Filbert | Define Filbert at Dictionary.com filbert noun 1. the thick-shelled, edible nut of certain cultivated varieties of hazel, especially of Corylus avellana, of Europe. 2. a tree or shrub bearing such nuts. Origin of filbert Expand 1250-1300 1250-1300; Middle English, short for filbert nut, so called because ripe by Aug. 22 (St. Philbert's day) Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for filbert Expand Historical Examples A lady came to the Consumptive's Home with a cancer in the cheek, which had attained the size of a filbert. British Dictionary definitions for filbert Expand noun 1. any of several N temperate shrubs of the genus Corylus, esp C. maxima, that have edible rounded brown nuts: family Corylaceae 2. Also called hazelnut, cobnut.

the nut of any of these shrubs See also hazel (sense 1), hazel (sense 3) Word Origin C14: named after St Philbert, 7th-century Frankish abbot, because the nuts are ripe around his feast day, Aug 22 Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for filbert Expand n. "hazelnut," late 14c., from Anglo-French philber (late 13c.), from Norman dialect noix de filbert, in reference to St. Philbert, 7c. Frankish abbot, so called because the hazel nuts ripen near his feast day, Aug. 22 (Old Style). Weekley compares German Lambertsnuss "filbert," associated with St. Lambert (Sept.

17); also German Johannisbeere "red currant," associated with St. John's Day (June 24). The name is Old High German Filu-berht, literally "very bright." Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Hazelnut - definition of hazelnut by The Free Dictionary Hazelnut - definition of hazelnut by The Free Dictionary Related to hazelnut: hazelnut tree ha·zel·nut (hā′zəl-nŭt′) n. (ˈheɪzəlˌnʌt) n (Plants) the nut of a hazel shrub, having a smooth shiny hard shell. Also called: filbert, cobnut (Brit) or cob (Brit) ha•zel•nut the nut of the hazel; filbert. [before 900] Noun 1.

hazelnut - any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk hazelnut tree , hazel cob , cobnut , filbert , hazelnut - nut of any of several trees of the genus Corylus Corylus , genus Corylus - deciduous monoecious nut-bearing shrubs of small trees: hazel; sometimes placed in the subfamily or family Corylaceae hazel - the fine-grained wood of a hazelnut tree (genus Corylus) and the hazel tree (Australian genus Pomaderris) cobnut , Corylus avellana , Corylus avellana grandis , filbert - small nut-bearing tree much grown in Europe beaked hazelnut , Corylus cornuta - hazel of western United States with conspicuous beaklike involucres on the nuts Filbert Trees from Stark Bro's - Hazelnut Trees For Sale Buyer's Guide Buyer's Guide To ensure your growing success and satisfaction, there are a few things to consider when you buy a filbert-hazelnut tree. Seasonality Filbert-hazelnut trees are available only during the spring ordering season.

So be sure to order at the right time of year. Zone Compatibility Your climate plays an important role in whether a filbert-hazelnut tree will produce nuts or even survive. Most varieties grow well from zone 5 to 8. Before ordering, be sure a particular variety’s recommended hardiness zone range includes your area. Proper Pollination Pollination by a different variety is key to the success of many filbert-hazelnut trees. Most of these trees require pollination by a compatible variety for successful growth and production. Inadequate pollination is a common reason why some filbert-hazelnut trees produce poorly or don’t bear nuts at all. Make sure you check our descriptions to see which pollinating varieties our experts recommend. Mature Tree Size Make sure you pick the right size tree for your space. When our filbert-hazelnut trees mature they will be around 15-18’ tall and 12-18’ wide, depending on variety. Fruits Called Nuts © W.P. Armstrong 15 March 2009 A nut may be defined as a one-seeded fruit with a hard pericarp (ripened ovary wall).

One or several nuts may sit in a cup-shaped structure called an involucre. In oaks (Quercus) the involucre is composed of small scales and the entire structure (involucre plus nut) is called an acorn. In chestnuts (Castanea) and beech (Fagus) the involucre is spiny, while in filberts and hazelnuts (Corylus), the involucre is leafy or tubular, depending on the exact species. This is a simplified classification of dry fruit types that follows most general botany textbooks and plant identification manuals. There are many fruits that don't exactly fit the nut or drupe categories. For an in-depth study of these fruit types, please refer to the A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types by Richard Spjut (Memoirs of New York Botanic Garden, Volume 70, 1994). This scholarly article is based on extensive research of classical fruit nomenclature dating back to the 18th century. Unfortunately it does not use the term "nut" as a distinct fruit type. Assortment of true and false nuts: A. Hazelnut (Corylus americana), B.

Pecan (Carya illinoensis), C. Peanut (Arachis hypogea), D. Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia), E. Almond (Prunus amygdalus), F. Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa), G. Chestnut (Castanea dentata), H. Kukui Nut (Aleurites molucanna), I. Water Caltrop (Trapa bicornis), J. Walnut (Juglans regia). [True nuts: A. & G.; Drupes: B., D., E., H., I. & J.; Seeds: F.; Legumes: C. Note: The pecan (B) and walnut (J) are also considered to be a true nuts by some botanists.] Introduction Not all nuts fit the above definition. In fact, Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (1970) also defines a nut as a foolish, crazy or eccentric person, or one of the two testicles in a male.

