers. 4 Northern France Paris Basin – part of the Northern European Plain. – Drained by the Seine River. In the center of the Paris Basin, on the banks of the Seine, lies Paris. Paris is the economic, political and cultural capital of France. Paris and its surrounding form the center of commercial industry. – Raw materials shipped here are turned into finished products. 5 Northern France The city of Lille, north of Paris is another important industrial center. Since 1800s, the availability of coal for fuel has been a major pull factor for steel mills, textile factories and chemical plants in and around Lille. 6 Vineyards of the Southwest Southern parts of France have warm air and dry soil Grapes used to make French wine thrive in these conditions. Bordeaux = City with reputation for best wines. 7 Life in Southern France East of Bordeaux lie two mountainous areas. – Massif Central – Alps These two rugged regions are divided by the Rhone River. 8 9 Life in Southern France Continued… The Massif Central lies to the west of the Rhone and forms 1/6 of France’s land area.

Landscape of Massif is a mixture of older peaks worn flat by time and newer sharper peaks that are not yet eroded. 10 Life in Southern France Cont… Massif Central = poor soil but various crops still grow. East of the Rhone lie the Alps, a rugged barrier of towering, snowcapped mountains. Mont Blanc, the tallest peak in the Alps, rises 15,771 ft. above sea level. 11 Life in Southern France Cont… For centuries, the Alps hindered movement between France and Italy. In 1787, Horace de Saussure, a naturalist and physicist climbed to the top of Mt. Blanc and wrote “Someday, a carriage road will be built under Mont Blanc.” 12 Life in Southern France Cont… Alps are known worldwide for their fashionable ski resorts and challenging skiing. During the summer, a magnificent array of alpine wildflowers covers the mountain slopes. Hikers come from around the world to enjoy the scenery. 13 14 Along the Mediterranean Nestled between the Alps and the Mediterranean Sea in Southeastern France is a thin strip of low- lying coastal land. – Area known as the Riviera, attracts millions of tourists each year.

– Warm climate is ideal for sunbathing on the region’s famous beaches and swimming in the sea. 15 16 Along the Mediterranean The French Riviera is also known as the Cote d’Azur (Azure Coast) … for its magnificent scenery formed by the sky, the sea, and the local flower, lavender. Many people visit Cannes, Nice and Saint-Tropez. 17 18 Continued… The city of Cannes is also famous for its annual international film festival. The port of Marseille is the busiest seaport in France and the second most active in all of Western Europe. 19 Continued… Petroleum is brought in Southwest Asia and North Africa and unloaded at Marseille. Wine, electronic goods, and chemicals, are shipped from Marseille to other countries (exports). 20 Industry in the East In the east of France lies the Rhine Valley. Here the Rhine River, Europe’s busiest waterway, forms part of France’s border with Germany. Lorraine has France’s largest deposits of iron ore. – Nearby coal is mined.

21 22 23 Understanding the Past Referring to France’s great diversity, former French President Charles de Gaulle once said, “How can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?” Despite having diversity that would cause other countries to split up, France is a highly unified country. 24 Cooperation and Conflict France was known as Gaul when the Romans conquered it in the first century B.C. Area prospered under the Romans. Gauls were strongly influenced by Romans and adapted their Latin language and Christian religion. As Roman Empire declined, the Franks, who came from the area that is now Germany, conquered the region. 25 Continued… The Franks gave France its name. One of the most famous conquerors of all time, Charlemagne, became king of the Franks in A.D By his death in 814, he controlled a huge empire known as the Holy Roman Empire. 26 Continued… Charlemagne set up an efficient government in his realm (kingdom). – Sent out missionaries to spread Christianity throughout northern Europe. – Encouraged the arts and a revival of learning. 27 Continued… The Holy Roman Empire fell after Charlemagne’s death.

