what is synovial fluid n wat is its rush? What is synovial fluid n wat is its stress? Answers: Synovial fluid is a thick, stringy fluid found contained by the cavities of synovial joint. With its egg-like consistency (synovial comes from Latin for "egg"), synovial fluid reduces friction between the articular cartilage and other tissues contained by joints to lubricate and cushion them during movement. Overview The inner membrane of synovial joint is called the synovial membrane, which secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity. This fluid forms a sunken layer (approximately 50 micrometres) at the surface of cartilage, but also seep into the articular cartilage filling any unfilled space . The fluid within articular cartilage effectively serves as a synovial fluid reserve. During majority movements, the synovial fluid held within the cartilage is squeezed out routinely (so-called weeping lubrication) to maintain a band of fluid on the cartilage surface. more: It is the fluid around closed joints, approaching the knees. It is very momentous to cushion the joint and keep hold of it lubricated and healthy.

Joints that aren't roofed, like the spine, don't hold it, but are cushioned differently. Any of the sites below should have the answer you are looking for :-) Synovial fluid is in adjectives of your freely movable joints. Elbow, Knee ,etc. It's rush is that it keeps your joint lubricated so that there is no friction. So not to mess up your bones. Synovial fluid is a viscous colourless fluid that bathe movable joints between the bones of vertebrates. It nourish and lubricates the cartilage at the end of respectively bone. The normal knees joint is surrounded by a membrane (the synovium) which produces a small amount of gooey fluid (synovial fluid). The synovial fluid helps to provide for the cartilage and keep it slippery. Synovial fluid is secreted by a membrane, the synovium, that links movably jointed bones. The same thoughtful of fluid is found in bursae, the membranous sac that buffer some joints, such as surrounded by the shoulder and hip region.

Viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joint and tendon sheaths etc synovial common is a type of joint that allows free movements of bones..these joint r lined by a synovial membrane that secrete synovial fluid..Synovial fluid is normally a viscous (thick), straw colored substance that help in free movements of bones inwardly the joints..synovial fluid is tested surrounded by suspected joint pathologies..To gain the fluid for analysis, a sterile needle is inserted into the common space through skin that has be specially cleaned. Once in the pooled, fluid is aspirated through the needle into a sterile syringe.. It is consequently examined microscopically for cells (red and white cells), crystals (in the valise of gout), and bacteria. In assimilation, there may be a chemical analysis, and if infection is a concern, a example will be cultured to see if any bacteria grow. Abnormal cohesive fluid may look cloudy or abnormally gluey. Synovial fluid is a thick, stringy fluid found surrounded by the cavities of synovial joint.

With its egg-like consistency (synovial comes from Latin for "egg"), synovial fluid reduces friction between the articular cartilage and other tissues contained by joints to lubricate and cushion them during movement. it is fluid present contained by joint contained by joint cavity.relief in lubrication of unified. synovial fluid is the fluid between your joints it keep the bones from rubbing together synovial fluid s actually fluid ie present surrounded by joints. it help as a lubricating agent for easy movement of joint without injuring the bones. synovial membrane forms the facing of the soft parts that enclose the cavity of a cohesive...the cavity has the synovial fluid it help in th lubrication of the joint.SYNOVITIS is the inflammation of the membrane lining the joint its a substance present between two joints & help in lubrication this is a fluid that s found surrounded by the joints of knees, elbow, etc. its gives the fluidity and flexibility for the movement of joint. inflammation of this leads to arthritis y do u want to know? Related Questions and Answers Ptosis operation results worth it or not? Good question. The results are not always perfect.

It depends on the impose of the ptosis, the degree of the ptosis and the skill of the ophthalmologic or plastic surgeon, perhaps other factors. Ideally your personal physician should be capable of refer you to a specialist whose results he has previously witnessed. Or, you can... Food is broken down by tart surrounded by the stomach...? but what happens to this acid when we drink water. does it catch flushed to the intestines? how does the stomach keep producing enough over and over again? The stomach produces acid for as long as we are alive (or as long as the stomach is on form, anyway), through glands in the... ARTICULATIONS (JOINTS) ARTICULATIONS (JOINTS) The junction between two bones forms joints or an articulation. Joints permit varying degrees of movements. Joints are classified into three groups:ï¿½ immovable, slightly movable and freely movable. Arthroscopy is the science concerned with the study of joints or articulations. The articulations of the body are classified into three areas: a. Fibrous joints: in these joints, the bones are held together by fibro-cartilagenous tissue and the joints have no cavities. b.

