Lincoln, England - what to see in Lincoln ? Lincoln Cathedral The city of Lincoln is bypassed by most visitors to the UK, and that's a pity, because Lincoln has a colourful past that is preserved in a fascinating variety of historic buildings, particularly in the ancient medieval core. The history of Lincoln begins at Brayford Pool , a natural harbour on the River Witham. There was an Iron-Age settlement here as early as 100BC, known as "Lindun", or "The place by the pool". When the Romans invaded England they recognised the strategic importance of the place and established a garrison. They renamed the city "Lindum", and later "Lindum Colonia", from which derives our modern name of "Lincoln". Lincoln was a "colonia", or major town, and around 300AD it became the capitol of the Roman province covering eastern England. Lincoln Castle When the Romans departed Lincoln was absorbed by the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Lindsey, and still later the Danes established the city as one of the 5 chief "burghs" of the Danelaw.

The Normans also acknowledged Lincoln's natural strategic position, and just 2 years after the Conquest, William the Conqueror began the building of Lincoln Castle atop the steep hill that is the core of the city. In 1072 the church followed suit and the magnificent structure of Lincoln Cathedral was begun. The cathedral is the 3rd largest in Britain, with a vast nave supported by columns of limestone and marble. The stained glass windows set off a wonderful vaulted roof, and the interior is enhanced with intricate carvings in stone and wood. Look for the notorious "Lincoln Imp" carving in the Angel Choir - a stonemason's joke that has become the official city emblem. Steep Hill, Lincoln Lincoln Cathedral boasts an impressive central tower, the tallest in the country after Salisbury at 81 metres (approximately 250 feet). But this lofty finger of stone pales before the memory of the original tower, which rose twice as high before toppling in a storm in 1547. Nestled beside the Cathedral are the ruins of the Bishop's Old Palace , reminders of a time when the Bishops of Lincoln were among the most powerful figures in the land.

Former Bishops of Lincoln include Hugh of Avalon, later St. Hugh, whose tomb is in the cathedral, and Thomas Wolsey, who was Bishop here in 1514 before going on to become a cardinal and advisor to Henry VIII. The medieval centre of Lincoln is blessed with an abundance of original 14th and 15th century buildings, as well as a large number of half-timbered Tudor houses. High Bridge is the oldest bridge in England to have houses built upon it. The structure dates from the 12th century, and looks its age in the most complimentary fashion. A relative parvenu compared to High Bridge is Stonebow, a wonderful Tudor Gothic bridge that once formed the city's southern gate. The city council still meets in chambers above the archway. Lincoln Castle still functions as a court, dispensing justice as it has for over 900 years. Within its walls you can see one of the original copies of the Magna Carta, signed by King John in 1215. incoln has a wide variety of interesting museums, including the Usher Gallery , featuring original poems and memorabilia of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, a native of Lincolnshire.

A Heritage Trail links many of the historic attractions in the city centre, and a leaflet describing the trail is available at the Tourist Information Centre on Castle Hill. The TIC is also the departure point for a variety of fascinating tours of the city, including guided walking tours, open top bus tours, ghost walks, river trips, and horse and carriage rides. Our top picks for enjoying Lincoln's heritage: Lincoln travel guide - Wikitravel 11 Get out For other places with the same name, see Lincoln (disambiguation) . The English county town of Lincoln, Lincolnshire is a cathedral city nestled between two portions of the Lincoln Edge - a steep escarpment that dominates the mostly flat county. Most famous for its cathedral and castle, housed within a Roman–medieval street plan. The oldest section of the city, in which the cathedral and castle reside, sit at the top of Steep Hill. From the bottom of the hill a pedestrianised shopping street leads to the more modern (and trendy) portions of the city - Brayford Pool and the university.

By road[ edit ] Lincoln sits on the A46 between Newark , Nottinghamshire , and Grimsby , Lincolnshire , and the A15, between Peterborough and Hull . Lincoln is surrounded by minor roads and Lincolnshire itself has no motorways. The central area of Lincoln consists of narrow one-way roads and pedestrianised areas so driving is not recommended. The St. Marks shopping centre has ample parking, and there is a multi-storey car park in the centre of town, near the University and Brayford Pool. A seasonal Christmas Market Park and Ride service is available and the easiest way to get to the Market.National Park and Ride Directory [2] By rail[ edit ] Lincoln is served by trains from Newark and Grimsby . Newark is on the East Coast Main Line with fast links to London . Generally, rail journeys are fairly punctual, if a bit uncomfortable. Certain services from Nottingham to Lincoln may be only a single carriage and may be very crowded. There is a direct service from London to Lincoln once per day. By air[ edit ] Lincoln is located close to three airports. Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield in Yorkshire - A direct train from Doncaster to Lincoln is available.

Humberside Airport, North Lincolnshire - The airport is located near Barnetby village with a train station running direct trains to Lincoln Central Station Get around[ edit ] The easiest way to get around central Lincoln is on foot. The city is small and compact with services and attractions within a few minutes walk of each other. One can walk from the easternmost end of Lincoln to the western end at a very leisurely pace in around one hour. Cars can be hired from two locations - Enterprise, located on the Outer Circle Road, and Hertz, found behind the Holiday Inn hotel (on Brayford Wharf). However, driving around the city itself is in-advised. Lincoln employs a complex one-way system that will quickly confuse tourists (and even some locals). The main High Street is only a minute's walk away from the railway and bus stations. Public transport is as expected in a reasonable sized city. There are regular bus services; however, these are generally for journeys from the south of Lincoln and North Hykeham to the North of Lincoln rather than for short hops within the centre. Minicabs are widely available.

