turkish alphabet - 必应 Sign in Turkish alphabet Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. Turkish IPA English approximation Turkish IPA English approximation A a /a/ As a in father M m /m/ As m in man B b /b/ As b in boy N n /n/ As n in nice C c /d͡ʒ/ As j in joy O o /o/ As o in more Ç ç /t͡ʃ/ As ch in chair Ö ö /ø/ As e in set, but with lips ...

(展开) s rounded D d /d/ As d in dog P p /p/ As p in pin E e /e/ As e in red R r /ɾ/ As r in ring F f /f/ As f in far S s /s/ As s in song G g /ɡ/, /ɟ/ As g in got Ş ş /ʃ/ As sh in show Ğ ğ /ː/, /‿/, /ʲ/ T t /t/ As t in tick H h /h/ As h in hot U u /u/ As oo in zoo I ı /ɯ/ As e in open Ü ü /y/ As e in new İ i /i/ As ee in feet V v /ʋ/, /v/ As v in vat J j /ʒ/ As s in measure Y y /j/ As y in yes K k /k/, /c/ As k in kit Z z /z/ As z in zigzag L l /ɫ/, /l/ As l in love ^ /e/ is realized as [æ] in some cases before coda /m, n, l, r/. E.g.

gelmek /ɡæɫmec/, but gel /ɟɛl/. ^ 1 – Something between /ɹ/ and /ɾ/ but more close to /ɾ/; a fricative r. At the beginning and at the end of a word, this one always occurs. 2 – /ɾ/, like Italian madre, but less stressed and softer. 3 – Occasionally, /ɹ/, the sound of an American or English r, is used. ^ 1 – Before a vowel: ‿ or ʲ as sandhi for back vowels and front vowels respectively. That is Erdoğan /ˈeɾdo‿an/ and değil /ˈdeʲil/. 2 – In other cases: Lengthening of the preceding vowel. E.g. bağ /ˈbaː/. 3 – There is also a rare, dialectal occurrence of [ɰ]. Caesar cipher decryption for Turkish alphabet's I found lots of examples on the internet but couldn't find a Ceaser cipher decryption for the Turkish alphabet.

Most of the letters are similar to the English alphabet but there are some differences Here is the Turkish alphabet:A B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ö P R S Ş T U Ü V Y Za b c ç d e f g ğ h i ı j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y zI found this code for the English alphabet and it doesn't have some letters like İ,Ö,Ü,Ş,ç,ğ,ı,ö,ş,ü:#include <iostream> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <conio.h> using namespace std; int main() { char code[501]; int shift, len, i=0, j=0; cout << "Caesar Cipher Decoder " << endl; cout << "\nThis program will decrypt the entered text using Caesar Cipher." << endl; cout << "\nPress any key to continue..."; _getch(); system("cls"); cout << "Enter the text that has to be decrypted (max 500 characters):" << endl; cin.getline(code, 501); len =

 strlen(code); while (j < len) { if(code[j] == 32) { code[j] = code[j]; } j++; } po: cout << "\nEnter the amount of Caseser Shift in numbers: "; cin >> shift; if ((shift > 26) || (shift < 0)) { cout << "\nShift value should be less than or equal to 26.

Type again." << endl; goto po; } while (i < len) { code[i] = tolower(code[i]); code[i] = code[i] - shift; if (code[i] + shift == 32) { code[i] = code[i] + shift; } else if( ((code[i] + shift > 31) && (code[i] + shift < 65) || ((code[i] + shift > 90) && (code[i] + shift < 97)) || ((code[i] + shift > 122) && (code[i] + shift < 128))) ) { code[i] = code[i] + shift; } else if (code[i] < 97) { if (code[i] == 32 - shift) { code[i] = code[i] + shift; } else { code[i] = (code[i] + 26); } } i++; } system("cls"); cout << "\nYour deciphered code is: \"" << code << "\"" << endl; cout << "\nYour text has been decrypted." << endl; cout << "\nPress any key to end." << endl; _getch

(); return 0; } Please help me make this work for the Turkish alphabet.

图片: 图片: 答 你发的这个例子代码依赖于事实标准的拉丁字母是ASCII表中的一个连续的块。 这不是土耳其语字母表中的情况，所以你必须近似重量。 。 。 I found lots of examples on the internet but couldn't find a Ceaser cipher decryption for the Turkish alphabet.

