NAACP | Oldest and Boldest Oldest and Boldest The NAACP fights for your civil rights - stand with us. Sign Up > Thank you for signing up! Search Menu Oldest and Boldest Founded Feb. 12. 1909, the NAACP is the nation’s oldest, largest and most widely recognized grassroots-based civil rights organization. Its more than half-million members and supporters throughout the United States and the world are the premier advocates for civil rights in their communities, campaigning for equal opportunity and conducting voter mobilization. Founding group The NAACP was formed partly in response to the continuing horrific practice of lynching and the 1908 race riot in Springfield, the capital of Illinois and resting place of President Abraham Lincoln. Appalled at the violence that was committed against blacks, a group of white liberals that included Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard, both the descendants of abolitionists, William English Walling and Dr. Henry Moscowitz issued a call for a meeting to discuss racial justice. Some 60 people, seven of whom were African American (including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B.

Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell), signed the call, which was released on the centennial of Lincoln’s birth. Other early members included Joel and Arthur Spingarn, Josephine Ruffin, Mary Talbert, Inez Milholland, Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Sophonisba Breckinridge, John Haynes Holmes, Mary McLeod Bethune, George Henry White, Charles Edward Russell, John Dewey, William Dean Howells, Lillian Wald, Charles Darrow, Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker, Fanny Garrison Villard, and Walter Sachs. The NAACP seeks to remove barriers of racial discrimination. Echoing the focus of Du Bois’ Niagara Movement began in 1905, the NAACP’s stated goal was to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution, which promised an end to slavery, the equal protection of the law and universal adult male suffrage, respectively. The NAACP’s principal objective is to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens of United States and eliminate race prejudice.

The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes. The NAACP established its national office in New York City in 1910 and named a board of directors as well as a president, Moorfield Storey, a white constitutional lawyer and former president of the American Bar Association. The only African American among the organization’s executives, Du Bois was made director of publications and research and in 1910 established the official journal of the NAACP, The Crisis. The Crisis Du Bois founded The Crisis magazine as the premier crusading voice for civil rights. Today, The Crisis, one of the oldest black periodicals in America, continues this mission. A respected journal of thought, opinion and analysis, the magazine remains the official publication of the NAACP and is the NAACP’s articulate partner in the struggle for human rights for people of color. In time, The Crisis became a voice of the Harlem Renaissance, as Du Bois published works by Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen and other African American literary figures. The publication’s prominence would rise.

Now published quarterly, The Crisis is dedicated to being an open and honest forum for discussing critical issues confronting people of color, American society and the world in addition to highlighting the historical and cultural achievements of these diverse peoples. In essays, interviews, in-depth reporting, etc., writers explore past and present issues concerning race and its impact on educational, economic, political, social, moral, and ethical issues. And, each issue is highlighted with a special section, “The NAACP Today” reporting the news and events of the NAACP on a local and national level. Growth With a strong emphasis on local organizing, by 1913 the NAACP had established branch offices in such cities as Boston, Massachusetts; Baltimore, Maryland; Kansas City, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Detroit, Michigan; and St. Louis, Missouri. Joel Spingarn, one of the NAACP founders, was a professor of literature and formulated much of the strategy that led to the growth of the organization. He was elected board chairman of the NAACP in 1915 and served as president from 1929-1939.

A series of early court battles, including a victory against a discriminatory Oklahoma law that regulated voting by means of a grandfather clause (Guinn v. United States, 1910), helped establish the NAACP’s importance as a legal advocate. The fledgling organization also learned to harness the power of publicity through its 1915 battle against D. W. Griffith’s inflammatory Birth of a Nation, a motion picture that perpetuated demeaning stereotypes of African Americans and glorified the Ku Klux Klan. NAACP membership grew rapidly, from around 9,000 in 1917 to around 90,000 in 1919, with more than 300 local branches. Writer and diplomat James Weldon Johnson became the Association’s first black secretary in 1920, and Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, was named the first black chairman of its board of directors in 1934. The NAACP waged a 30-year campaign against lynching, among the Association’s top priorities.

