turpentine | plant resin | Britannica.com plant resin varnish Turpentine, the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees, particularly those of the genus Pinus. Turpentines are semifluid substances consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile oil; this mixture is separable by various distillation techniques into a volatile portion called oil (or spirit) of turpentine and a nonvolatile portion called rosin . Although the term turpentine originally referred to the whole oleoresinous exudate, it now commonly refers to its volatile turpentine fraction only, which has various uses in industry and the visual arts. Oil of turpentine is a colourless, oily, odorous, flammable, water-immiscible liquid with a hot, disagreeable taste. It is a good solvent for sulphur , phosphorus, resins, waxes, oils, and natural rubber. It hardens upon exposure to air. Chemically, oil of turpentine is a mixture of cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons, the predominant constituent being pinene . Formerly, the largest use for turpentine oil was as a paint and varnish solvent.

Oil painters generally prefer it as a paint thinner and brush cleaner to petroleum solvents (mineral spirits), even though the latter are less expensive. But the largest use of turpentine oil is now in the chemical industry, as a raw material in the synthesis of resins, insecticides, oil additives, and synthetic pine oil and camphor . Turpentine oil is also used as a rubber solvent in the manufacture of plastics. Turpentine oil is generally produced in countries that have vast tracts of pine trees. The principal European turpentines are derived from the cluster pine (P. pinaster) and the Scotch pine (P. sylvestris), while the main sources of turpentine in the United States are the longleaf pine (P. palustris) and the slash pine (P. caribaea). Turpentine oil is classified according to the way it is produced. Sulfate turpentine , used widely in the chemicals industry, is obtained as a by-product of the kraft, or sulfate, process of cooking wood pulp in the course of the manufacture of kraft paper.

Wood turpentine is obtained by the steam distillation of dead, shredded bits of pine wood, while gum turpentine results from the distillation of the exudate of the living pine tree obtained by tapping. Crude turpentine obtained from the living pine by tapping typically contains 65 percent gum rosin and 18 percent gum turpentine. Similar Topics turpentine - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) If certain pine trees, or conifers, are cut through the bark, they secrete oily substances in which are dissolved natural resins called turpentines. In their crude form these turpentines are thick, yellowish in color, and have a very distinctive taste and odor. When this thick oil is distilled, it yields oil of turpentine and a rosin residue. In the days of sailing ships, seamen used tar, pitch, and turpentine products to caulk the seams of their wooden vessels and to preserve the rigging. People therefore called these products "naval stores." The name has clung, though the uses have changed. Article History Turpentine Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database None well documented.

Adverse Reactions The contact allergenic activity of turpentine is believed to be caused primarily by the pinenes, 3-carene, and dipentene. The resin also has irritant potential. In one survey of persons involved in the manufacture of tires, patch testing indicated that 2.6% of those tested developed hypersensitivity reactions to turpentine. Benign skin tumors have been observed in animal models following chronic topical application of turpentine. 1 , 2 Toxicology If ingested, turpentine is highly toxic and fatal poisonings have been reported in children who have ingested as little as 15 mL of the material. 3 The term “turpentine” is used imprecisely to describe either the oleoresin obtained from the longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) or the slash pine ( P. elliottii Engelm.) along with other Pinus species that yield exclusively terpene oils, or the essential oil obtained from the above oleoresin. 1 More than a half-dozen additional Pinus species have been used in the production of turpentine.

4 The oleoresin is sometimes referred to as “gum turpentine” while turpentine or its oil (also known as spirits of turpentine) are terms for the essential oil. Following steam distillation, gum turpentine yields turpentine oil and a resin called colophony (also known as rosin). Alternately, rosin is collected by scarring the tree trunk, and then various grades of material are refined. 4 Turpentine and rosin also are obtained by the steam distillation of pinewood chips that are by-products of the lumber and paper industries, and these sources currently account for the bulk of their production. In terms of volume, turpentine is the largest volume-essential oil product in the world, with the bulk of production occurring in the United States. The labor-intensive production of rosin, however, occurs to a greater extent in Spain, Greece, India, and Morocco. History The primary use of turpentine has been as a solvent in paints. During the last century, it became an important starting material for the commercial synthesis of many widely used compounds, including camphor and menthol.

Various products derived from turpentine have been used in chewing gums, and steam-distilled turpentine oil has been used as a food and beverage flavoring in very small quantities (typically about 20 ppm). Turpentine and its related products have a long history of medicinal use primarily as topical counterirritants for the treatment of rheumatic disorders and muscle pain. A gum derived from turpentine was used in traditional Chinese medicine to relieve the pain of toothaches. Other extracts (including the semi-synthetic derivative terpin hydrate) have been used for the treatment of cough and cold symptoms; 5 the cis-form of terpin hydrate is used as an expectorant. 6 A variety of gum and resin products had been derived from pines for use in the early naval industry as tars and pitches. Consequently the terms “wood naval stores” and “gum naval stores” came to be associated with these pine-derived products. 4 Chemistry Turpentine is composed primarily of monoterpene hydrocarbons, the most prevalent of which are the pinenes, camphene, and 3-carene.

