Nephrology - Biology-Online Dictionary The branch of medicine dealing primarily with the function and diseases of the kidneys Supplement Nephrology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the study of the function, structure, diseases and treatments of kidneys . The kidneys are a pair of organs in the body that perform the function of osmoregulation , blood filtration, and elimination of wastes in the form of urine . Some of the common problems of the kidneys are acute kidney failures associated with the lack of blood flow to the kidneys, direct damage to the kidneys, and blockage of urine from the kidneys. Another is the chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is commonly caused by types 1 and 2 diabetes and by high blood pressure. Other causes of CKD include immune system conditions (e.g. lupus, AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C), urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis), inflammation of glomeruli, polycystic kidney disease, congenital defecs, and long-term medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.1 Nephrology is also concerned with the diagnosis of these kidney problems and the appropriate medical care and treatments (e.g. renal replacement therapy such as dialysis and renal transplant).

A physician that specializes in nephrology is called nephrologist or renal physician. Word origin: Greek nephros (kidney) + -logy (study of) See also: Doctor Specialties By By on May 4th, 2015 in Doctor Specialties Nephrology is a medical specialty that has its focus based on the study of the usual functionality of the kidneys, health complications that affect the kidneys and the appropriate treatment of kidney problematic conditions. This medical field is comprised of professionals known as nephrologists or renal physicians. These medical doctors are entirely in charge of kidney care and kidney performance. Nephrologists or renal physicians are in some cases referred to as kidney doctors. This medical title has been derived from a Greek word known as ‘nephros’ which is translated to kidneys or renal and the term ‘ologist’ which is anyone undertaking a study. Nephrologists begin with the study of general medicine prior to focusing on a specialty of conditions related to the kidneys.

The most common kidney related ailments treated through application of nephrology knowledge include: acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidney stones, polycystic kidney disease (PKD), hematuria, hypertension and high blood pressure. Nephrology also involves renal replacement therapy that may in some cases have surgical procedures such as kidney transplant and dialysis. The practice of nephrology is concerned with the diagnosis of different kidney conditions and their treatment. Most diseases that affect the kidney are not restricted to affecting the vital organ only; other parts and organs may also experience symptoms of the complication. Therefore in most cases nephrology involve keen special care of the patient. Physicians in the field of nephrology often are categorized further into specialized groups depending on the diagnosis and condition of the patient. For example it is possible to have nephrologists who focus on acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia or who specialize in chronic kidney disease like uremia. Nephrologists will often prescribe prescription medication to help treat various kidney diseases. Without treatment, these conditions can become severe. Rebates.com is a certain means to assist you in saving money during your treatment.

We offer discounts on prescription medications, including those prescribed by kidney doctors in treatment of complications and disorders related to nephrology. Rebates.com is sure to save you money and help keep you healthier. What is Nephrology? (with pictures) What is Nephrology? Last Modified Date: 05 December 2016 Copyright Protected: These 10 animal facts will amaze you Nephrology is the study and treatment of kidney disease . Doctors, nurses and technicians all specialize in treating patients with kidney disorders. Nephrologists treat patients with kidney disorders and manage transplant protocols in hospitals and for transplant networks. They also manage dialysis centers and programs. Like other specialists, these doctors serve an additional residency in their field, beyond the standard training for a general practitioner. Because kidney disease affects the entire body, a nephrologist must also have a good grasp on other aspects of internal medicine, and how renal failure can cause other body systems to fail. Kidney disorders may be caused by congenital defects, by disease or by lifestyle. Nephrology deals with all these disorders, regardless of their origin. The field even specializes into pediatric nephrology, which deals exclusively with kidney disease or disorders in children.

