Fashoda Incident - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Fashoda Incident NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE South Africa (1914) The Fashoda Incident or Crisis was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa , occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan . The French party and a British detachment met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both nations stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco . France had failed in its main goals. P.M.H. Bell says: "Between the two governments there was a brief battle of wills, with the British insisting on immediate and unconditional French withdrawal from Fashoda.

The French had to accept these terms, amounting to a public humiliation....Fashoda was long remembered in France as an example of British brutality and injustice." [1] It was a diplomatic victory for the British as the French realized that in the long run they needed the friendship of Britain in case of a war between France and Germany. [2] [3] It was the last crisis between the two that involved a threat of war (until 1940) and opened the way for closer relations in the Entente cordiale of 1904. It gave rise to the ' Fashoda syndrome ' in French foreign policy, or seeking to assert French influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence. [4] Contents Background[ edit ] During the late 19th century, Africa was rapidly being claimed and exploited by European colonial powers. After the 1885 Berlin Conference regarding West Africa, Europe's great powers went after any remaining lands in Africa that were not already under another European nation's influence. This period in African history is usually called the Scramble for Africa . The two principal powers involved in this scramble were Britain and France, along with Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.

[5] The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the continent's Atlantic coast (modern Senegal ) eastward, through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a territory covering modern Senegal, Mali , Niger , and Chad . Their ultimate goal was to have an uninterrupted link between the Niger River and the Nile , hence controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the caravan routes through the Sahara. France also had an outpost near the mouth of the Red Sea in Djibouti ( French Somaliland ), which could serve as an eastern anchor to an east-west belt of French territory across the continent. [6] The British, on the other hand, wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa (modern South Africa , Botswana , Malawi , Lesotho , Zimbabwe , and Zambia ), with their territories in East Africa (modern Kenya ), and these two areas with the Nile basin. Sudan , which then included today's South Sudan and Uganda , was the key to the fulfilment of these ambitions, especially since Egypt was already under British control. This 'red line' (i.e.

a proposed railway, see Cape-Cairo railway ) through Africa was made most famous by the British and South African political force Cecil Rhodes , who wanted Africa "painted [British] Red". [7] If one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo (Rhodes' dream) and another line from Dakar to French Somaliland (now Djibouti ) by the Red Sea in the Horn (the French ambition), these two lines intersect in eastern South Sudan near the town of Fashoda (present-day Kodok ), explaining its strategic importance. The French east-west axis and the British north-south axis could not co-exist; the nation that could occupy and hold the crossing of the two axes would be the only one able to proceed with its plan. Fashoda was also bound up in the Egyptian Question, a long running dispute between the United Kingdom and France over the legality of the British occupation of Egypt . Since 1882 many French politicians, particularly those of the parti colonial, had come to regret France’s decision not to join with Britain in occupying the country. They hoped to force Britain to leave, and thought that a colonial outpost on the Upper Nile could serve as a base for French gunboats.

These in turn were expected to make the British abandon Egypt. Another proposed scheme involved a massive dam, cutting off the Nile’s water supply and forcing the British out. These ideas were highly impractical, but they succeeded in alarming many British officials. [8] Stalemate[ edit ] Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand's trek across Africa. A French force of just 120 tirailleurs (Senegalese infantrymen) plus 12 French officers, non-commissioned officers and support staff — Captain Marcel Joseph Germain, Captain Albert Baratier, Captain Charles Mangin , Captain Victor Emmanuel Largeau, Lieutenant Félix Fouqué, teacher Dyé, doctor Jules Emily Major, Warrant Officer De Prat, Sergeant George Dat, Sergeant Bernard Sergeant Venail and the military interpreter Landerouin — set out from Brazzaville in a borrowed Belgian steamer, under Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand with orders to secure the area around Fashoda, and make it a French protectorate. They steamed up the Ubangi River to its head of navigation and then marched overland through jungle and scrub to the deserts of Sudan. They travelled across Sudan to the Nile River.

