Flower Meanings - The Meaning of Different Flowers - ProFlowers Blog Read More – Meanings of Carnations Chrysanthemums Chrysanthemums, commonly referred to as mums, reference friendship, love and joy. They have become the go-to flower for front porch decor during the summer and fall season. You can see them adorning doorways and front steps across America. They are hardy, colorful flowers that are easy to care for. Read More – Meanings of Chrysanthemum Gerbera Daisies Distinguished by their large, beautiful blooms and wide assortment of vibrant colors, gerbera daisies have become a favorite flower choice for expressing cheerful sentiments. The traditional flower meanings for the gerbera daisy, however, are beauty and innocence. Read More – Meanings of Daisies Gladioluses The tall, striking spike of gladiolus is one of the most eye-catching flowers. With the meaning of strength, honor and infatuation they are great to give to a significant other. Just as popular as garden plants and cut flowers, these slender beauties can grow up to five feet tall! They also come in nearly every color from bright red to pastel pink.

Read More – Meanings of Gladioluses Hydrangeas The big, beautiful blooms of hydrangea bush have contrasting meanings. They are very popular both as cut flowers and plants for the garden because of their big, beautiful blooms. Plus, they smell fantastic! Just as popular in bridal bouquets as a country garden, these flowers are loved for their versatility. Read More – Meanings of Hydrangeas Iris Flowers Few other flowers can match the elegant beauty of the iris. Representing faith, hope, and wisdom, the iris is a flower that can be used for many different occasions. While it is most known for its distinctive blue varieties, the iris can also be found in other colors such as yellow and white. Read More – Meanings of Iris Flowers Orchids With an exotic appearance, orchids have come to represent rare and delicate beauty. Those seeking to make a lasting impression with a unique flower have found the orchid to be a perfect choice. As both potted plants and cut flower arrangements, these tropical flowers have an undeniable appeal.

Read More – Meanings of Orchids Peruvian Lilies While they resemble smaller versions of many lily varieties, Peruvian lilies, also known as alstroemeria, have many distinctive qualities of their own. If you’re looking for flower meanings like friendship and devotion, Peruvian lilies are the choice for you. Available in a variety of colors, these exquisite flowers can create a striking arrangement. Read More – Meanings of Peruvian Lilies Roses There is no flower that has been revered and celebrated as much as the rose. As a source of inspiration to people throughout history, roses are the definitive symbol for love and appreciation. For the meanings of each rose color, please reference our Rose Guide. Read More – Meanings of Roses Stargazer Lilies Known for the stunning appearance of their star-shaped blooms and their distinctly sweet fragrance, stargazer lilies are a majestic masterpiece. The flower meanings traditionally associated with Stargazer Lilies are innocence and purity, but the more modern connotations are honor and aspiration. Read More – Meanings of Stargazer Lilies Sunflowers With their bright yellow petals spreading from their center, sunflowers not only resemble the sun, they will also turn to face the sun as the day progresses.

Sunflowers’ meanings are warmth and adoration, and they are also thought to be a sign of longevity. Read More – Meanings of SunFlowers Tulips With their flower meaning being perfect love, tulips can impart a sense of grace and elegance wherever they are displayed. The tulip is recognized throughout the world as one of the most popular cultivated flowers, but they are particularly associated with the Netherlands. Dutch tulips are among the leading tulip varieties within the floral community. Read More – Meanings of Tulips This is just a sampling of the many flower options possible. For more detailed information on the History and Meaning of Flowers on this page, please click the link under the corresponding flower to find many interesting and insightful facts about you or your loved one’s favorites! If you want to learn how to plant these flowers in your garden, check out our guide on 151 Types of Flowers Common in the U.S. The Meaning Behind 8 Different Types Of Popular Funeral Flowers | Everplans What To Say To Someone Grieving The Loss Of A Pet The Meaning Behind 8 Different Types Of Popular Funeral Flowers This article on funeral planning is provided by Everplans — The web's leading resource for planning and organizing your life.

Create, store and share important documents that your loved ones might need. Find out more about Everplans » Before you tell the florist to “put something nice together,” take a minute to learn what your flowers might actually be saying. When choosing flowers, the arrangement you pick should tell the same story as the relationship you had with the person. Was the deceased the love of your life? A close or distant family member? A dear friend? Here’s some tips to help you make the right floral decision. Lilies When someone says, “This place smells like a funeral home” chances are there is a lily nearby. This is often considered the go-to funeral flower and there’s significant meaning behind this strongly aromatic blossom. Lilies suggest that the soul of the deceased has returned to a peaceful state of innocence. Guru Tip: Christians think this flower symbolizes purity, virginity, and the radiance of the soul. It’s believed that the Virgin Mary’s tomb was covered in this flower. Peace Lily Plant Similar to the flower, the peace lily plant symbolizes innocence and rebirth of the departed’s soul from the complex physical world to a greater place. Guru Tip: This is what I usually send to people I know who are grieving.