Prices are charged on a zone system and all of the firms are regulated by Lincoln City Council; you are well advised to avoid unlicensed companies - soliciting passengers for these cabs is illegal, and in the event of an accident they often have no insurance. See[ edit ][ add listing ] Lincoln Cathedral [3] . Summer (approx Jul-Aug) M-F 7.15AM-8PM, Sa-Su 7.15AM-6PM, Winter M-Sa 7.15AM-6PM, Su 7.15AM-5PM. One of the finest and best situated Gothic buildings in Europe, now also famous as the location used to double as Westminster Abbey in The Da Vinci Code movie. For over 200 years it was the tallest building in the world, before its wooden spire collapsed following a storm in 1549. The roof tours are recommended. Architecturally, the cathedral has some of the earliest flying buttresses, and a gargoyle named the Lincoln Imp, with which several legends are associated. Adult £5. Lincoln Castle, Castle Hill, [4] .

May-Aug 10AM-6PM, Apr & Sep 10AM-5PM, Oct-Mar 10AM-4PM. Closed 24-26 Dec, New Year's Eve and Day. Tours available at certain times throughout the day. First established in the Norman period, when the city of Lincoln ranked 3rd in the realm for prosperity and importance. Building started by William the Conquerer in 1068 on a site occupied since Roman times. Contains an original copy of The Magna Carta. It is home to families of ducks during the breeding season, despite having no lake or pond. Also a working Crown Court and a Victorian Prison museum. Has fabulous views from the walls and observatory tower over the city and beyond. Visitors can stand on the tower where the city's hangings took place, or descend by a ladder into the dungeon where prisoners waited, and see the manacles still on the walls. Gruesome. £4.10, concessions available. Steep Hill is the medieval lane which connects the modern town centre with the cathedral quarter atop the hill.

This cobbled street is a delight of old buildings, many of which contain the more interesting shops in the city, and including the Jew's House, a twelfth-century building associated with Lincoln's thriving Jewish community in medieval times. The street's name is accurate and after a handrail-assisted ascent you reach the Magna Carta pub which stands between the castle and the cathedral. Continue for a few yards if you can be tempted by an interesting ice-cream parlour - their downstairs cafe has you sitting by a tenth-century arch under a vaulted stone ceiling. The Lawn, a former psychiatric hospital, is now a visitor attraction which (as well as housing a conference centre) will be mainly of interest for the Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory, a free-to-enter hothouse with exhibits that Banks brought back from his travels with Captain Cook. Roman remains are scattered around the cathedral quarter, for example behind the cathedral are the excavated remains of the Roman east gate, and on the north side of the castle at the junction of Westgate and Bailgate are the excavated remains of a Roman well amid the walls.

Walking along Bailgate, notice the circles of old stones in the modern road surface - these are the original foundations of Roman pillars which lined this route, Ermine Street which stretches from London to York. Ellis Mill, Mill Rd, [5] . Sa-Su, Apr-Sep, 2-5PM; Su, 2PM-dusk, Oct-Apr. A preserved windmill built in 1798, the last remaining example of the nine mills along the Lincoln Edge which milled flour for the city. It is now surrounded by houses, but still operates on a volunteer basis and visitors are welcomed and given tours. Free. The Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Burton Rd (5 minutes walk from the West gate of Lincoln Castle and Cathedral), [6] . Every day Apr-Sep and M-Sa Oct-Mar, 10AM-4PM. A rural history museum situated in a Victorian military barracks building. Free. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Castle Visit the castle, walk along the Castle walls, see the Magna Carta and visit the Victorian Prison. Entry into the Castle is free, but pay to do anything else. Lincoln Boat Trips, [7] . Every day from Easter to end of Sep.

Sailing times 1100, 1215, 1330, 1445, 1545. Canal trips for 50-60 minutes on the River Witham and Fossdyke Navigation, a Roman-built canal which links the Witham with the River Trent. The vessel Brayford Belle operates from Brayford Pool opposite the Odeon cinema. Adults £6. Alternatively, you may hire a small, slow motor boat for £20 an hour. Cathedral City Cruises also offers boat trips from near the same location. Lincoln Christmas Market. Styled on German Christmas Markets, the event takes place around the first weekend in December and lasts about 4 days. Market stalls occupy all the roads around the castle and cathedral areas. There are also funfair rides. A real Christmas extravaganza and definitely worth a visit, but can be very busy. Arrive early if travelling by car. Theatre Royal Lincoln is just off the high street, on Clasketgate. Lincoln Guided Tours, O/S Visitor Information Centre, Castle Hill, ☎ +44 7747 018455, [8] .