By the 10 th century, the power lay in the hands of the nobles who controlled land in the kingdom. Under Capet, the monarchy grew strong once again. 28 One Country, One Language Before the 1500s French was only spoken around Paris. Alsatian, German, Basque, and Breton are still spoken in various parts of France, as well as several dialects. New words cannot be published into French dictionaries without the approval of the French Academy. 29 30 Cultural Identity French take great pride in their intellectual and artistic achievements. Among their greatest heroes are: – Rene Descartes – Jean Paul Sartre – Voltaire Impressionism – Claude Monet – Pierre Auguste Renoir 31 32 Continued… French also take a lead role in setting clothing styles. Famous French designers create clothes that influence fashion all over the world. Paris has been the cultural center of France. Today, the city’s art galleries and museums, including the famous Louvre, celebrate achievements of these artists. 33 35 36 37 France Today France is a wealthy nation.

Struggled in 1990s and 2000s, due to economic recession. Unemployment remained high and workers and students waged frequent strikes against government reform. France’s opposition to military action against Iraq in 2003 disrupted its traditionally strong relationship with the United States. 38 Section 2: Germany On Thursday night, November 9 th, 1989, thousands of East and West Berliners gathered along the Berlin Wall. Hours earlier the East German government had announced that the borders between East and West Germany would be opened. 39 40 Germany’s Struggle for Unity The 103 mile-long wall was built in 1961 by the Communist East German government to keep its citizens from escaping to West Germany. Germany’s history as a nation has been one of divisions and unifications. 41 Divided German States The area that is now Germany was once part of Charlemagne’s great Holy Roman Empire. After Charlemagne’s death, Germany broke up into many small, independent political units. During the 1500s, a movement called the Protestant Reformation divided the German states even further (Warfare).

In the late 1700s, Prussia, led a movement to merge many German states into a single confederation. 42 Continued… After Germany defeated France in the Franco- Prussian War of , German states agreed to join the new German Empire. 43 United Germany’s Defeats In 1882 Germany joined with Austria-Hungary and Italy to form a military alliance known as the Triple Alliance. 44 Continued… Between 1914 and 1918, Germany, Austria- Hungary, and other countries fought against France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States and other allies in World War I. According to the terms of the treaty following the war, a defeated Germany had to pay the victors reparations. As a result, Germany suffered economically. 45 Continued… The economy collapsed in the early 1920s when inflation ruined the value of Germany’s currency. In 1929, a worldwide economic depression left millions of Germans without jobs. In the early 1930s, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party came to power in Germany. Hitler promised to restore Germany’s past glory and to improve the economy.

He blamed the Jews and other people whom he considered to be racially inferior for all of Germany’s problems. 46 Continued… In 1939, WWII began with the German invasion of Poland. During the war, Hitler had millions of Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Slavs, and other people killed in concentration camps. In April 1945, Germany was defeated by the Allied countries (UK, France, US, and Soviet Union). 47 48 49 One People, Two Countries Following the war, tensions grew between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union concerning Germany’s future. In 1949, Western leaders established West Germany The Soviets set up the Communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For 40 years, Germany remained divided. In late 1989, a wave of demonstrations calling for democracy swept through Eastern Europe. On October 3 rd, 1990, East and W. Germany were officially reunited. 50 51 Physical Characteristics NORTH – Flat MIDDLE- Hills, low peaks and tall plateaus SOUTH – Craggy Mountains (Alps) 52 Continued… Germany – Mild Climate, influenced by North Sea.

Southern Area – humid climate, cold winters, warm summers. 53 Plains, Rivers and Cities Northern Germany – Part of North European Plain. – Hundreds of miles of flat, sandy plains. Rivers flow north out of the southern highlands across the plains to the sea. Although much of the plains are farmed (agriculture), manufacturing and trade are also important economic activities. 54 Continued… Hamburg (located in W. Germany) – largest port, leading center of trade. – Much of city was destroyed during WWII bombing runs. 55 Continued… Rostock – East Germans created their own harbor after WWII division, after losing access to West German ports. Berlin – Capital and largest city. 56 57 58 Natural Resources and Industry 2 Major Rivers flow through central Germany. – Rhine – Elbe One of the most important industrial centers in the world. – Produces Iron, Steel, Chemicals and Textiles. – Eastern central part: Steel, machinery, automobiles and textiles are produced in cities such as Leipzig and Dresden. 59 60 Continued… Power for the factories comes mostly from lignite, a soft, brown coal. – Easily Mined. – Heavy pollutant. Frankfurt – Germany’s banking center.