I love how this plant will last for a while in the person’s home of office. Roses Just like lilies, roses are a very common and appropriate funeral flower, and each color rose has a slightly different connotation. White roses are the ultimate symbol of spirituality, purity, and innocence. At a funeral, the classic deep red rose evokes love and grief. The yellow rose is often given by friends to show their bond. The rarer dark pink roses are used to express thankfulness to the deceased. Guru Tip: Roses can be mixed in with other flowers or uses in a casket spray, standing spray, or wreath. Orchid No matter what color, orchids have a universal meaning: “I will always love you.” Take it away, Whitney… Guru Tip: Orchid plants make particularly special gifts. Unlike orchids in an arrangement, these last longer in the home or office. Chrysanthemums (“Mums”) Unlike other flowers, the meaning behind chrysanthemums varies globally. In America and Europe, the meanings focus on sympathy and honor. The color plays a role in the meaning as well. Red symbolizes love, while white symbolizes innocence.

Guru Tip: In Asia, chrysanthemums symbolize rebirth and are more often given at baby showers than funerals. Carnations Carnations are often used in funeral wreaths and standing sprays. As with other flowers, each of the colors has its own meaning. The red shows affection and the white tends to symbolize innocence. For Catholic and many other Christian funerals, pink carnations might be a good choice since it’s believed they were created from the Virgin Mary’s tears. Guru Tip: Talented florist use carnations to create beautiful arrangements replicating sports logos, favorite activities and other personalized tributes. For some very good examples, check out this site . Hyacinth These are mostly added into an arrangement of assorted flowers. There are a variety of thoughts behind the meaning, ranging from “you’re included in my prayers” to deep anguish. Guru Tip: Some believe this flower symbolizes sports, games, and rashness so be careful not to insult! Hydrangea The meaning behind this flower is not as well-known as the others, but many believe it symbolizes true heartfelt emotions.

Guru Tip: As with the peace lily, the plant version of this flower will always last longer than the cut arrangement. Elizabeth Meyer Flower Meanings by Type, Name, Color and Occasion - The Flower Expert the flower expert Buy From OurStores Flower Meanings Did you know that flowers have meanings associated with them? And, that there are flowers befitting specific occasions? Flowers are a part of the most important occasions in our lives. They are conspicuously present on birthdays, funerals, graduation, weddings, etc. forming an integral part of our lives. Some flowers have religious significance too. It is impossible for any person to be completely unaware of flower meanings. Everyone knows that a red rose stands for romantic love and that one does not send yellow roses to anyone in mourning. However, meanings are associated not only with roses but also with other flowers. Most people do not consider flower meanings before gifting flowers. Similarly, people who receive flowers may not know their meaning and hence miss the underlying message. Know which flower stands as the national flower of what country? Read on to know more about flower meanings and to see what your favorite flower means Flower Image Flower Name and Meaning View Collection Alstroemeria flower is symbolic of wealth, prosperity and fortune.

It is also the flower of friendship. View Collection Amaryllis This flower is symbolic of splendid beauty. It is also used to indicate worth beyond beauty. Collection currently not available Anemone on a darker note indicates fading hope and a feeling of having been forsaken. On a positive note it symbolizes anticipation. Collection currently not available Anthurium symbolizes hospitality. It is also used to indicate happiness and abundance. Collection currently not available Aster symbolizes patience. It is also indicative of a love of variety. It also symbolizes elegance and daintiness. Collection currently not available Bird of Paradise symbolizes joyfulness. It also symbolizes magnificence. It can also be used to indicate exciting and wonderful anticipation. View Collection Bouvardia Double symbolizes enthusiasm. It is also used to indicate zest for life. Collection currently not available Calla Lily symbolizes magnificence and beauty. White Calla lilies combine these two attributes with purity and innocence associated with the color white to make it the perfect choice of flower in a Wedding bouquet. View Collection Carnation symbolizes pride and beauty.

A red carnation symbolizes love, pride and admiration; a pink carnation symbolizes the love of a woman or a mother; a purple carnation symbolizes capriciousness; a yellow carnation symbolizes disdain, rejection or disappointment; while a white carnation symbolizes innocence and pure love. A striped carnation conveys refusal. Chrysanthemum symbolizes fidelity, optimism, joy and long life. A red chrysanthemum conveys love; a white chrysanthemum symbolizes truth and loyal love while a yellow chrysanthemum symbolizes slighted love. View Collection Daffodil symbolizes regard and chivalry. It is indicative of rebirth, new beginnings and eternal life. It also symbolizes unrequited love. A single daffodil foretells a misfortune while a bunch of daffodils indicate joy and happiness. Collection currently not available Daisy symbolizes innocence and purity. It conveys loyal love and âI will never tellâ. Gerbera Daisy specifically conveys cheerfulness. View Collection Delphinium, Hybrid symbolizes big-heartedness, fun, lightness and levity. It also indicates ardent attachment.