After early worries about its constitutionality, the NAACP strongly supported the federal Dyer Bill, which would have punished those who participated in or failed to prosecute lynch mobs. Though the bill would pass the U.S. House of Representatives, the Senate never passed the bill, or any other anti-lynching legislation. Most credit the resulting public debate-fueled by the NAACP report “Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1919”-with drastically decreasing the incidence of lynching. Johnson stepped down as secretary in 1930 and was succeeded by Walter F. White. White was instrumental not only in his research on lynching (in part because, as a very fair-skinned African American, he had been able to infiltrate white groups), but also in his successful block of segregationist Judge John J. Parker’s nomination by President Herbert Hoover to the U.S. Supreme Court. White presided over the NAACP’s most productive period of legal advocacy. In 1930 the association commissioned the Margold Report, which became the basis for the successful reversal of the separate-but-equal doctrine that had governed public facilities since 1896’s Plessy v.

Ferguson. In 1935 White recruited Charles H. Houston as NAACP chief counsel. Houston was the Howard University law school dean whose strategy on school-segregation cases paved the way for his protégé Thurgood Marshall to prevail in 1954’s Brown v. Board of Education, the decision that overturned Plessy. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, which was disproportionately disastrous for African Americans, the NAACP began to focus on economic justice. After years of tension with white labor unions, the Association cooperated with the newly formed Congress of Industrial Organizations in an effort to win jobs for black Americans. White, a friend and adviser to First Lady–and NAACP national board member–Eleanor Roosevelt, met with her often in attempts to convince President Franklin D. Roosevelt to outlaw job discrimination in the armed forces, defense industries and the agencies spawned by Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation. Roosevelt ultimately agreed to open thousands of jobs to black workers when labor leader A. Philip Randolph, in collaboration with the NAACP, threatened a national March on Washington movement in 1941. President Roosevelt also agreed to set up a Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to ensure compliance.

Throughout the 1940s the NAACP saw enormous growth in membership, recording roughly 600,000 members by 1946. It continued to act as a legislative and legal advocate, pushing for a federal anti-lynching law and for an end to state-mandated segregation. Civil Rights Era By the 1950s the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, headed by Marshall, secured the last of these goals through Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools. The NAACP’s Washington, D.C., bureau, led by lobbyist Clarence M. Mitchell Jr., helped advance not only integration of the armed forces in 1948 but also passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1964, and 1968, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Despite such dramatic courtroom and congressional victories, the implementation of civil rights was a slow, painful, and oft times violent. The unsolved 1951 murder of Harry T.

Moore, an NAACP field secretary in Florida whose home was bombed on Christmas night, and his wife was just one of many crimes of retribution against the NAACP and its staff and members. NAACP Mississippi Field Secretary Medgar Evers and his wife Myrlie also became high-profile targets for pro-segregationist violence and terrorism. In 1962, their home was firebombed and later Medgar was assassinated by a sniper in front of their residence following years of investigations into hostility against blacks and participation in non-violent demonstrations such as sit-ins to protest the persistence of Jim Crow segregation throughout the south. Violence also met black children attempting to enter previously segregated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, and other southern cities. Throughout the south many African Americans were still denied the right to register and vote. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s echoed the NAACP’s goals, but leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, felt that direct action was needed to obtain them.

Although it was criticized for working exclusively within the system by pursuing legislative and judicial solutions, the NAACP did provide legal representation and aid to members of other protest groups over a sustained period of time. The NAACP even posted bail for hundreds of Freedom Riders in the ‘60s who had traveled to Mississippi to register black voters and challenge Jim Crow policies. Led by Roy Wilkins, who succeeded Walter White as secretary in 1955, the NAACP, along with A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and other national organizations began to plan the 1963 March on Washington. With the passage of major civil rights legislation the following year, the Association accomplished what seemed an insurmountable task. In the following years, the NAACP began to diversify its goals.