Rosin contains mostly diterpene resin acids, such as abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, palustric acid, and isopimaric acid. Numerous other compounds are present in small quantities in all turpentine products. Canada turpentine or Canada balsam is an oleoresin obtained from the stems of the balsam fir, Abies balsamea (Family Pinaceae). Uses and Pharmacology Turpentine and its related products (the oil and rosin) are important in commerce and traditional medicine. These products can pose a toxicity problem and should be handled and stored carefully. Literature primarily documents turpentine being utilized in experimental models of inflammation to induce a systemic inflammatory immune response in animals. 7 Antibacterial activity Animal data Turpentine possesses antibacterial activity in vitro 1 and has been applied topically to debride severe wounds infested with fly larvae. 8 Clinical data Research reveals no clinical data regarding the antibacterial activity of turpentine. Sclerosis Research reveals no animal data regarding the use of turpentine for sclerosis.

Clinical data Preliminary reports from Russia suggest that turpentine baths may assist in the treatment of disseminated sclerosis, 9 but the safety of this treatment has not been established. Sexual dysfunction Research reveals no animal data regarding the use of turpentine for sexual dysfunction. Clinical data One study from Russia documents the use of turpentine white emulsion baths in patients with sexual dysfunctions, but the safety of this treatment has not been established. 10 Miscellaneous When applied topically, turpentine causes skin irritation and, therefore, has been shown to exert rubefacient and counterirritant actions. Turpentine inhibits bone resorption in rats dose dependently. 11 Dosage None well documented. Adverse Reactions The contact allergenic activity of turpentine is believed to be caused primarily by the pinenes, 3-carene and dipentene. The resin also has irritant potential. In one survey of persons involved in the manufacture of tires, patch testing indicated that 2.6% of those tested developed hypersensitivity reactions to turpentine. Benign skin tumors have been observed in animal models following chronic topical application of turpentine.

1 , 2 Toxicology Turpentine has been used for traditional self-medication in the United States, and fatal poisonings have been reported in children who have ingested as little as 15 mL of the material. 3 Turpentine is among the most commonly ingested poisons among childhood cases reported to poison control centers. 12 Turpentine will irritate the respiratory pathways. 13 A case report documents a male, 20 years of age treated with oxygen, steroids, and eventually intercostal tube drainage after turpentine-induced chemical pneumonitis that evolved into a bronchopleural fistula. 14 Toxic effects of turpentine ingestion include headache, insomnia, coughing, vomiting, hematuria, albuminuria, and coma. 1 Bibliography 1. Leung AY. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980. 2. Rudzki E, Berova N, Czernielewski A, et al. Contact allergy to oil of turpentine: a 10-year retrospective view. Contact Dermatitis Research Group in Comecon Countries.

Contact Dermatitis . 1991;24:317-318. 3. Boyd EL, et al. Home Remedies and the Black Elderly: A Reference Manual for Health Care Providers . Levittown, PA: Pharmaceutical Information Associates, Ltd.;1991. 4. Trease GE, Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy . 13th ed. London, England: Balliere Tindall; 1989. 5. Ziment I. History of the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Respiration . 1991;58 (suppl 1):37-42. 6. Morton JF. Major Medicinal Plants . Springfield, IL: Thomas Books; 1977. 7. Pous C, Chauvelot-Moachon L, Lecoustillier M, Durand G. Recombinant human interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor affect glycosylation of serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in rats. Inflammation . 1992;16:197-203. 8.

Agarwal DC, Singh B. Orbital myiasis—a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol . 1990;38:187-188. 9. Ludianskii EA. The extension of the use of physical methods of treatment to patients with disseminated sclerosis [in Russian]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult . 1992;34-37. 10. Karpukhin IV, Li AA, Gusev ME. Turpentine white emulsion baths in the rehabilation in patients with sexual dysfunctions [in Russian]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult . 2000;32-33. 11. Muhlbauer RC, Lozano A, Palacio S, Reinli A, Felix R. Common herbs, essential oils, and monoterpenes potently modulate bone metabolism. Bone . 2003;32:372-380. 12. Melis K, Verbeke S, Bochner A. Chemical pneumonia in children [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd .

1990;134:811-814. 13. Filipsson AF. Short term inhalation exposure to turpentine: toxicokinetics and acute effects in men. Occup Environ Med . 1996;53:100-105. 14. Rodricks A, Satyanarayana M, D'Souza GA, Ramachandran P. Turpentine-induced chemical pneumonitis with broncho-pleural fistula. J Assoc Physicians India . 2003;51:729-730. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health Turpentine Turpentine Scientific Name(S): Pinus palustris Mill. and several other species and varieties of Pinus. Family: Pinaceae Common Name(S): Turpentine, gum turpentine, gum thus, turpentine oil, turpentine balsam Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the complex distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus).

It is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene Uses Turpentine has been used experimentally in a bath for the treatment of disseminated sclerosis, and is presently being injected into animals as experiemental models of inflammation to induce a systemic inflammatory immune response. Side Effects If ingested, turpentine is highly toxic. History The primary use of turpentine has been as a solvent in paints. During the last century, it became an important starting material for the commercial synthesis of many widely used compounds, including camphor and menthol. Various products derived from turpentine have used in chewing gums, and steam-distilled turpentine oil has been used as a food and beverage flavoring in very small quantities (typically about 20 ppm). Turpentine and its related products have a long history of medicinal use, where they have been employed primarily as topical counterirritants for the treatment of rheumatic disorders and muscle pain. A gum derived from turpentine was used in traditional Chinese medicine to relieve the pain of toothaches.