Doctors have attempted to treat kidney diseases for centuries, but like many other medical conditions, it has only been in the past 75-100 years that any real headway has been made in treating these diseases. New technologies for diagnosing kidney disease, new treatments and medications have all enabled the nephrologist to treat his or her patients with a greater degree of success. Joseph Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant in 1954 and was later awarded a Nobel Prize for his achievement. Ad Nurses and technicians are an integral part of the nephrology field, as well. These medical professionals are often trained in administering hemodialysis and teaching patients how to perform peritoneal dialysis . They may also be a front-line team for helping spot complications before they become life-threatening. Dietitians and social workers even have their places in the nephrology field. They work closely with doctors and nurses, focusing on helping patients live quality lives, as well as helping families understand their loved one's medical issues. Nephrology is a complicated field and requires dedication from all involved to ensure the best in patient care. Ad Nephrology And Dialysis - Doctor insights on HealthTap Dr. Erik McClain Dr.

McClain 1 doctor agreed: Analgesic nephropath: Hi dalton1, if you mean analgesic nephropathy then it depends on how damaged your kidneys were and whether you are still taking analgesic medications. Ibuprofen itself can cause kidney injury but when mixed with codeine, tylenol , ( acetaminophen ) aspirin , etc, you can have severe injury. If your kidneys are working fine and you no longer take analgesia , then there is a good chance no further injury will occur. ...Read more Nephrology | Marina Del Rey Hospital drug use diet During your physical examination, your physician will assess your volume state, blood pressure, skin, joints, abdomen and flank.

Blood Tests reveal raised or altered levels of urea, creatinine and electrolytes including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphates, blood urea nitrogen and others Your blood may also be tested for various organisms that may damage the kidneys including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, AIDS blood levels of antibodies to special antigens can help detect lupus, amyloidosis and multiple myeloma Urine Analysis Urine analysis is very useful in diagnosing kidney issues, as it may reveal: excess proteins that are being excreted from the body in the urine (kidney damage that is especially seen in diabetic nephropathy or in long term kidney diseases) total protein excretion in a day, with 24 hour urine samples or urine collected over a period of 24 hours (indicator of chronic kidney disease) kidney and urinary tract infections with microscopic analysis, culture and sensitivity studies Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) measured by studying the clearance of a substance, which is freely filtered through the filtering units of the kidneys called glomerulus e.g.

inulin creatinine clearance is used to calculate GFR in clinical practice clearance is a measure of volume of plasma cleared by the kidneys per time unit it is the product of urine concentration of creatinine and urine flow rate normal creatinine clearance in adult male is 90 -150 ml/minute Ultrasound Scanning one of the commonest and most used non-invasive imaging studies for kidneys diseases and damage diseases such as hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease and kidney stones are detected using ultrasound examination Other Imaging Studies Computed Tomography scans (CT scan) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans are used to detect structural or other abnormalities of the kidneys can help detect renal tumors and cancer MR Angiography used to detect abnormalities in the blood vessels within the kidneys a radio-contrast dye is injected into a vein in the arm and MRI images are taken as the dye passes through the kidneys this gives a clear picture of the blood vessel network and their abnormalities within the kidneys Renal Biopsy a small amount of renal tissue may be taken from the kidney if a lesion is detected on the kidney the doctor uses long thin hollow needles under the guidance of ultrasound or other imaging studies the tissues are then examined under the microscope for abnormal pathologies Intravenous U

rography (IVU) during this test, an iodinated contrast dye is injected into the veins of the person the dye is imaged using X-rays or other imaging studies its goal is to detect the flow of the blood and formation of urine in the kidneys, as well as its outflow as it traverses through the kidneys Scintigraphy uses radioactive isotopes that help detect abnormal functions of the kidney Renal Arteriography a thin catheter is inserted into the femoral artery and under guidance through an imaging study a dye is injected into the aorta above the renal arteries and images of the blood vessels within the kidneys are obtained Most kidney conditions are chronic conditions and so long term follow-up with a nephrologist is usually necessary.

Treatment of kidney diseases depends on their cause and pathology. Treatments in nephrology can include: medication surgical interventions (urology, vascular or surgical procedures) renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation) plasma exchange Kidney problems can have significant impact on quality and length of life, and so psychological support, health education and advanced care planning play key roles in nephrology. Chronic Kidney Disease Impaired kidney function has systemic effects on the body. Chronic kidney disease is typically managed with: treatment of causative conditions (such as diabetes) avoidance of substances toxic to the kidneys (nephrotoxins: radiologic contrast and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) antihypertensives What is a nephrologist? - Kidney disease education and nutrition articles - Your Kidneys Post a comment What is a nephrologist? A nephrologist is a licensed medical doctor who has additionally completed at least three years of post graduate training in general internal medicine and two years of specialized training in nephrology.