Assisting the NAACP throughout the years were many celebrities and leaders, including Sammy Davis Jr., Lena Horne, Jackie Robinson, Harry Belafonte, Ella Baker, an NAACP director of branches who stressed the importance of young people and women in the organization by recruiting members, raising money, and organizing local campaigns; Daisy Bates, NAACP national board member, Arkansas state conference president and advisor to the Little Rock Nine; and NAACP stalwarts like Kivie Kaplan, a businessman and philanthropist from Boston, who served as president of the NAACP from 1966 until 1975. He personally led nationwide NAACP Life Membership efforts and fought to keep African Americans away from illegal drugs. Close of the first century Wilkins retired as executive director in 1977 and was replaced by Benjamin L. Hooks, whose tenure included the Bakke case (1978), in which a California court outlawed several aspects of affirmative action. During his tenure the Memphis native is credited with implementing many NAACP programs that continue today. The NAACP ACT-SO (Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics) competitions, a major youth talent and skill initiative, and Women in the NAACP began under his administration.

As millions of African Americans continued to be afflicted as urban poverty and crime increased, de facto racial segregation remained and job discrimination lingered throughout the United States, proving the need for continued NAACP advocacy and action. Dr. Hooks served as executive director/chief executive officer (CEO) of the NAACP from 1977 to 1992. Benjamin F. Chavis (now Chavis Muhammad) became executive director/CEO in 1993, while in 1995 Myrlie Evers-Williams (widow of Medgar Evers) became the third woman to chair the NAACP, a position she held until 1998, succeeded by Chairman Emeritus Julian Bond. In 1996 the NAACP National Board of Directors changed the executive director/CEO title to president and CEO when it selected Kweisi Mfume, a former congressman and head of the Congressional Black Caucus, to lead the body. The elected office of president was eliminated. Former telecommunications executive Bruce S. Gordon followed in 2005.

[NAACP General Counsel Dennis Courtland Hayes would serve the Association well as interim national president and CEO twice during changes in administrations in recent years.] In May 2008, the NAACP National Board of Directors confirmed Benjamin Todd Jealous, a former community organizer, newspaper editor and Rhodes Scholar, as the 14th national executive of the esteemed organization. Heading into the 21st century, the NAACP is focused on disparities in economics, health care, education, voter empowerment and the criminal justice system while also continuing its role as legal advocate for civil rights issues. Yet the real story of the nation’s most significant civil rights organization lies in the hearts and minds of the people who would not stand idly by while the rights of America’s darker citizens were denied. From bold investigations of mob brutality, protests of mass murders, segregation and discrimination, to testimony before congressional committees on the vicious tactics used to bar African Americans from the ballot box, it was the talent and tenacity of NAACP members that saved lives and changed many negative aspects of American society.

While much of NAACP history is chronicled in books, articles, pamphlets and magazines, the true movement lies in the faces–the diverse multiracial army of ordinary women and men from every walk of life, race and class–united to awaken the consciousness of a people and a nation. The NAACP will remain vigilant in its mission until the promise of America is made real for all Americans. W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement - Biography.com History & Culture W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement Today on the birthday of pioneering civil rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois, we take a look at his rivalry with Booker T. Washington and how both leaders and their clashing ideologies paved the way for the modern Civil Rights Movement in America. Avatar: Social count: 7339 Today on the birthday of pioneering civil rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois, we take a look at his rivalry with Booker T. Washington and how both leaders and their clashing ideologies paved the way for the modern Civil Rights Movement in America. 7.3K 0 W.E.B.

DuBois - Rivalry with Booker T. Washington (TV-PG; 2:15) Dr. Khalil Gibran Muhammad, the Director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, discusses the conflict between W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington over how to advance the African-American race. No account of black history in America is complete without an examination of the rivalry between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois , which in the late 19th to early 20th centuries changed the course of the quest for equality in American society, and in the process helped give birth to the modern Civil Rights Movement. Though Washington and Du Bois were both born in the same era, both highly accomplished scholars and both committed to the cause of civil rights for blacks in America, it was their differences in background and method that would have the greatest impact on the future. Rise and Compromise Booker T. Washington at his desk in the Tuskegee Institute, 1894. (Photo: Associated Press [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons ) Born into slavery in Virginia in 1856, Booker T.