They were to be met there by two expeditions coming from the east across Ethiopia , one of which, from Djibouti , was led by Christian de Bonchamps , veteran of the Stairs Expedition to Katanga. [9] After a difficult 14-month trek across the heart of Africa, the Marchand Expedition arrived on 10 July 1898, but the de Bonchamps Expedition failed to make it after being ordered by the Ethiopians to halt, and then suffering accidents in the Baro Gorge. Marchand's small force was thus alone. [10] On 18 September a flotilla of five British gunboats arrived at the isolated Fashoda fort. They carried 1,500 British and Egyptian/Sudanese soldiers, led by Sir Herbert Kitchener and including Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Horace Smith-Dorrien . [11] Marchand had received incorrect reports that the approaching force consisted of Dervishes but now found himself facing a diplomatic rather than a military crisis.

[12] As the commander of the Anglo-Egyptian army that had just defeated the forces of the Mahdi at the Battle of Omdurman , Kitchener was in the process of reconquering the Sudan in the name of the Egyptian Khedive , and after the battle he opened sealed orders to investigate the French expedition. Kitchener, a fluent French speaker, landed at Fashoda wearing Egyptian Army uniform, and the two commanders behaved with admirable restraint. Both sides insisted on their right to Fashoda but agreed to wait for further instructions from home. [13] News of the meeting was relayed to Paris and London , where it inflamed the imperial pride of both nations. Widespread popular outrage followed, each side accusing the other of naked expansionism and aggression. The crisis continued throughout September and October. The Royal Navy drafted war orders and mobilized its reserves. [14] Resolution[ edit ] 1898 political cartoon: A French poodle begs for scraps from a British bulldog In naval terms, the situation was heavily in Britain's favour, a fact that French deputies acknowledged in the aftermath of the crisis. Significant credit has been given to Marchand for remaining calm.

[15] The military facts were undoubtedly important to Théophile Delcassé , the newly appointed French foreign minister. He saw no advantage in a colonial war with the British, especially since he was keen to gain their friendship in case of any future conflict with Germany. He therefore pressed hard for a peaceful resolution of the crisis. The reopening of the Dreyfus Affair had done much to distract French public opinion from events in the Sudan and with people increasingly questioning the wisdom of a war over such a remote part of Africa, the French government quietly ordered its soldiers to withdraw on 3 November and the crisis ended peacefully. [16] Marchand chose to withdraw his small force by way of Abyssinia and Djibouti , rather than cross Anglo/Egyptian territory by taking the relatively quick journey by steamer up the Nile. [17] Effects[ edit ] Kodok , formerly Fashoda, lies on the banks of the White Nile . Shown here within the former borders of Sudan (Kodok is now in South Sudan ). Major Marchand at Fashoda. In March 1899, the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and the Congo rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence.

The Fashoda incident was the last serious colonial dispute between Britain and France, and its classic diplomatic solution is considered by most historians to be the precursor of the Entente Cordiale . [18] The two main protagonists are commemorated in the Pont Kitchener-Marchand, a 116-metre road bridge over the Saône, completed in 1959 in the French city of Lyon. Further reading[ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashoda Incident . Andrew, G. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1974). "Gabriel Hanotaux, the Colonial Party and the Fashoda Strategy". Journal of Imperial Commonwealth History . 3 (1): 55–104. doi : 10.1080/03086537408582422 . (subscription required (help)). Bates, Darell The Fashoda incident of 1898: encounter on the Nile. (Oxford UP, 1984, ISBN 0-19-211771-8 ) Brown, Roger Glenn.

Fashoda reconsidered: the impact of domestic politics on French policy in Africa, 1893–1898 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970) Eubank, Keith (Spring 1960). "The Fashoda Crisis Re-Examined". Historian. Wiley. 22 (2): 145–162. doi : 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1960.tb01649.x . (subscription required (help)). Giffen, Morrison Beall. Fashoda, the Incident and Its Diplomatic Setting (University of Chicago Press, 1930) online Langer, William L. The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 (1951) pp 537–80, a standard diplomatic history Levering Lewis, David The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism & African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa.