Cartilagenous joints: ï¿½In cartilaginous joints, the bones are held together by cartilage. These bone also lack joint cavities. c. Synovial joints: Synovial joints have cartilages covering the articulating surfaces and ligaments that keep the bones together. These joints have fluid-filled joint cavities. IMMOVABLE JOINTS (Fibrous Joints) Immovable joints are called synathrosis joints.ï¿½ The bones that form immovable joints are tightly joined and are separated by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. E.g Skull bones except the mandibles are joined by immovable joints called sutures (they resemble stitches). There are three types of sutures: ï¿½ Serrate suture: ï¿½is characterized by jagged interlocking articulations. ï¿½ Lap suture: the edge of one bone overlap another articulating bone (e.g squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bone). ï¿½ Plane suture: the edges of the articulating bones are fairly smooth (eg. Median palantine suture where maxillae articulate to form the hard palate).

SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS (Cartilagenous Joints) Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthrosis joints. Bone forming slightly movable joints. The bones forming slightly movable joints are separated by a layer of cartilage or fibrous connective tissues.ï¿½ Eg. The joints formedï¿½ by adjacentï¿½ vertebrae contain intervertebral disc formed of cartilage. This arrangement in the vertebrae allow for limited movement.ï¿½ Other examples include the symphysis pubis and sacroiliac joints. FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS (Synovial Joints) Most articulations in the body are produced by freely movable joints. These joints are called diarthrosis joints. The ends of the bones forming these joints are bound together by an articular capsule formed out of ligaments. A synovial membane lines the interior of the capsule and secretes synovial fluid that lubricates the joint. The ends of the bones forming the joints are covered with articular cartilage which protects the bones and reduces friction.ï¿½ Freely movable joints are classified into groups based on their structure and types of movement.

a.ï¿½ Gliding Joint Gliding joints occur between small bones that slide over one another.ï¿½ They occur between carpal bones, tarsal bones and between the clavicle and scapula. b.ï¿½ Condyloid Joints Condyloid joints allow movement in two planes:ï¿½ side to side or back and forth. The joints between carpals and bones of the forearm (ulna and radius) and metacarpals and first phalanges are examples. c.ï¿½ï¿½ Hinge Joint Hinge joint allow movement in one plane only (similar to door hinge). The elbow, knee and joints between phalanges are all hinge joints. d.ï¿½ï¿½ Saddle joint Saddle joints occur where the ends of each bone are saddle-shaped; convex in one direction and concave in the other. Movement is side to side and back and forth. This type of joint is found between the trapezium (a carpal bone) and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. e.ï¿½ï¿½ Pivot joint Pivot joints allow rotational movement in a single plane.

The rotation of the atlas on the axis is an example of a pivot joint. f. Ball and Sucket joint Ball and sucket joint occur in bones where the rounded head fits into the sucket or cavity of another bone. These bones allow the greatest degree of movement.ï¿½ Movement may be rotational or in any plane. The shoulder and hip joints are ball and sucket joints. MOVEMENT IN SYNOVIAL JOINTS Two types of movements are discussed: Angular and Circular movements. 1.ï¿½ Angular joints: increase or decr the joint angle produced by articulating bone. Four types of angular movements are : flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. ï¿½ Flexion:ï¿½ movement that decr the joint angle on an anterior-posterior plane. Ex. Bending the elbow or knee ï¿½ Extension:ï¿½ the reverse of flexion; the angle joint is increased; returns the body to anatomical position. The angle formed is 180ï¿½ an exception is the ankle joint which forms 90ï¿½.