Collection currently not available Freesia symbolizes innocence and thoughtfulness. Collection currently not available Gardenia symbolizes purity and sweetness. They indicate secret love. They convey joy. They tell the receiver you are lovely. View Collection Gerbera belongs to the daisy family and therefore assumes the symbolism associated with the daisy flower. Gerbera specifically conveys cheerfulness. View Collection Gladiolus symbolizes strength of character, faithfulness and honor. The Gladiolus flower signifies remembrance. View Collection Heather Lavender symbolizes admiration, solitude and beauty while white heather symbolizes protection and indicates that wishes will come true. Collection currently not available Hyacinth symbolizes playfulness and a sporty attitude and in its extreme rashness. Hyacinths also denote constancy. Blue hyacinth stands for constancy, purple for sorrow, red or pink for play, white for loveliness and yellow for jealousy. Collection currently not available Hydrangea symbolizes heartfelt emotions. It can be used to express gratitude for being understood. In its negative sense hydrangea symbolizes frigidity and heartlessness. Collection currently not available Iris symbolizes eloquence. Purple iris is symbolic of wisdom and compliments. Blue iris symbolizes faith and hope.

Yellow iris symbolizes passion while white iris symbolizes purity. View Collection Larkspur symbolizes levity or lightness. It is also indicative of fickleness and haughtiness. Collection currently not available Lilac symbolizes youthful innocence and confidence. White lilac symbolizes humility and innocence, field lilac symbolizes charity while purple lilac symbolizes first love. Collection currently not available Lily symbolizes purity and refined beauty. White lily symbolizes modesty and virginity, orange lily symbolizes passion, yellow lily symbolizes gaiety while Lily of the Valley symbolizes sweetness and purity of heart. The Easter lily is the symbol of the Virgin Mary. Flower Name and Meaning View Collection Orchid is a symbol of the exotic beauty. It symbolizes refinement, thoughtfulness and mature charm. It also symbolizes proud and glorious femininity. Collection currently not available Peony symbolizes bashfulness and compassion. It can also be used to express indignation or shame. It symbolizes a happy life, happy marriage, good health and prosperity. View Collection Protea, King stands for change and transformation. It signifies daring and resourcefulness. It is symbolic of diversity and courage.

Collection currently not available Queen Anne's Lace symbolizes a haven or sanctuary. It signifies complexity and delicateness. Collection currently not available Ranunculus symbolizes radiant charm. It conveys a message that you are radiant with charm or you are attractive. Collection currently not available Rose symbolizes love. It signifies love in its various forms. Its symbolism varies based on color, variety and number. Learn more about Rose Flower Meanings . Snapdragon symbolizes graciousness and strength. Its negative connotations include deception and presumption. Collection currently not available Statice is symbolic of remembrance. It also symbolizes sympathy and success. Collection currently not available Stock symbolizes lasting beauty and a happy life. It is indicative of bonds of affection and is symbolic of promptness. Collection currently not available Sunflower signifies pure thoughts. It symbolizes adoration and dedication. It is symbolic of dedicated love. It is however also symbolic of haughtiness. Collection currently not available Sweet Pea indicates delicate pleasure and bliss. It is a flower symbolic of departure after having a good time.

Collection currently not available Annual, Perennial, and Biennial Flowers - ProFlowers Blog Annual, Perennial, and Biennial Flowers August 9, 2011 Flowers are plants known for their aesthetic values. They are useful for very important occasions such as meetings, weddings and condolence visits. When used as gifts, they usually send more heart warming messages to the recipients than other valuables such as money and jewelry. There are many kinds of flowers for different occasions. Flowers also differ in the way they grow. Some of them complete their life cycle in one year, some in two years and others grow several years. This difference in the way flowers grow has led to their classification as annual, perennial and biennial. Annuals: Annual flowers are plants that grow completely in one year. That is, they germinate, produce seeds, flower and die in one year. Annuals can be obtained as seeds or bedding plants, annuals are meant to last only for one year so it is important to know how best to plant them before buying their seeds or seedlings. They are planted during the summer and fall season and their life cycle normally ends at the beginning of the winter.

To plant annuals, it is important to ensure that the soil has good texture and allows aeration. Soil that clump up easily are not good for cultivating annual flowers. The depth of the hole for the flower should be between six and eight inches while spacing between the flowers should be between four and five inches. Annuals need plenty of water to grow well. Some examples of annuals include petunias, sweet peas and zinnias. Zinnias are very easy to cultivate. They’re planted by most garden owners because they have different colors such as rose, orange, crimson, purple, salmon, yellow and scarlet. Hence, zinnias, just like most other annuals are planted to make gardens and the home very attractive. Since they survive within one year, annual flowers are used to refresh the appearance of the home yearly. Apart from garden decoration, annuals such as morning glory, climbing snapdragon, hyacinth bean and passion flower are useful in decorating walls, fences and providing shades. These flowers are known as climbing annuals and they are planted instead of perennials sometimes.