Most of the letters are similar to the English alphabet but there are some differences Here is the Turkish alphabet:A B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ö P R S Ş T U Ü V Y Za b c ç d e f g ğ h i ı j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y zI found this code for the English alphabet and it doesn't have some letters like İ,Ö,Ü,Ş,ç,ğ,ı,ö,ş,ü:#include <iostream> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <conio.h> using namespace std; int main() { char code[501]; int shift, len, i=0, j=0; cout << "Caesar Cipher Decoder " << endl; cout << "\nThis program will decrypt the entered text using Caesar Cipher." << endl; cout << "\nPress any key to continue..."; _getch(); system("cls"); cout << "Enter the text that has to be decrypted (max 500 characters):" << endl; cin.getline(code, 501); len =

 strlen(code); while (j < len) { if(code[j] == 32) { code[j] = code[j]; } j++; } po: cout << "\nEnter the amount of Caseser Shift in numbers: "; cin >> shift; if ((shift > 26) || (shift < 0)) { cout << "\nShift value should be less than or equal to 26.

Type again." << endl; goto po; } while (i < len) { code[i] = tolower(code[i]); code[i] = code[i] - shift; if (code[i] + shift == 32) { code[i] = code[i] + shift; } else if( ((code[i] + shift > 31) && (code[i] + shift < 65) || ((code[i] + shift > 90) && (code[i] + shift < 97)) || ((code[i] + shift > 122) && (code[i] + shift < 128))) ) { code[i] = code[i] + shift; } else if (code[i] < 97) { if (code[i] == 32 - shift) { code[i] = code[i] + shift; } else { code[i] = (code[i] + 26); } } i++; } system("cls"); cout << "\nYour deciphered code is: \"" << code << "\"" << endl; cout << "\nYour text has been decrypted." << endl; cout << "\nPress any key to end." << endl; _getch

(); return 0; } Please help me make this work for the Turkish alphabet.

图片: 图片: 答 That example code you posted relies on the fact that the standard latin alphabet is a contiguous block in the ASCII table. That's not the case for the turkish alphabet, so you have to approa... The letters of the Turkish alphabet are: Capital letters A B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ö P R S Ş T U Ü V Y Z Lower case letters a b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y z Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the 21 others are consonants. The letters Q, W, and X of the ISO basic Latin alphabet do not occur in the Turkish alphabet (replacements for these letters are K, V and KS), while dotted and dotless I are distinct letters in Turkish so that "i" does not become "I" when capitalized.

Turkish also uses a, i and u with the circumflex: â for /aː/ and/or to indicate that the consonant before â is palatalized î for /iː/ (no palatalization implied) û for /uː/ and/or to indicate palatalization. Turkish alphabet Sounds See also: Turkish phonology Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. ^ /e/ is realized as [æ] in some cases before coda /m, n, l, r/. E.g. gelmek /ɡæɫmec/, but gel /ɟɛl/. ^ 1 – Something between /ɹ/ and /ɾ/ but more close to /ɾ/; a fricative r. At the beginning and at the end of a word, this one always occurs. 2 – /ɾ/, like Italian madre, but less stressed and softer. 3 – Occasionally, /ɹ/, the sound of an American or English r, is used.

^ 1 – Before a vowel: ‿ or ʲ as sandhi for back vowels and front vowels respectively. That is Erdoğan /ˈeɾdo‿an/ and değil /ˈdeʲil/. 2 – In other cases: Lengthening of the preceding vowel. E.g. bağ /ˈbaː/. 3 – There is also a rare, dialectal occurrence of [ɰ]. Early reform proposals The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script. In general, Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets including Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin, and some other Asiatic writing systems. Turkish was written using a Turkish form of the Arabic script for over a thousand years. It was well suited to write Ottoman Turkish which incorporated a great deal of Arabic and Persian vocabulary. However, it was poorly suited to the Turkish part of the vocabulary. Whereas Arabic is rich in consonants but poor in vowels, Turkish is exactly the opposite. The script was thus inadequate at representing Turkish phonemes. Some could be expressed using four different Arabic signs; others could not be expressed at all. The introduction of the telegraph and printing press in the 19th century exposed further weaknesses in the Arabic script.