Many so-called botanical nuts are more appropriately termed "drupes" or "dry drupes." These "false nuts" are really the seed-bearing, hard, inner layer (endocarp) of a fruit called a drupe. In dry drupes the outer layer or husk sometimes splits open or withers. This outer husk is part of the ovary wall (pericarp), and the hard inner wall surrounding the seed represents the inner part of the pericarp. Dry drupes are technically not true nuts because in true nuts the hard outer wall constitutes the entire pericarp. The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a classic example of a dry drupe, with a thin, green, outer layer called the exocarp, a thick, fibrous middle layer called the mesocarp, and a very hard inner layer surrounding the large seed called an endocarp. These same three layers are easily visible in fleshy drupes such as the peach (Prunus persica), plum (P. domestica), and apricot (P. armeniaca). Unshelled almonds (P. amygdalus) are seeds still contained within an endocarp layer.

Almond & Peach: Rose Family (Rosaceae) The pit of a peach (Prunus persica) showing the seed that is contained inside the hard, woody endocarp layer. The endocarp is the inner layer of the fruit wall or pericarp. It is surrounded by a fleshy mesocarp and a thin outer skin or exocarp. Fruits with a distinct endocarp layer surrounding the seed are called drupes. The endocarp protects and aids in the dispersal of the vulnerable seed, especially when it is swallowed by a hungry herbivore. The fresh, greenish fruit of an almond (Prunus amygdalus) contains the familiar one-seeded endocarp (unshelled almond) that is commonly sold in supermarkets during the holiday season. Each hard-shelled endocarp contains a single seed. Other examples of drupes include date palm nuts (Phoenix dactylifera) and pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera). There is still considerable disagreement and controversy over the classification of some of these so-called nuts, particularly English walnuts (Juglans regia), black walnuts (J.

nigra), and macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia & M. tetraphylla). Botanists have devised all sorts of ingenious names for these "borderline nuts," such as dry drupe, drupe-like, drupaceous, drupaceous nut, and nutty drupe. Some readers may think the author of this essay has been driven to a mental condition with the same spelling as the plural of nut. Mango, Pistachio & Gum Mastic: Sumac Family (Anacardiaceae) The mango (Mangifera indica) is a drupe with an outer leathery skin (exocarp), a fleshy mesocarp and a hard, stony endocarp (pit) surrounding the large seed. Wave-worn, sun-bleached endocarps often wash ashore on tropical beaches, probably thrown overboard from ships and boats at sea. Pistachio (Pistacia vera), a dioecious tree in the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). It is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and central Asia where it has been cultivated for over 3,000 years.

Like the almond, the fruit is drupaceous with a fleshy, greenish outer layer (exocarp and mesocarp) surrounding the hard, seed-bearing shell or endocarp. The seed has a papery seed coat and two greenish cotyledons. Commercial pictachio "nuts" are split, seed-bearing endocarps with the surrounding, fleshy fruit wall removed. The roasted, salted, greenish seeds are eaten raw and are the delectable ingredient in ice creams, cakes and nougat candies. Another species called Chinese pistache (P. chinensis) is commonly cultivated in southern California for its beautiful reddish autumn foliage. Unlike other species of Pistacia, the endocarps of edible pistachios (Pistacia vera), naturally split open at maturity. This is a very desirable characteristic for pistachio growers because the delicious seeds can easily be removed from the shell; however, some trees produce many endocarps that don't split. There are several hypotheses concerning "shell splitting," including harvest time, irrigation, Boron nutrition, dormant pruning, and parental genotypes. This phenomen is discussed by V.S. Polito and K.

Pinney (1999): "Endocarp Dehiscence in Pitachio (Pistacia vera L.)" Int. J. Plant Sci. Vol. 160 (5): 827-835. According to Polito and Pinney, endocarp splitting also involves forces exerted by the enlargement of the kernel (seed) and apical dehiscence by cell separation. Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), a dioecious tree in the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). Native to China, Taiwan and the Philippine Islands, it is grown in southern California for its colorful compound (even pinnate) leaves during the autumn months and its bright red "berries." The red "berries" are actually small, one-seeded drupes which are not edible. A related species from the eastern Mediterranean region (P. lentiscus) is the source of "gum" mastic, an oleoresin used in perfumes, chewing gums, pharmaceuticals, dental adhesives, and in high grade varnishes for protecting pictures.

Mastic is one of the oldest known high grade resins utilized by people, and it is extensively cultivated on the Greek island of Chios. Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis) photographed in November at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. This tree produces some of the most spectacular red autumn foliage of any species in southern California. In fact, the fall coloration is reminiscent of deciduous trees of the eastern United States. Gum mastic or "Chios Tears," raw resin globules from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). Mastic is one of the oldest known high grade resins utilized by people, and it is extensively cultivated on the Greek island of Chios. Mastic resin (technically an oleoresin) is used in perfumes, chewing gums, pharmaceuticals, in high grade varnishes for protecting pictures, and in adhesives for dental caps. An ant entombed in a resin globule from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). The insect-bearing resins of some trees become buried in the soil and gradually polymerize into amber.