ï¿½ Abduction:ï¿½ Movement of body part away from the main axis of the body or away from the midsagittal plane in a lateral direction. Examples:. Moving the arm inwards, away from the body or spreading the fingers apart. ï¿½ Adduction:ï¿½ The opposite of abduction is the movement of a body part towards the main axis of the body. 2. Circular Movement ï¿½ Rotation:ï¿½ movement of a bone around its own axis e.g turning the head from side to side and twisting at the waist.ï¿½ Supination is a specialized rotation of the forearm that results in the palm being turnedï¿½ forward. Pronation is the opposite of supination. Movement of the forearm results in the palm being directed backwards. Applied to the foot pronation involves eversion (movement outward) and inversion (movement inward). ï¿½ Circumduction: movement of body part resulting in the formation or tracing of cone-shaped airspace. Ex. The shoulder, wrist, trunk, hip and ankle joints What Is the Definition of a Joint? What Is the Definition of a Joint?

Search the site By Elizabeth Quinn Updated April 20, 2016 In anatomy, the term "joint" refers to the physical point of connection between two bones. For example, the knee joint refers to the point of connection between the femur, or thigh bone , and the tibia, or shin bone. Joints also contain a variety of fibrous connective tissue such as ligaments, which connect the bones together and tendons which connect muscle to bone and cartilage, which covers the ends of bones and provides some cushioning. The most common joints, freely movable joints in the body are called synovial joints . Synovial joints are surrounded by a fibrous tissue or sac called the joint capsule. This capsule surrounds the joint and is filled with a fluid called synovial fluid that lubricates the tissues and spaces within this capsule. Joint Types There are several types of joints. They include: ball and socket joints Joints can move in a variety of ways. The main type of joint movement include: Gliding Rotation Range of Motion of a Joint A majority of the human body’s joints allow for movement. A few, like joints in the skull, do not.

Those joints that do allow for motion, such as the knee or ankle, have a predetermined range of motion. This range of motion is basically how far is each direction that joint can move or bend comfortably. The range of motion of a joint is usually measured in degrees. Each individual joint has a separate range of motion . Typically, extension of a joint is limited to 180 degrees or less. In other words, that joint can basically be opened until it is straight. Think of your arm or leg as an example, as these can be bent until they are virtually straight. Extension Extension is the bending of a joint so that the bones forming the joint are moved farther apart, or straightened. Extension is a physical position that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint. It occurs when muscles contract and bones move the joint into a bent position. Flexion Flexion is the bending of a particular joint so that the bones that form that joint are pulled closer together. During flexion, the angle between the bones of limb at a joint is decreased. Flexion typically occurs when muscles contract and the bones thus move the nearby joint into a curved position.

Flexion is a physical position that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint. It occurs when muscles contract and bones move the joint into a bent position. History The word "joint" is from the Latin word that means a joining or a junction, as bones are joined at a joint. Continue Reading What are synovial joints? | Reference.com What are synovial joints? A: Quick Answer Synovial joints are joints with bone ends that are enclosed in a capsule containing synovial fluid, according to the TRB Chemedica. The ends of the bones are composed of a smooth layer of a tough, rubbery substance called cartilage. Strong, fibrous tissue makes up the capsule, which is lined with a membrane known as the synovial membrane. Full Answer The BBC explains that all synovial joints consist of synovial fluid, a synovial memrane, cartilage, a tendon and a ligament. Cartilage serves as a shock absorber and reduces friction. Synovial fluid lubricates joints, while synovial membrane produces synovial fluid. Tendons join muscle-to-bone, enabling movements, whereas ligaments join bone-to-bone movements and stabilize the joint.

Limbs use joint actions to move in various directions. There are six ways that synovial joints move, says Dawn A. Tamarkin of the Springfield Technical Community College. Ball-and-socket joints allow for freedom of rotation and back-and-forth movement in all planes. Condyloid joints let bones move in different directions, although the bones cannot rotate. Plane joints provide plenty of flexibility in movement direction, but they have a limited distance in movement. Hinge joints enable easier movement in one plane, without twisting or sliding side-to-side movements. Pivot joints allow bones to spin around on other bones, and saddle joints enable movement between bones with concavities and convexities. Lubricate Your Joints Naturally | alive Lubricate Your Joints Naturally Updated On Jul 30, 2015 Published On January 1, 2005 Written By Dale Gordon, ND Unhappy joints can be a pain—reducing your range of motion, limiting your activity, and making you wince with any sudden movement. Learn how to naturally maintain joint health, by using supplements that support proper lubrication and reduce inflammation, while avoiding food sensitivities that can aggravate joint tissue.