Washington’s early life and education did much to influence his later thinking. After the Civil War he worked in a salt mine and as a domestic for a white family and eventually attended the Hampton Institute, one of the first all-black schools in America. After completing his education, he began teaching, and in 1881 he was selected to head the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama, a sort of vocational school that sought to give African Americans the necessary moral instruction and practical work skills to make them successful in the burgeoning Industrial Revolution. Washington believed that it was economic independence and the ability to show themselves as productive members of society that would eventually lead blacks to true equality, and that they should for the time being set aside any demands for civil rights. These ideas formed the essence of a speech he delivered to a mixed-race audience at the Cotton State and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895. There and elsewhere, his ideas were readily accepted by both blacks who believed in the practical rationality of his approach, and whites who were more than happy to defer any real discussion of social and political equality for blacks to a later date. It was, however, referred to pejoratively as the “Atlanta Compromise” by its critics.

And among them was W.E.B. Du Bois. Education and Agitation W.E.B. Du Bois , one of the country's foremost black intellectuals, maintained that education and civil rights were the only way to equality, and that conceding their pursuit would simply serve to reinforce the notion of blacks as second-class citizens. (Photo: MPI/ Getty Images ) William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to a free-black family in a comparatively integrated community. He attended the local schools and excelled in his studies, eventually graduating as valedictorian of his class. However, when in 1885 he began attending Fisk University in Tennessee, he encountered for the first time the open bigotry and repression of the Jim Crow South, and the experience had a profound impact on his thinking. Du Bois returned to the North to further his education, with nothing less than equal rights for black Americans being his ultimate goal.

When he earned his Ph.D from Harvard University in 1895, he was the first black man to have done so, and his dissertation, “The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870,” was one of the first academic works on the subject. Clash of Ideologies By the early 20th century, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were the two most influential black men in the country. Washington's conciliatory approach to civil rights had made him adept at fundraising for his Tuskegee Institute, as well as for other black organizations, and had also endeared him to the white establishment, including President Theodore Roosevelt , who often consulted him regarding all matters black. Booker T. Washington - First Black Power Broker (TV-PG; 2:08) Born into slavery in 1856, Booker T. Washington was freed after the Civil War and rose up to become one of the foremost African-American leaders of his time. On the other hand, Du Bois had by that time become the country’s foremost black intellectual, having published numerous influential works on the conditions of black Americans.

In contrast to Washington, Du Bois maintained that education and civil rights were the only way to equality, and that conceding their pursuit would simply serve to reinforce the notion of blacks as second-class citizens. Following a series of articles in which the two men expounded on their ideologies, their differences finally came to a head when, in 1903, Du Bois published a work titled The Souls of Black Folks, in which he directly criticized Washington and his approach and went on to demand full civil rights for blacks. Beyond Niagara More than just deepening the personal dislike between Washington and Du Bois, this ideological rift would in time prove to be one of the most important in the history of the struggle for civil rights. Believing that political action and agitation were the only way to achieve equality, in 1905 Du Bois and other black intellectuals founded a “radical” political group called Niagara, which was dedicated to the cause. Though the group eventually dissolved a few years later, in 1909 several of its members and many of its aims were incorporated into a new organization—the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

For the next 25 years, Du Bois would serve as its director of publicity, as well as the editor of its journal, Crisis, which became the mouthpiece for the organization, for Du Bois and for black America in general. W.E.B. Du Bois - The Niagara Movement (TV-14; 3:44) W.E.B. Du Bois and other activists started the Niagara Movement to end racial segregation and to lead the charge against Jim Crow laws. Changing of the Guard When President Woodrow Wilson assumed office in 1913, he immediately segregated the federal government, and Booker T. Washington consequently lost the political influence he had enjoyed for the previous decade. Washington died in Tuskegee, Alabama, on November 14, 1915. W.E.B. Du Bois eventually split from the NAACP, but he continued to champion the cause of civil rights for both African Americans and the African diaspora around the world. After joining the American Communist Party in 1961, Du Bois repatriated to Ghana and became a naturalized citizen. He died in Ghana on August 27, 1963, at the age of 95.