Some Turkish reformists promoted the adoption of the Latin script well before Atatürk's reforms. In 1862, during an earlier period of reform, the statesman Münuf Pasha advocated a reform of the alphabet. At the start of the 20th century similar proposals were made by several writers associated with the Young Turks movement, including Hüseyin Cahit, Abdullah Cevdet, and Celâl Nuri. The issue was raised again in 1923 during the first Economic Congress of the newly founded Turkish Republic, sparking a public debate that was to continue for several years. A move away from the Arabic script was strongly opposed by conservative and religious elements. It was argued that Romanization of the script would detach Turkey from the wider Islamic world, substituting a "foreign" (i.e. European) concept of national identity for the traditional sacred community. Others opposed Romanization on practical grounds; at that time there was no suitable adaptation of the Latin script that could be used for Turkish phonemes. Some suggested that a better alternative might be to modify the Arabic script to introduce extra characters to better represent Turkish vowels.

In 1926, however, the Turkic republics of the Soviet Union adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost to reformers in Turkey. Turkish-speaking Armenians used the Mesrobian script to write Holy Bibles and other books in Turkish for centuries. Many Armenian linguists, including Agop Dilâçar comprised the linguistic team which invented the modern Turkish alphabet, using and modifying Latin script. The Armenian (Mesrobian) alphabet would have been fine to use, given the large number of Armenians in Constantinople who survived the Armenian Genocide, but due to politics and the cycle of impunity and massacre targeting the Armenians, the Latin script was ultimately chosen. Writers and members of parliament Falih Rıfkı Atay Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu The commission was responsible for adapting the Latin script to meet the phonetic requirements of the Turkish language. The resulting Latin alphabet was designed to reflect the actual sounds of spoken Turkish, rather than simply transcribing the old Ottoman script into a new form. Atatürk himself was personally involved with the commission and proclaimed an "alphabet mobilisation" to publicise the changes.

He toured the country explaining the new system of writing and encouraging the rapid adoption of the new alphabet. The Language Commission proposed a five-year transition period; Atatürk saw this as far too long and reduced it to three months. The change was formalized by the Turkish Republic's law number 1353, the Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet, passed on 1 November 1928. The law went into effect from 1 January 1929, making the use of the new alphabet compulsory in all public communications. In the Sanjak of Alexandretta (today's province of Hatay), which was at that time under French sovereignty and would later join Turkey, the local Turkish-language newspapers adopted the Latin alphabet only in 1934. The reforms were also backed up by the Law on Copyrights, issued in 1934, encouraging and strengthening the private publishing sector. In 1939, the First Turkish Publications Congress was organized in Ankara for discussing issues such as copyright, printing, progress on improving the literacy rate and scientific publications, with the attendance of 186 deputies.

Political and cultural aspects As cited by the reformers, the old Arabic script was much more difficult to learn than the new Latin alphabet. The literacy rate did indeed increase greatly after the alphabet reform, from around 10% to over 90% [clarification needed], but many other factors also contributed to this increase, such as the foundation of the Turkish Language Association in 1932, campaigns by the Ministry of Education, the opening of Public Education Centers throughout the country, and Atatürk's personal participation in literacy campaigns. Atatürk also commented on one occasion that the symbolic meaning of the reform was for the Turkish nation to "show with its script and mentality that it is on the side of world civilization." The second president of Turkey, İsmet İnönü further elaborated the reason behind adopting a Latin alphabet: "The alphabet reform cannot be attributed to ease of reading and writing. That was the motive of Enver Pasha. For us, the big impact and the benefit of alphabet reform was that it eased the way to cultural reform.

We inevitably lost our connection with Arabic culture." The Turkish writer Şerif Mardin has noted that "Atatürk imposed the mandatory Latin alphabet in order to promote the national awareness of the Turks against a wider Muslim identity. It is also imperative to add that he hoped to relate Turkish nationalism to the modern civilization of Western Europe, which embraced the Latin alphabet." The explicitly nationalistic and ideological character of the alphabet reform showed in the booklets issued by the government to teach the population the new script. They included sample phrases aimed at discrediting the Ottoman government and instilling updated Turkish values, such as: "Atatürk allied himself with the nation and drove the sultans out of the homeland"; "Taxes are spent for the common properties of the nation. Tax is a debt we need to pay"; "It is the duty of every Turk to defend the homeland against the enemies." The alphabet reform was promoted as redeeming the Turkish people from the neglect of the Ottoman rulers: "Sultans did not think of the public, Ghazi commander [Atatürk] saved the nation from enemies and slavery. And now, he declared a campaign against ignorance [illiteracy].