If you feel like the Tin Man from the Wizard of Oz and wish that someone would come along with an oil can, you are not alone. The good news is that nutritional supplements can help. Your joints are a marvel of engineering, designed to maintain their lubrication with synovial fluid (the thick colorless liquid that surrounds joints). When you move your joints, these fluids splash over the parts of the joint not reached by blood vessels that supply nutrition and lubrication, allowing the bones to glide over each other. Glucosamine sulphate nourishes the cells of both the synovial membrane and fluid. These cells require first a sugar (glucose) and second, a protein (amino) for cell metabolism. In 1980, a German study underlined the importance of a sufficient supply of glucosamine for the joints.

The study also noted that “non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cortico- steroids inhibit this synthesis.” (You will notice that glucosamine rebuilds cell lubricants, not just tissue.) Another 1998 study explained that while glucosamine benefits the synthesis of cartilage, there is the “additional possibility that glucosamine stimulates synovial production of hyaluronic acid (HA), which is primarily responsible for the lubricating and shock-absorbing properties of the synovial fluid.” This fluid is decreased in those with osteoarthritis. The second method of improving joint lubrication is to control inflammation by using natural anti-inflammatories such as essential fatty acids (EFAs) and antioxidants. You may have heard that fish oil can lubricate your joints; this notion does have scientific merit. A new study at Cardiff University in Britain concluded that supplementation with omega-3 oils , essential fatty acids found in fish oils, “modulate the expression and activity of degradative and inflammatory factors that cause cartilage destruction during arthritis,” thus alleviating “physiological parameters that cause and propagate arthritic disease.” Researchers also noted that other oils did not bring the same results.

Oils from salmon and tuna contain a key omega-3 EFA called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which inhibits a type of prostaglandin hormone. This hormone both increases inflammatory substances, while at the same time increases prostaglandins that inhibit inflammation. Salmon oil, which contains 18 percent EPA, is amazing in reducing inflammation and pain and increasing joint flexibility. Grape seed extract may have better antioxidant activity than other free radical scavengers, according to a 1998 study by D Bagchi. The active ingredient that brings these good results is called proanthocyanadin (sometimes called leucanthocyanadin), which destroys damaging oxygen molecules and turns off the body’s inflammation response. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis often have disturbances in iron metabolism. Large numbers of fereitin molecules were observed in the synovial lining cells in recent research. Interestingly, another study established that grape seed extract has the ability to chelate excess iron, even from heart tissue, thereby minimizing damage. Since food sensitivities can make joint tissue react in a similar way, the anti-inflammatory effect of grape seed extract can minimize allergies and autoimmune responses affecting the joints.

Bilberry increases blood flow in very small arterioles. This may help deliver needed nutrition to deteriorating joints. Silica, found in horsetail herb or the colloidal silicea preparation, helps strengthen connective tissue and cartilage and helps the body and bones to absorb calcium. It is also believed to benefit joint fluid viscosity. A Friend in Organic Sulphur Methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) is a natural form of organic sulphur and one of the most recent popular discoveries in managing arthritis. It is a critical component of cellular proteins. Hair, nails, skin and glutathione (one of the body’s most important antiox-idants) can suffer if MSM is depleted. Combining MSM with glucosamine sulphate can make both treatments work better than either one taken alone. (The sulphur component produces most of the benefits.) The standard adult dose of six to 12 grams daily is most effective when combined with vitamin C (three to six grams daily). Tagged In chapter 8 Joints - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. chapter 8 Joints What is the structural classification of joints based on?

What are the 3 structural classifications? the material that binds the bones together fibrous synovial What are the 3 functional classifications of joints? Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses (functional classiication is based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint). Advertisement ) What are some examples of synarthroses joints? Sutures or joints in the skull bones. What are amphiarthroses slightly movable; common in axial skeleton What is diarthroses? highly moveable (AKA Synovial joints) What are the three types of fibrous joints? sutures Articulating bones bound tightly together by fibrous connective tissue (sutures, tibiofibular (syndesmoses), gomphoses). What joints of the skull are classified as a Fibrous (Synarthrodial) immovable joint? Sutures, teeth, mandible and maxillae Sutures -seams between the bones of the skull Synostoses When the bones have completely fused across the suture line what are syndesmoses? connective tissue ligament, movement varies ex.