See Wayne's Word Article About Amber Miscellaneous Nuts In Different Plant Families The fruit of kukui nut or candlenut (Aleurites molucanna) is usually classified as a drupe or drupaceous nut, but the actual "nut" is really a woody, thick-walled seed, typically one or two inside each fruit. According to Spjut (1994), the kukui nut fruit is a "bacca" or berry-like fruit: An indehiscent simple fruit containing one or more seeds embedded in a solid, fleshy mass supported by epicarp less than 2 mm thick, the pericarp not differentiated internally by a hardened endocarp or air space. The tung oil fruit (A. fordii) appears to have a definite hard endocarp, so I am reluctant to call it a bacca. Goat nuts or jojoba are considered to be seeds within a dehiscent capsule. Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) are also seeds produced in a thick-walled capsule.

The cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is a thick-shelled, seed-bearing drupe produced at the summit of a fleshy stalk (pedicel) called a cashew apple. According to Spjut (1994), the cashew fruit is called a "glans" and is similar to an acorn: An indehiscent fruit composed of a pericarp subtended or enclosed by a fruiting cupulate (aril-like) involucre that is derived from a swelling of bracts, receptacle or perianth. Pine nuts and pignolia nuts are seeds produced in woody cones from several species of pines , including the pinyon pines (Pinus monophylla & P. edulis), and the Italian stone pine (P. pinea). The peanut (Arachis hypogea) is actually a seed with a papery seed coat, typically two seeds enclosed in a dehiscent pod called a legume. After fertilization, the flower stalk of the peanut curves downward, and the developing fruit (legume) is forced into the ground by the proliferation and elongation of cells under the ovary. The peanut pod subsequently develops underground.

Ivory-nuts are seeds from the ivory-nut palm (Phytelephas aequatorialis). Ivory-nut palms have an extensive distribution along banks of tropical American rivers, from Panama and Colombia to Peru. They are most abundant in the Amazon Basin of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Female palms bear clusters of large, brown fruits, the size of grapefruits or melons. Each fruit is studded with numerous woody, pointed horns and contains four or more large seeds. The seeds are the source of vegetable ivory, a hard, natural material used as a substitute for elephant tusks. A Hawaiian kukui nut necklace, made from the polished, thick-shelled "nuts" (seeds) of the candlenut tree (Aleurites molucanna). The green fruit is cut open to show the brown, thick-walled seed. The fruit superficially resembles a green walnut; however, the walnut is technically a "pseudodrupe." According to Spjut (1994), the kukui nut fruit is a "bacca" or berry-like fruit. Several rough, woody "nuts" (seeds) are shown before polishing.

The candlenut tree (Aleurites molucanna). Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale). Left: A cashew "nut" attached to its swollen stalk (pedicel). The shell of the "nut" contains the poison oak allergen urushiol, and may cause dermatitis in hypersensitive people. Right: The fleshy "apple" is the swollen stalk (pedicel) to which the one-seeded "nut" is attached. The "nut" is described as a dry drupe in most references. Some botanists prefer not to commit themselves and call the cashew fruit a drupaceous nut. According to Spjut (1994), it is an acorn-like fruit called a "glans." See Vegetable Ivory: Saving Elephants & The Rain Forest Another interesting Malaysian "nut" that is actually a seed is called "buah keluak" or "kluwak nut" (also spelled kloowak). Kluwak nuts come from the kepayang tree (Pangium edule) of Indonesia & Malaysia, a member of the flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae).

The oily, hard-shelled seeds superficially resemble Brazil nuts. Meaty seeds are edible after the poisonous hydrocyanic acid is removed by soaking and boiling them in water. Fermented kluwak nuts become chocolate-brown, greasy and very slippery. Cooked seeds are used in a number of popular Malaysian and Indonesian dishes. Peeled kluwak nuts from the kepayang tree (Pangium edule). The fermented seeds become chocolate-brown, greasy and slippery. Cooked seeds are used in a number of popular Malaysian and Indonesian dishes. Oak & Chestnut: Beech Family (Fagaceae) The true nut of an acorn sits in a cup-shaped involucre composed of numerous overlapping scales. These acorns are from the cork oak (Quercus suber), the bark of which is the source of natural cork. According to Spjut (1994), the acorn fruit is called a "glans." The true nuts of the chestnut (Castanea dentata) are produced in a spiny, cup-shaped involucre. Two angular nuts of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) within a spiny-bracted involucre.

The three-sided nuts resemble the miniature one-seeded fruits (achenes) of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). This resemblance led to the German name "buchweizen" (beech-wheat) which became corrupted to the present name of buckwheat. One-seeded achenes of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), an important crop plant native to central Asia. The three-sided achenes resemble miniature nuts from the beech tree (Fagus). This resemblance led to the German name "buchweizen" (beech-wheat) which became corrupted to the present name of buckwheat. The hulled achenes or groats are used in several brands of hot and cold breakfast cereals. The seeds are ground into flour which is used for pancakes, noodles and breads. In Russia, a nutritious porridge called "kasha" is made from buckwheat flour. Filbert: Birch Family (Betulaceae) The American filbert of the eastern United States (Corylus americana) produces a true nut enclosed in an involucre of leafy bracts. In the closely-related species of the Pacific northwestern United States C.

cornuta, the nut is produced in an elongate, tubular involucre. According to Spjut (1994), fruits of the genus Corylus are technically called a "diclesium." The latter fruit is defined as: A simple fruit consisting of a dry or fleshy pericarpium covered in part or entirely by loose (utricular) to tightly adhering (achenelike), dry, accrescent, indehiscent, fruiting-perianth. The native filbert of the Pacific northwestern United States (Corylus cornuta) produces a true nut enclosed in an elongate, tubular involucre. In this photo the tubular involucre has been sectioned lengthwise to expose the hard-shelled nut inside. This fruit is a "diclesium" according to Spjut (1994). Walnut & Pecan: Walnut Family (Juglandaceae) Note: Many botanists say that the husk of pecans and walnuts contains tissue from the outer pericarp, and insist on referring to these dry fruits as "drupaceous nuts" rather than true nuts.