Nephrology is the study of kidney function and kidney diseases, and nephrologists are often referred to as “kidney doctors.” If you have chronic kidney disease (CKD), you may have been advised to see a nephrologist. Visiting a nephrologist sooner rather than later is generally recommended, because studies show that people with early stage CKD who visit a nephrologist soon after referral tend to do better overall than people who postpone a visit. Who needs a nephrologist? The following are symptoms that could prompt a person to see a nephrologist: Blood or protein present in urine High blood pressure (hypertension) Fluid retention What happens during a visit to the nephrologist? The nephrologist will look at your medical history and ask questions about any signs or symptoms you are currently experiencing to get a picture of your entire health. You will be given a physical exam and have tests done, which may include a urinalysis, urine culture, blood test, X-ray, sonogram and/or kidney biopsy. What treatment can I expect from a nephrologist? Kidney disease develops through five stages.

A nephrologist will plan a suitable course of treatment for the stage you are in. The early stages of kidney disease may be treated with a healthy kidney-friendly diet, exercise and medicine that bring high blood pressure and diabetes under control. A moderate stage of kidney disease may call for a diet and exercise plan as well as medication and monitoring. Any medications you currently take that may contribute to kidney inflammation are likely to be reviewed and removed, or one medication may be switched to another that has less negative impact on the kidneys. The dosage of some medications may be decreased because of reduced kidney function. Kidney specialists are experts in the nutritional requirements of their patients and will refer you to a dietitian who specializes in medical nutrition therapy for kidney patients. A kidney diet is a specialized food plan that can be a great help in managing your CKD. In stage five CKD, also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), a renal replacement therapy becomes necessary to sustain life and several options are available for patients to discuss with their nephrologist. One treatment option is hemodialysis. The average in-center hemodialysis treatment is performed three times per week, each session lasting from three to five hours.

When this treatment is done at home it is called home hemodialysis (HHD). Treatments are usually performed for two to three hours, five to six days a week. Another treatment called peritoneal dialysis (PD) runs fluid in and out of the abdominal membrane, which has a cleansing effect on the blood. PD is done seven days a week at home and is performed either manually or by a machine at night. A kidney transplant may be recommended as another treatment option. After transplantation, the nephrologist will stay in close contact, monitoring the body’s acceptance of the donor organ as well as blood pressure, medications and other health concerns. Summary When kidneys stop functioning properly, it is the job of a nephrologist to diagnose the problem as well as treat it. Nephrologists are important doctors who make sure people with kidney disease and other kidney ailments are treated properly, whether they have acute renal failure or need to go on dialysis. It is best to see a nephrologist immediately if you experience any symptoms of kidney problems. Related articles on DaVita.com Glossary | Division of Nephrology and Hypertension A drug that aids in protecting the digestive system and relieves heartburn and digestive discomfort.

Antibody A protein produced by the body to eliminate foreign substances, such as bacteria. Antigens Genetic markers Arteriogram An x-ray study where dye is injected into a large blood vessel in the groin and x-rays are then taken of the blood vessels supplying the kidneys. The donor surgeon utilizes the information to determine which kidney will be removed and which surgical procedure will be used to remove it. Atherosclerosis A buildup of fats in the lining of the arteries that may interfere with the flow of blood. B An immunosuppressant medication given along with other medications to prevent rejection after transplant. Cholesterol A form of fat (found in animal foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products) that performs necessary functions in the body; can also cause heart disease. Coagulation Blood clotting Creatinine A substance found in blood and urine produced normally by muscles, used to measure kidney function. High blood creatinine levels indicate depressed kidney function. Crossmatch In this test, your blood cells are tested against the blood cells of the donor; a "positive" crossmatch indicates incompatibility, whereas a "negative" crossmatch indicates compatibility.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) A common virus infection in transplant recipients that can affect the lungs and other organs. D A disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. Dialysis The process of cleansing and achieving chemical balance in the blood of kidney failure patients. There are two types: hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis (PD). Diastolic The bottom of two blood pressure numbers, measuring resting heart blood pressure. E Edema Excess fluid in body tissues that can cause swelling. May be caused by drinking too much liquid between dialysis treatments or inadequate dialysis. Electrocardiogram A recording of the electrical heart activity. Enzyme A catalyst protein made in the body, capable of changing a substance from one form to another. F A physician specializing in the care of the digestive tract. Glucose A type of sugar found in the blood. Graft An organ or tissue that has been transplanted. H The percentage of red blood cells the blood.