connection between tibia and fibula tooth to socket held by fibrous peridontal ligaments cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 2 types of cartilaginous joints 1. synchondroses Plate/bar oh hyaline cartalige that unites bones Synarthrotic -Thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from bone. -Include: vertebral joints, pubic symphysis -Classification: Amphiarthrodial articulating bones are seperated by fluid-containing joint cavity limb joints and most joints of body Synovial Joints 8 features: 6. nerves and blood vessels 7.

fatty pads another name for articular discs menisci thickened part of joint capsule articular cartilage thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space Fibrous capsule dense irregular connective tissue, strengthens joints synovial fluid the fluid produced by the synovial membrane, which provides lubrication and a shock-absorbing cushion in synovial joints weeping lubrication when articular cartilage squeezes out synovial fluid with pressure What are the 6 types of synovial joints? 1. Plane joints small, cushion-like sacs found between moving body parts, making movement easier tendon sheath elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon ex. wrist 3 factors that influence the stability of synovial joints shapes articular surfaces what ball and socket joint is the most stable by the shape of articular surface/ hip the more ligaments a joint has the stronger it is. yes or no? yes small amt. of tension in the muscle due to weak involuntary contractions What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule? 1. outer fibrous layer 2. inner synovial tissue layer (McGavin) How do bursae and tendon sheaths improve joint function?

they help to reduce friction during joint movement. What factor is most important in stabilizing synovial joints? muscle tendons that cross the joint What is the importance of weeping lubrication? nourishes and lubricates the joint surfaces what term is a synonym for "joint" articulation What functional joint class contains the least mobile joints? synarthroses of Sutures, symphyses and synchondroses, which are cartilaginous joints? symphyses and synchondroses are cartilaginous joints. how are joint mobility and stability related? The more stable a joint is the less mobile it is. On the basis of movement allowed, which of the following joints are uniaxial? Hindge, condyloid, saddle, pivot. hinge and pivot joints are uniaxial joints. of the 5 joints studied in more detail-hip, shoulder, elbow, knee, and temporomandibular-which two have menisci? knee and tmj which 2 joints act as uniaxial hinge? knee and elbow which joint depends mainly on muscles and tendons for stability? shoulder what does the term arthritis mean?

inflammation of the joint what is lyme disease cause by? spirochaete -rash around tick bite and elsewhere -headaches, body aches, flu-like symptoms -several months later- arthritis -may shift from one joint to another -neurological problems eventually (numbness, headaches, facial paralysis) -occasional hear abnormalities Chronic progressive arthritis w/ stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine arthrology Surgical repair or replacement of a joint Chondromalacia Patellae abnormal softening of the patella because of thinning and uneven wear. The thigh muscle pulls the patella in a crooked path that wears away the underside of the bone. Rheumatism A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with joint pain synovitis inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint what is the effect of regular exercise on joint health and structure strengthens and nourishes them how does age affect joints? ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken, intervertebral discs can herniate, and osteoarthritis shows up when do synovial joints resemble those of adults? week 8 in utero What is the muscle's Origin?

The immovable or less movable bone attached to the muscle. What is a muscle's Insertion? The movable bone attached to the muscle. nonaxial movement slipping movements only, since there is no axis around which movement can occur uniaxial movement movement in or around all three planes 3 general types of muscle movement gliding, angular,rotation gliding movements one flat bone surface glides or slips over another; occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints and between the articular processes of the vertebrae (plane joints) angular movements increase or decrease in the angle between articulation bones -flexion, extension,hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction flexion decreases the angle of a joint What is extension? Increase in the angle of a joint.

abduction movement away from the midline of the body adduction movement towards midline of the body circumduction circular movement of a limb at the far end Rotation Turning of a bone around it's own axis medial rotation rotation toward the midline of the body lateral rotation rotation away from the midline of the body Supination The act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is forward and upward pronation Uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane, flexion and extension only Pivot Joints Rounded end of one bone conforms to the sleeve or ring composed of bone or ligaments of another. only allows uniaxial rotation around the bone's long axis •Oval-shaped projection fits into convex oval depression •Biaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible wrist and metacarpal joint Saddle Joint the end of each bone is shaped like a saddle which fit together to form the joint This joint allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction and opposition Ex: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?