According to "The Morphology of the Flowers of the Juglandaceae" by W.E. Manning (1940), American Journal of Botany 27 (10): 839-852, the fruits of Juglans and Carya are drupe-like but not a drupe or dry drupe. The fruit is sometimes called a "tryma" but can be described as a nut. Webster's Third New International Dictionary describes a tryma as a nutlike drupe (as the fruit of the walnut or hickory) in which the epicarp and mesocarp separate as a somewhat fleshy or leathery rind from the hard 2-valved endocarp. The tryma is also defined as a drupe with a dehiscent husk, which fits the genus Carya perfectly. Richard Spjut (1994) describes the fruit of a walnut (Juglans) as "pseudodrupe" and the fruit of a pecan (Carya) as a "tryma." English walnut (Juglans regia). In the textbook Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology by T.E. Weier, C.R.

Stocking, M.G. Barbour and T.L. Rost (1982), the walnut is classified as a nut. According to these authors, the green husk or shuck of the walnut is composed of involucral bracts, perianth (calyx) tissue, and the outer layer of the pericarp. The hard shell surrounding the seed is the inner layer of the pericarp. In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the ripened ovary wall or pericarp. In oaks and chestnuts of the beech family (Fagaceae), the nut sits in a cuplike or spiny involucre composed of involucral tissue (or fused calyx tissue) that is not part of the ovary wall (pericarp). The walnut does not exactly fit the definition of a true nut because the hard shell is from the inner pericarp and not the entire ovary wall. Unlike the closely-related pecan (Carya), the husk does not split into four sections and actually resembles the outer fleshy pericarp of a drupe.

According to most botanical references, the outer green layer or husk of a walnut is part of the pericarp and the hard shell surrounding the seed is the endocarp layer as in coconuts. Therefore, walnuts and closely-related pecans probably fit the dry drupe category rather than a true nut. However, if the walnut husk contains tissue from involucral bracts, perianth (calyx), and the outer pericarp, it doesn't exactly fit the definition of a drupe. Some authors eloquently avoid this dilemma by calling these fruits drupe-like or "drupaceous nuts." Richard Spjut describes the walnut fruit as a "pseudodrupe" which in my opinion is the best name. The thin skin surrounding the kernel (seed) of walnuts and other nut meats is called the pellicle or seed coat. Black walnut (Juglans nigra), a deciduous hardwood tree native to the eastern and central United States. A. Mature dry fruit containing outer green husk. B. Hard (woody) inner layer surrounding the seed. This is what some botanists call the actual "nut." C.

Sectional view showing cotyledons of inner seed and outer green husk (red arrow). A California black walnut (Juglans californica) and the unusual small-fruited walnut (J. microcarpa) native to desert streambeds and canyons of the southwestern United States. Walnuts are called nuts or dry drupes, depending on how you define the fleshy husk tissue surrounding the seed-bearing "nut." If you consider the husk to be part of the ovary wall (pericarp), then walnuts would fit the dry drupe category. Some botanists refer to walnuts as "drupaceous nuts." Richard Spjut uses the term "pseudodrupe." Pecan (Carya illinoensis): The green, fleshy outer husk or shuck splits into 4 valves, exposing a single large, one-seeded "nut" surrounded by a thick, woody pericarp. If the outer husk is composed of calyx tissue and is not part of the pericarp wall, then it fits the description of a nut; however, some botanists say that the husk contains tissue from the outer pericarp.

In the walnut and butternut (Juglans), also members of the Juglandaceae, the husk does not split into sections and actually resembles the outer fleshy pericarp of a drupe. In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the ripened ovary wall or pericarp and the outer husk is composed of involucral or calyx tissue that is not part of the ovary wall or pericarp. The "tryma" is a fruit type defined as drupe with a dehiscent husk, which fits the pecan perfectly. Richard Spjut also uses this term in his technical description of the pecan fruit. The "hican" is a Carya hybrid resulting from a cross between the pecan (C. illinoensis) and the shagbark hickory (C. ovata). Water Caltrop: Trapa bicornis (Trapaceae) This bizarre horny fruit has two prominent, downcurved horns and superficially resembles the head of a bull. The fruit body has a woody, sculptured surface that resembles a face. To some people, the entire structure resembles a bat.

It comes from an Asian aquatic plant often called "water caltrop" (Trapa bicornis). It is sometimes called water chestnut; however, this not to be confused with the crunchy, tuberous roots of a vegetable called water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) commonly served in Chinese restaurants. Other common names for this plant include Chinese horn nut and "ling kio" or "ling chio." It belongs to the water-caltrop family (Trapaceae) and includes the single genus (Trapa) with several closely-related species. The generic name Trapa is derived from calcitrappa, Latin name of the caltrop, in reference to the peculiar, horned fruits. During medieval times, a vicious weapon called a caltrop was used in European warfare. This was an iron device with four points so designed that one was always facing upward, whichever way it landed, to impale the hooves of enemy cavalry horses. A similar device was also used in World War II to destroy truck tires on enemy supply convoys. Actually, the widespread and more commonly-known water caltrop (Trapa natans) has a four-pronged fruit that more closely resembles the caltrop.