Martin Luther King Jr. led the “March on Washington” the next day. Tags DuBois, W.E.B. (1868-1963) - Social Welfare History Project Dix, Dorthea Lynde Dunham, Arthur DuBois, W.E.B. (1868-1963) W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) Scholar, Editor and Founding Member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Photo: Public Domain Introduction: William Edward Burghardt DuBois was a noted scholar, editor, and African American activist. DuBois was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) — the largest and oldest civil rights organization in America. Throughout his life DuBois fought discrimination and racism. He made significant contributions to debates about race, politics, and history in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, primarily through his writing and impassioned speaking on race relations. DuBois also served as editor of The Crisis magazine and published several scholarly works on race and African American history.

By the time he died, in 1963, he had written 17 books, edited four journals and played a key role in reshaping black-white relations in America. Education and Early Career: William Edward Burghardt DuBois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, on February 23, 1868. Born to Alfred and Mary DuBois, he was an only child. In his early childhood his parents separated, and he remained with his mother until her death in 1884. The community in which he lived comprised a population of approximately 5,000 whites and about 50 black people. Vindictive attitudes toward the black people added to DuBois’ already troubled life. Despite many hardships, DuBois became an excellent student and he was hired as the local correspondent for the New York Globe. Through editorials and lectures, he emphasized the need for black people to be politically recognized. Naturally gifted intellectually, he surpassed his peers and in 1883 graduated as the sole black student from Great Barrington High School. DuBois earned a partial scholarship to Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee and enrolled at the tender age of 15.

In the following three years he witnessed endemic discrimination and became more determined to expedite social justice for black people. Also during that time, he became a writer, editor, and passionate speaker on racism. While attending Fisk, DuBois saw first hand the poverty of his people in the South as well as the ignorant prejudices held against them. He elected to teach at a country school because he perceived a deep desire for knowledge among his students, and he wanted to learn all that he could about racial problems in America. He graduated from Fisk in 1888. DuBois furthered his education at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he concentrated on philosophy and history. Eventually he pursued economics and social problems. In his determination to graduate, he never quite felt he was part of the student body. Once he said, “I was in Harvard but not of it. “Immediately upon receiving his B.A. in 1890, he began to work on his master’s and doctor’s degrees, which he received in the spring of 1891. Prior to his graduation, former president Rutherford B.

Hayes, the current head of a fund to educate black people, was quoted in the Boston Herald as saying, “[we] could not find anyone worthy enough to study abroad.” DuBois challenged him and immediately applied for the opportunity. Thanks to impeccable references and credentials, he received not only the grant, but a letter from Hayes stating that he was misquoted. DuBois then left America to study at the University of Berlin in Germany, well known for being one of the world’s finest institutions of higher learning. With more confidence than ever — and the prospect of another doctorate — DuBois believed he would be fully prepared for his life’s work. Over the next two years, he learned about racial problems in countries of Africa, Asia, and Europe, in addition to America. DuBois fell short of his Ph.D. by one semester because his funding sources declined to extend him any more money. They encouraged him to obtain his degree at Harvard instead, which he gladly did. His doctoral thesis, “The Suppression of the African Slave Trade in America,1638–1870” became the first volume in Harvard’s Historical Series. In 1895, he became the first black American to earn a Ph.D.

from Harvard University. In 1897, DuBois took a position with Atlanta University. During his tenure there he conducted extensive studies of the social conditions of blacks in America. Although DuBois took an advanced degree in history, he was broadly trained in the social sciences; and, at a time when sociologists were theorizing about race relations, he was conducting empirical inquiries into the condition of blacks. For more than a decade he devoted himself to sociological investigations of blacks in America, producing 16 research monographs published between 1897 and 1914 at Atlanta (Georgia) University, where he was a professor, as well as The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (1899), the first case study of a black community in the United States. For the 1900 Paris World’s Fair, DuBois created a full-scale exhibit of African American achievement since the Emancipation Proclamation in industrial work, literature, and journalism. It included photo-documentation on educational institutions such as Tuskeegee, Fisk, and Howard Universities.