Hemodialysis A method of dialysis in which blood is purified by circulating through an apparatus outside the body sometimes known as an "artificial kidney." Histocompatibility The examination of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) in a patient, commonly known as "tissue typing" or "genetic matching". Its purpose is to help match the donor with a compatible recipient. This decreases the likelihood transplanted organ rejection. HLA Typing Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) refers to the identification of specific transplant antigens on the recipient's and donor's white blood cells. This typing is performed to ensure that your child and a donated kidney are as compatible as possible. Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is very common after kidney transplant as it is a side effect of some of the immunosuppressant medications that your child will be taking. Hypotension Low blood pressure. This can occur if large amounts of fluid are removed from the blood vessels too quickly during dialysis. Hypotension can cause a fast pulse, dizziness, and sometimes nausea, vomiting or fainting I The ability to resist a particular infection or toxin.

Immunosuppressive Agents Medication that prevents rejection of a transplanted organ. IV, or Intravenous Refers to giving medicines or fluids directly into a vein. IV Catheter A small, hollow-tube needle inserted into a vein to transmit medicine or fluids. J K Kidney One of two bean-shaped organs that filter wastes from the blood. The kidneys are located near the middle of the back. They create urine, which is delivered to the bladder through tubes called ureters. L N Negative crossmatch This means there was no reaction between the recipient's and the donor's cells during the crossmatch test. A negative crossmatch is necessary for a transplant to occur. A drug that suppresses the immune system and is used to prevent rejection after transplant. Nephrectomy When one or both kidneys must be surgically removed prior to transplantation. In most cases this is not necessary. Nephrologist The doctor who specializes in the treatment of kidney disease and will manage the medical aspects of care before, during and after transplantation. Noncompliance Failure to follow the instructions of one's health care providers, i.e. not taking medicine as prescribed or showing up for clinic visits.

P Panel Reactive Antibody (PRA) A method of measuring immune system activity within the body; a higher PRA indicates that more antibodies are being made. Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) A procedure for treating advanced or permanent kidney failure. In Peritoneal Dialysis, a soft tube called a catheter is used to fill the abdomen with a cleansing liquid called dialysis solution. The solution pulls wastes and extra fluid into the abdominal cavity. These wastes and fluid then leave the body when the dialysis solution is drained. Platelet A small blood cell needed for normal blood clotting. Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) A type of pneumonia common in patients with suppressed immune systems. Potassium T Tissue Typing A blood test done on the recipient and any potential living donors. This is the first step of your child's transplant evaluation. U Ultrasound A probe that sends high-frequency sound waves through the body. The wave reflections are used to build an image of internal organs, shown on a monitor. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) An infection anywhere in the Urinary tract. Ureters Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urethra The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. V Voiding Cystourethrogram Also known as Bladder x-ray study, this test is done only if there is a question as to whether your bladder function is normal.

Nephrology - 必应 Nephrology 肾脏(从希腊νεφρός海螯虾"肾虚"，加上后缀-迟缓，"研究" )是一家专业医学和儿科，关心正常的肾功能的研究，肾脏问题，治疗肾病和肾替代治疗(透析和肾移植)。 系统性疾病，影响肾(如糖尿病和自身免疫性疾病)和系统性的问题，会导致肾脏疾病(如肾性骨病和高血压)也在肾脏病研究。 采取了额外的培训，成为肾脏病专家的医生会说自己是个肾病或肾内科医生。 Nephrology (from Greek νεφρός nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Systemic conditions that affect the kidneys (such as diabetes and autoimmune disease) and systemic problems that occur as a result of kidney problems (such as renal osteodystrophy and hypertension) are also studied in nephrology. ...