Other extracts (including the semi-synthetic derivative terpin hydrate) have been used for the treatment of cough and cold symptoms; the cis-form of terpin hydrate is used as an expectorant. A variety of gum and resin products had been derived rom pines for use in the early naval industry as tars and pitches. Consequently the terms "wood naval stores" and "gum naval stores" came to be associated with these pine-derived products. Source And Composition Research suggests that the term "turpentine" is used imprecisely to describe either the oleoresin obtained from the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) or the slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) along with other Pinus species that yield exclusively terpene oils, or the essential oil obtained from the above oleoresin. More than a half-dozen additional Pinus species have been used in the production of turpentine. The oteoresin is sometimes referred to as "gum turpentine" while turpentine or its oil (also known as spirits of turpentine) are terms for the essential oil.

Following steam distillation, gum turpentine yields turpentine oil and a resin called colophony (also known as rosin). Alternately, rosin is collected by scarring the tree trunk, and various grades of material are then refined. Turpentine and rosin also are obtained by the steam distillation of wood chips of that are by-products of the lumber and paper industries, and these sources account for the bulk of the production of these compounds. In terms of volume, turpentine is the largest volume essential oil product in the world, with the bulk of production occurring in the United States. The labor-intensive production of rosin, however, occurs to a greater extent in Spain, Greece, India, and Morocco. Turpentine is composed primarily of monoterpene hydrocarbons, the most prevalent of which are the pinenes, camphene, and 3-carene. Rosin contains mostly diterpene resin acids such as abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, palustric acid and isopimaric acid. Numerous other compounds are present in small quantities in all turpentine products.

Canada turpentine or Canada balsam is an oleoresin obtained from the stems of the balsam fir, Abies balsamae (Family Pinaceae). Summary Turpentine and its related products (the oil and rosin) are important in commerce and traditional medicine. These products can pose a toxicity problem, and should be handled and stored carefully. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (c)Copyright Medical-clinic.org All rights reserved. Disclaimer : All information on Medical-clinic.org is for educational and information purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, please consult your doctor. We will not be liable for any complications, or other medical accidents arising from the use of any information on this web site. Turpentine : definition of Turpentine and synonyms of Turpentine (English) For other uses, see Turpentine (disambiguation) . Pinene is a major component of turpentine. Turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, and wood turpentine) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from live trees, mainly pines .

It is composed of terpenes , mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene . It is sometimes colloquially known as turps. [1] The word turpentine derives (via French and Latin ) from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη terebinthine, the name of a species of tree, the terebinth tree, from whose sap the spirit was originally distilled . [2] Mineral turpentine or other petroleum distillates are used to replace turpentine, but they are very different chemically. [3] Contents Source trees 1912 postcard depicting harvesting pine resin for the turpentine industry One of the earliest sources was the terebinth or turpentine tree (Pistacia terebinthus), a Mediterranean tree related to the pistachio .

Important pines for turpentine production include: Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster), Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis), Masson's Pine (Pinus massoniana), Sumatran Pine (Pinus merkusii), Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris), Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa). Jeffrey pine , which resembles Ponderosa Pine, produces a resin that, when distilled, yields almost pure n-Heptane , which is explosive: it cannot be used to make turpentine. When producing chemical wood pulp from pines or other coniferous trees with the Kraft process , turpentine is collected as a byproduct. Often it is burned at the mill for energy production. The average yield of crude turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp. [4] Canada balsam , also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir , is a turpentine which is made from the resin of the balsam fir. Venice turpentine is produced from the Western Larch Larix occidentalis.

In order to tap into the sap producing layers of the tree, turpentiners used a combination of hacks to removed the pine bark. Once debarked, pine trees secrete resin onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and bugs and prevent vital sap loss. Turpentiners wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks so as to channel the resin into containers. It was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. The V-shaped cuts are called "catfaces" for their resemblance to a cat’s whiskers. These marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production. [5] Industrial and other end uses Solvent The two primary uses of turpentine in industry are as a solvent and as a source of materials for organic synthesis . As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints , for producing varnishes , and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Its industrial use as a solvent in industrialized nations has largely been replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes distilled from crude oil .

Turpentine has long been used as a solvent, mixed with beeswax or with carnauba wax , to make fine furniture wax for use as a protective coating over oiled wood finishes (e.g., lemon oil). Source of organic compounds Turpentine is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical compounds. Commercially used camphor , linalool , alpha-terpineol , and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pinene and beta-pinene , which are two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated and purified by distillation. The mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes that is left as residue after turpentine distillation is sold as rosin . Medicinal elixir Turpentine and petroleum distillates such as coal oil and kerosene have been used medicinally since ancient times, as topical and sometimes internal home remedies. Topically it has been used for abrasions and wounds, as a treatment for lice , and when mixed with animal fat it has been used as a chest rub, or inhaler for nasal and throat ailments.

Many modern chest rubs, such as the Vicks variety, still contain turpentine in their formulations. Taken internally it was used as treatment for intestinal parasites because of its alleged antiseptic and diuretic properties, and a general cure-all [6] [7] as in Hamlin's Wizard Oil . Sugar, molasses or honey were sometimes used to mask the taste. Internal administration of these toxic products is no longer common today. Turpentine was a common medicine among seamen during the Age of Discovery , and one of several products carried aboard Ferdinand Magellan 's fleet in his first circumnavigation of the globe. [8] Niche uses Turpentine is also added to many cleaning and sanitary products due to its antiseptic properties and its "clean scent". In early 19th-century America, turpentine was sometimes burned in lamps as a cheap alternative to whale oil. It was most commonly used for outdoor lighting, due to its strong odor. [9] A blend of ethanol and turpentine added as an illuminant called burning fluid was also important for several decades.