The fruits of puncture vine also resemble a caltrop, especially when they impale your bicycle tires. In fact, this ubiquitous weed belongs to another unrelated plant family called the caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae). Water caltrop plants are anchored to the bottom of lakes and ponds, and send to the surface a slender stem with a rosette of floating leaves. Like water hyacinths, the leaf stalks are inflated with air and are very buoyant. Solitary flowers are produced in the leaf axils followed by the strange horny fruits. Under the tough outer wall, the fruit contains a pulpy seed rich in starch. The fruits can be roasted or boiled like true chestnuts of the eastern United States. They are delicious sauteed with rice and vegetables. According to Joy Larkcom ("Oriental Vegetables," 1991), they contain toxins and should not be eaten raw. Seeds of some species are preserved in honey and sugar, candied, or ground into flour for making bread. In Italy Trapa natans is the main ingredient of a famous risotto (rice cooked in meat stock with shallots and butter).

The unusual, bullhead pods of Trapa bicornis sometimes float down rivers and into the ocean where they occasionally drift ashore on Asian beaches. Local people make ingenious necklaces from the pods and sell them to tourists. With a backing attached to your lapel, they actually make a nice little emblem to wear on special occasions, or an attractive slide for a bolo tie. According to Richard W. Spjut ("A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types," Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Volume 70, 1994), the fruits of Trapa are classified as pseudodrupes." They are indehiscent with a thin, evanescent, fleshy exocarp and a persistent, stony endocarp. The English walnut (Juglans regia) it also classified as a pseudodrupe (see above). Richard Spjut also cites another complicated description of the fruit: "The so-called stone of Trapa (Trapaceae) includes part of the exocarp since the sepaloid horns are also hardened (Wildenow, 1811).

If the pericarp itself is differentiated into soft and hardened (stone) layers, excluding the exocarp, the fruit is then a pome." Macadamia Nut: Protea Family (Proteaceae) Macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia) are dry drupes containing a very hard seed-bearing endocarp. According to most botanical references, the outer husk represents part of the ovary wall or pericarp. However, according to the The Macadamia Nut in California (1978), published by the California Macadamia Society, the fruit is a follicle consisting of a single seed (sometimes 2) in a husk which usually splits open at maturity. Technically, a follicle is composed of a single carpel that splits open along one seam. If the outer husk represents one carpel, then the macadamia nut is indeed a follicle. I have fluctuated on the classification of the macadamia fruit for years, but at this time I am leaning toward a follicle rather than a drupe. The following two images may shed some light on this contoversy.

An immature macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) released from its outer dehiscent husk (pericarp). The seed shows a distinct attachment scar (hilum) where it was joined to the placental region on the inner ovary wall (pericarp). In a mature seed, the attachment scar is covered over by the thick, woody seed coat. If the outer pericarp represents a single carpel, then this fruit is indeed a follicle rather than a drupe. A mature macadamia nut (Macadamia intregrifolia) showing the thick, woody seed coat and white seed. The white, micropyle region of the seed extends through the woody wall and is visible as a white dot on the exterior. In a true drupe, there would be no extension of the seed or micropyle through the woody endocarp wall. Two views of a mature macadamia seed (Macadamia integrifolia). The left view shows the hilum where the seed was attached to the inner ovary (pericarp) wall.

The right view shows a white dot that represents the micropyle region where the pollen tube entered the ovule wall (integument layer) prior to double fertilization. A Hawaiian macadamia nut necklace made from the woody seeds of Macadamia integrifolia. Polished macadamia nuts are typically blond or light brown, compared with glossy, dark brown or black kukui nut necklaces. See More Photos of the Peanut Plant Buckeye: Horse Chestnut Family (Hippocastanaceae) Some "nuts" are actually large, hard-shelled seeds produced inside a dehiscent capsule that splits open into sections called valves or carpels. The buckeye (Aesculus) is a good example of this kind of nutlike seed. There are several species of buckeye, including the California buckeye (A. californica), Ohio buckeye (A. glabra), and the European horse chestnut (A. hippocastanum), all members of the horse chestnut family (Hippocastanaceae). Another hard-shelled seed called Texas buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa), belongs to the interesting soapberry family (Sapindaceae).

The outer capsule wall of the European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is covered with stout spines. They are collected in autumn and the large seeds are removed from the spiny casing and allowed to dry. In England, the dried, hard-shelled seeds are used in a curious children's game called "conkers." A hole is drilled through the seed (called a conker) and a string in threaded through the hole. The game is played between two opponents, each with one conker. One player dangles their conker by the string, holding it steady, while the opponent swings their conker on its string and attempts to strike the dangling conker. Players take turns until one conker is so badly damaged that it dislodged from its string. The winner is the player with the intact conker. Serious conker players try to harden the shell (seed coat) of their conker by drying techniques and various protective finishes. In Australia, a similar game is called "bullies." One of the choice seeds used for this game comes from the fruit of the quandong tree (Eucarya acuminata), a member of the sandalwood family (Santalaceae).