He armed the nation with the new Turkish alphabet." The historian Bernard Lewis has described the introduction of the new alphabet as "not so much practical as pedagogical, as social and cultural – and Mustafa Kemal, in forcing his people to accept it, was slamming a door on the past as well as opening a door to the future". It was accompanied by a systematic effort to rid the Turkish language of Arabic and Persian loanwords, often replacing them with revived early Turkic words. However, the same reform also rid the language of many Western loanwords, especially French, in favor of Turkic words, albeit to a lesser degree. Atatürk told his friend Falih Rıfkı Atay, who was on the government's Language Commission, that by carrying out the reform, "we were going to cleanse the Turkish mind from its Arabic roots." Yaşar Nabi, a leading journalist, argued in the 1960s that the alphabet reform had been vital in creating a new Western-oriented identity for Turkey. He noted that younger Turks, who had only been taught the Latin script, were at ease in understanding Western culture but were quite unable to engage with Middle Eastern culture. The new script was adopted very rapidly and soon gained widespread acceptance.

Even so, older people continued to use the Turkish Arabic script in private correspondence, notes and diaries until well into the 1960s. Turkish alphabet Distinctive features Dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase forms. The lowercase form of I is ı, and the lowercase form of İ is i. (In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted İ came before the undotted I; now their places are reversed [Yazım Kılavuzu].) The letter J, however, uses a tittle in the same way English does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version. Optional circumflex accents can be used with "â", "î" and "û" to disambiguate words with different meanings but otherwise the same spelling, or to indicate palatalization of a preceding consonant (for example, while "kar" /kar/ means "snow", "kâr" /kʲar/ means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic. These are seen as variants of "a", "i", and "u" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage.

Turkish alphabet References ^ a b c Zürcher, Erik Jan. Turkey: a modern history, p. 188. I.B.Tauris, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6 ^ Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Tahir. The politics and poetics of translation in Turkey, 1923-1960, pp. 53-54. Rodopi, 2008. ISBN 978-90-420-2329-1 ^ Yazım Kılavuzu, Dil Derneği, 2002 (the writing guide of the Turkish language) ^ Nationalist Notes, TIME Magazine, July 23, 1928 ^ a b c d Zürcher, p. 189 ^ Gürçağlar, p. 55 ^ "Tūrk Harflerinin Kabul ve Tatbiki Hakkında Kanun" (in Turkish). ^ Michel Gilquin (2000). D'Antioche au Hatay. p.70: L'Harmattan.

ISBN2-7384-9266-5. ^ Press and Publications in Turkey, article on Newspot, June 2006, published by the Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of Press and Information. ^ Toprak, Binnaz. Islam and political development in Turkey, p. 41. BRILL, 1981. ISBN 978-90-04-06471-3 ^ Harf İnkılâbı Text of the speech by Prof. Dr. Zeynep Korkmaz on the website of Turkish Language Association, for the 70th anniversary of the Alphabet Reform, delivered at the Dolmabahçe Palace, on September 26, 1998 ^ Karpat, Kemal H. "A Language in Search of a Nation: Turkish in the Nation-State", in Studies on Turkish politics and society: selected articles and essays, p. 457. BRILL, 2004. ISBN 978-90-04-13322-8 ^ İsmet İnönü. "2". Hatıralar (in Turkish).

p.223. ISBN975-22-0177-6. ^ Cited by Güven, İsmail in "Education and Islam in Turkey". Education in Turkey, p. 177. Eds. Nohl, Arnd-Michael; Akkoyunlu-Wigley, Arzu; Wigley, Simon. Waxmann Verlag, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8309-2069-4 ^ Güven, pp. 180-81 ^ Toprak, p. 145, fn. 20 ^ Toprak, p. 145, fn. 21 ^ Sefik Ilkin Serengil, Murat Akin. "Attacking Turkish Texts Encrypted by Homophonic Cipher" Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on Electronics, Hardware, Wireless and Optical Communications, pp. 123–126, Cambridge, UK, February 20–22, 2011.