61 Scenic Southern Germany Southern Border – Bavarian Alps. Munich – Germany’s cultural center. – Theatres – Museums – Paintings – All damaged during WWII but restored. 62 Section 3: The Benelux Countries Crowded together in northwestern Europe are three small countries: – BElgium – NEtherlands – LUXembourg 63 64 Intro Continued… Combined land area = Small Population = 26.4 million (Almost as much as Canada). Belgium and the Netherlands are the most densely populated countries in Europe. 65 The Netherlands “God made the world, but the Dutch made the Netherlands.” – Rene Descartes. Dutch have created 1/5 th of their country’s land by reclaiming it from sea, lakes and swamps. 66 67 Environmental Change 2,000 years ago, people living in the area of the Netherlands, built mounds w/ stone walls to live + farm. Romans conquered area, they constructed dikes, or embankments of earth and rock. 68 Continued… Dutch became even more skillful at creating new land.

Encircled a piece of land with dikes and pumped out water out into canals (Polder). Land used for farming, cities etc. 1/3 of country is below sea level. 69 Making Use of Land Population (16 million) Extremely high population density. More than half of the land is used for agriculture. Randstad or ring city is an arc shaped metropolis that include the cities of The Hague, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Utrecht. – Government is trying to prevent this densely populated are from expanding into nearby rural areas. 70 Advantages of Location Rotterdam + Amsterdam are both important ports located along North Sea. Rotterdam serves as a link between much of Europe and the rest of the world. 71 Belgium 30% of all Belgians speak French and call themselves Walloons. 55% speak Flemish, a dialect of Dutch. After Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands in 1830, relations between the Walloons and the Flemings grew tense. 72 Luxembourg Smaller than Rhode Island. Independent. Languages spoken: French, German and Luxembourgish. Highest standard of living in Europe. Member of European Union and has diversified economic activities.

73 Section 4: Switzerland and Austria The Alps tower above Switzerland and Austria. 74 Intro Continued… Both countries are politically neutral. Neither is a member of NATO. 75 76 Switzerland 3 official languages: – French 19% – German 64% – Italian Some people speak a dialect called Romansch. Each ethnic group has its own name for Switzerland. – Germans = Schweiz – French = Suisse – Italians = Svizzera 77 Understanding the Past Switzerland was formed in 1291, when leaders of three cantons, or states, formed the Swiss Confederation to fight an Austrian Emperor. – Loose organization of states united for a common good. – Would later grow to 13 cantons (1513). 78 Continued… In 1515, France fought Switzerland in Italy and was defeated. The Swiss never fought in a foreign war again. In 1798, Napoleon’s armies occupied Switzerland. – When his forces were defeated, European countries recognized Switzerland as a neutral country. – Since then, Switzerland has not taken sides in conflicts between other countries, and no other European country has invaded its borders.

79 80 81 82 Cultures and Citizenship Today, 26 cantons make up Switzerland. They differ in language, religion, customs and ways in which people make a living. Cantons have a great deal of control over their own affairs. – Any law passed by the government must be ratified by popular vote if enough Swiss citizens request. – Gives more direct control to people. 83 A Prosperous Market Economy Switzerland thrives due to its strong national unity and neutrality. Swiss enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world. – Few natural resources but has developed economic activities that are highly profitable. Dairy Farms (Agriculture) – Milk (Perishable Good, doesn’t stay fresh for long). – Turned into chocolate and cheese for export. 84 Specializing for Global Trade Switzerland has no mineral resources. Specialize in making products that require skilled labor, instead of many materials or costly transportation. For hundreds of years, Swiss jewelers produce watches known throughout the world for their accuracy. They also produce high quality tools such as microscopes and measuring and cutting tools. 85 Continued… World leaders in discovery of new medicines.