Like the Hawaiian sandalwood (Santalum), this tree is a root parasite on a nearby host plant. Left: California buckeye (Aesculus californica), a member of the horse chestnut family (Hippocastanaceae). Right: Texas buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa), a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The "nuts" of these species are actually hard-shelled seeds produced in dehiscent capsules that split open at maturity. Hazel / Filbert Genus: Common Trees of the Pacific Northwest Leaves are simple, alternate, and deciduous, with saw-toothed edges and very fuzzy surfaces. Fruit is a large nut enclosed in a papery husk. May grow as a small tree or large shrub. Twigs often zig-zag. The filbert is a close relative of our native California hazel. Dozens of varieties of filbert are known: Oregon has one native. It is a small, deciduous tree (large shrub) easily recognized both in winter and in summer. In winter it bears long male catkins that shed yellow pollen.

In summer the shrub is covered with soft, broad leaves, and ultimately nuts, each enclosed in a leafy "basket" called an involucre. Oregon produces 99 percent of the nation's filbert crop, marketing them as hazelnuts. California hazel : Oval leaves with heart-shaped base and drip-tip, doubly saw-toothed, hairy when shrub is young. For more information on the alders native to the Pacific Northwest, go to the species page or see " Trees to Know in Oregon ". filbert - definition of filbert in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of filbert in English: filbert 1A cultivated hazel tree that bears edible oval nuts.

Example sentences ‘This super-sorter might be used to sort other crops, such as hazelnuts, also called filberts, and wheat, notes Pearson.’ ‘A 1960s ranch calls for a contemporary garden with a sculptural plant, such as a Japanese maple or contorted filbert.’ ‘Filberts are easy to grow and very productive.’ ‘There are now in England numerous named varieties of both cob and filbert.’ ‘Americans, in general, reserve the name hazelnut for their wild species, and call their cultivated nuts, which are almost all descended from European species, filberts.’ 1.1 The nut of the filbert tree.

‘Place 1/2 cup (125 mL) chopped filberts in well-greased 9-inch (3 L) tube pan.’ ‘In olden times the filbert was used as a medicine & a tonic.’ ‘A broached brambleberry pie, a glass of wine and frothed tumbler of ale have been left in a disarray of pewter dishes and scattered filberts: untidy by Dutch standards, apart from the sharply ironed tablecloth.’ ‘Crushed filberts make a great pie crust without any other ingredients.’ ‘Food proteins causing acute reactions in patients are few in number such as peanuts, walnuts, filberts, eggs, fish, crustaceans (shelled joint-legged aquatic animals), cotton seed, kiwi and lastly milk, and wheat (rare in adults).’ 2A brush with bristles forming a flattened oval head, used in oil painting.

Example sentences ‘Filberts are one of the most useful brushes one can own, in fact with several different sizes, a painter can do just about anything.’ ‘He'd come up with some charming excuse: he'd left his long filbert brush, he couldn't go on without it.’ ‘Filberts are a compromise between flat and round brushes, being shaped to a slight curve at the tip to produce soft, tapered strokes.’ ‘Just brush the thinned paint on with a small filbert or flat.’ ‘Use a small filbert brush to block the main masses of color into the background tree area.’ Origin Middle English fylberd, from Anglo-Norman French philbert, dialect French noix de filbert (so named because it is ripe about 20 August, the feast day of St Philibert). Pronunciation: What is the American word for the British tick? apostrophe What is the American word for the British football? soccer What is the American word for the British flyover? overpass What is the American word for the British fringe? bangs What is the American word for the British dustbin? garbage can What is the American word for the British spring onion?

green onion What is the American word for the British holiday? spring break What is the American word for the British garden? yard What is the American word for the British jumper? sweater What is the American word for the British hundreds and thousands? confetti You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia What Is the Difference Between a Filbert & a Chestnut Filbert Tree? | eHow What Is the Difference Between a Filbert & a Chestnut Filbert Tree? Zedcor Wholly Owned/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images Two varieties of hazelnuts, sometimes called filberts, are grown in the United States: Corylus Americana in the East and C. cornuta in the Pacific Northwest. Both species belong to the hazel genus Corylus of the birch family (Betulaceae). The chestnut (Castanea dentate) is a member of the beech family (Fagaceae). The smaller hazelnuts or filberts and the larger chestnuts superficially resemble one another in appearance, but they are unrelated, and “chestnut filbert” is a misnomer.