Congress approved of $15,000 for installation, and it was installed — off the midway and in the Social Economy section of the Liberal Arts building where it languished. Later Career: In 1903 he wrote The Souls of Black Folk which serves as the underpinning to many of his ideas. Two years later, in 1905, DuBois took the lead in founding the “Niagara Movement,” which was dedicated chiefly to attacking the platform of Booker T. Washington. This small organization met annually until it disbanded in 1909. Despite the establishment of 30 branches and the achievement of a few scattered civil-rights victories at the local level, the Niagara Movement suffered from organizational weakness and lack of funds as well as a permanent headquarters or staff, and it never was able to attract mass support. Nevertheless, the Niagara Movement was significant as an ideological forerunner and direct inspiration for the interracial National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in 1909. DuBois played a prominent part in the creation of the NAACP and became the association’s director of research and editor of its magazine, The Crisis.

In this role he wielded an unequaled influence among middle-class blacks and progressive whites as the propagandist for the black protest from 1910 until 1934. Throughout the first half of the 20th Century, W.E.B. DuBois continued to work as an author, lecturer and educator. His teachings were an important influence on the Civil Rights Movement. DuBois and his wife, former student Nina Gomer, stayed in Atlanta until 1910, even though they never felt truly comfortable there. While in Atlanta, the DuBois’ lost a young son. Sixteen months later Nina gave birth to their daughter, Yolande. Shortly thereafter Nina suffered a stroke and consequently died in 1950. Dubois remarried Shirley Graham in 1951 who traveled extensively with her husband. In the final years of his life, he renounced his U.S. citizenship and became a Ghanian citizen. In 1961, at the age of 93, he became a member of the Communist Party. He believed that the party embodied the solution for blacks and poor white people.

On August 27, 1963, DuBois died in Accra, Ghana. Ironically, DuBois died on August 27, 1963 the eve of the historic March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . Actor and playwright Ossie Davis read an announcement of his death to the 250,000 people gathered at the Washington Monument on August 28th. W.E.B. DuBois and Mary White Ovington Medallion Photo: Points of Light W.E.B. DuBois and Mary White Ovington co-founders of the NAACP in 1909 have been memorialized with a plaque in the The Extra Mile — Points of Light Volunteer Pathway located on the sidewalks of downtown Washington, D.C. The Extra Mile is a program of Points of Light Institute, dedicated to inspire, mobilize and equip individuals to volunteer and serve. The Extra Mile was approved by Congress and the District of Columbia. It is funded entirely by private sources. How to Cite this Article (APA Format): W.E.B. DuBois. United States History. Retrieved [date accessed] from . W.E.B. Du Bois W.E.B.

Du Bois Born: February 23, 1868 Died: August 27, 1963 William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a noted scholar, editor, and African American activist. Du Bois was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP -- the largest and oldest civil rights organization in America). Throughout his life Du Bois fought discrimination and racism. He made significant contributions to debates about race, politics, and history in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, primarily through his writing and impassioned speaking on race relations. Du Bois also served as editor of The Crisis magazine and published several scholarly works on race and African American history. By the time he died, in 1963, he had written 17 books, edited four journals and played a key role in reshaping black-white relations in America. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories . People . W.E.B. Du Bois | PBS W.E.B. Du Bois was born during the term of President Andrew Johnson and died the year that Lyndon Johnson became president.

Du Bois was born and raised in Massachusetts, and graduated in 1888 from Fisk University, a black liberal arts college in Nashville, Tennessee. During the summer, he taught in a rural school and later wrote about his experiences in his book THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK. In 1895, Du Bois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in the subject of history from Harvard University. He then studied in Germany but ran out of funds before he could earn a post-doctoral degree. With the publication of THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRO: A SOCIAL STUDY in 1899, the first case study of a black community in the United States, as well as papers on black farmers, businessmen, and black life in Southern communities, Du Bois established himself as the first great scholar of black life in America. He taught sociology at Atlanta University between 1898 and 1910. Du Bois had hoped that social science could help eliminate segregation, but he eventually came to the conclusion that the only effective strategy against racism was agitation. He challenged the dominant ideology of black accommodation as preached and practiced by Booker T.