*The knee joint Describe the purpose of the menisci in the knee to absorb compressive forces to reduce pressure across the knee to deepen the socket of the knee, further stabilizing the joint subcutaneous prepatellar bursa often injured when the knee is bumped anteriorly what 2 ligaments prevent hyperextension of the knee? capsular and extracapsular lateral (fibular) collateral ligament LCL - reinforces the lateral surface of the knee joint - runs from femur to fibula to prevent lower leg from moving too medially Oblique popliteal ligament Stabilizes posterior aspect of the knee joint Arcuate popliteal ligament Back of the knee, restricts extension forward from the knee runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia limits hypertension of the knee and prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur stretched or torn in about 70% of all serious knee injuries posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Joints Structural classification of joints - based on the material binding the bones together 1)fibrous: the articulating bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue.

There is no joint cavity 2)cartilaginous: the articulating bones are held together by cartilage. There is no joint cavity 3)synovial: ligaments aid in supporting the articulating bones. There is a joint cavity Functional classification of joints - based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint 1)synarthroses: immovable joints 2)amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints 3)diarthroses: freely movable joints synovial fluid is produced by a highly vascular synovial membrane found on the inside of the joint capsule. Discussion based on the structural classification of joints Fibrous Joints Sutures - only found in the skull. A thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue binds the articulating bones types of sutures: 2) Lap - bone overlaps bone - example: squamous suture between temporal and parietal bones 3) plane - edges of articulating bones are fairly smooth.

- example: maxillary suture between the two halves of the hard palate 4) synostosis - only found during skull growth - between halves of the frontal bone - if fusion does not occur it is called a mytopic suture Syndesmoses - bones held together by collagenous fibers or interosseous ligaments - example: distal ends of tibia/fibula and radius/ulna Gomphoses - a ï¿½peg in a socketï¿½ fibrous joint - the only example of this type of joint in the human is a tooth in a bony alveolar socket Cartilagenous joints Synchondroses - have a temporary plate of hyaline cartilage - example: epiphyseal plate. Once ossified it is called a synostosis. Symphyses - a pad of fibrocartilage separates bones. - example: symphyses pubis and intervertebral disc Synovial Joints - in this type of joint the articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity. These joints are freely movable and are functionally diarthroses. They have five distinguishing characteristics. 1.

articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage covers the ends of the opposing bones 2. joint cavity - a potential space that is filled with lubricating synovial fluid 3. articular capsule - a double membrane capsule surrounding the joint cavity. The inner layer is the synovial embrane which is responsible for the production of synovial fluid. The out layer is a fibrous connective issue that is continuous with the periosteum of the bone 4. synovial fluid - the lubricating fluid of the joint. It is essentially a filtrate of blood plasma with hyaluronic cid. 5. reinforcing ligaments - surround the joint to give it extra strength. There are three types of reinforcing ligaments a. intrinsic - are thicked parts of the joint capsule b. extrinsic - extracapsular ligaments c. intracapsular ligaments - deep to the joint capsule There are many factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint. 1. the shapes of the articular surfaces 2. the size and number of ligaments surrounding the joint 3.

the tone of the muscle acting across the joint There are generally 6 types of synovial joints: 1) gliding - side to side, back and forth, some rotation 2) hinge - bending in one plane 3) pivot - rotation about an axis - example: proximal radius and ulna, atlas and axis 4) condyloid - up and down, side to side - example: metacarpal/phalanges, radio-carpal joint 5) saddle - base of thumb - example: trapezium with 1st metacarpal 6) ball and socket - greatest range of movement of all joints -example: hip and shoulder Discussion based on the functional classification of joints Synarthroses immovable joints (sutures and synchondroses) Sutures - only found in the skull. A thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue binds the articulating bones types of sutures: Symphyses - a pad of fibrocartilage separates bones.