A green badge led walking tour of the Cathedral Quarter historic area taking in the Roman remains and the uphill area. Tours may be booked ( or 11am in the season outside the Visitor Information Centre (times vary). We will hop aboard your coach and give an entertaining tour. edit edit The Usher Gallery, 1 Danes Terrace, Lincoln, LN2 1LP (10min walk from train and bus station.), ☎ +44 1522 555599. 1000 to 1600. Positioned in the middle of the Temple gardens - has a permenant art collection, and also a rotating exhibition of more modern exhibitors FREE. edit The Collection. Natural and historical permenant display pertaining to the area. Rotating exhibitions on other subjects along with a talks as part of a free lecture series (may need to book in advance). edit Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] There are plenty of standard chain shops on the high street, just about everything one could want. These range from bigger chains such as HMV, to smaller chains such as Lush cosmetics, and even more local shops. Various streets run off the high street, containing more shops.

There is also the Waterside shopping centre on the high street. If you venture further up to Steep Hill and the Bailgate area beyond, you will find more local and traditional shops, such as sweet shops and knick knack shops. All of the major banks are also in the town centre. Lincoln Guided Tours, Castle Hill Lincoln (o/s Visitor Information Centre), ☎ +44 7747 018455, [9] . A green badge led walking tour of the Cathedral Quarter historic area taking in the Roman remains and the uphill area. Tours may be booked ( or 11am in the season outside the Visitor Information Centre (times vary). We will hop aboard your coach and give an entertaining tour. edit Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Fine dining restaurants in Lincoln are located in the Bailgate area (top end of town near the Cathedral) and include The Bronze Pig, ran by Masterchef finalist Eamonn Hunt, Tito's Restaurant and Grille, a Spanish steakhouse and Brown's Pie Shop at the top of Steep Hill. For an authentic Italian experience, try La Trattoria da Vincenzo located just off the high street on West Parade.

Excellent Tapas restaurants include Ole Ole and Olivares which can both be found in the Bailgate area (top end of town near the Cathedral). The Cheese Society Cafe, 1 St Martins Lane (Just off the top of the High Street, near the bottom of the Strait), ☎ +44 1522 511003, [10] . 10.00-4.30PM M-Sa. A highly individual established cafe & cheese shop specialising in cheesy dishes, such as double baked souffles and baked Camembert. Also has non-cheese options. Uses many local producers. The food is freshly cooked and presented to a high standard. Light and airy, bistro style, with pretty slick service. Can get busy, as it seats 24, but well worth waiting for a table. Food is served until 4PM. Not suitable for under 10s. Licensed. Reasonably priced. edit Nando's, Brayford Waterfront. A chain restaurant specialising in Portuguese peri-peri chicken dishes, all of which are offered in a variety of spice strengths (lemon & herb, mango & lime, medium, hot, extra hot).

Its service is very good and very prompt. Beware of the Extra hot serving! Prices are fairly cheap considering the size of portions you receive. There is no service charge and babies and children are very welcome. Pizza Express, High Street (at the corner with Grantham Street, in the upper half of the pedestrianised High Street). Don't let the name fool you! It doesn't serve pizza fast. It serves, what some would say, the best pizza in all of Lincoln, but expect to pay somewhat higher prices! Pyewipe Inn - Out along the canal. Good food. Most bars also have food menus. The Lakeside Restaurant, Branston Hall Hotel, Branston, Lincoln England LN4 1PD, UK, ☎ +44 1522 793305, [11] . 7.30 until late. Booking essential. Use of mobile phones not permitted. Children under 12 not permitted in the evening. From £25.

(53.19502996194308,-0.4825615882873535) edit Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Bunty's Tea Room, located on Steep Hill, this 1940's style tearoom serves a wonderful selection of cakes and teas. Very busy at times but worth the wait. The Vine Inn, Newland Street West. A traditional local pub in the heart of the West End used by both local and students. The Victoria, near the castle within Lincoln hosts some of the finest ales in the city and is well worth a visit.... throw back to what a real pub should be with real people. Now having a mixture and varied clientèle but with excellent service and atmosphere, a superb place to go. The Tower (part of a hotel) Great place to meet with friends up hill, more trendy that other bars in the area and serves mainly the aspirational and upcoming crowd. There are plenty of bars in Lincoln, most of which are on the high street or the waterfront. The main nightclub in Lincoln is the Engine Shed which was finished in September 2006.

It is the biggest music venue in the area, and so far has played host to bands such as The Zutons, Stereophonics, Kasabian & Feeder. It is open to both students and locals, although it is students only on Wednesday and Saturday. Other clubs are: Ritzy's - Featuring three floors playing different music. Very expensive on weekends. Student only night on Wednesday. Sugarcubes - The only rock club in Lincoln (after the closure of Martha's and Po Na Na), cheap drinks and equally cheap decor. Scy - Good variety of music, with rock and R'n'B nights. Two floors, although very small and not particularly cheap. Stay safe[ edit ] As is with any other major city within the UK, it is advisable to take precautions when staying out after dark. When travelling within areas with slightly high levels of crime such as Portland Street, Sincil Bank, Monks Road, Birchwood and Moorland Avenue it is advised to keep your wits about you at night and especially at the weekends. Areas close to the Cathedral Quarter have low levels of crime.