Species Comparison A fibrous husk surrounds the smooth shell of the hazelnut or filbert that is usually about ½ inch in diameter and from ½ to 1 inch long. Botanists call this husk an involucre, meaning a cupule or cup-shaped growth that surrounds a nut. When the nut is mature, it drops from its husk. The common hazel (C. avellana) is a shrub or small tree that usually grows 10 to 25 feet tall but can grow up to 50 feet tall. Edible American chestnuts (Castanea dentate) are slightly larger than filberts. They grow in spiny involucres that look like burs, each of which contains two or three chestnuts. Huge, sprawling chestnut trees grow from 2 to 5 feet in diameter and from 100 to 150 feet tall. Chestnuts Hazelnuts and Filberts Much confusion surrounds the correct name of the nut produced by the common hazel tree (Corylus avellana). People commonly call filberts hazelnuts and hazelnuts filberts. The filbert is technically the nut yielded from the C.

maxima, a hazel tree that is native from the Balkans to Turkey. The filbert nut is more fully enclosed in the surrounding involucres than nuts yielded by other species of hazel trees. The European filbert (C. avellana pontica) is grown commercially in Turkey. Nearly all hazelnuts produced commercially in the United States are C. cornut grown in Oregon and Washington. A smaller amount of C. Americana hazelnuts are grown in the Northeast. Chestnuts A fungal blight killed most American chestnut trees (Castanea dentate) that are native to North America. The inedible horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), native to Europe, is sometimes planted as an ornamental. The most common chestnut in the United States is the inedible Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra). Most chestnuts sold commercially come from Asian species of chestnut trees. Cob Nuts C. avellana grandis is a variety of hazelnut commonly called the cob nut in the United Kingdom, where it is widely grown. The cob nut is larger and rounder than hazelnut varieties grown in the U.S.

and could conceivably be called a chestnut filbert owing to the superficial resemblance between chestnuts and European filberts. Filbert - definition of filbert by The Free Dictionary Filbert - definition of filbert by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Related to filbert: Dilbert 2. See hazelnut . [Middle English, from Old French (nois de) filbert, (nut of) Philbert, after Saint Philibert (died 684), whose feast day in late August coincides with the ripening of the nut.] filbert (ˈfɪlbət) n 1. (Plants) any of several N temperate shrubs of the genus Corylus, esp C. maxima, that have edible rounded brown nuts: family Corylaceae 2. (Plants) Also called: hazelnut or cobnut the nut of any of these shrubs [C14: named after St Philbert, 7th-century Frankish abbot, because the nuts are ripe around his feast day, Aug 22] fil•bert (ˈfɪl bərt) n. 1.

the thick-shelled edible nut of certain cultivated varieties of hazel, esp. of Corylus avellana, of Europe. 2. a tree or shrub bearing such nuts. [1250–1300; Middle English, short for filbert nut, so called because ripe by Aug. 22 (St. Philbert's day)] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: hazelnut , hazelnut tree , hazel - any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk 2. cob , cobnut , hazelnut edible nut - a hard-shelled seed consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell hazelnut , hazelnut tree , hazel - any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk Translations filbert n (Bot) (= tree) → Haselnussstrauch m; (= nut) → Haselnuss f Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .

Link to this page: Wood nut References in classic literature ? She learned from a purple filbert that the court was not in its usual good temper at present, the cause being the tantalising heart of the Duke of Christmas Daisies. View in context There were pears and apples, clustered high in blooming pyramids; there were bunches of grapes, made, in the shopkeepers' benevolence to dangle from conspicuous hooks, that people's mouths might water gratis as they passed; there were piles of filberts, mossy and brown, recalling, in their fragrance, ancient walks among the woods, and pleasant shufflings ankle deep through withered leaves; there were Norfolk Biffins, squab and swarthy, setting off the yellow of the oranges and lemons, and, in the great compactness of their juicy persons, urgently entreating and beseeching to be carried home in paper bags and eaten after dinner.

View in context The family party (of four only) were seated round the table in the dark wainscoted parlour, with the Sunday dessert before them, of fresh filberts, apples, and pears, duly ornamented with leaves by Nancy's own hand before the bells had rung for church. View in context Sancho ate without requiring to be pressed, and in the dark bolted mouthfuls like the knots on a tether, and said he, "You are a proper trusty squire, one of the right sort, sumptuous and grand, as this banquet shows, which, if it has not come here by magic art, at any rate has the look of it; not like me, unlucky beggar, that have nothing more in my alforjas than a scrap of cheese, so hard that one might brain a giant with it, and, to keep it company, a few dozen carobs and as many more filberts and walnuts; thanks to the austerity of my master, and the idea he has and the rule he follows, that knights-errant must not live or sustain themselves on anything except dried fruits and the herbs of the field.

View in context Planchet dismounted and went straight up to Lubin, who did not at all remember him, and the two lackeys began to chat with the best understanding possible; while D'Artagnan turned the two horses into a lane, went round the house, and came back to watch the conference from behind a hedge of filberts. View in context There were the tall hollyhocks beginning to flower and dazzle the eye with their pink, white, and yellow; there were the syringas and Guelder roses, all large and disorderly for want of trimming; there were leafy walls of scarlet beans and late peas; there was a row of bushy filberts in one direction, and in another a huge apple-tree making a barren circle under its low-spreading boughs. Add to Bookmarks Most nut trees are too large to grow more than one or perhaps two in a home fruit and nut garden. However, a few familiar (and some unfamiliar) nut trees are suitable, depending on your climate zone. Almonds, cashews, filberts (hazelnuts), pine nuts and pistachios are some of the well-known smaller nut trees.