Turkish alphabet : definition of Turkish alphabet and synonyms of Turkish alphabet (English) Replaced loanwords The Turkish alphabet is a Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language , consisting of 29 letters, seven of which ( Ç , Ğ , I, İ , Ö , Ş , and Ü ) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras. The invention of this alphabet and its adoption in the 20th century were cultural elements of the rise and victory of western Turkish nationalism . Contents Of these 29 letters, 8 are vowels ( A , E , I, İ , O , Ö , U , Ü ); the 21 others are consonants. The letters Q , W , and X of the ISO basic Latin alphabet do not occur in the Turkish alphabet, while dotted and dotless I are distinct letters in Turkish so that "i" does not become "I" when capitalized.

Turkish also uses a, i and u with the circumflex: â for /aː/ and/or to indicate that the consonant before â is palatalized î for /iː/ (no palatalization implied) û for /uː/ and/or to indicate palatalization. Names The names of the vowel letters are the vowels themselves, while the names of the consonant letters are the consonant plus e. The one exception is ğ ("yumuşak ge"; i.e. "soft g"): a, be, ce, çe, de, e, fe, ge, yumuşak ge, he, ı, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, ö, pe, re, se, şe, te, u, ü, ve, ye, ze Sounds This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Turkish orthography is highly phonemic and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker.

Letter /ɫ/, /l/ As l in love ^ Turkish has a front/back vowel harmony. Vowel harmony states that endings must change their vowels to agree with the root words. Back vowels: a /a/, ı /ɯ/, o /o/, u /u/. Front vowels: e /e/, i /i/, ö /ø/, ü /y/. Therefore, most grammatical suffixes come in front and back forms, e.g. Türkiye'de "in Turkey" but Almanya'da "in Germany". In vowel harmony /e/ is the opposite of /a/. For example kedi+ler /cedileɾ/ ( cats ); adamlar /adamɫar/ ( men ). /e/ can also be found in names without vowel harmony: Erdoğan ( a name ) /eɾdoan/. ^ 1 – Something between /ɹ/ and /ɾ/ but more close to /ɾ/; a fricative r. In the beginning and at the end of a word, always this one occurs. 2 – /ɾ/, like Italian madre but less stressed and softer. 3 – Some people use rarely /ɹ/, the sound of an American or English r.

^ The occurrence of [ɰ] is dialectal; for speakers who do not pronounce it as a velar approximant , it may instead appear as the lengthening of the preceding vowel. History Early reform proposals The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script . In general, Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets including Cyrillic , Arabic , Greek , Latin , and some other Asiatic writing systems. Turkish was written using a Turkish form of the Arabic script for over a thousand years. It was well suited to written Ottoman Turkish which incorporated a great deal of Arabic and Persian vocabulary. However, it was poorly suited to the Turkish part of the vocabulary. Whereas Arabic is rich in consonants but poor in vowels, Turkish is exactly the opposite. The script was thus inadequate at representing Turkish phonemes. Some could be expressed using four different Arabic signs; others could not be expressed at all. The introduction of the telegraph and printing press in the 19th century exposed further weaknesses in the Arabic script. [1] Some Turkish reformists promoted the adoption of the Latin script well before Atatürk's reforms.

In 1862, during an earlier period of reform , the statesman Münuf Pasha advocated a reform of the alphabet. At the start of the 20th century similar proposals were made by several writers associated with the Young Turks movement, including Hüseyin Cahit, Abdullah Cevdet and Celâl Nuri. [1] The issue was raised again in 1923 during the first Economic Congress of the newly founded Turkish Republic, sparking a public debate that was to continue for several years. A move away from the Arabic script was strongly opposed by conservative and religious elements. It was argued that Romanization of the script would detach Turkey from the wider Islamic world, substituting a foreign (i.e. European) concept of national identity for the traditional sacred community. Others opposed Romanization on practical grounds; at that time there was no suitable adaptation of the Latin script that could be used for Turkish phonemes. Some suggested that a better alternative might be to modify the Arabic script to introduce extra characters to better represent Turkish vowels. [2] In 1926 the Turkic republics of the Soviet Union adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost to reformers in Turkey.