Flower | Article about flower by The Free Dictionary Flower | Article about flower by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Legal , Idioms , Wikipedia . flower, name for the specialized part of a plant containing the reproductive organs, applied to angiosperms only. A flower may be thought of as a modified, short, compact branch bearing lateral appendages. Like twigs, flowers develop from buds, and the basic floral parts (sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel) are in actual fact greatly modified leaves. A typical flower is a concentric arrangement of these parts attached at their base to the receptacle, the tip of the stem. Outermost is a whorl of leaflike green sepals (the calyx) encircling a whorl of usually showy, colored petals (the corolla). Within the corolla the stamens, bearing anther sacs full of pollen pollen, minute grains, usually yellow in color but occasionally white, brown, red, or purple, borne in the anther sac at the tip of the slender filament of the stamen of a flowering plant or in the male cone of a conifer. ..... Click the link for more information.

, surround the central carpels (ovary). Inside the ovary at the base of the pistil are the ovules, containing the female sex cells; after fertilization of the egg, the ovule becomes the seed seed, fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting of the plant embryo, varying amounts of stored food material, and a protective outer seed coat. Seeds are frequently confused with the fruit enclosing them in flowering plants, especially in grains and nuts. ..... Click the link for more information. and the ovary becomes the fruit fruit, matured ovary of the pistil of a flower, containing the seed. After the egg nucleus, or ovum, has been fertilized (see fertilization) and the embryo plantlet begins to form, the surrounding ovule (see pistil) develops into a seed and the ovary wall (pericarp) around the ..... Click the link for more information. . The ovary and stamens are termed essential flower parts, the petals and sepals accessory parts. The number and arrangement of the floral organs vary considerably among the many families and orders of plants and are used in the classification of plants; they also indicate the degree of evolution of the plant.

In general, the higher a plant is on the evolutionary scale, the greater is the flower's complexity. The basic number of parts differs from class to class and from family to family; in monocotyledonous plants the parts generally occur in groups of three or in multiples of three, and in dicotyledons more often in groups of two, four, and five. Flowers may be staminate (lack carpels), carpellate, or both; staminate and carpellate flowers may appear on the same plant, on separate plants, or in the same inflorescence. One type of inflorescence, characteristic of the parsley family, is the umbel, in which the tiny florets are borne on separate stalks radiating out from the stem tip. Sometimes the parts serve unusual purposes: the true flowers of the dogwood and the poinsettia are inconspicuous, and the showy "petals" are really modified leaves called bracts. In the jack-in-the-pulpit the florets are clustered on a spike canopied by a large bract, the spathe; the hood of the lady's-slipper, on the other hand, is a modified sterile stamen.

Grass inflorescences are tiny spikelets sheathed by protective scales called glumes (the chaff or grain). Flowers have been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their perfume from earliest times and have accumulated a vast and intricate treasury of symbolic associations derived from legend and folklore. Individual flowers have been celebrated in heraldry ( rose rose, common name for some members of the Rosaceae, a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees distributed over most of the earth, and for plants of the genus Rosa, the true roses. ..... Click the link for more information. ), in religion (lotus), and in politics ( violet violet, common name for some members of the Violaceae, a family of chiefly perennial herbs (and sometimes shrubs, small trees, or climbers) found on all continents. Violets, including the genus Viola ..... Click the link for more information. ) and have become emblems for many countries, including Switzerland (edelweiss), France (fleur-de-lis), Scotland (thistle), the Netherlands (tulip), and the United States (see state flowers state flowers.

Each state of the United States has designated, usually by legislative action, one flower as its floral emblem; the rose has been designated by Congress as the national flower of the United States. ..... Click the link for more information. ). Bibliography See S. Buchmann, The Reason for Flowers (2015). Flower A higher plant's sexual apparatus in the aggregate, including the parts that produce sex cells and closely associated attractive and protective parts (Fig. 1). “Flower” as used in this article will be limited, as is usual, to the angiosperms, plants with enclosed seeds and the unique reproductive process called double fertilization. In its most familiar form a flower is made up of four kinds of units arranged concentrically. The green sepals (collectively termed the calyx) are outermost, showy petals (the corolla) next, then the pollen-bearing units (stamens, androecium), and finally the centrally placed seed-bearing units (carpels, gynoecium). This is the “complete” flower of early botanists, but it is only one of an almost overwhelming array of floral forms.

One or more kinds of units may be lacking or hard to recognize depending on the species, and evolutionary modification has been so great in some groups of angiosperms that a flower cluster (inflorescence) can took like a single flower. Flower structure, median longitudinal section Flora diversity Most botanical terms are descriptive, and a botanist must have a large store of them to impart the multiformity of flowers. The examples that follow are only a smattering. An extra series of appendages alternating with the sepals, as in purple loosestrife, is an epicalyx. A petal with a broad distal region and a narrow proximal region is said to have a blade and claw: the crape myrtle has such petals. The term perianth, which embraces calyx and corolla and avoids the need to distinguish between them, is especially useful for a flower like the tulip, where the perianth parts are in two series but are alike in size, shape, and color. The members of such an undifferentiated perianth are tepals.