Get out[ edit ] North of Lincoln the A15 (aka the Roman road Ermine Street) leads to the Humber Bridge and to East Yorkshire . West of Lincoln beyond the vale of the River Trent lies Sherwood Forest . Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons - Lindisware / Lindsey Lindisware (Lindissi / Lindsey) The Roman city of Lindum Colonia was founded in the eastern section of the tribal territory of the Corieltavi . Popularly known as Lindum (modern Lincoln), this seems to have produced Caer Lind Colun in the Brythonic language, with 'caer' meaning 'fort', and 'lind colun' being a shortening of Lindum Colonia. The city may have been the core of a post-Roman kingdom or an independent district under a Romanised magistrate in the early fifth century, but evidence for the history of the region until the tenth or eleventh centuries is extremely sketchy. It might just as easily have remained under Britain 's central administrative control, but perhaps not for long.

A kingdom seems to have been founded circa AD 480 by a newly-arrived group of Angles , perhaps intermingling with Germanic peoples who had been settled there beforehand as foederati, as well as with the native population. They called themselves the Lindisware, taking the local name as the 'folk of Lindum'. Over time, 'Lindisware' became Lindissi, and then Lindsey, and it was bordered to the east by Elmet , and to the south-east by the Middil Engle . The kingdom has almost no recorded history, even before its conquest, but the name of its fourth king suggests strong links to the Britons living there. Lincoln itself appears to have begun to decay at the end of the period of prosperity in Roman Britain, in the 360s. By the fifth century, walls were falling down, roofs were falling in, and some of the large civic buildings were in ruins. Also the sewers were unlikely to be working by this time. Needless to say, much of the population had migrated into the countryside by this time.

Two Lincolnshire villages, Winteringham and Winterton, lying almost side by side on the banks of the Humber, are named after what was in all probability the first historical Anglian king, Winta, and suggest the starting point of the Humbrensian settlement of the region. Winteringham, which is likely on formal grounds to be the earlier of the two settlements, is exactly on the line of the main Roman road from the south at the point where its course must have been continued by means of a ferry in Roman times across the river from Winteringham Haven to Brough on the north bank of the Humber. This settlement of the new arrivals from the north downwards strongly suggests links across the Humber to the Angles of Deywr , although there was no political union between the two groups. The dialect of medieval Lindsey is seen as part of a northern linguistic group, while Holland and Kesteven, immediately to the south (and included in modern Lincolnshire) were more closely linked to Midlands English. Based in Lincoln (to the north of the Wash), Lindsey incorporated the northern half of the modern county of Lincolnshire (the districts of West and East Lindsey).

It had a southern border just below Lincoln itself which followed the River Witham towards the Wash, but which turned east about fifteen kilometres from the Wash (and therefore excluded the late Anglo-Saxon town of Skirbeck - modern Boston - from the kingdom) to meander north-east before joining the sea around Friskney. This line was probably an earlier course of the river. For most of its life Lindsey was isolated from the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms by the extensive marshes and wetlands to the south and thick forest to the north and west. The River Trent also formed much of the western border (a Celtic name, from British Trisantonia, primitive Welsh Tihanton, and Old English Treenta). The Isle of Axholme was probably always part of the kingdom. Excavations in the area of the important Saxon church at Barton-on-Humber, close to the east of Winteringham, have clearly suggested that there is no reason to suggest a break of occupation between the Roman and Saxon periods. Combined with similar evidence from Winteringham itself it seems likely that the incoming Anglians directly succeeded the previous Romano-British administration.

A separate tribe of Angles, the Spaldingas, settled in what is now the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, which fell outside the borders of the kingdom of Lindsey for its entire existence (they were generally seen as being an outlying part of the Middil Engle). The Spaldingas apparently retained their administrative independence right into the ninth and tenth centuries, when the region formed one of the Five Boroughs of the kingdom of York . (Additional information from The Landscape of King Arthur, Geoffrey Ashe, from The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey, Kevin Leahy, from The Oxford History of England: The English Settlements, J N L Meyers, from Herefrith of Louth, Saint and Bishop; A Problem of Identities, A E B Owen, and from Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol XV.) c.455? While it is unknown just how the change from British Deywr to Anglian Deira progresses, It seems to be around this time that the Angles there 'separated Deira from Bernicia', possibly establishing a semi-independent Anglian domain.

The time at which Britain is in confusion following the removal of Vortigern from office and the Jutish revolt in Ceint would be an ideal date for this event. It may also be the trigger for the settlement of Angles on the opposite, southern bank of the River Humber, the early Lindisware, who may or may not be Deirans themselves. This spearhead, dated to AD 500-750, was found in Winteringham, possibly one of the first places to be settled by the newly-arriving Angles as they moved south from the Humber Do these Anglians take over straight away or are they settled as foederati by an existing local British administration? The survival of the Lind Colun name (Lincoln), the mass of fourth century British belt buckles found by archaeologists, and a lack of early Angle cemeteries around Lind Colun all suggest a robust Romano-British administration. The Roman city probably declines as they do elsewhere, with rebuilding in wood, perhaps to support a tyrant of the type about which Gildas would later be so unhappy, or a semi-independent magistrate of the type found in Caer Gloui and probably other places.

fl c.480? Winta First historical figure in royal house. 'Son' of Woden of Angeln . Although not historically attested, and known only by the royal pedigree, Winta can generally be placed around this date as possibly the first of the Lindisware to rule. The two Lincolnshire villages, Winteringham and Winterton, which lie almost side by side on the banks of the Humber are strongly linked to his name, and may be the focal point for the start of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom while a Romano-British authority governs the main part of the territory from Lind Colun. The name Winta means 'white', probably in the sense of blond hair, which would be a notable feature of the Angles in relation to the darker native Britons . c.480 One group of Angles starts to bury their dead in a small cemetery on the eastern side of the modern Middle Street (B1398), midway between North Carlton and South Carlton, and immediately to the north of Caer Lind Colun. They may be attracted to the area by the Bronze Age burial mounds of the Beaker Folk , of which there are at least three.