(展开) A physician who has undertaken additional training to become an expert in nephrology may call themselves a nephrologist or renal physician. 本结果选自300项相关网络资源 Australia and New Zealand[edit] Nephrology training in Australia and New Zealand typically includes completion of a medical degree (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery: 4–6 years), internship (1 year), Basic Physician Training (3 years minimum), successful completion of the Royal Australasian C... Nephrology Scope Nephrology concerns that the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, including electrolyte disturbances and hypertension, and the care of those requiring renal replacement therapy, including dialysis and renal transplant patients. Many diseases affecting the kidney are systemic disorders not limited to the organ itself, and may require special treatment. Examples include acquired conditions such as systemic vasculitides (e.g. ANCA vasculitis) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus), as well as congenital or genetic conditions such as polycystic kidney disease.

Patients are referred to nephrology specialists after a urinalysis, for various reasons, such as acute kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, hematuria, proteinuria, kidney stones, hypertension, and disorders of acid/base or electrolytes. Nephrology Nephrologist A nephrologist is a physician who specializes in the care and treatment of kidney disease. Nephrology requires additional training to become an expert with advanced skills. Nephrologists may provide care to people without kidney problems and may work in general/internal medicine, transplant medicine, immunosuppression management, intensive care medicine, clinical pharmacology, perioperative medicine, or pediatric nephrology. Nephrologists may further sub-specialise in dialysis, kidney transplantation, chronic kidney disease, cancer-related kidney diseases (Onconephrology), procedural nephrology or other non-nephrology areas as described above. Procedures a nephrologist may perform include native kidney and transplant kidney biopsy, dialysis access insertion (temporary vascular access lines, tunnelled vascular access lines, peritoneal dialysis access lines), fistula management (angiographic or surgical fistulogram and plasty), and bone biopsy.

Training Australia and New Zealand[edit] Nephrology training in Australia and New Zealand typically includes completion of a medical degree (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery: 4–6 years), internship (1 year), Basic Physician Training (3 years minimum), successful completion of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians written and clinical examinations, and Advanced Physician Training in Nephrology (2–3 years). The training pathway is overseen and accredited by the Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Increasingly, nephrologists may additionally complete of a post-graduate degree (usually a PhD) in a nephrology research interest (3–4 years). Finally, all Australian and New Zealand nephrologists participate in career-long professional and personal development through the Royal Australasian College of Physicians and other bodies such as the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology and the Transplant Society of Australia and New Zealand. United Kingdom[edit] In the United Kingdom, nephrology (or often renal medicine) is a subspecialty of general medicine.

A nephrologist has completed medical school, foundation year posts (FY1 and FY2) and core medical training (CMT) and passed the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) exam before competing for a National Training Number (NTN) in renal medicine. The typical subspecialty training is five years and leads to a Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in both renal medicine and general (internal) medicine. Subspecialty trainees often interrupt their clinical training to obtain research degrees (MD/PhD). United States[edit] Nephrology training can be accomplished through one of two routes. The first being through an internal medicine pathway leading to an Internal Medicine/Nephrology specialty, and sometimes known as "adult nephrology". The second pathway being through Pediatrics leading to a speciality in Pediatric Nephrology. In the United States, after medical school adult nephrologists complete a three-year residency in internal medicine followed by a two-year (or longer) fellowship in nephrology. Complementary to an adult nephrologist, a pediatric nephrologist will complete a three-year pediatric residency after medical school or a four-year Combined Internal Medicine and Pediatrics residency.