When the perianth has only one series of parts, however, they are customarily called sepals even if they are petallike, as in the windflower. A stamen commonly consists of a slender filament topped by a four-lobed anther, each lobe housing a pollen sac. In some plants one or more of the androecial parts are sterile rudiments called staminodes: a foxglove flower has four fertile stamens and a staminode. Carpellode is the corresponding term for an imperfectly formed gynoecial unit. A gynoecium is apocarpous if the carpels are separate (magnolia, blackberry) and syncarpous if they are connate (tulip, poppy). Or the gynoecium may regularly consist of only one carpel (bean, cherry). A solitary carpel or a syncarpous gynoecium can often be divided into three regions: a terminal, pollen-receptive stigma; a swollen basal ovary enclosing the undeveloped seeds (ovules); and a constricted, elongate style between the two.

The gynoecium can be apocarpous above and syncarpous below; that is, there can be separate styles and stigmas on one ovary (wood sorrel). Placentation: (a) parietal, (b) axile, and (c) free central Every flower cited so far has a superior ovary: perianth and androecium diverge beneath it (hypogyny). If perianth and androecium diverge from the ovary's summit, the ovary is inferior and the flower is epigynous (apple, banana, pumpkin). A flower is perigynous if the ovary is superior within a cup and the other floral parts diverge from the cup's rim (cherry). A syncarpous ovary is unilocular if it has only one seed chamber, plurilocular if septa divide it into more than one. The ovules of a plurilocular ovary are usually attached to the angles where the septa meet; this is axile placentation, a placenta being a region of ovular attachment.

There are other ways in which the ovules can be attached—apically, basally, parietally, or on a free-standing central placenta—each characteristic of certain plant groups (Fig. 2). The term bract can be applied to any leaflike part associated with one or more flowers but not part of a flower. Floral bracts are frequently small, even scalelike, but the flowering dogwood has four big petallike bracts below each flower cluster. The broad end of a flower stalk where the floral parts are attached is the receptacle. The same term is used, rather inconsistently, for the broad base bearing the many individual flowers (florets) that make up a composite flower like a dandelion or a sunflower. Sexuality A plant species is diclinous if its stamens and carpels are in separate flowers. A diclinous species is monoecious if each plant bears staminate and carpellate (pistillate) flowers, dioecious if the staminate and carpellate flowers are on different plants.

The corn plant, with staminate inflorescences (tassels) on top and carpellate inflorescences (ears) along the stalk, is monoecious. Hemp is a well-known dioecious plant. Nectaries Flowers pollinated by insects or other animals commonly have one or more nectaries, regions that secrete a sugar solution. A nectary can be nothing more than a layer of tissue lining part of a floral tube or cup (cherry), or it can be as conspicuous as the secretory spur of a nasturtium or a larkspur. It can be a cushionlike outgrowth at the base of a superior ovary (orange blossom) or atop an inferior ovary (parsley family). Gladiolus and a number of other monocotyledons have septal nectaries, deep secretory crevices where the carpels come together. Substances that give off floral odors—essential oils for the most part—ordinarily originate close to the nectar-producing region but are not coincident with it.

Production by the epidermis of perianth parts is most common, but in some species the odor emanates from a more restricted region and may even come from a special flap or brush. Most insect-pollinated plants have visual cues, some of them outside the human spectral range, as well as odor to bring the pollinators to the flowers and guide them to the nectar. See Secretory structures (plant) Inflorescence Inflorescence structure, the way the flowers are clustered or arranged on a flowering branch, is almost as diverse as floral structure. To appreciate this, one need only contrast the drooping inflorescences (catkins) of a birch tree with the coiled flowers of a forget-me-not or with the solitary flower of a tulip. In some cases one kind of inflorescence characterizes a whole plant family. Queen Anne's lace and other members of the parsley family (Umbelliferae) have umbrellalike inflorescences with the flower stalks radiating from almost the same point in a cluster.

The stalkless flowers (florets) of the grass family are grouped into clusters called spikelets, and these in turn are variously arranged in different grasses. Flowers of the arum family (calla lily, jack-in-the-pulpit), also stalkless, are crowded on a thick, fleshy, elongate axis. In the composite family, florets are joined in a tight head at the end of the axis; the heads of some composites contain two kinds, centrally placed florets with small tubular corollas and peripheral ray florets with showy, strap-shaped corollas (the “petals” one plucks from a daisy). See Inflorescence Anatomy Some of the general anatomical features of leaves can be found in the floral appendages. A cuticle-covered epidermis overlies a core of parenchyma cells in which there are branching vascular bundles (solitary bundles in most stamens). Sepal parenchyma and petal parenchyma are often spongy, but palisade parenchyma occurs only rarely in flowers and then only in sepals.