(New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, ISBN 1-55584-058-2 ) Porter, Charles Wesley. The Career of Théophile Delcassé (Greenwood Press, 1975) online pp 132–39 Riker, T. W. (March 1929). "A Survey of British Policy in the Fashoda Crisis". Political Science Quarterly . 44 (1): 54–78. doi : 10.2307/2142814 . JSTOR 2142814 . Taylor, A.J.P. (January 1950). "Prelude to Fashoda: The Question of the Upper Nile, 1894-5". English Historical Review . 65 (254): 52–80. doi : 10.1093/ehr/lxv.ccliv.52 . JSTOR 556548 .

About: Fashoda Incident About: Fashoda Incident An Entity of Type : Event100029378 , from Named Graph : , within Data Space : dbpedia.org The Fashoda Incident or Crisis was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The two armies met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both nations stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco. France had failed in its main goals. P.M.H.

Bell says: Property abstract El Incidente de Fachoda o Crisis de Fachoda es el nombre con el que se conocen los episodios que tuvieron lugar en 1898 cuando Francia y Reino Unido deciden construir sendas líneas de comunicaciones destinadas a conectar sus respectivas colonias africanas de manera ininterrumpida. En la localidad de Kodok, en el actual Sudán del Sur, ocurrió el encuentro de dos expediciones militares, una francesa que llegaba de las orillas del Océano Atlántico y otra británica que avanzaba desde Egipto siguiendo el curso del Nilo, que al encontrarse entraron en pugna sobre los derechos de sus respectivas naciones sobre la cuenca del Nilo. Este pleito, aunque no llegó al enfrentamiento armado, movilizó a la opinión pública de Francia y Gran Bretaña en la defensa de los intereses imperialistas de ambos países. (es) Die Faschoda-Krise fand 1898 zwischen Großbritannien und Frankreich statt.

Sie stellte den Höhepunkt der imperialistischen Rivalität beider Mächte während des Wettlaufs um Afrika dar. Für die III. Französische Republik war die Faschoda-Krise neben dem Panamaskandal und der Dreyfus-Affäre die dritte große Krise innerhalb von zehn Jahren. (de) La crise de Fachoda (en anglais the Fashoda incident) est un incident diplomatique sérieux qui opposa la France au Royaume-Uni en 1898 dans le poste militaire avancé de Fachoda au Soudan (aujourd’hui, Soudan du Sud). Son retentissement a été d’autant plus important que ces pays étaient alors agités par de forts courants nationalistes. Dans l’imaginaire collectif français, la crise de Fachoda reste comme une profonde humiliation infligée par un Royaume-Uni triomphant, hautain et forcément de mauvaise foi. En somme, l’image même de la « perfide Albion » abondamment reprise par la presse et les caricaturistes de l’époque.

Cet épisode reste comme l’un des événements fondateurs mais surtout représentatif de la Troisième République encore jeune et fragile, au même titre d’ailleurs que les scandales politiques et financiers qui ont émaillé le dernier quart du XIXe siècle en France. Fachoda (aujourd'hui Kodok) est située à 650 km au sud de la capitale soudanaise Khartoum. Entre 1865 — date de sa création — et 1884 — année de son démantèlement —, Fachoda est un poste militaire égyptien destiné à lutter contre les trafiquants arabes. Bien que désertée, la place reste le principal point de contrôle du Bahr el-Ghazal. Depuis le départ des Britanniques après la révolte mahdiste de 1885, cette région du Soudan est convoitée par les principales puissances coloniales européennes : Royaume-Uni, France, Italie et Belgique.