In 1946, Soichiro Honda used turpentine as a fuel for the first Honda motorcycles as gasoline was almost totally unavailable following World War II . [10] Turpentine was a common additive in cheap gin until the 20th century and gave it its characteristic juniper berry flavor without the need for pricier distillations with aromatic spices and berries. [11] Hazards As an organic solvent, its vapor can irritate the skin and eyes, damage the lungs and respiratory system, as well as the central nervous system when inhaled, and cause renal failure when ingested, among other things. Being combustible, it also poses a fire hazard. See also turpentine facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about turpentine The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press turpentine, yellow to brown semifluid oleoresin exuded from the sapwood of pines, firs, and other conifers. It is made up of two principal components, an essential oil and a type of resin that is called rosin . The essential oil (oil of turpentine) can be separated from the rosin by steam distillation.

Commercial turpentine, or turps, is this oil of turpentine. When pure, it is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid with a penetrating odor and a characteristic taste. It contains a large proportion of pinene, a compound from which camphor is manufactured. Turpentine is obtained in large amounts from several species of pines of the SE United States; its physical properties, e.g., boiling point, depend on its source. It is used chiefly as a solvent and drying agent in paints and varnishes. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English © The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2009, originally published by Oxford University Press 2009. tur·pen·tine / ˈtərpənˌtīn/ • n. 1. (also oil of turpentine) a volatile pungent oil distilled from gum turpentine or pine wood, used in mixing paints and varnishes and in liniment. ∎ (also crude turpentine or gum turpentine) an oleoresin secreted by certain trees, esp.

pines, and distilled to make rosin and oil of turpentine. 2. (also turpentine tree) any of a number of trees that yield turpentine or a similar resin, in particular the terebinth, or a coniferous tree (Larix, Pinus, and other genera) of the pine family. Cite this article Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes © Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.

turpentine •canine • asinine • leonine • saturnine •Antonine • pavonine • rapine •alpine, cisalpine •pitchpine • orpine •lupine, supine •porcupine • vulpine • salamandrine •alexandrine • sapphirine • taurine •endocrine • aventurine • vulturine •colubrine • lacustrine • estuarine •viperine • passerine • catarrhine •intrauterine, uterine •adulterine • riverine • ensign •internecine, V-sign •piscine • porcine • cosine • thylacine •countersign •hircine, ursine •shoeshine • moonshine • sunshine •earthshine •adamantine, Byzantine, elephantine •Tridentine • Levantine • Bechstein •Epstein • amethystine • Rubinstein •Frankenstein • Palestine • Philistine •turpentine • Einstein • Eisenstein •cispontine, transpontine •serotine • infantine • Wittgenstein •Argentine • Palatine •Ballantyne, valentine •

eglantine • Hammerstein •clementine • vespertine • serpentine •Florentine •Lichtenstein, Liechtenstein •Constantine • nemertine • Bernstein •hyacinthine, labyrinthine •Jugurthine • grapevine • bovine •Glühwein • cervine • equine Cite this article Terebinth.

- Homeopathy Homeopathy Turpentine Terebinthinae oleum The homeopathic remedy terebinth is prepared using the oil filtered from oleoresin (turpentine) and is primarily used to treat problems of the kidney as well as the urethra. This homeopathic remedy was proved way back in the 19th century. It may be noted that turpentine, which is also known as the oil of turpentine, spirit of turpentine and wood turpentine, is a liquid that is acquired by distilling resin collected from the trees, especially the pine trees . Turpentine is made up of terpenes (any group of unsaturated hydrocarbons), especially the mono-terpenes, beta-pinene and alpha-pinene and, hence, is occasionally called turps. A tree related to pistachio and found in the Mediterranean region was one of the earliest sources of turpentine.

The pine trees that are vital for the production of turpentine include Aleppo Pine (botanical name Pinus halepensis), Maritime Pine (botanical name Pinus pinaster), Sumatran Pine (botanical name Pinus merkusii), Masson's Pine (botanical name Pinus massoniana), Loblolly Pine (botanical name Pinus taeda), Longleaf Pine (botanical name Pinus palustris) and the Ponderosa Pine (botanical name Pinus ponderosa). In effect, turpentine or the oil of turpentine that is extracted from the pine trees growing in California (California pines) like Gray Pine (botanical name Pinus sabiniana) and Ponderosa Pine (botanical name Pinus ponderosa) provide a variety of turpentine that is more or less wholesome heptane. Turpentine is obtained as a byproduct when the Kraft process is used to chemically produce wood pulp from the timber of the pine or other coniferous trees. Very frequently turpentine is set ablaze in the mills to obtain energy.

In fact, turpentine has two major industrial uses - it is used as a source of substances for organic amalgamation and also as a solvent. As turpentine is a valuable solvent, it has several industrial uses. As a thinner, this substance is used for diluting paints that are oil based, for varnish production and in the chemical industry, it is also used as a raw material. Nevertheless, in most industrialized nations, the use of turpentine as a solvent has now been replaced to a great extent by much inexpensive substitutes of turpentine that are extracted/ distilled from crude oil. Since turpentine possesses antiseptic attributes and is also a ï¿½clean fragrance', it is often added to several cleaning as well as sanitary products. In addition, turpentine has a long history of being used as a solvent, blended either with beeswax or with carnauba wax, with a view to produce superior quality furniture wax that was used as a protective covering over oiled wood finishes (for instance, lemon oil).