This is followed by a three-year fellowship in Pediatic Nephrology. Once training is satisfactorily completed, the physician is eligible to take the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) or American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM) nephrology examination. Nephrologists must be approved by one of these boards. To be approved, the physician must fulfill the requirements for education and training in nephrology in order to qualify to take the board's examination. If a physician passes the examination, then he or she can become a nephrology specialist. Typically, nephrologists also need two to three years of training in an ACGME or AOA accredited fellowship in nephrology. Nearly all programs train nephrologists in continuous renal replacement therapy; fewer than half in the United States train in the provision of plasmapheresis. Only pediatric trained physicians are able to train in pediatric nephrology, and internal medicine (adult) trained physicians may enter general (adult) nephrology fellowships. Nephrology Diagnosis History and physical examination are central to the diagnostic workup in nephrology.

This may include inquires regarding family history, general medical history, diet, medication use, drug use and occupation. Examination typically includes an assessment of volume state, blood pressure, skin, joints, abdomen and flank. Examination of the urine (urinalysis) allows a direct assessment for possible kidney problems, which may be suggested by appearance of blood in the urine (haematuria), protein in the urine (proteinuria), pus cells in the urine (pyuria) or cancer cells in the urine. A 24-hour urine collection can be used to quantify daily protein loss (see proteinuria), urine output, creatinine clearance or electrolyte handling by the renal tubules. Basic blood tests can be used to check the concentration of hemoglobin, platelets, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium or phosphate in the blood. All of these may be affected by kidney problems. The serum creatinine concentration can be used to estimate the function of the kidney, called the creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

More specialized tests can be ordered to discover or link certain systemic diseases to kidney failure such as infections (hepatitis B, hepatitis C), autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA vasculitis), paraproteinemias (amyloidosis, multiple myeloma) and metabolic diseases (diabetes, cystinosis). Structural abnormalities of the kidneys are identified with imaging tests. These may include Medical ultrasonography/ultrasound, computed axial tomography (CT), scintigraphy (nuclear medicine), angiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In certain circumstances, less invasive testing may not provide a certain diagnosis. Where definitive diagnosis is required, a biopsy of the kidney (renal biopsy) may be performed. This typically involves the insertion, under local anaesthetic and ultrasound or CT guidance, of a core biopsy needle into the kidney to obtain a small sample of kidney tissue. The kidney tissue is then examined under a microscope, allowing direct visualization of the changes occurring within the kidney. Additionally, the pathology may also stage a problem affecting the kidney, allowing some degree of prognostication. In some circumstances, kidney biopsy will also be used to monitor response to treatment and identify early relapse.

Nephrology Treatment Treatments in nephrology can include medications, blood products, surgical interventions (urology, vascular or surgical procedures), renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation) and plasma exchange. Kidney problems can have significant impact on quality and length of life, and so psychological support, health education and advanced care planning play key roles in nephrology. Chronic kidney disease is typically managed with treatment of causative conditions (such as diabetes), avoidance of substances toxic to the kidneys (nephrotoxins like radiologic contrast and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), antihypertensives, diet and weight modification and planning for end-stage kidney failure. Impaired kidney function has systemic effects on the body. An erythropoetin stimulating agent may be required to ensure adequate production of red blood cells, activated vitamin D supplements and phosphate binders may be required to counteract the effects of kidney failure on bone metabolism, and blood volume and electrolyte disturbance may need correction. Auto-immune and inflammatory kidney disease, such as vasculitis or transplant rejection, may be treated with immunosuppression.

Commonly used agents are prednisone, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, everolimus, thymoglobulin and sirolimus. Newer, so-called "biologic drugs" or monoclonal antibodies, are also used in these conditions and include rituximab, basiliximab and eculizumab. Blood products including intravenous immunoglobulin and a process known as plasma exchange can also be employed. When the kidneys are no longer able to sustain the demands of the body, end-stage kidney failure is said to have occurred. Without renal replacement therapy, death from kidney failure will eventually result. Dialysis is an artificial method of replacing some kidney function to prolong life. Renal transplantation replaces kidney function by inserting into the body a healthier kidney from an organ donor and inducing immunologic tolerance of that organ with immunosuppression. At present, renal transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage kidney failure although its world-wide availability is limited by lack of availability of donor organs. Most kidney conditions are chronic conditions and so long term followup with a nephrologist is usually necessary.