Ces dernières recherchent activement un débouché sur le Nil Blanc et, de la sorte, un point d’ancrage vers l’Égypte. En effet, au-delà de l'intérêt stratégique de cette position, le vide créé par le départ britannique s’opère à un moment où le partage de l'Afrique est presque achevé et où les occasions d’acquisition de nouveaux territoires se font rares. Ainsi, les projets d’expansion français vers l’Est (pour relier l'Atlantique — Dakar — à la mer Rouge — Djibouti) et les projets britanniques d’extension du chemin de fer Le Cap - Le Caire, selon les vœux de Cecil Rhodes, se sont heurtés à Fachoda le . L'incident s'est déroulé dans un contexte d’extrême ferveur nationaliste de part et d’autre, qui laisse un moment craindre un conflit ouvert. Dans une certaine mesure, cet épisode anticipe le futur système d’alliances qui s’impose au début du XXe siècle.

(fr) The Fashoda Incident or Crisis was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The two armies met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both nations stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco. France had failed in its main goals. P.M.H. Bell says: It was a diplomatic victory for the British as the French realized that in the long run they needed the friendship of Britain in case of a war between France and Germany. It was the last crisis between the two that involved a threat of war (until 1940) and opened the way for closer relations in the Entente cordiale of 1904.

It gave rise to the 'Fashoda syndrome' in French foreign policy, or seeking to assert French influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence. (en) حادثة فاشودة وقعت عام 1898 في ذورة التنافس الاستعماري الأوروبي بين المملكة المتحدة وفرنسا في شرق أفريقيا. كادت الحادثة تؤدي إلى نشوب حرب بين فرنسا والمملكة المتحدة، لكنها انتهت بالانتصار الدبلوماسي للمملكة المتحدة. ونتج عنها ظهور ما يسمى متلازمة فاشودة في السياسية الخارجية الفرنسية (التأكيد على النفوذ الفرنسي في الأراضي التي قد تصبح تحت النفوذ البريطاني).ففي عام 1898 كانت تسابق الجيشان البريطاني والفرنسي، لتأكيد ادعاء كل من الدولتين ملكيتها لبلاد السودان والساحل. فقد دخل ج.ب.

مارشان الفرنسي جنوب السودان، يقود حملة من الجنود السنغاليين، واستولى على "فاشودة" في يوليو 1898، فسارع كتشنر سِردار الجيش المصري في السودان لرده، وكادت تنشب الحرب بين الدولتين لولا أن سويت المشكلة لقضل الجهود البلوماسية. النزاع سـُوِّي بمعاهدة السودان 1899. وانسحب مارشان في 3 نوفمبر 1898. وتخلت فرنسا عن دعاواها في أعالي النيل.

وبعد الاتفاق الودي في 1904 بين بريطانيا وفرنسا تغير اسم البلدة من فاشودة إلى كودوك لمحو ذكرى الصدام من الذاكرة.32x28pxبوابة التاريخ (ar) La crisi di Fascioda, o incidente di Fascioda, fu provocata dallo scontro avvenuto nel 1898 tra le politiche coloniali di Francia, la cui direttrice era ovest-est, dall'Atlantico fino al Mar Rosso (porto di Gibuti), e di Gran Bretagna, il cui motto era «dal Capo al Cairo». Nel settembre del 1898 la piccola città sudanese di Fascioda (oggi Kodok), situata lungo l'alto corso del Nilo, quasi alla convergenza delle due opposte direttrici espansionistiche, divenne il teatro di questo scontro.

Nel Sudan, infatti, una spedizione francese guidata dal capitano Marchand, inviata ad occupare la cittadina, si trovò di fronte ad un reparto dell'esercito inglese comandato da lord Kitchener, impegnato nella repressione della rivolta sudanese del Mahdi. Le truppe si fronteggiarono minacciosamente fino al 7 novembre, quando i francesi si ritirarono, grazie all'accordo dei due governi, favorito dall'impegno del ministro degli esteri Théophile Delcassé, che promosse successivamente l'Entente cordiale (1904). Questa crisi, che aveva portato il Regno Unito e la Francia al rischio di una guerra, finì con una vittoria diplomatica per il Regno Unito. Essa fece nascere la sindrome di Fascioda nella politica estera francese (affermazione di influenza francese in aree che potevano diventare suscettibili di influenza britannica).