It may be noted here that Canada balsam or Canada turpentine, which is also known as balsam of fir, is also turpentine that is produced from the resin collected from the balsam fir . Similarly, the Western Larch Larix occidentalis yields Venice turpentine. As mentioned earlier, the use of turpentine is widespread as raw material resource in the amalgamation of aromatic chemical compounds. For instance, each and every one of the commercially used linalool , camphor , geraniol and alpha-terpineol are generally made from two major chemical constituents of turpentine - alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. These pinenes are distilled to detach as well as cleanse them. The brittle yellowish to amber hued residue, a mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes left behind following the distillation of turpentine, is sold in the market as rosin, also called colophony. During the initial days of the 19th century, people in America occasionally burned turpentine in lamps since it was an inexpensive option to whale oil.

Owing to its potent smell (a combination of turpentine and ethanol added with an illuminant known as burning fluid) turpentine was extensively used for outdoor lighting. This practice by the Americans continued for a number of decades. Since the ancient times, people have been using distillates of turpentine as well as petroleum, including coal oil and kerosene, medicinally - particularly for external application. However, some of the medicines prepared with these distillates at home were also occasionally administered internally. The topical application of such medications was for treating wounds , abrasions as well as eliminating lice . When these distillates were blended with animal fat, they were used as a chest rub or inhaler to heal nasal and throat problems. Even to this day, turpentine forms an important element in several current chest rubs, for instance the variety of chest rubs made by Vicks. Medications prepared with distillates of turpentine and petroleum supposedly possessed potent antiseptic and diuretic properties and, hence, were taken internally to eliminate intestinal parasites . In addition, it also served as a cure-all or panacea like in the instance of Hamlin's Wizard Oil.

Generally, sugar , honey and even molasses were added to these medications with a view to make them sweeter and tasty for ingestion. However, in contemporary times, physicians advise against the internal administration of such medications since they are toxic in nature to some extent. During the ï¿½Age of Discovery', turpentine was a very widespread medicine, especially among the seamen. It is interesting to note that turpentine was among the different medications carried aboard by Ferdinand Magellan's fleet when he ventured out on his maiden circumnavigation of the earth. Till the 20th century, turpentine was also used as an additive in inexpensive gin and the substance provided the typical juniper berry flavour to this variety of gin with no need for costlier distillation of the alcoholic beverage using fragrant berries and aromatic spices. As aforementioned, turpentine is widely used industrially to manufacture camphor, paint solvents and synthetic pine oil. This substance produces adverse side effects when it comes in contact with the skin, is inhaled or swallowed. In effect, turpentine causes a smoldering as well as blistering sensation on the skin when it is splattered on the skin and left for some period of time.

Then again, when turpentine is inhaled, it causes breathlessness and sneezing. Swallowing turpentine results in a burning sensation in the mouth and stomach, vomiting as well as diarrhea . The toxicity of turpentine notwithstanding, it was used in conventional medicine to treat health conditions, such as vaginal discharge, sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea as well as excretion from the urinary bladder. Parts used The oil extracted from oleoresin or turpentine is used to prepare the homeopathic remedy terebinth. Uses The homeopathic remedy terebinth primarily works on the mucus membranes of the kidneys and the urinary bladder. Homeopathic physicians usually prescribe this medication for treating tenderness and swelling of the kidneys and the urethra. It is also used to treat cystitis ( inflammation of the urinary bladder ) accompanied by fierce burning and drawing pains in the bladder, urethra and/ or the kidneys alongside unclear or dark urine that has a sweet odor. This condition is related to aches in the back as well as a sensation of a narrowing and chilliness in the umbilical area.

In addition, terebinth is also prescribed for treating edema (accumulation and retention of fluid in the tissues) that may be related to any kidney ailment. Source Pine trees form the basis of the homeopathic remedy terebinth. These trees are found growing naturally in the cold climates of the Northern Hemisphere. turpentine oil | essential oil | Britannica.com Turpentine oil THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Alternative Titles: oil of turpentine, spirit of turpentine Learn about this topic in these articles: in turpentine ...Turpentines are semifluid substances consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile oil; this mixture is separable by various distillation techniques into a volatile portion called oil (or spirit) of turpentine and a nonvolatile portion called rosin. Although the term turpentine originally referred to the whole oleoresinous exudate, it now commonly refers to its volatile turpentine fraction only,...

in hydrocarbon: Natural occurrence ...for the characteristic odour, or “essence,” of the plant from which they are obtained.) Myrcene and limonene, for example, are alkenes found in bayberry and lime oil, respectively. Oil of turpentine, obtained by distilling the exudate from pine trees, is a mixture of hydrocarbons rich in α-pinene. α-Pinene is used as a paint thinner as well as a starting material... in essential oil ...products became a specialty of the European medieval pharmacies, and by about 1500 the following products had been introduced: oils of cedarwood, calamus, costus, rose, rosemary, spike, incense, turpentine, sage, cinnamon, benzoin, and myrrh. The alchemical theories of the Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus played a role in stimulating physicians and pharmacists to seek essential oils... in pinene The principal source of α-pinene is turpentine obtained in the sulfate process for making paper. The commercial product is 90–95 percent pure.