Banking is a important service industry, safe place to keep money because of the country’s neutrality. Tourism is also very important to Swiss economy. 86 Austria Austria’s present borders were created at the end of World War 1. However, this country of German speakers has roots that reach back more than one thousand years. 1800s joins Austro-Hungarian Empire, following WWI (1918) the empire collapsed (sided with Germans :/ ). 87 Continued… Austria and Hungary were separated into independent countries. Much of the land they controlled was take to form new European countries. Mountains cover much of Austria, population is concentrated in eastern low area, where terrain is mostly flat. 88 Continued…. Austria has used Switzerland as a model for its economic renewal. – Cattle breeding and dairy farming are important agricultural activities. – Created specialized industries. Machine tools Chemicals textiles 89 Continued… However, unlike Switzerland Austria has deposits of iron ore which are mined in the Eastern Alps. – Strip mining – stripping the layer of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits. – Other mined resources include magnesite, aluminum, copper and lead.

90 Continued… Vienna, is the country’s capital and the political and cultural center of the Austrian Empire. BBC - Travel - Peru’s gastronomic renaissance Food & Drink Peru’s gastronomic renaissance Arequipa has some of the country’s most varied and inventive cuisine – from traditional fare in generations-old picanterías to modern Novoandina with its clever twists on the classics. By Brendan Sainsbury 9 August 2012 “How can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?” former French President Charles de Gaulle once asked about his native country. Good thing he never got around to governing Peru, a country with 2,500 soup recipes, more than 3,000 different types of potato and 2,000 species of fish. Related article: A beginner's guide to South America As one of the most biodiverse places on the planet, supporting jungle, high mountains and coastal desert, Peru calls upon a formidable stash of raw materials to concoct its cuisine.

Aside from hauling in one of the world’s biggest asparagus crops (186,000 tonnes) and netting more fish than anywhere outside of China, the country has gifted the global kitchen with the ubiquitous potato and the equally omnipresent tomato, two vegetables that trace their origin and early domestication back to the Peruvian Andes. Left to marinate for several centuries in a post-colonial melting pot stirred at intervals by African slaves, Chinese labourers, indigenous Quechua, Spanish settlers, Italian immigrants and – more recently – dynamic local chefs, this rich homegrown bounty has been transformed into exciting fusion dishes. Although Lima is Peru’s largest population centre, it is Arequipa, the nation’s second city that claims – not without merit -- to be guardian of the country’s most varied and inventive cuisine. Those keen on tradition can hunt down the real deal in generations-old picanterías (literally, “spicy restaurants”), while for modern sophistication, look for somewhere with a Novoandina (New Andean cuisine) moniker.

Kick-started in the 1980s by an audacious band of culinary experimentalists that included Peruvian celebrity chef Gastón Acurio, Novoandina has brought flair and creativity to Peruvian cooking without straying too far from its three main building blocks of potatoes, corn and aji (spicy red chili peppers). In Arequipa, Novoandianan restaurants still devote a large proportion of their menus to the common garden spud, but prepare it in a multitude of novel ways. Pastel de papas is a potato pie made with milk, eggs, cheese and aniseed. Ocopa Arequipeña consists of boiled potatoes doused in a pungent sauce of oil, garlic, onions, peanuts and cheese, accented with the sweet and minty Peruvian herb huatacay. The national spice-of-choice, aji, is best enjoyed in the signature Arequipa dish, rocoto relleno: spicy red peppers stuffed with ground meat and potatoes, and topped with cream and cheese. But it is also found in many salsas, salads and causas (mashed yellow potato dumplings).