Washington, then the most influential black man in America. Washington urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and elevate themselves through hard work and economic gain to win the respect of whites. In 1903, in his famous book THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK, Du Bois charged that Washington's strategy kept the black man down rather than freed him. This attack crystallized the opposition to Booker T. Washington among many black intellectuals, polarizing the leaders of the black community into two wings -- the "conservative" supporters of Washington and his "radical" critics. In 1905, Du Bois took the lead in founding the short-lived Niagara Movement, intended to be an organization advocating civil rights for blacks. Although the Niagara Movement faltered, it was the forerunner of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was founded in 1909. Du Bois played a prominent role in the organization's creation and became its director of research and the editor of its magazine, THE CRISIS. For many young African Americans in the period from 1910 through the 1930s, Du Bois was the voice of the black community.

He attacked Woodrow Wilson when the president allowed his cabinet members to segregate the federal government. He continued to fight against the demand by many whites that black education be primarily industrial and that black students in the South learn to accept white supremacy. Du Bois emphasized the necessity for higher education in order to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans, whom he dubbed "The Talented Tenth." In the 1930s, Du Bois found himself in a bitter dispute with Walter White, the head of the NAACP, when Du Bois suddenly penned articles that advocated voluntary segregation, maintaining that black children would receive a better education from black teachers. Du Bois resigned from the editorship of THE CRISIS and the NAACP in 1934. He taught for the next ten years at Atlanta University and published two of his major works, BLACK RECONSTRUCTION: AN ESSAY TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE PART WHICH BLACK FOLK PLAYED IN THE ATTEMPT TO RECONSTRUCT DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA 1860-1880 and DUSK OF DAWN.

In 1951, when he was 83 years old, the federal government prosecuted Du Bois for his affiliation with the Communist Party. A judge eventually threw out the case. Disillusioned with the United States, he officially joined the Communist Party in 1961 and moved to Ghana; he renounced his American citizenship more than a year later. --Richard Wormser What civil rights organization was founded as a direct result of the 1905 Niagara Movement led by W. E. B. DuBois? A. NBAA B. NAACP C. UFACP D. AACR You have new items in your feed. Click to view. Question and answer What civil rights organization was founded as a direct result of the 1905 Niagara Movement led by W. E. B. DuBois? A. NBAA B. NAACP C. UFACP D. AACR B. NAACP What civil rights organization was founded as a direct result of the 1905 Niagara Movement led by W. E. B. DuBois? A. NBAA B. NAACP C. UFACP D.

AACR Original conversation User: What civil rights organization was founded as a direct result of the 1905 Niagara Movement led by W. E. B. DuBois? A. NBAA B. NAACP C. UFACP D. AACR Weegy: B. NAACP sipichapie |Points 4905| User: What was the name of the case from the 1800s that established the policy of "separate but equal"? A. Plessy v. Ferguson B. Miranda v. Arizona C. Marbury v. Madison D. Gibbons v. Ogden Weegy: A. Plessy v. Ferguson jerryjoseph002 |Points 1502| User: Which organization helped provide legal assistance to the families taking part in the case of Brown v. Board of Education? A. the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) B. the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) C. the National School Board Union and Association (NSBUA) D. the National Union for Teachers, Parents, and Children (NUTPC) Weegy: B.

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) helped provide legal assistance to the families taking part in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. debnjerry |Points 46899| User: In response to the discovery that nuclear missile sites were being constructed on the island nation of Cuba, Kennedy called together the executive committee of the National Security Council on October 14, 1962. Which of the following was NOT a member of that committee? A. Robert Kennedy B. Lyndon B. Johnson C. Robert McNamara D. Richard Nixon Weegy: A. Robert Kennedy Reykey |Points 50| User: Which of the following was a reason for African Americans to move during the Great Migration? A. improved farming opportunities in the South B. better jobs and housing in the North C. better health care and education in the East D. free land and cattle in the West Weegy: I Think the correct answer is b vlind |Points 129| User: Which famous African American was arrested after refusing to give up a bus seat for a white man? A. Sammy Davis, Jr. B. Nina Simone C.