(it) ファショダ事件（ファショダじけん）は、1898年、アフリカ大陸の植民地化（アフリカ分割）を競う、イギリスの大陸縦貫政策とフランスの大陸横貫政策が衝突した事件である。この事件を契機として、英仏は接近することとなった。 イギリスは1815年、早くもアフリカ最南端のケープ植民地を領有して、その支配地を北に拡大し始めた。その後、1875年にはスエズ運河を確保し1882年にエジプトを事実上の保護国化した後、ナイル川に沿って南下し始めた。1885年、エジプト統治下のスーダンでマフディー教徒が蜂起し、スーダンを完全に支配下に置いたため10年間ほどイギリスの南下政策は停滞した（マフディー戦争）。しかしその後、イギリスは2万5千の大

軍を動員し、鉄道を敷きながら南下し、マフディー教国を破ってスーダンを支配下に置いた。このとき、イギリス軍の先遣隊が、さらに南のファショダ村（現南スーダン上ナイル州）にフランス国旗が掲げられていることを発見し、急遽、軍を派遣した。 フランスは1830年にアルジェリアに進出して以来、1881年にはチュニジアを、次いでセネガル、マリ、ニジェール、チャドのサハラ砂漠一帯を領有した。また、紅海沿岸のジブチ（仏領ソマリランド）を領有し、東部アフリカに橋頭保を築いた。 英領であるカイロとケープタウンを結ぶ直線と、仏領であるダカール（セネガル）とジブチを結ぶ直線は、スーダンのファショダ付近で交差する。このようにファショダは両国のアフ

リカ戦略上きわめて重要な地点に位置していた。 フランスはサヘル地域からさらに東部への進出を図って、マルシャン大尉率いる200名の武装探検隊を送った。一行はブラザビル（コンゴ）から蒸気船でウバンギ川を遡上し、ジャングルと砂漠地帯を横断し、1898年7月10日、ナイル河畔のファショダ村に到着した。 他方、キッチナー率いるイギリス軍の船隊はナイル川を南下して同年9月18日にファショダに到着した。 ファショダで遭遇したイギリス軍とフランス軍はあわや衝突かと思われた。しかし両軍の司令官（キッチナーとマルシャン）の会見で、事態の処理を本国にゆだねることになった。 フランスの外相テオフィル・デルカッセはこの場面でイギリスとの軍事衝突を選ぶことは得策ではないと考えた。

当時急速に勢力を拡大していたドイツとの衝突に備えてイギリスとの関係を悪化させることは避けるべきであったし、また、ドレフュス事件をはじめとする不祥事で当時のフランスの軍部は国民の信頼を失っており、遠くスーダンで戦争を遂行することは世論の賛同を得られないと思われたからである。結局、フランス軍が譲歩し、翌1899年ファショダから撤退した。 本事件は帝国主義の時代において英仏両国の関係が最も緊張した出来事であり、本事件以後、英仏関係は融和に向かうことになる。先述のとおりドイツ帝国の勢力拡大に直面した両国は、1904年、英仏協商を結んだ。その協商で、フランスはエジプト・スーダンでのイギリスの優越権を、イギリスはモロッコにおけるフランスの優越権をそれぞれ認めることで決着をみたのである。その後

、第一次世界大戦でイギリスが、敗北したドイツからドイツ領東アフリカ（タンガニーカ）を獲得したため、イギリスの大陸縦貫政策は完遂した。ファショダ事件でスーダンから撤退したため、フランスの横貫政策は成らなかったが、フランスはアフリカ大陸の西半分の広大な地とマダガスカルを領有し、事実上アフリカ大陸をイギリスと2分割したも同然であった。 (ja) Bij het Fashoda-incident of Fasjoda-incident kwamen in 1898 te Fashoda of Fasjoda (thans Kodok in Zuid-Soedan) in de Soedan Franse en Britse strijdkrachten tegenover elkaar te staan, waarbij een gewapend treffen nog net werd vermeden.