- example: symphyses pubis and intervertebral disc Syndesmoses - bones held together by collagenous fibers or interosseous ligaments - example: distal ends of tibia/fibula and radius/ulna Diarthroses - freely movable joints with a joint capsule containing synovial fluid generally there are 6 types 1) gliding - side to side, back and forth, some rotation 2) hinge - bending in one plane 3) pivot - rotation about an axis - example: proximal radius and ulna, atlas and axis 4) condyloid - up and down, side to side - example: metacarpal/phalanges, radio-carpal joint 5) saddle - base of thumb - example: trapezium with 1st metacarpal 6) ball and socket - greatest range of movement of all joints -example: hip and shoulder In diarthroses the amount of movement at the joint is limited by 3 major factors 1) the structure of the bones in the joint 2) the strength and tautness of the associated ligaments, tendons, and joint capsule 3) size, arrangement, and action of the muscles that

 span the joint Do the bones of a diarthroses come in contact with each other?

NO only the articular cartilages contact each other. Also see menisci in the knee Bursa - pouchlike sacs filled with synovial fluid, usually found between muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone. Functions as a cushion. Tendon sheath - modified bursa - surrounds and lubricates tendons of certain muscles Movements Movements can be angular or circular 1) angular - increase or decrease the joint angle. the four types of angular movement are flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. 2) circular - movement covering an arc 2 types 1) rotation - movement of a bone around its axis, no lateral displacement, i.e. turning head side to side, pronation/supination 2) circumduction - produces a circular or cone like pattern Levers - magnify the force applied to a system to produce a greater force for movement there are 4 components of a lever 1) a rigid bar 3) a resistance (object that is moved) 4) force (effort) there are three types of levers 1) 1st class lever - the fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the resistance i.e.

skull at atlantooccipital joint. Weight of face and skull = resistance Neck muscles = effort 2) 2nd class lever - resistance positioned between the fulcrum and the effort, i.e. wheelbarrow Calf muscles to raise up on toes 3) 3rd class lever - effort lies between the fulcrum and the resistance This is the most common lever type in the body i.e. flexion at the elbow effort = biceps brachii Joints - Medical Terminology - 78 Steps Health Journal 78 Steps Health Journal Joints Last Updated on Mon, 06 Apr 2015 | Medical Terminology The joints or articulations are classified according to the degree of movement they allow. A suture is an immovable joint held together by fibrous connective tissue , as is found between the bones of the skull (see Fig. 19-2). A symphysis is a slightly movable joint connected by fibrous cartilage. Examples are the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae (see Fig. 19-3) and the joint between the pubic bones (see Fig. 19-4).

A freely movable joint is called a synovial joint or diarthrosis. Such joints allow for a wide range of movements, as described in Chapter 20. Tendons attach muscles to bones to produce movement at the joints. Freely moveable joints are subject to wear and tear, and they therefore have some protective features. The cavity of a diarthrotic joint contains synovial fluid, which cushions and lubricates the joint. This fluid is produced by the synovial membrane that lines the joint cavity. The ends of the articulating bones are cushioned and protected by cartilage. Synovial joints are stabilized and strengthened by ligaments, which connect the articulating bones. A bursa is a small sac of synovial fluid that cushions the area around a joint. Bursae are found at stress points between tendons, ligaments, and bones. 17 ' 1 ' J Immovable joint | Article about immovable joint by The Free Dictionary Immovable joint | Article about immovable joint by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Legal , Financial , Wikipedia . joint, in anatomy, juncture between two bones.

Some joints are immovable, e.g., those that connect the bones of the skull, which are separated merely by short, tough fibers of cartilage. Movable joints are found for the most part in the limbs. Hinge joints provide a forward and backward motion, as at the elbow and knee. Pivot joints permit rotary movement, like the turning of the head from side to side. Ball-and-socket joints, like those at the hip and shoulder, allow the greatest range of movement, as the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow or socket of another bone, separated by elastic cartilage. Joints can further be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Collagen fibers connect fibrous joints. Synovial joints ease movement through the use of a lubricating liquid, supplied by the synovial membrane that lines movable joints. In synovial joints, a cushioning sac known as a bursa bursa , closed fibrous sac lined with a smooth membrane, producing a viscous lubricant known as synovial fluid. Bursas are found in regions where muscles or tendons rub against other muscles, tendons, or bones. ..... Click the link for more information.