Anglo-Saxon burials in Britain frequently take place near prehistoric burial mounds, showing that the new arrivals recognise and appreciate these established places of rest. Lind Colun itself and the countryside around it is a world of slowly decaying Roman stone buildings mixed with wooden Germanic houses which the subjugated Britons in the region are also starting to copy. Being Germanic is the way forward for both Angles and Britons here. c.480s - 490s This is the probable period in which the traditional twelve victorious battles of Arthur are fought. In reality, although many of the battles seem to reflect actual events, it is likely that they are spaced out over a greater length of time, and are undertaken by multiple British leaders (most especially Ambrosius Aurelianus). Five of those battles are fought in locations that would appear to be in, or near, early Lindsey, in the south and in the centre respectively. The first is fought on the River Glein, and the second, third, fourth, and fifth are upon the 'Dubglas' in regione Linnuis ('the district of Linnuis').

Lincolnshire has a Glen (probably from the Brythonic word 'glï¿½n', or 'clean'), which is soon settled by the Spaldingas people, and Linnuis is almost certainly the regional capital ( Roman Lindum, modern Lincoln). There is no Dubglas ('blackwater') in Lindsey, but the muddy Ancholme is a possible candidate, with a strategically vital crossing at Brigg. Such actions would appear to be designed to contain the Lindisware, soon after their possible takeover of the region. fl c.500? Son. Later Creodas: West Seaxe (534) & Iclingas (c.580). c.500 - 650 The number of graves in Lindsey is a fraction of the estimated population. They are almost all Anglo-Saxon, with the proportionately large number of Britons remaining unrecorded, their graves impossible to recognise by modern eyes, even though they continue to work the land under their new masters, preventing woodland regrowth in the kingdom to any great degree (an abandoned field will return to woodland in about fifty years).

Archaeological finds of Fowler's Type F1 copper-alloy penannular brooches can probably be dated to the sixth century and suggest the survival of the Romano-British population, which is clearly preserving some of its traditions despite a gradual drift towards becoming Anglo-Saxon. fl c.530? Son. c.550 By now four main Angle cremation cemeteries have been established, at Cleatham, Elsham, South Elkington, and West Keal, plus a fifth outside Lindsey (but inside modern Lincolnshire) at Loveden Hill. There are no cremation cemeteries in the hinterland around Lind Colun, perhaps because the city had been able to control its surroundings in the fifth and early sixth centuries. Lovendon Hill, twenty-five kilometres to the south, is the closest until later in the sixth century. This suggests that a sub-Roman local authority had controlled the city until the early 500s, or that the Angles had simply been uninterested in it. The Roman Newport Gate at Lind Colun, through which passes Ermine Street, is today the world's only surviving Roman arch that is still open to traffic fl c.560?

Cï¿½dbï¿½d / Caedbaed Son. A name of (partly?) British origin. The British name of Cï¿½dbï¿½d in the royal pedigree of Lindsey, along with archaeological evidence for British culture, suggests links at the very top between the Britons and Angles here, a blending of cultures and peoples that can also be theorised for the last days of Caer Gwinntguic . fl c.580? Son. 617 Edwin has been restored as king of Deira and Bernicia to become ruler of all the Angles north of the Humber. He now begins a push westwards that will gain him the entire British Pennine region, starting with the invasion of the kingdom of Elmet , which borders Lindsey to the west. The Elmetians are outnumbered by Edwin's host and are chased to the River Don, where they finally make a stand. The doomed stand is defeated in a battle fought near the former Roman settlement of Bawtry (approximately ten kilometres (six miles) south-east of Danum (Doncaster), on the Roman road to Lind Colun. Edwin is able to subdue the kingdom.

Lindsey, protected from the north by the Humber, is now exposed on its western flank to Northumbrian attacks. c.620 With the kingdom's western flank now exposed, it does not take long at all before Lindsey falls under Deiran dominance. It is probably in this period that the beginnings of urban life begin to make a reappearance. The Roman city of Lind Colun has probably been abandoned for at least a century and is little more than great piles of ruins and scattered stonework, with some surviving walls or remains of them. Other Anglo-Saxon towns such as Ipswich, and even London itself, also begin to show signs of life and expansion at this time. fl 629 Not on the main Lindsey pedigree, possible a side branch. King? 628 - 629 As part of his mission to the Deirans , the first bishop of the Roman Church in York, St Paulinus, also travels to their subsidiary territory of Lindsey. In the city of Lincoln in 629 he meets a praefectus civitatis named Blï¿½cca or Blecca and converts him and his household to Christianity.