Dit wordt beschouwd als een climax van het laat-19e eeuwse imperialisme van de toenmalige Europese grootmachten. (nl) Incidente de Fachoda ou Crise de Fachoda foi um episódio ocorrido entre 1898 e 1899, quando França e Reino Unido decidiram construir ferrovias para conectar suas colônias africanas. O cenário do confronto foi a cidade de Fachoda, hoje no Sudão do Sul, cidade que é situada na interseção das linhas. Uma expedição militar francesa foi enviada a Fachoda antes que a força expedicionária britânica, originária do Egito, chegasse à cidade. Porém os franceses tiveram que se retirar da cidade por conta de sua inferioridade militar. Embora o exército francês continental fosse considerado maior e mais poderoso que o britânico, nada poderia fazer no contexto africano sem o devido apoio naval, sendo que a Grã-Bretanha possuía a mais poderosa marinha do planeta.

Alguns historiadores consideram que este incidente e o aumento da influência da Alemanha na região foram os precursores do acordo chamado Entente cordiale (1904), na qual a França reconhecia o domínio britânico no Egito e, em troca, recebia o domínio sobre o Marrocos e um condomínio anglo-egípcio no Sudão. (pt) Incydent w Faszodzie – kulminacyjny punkt brytyjsko-francuskiego konfliktu o granice posiadłości kolonialnych w Afryce Wschodniej, który miał miejsce w 1898 roku i doprowadził Wielką Brytanię i Francję niemal do wojny. Skończył się korzystnie dla strony brytyjskiej, gdyż jego skutkiem było ograniczenie działalności Francji w strefie wpływów brytyjskich w Afryce. (pl) Фашодский кризис (фр. Crise de Fachoda, англ.

Fashoda Incident) — конфликт между Великобританией и Францией в 1898 году, вызванный борьбой за господство в Африке. Название получил от населённого пункта Фашода (современный южносуданский Кодок) на Верхнем Ниле, захваченного отрядом Маршана. (ru) 法绍达事件（Fashoda Incident）是發生於1898年在英国和法国之間，东非的帝国主义殖民地争夺的最高潮。两国陷入了国际争端，但最终以英国的外交胜利告终。这使得法国外交遭遇了所谓法绍达综合症。 (zh) comment Die Faschoda-Krise fand 1898 zwischen Großbritannien und Frankreich statt. Sie stellte den Höhepunkt der imperialistischen Rivalität beider Mächte während des Wettlaufs um Afrika dar. Für die III.

Französische Republik war die Faschoda-Krise neben dem Panamaskandal und der Dreyfus-Affäre die dritte große Krise innerhalb von zehn Jahren. (de) Bij het Fashoda-incident of Fasjoda-incident kwamen in 1898 te Fashoda of Fasjoda (thans Kodok in Zuid-Soedan) in de Soedan Franse en Britse strijdkrachten tegenover elkaar te staan, waarbij een gewapend treffen nog net werd vermeden. Dit wordt beschouwd als een climax van het laat-19e eeuwse imperialisme van de toenmalige Europese grootmachten. (nl) Incydent w Faszodzie – kulminacyjny punkt brytyjsko-francuskiego konfliktu o granice posiadłości kolonialnych w Afryce Wschodniej, który miał miejsce w 1898 roku i doprowadził Wielką Brytanię i Francję niemal do wojny.