As in other parts of the plant, color comes mostly from plastids in the cytoplasm and from flavonoids in the cell sap. Cells of the petal epidermis may have folded side walls that interlock so as to strengthen the tissue. In some species the outer walls of the epidermis are raised as papillae; apparently, this is part of the means of attracting pollinators, for the papillae are light reflectors. Stamen As a stamen develops, periclinal divisions in the second cell layer of each of its four lobes start a sequence that will end with the shedding of pollen. The first division makes two cell layers. The outer daughter cells give rise to the wall of the pollen sac, and the inner ones are destined to become pollen after further divisions. When mature, a pollen sac typically has a prominent cell layer just below a less distinctive epidermis. The inner wall and the side walls of an endothecium cell carry marked thickenings, but the outer wall does not. Splitting of the ripe anther is due partly to the way in which these differentially thickened walls react to drying and shrinking and partly to the smaller size of the cells along the line of splitting.

See Pollen Carpel Like other floral parts, a carpel is made up of epidermis, parenchyma, and vascular tissue. In addition, a carpel commonly has a special tissue system on which pollen germinates and through which, or along which, pollen tubes are transmitted to the ovules. Most angiosperms have solid styles, and the transmitting tissue is a column of elongate cells whose softened walls are the medium for tubal growth. The epidermis at the stigmatic end of a carpel usually changes to a dense covering of papillae or hairs; the hairs can be unicellular or pluricellular, branched or unbranched. In taxa with hollow styles, the transmitting tissue is a modified epidermis running down the stylar canal. There are two kinds of receptive surfaces, and they are distributed among the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons with taxonomic regularity. One kind has a fluid medium for germinating the pollen, and the other has a dry proteinaceous layer over the cuticle. The proteins of the dry stigmas have a role in the incompatibility reactions that encourage outbreeding.

Ovule Ovule development usually takes place as the gynoecium forms, but it may be retarded when there is a long interval between pollination and fertilization (oaks, orchids). A typical ovule has a stalk (funiculus), a central bulbous body (nucellus), and one or two integuments (precursors of seed coats), which cover the nucellus except for a terminal pore (micropyle). Orientation of the ovule varies from group to group. It can be erect on its stalk or bent one way or another to differing degrees. There are also taxonomic differences in the extent to which the ovule is vascularized by branches from the gynoecial vascular system. See Fruit , Reproduction (plant) Flower a short, limited-in-growth reproductive shoot that performs the functions of microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, pollination (effected by pollen carrier-agents), fertilization, embryonic development, and fruit formation. The flower is borne at the end of a main or lateral stem. The peduncle, the part of the stem that bears the flower, is usually leafless.

Often it is very short and barely visible; in this case the flower is said to be sessile, or attached. The peduncle becomes the short axis of the flower, which is called the flower receptacle, or torus. The variously shaped receptacle is usually broader than the peduncle and is characterized by barely noticeable internodes. Its nodes bear all the various parts of the flower: the sterile sepals and petals and the fertile stamens and carpels. The sepals, which together form the calyx, usually serve as protective organs of the flower, especially before blooming; they often also function as supplementary organs of photosynthesis. The sepals often become petallike, taking on the functions of petals (for example, in Clematis). In some instances, through the process of evolution, the sepals have concresced into a synsepalous calyx. The petals, which serve to attract pollinators, are collectively known as the corolla. The calyx and the corolla together make up the perianth. When the flower has both a calyx and a corolla, the perianth is said to be double.

A simple perianth is one in which the petals are absent or in which there are no marked differences between the calyx and the corolla. In the center of the flower are located the stamens and carpels. The stamens are microsporophylls both in function and in origin. The most primitive ones, as seen in a number of representatives of the families Magnoliaceae and Winteraceae, consist of a broad ribbonlike membrane equipped with four linear microsporangia that are approximate in pairs and that are more or less embedded in the tissue of the membrane. In the course of evolution the stamens gradually became differentiated into the filament and the anther, which consists of two halves joined by a continuation of the filament. The stamens are known collectively as the androecium. The filaments often concresce together or with elements of the perianth or carpels. Sometimes the stamens concresce together by both the filaments and anthers or by the anthers only. The carpels consist of highly modified and specialized megasporophylls.

A single carpel is often called a simple pistil (the term “pistil” is used in various senses, often creating confusion). The most primitive type of carpel is retained in the genera Degeneria (family Degeneriaceae) and Tasmania (family Winteraceae). It consists of a short stalk and a relatively thin adaxially folded (conduplicate) membrane; externally it strongly resembles the conduplicate leaves folded into the bud. Along the carpel pass three conducting bundles (veins), of which the middle or dorsal one branches profusely. Between the middle and lateral veins are numerous ovules. In the early stages of development the margins of the carpels of Degeneria almost do not touch each other; protection of the ovules during flowering is ensured by the proximity of the broad lateral parts of the carpel, which are located between the carpel’s margins and placentas. These approximate internal surfaces concresce only after flowering, that is, during fruit development. The most diverse stages of concrescence are observed in other representatives of Winteraceae. In all flowering plants the carpel has a special glandular tissue, called the stigma, that serves to capture pollen.