The title 'prefect of the city' reveals a continuation of Roman empire practices, or at least titles, in the Anglian kingdom, further reinforcing the probability of a smooth transition of power from sub-Roman to Anglian rule. Blï¿½cca could well be a king of Lindsey even though he is not mentioned in the pedigree for Aldfriï¿½ (the last ruler of Lindsey), and he is the only individual on this list who can be firmly dated. At a point in the seventh century a new church is built on the site of the old Roman forum in Lincoln, also covering a late fourth century British Church in wood. This is at a time in which various former Roman cities are being re-inhabited and rebuilt. The church of St Paul in the Bail is consecrated about a year after the visit of St Paulinus, and the body of a wealthy British chieftain complete with Celtic hanging bowl is interred within. The church is in ruins by around the 730s, but is subsequently rebuilt several times (to be finally demolished in 1971, in the shadow of Lincoln Cathedral).

632/3 Edwin of Deira is killed at Hatfield Chase (just outside Lindsey's western borders) by Penda of Mercia while the latter is allied to Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd and High King of the Britons. Both of Edwin's sons are also killed, ending his royal line. Cadwallon repays many years of defeats, deaths, rapes and pillaging at Northumbrian hands by conducting a year-long campaign of revenge in the kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. It is likely that Lindsey becomes independent for a while following this destruction of its masters. 634 - 642 Oswald of Bernicia defeats and kills High King Cadwallon at Heavenfield near Hexham, thereby removing any British claims to the conquered Elmet . He may also renew the domination of Lindsey during his lifetime. fl c.640? Son. Deiran vassal. c.658 The Lindisware fall under Mercian dominance during that kingdom's resurgence under Wulfhere, although most likely this is dominance from a distance, with much of normal daily life remaining completely unchanged in the rural kingdom.

By now the four great cremation cemeteries have been abandoned in favour of smaller, more local inhumation cemeteries, probably due to the gradual adoption of Christianity. fl c.675? Son. This is an Old English name, not a version of 'bishop'. 675 - 679 Lindsey falls under temporary Northumbrian dominance following the death of the Mercian King Wulfhere. During this period, Eadhï¿½d (678-679) is consecrated as the first bishop of Lindsey. In 679 he returns north to become bishop of Ripon and is succeeded by ï¿½thelwine (679-693). 679 Mercia restores its control of the Lindisware and quite possibly removes its kings. Subsequent names in the genealogy for Lindsey may not be kings but could instead be ealdormen. They are expected to provide troops to their overlord for any campaigns undertaken by the Mercians. With the permanent loss of this territory of the Humbrensis region, a division is gradually formed along the Humber.

Bede recognises its existence by his time, half a century later, when he references Lindsey in his great work. The Lindisware are included in the Mercian Tribal Hidage as Lindisfarona, with the Hidage probably being collated between 679 and 702 under kings Berthwald or Ethelred. Lindsey is assessed along with Hatfield Chase (Hï¿½ï¿½feldlande), which lies to the immediate north-west, on the other side of the Isle of Axholme and has never been part of the kingdom, while the isle has probably always been part of it. The Tribal Hidage contains one of the rare early historical mentions of the Lindisware, although the British Library version shown here, Harley 3271, is an eleventh century miscellany which includes, amongst others, the Grammar of ï¿½lfric, abbot of Eynsham 693 ï¿½thelwine is succeeded by Edgar as the third bishop of Lindsey (693-729).

Both men have trained in the highly ascetic Irish tradition, and the former is brother of Abbot Ealdwine of Bardney, while their sister is ï¿½thelhild, abbess of the unnamed monastery near Partney in south-eastern Lindsey. fl c.720? Son. Ealdorman? Mercian vassal. 729 Cyneberht succeeds Edgar as the fourth bishop of Lindsey and remains in office until 731. He is succeeded by Aluwioh (733-750), but before his departure he builds a cathedral in urbe, in a city, presumably Lincoln. Most probably it is St Peter at Pleas (since demolished). 731 When writing his Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum around this time, the Venerable Bede mentions several places for Lindsey, all of which lay within the kingdom's boundaries. He also appears to coin the word Northumbrian , to describe the Angles north of the Humber who are distinct from those to the south (although this opinion is open to considerable debate).

The division appears to be a recent one, probably due to the rise of Mercian dominance and the removal of Lindsey from its traditional trans-Humber focus. fl c.750? Son. 750 The sixth bishop of Lindsey is Aldwulf, who remains in office until 765. Ceolwulf succeeds him (765-796). c.765 - 779 The Anglian Collection is probably compiled during this period in Northumbria , and contains the pedigrees for six Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, including Lindsey. By now the Lindisware are called the Lindfeana by the Northumbrian writers. Today, the earliest surviving of four copies is Mercian , from the first half of the ninth century. Lindsey's list is unusual in that it contains eleven generations instead of the standard fourteen back to Woden, which lends it a greater air of authority, although it is possible that some generations have been omitted to allow for the inclusion of mythical generations before Woden. 786 & 796 Son. Probably ruled at some point between these dates. c.796 Aldfriï¿½ is the only certainty in the list of potential rulers for Lindsey.