Rosa Parks D. Martin Luther King, Jr. Weegy: Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up a bus seat for a white man. User: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., used which method to draw attention to the civil rights movement? A. whatever means necessary B. violence and intimidation C. passive resistance D. running for political office Weegy: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., used passive resistance to draw attention to the civil rights movement. AngelInDisguise |Points 5101| User: Which president issued an executive order in 1948 that required the integration of the U.S. armed forces? A. President Eisenhower B. President Nixon C. President Roosevelt D. President Truman Weegy: D. President Truman Greenpepper |Points 2911| User: What failed U.S. invasion prompted the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962? A. the Bay of Pigs invasion B. the Normandy invasion C. the Gallipoli Beach invasion D.

the Grenada invasion Weegy: A) the Bay of Pigs invasion prompted the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 Expert answered| innersource |Points 7275| Which organization was founded in 1909 by W. E. B. Dubois to fight racial injustice? A. IWW B. NAACP C. ACLU D. AFL-CIO You have new items in your feed. Click to view. Question and answer Which organization was founded in 1909 by W. E. B. Dubois to fight racial injustice? A. IWW B. NAACP C. ACLU D. AFL-CIO B. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was founded in 1909 by W. E. B. Dubois to fight racial injustice. Get an answer Which organization was founded in 1909 by W. E. B. Dubois to fight racial injustice? A. IWW B. NAACP C. ACLU D. AFL-CIO Original conversation User: Which organization was founded in 1909 by W. E. B. Dubois to fight racial injustice? A.

IWW B. NAACP C. ACLU D. AFL-CIO Weegy: B. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was founded in 1909 by W. E. B. Dubois to fight racial injustice. Expert answered| cecillereign |Points 251| User: Which civil rights leader received support from men such as Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Carnegie, and John Rockefeller? A. Ida B. Wells B. W.E.B. DuBois C. Booker T. Washington D. George Washington Carver Weegy: C. Booker T. Washington received support from men such as Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Carnegie, and John Rockefeller. Expert answered| cecillereign |Points 251| W.E.B.

DuBois | Posters | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS 1868-1963 Source: Address at the New York City Republican Club (March 5, 1910) William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) DuBois studied at Fisk University, and then Harvard University, where he became the first African American to earn a doctorate. He published his seminal work, The Souls of Black Folk, in 1903, a collection of essays that touch on a wide range of topics including equal rights, stereotypes, and critiques of black leadership at the time. Along with William Monroe Trotter, DuBois led The Niagara Movement, an early black civil rights organization DuBois helped found in 1905. He was highly critical of the Atlanta Compromise, an 1895 agreement between African-American leaders and Southern white leaders that stated Southern blacks would not challenge current white political rule in exchange for basic access to education and due process in law.

In 1909, DuBois co-founded the still active National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an organization dedicated to ensuring “the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.” W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP | Virginia Historical Society Home - Collections and Resources - Virginia History Explorer - Civil Rights Movement in Virginia - W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP W. E. B. Du Bois was the first black recipient of a history degree from Harvard University. In The Souls of Black Folks, published in 1903, he argued for "manly" and "ceaseless agitation and insistent demand for equality." He demanded a curriculum of liberation not subordination, which is how he described the Hampton/Tuskegee approach. He was reacting against "accommodation," not just in the field of education, but throughout society, which had become more thoroughly segregated as a result of Plessy v. Ferguson, the 1896 U.S.

Supreme Court decision that sanctioned the principle of "separate but equal" facilities for black and whites. Du Bois became director of publicity and research for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909. The legal arm of the NAACP led the campaign to end Jim Crow segregation altogether, but its first target would be inequality in education. It helped win the admission of a black student to the University of Maryland Law School because that state did not have such an institution for blacks. Virginia and other southern states immediately adopted a policy of giving scholarships to black students to attend professional and graduate schools outside the state. That approach was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in December 1938, and Richmond editor Virginius Dabney said the decision "severely jolted" the South's educational system. In October 1938 the NAACP filed suit over the fact that black teachers in Norfolk were paid less than their white counterparts. In Alston v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, a federal court ruled that this discrimination was based on race alone and thus violated the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution.

The decision was met with delays, evasions, adoption of subjective criteria for evaluating teachers, and other methods of resistance, so that black teachers went from being paid one-half of white salaries to two-thirds, but not to full equality until 1952.

Question: What civil rights organization was founded by W.E.B. DuBois?
Answer: NAACP