While always honouring tradition, Novoandina chefs have broadened Peruvian menus by placing these reinvigorated standards alongside more offbeat inventions, such as shrimp fishcakes and alpaca stroganoff. Chef Acurio’s boldly experimental Chicha restaurant (named after a fermented Andean corn drink) has an eclectic menu that illustrates the incredible breadth and diversity of Peruvian cuisine. Highlights include cerviche – Peru’s famous raw fish dish marinated in lemon, salt, chilli and onions – available in dozens of different renderings, and cuy, a shock for anyone who has ever had a pet guinea pig, but a rich treat to Andean natives who have been eating it since pre-Inca times. Acurio puts a clever twist on cuy by serving it “Beijing-style” with purple corn pancakes, red peppers and pickled daikon. The equally ambitious Zigzag restaurant helmed by Swiss-born chef, Michel Hediger juxtaposes traditional alpaca steaks cooked on hot stones with interesting experiments in Peruvian-Italian fusion food, most notably gnocchi made with quinoa, a rice-like grain grown in the Andes that was once the sacred food of the Incas.

Acurio tries similar tricks in another of his restaurants, the Trattoria del Monasterio encased in Arequipa’s emblematic Santa Catalina monastery, where local prawns are made into lasagna. For a real spit-and-sawdust Arequipa eating experience, however, give the experimentalists a swerve and visit a picantería. These traditional, only-in-Arequipa restaurants are usually located in suburban areas and inspire fanatical local followings. Eschewing the gimmickry of the posh city centre eateries and generally only open for lunch, picanterías serve huge crowds of diners at communal tables in an atmosphere of organised chaos. Do not expect standard menus; the dish selection is largely determined by the day of the week. On a very crowded soup list, chupe de camarones is the crème de la crème, an Arequipan specialty that uses the city’s legendary river prawns submerged in a rich broth of milk, tomatoes, spices and hot peppers. It is traditionally served on Fridays; try it at Tradición Arequipeña where pan pipe-wielding music groups compete with the cacophony of hungry diners.

A further indication of Arequipa’s food obsession can be seen in the amount of gastronomic schools that lie dotted around the city. If you are visiting, you can learn the basics on a one-day cooking course with AI Travel . Peruvian food has gone international in recent years with television chefs such as Acurio taking the likes of cerviche and lomo saltado (a Chinese-Peruvian fusion dish made with shredded beef) into the mainstream. In 2004, The Economist stated that “Peru can lay claim to one of the world’s dozen or so great cuisines” while, two years later, Lima was recognized as the gastronomic capital of Latin America by the International Summit of Gastronomy in Madrid. Proud Arequipeños might beg to differ, but that is another story.

San Camilo Market and Arequipan Gastronomy | Class Adventure Travel San Camilo Market and Arequipan Gastronomy Home » South America Travel Blog » San Camilo Market and Arequipan Gastronomy Tuesday, November 26th, 2013 Former French President Charles de Gaulle once said about France, ‘how can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?’ We cannot imagine what his reaction would have been had he governed Peru , a country with over 2,500 soup recipes, more than 3,000 different types of potatoes and more than 2,000 species of fish! With culture and food so closely related, you cannot fully explore or experience a country without trying the typical and local dishes from the region. Peru which is renowned worldwide for its exquisite cuisine and large variety of ingredients therefore has a lot to be discovered and more importantly enjoyed. Arequipan Gastronomy Even though Lima often steals the gastronomy limelight, if you ask a Peruvian where the capital of food is, they will more often than not, tell you that it is Arequipa.

With a wealth of exciting varieties of products and flavors, Arequipa has produced regional dishes that many cities around the world cannot compete with. Whether you are searching for traditional dishes at local and authentic ‘picanterías’ serving generation-old dishes or a taste of celebrated and modern ‘Novoandina’ dishes; Arequipa has it all! However, one dish that you have to try is the signature dish and source of Arequipeño pride, Rocoto Relleno. The spicy Rocoto red pepper is de-seeded, de-stemmed and boiled to remove some of the spiciness before it is stuffed with finely cut steak, cheese, black olives, ground peanuts, Peruvian spices and sometime raisins. It is then baked beautifully until the cheese begins to ooze tantalizingly out from the top and it is only then that you will be able to see, taste and smell why the Rocoto Relleno is the pride and joy of Arequipa.