Large amounts of α-pinene are converted to synthetic pine oil or to camphene, which is chlorinated to toxaphene, an insecticide, or treated with acetic acid to form isobornyl acetate, a perfume with a pine-needle aroma and... in wood tar ...mixture of terpenes known as turpentine. Pine-wood tar, commonly called Stockholm, or Archangel, tar, is made extensively in the forests of Russia, Sweden, and Finland. It is the residue after the turpentine has been distilled, usually with the aid of steam. It is widely used in manufacturing tarred ropes and twine and in impregnating hemp fibre for oakum. In pharmacy, it has some slight use... History--American Turpentine Farmers Association Minute Books History Beginnings Judge Harley Langdale of Valdosta, Georgia, along with 900 other men from the southern turpentine industry, established the American Turpentine Farmers Association (ATFA) on March 18, 1936.

The association was formed to represent the interests of gum naval stores factors, producers, and dealers in the United States "turpentine belt" (Georgia, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas). ATFA revived the gum naval stores industry, comprised of rosin and turpentine, by organizing gum producers in order to stabilize the market; improving marketing and production of gum turpentine and its by-products; conserving and promoting the conservation of pine forests; building a stronger relationship among businesses and the government; and taking control of surplus gum while initiating a loan program for its members. Ultimately, ATFA strived to show that turpentining was an agricultural, not an industrial process. In 1936, ATFA members elected their first Board of Directors to serve a one-year term and established their headquarters in Valdosta, Georgia. The inaugural board included Judge Harley Langdale (president), Robert M. Newton (vice-president), Colin Kelly (secretary/treasurer), J. E. Dyal, W. L. Rhodes, M. C. Stallworth, J. B. Davis, George W. Hall, Albert F.

Bullard, and James Fowler. In October 1937, the association began hosting annual board meetings and conventions with a variety of activities for members and their families, including dances, barbeques, and stag dinners. In 1940, a beauty pageant was added to the festivities where young ladies wore bathing suits made from pine needles and the winner received a pine needle tiara. Mary Newton, a student of Georgia State College for Women, was named the first Miss Spirit of Turpentine and had the honor of representing ATFA at parades and festivals throughout the state. Sticky Politics Soon after ATFAï¿½s founding, the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, which encouraged the reduction of staple crops in order to raise market prices, was deemed unconstitutional. In response, Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, which created the Naval Stores Conservation Program to encourage turpentiners to decrease their production acreage and be reimbursed for the loss. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 made loans available to farmers during abundant seasons, set market prices, and provided storage for surplus crops which could then be distributed when commodities became scarce.

The goal of this legislation was to ensure that the market remained stable and market prices did not experience extreme fluctuations throughout the harvest season. The conservation programs helped keep inflation under control and provided some financial relief for ATFA members who were being asked to shrink their production output. Also in 1938, the Gum Naval Stores Loan and Purchase Program was enacted to provide loans through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) to qualifying naval stores farmers who were adhering to the stipulations of the Naval Stores Conservation Program. ATFA acted as the field administrator for these loans and granted cash advances to its qualifying members. The loan values were based on bulk gallons of turpentine and rosin, grades G or higher, but no loans were made on turpentine in barrels. Oleoresin, a mixture of resin and oil, stored at distillation plants was also eligible for this loan program. The conservation program was relaxed during World War II when the War Production Board needed ATFA members to increase production to 450,000 units. While increases in production were important to the U.S. war effort, they were more vital to Great Britain which had significantly depleted stocks.

The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 allowed for the U.S. to send materials to the Allies without receiving payment, this enabling ATFA to administer large shipments of gum turpentine and rosin stored in Valdosta, Georgia to Great Britain to help supplement their supply. Throughout its history, ATFA regularly sent delegations to Washington, D.C. to lobby for legislation that favored the turpentine industry. The organization also fought against laws that hampered production and made attracting workers difficult. Attracting and maintaining turpentine workers was crucial, especially during the war when ATFA members were under pressure to not only meet but exceed production expectations. There were four acts of Congress that had a tremendous affect on the turpentine labor force: Social Security Act (1935), Frazier-Lempke Act (1941), Wage-Hour Bill (1939), and an amendment to the Workmenï¿½s Compensation Act (1943). One of the primary goals of ATFA was to ensure that the Social Security Act of 1935 was amended to include its members as tax exempt workers.

From its inception the act exempted farmers from taxation but did not exempt turpentiners because it classified them as industrial workers. ATFA successfully lobbied to have their workers reclassified as agricultural and received an exemption that remained in affect until Congress amended the act in 1958. The fight for social security exemption led to the Frazier-Lempke Act, passed in 1941, which granted turpentine workers the same employee rights and benefits as all other agricultural farmers. The association also lobbied to have their workers be exempt from the 1939 Wage-Hour Bill. This legislation allowed farmers and seasonal workers to avoid increases to the minimum wage and the implementation of a shortened work week. Turpentiners were not initially included, and thus were subject to new wages and a limited work week that is impractical for an industry with a limited harvest season. The ATFA Board of Directors sent a plea to all southern congressmen to add an amendment to the bill, protecting the turpentine industry in the same way they protected farmers. As originally written, the bill would have had a detrimental impact on already strained industry with inflated prices that could not withstand a labor cost increase.