[1] Introduction of the modern Turkish alphabet Participants of the conference on the Turkish alphabet, including Atatürk. August 29, 1929 The current 29-letter Turkish alphabet was established as a personal initiative of the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . It was a key step in the cultural part of Atatürk's Reforms , [3] introduced following his consolidation of power. Having established a one-party state ruled by his Republican People's Party , Atatürk was able to sweep aside the previous opposition to implementing radical reform of the alphabet. He announced his plans in July 1928 [4] and established a Language Commission (Dil Encümeni) consisting of the following members: Linguists Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu . The commission was responsible for adapting the Latin script to meet the phonetic requirements of the Turkish language. The resulting Latin alphabet was designed to reflect the actual sounds of spoken Turkish, rather than simply transcribing the old Ottoman script into a new form. [5] Atatürk introducing the new Turkish alphabet to the people of Kayseri .

September 20, 1928 Atatürk himself was personally involved with the commission and proclaimed an "alphabet mobilisation" to publicise the changes. He toured the country explaining the new system of writing and encouraging the rapid adoption of the new alphabet. [5] The Language Commission proposed a five-year transition period; Atatürk saw this as far too long and reduced it to three months. [6] The change was formalized by the Turkish Republic's law number 1353, the Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet, [7] passed on 1 November 1928. The law went into effect from 1 January 1929, making the use of the new alphabet compulsory in all public communications. [5] In the Sanjak of Alexandretta (today's province of Hatay ) which was at that time under French sovereignty, the local Turkish speaking newspapers adopted the Latin alphabet only in 1934. [8] The reforms were also backed up by the Law on Copyrights, issued in 1934, encouraging and strengthening the private publishing sector.

[9] In 1939, the First Turkish Publications Congress was organized in Ankara , for discussing issues such as copyright, printing, progress on improving the literacy rate and scientific publications, with the attendance of 186 deputies. Political and cultural aspects The Turkish government justified the move to the Latin script as being necessary to increase literacy, as the Arabic script was much more difficult to learn. [10] The literacy rate did indeed increase greatly after the alphabet reform, from around 20% to over 90%, but there were many other factors behind this increase such as the foundation of the Turkish Language Association in 1932, campaigns by the Ministry of Education, the opening of Public Education Centers throughout the country, and Atatürk's personal participation in literacy campaigns. [11] Atatürk's reform of the alphabet was, however, primarily motivated by a specific political goal: to break the link with the Ottoman and Islamic past and to orient the new state of Turkey towards the West and away from the traditional Ottoman lands of the Middle East.

He commented on one occasion that the symbolic meaning of the reform was for the Turkish nation to "show with its script and mentality that it is on the side of world civilization." [12] The second president of Turkey, İsmet İnönü further elaborated the reason behind adopting a Latin alphabet: "The goal of the alphabet reform is not to raise literacy rate. (Before the Latin alphabet) Literacy rate was low not because it was hard to learn the (Ottoman) alphabet(...)For many long years, the (Ottoman) state did not lean on mass education and literacy issues (because of the long lasting wars); if the (Ottoman) state had paid attention (to the literacy and education) it (the literacy rate) would have been higher.

One of the main goals of revolution was to close the doors of the past to the newer generations, break the ties with the Arab-Islam world and to lessen the influence of religion on the public(...)Newer generations would not learn the old script and we would control the works written in the new script(...)So, since the religious works were written in old (Arabic) script they would not be read and therefore the influence of religion on the public would lessen" [13] The Turkish writer Şerif Mardin has noted that "Atatürk imposed the mandatory Latin alphabet in order to promote the national awareness of the Turks against a wider Muslim identity. It is also imperative to add that he hoped to relate Turkish nationalism to the modern civilization of Western Europe, which embraced the Latin alphabet." [14] The explicitly nationalistic and ideological character of the alphabet reform was illustrated by the booklets issued by the government to teach the population the new script. It included sample phrases aimed at discrediting the Ottoman government and instilling updated "Turkish" values, such as: "Atatürk allied himself with the nation and drove the sultans out of the homeland"; "Taxes are spent for the common properties of the nation.