In Degeneria and Tasmania the stigma is primitive and extends the entire length of the carpel. The upper part of the carpel usually extends into a slender, sterile columnar process, which supports the stigma above the ovary—the fertile part of the carpel—and serves as a passageway to the pollen tube. This specialized process is called the style or the stylodium (in which case the term “style” is only used in reference to concresced stylodia). In the early stages of evolution, the style is characterized by a descending stigma; in later stages the stigma gradually becomes localized at the top. The aggregate of carpels in the flower is called the gynoecium. The most primitive types of gynoecia with free carpels are called apocarpous; such gynoecia characterize Magnolia, Ranunculus, and Paeonia. In the process of evolution the carpels gradually concresced among themselves, and from the apocarpous gynoecium there emerged the coenocarpous gynoecium, in which the stylodia are free, or concresced to form the style.

The evolution of both the coenocarpous and apocarpous gynoecia was usually accompanied by a decrease in the number of carpels and, in most cases, in the number of ovules. An extreme form is the pseudomonomerous gynoecium, in which a single carpel is fertile and completely developed (as seen in elm, mulberry, nettle, and hemp). Most flowers have nectaries—special excretory organs for the production of nectar. Nectaries originated in the most diverse forms in the evolution of flowering plants and on the most diverse morphological bases, that is, on the most diverse parts of the flower. Primitive types of flowers are characterized by a relatively long receptacle, but in some cases, for example, in Myosurus and some Magnolia, there is a greatly elongated receptacle of secondary origin. In the process of evolution there has been a gradual shortening of the receptacle, as a result of which the flower parts have grown closer together and the initial spiral formation has changed to a cyclic one. The parts of a cyclic flower are usually arranged in whorls; less commonly, they are opposite.

Cyclic flowers are found more frequently than spiral ones. In an intermediate position are spirocyclic flowers, such as those of Ranunculus. Primitive flowers are actinomorphic (regular); that is, they can be divided by a vertical plane passing through the symmetrical axis into equal halves in no less than two directions. Owing to the biology of pollination, actinomorphic flowers gave rise to zygomorphic (irregular) ones, which can be divided into two halves only in a single direction (for example, the blossom of the sweet pea or snapdragon). In contrast to actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, which are both symmetrical, there are also asymmetrical flowers, which cannot be divided into two equal halves by a plane of symmetry (for example, cannas). Flowers may be bisexual or unisexual. Unisexual flowers originated from bisexual ones as a result of the reduction of the stamens in some cases and of the carpels in others. Unisexual flowers often retain the rudiments of stamens and carpels. It is conjectured that the flower is descended from the reproductive shoots of the supposed ancestors of flowering plants—seed ferns.

As a result of shortening, the shoot axis was converted into a receptacle. Simplification of the segmented microsporophylls and megasporophylls resulted in the simple unbranched stamens and carpels of flowering plants. (The hypothesis that the flower is descended from the strobile of Cycadaceae, Gnetaceae, or Bennettitaceae is improbable.) The evolution of the flower, like the evolution of the strobiles of various groups of gymnosperms, set off in various directions. Thus, current theories are based on the proposition that the fundamental parts of the flower—the stamens and carpels—are descended from the sporebearing organs of the ancestors of flowering plants. It is difficult to say with certainty whether these primitive spore cases were somewhat rounded or flat or whether they were achlorophyllous or green. It is most probable that they consisted of flat and more or less simplified, possibly lobular, sporophylls, which, especially if they were megasporophylls, probably partially performed the function of photosynthesis. REFERENCES Flowers (dreams) When we look at flowers, most of us feel some joy and vitality.

At the very least, we appreciate their beauty and see their value. Flowers are beautiful and in our dreams they could represent the simplest feelings of contentment or the deepest feelings of spiritual completeness. A circular flower is a friendly sign that could be the “mandala” symbol or the symbol of wholeness that represents the “psychic center of the personality.” Additionally, the colors could symbolize the psychic centers in our bodies called chakras. Flowers also represent hope and positive growth, along with simplicity, innocence, and possibly virginity. Lilies - The Flower Expert - Flowers Encyclopedia sweetness and purity of heart Easter lily symbol of Virgin Mary Due to its regal beauty and the variety in color and type that can symbolize a variety of meanings, Lilies are also popular flowers for gifting purposes. Among the flower bouquets of lilies, stargazer and cassablanca lily bouquets are the most sought after floral bouquets. Besides bouquets, lily bulbs as well as potted lily plants are also popular gifts. What are True Lilies?