Another victory for association members came in 1943, when Congress declared gum naval stores producers were no longer subject to the Workmen's Compensation Act. All of this legislation allowed for the turpentine industry to prosper during the post-war period and experience years of peak production in the late 1940s. Tapping Into New Technologies By the 1940s, technology had transformed the Southern turpentine industry, making it more productive and cost effective. The development of the "Olustee process", which introduced steam into the distillation process, made the processing of gum turpentine more efficient. It became a technological innovation that changed the very nature of the turpentine business. A modern, centralized gum distillery, the first of its kind in the South, was built in Valdosta, Georgia in 1943. The following year, Turpentine and Rosin Factors, Inc. opened in Valdosta, producing the world's largest volume of business in bottled turpentine.

This distillery was the most technologically advanced turpentine packaging plant established thus far and, according to the AT-FA Journal signified, "a new era in the gum turpentine industry." In 1957, the U.S. Department of Agricultureï¿½s (USDA) Naval Stores Station in Olustee National Forest, Florida developed a continuous steam still to increase turpentine and rosin production. Three years later, central steam stills had entirely replaced individual fire stills, speeding up the distillation process and lowering costs. ATFA was a great supporter of technological improvements in the industry and financed research and development throughout the turpentine belt. ATFAï¿½s members were primarily interested in investing in ways to increase gum production, decreasing the overall damage done to the trees during gum harvest, and methods for increased mechanization. While acid paste had been used to increase gum production since the 1940s, research conducted at the Olustee Naval Stores Station improved the paste solution, making it safer for workers to handle and less damaging to trees. The station began collaborating with the Georgia Agricultural Extension Service to co-sponsor demonstrations on the proper use and benefits of acid paste throughout the state.

ATFA also urged its members to adopt new techniques that allowed more of the tree crop to be conserved for use in the timber industry. These techniques involved the use of paper and plastic cups, instead of traditional metal cups, and the use of soft metal staples that would not damage timber machinery. While turpentine farming remained a very labor intense industry, in the 1960s mechanizations eased the workload. Notable advancements included pneumatic chipping tools and staple guns, mechanical gum harvesters, and new vehicles for carrying heavy loads over uneven ground. Each innovation allowed for greater efficiency and increased safety for workers. ATFA was not only interested in developing a technologically advanced turpentine industry, but also focused on developments for new industrial uses of gum turpentine and rosin. During the early 1940s, the association contracted with G&A Laboratories, Inc. in Savannah, Georgia to develop new by-products of gum turpentine. In 1953, the USDA began working with Armour Research Foundation and later the Georgia Institute of Technology, to study ways to make pinic acid, an ingredient used in many industrial products, from a turpentine component called alpha pinene.

The following year the USDA developed a new class of hydroperoxides from gum rosin derivatives, one of which sped the process of rubber production. By the mid-1960s, new types of plastic were being developed from pine gum rosin. "Spirit" Advertising AFTA's establishment ushered in a new era of visibility for the turpentine industry. In 1937, ATFA began the Gum Turpentine National Advertising Campaign, which improved the accessibility of turpentine by marketing it in small containers more appropriate for household use, and educating businesses and the general public about the various uses of turpentine. The campaign included color advertisements that appeared in national publications, the creation of an official AT-FA Journal containing articles related to the naval stores industry, an exhibit at the 1939 Worldï¿½s Fair in New York, and the creation of the official ï¿½ATFA Seal of Approvalï¿½ and distinctive green bottle packaging. There were even national radio advertisements. The text below comes from one such advertisement broadcast on CBS on April 21, 1943: "From the great fragrant pine forests of the romantic south comes pure gum spirits of turpentine.

This product is refined from the sap of the living pine trees, and itï¿½s called ï¿½The Universal Household Cleanser.ï¿½ Keep a Duraglas Bottle of gum spirits of turpentine on hand at all times. Youï¿½ll use it to thin paint and varnish, of course, and to clean paint brushes and remove paint spots from any surface. Besides that, itï¿½s a great help in cleaning tiles floors, and all porcelain fixtures in the bath room. When you ask your dealer for gum turpentine, get it in a Duraglas bottle made by Owens-Illinois Glass Company." The publicity campaign was a great success and, as a result, numerous county agencies and city councils throughout the turpentine belt passed resolutions to use only gum spirits of turpentine as a solvent for painting projects on their properties. Other individuals such as William Capers Rice, mayor of Vidalia, Georgia, were inspired to organize their own agricultural co-operatives. Rice founded a competing organization, the Gum Turpentine Farmers Cooperative Association, which three years later became an ATFA affiliate member.

In 1942, members proposed that ATFA help fund a film about gum naval stores to provide more information about turpentine production to the public. The board of directors agreed to fund the project and the film, Suwanee Pine, was produced by the Georgia Cooperative Extension Service and directed by J. Aubrey Smith. Suwanee Pine detailed the entire turpentine process, from the initial tapping of the pine trees through the distillation process to the numerous usages of rosin and turpentine by consumers. Extension Service participants included Aubrey Smith, John Martin, narrator, and Edward Craig, director of the musical score. On May 18, 1944, the first public screening of Suwanee Pine at the Ritz Theatre in Valdosta opened to a packed house. The premiere was accompanied by a parade held in downtown Valdosta. Walter S. Brown, director of the Extension Service, praised ATFA for their support of the film. In 1957, another film, More Profit By Gum!, supported by ATFA and directed by Smith won the American Association of Agricultural College Editors' Farm Film Award.