His genealogy, attached to the Tribal Hidage, shows his ancestors back to Winta, these being people who may have ruled Lindsey but for whom no concrete dates are known. Even Aldfriï¿½ lacks firm dating, as two charters which had previously been ascribed to him are now thought to have been signed instead by Ecgfriï¿½, son of Offa of Mercia and briefly his heir. Coins issued by one Ealdfriï¿½ are now ascribed to Aldfriï¿½ of Northumbria , and it is thought that Lindsey did not issue its own coins. During much of its existence Lindsey has been subject to Mercia or Northumbria , but from this point it is controlled directly by Mercia alone, until it is conquered by the Danes of the Scandinavian kingdom of York . 796 Bishop Ceolwulf of Lindsey is succeeded by Eadwulf, but dating for him and later bishops becomes uncertain. Only the appearance of their names as witnesses to charters helps to pinpoint them.

Eadwulf remains in office until 836 or 839, to be succeeded by Beorhtrï¿½d in 836 or 839. He serves until 862 or 866, but his replacements are uncertain. Bishop Eadbald witnesses a charter in 866, and Bishop Burgheard is around in 869, But it cannot be certain that they are even bishops of Lindsey. Anglo-Danish Lindsey Aldfriï¿½ is generally accepted as being the last possible native ruler of Lindsey, whether a vassal or semi-independent. It was his pedigree that supplied the names of his predecessors, the probable kings of Lindsey . The kingdom was subsequently absorbed into Mercia and remained little more than a backwater district until the coming of the Vikings. Information on the region is very limited, but it seems not to have become an earldom in the way that Mercia , Wessex , Northumbria , and other former kingdoms did. The Anglo-Saxons of Lindsey became thoroughly absorbed by their new Danish overlords. A wide range of Scandinavian words and place names replaced their Anglo-Saxon predecessors.

Coins found by archaeologists come from the farthest extent of the Scandinavian trading routes, and include Arab dirhams, probably brought up the Volga and through the lands of the Rus into the Baltic Sea. There was also an Irish presence in Lindsey, vassals and mercenaries who followed Ivarr the Boneless from Dublin to ravage and conquer England . Place names such as Scotter, Scothern, Scotton, and two locations called Irby are all Irish (mostly deriving from 'Scot', the name for Gaelic-speaking peoples). Even following the English recapture of the region, the loyalty of its people was thought unreliable, and Lindsey remained an obscure location until well into the Norman period.

(Additional information from The Landscape of King Arthur, Geoffrey Ashe, from The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey, Kevin Leahy, from The Oxford History of England: The English Settlements, J N L Meyers, from Herefrith of Louth, Saint and Bishop; A Problem of Identities, A E B Owen, from Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol XV, from the BBC series, King Alfred and the Anglo-Saxons, first broadcast from 6 August 2013, and from External Link: City of Gloucester .) ? - 841 Ealdorman. Senior figure in Lindsey, subject to Mercia ? 841 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the first Viking attack on Lindsey following a raid in the south. After that raid, in which an ealdorman is killed along with many of his men, a wave of raids occur along the east coast, in Kent , East Anglia , and Lindsey. Then there appears to be a lull in raids until 865, when the Great Army under Ivarr the Boneless arrives.

865 - 869 Ivarr the Boneless, king of Dublin , and his brothers, the sons of Ragnarr Lothbrok, lead the first Viking army to invade mainland Britain in search of conquest rather than pillage. Landing in East Anglia, they ravage the kingdom for a year before heading into Northumbria in 866, probably passing close to Lindsey along the way. In 867 the army again campaigns in the south of England , during the spring and summer. East Anglia falls in 869, after which the army moves north. c.873 St Herefrith or Herefrid of Louth is a possible last bishop of Lindsey before the Danish Great Army winters at Torksey in 872-873. The episcopal succession ceases following his death, possibly at the hands of the Danes. His remains are later moved by Ethelwold to Thorney, and the record of this event describes him as bishop of Lincoln.

At Louth a church of St Herefrith (mentioned in several records of the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries) is later rededicated to St James in 1486, perhaps demonstrating the decline of St Herefrith's cult once his relics had been moved away. 879 The Danish army under Guthrum in England formalises its rule of eastern and northern territories under the Peace of Wedmore. Guthrum secures the Danish kingdom of East Anglia , founded to exist alongside the similarly-formed Scandinavian kingdom of York . Lindsey is generally presumed to be part of the Danelaw, and gains a high percentage of Danish place names. However, its later status as one of the 'Five Boroughs' of York means that there is a good deal of uncertainty about just who controls it. 909 ï¿½thelflaed of Mercia sends an army across the border with the Danelaw on a mission to recover the bones of St Oswald of Bernicia from their resting place at Bardney in Lindsey. She brings his 'heavenly power' to her newly-restored city of Gloucester.