Skończył się korzystnie dla strony brytyjskiej, gdyż jego skutkiem było ograniczenie działalności Francji w strefie wpływów brytyjskich w Afryce. (pl) Фашодский кризис (фр. Crise de Fachoda, англ. Fashoda Incident) — конфликт между Великобританией и Францией в 1898 году, вызванный борьбой за господство в Африке. Название получил от населённого пункта Фашода (современный южносуданский Кодок) на Верхнем Ниле, захваченного отрядом Маршана. (ru) Fashoda Incident : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki More info on Fashoda Incident Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .

Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents 7 Further reading Fashoda Incident Map of Africa c. 1912 with colonial claims after the Fashoda Incident. British possessions are in yellow and French possessions in pink.

French colonial campaigns North America (1689–97) – North America (1702–13) – North America (1744–48) – India (1746-48) – North America (1754-60) – East Indies (1757-63) – North America (1778–83) – West Indies and India (1778–83) – Egypt-Syria (1798-1801) – Mauritius (1809–11) Algeria (1830–1847) – Morocco (1844) – Crimea (1853-56) – Senegal (1854) – Cochinchina (1858–62) – China (1860) – Mexico (1861–67) – Japan (1863–64) – Korea (1866) – Tunisia (1881) – Madagascar (1883) – Ivory Coast (1883–98) – Tonkin (1883–8

6) – China (1884–85) – Dahomey (1890) – Dahomey (1892–94) – Siam (1893) – Madagascar (1895) – Chad (1898) – Sudan (1898) – China (1901) – Sudan (1909–11) – Morocco (1911) – Syria (1919–21) – Morocco (1926) – West Africa (1940) – Indochina (1940–41) – Syria-Lebanon (1941) – Madagascar (1942) – North Africa (1943) – Indochina (1945) – Indochina (1946–54) – Algeria (1954–62) – Egypt (1956) – Morocco (1957–58) – Tunisia (1961) The Fashoda Incident (1898) was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between the United Kingdom and France in Eastern Africa .

It brought the United Kingdom and France to the verge of war , but ended in a diplomatic victory for the UK. It is held to have given rise to the ' Fashoda syndrome ' in French foreign policy (assertion of French influence in areas which may be becoming susceptible to British influence). Background During the late 19th century, Africa was rapidly being occupied by European colonial powers. This period in African history is usually called the Scramble for Africa . The two principal powers involved in this scramble were the United Kingdom and France ; ( Portugal , Germany , and Belgium had a few colonies). The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the continent's Atlantic coast (modern day Senegal ) eastward, through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a territory covering modern day Senegal , Mali , Niger , and Chad . Their ultimate goal was to have an uninterrupted link between the Niger River and the Nile , hence controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the caravan routes through the Sahara.

The British, on the other hand, wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa (modern South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , and Zambia ), with their territories in East Africa (modern Kenya ), and these two areas with the Nile basin. Sudan (which in those days included modern day Uganda ) was the key to the fulfilment of these ambitions, especially since Egypt was already under British control. This 'red line' (i.e. a proposed railway, see Cape-Cairo railway ) through Africa is made most famous by Englishman and South African political force Cecil Rhodes , who wanted Africa 'painted [British] Red'. When one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo (Rhodes' dream) and another line from Dakar to French Somaliland (now- Djibouti ) by the Red Sea in the Horn (the French ambition), these two lines intersect in eastern Sudan near the town of Fashoda (present-day Kodok ), explaining its strategic importance. The French east-west axis and the British north-south axis could not co-exist; the nation that could occupy and hold the crossing of the two axes would be the only one able to proceed with its plan.