Both of these films were distributed and shown to 4-H Clubs, civic organizations and agricultural demonstration clubs, and conventions and distributor meetings across the country. ATFA and 4-H Since its establishment, ATFA has always been a great supporter of 4-H clubs throughout the United States. They began sponsoring 4-H Club Paint Team Demonstrations in June of 1941 at the Remington Home Demonstration Club, a home economics and agricultural organization. Other co-sponsors included Georgia 4-H, Georgia Agricultural Extension Service, Lead Industries, and Lumber Products Manufacturing. At these events, boys and girls from 286 4-H Club Paint Teams instructed audiences in Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Georgia, on good painting practices. Every 4-H Club Paint Team kit included a quart of ATFA gum turpentine, and the importance of gum turpentine as a paint thinner was stressed during the demonstrations. By 1942, 4-H clubs in sixteen states were taking part in the paint club demonstrations. ATFA also sponsored the 4-H Club Naval Stores Camp, encouraging knowledge about the industry, in Lowndes County, Georgia, from 1949 to 1970.

On September 30, 1953, Georgia 4-H Club showed its appreciation for all of ATFA's contributions by dedicating cottage number nine at the Rock Eagle 4-H Center near Eatonton, Georgia, to Judge Harley Langdale with a plaque bearing his name and tracing the history of ATFA. ATFA's Quiet Decline In 1937, the U.S. was responsible for 53% of rosin and turpentine produced worldwide, but by the mid-1960s production had decreased significantly. In 1949, ATFA generated a forty-three million dollar income and supported over four thousand members and more than eight thousand gum producers. However, many producers began turning to other industries that generated more profit and were less labor intensive, such as pulpwood. Competitive international markets along with forest fires that raged through Georgia in the early 1950s did little to help matters. By 1966, gum turpentine production had dropped to an all time low, and only nineteen processing plants remained open. Four major factors contributed to the virtual extinction of the gum turpentine industry in the U.S.

First there was the competition from wood naval stores, petroleum based products, and sulfate naval stores, specifically sulfate rosin, or "tall oil", production. Labor and production costs, which continued to increase while demand did not, also played a significant role. Workers gradually moved from turpentine camps to pulpwood operations creating a huge labor shortage. Even one of ATFA's own members, Turpentine & Rosin Factors, Inc., licensed petroleum thinner to be used as a substitute for turpentine. ATFA did make several attempts to prevent the decline of the turpentine industry but none were successful. The group continued organizing research projects to find more by-products of gum turpentine that industries and the general public might want to purchase. In 1953, Langdale appointed an Advisory Committee on Research made up of members from ATFA and the Gum Processors Association to oversee new research on gum turpentine. ATFA also continually urged its membership, both through their journal and at annual meetings, to conserve trees, increase production, and provide incentives to find and keep a labor force. In 1954, the group began holding educational field meetings, supporting these practices, for turpentine processors.

While these efforts were successful and the use of gum rosin for paper production did increase in the 1950s, the introduction of new methods only made a small dent in the rapidly falling numbers for gum production and consumption. ATFA then chartered the Pine Gum Development Corporation whose responsibility was to oversee the association's CCC stocks and surplus gum turpentine and rosin. The following year, members voted to place all their gum turpentine into the federal loan program until prices stabilized. In 1965, Harley Langdale ended an era in ATFA history by stepping down as president; after twenty-nine years of service. Jim L. Gillis, Jr. of Soperton, Georgia was elected as the second president of the association; he would also be its last. By the end of 1967, the Olustee lab had stopped researching pine gum entirely and the government began liquidating its gum naval stores. The last AT-FA Journal was distributed two years later, at which time only 1,222 gum producers remained in the United States.

Judge Harley Langdale died in April of 1972 and the company he founded, Langdale Company, Inc., increasingly focused on the lumber industry rather than turpentine. The centralized gum distillery in Valdosta shut down in the mid 1970s, and ATFA discontinued their traditional annual meeting and held four annual regional meetings in its place by 1975 due to a decrease in attendance. As a result, the Miss Spirits of Turpentine beauty pageant was also cancelled. The new Queen was thereafter chosen from among contestants in the Miss Georgia Forestry Contest at the Georgia Forestry Commission Convention. The final Queen, Amy Sarah Gowen, was chosen in 1995. During the 1980s, with ATFA's decline and the relative end of turpentine production in the States, Brazil, Portugal, China, and Indonesia gradually became the major world producers of gum naval stores. In 1980, the USDA quit reporting gum production and prices, the Gum Naval Stores Loan and Purchase Program ground to a halt, and federal gum price support ceased. At that time, only three hundred gum producers remained in the U.S.

The ATFA office relocated from Valdosta to the Georgia Forestry Commission's McRae District Office in 1996, and the last bucket of Georgia gum for commercial turpentine was drawn in 2001. The Georgia Agrirama, State Museum of Agriculture, in Tifton has become one of the primary vehicles for keeping ATFA's history alive since the virtual extinction of turpentine production in the state. In 1982, the Agrirama held the first annual Naval Stores Day and began operating its own turpentine still, which continues to be run once a year. ATFA transferred its files to the Agrirama in 1993; they are still being honored there to this day.

Question: Turpentine was originally obtained predominantly from which tree?
Answer: PINE