There are many kinds of flowers which have been called "Lilies" but many of these so-called Lilies such as the day-lily, water-lily, and arum-lily, actually belong to other groups of flowering plants. Plants in the Liliales grow from bulbs or corms, both of which will store food over the winter or during the dry season. Unlike other Liliales, these vines produce their flowers in spherical clusters called Umbels, as in Bomarea. True Lilies are composed of fleshy scales without a protective outer coating. True Lilies are never dormant. Different species of Lilies The flowers diffuse a powerful sweet honey perfume. Growing Lilies Lilies are propagated mainly by means of bulbs. They are also grown from seeds, scales, bulbils and bulblets. One can buy lily bulbs online or from a local bulb vendor. Although the lilies grown from seeds are more disease resistant, the only disadvantage with growing lilies from seeds is that the lily plants take a longer time to bloom, and maybe, in some cases, even take five to six years. Hence, bulbs are very much preferred in growing lilies. Lilies are usually planted during fall or spring in the garden.

Lilies can also be grown in containers or outdoors. A cool, porous and well-drained soil is essential for the good growth of lilies. Adding large amounts of organic matter will improve clay or sandy soils. The bulbs will stay in place for several years, so good bed preparation is an investment for the future. The ideal location for Lilies will provides direct sun all morning during the summer, with partial shade during hot afternoon hours. When selecting bulbs, be sure that they do not look dry or shriveled, and plant them immediately. Proper spacing is usually 12 to 18 inches apart but varies according to the variety selected. As soon as the soil has become consistently warm during late spring, apply a 3-inch layer of organic mulch around the plants. The mulch will conserve soil moisture and keep the soil (and bulbs) from becoming too hot during the summer. Lilies Plant Care Lilies do not require daily watering, but when watering, be sure to water deep enough to reach the bulb. Feed the plants with a balanced fertilizer every few weeks during the growing season. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers. Remove seedpods when they appear. Also, remove stems and foliage when leaves become yellow.

The mulch should be removed in late fall. Keep lilies blooming by removing blossoms as they fade. This prevents the plant from expending its energy in producing seed. Other Uses of Lilies The oil extracted from lilies has healing and softening properties. Especially, when the lily fragrance oil is mixed with that of calendula, it works wonderfully for very sensitive skin. Lily oils can be used for massage, in a bath, after a bath, for babies, dry cuticles and elbows, as a facial moisturizer, under-eye oil and hot-oil treatment. Also have a look at some other Flowers Good Day, "Plants With Two Different Colors of Flowers on One Stem If you walk into your garden and see different colors of blooms on the same flower plant, you may start doubting your eyes or questioning your sanity, but don't panic. There are many reasons for plants to have two or more different colored flowers on the same stem, and they can give you extra color without having to plant additional plants. Where Color Comes From Just like eye or hair color in humans and animals, the genetic make-up of the flower determines the color of its petals. Color selection comes from the purpose of the bloom and its operations.

Flowers are the reproductive repository of the plant, and their effectiveness controls the survival of the species. When insects and animals pollinate a plant, it generally has to have bright flowers that will attract the attention of bees and birds, while plants that self-pollinate most often have duller, less showy blooms. Color Changes From Mutations Known as "sports," genetic mutations can change the color of a single or of multiple flowers on a stem, so that one of your red tulips has a white streak down the center, while the rest are still pure red. These mutations are usually random occurrences, and they generally die out or revert to the original color. Breeders, however, will sometimes use stable sports, or "chimeras," to create new plants with the changes. Plants With Changing Bloom Colors Many flowers display one color and gradually change colors over their growing season. Since not all buds open at the same time, this can result in the same stem or plant having different hues at once. Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow plants (Brunfelsia pauciflora "Floribunda") begin with deep purple flowers that gradually become lavender and then white over a three-day span.

"Joseph's Coat" climbing roses (Rosa x "Joseph's Coat") display yellow, pink, orange and red blossoms over their flowering season. Brunfelsia grow well in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 9 to 11, while "Joseph's Coat" is resilient in USDA zones 6 to 10. Hydrangeas may also have multicolored blooms, depending on the season or on the pH level of the soil. Bigleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) will change from pink to blue or purple when the acidity of the soil changes. If you want to see pink blooms, you can add hydrated lime to the water you give the plant, while alum in the water will turn the blooms blue. Peegee hydrangeas (Hydrangea paniculata "Floribunda") will give you white flowers that gradually change to bronze in the fall. Hydrangeas thrive in USDA zones 3 to 9. Multi-Colored Flower Clusters Some plants produce groups or clusters of flowers that have different colors, as well. One example is lantana (Lantana camara), which grows in USDA zones 8 to 11.

The 2-inch flower heads display white, ivory, yellow or darker hues, depending on the variety. "Athens Rose" will add deep pink and yellow blooms to your garden, while "Miss Huff" contributes orange, coral and gold. For deeper oranges, yellows and reds, try "New Red" or "Texas Flame," or choose "Patriot Honeylove" for paler pink, yellow and ivory." Please, see the link....

Question: What colour are the flowers of the various plants known as Celandines?
Answer: Yellow