Fashoda was also bound up in the Egyptian Question — a long running dispute between the United Kingdom and France over the legality of the British occupation of Egypt . Since 1882 many French politicians, particularly those of the parti colonial, had come to regret France’s decision not to join with Britain in occupying the country. They hoped to force Britain to leave, and thought that a colonial outpost on the Upper Nile could serve as a base for French gunboats. These in turn were expected to make the British abandon Egypt. Another proposed scheme involved a massive dam, cutting off the Nile’s water supply and forcing the British out. These ideas were highly impractical, but they succeeded in frightening many British officials, who sought to protect Egypt by securing the Nile. Stalemate Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand's trek across Africa. A French force of 150 tirailleurs set out from Brazzaville under Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand with orders to secure the area around Fashoda as a French protectorate. They were to be met there by two expeditions coming from the east across Ethiopia , one of which, from Djibouti , was led by Christian de Bonchamps , veteran of the Stairs Expedition to Katanga.

[1] After an epic 14-month trek across the heart of Africa the Marchand Expedition arrived on 10 July 1898, but the de Bonchamps Expedition failed to make it after being ordered by the Ethiopians to halt, and then suffering accidents in the Baro Gorge. [2] On 18 September, a powerful flotilla of British gunboats arrived at the isolated Fashoda fort, led by Sir Herbert Kitchener and including Horace Smith-Dorrien . As the commander of the Anglo-Egyptian army that had just defeated the forces of the Mahdi at the Battle of Omdurman , he was in the process of reconquering the Sudan in the name of the Egyptian Khedive . Both sides were polite but insisted on their right to Fashoda. News of the meeting was relayed to Paris and London , where it inflamed the imperial pride of both nations. Widespread popular outrage followed, each side accusing the other of naked expansionism and aggression. The crisis continued throughout September and October, and both nations began to mobilise their fleets in preparation for war.

In naval terms, the situation was heavily in the United Kingdom’s favour, a fact that French deputies were to acknowledge in the aftermath of the crisis. The French fleet was badly built and poorly organised, while the British held an advantage both in numbers and technology. The French army was far larger than the British one, but there was little it would have been able to do against Britain without efficient naval support. This fact was undoubtedly an important one to Theophile Delcassé , the newly appointed French foreign minister. He was keen to gain Britain’s friendship in a future conflict with Germany , and saw no advantage in a colonial war with them. He therefore pressed hard for a peaceful resolution of the crisis. At the same time, people increasingly began to question the wisdom of war for the sake of such a remote part of Africa. In France, the reopening of the Dreyfus Affair did much to distract public opinion from events in the Sudan. The French government quietly ordered its soldiers to withdraw on 3 November. Effects Kodok , formerly Fashoda, lies on the banks of the White Nile . Shown here within the modern day borders of Sudan . Major Marchand at Fashoda.

In March 1899, the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and the Congo rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence. Some historians consider that the resolution of this incident and the increase in strength of Germany were the precursors of the Entente Cordiale . In any case, it was the last serious colonial dispute between Britain and France. See also Churchill, Sir Winston (1902). The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan . Chapter 17 is devoted to Fashoda, covering actions on the ground more than international diplomacy. It is available online at: Project Gutenberg Edition of The River War . Levering Lewis, David The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism & African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, ISBN 1-55584-058-2 . (UK, Bloomsbury, 1988) Massie, Robert K. (1991). Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War.

New York: Random House, ISBN 0-394-52833-6 . Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace , Memories of Forty-Eight Years' Service, John Murray, 1925. — Eyewitness in charge of British artillery. Wright, Patricia Conflict on the Nile: the Fashoda incident of 1898. London: Heinemann, 1972, ISBN 0-434-87830-8 . *Andrew, C. M.; Kanya-Forstner (1975). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "Gabriel Hanotaux, the Colonial Party and the Fashoda Strategy"]. Journal of Imperial Commonwealth History (3): 22–104. [[Template:FULLPAGENAME: Great power diplomacy|v]] • [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Great power diplomacy}}|d]] • [{{fullurl:Template:FULLPAGENAME: Great power diplomacy|action=edit}}e]

Question: The ‘Fashoda Incident’ of 1898 was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between the Britain and France in which country?
Answer: Africa (Eastern)