Nephrology Organizations The world's first society of nephrology was the French 'Societe de Pathologie Renale'. Its first president was Jean Hamburger, and its first meeting was in Paris in February 1949. In 1959, Hamburger also founded the 'Société de Néphrologie', as a continuation of the older society. The UK's Renal Association was founded in 1950; the second society of nephrologists. Its first president was Arthur Osman. Its first meeting was on 30th March 1950 in London. The Società di Nefrologia Italiana was founded in 1957 and was the first national society to incorporate the phrase nephrologia (or nephrology) into its name. The word 'nephrology' appeared for the first time in a conference, on 1st-4th September 1960 at the "Premier Congrès International de Néphrologie" in Evian and Geneva, the first meeting of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN, International Society of Nephrology).

The first day (1.9.60) was in Geneva and the next three (2-4.9.60) were in Evian, France. The early history of the ISN is described by Robinson and Richet in 2005 and the later history by Barsoum in 2011. The ISN is the largest global society representing medical professionals engaged in advancing kidney care worldwide. In the USA, founded in 1964, the National Kidney Foundation is a national organization representing patients and professionals who treat kidney diseases. Founded in 1966, the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) is the world’s largest professional society devoted to the study of kidney disease. The American Nephrology Nurses' Association (ANNA), founded in 1969, promotes excellence in and appreciation of nephrology nursing to make a positive difference for patients with kidney disease. The American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP) is a non-profit, patient-centric group focused on improving the health and well-being of CKD and dialysis patients. The American Kidney Fund directly provides financial support to patients in need, as well as participating in health education and prevention efforts.

ASDIN (American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology) is the main organization of interventional nephrologists. Other organizations include CIDA, VASA etc. which deal with dialysis vascular access. The Renal Support Network (RSN) is a nonprofit, patient-focused, patient-run organization that provides non-medical services to those affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the United Kingdom, the UK National Kidney Federation and British Kidney Patient Association (BKPA) represents patients, and the Renal Association represents renal physicians and works closely with the National Service Framework for kidney disease.

Study finds belatacept leads to higher organ survival rates in kidney transplant patients - Nephrology News & Issues Kidney Transplant Study finds belatacept leads to higher organ survival rates in kidney transplant patients Unlike the currently used calcineurin inhibitor drugs cyclosporine and tacrolimus, belatacept is not toxic to the kidney, according to a new study SHARE ON: NN&I Staff — January 28, 2016 Getty Images/iStockphoto/ThinkStock For the first time, an immunosuppressive agent has shown better organ survival in kidney transplant recipients than a calcineurin inhibitor, the current standard of care, according to a study led by University of California San Francisco and Emory University investigators. The study of the drug belatacept, which carries short-term risks that include an increased possibility for a certain cancer, appears in the Jan. 28, 2016, issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

“Belatacept is potentially a transformational drug in kidney transplantation because unlike the currently used calcineurin inhibitor drugs cyclosporine and tacrolimus, it is not toxic to the kidney,” said lead author Flavio Vincenti, MD, a UCSF Health kidney and pancreas transplant specialist. “In fact, it helps preserve the function of the kidney over the long term and is more effective in suppressing antibodies against the kidney, which are important causes of late graft loss.” Long-term use of calcineurin inhibitors can damage the transplanted kidneys and lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Belatacept Inhibits Immune Response A seven-year, multi-center study showed that kidney transplant recipients taking belatacept, a drug the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved in 2011, experienced a rate of mortality and graft loss significantly lower than patients taking a calcineurin inhibitor-based regimen. The risk of death or loss of the transplanted kidney after seven years was 12.7% for belatacept, compared to 21.7% for cyclosporine A.

The study, called BENEFIT (Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First-line Immunosuppression Trial) was sponsored by Bristol-Myers Squibb, began in 2006. FDA approval in 2011 was partly based on the first three years of results. Belatacept acts as a “co-stimulation blocker,” inhibiting one of two signals T cells needed to trigger an immune response. “While the best uses of belatacept still need additional definition, these results indicate that using belatacept as standard of care has the potential to improve long-term outcomes that matter to patients,” said study author Christian Larsen, MD, DPhil, professor of surgery and dean of Emory University School of Medicine. Post-transplant drugs can cost tens of thousands of dollars per year, and a belatacept-based regimen is more expensive than one based on calcineurin inhibitors. Many U.S. insurance companies now cover belatacept as medically necessary for kidney transplant patients. Belatacept is given by infusion monthly at a doctor’s office, in contrast to calcineurin inhibitors, which are taken in daily pills at home.