Fruit stall at San Camilo Market / Source San Camilo Market – The home of Arequipan Food When visiting the colonial city of Arequipa, with the backdrop of the impressive Misti volcano and Southern Peruvian Andes as well as the nearby Colca Canyon , you cannot miss the opportunity to explore the incredible array of food in this beautiful city. Nowhere is better than San Camilo Market to encounter the diversity and exclusive natural produce of Arequipa. San Camilo Market is one of the biggest and oldest markets in Arequipa and is conveniently located just a few blocks from the main Plaza de Armas square. Originally constructed by Gustave Eiffel, the market spans an entire city block and is one of the highlights of visiting Arequipa. Neatly divided into about 32 different food sections San Camilo is full of delicious fruit juices, weird and wonderful vegetables, meat, fish, cheese, traditional medicine and of course more varieties of potatoes that you could even imagine. San Camilo market is the true home of Arequipan food meaning you won’t be able to stop your mouth-watering once you begin to explore the many different ingredients that come together to produce the many celebrated Arequipan dishes.

Just some of the many Peruvian potatoes at San Camilo Market/ Source Arequipan Gastronomy Tour Although walking around and visiting this market is in itself is a thrilling experience, what could be better than exploring the market and then learning to cook a local and traditional Arequipan dish. When traveling to Arequipa with Class Adventure Travel, we know for ourselves just how spectacular the food is in this city which is why we provide you with the opportunity to take part in a culinary experience. Visiting San Camilo Market, you will be able to explore with your guide the various stalls picking up the various ingredients needed to prepare a traditional entrée and main course. Don’t hold back from asking questions about the different produce, as there will be a large amount that you will never have seen before. With your ingredients in hand, you will go to a nearby family house where your guide will translate the cooking process to make sure that you your dish comes out just as good as the chef’s. Sitting down to enjoy these traditional meals along with the hands-on cookery class will offer you the opportunity to taste the typical dishes of Arequipa in a unique way.

We believe that only once you have tried and tasted the ins and outs of Arequipan cuisine, can you say that you have truly experienced and encountered Ariqupeño and indeed Peruvian culture! Thanks for visiting our South America Travel Blog! Feel free to contact one of our Travel Specialists via email , phone or chat to plan your perfect Peru travel itinerary . By Country Rose's Shop Watch-March '16: Saint Felicien | Delia Online Rose's Shop Watch-March '16: Saint Felicien Posted on 1 Mar 2016 by Rose Saint Felicien Saint Félicien du Dauphiné cheese Why? The epitome of French cheese If you were asked to describe French cheese, what would you say? Soft? Runny? Creamy? This is what we immediately think of, in spite of the fact that there is an incredible range of different cheeses, including many hard cheeses, in France (General Charles de Gaulle once said “How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?). But there is one French cheese that is runnier and creamier than any other in my book – Saint Felicien.

And with this creaminess is a lovely delicate, buttery, almost nutty, flavour. I always seek it out when I am in France, and whenever I introduce it to any of my friends they quite literally rave about it. It has always been almost impossible to find in the UK unless you contact a specialist London cheese company, so imagine my surprise to find it in my local Tesco – Saint Félicien du Dauphiné. It is made using unpasteurised cows’ milk (as most French traditional cheeses are) with the addition of cream, and is described as “a century old recipe followed by an artisan cheesemaker”. This cheese is produced in the Rhone-Alpes region of France. It is designated a “dauphinois “ cheese referring to the former French province Dauphiné where it originated. Its name comes from the small town where the cheese was first produced and sold. It is aged for 2-6 weeks during which it develops a soft slightly bumpy rind and a natural creamy gold colour. These pale discs of cheese are often sold in ceramic pots in France, since it can become so deliciously runny.

To eat it at its best leave it out of the fridge for at least an hour before serving. Conclusion:

Question: Former French President Charles de Gaulle said ‘How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of ‘what’?
Answer: Cheese