All around the world we celebrate today, April 22, as Earth Day , and it is a perfect time to consider planting trees with edible fruits and/or nuts here on our lovely blue planet. If your planting space is small, here are some smaller nut tree suggestions. The dwarf siberian pine with edible pine nuts grows only to about 9 feet tall. A few of the smaller nut producers are actually more of a bush, like the Allegheny chinquapin, and some filberts (hazelnuts) make a great hedge, providing nuts for both you and the wildlife. There are some hybrid nut trees that will bear fruit in as little as 3 years, unlike the large walnuts and butternuts which take at least 10 years to fruit. Stages of hazelnuts Baklava Hazelnut shrub One of the best edible filberts is the European filbert, growing to about 15 feet tall. It thrives in cool, moist climates but is susceptible to winterkill. Here are a couple of filberts from PlantFiles: purple-leaf filbert (Corylus maxima 'Purpurea') , zones 6 to 10.

Hazelnut (Corylus americana) is a small hedge bush, native to the eastern U.S. Two plants are needed to set fruit and they can grow to 8 feet or more. They grow in zones 5 to 8 and their nuts ripen in August. The fruits are edible although often left for wildlife. The wild filberts in the eastern United States often carry Eastern filbert blight , a fungal disease. You should not plant European filberts if eastern wild filberts are growing close by. The wild western filberts do not seem to carry the disease. Almonds (Prunus dulcis) are a stone fruit like peaches, but you eat the nut. Grown in zones 8a to 10b, they are produced commercially in California in the valleys where it is drier. Cross-pollination is required (hence the rental of honeybee hives by commercial groves). Raintree Nursery lists 'Reliable' as an almond that is easily maintained at about 12 feet tall, and is self-fertile. It is not a true almond, but a hybrid seedling of peach and almond for zones 5 to 9.

There is an edible ornamental almond (Prunus amygdalus) said to grow 12 to 20 feet tall, bears in 3 to 4 years, is disease-resistant and self-fertile. Two varieties I have seen advertised are 'Titan' and 'Halls Hardy'. Cashew 'apples' with nuts Pistachios Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a fast growing evergreen tropical nut tree growing to a height of 30-plus feet. They are very susceptible to frost. Both the “apple” and the nut growing from the end of it are edible, and they contain five times the vitamin C of oranges. Pistachios (Pistacia vera) originated in Western Asia, where they are used in a variety of dishes; we probably know baklava best. The pistachio tree grows to 20 to 30 feet tall in zones 7a to 10b. They do well in the deserts if they are irrigated and have good drainage, but do poorly in high humidity and are subject to root-rot without good drainage. A male and a female are needed for fruit production.

Pine cone with edible nuts Piñon (Pinus edulis) Piñon cone with nuts Pine nuts… oh my, there are so many… and they have been a food source for so long! Over 20 pine species produce edible pine nuts and of those, 5 are commercially important: Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Italian Stone Pine (Pinus pinea), Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis) and other pinyon (or piñon) species. The Korean Nut Pine is very hardy, tolerates clay soil, is resistant to white pine blister rust ; and is a slow grower of medium height in zones 4 to 7. The Italian Stone Pine is not as winter hardy but it tolerates drought and heat better. It is the classic umbrella-shaped pine, said to grow in zones 7 to 9.[1] Many of the edible pine nut trees also make great ornamentals.

Allegheny chinquapin shrub One small nut tree I have on my list to order is the Allegheny chinquapin (Castanea pumila), which is basically a shrub or dwarf tree growing 12 to 15 feet tall in zones 3 to 9. The nut tastes similar to the native chestnuts that were wiped out by the chestnut blight beginning in 1912. It is said to have a more flavorful taste than the modern chestnut hybrids. There is another small chinquapin, the Georgiana chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia), which is more of a creeping 4-foot tall shrub that grows in zones 8 to 10. The Allegheny chinquapin prefers neutral soils, preferably somewhat uphill, and develops a taproot. The Georgiana chinquapin prefers shady, sandy thickets and spreads by very large, underground, shallow roots. Both produce numerous sweet nuts on the female trees, and a male is needed for pollination. Ginkgo nuts Gingko leaves Although not small trees, there are some visually interesting trees we don’t generally think of for edible nuts.

Those include ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . Ginkgo, also called maidenhair tree, is the oldest broad-leafed tree on earth, with existing fossils 150 million years old. They grow to 50 to 80 feet tall and are grown in zones 3 to 9 although they do better in zones 4 to 7. They need a male to pollinate the female for fruit, and it can take up to 10 years to produce the first fruits. The 1-inch nuts are stir-fried or roasted and are prized in Chinese, Japanese and Korean dishes. They are also among the few nut trees that are not affected by pests or disease. Another unfamiliar nut tree is the Monkey Puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) , which is an very sculptural looking tree. It is native to Chile and hardy to -10ºF, or zones 6 to 9. This evergreen tree is not self-fertile so you will need 2 to produce nuts. The 2-inch long nuts are grown on a large cone with as many as 250 nuts per cone.

The nuts can be roasted and eaten like chestnuts, or dried and ground for use as a nut flour. Monkey Puzzle nuts Monkey Puzzle nuts on branch Nuts are an excellent source of protein, averaging from around 20% to as much as 75% in butternuts. Most nuts also have a high fat content although most of the fat is polyunsaturated. Nuts also contain Vitamin E, many of the B vitamins, and some essential minerals like zinc and magnesium. Almonds are a good source of calcium. Nuts are also low glycemic so they break down slowly and do not cause a surge in insulin levels. Is there space for a small nut tree in your garden? End Notes

Question: What is a filbert nut more commonly called, from the name of the tree bearing it?
Answer: Hazelnut