BENEFIT Trial Results In the BENEFIT study, 666 kidney transplant patients were divided into three groups that received either a more intense belatacept-based regimen (B1), a less intense belatacept-based regimen (B2) or a cyclosporine A-based regimen (CsA). The study followed 447 patients for all 84 months. All groups received additional drugs to inhibit graft rejection (basiliximab, mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids) in the weeks immediately after their transplants. After 84 months, the Kaplan-Meier adjusted mortality rate was 9.2, 8.2 and 14.4% for the B1, B2 and CsA groups, respectively. For adjusted graft loss, the rate was 4.7, 5.4 and 9.8%. The rate for combined mortality and graft loss was 12.7 percent, 12.8 percent and 21.7 percent. Immediately after transplant, belatacept-treated patients had a higher rate of acute rejection, a temporary flare up of the immune system against the donated kidney.

The acute rejection rates were 24.4% in B1 and 18.3% in B2, compared with 11.4% in CsA. However, in most cases, acute rejection was successfully treated with drugs and did not lead to graft failure, according to the researchers. Patients taking belatacept showed slight improvements in kidney function (glomerular filtration rate) over time, in comparison with a decline in the CsA group, and comparable rates of serious adverse events (70.8, 68.6 and 76%). Viral and fungal infections were the most frequent serious adverse events. Belatacept carries an FDA-mandated warning for an increased risk of developing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), a type of cancer where white blood cells grow out of control after an organ transplant. In the BENEFIT study, PTLD occurred in three patients in the B1 group, two in B2 and two in CsA. The study authors note that the results of the BENEFIT study contrast with those from the companion BENEFIT-EXT study, in which patients received “extended criteria” kidneys from donors who were older than 60 or had chronic diseases.

In the BENEFIT-EXT study, mortality and graft loss rates were similar between B1, B2 and CsA groups. “We are still learning how best to use belatacept in immunosuppression regimens to balance its long-term benefits with greater safety and efficacy in the short term,” said Vincenti, a professor of medicine. “At UCSF, we have launched a specialized clinic for patients treated with belatacept with the aim of applying precision medicine to transplant immunosuppression therapy – similar to what is happening in oncology – by using blood cell markers and molecular biomarkers to optimize the drug’s use and safety.” Share this: Nephrology : Wyckoff Heights Medical Center Nephrology (718) 963-7586 Kidneys are vital organs which clean our blood and remove poisons made in our body on a daily basis. Nephrology is a specialty of Medicine that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, diagnosis and treatment of kidney problems, and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation).

The Division of Nephrology at Wyckoff Heights Medical Center offers a full range of diagnostic and treatment options for the entire spectrum of kidney problems, including kidney disease commonly related to diabetes and hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, hematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, electrolyte disorders and kidney failure. Nephrology services are provided in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The high incidence of Diabetes and Hypertension has resulted in increased rates of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Our goal is early detection of CKD with the aim to slow progression of kidney disease and to avoid or delay renal replacement therapy, dialysis or renal transplant. We place a strong emphasis on patient education and work closely with a renal dietician in our outpatient setting. All patients nearing End Stage Renal Disease are given an option of all modalities of renal replacement therapy including HD, PD, home HD as well as kidney transplant. We maintain a close relationship with major transplant centers and encourage early transplants. At WHMC our 6 bed acute dialysis unit treats patients with acute kidney injury as well as CKD admitted to the hospital. We provide both in-patient hemo- as well as peritoneal dialysis.

The Clinical Staff of the Division of Nephrology is committed to providing excellent renal care to the community and increasing awareness of kidney disease in the community.

Question: Nephrology is the study of which organs?
Answer: Kidneys