Tax is a debt we need to pay"; "It is the duty of every Turk to defend the homeland against the enemies." The alphabet reform was promoted as redeeming the Turkish people from the neglect of the Ottoman rulers: "Sultans did not think of the public, Ghazi commander [Atatürk] saved the nation from enemies and slavery. And now, he declared a campaign against ignorance. He armed the nation with the new Turkish alphabet." [15] The alphabet's introduction has been described by the historian Bernard Lewis as "not so much practical as pedagogical , as social and cultural – and Mustafa Kemal, in forcing his people to accept it, was slamming a door on the past as well as opening a door to the future." It was accompanied by a systematic effort to rid the Turkish language of Arabic and Persian loanwords, often replacing them with words from Western languages, especially French.

Atatürk told his friend Falih Rıfkı Atay, who was on the government's Language Commission, that by carrying out the reform "we were going to cleanse the Turkish mind from its Arabic roots." [16] Yaşar Nabi, a leading pro-Kemalist journalist, argued in the 1960s that the alphabet reform had been vital in creating a new Western-oriented identity for Turkey. He noted that younger Turks, who had only been taught the Latin script, were at ease in understanding Western culture but were quite unable to engage with Middle Eastern culture. [17] The new script was adopted very rapidly and soon gained widespread acceptance. Even so, the Turkish Arabic script nonetheless continued to be used by older people in private correspondence, notes and diaries until well into the 1960s. [5] Distinctive features Dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase form. I is the capital form of ı, and İ is the capital form of i.

(In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted İ came before the undotted I; now their places are reversed [Yazım Kılavuzu].) The letter J, however, uses a tittle in the same way English does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version. Optional circumflex accents can be used with "â", "î" and "û" to disambiguate words with different meanings but otherwise the same spelling, or to indicate palatalization of a preceding consonant (for example, while "kar" /kar/ means "snow", "kâr" /car/ means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords , particularly from Arabic . These are seen as variants of "a", "i", and "u" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage. See also BBC - Languages - Turkish - A Guide to Turkish - The Turkish alphabet A Guide to Turkish A Guide to Turkish - The Turkish alphabet What's the Turkish alphabet like? The Turkish alphabet has 29 letters. You may well have to spell out your name and perhaps your address in Turkish.

Here is the alphabet and how to pronounce it Download mp3 - right click and choose 'save target as' What's significant about the Turkish alphabet? The more difficult sounds The Turkish alphabet has eight vowels: A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü. The letters Q, W and X don't exist in the Turkish language and are only used for ‘borrowed’ foreign words. The pronunciation of Q is k, W is u/v and X is iks/eks, i.e. quantum = kuantum, Rwanda = Ruanda, taxi = taksi. The letters a, i, and u are sometimes written with a circumflex - â, î, û – which can completely change the whole meaning of the word , e.g. kar, snow, and kâr, profit. The pronunciation of the vowels ı, ö and ü, along with the consonants ç, ş and ğ, are the more difficult ones for English speakers. Here are some tips on how to pronounce these letters: ı is similar to the e in open ö is similar to the i in bird ü is similar to the ew in flew and to the German umlaut ü, eg in über.

ç is similar to the ch in change ğ is similar to the k in Khan or khaki ş is similar to the sh in shell In addition, the letters c, j, g are pronounced differently to the English c, j and g. Here are some examples: c is similar to the j in jump, jam j is a soft j, similar to the French je. g is pronounced as a hard g, as in garment, gold. The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkish was written in the Arabic alphabet for over a thousand years and Ottoman Turkish blended a great amount of Arabic and Persian vocabulary with Turkish words. The current 29-letter Turkish alphabet was the personal initiative of the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. It was one of the major revolutionary changes which came with Atatürk's reforms after the birth of the Turkish Republic in 1923. The transition to the Latin alphabet was formalised with a law passed on 1 November 1928, making the use of the new Turkish alphabet compulsory in all public communications and the education system, where it’s still mandatory today. When giving an email or website address the conventions are: @ at

Question: What letters of the modern basic Latin alphabet do not occur in the Turkish alphabet?
Answer: Q, W and X