Recovered from a near-deserted ruin, the city preserves much of the Roman street plan (even today), while St Oswald's bones are placed in ï¿½thelflaed's recently founded New Minster Church of St Oswald, making it a shrine of great importance. 918 - 920 If Lindsey is part of the Danelaw (which it does seem to be), then it is probably re-conquered by Wessex in this period. However, If it is part of York , or is taken over by York upon the collapse of the Danelaw, then it probably remains in Scandinavian hands until the fall of York in 927, when it is taken by ï¿½thelstan of Wessex . Coin finds in modern Lincolnshire show links with York, but the process of Viking control has benefits. It wakes up sleepy Lincoln and turns it into a thriving, important trading city. 940 The region of the Spaldingas, situated around the Wash and now called Stamford, becomes one of York 's Five Boroughs. Later in the century Stamford is merged with Lindsey to form the later county of Lincolnshire, although at least until Domesday Book it is recorded as Lindsey.

953 - 1011 The bishopric of Lincoln is revived twice, with the first incumbent, Leofwine, being described as the successor to Beorhtrï¿½d (who had left office in 862 or 866). He witnesses charters of kings Eadred and Edgar of England , first appearing in 953, and eventually becomes bishop of Dorchester, uniting this diocese with Lincoln. Later, Bishop Sigeferth of Lindsey witnesses five charters between 996 and 1004, probably followed by ï¿½lfstan who witnesses charters in 1009 and 1011, 991 The Battle of Maldon on the Essex coast is lost when the Norwegian Viking forces of Olaf Tryggvason defeat those of the ealdorman of Essex, Byrhtnoth. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle criticises the lacklustre performance of the Englishmen of Lindsey, The historian Florence of Worcester explains the half-heartedness by calling the men of Lindsey 'Danes on their father's side', referring to their recent close links to York and the Danelaw .

The defeat is viewed as a national tragedy, and weakens King ï¿½thelred's already shaky authority. The Vikings begin to demand heavy tribute from England . c.1054 Leofric and Godgifu of Mercia refound the church of St Mary at Stow by Lincoln, which had probably been founded around 975. The church is again refounded in 1091 by Bishop Remigius, this time as an abbey. However, the nave of the tenth century church cuts through seventeen burials from an earlier church, and the portacus cuts through a path that covers even earlier graves, showing a continuation of use going back several centuries. St Mary at Stow served as the diocese church for the bishops of Lindsey, and even today it contains an unusually large amount of surviving Anglo-Saxon material despite later Norman and Victorian rebuilding work 1115 - 1118 The Lindsey Survey is carried out in these years. It is this survey which records Lindsey's borders, which probably represent the ancient kingdom's borders from the mid-fifth century onwards.

Lindsey and Stamford eventually settle into their new, combined role as the county of Lincolnshire and thereafter share the general fortunes of England . Trains from Lincoln to Plymouth with directrail.com Travel from Lincoln to Plymouth by train Book in advance and save £’s versus standard walk on fares Lincoln Plymouth Train Use the direct rail train times and ticket search box to get all the information you need on trains from Lincoln to Plymouth including schedules, all available fare types from anytime peak to super-off peak. We offer the cheapest tickets from Lincoln to Plymouth as well as open/flexible return tickets, so ensure you get the best fare and book your train ticket in advance with us now! Your Lincoln to Plymouth train ticket is just a few clicks away! Enter your details into our search box and hit the get train times and tickets button. About Lincoln The cathedral city of Lincoln is located in, and the county town of, Lincolnshire in England. The city lies in a gap in the Lincoln Cliff by the River Witham roughly 150 miles to the north of London. The city's origins date back to Roman times which developed from the Roman time of Lindum Colonia. Perhaps the city's most famous landmarks are its cathedral and its 11th century castle.

Following destruction of the first cathedral by an earthquake, construction on the current cathedral began in 1185 and when completed it was widely recognised as being the tallest man made structure in the world, surpassing the Great Pyramids of Egypt. Contained within the cathedral is one of only 4 surviving original copies of the Magna Carta which was drawn up in 1215. Other visitor attractions in the city include the Museum of Lincolnshire Life and the Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory at the Lawn, which is adjacent to Lincoln Castle. If visitors require a more tranquil experience then the Whisby Nature Reserve and the Hartsholme Country Park, which includes the Swanholme Lakes Local Nature Reserve, are places to head to. A louder experience would be to head to RAF Scampton which is home to the Red Arrows jet aerobatic team. About Plymouth Located in the county of Devon, the city of Plymouth is located between the mouths of two rivers and is widely regarded as one of the world's most impressive natural harbours. In 1588, the English Navy, which was led in part by Sir Francis Drake, set sail from Plymouth to defeat the Spanish Armada.

Plymouth is by turns rugged and hilly, or green and rolling. Nearby Dartmoor was designated a National Park in 1951. Popular sites include Smeatons Tower a lighthouse re-sited on the Hoe, Mount Batten Peninsula, the National Marine Aquarium, and Buckland Abbey, which was Drake's former home. The Royal Dockyard was built in the area, on the banks of the River Tamar, in 1690. It was in 1620 that the Pilgrim Fathers finally left Plymouth after repairs on their escape from religious persecution to the New World, eventually setting up Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts. Plymouth is quite a small city and the waterfront area, the Barbican and the Hoe, are within walking range from the centre of the city. Water taxis are available, normally during the summer months, to take visitors to various destinations around the waterside part of the city. The rest of the city is well covered by local bus services. Follow these links for more information:

Question: The English city of Lincoln lies on which river?
Answer: River Witham