contains the fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the joint. Those joints which lack synovial fluid are nourished by blood. Holding the joints in place are strong ligaments ligament , strong band of white fibrous connective tissue that joins bones to other bones or to cartilage in the joint areas. The bundles of collagenous fibers that form ligaments tend to be pliable but not elastic. ..... Click the link for more information. fastened to the bones above and below the joint. Joints are subject to sprains sprain, stretching or wrenching of the ligaments and tendons of a joint, often with rupture of the tissues but without dislocation. Sprains occur most commonly at the ankle, knee, or wrist joints, causing pain, swelling, and difficulty in moving the involved joint. ..... Click the link for more information. and dislocations, as well as to infections and disorders caused by such diseases as arthritis arthritis, painful inflammation of a joint or joints of the body, usually producing heat and redness. There are many kinds of arthritis. In its various forms, arthritis disables more people than any other chronic disorder. ..... Click the link for more information. .

In recent years, the use of artificial joints has become increasingly common, particularly in hip and knee replacement. Many orthopedic surgeons now perform operations of this sort, using metal or plastic replacement joints in order to relieve pain, or to prevent or correct joint deformity. joint, in geology, fracture in rocks along which no appreciable movement has occurred (see fault fault, in geology, fracture in the earth's crust in which the rock on one side of the fracture has measurable movement in relation to the rock on the other side. Faults on other planets and satellites of the solar system also have been recognized. ..... Click the link for more information. ). Nearly vertical, or sheet, joints that result from shrinkage during cooling are commonly found in igneous rocks. Similar joints occur in thick beds of sandstone and gneiss, with the sheets resembling the structure of a sliced onion. The prismatic joints of the Palisades of New Jersey and Devil's Tower, Wyoming, are examples of joints caused by contraction during the cooling of fine-grained igneous rock masses. Deep-seated igneous rocks often have joints approximately parallel to the surface, suggesting that they formed by expansion of the rock mass as overlying rocks were eroded away.

Some joints in sedimentary rocks may have formed as the result of contraction during compaction and drying of the sediment. In some cases, jointing of the rock may result from the action of the same forces that cause folds fold, in geology, bent or deformed arrangement of stratified rocks. These rocks may be of sedimentary or volcanic origin. Although stratified rocks are normally deposited on the earth's surface in horizontal layers (see stratification), they are often found inclined or curved ..... Click the link for more information. and faults. In relatively undisturbed sedimentary rocks, such joints are often in two vertical sets perpendicular to one another. Commonly, streams develop along zones of weakness caused by joints in rocks, and thus the regional pattern of joint orientation often exerts a strong control on the development of drainage patterns. Joint (anatomy) The structural component of an animal skeleton where two or more skeletal elements meet, including the supporting structures within and surrounding it. The relative range of motion between the skeletal elements of a joint depends on the type of material between these elements, the shapes of the contacting surfaces, and the configuration of the supporting structures.

In bony skeletal systems, there are three general classes of joints: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Synarthroses are joints where bony surfaces are directly connected with fibrous tissue, allowing very little if any motion. Synarthroses may be further classified as sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. Sutures are joined with fibrous tissue, as in the coronal suture where the parietal and frontal bones of the human skull meet. Syndesmoses are connected with ligaments, as are the shafts of the tibia and fibula. The roots of a tooth that are anchored in the jaw bone with fibrous tissue form a gomphosis. Amphiarthroses are joints where bones are directly connected with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage and allow only limited motion. An amphiarthrosis joined with fibrocartilage, as found between the two pubic bones of the pelvis, is known as a symphysis; but when hyaline cartilage joins the bones, a synchondrosis is formed, an example being the first sternocostal joint.

The greatest range of motion is found in diarthrodial joints, where the articulating surfaces slide and to varying degrees roll against each other. See Ligament The contacting surfaces of the bones of a diarthrodial joint are covered with articular cartilage, an avascular, highly durable hydrated soft tissue that provides shock absorption and lubrication functions to the joint (see illustration). Articular cartilage is composed mainly of water, proteoglycans, and collagen. The joint is surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule lined with synovium, which produces lubricating synovial fluid and nutrients required by the tissues within the joint. Joint motion is provided by the muscles that are attached to the bone with tendons. Strong flexible ligaments connected across the bones stabilize the joint and may constrain its motion. Different ranges of motion result from several basic types of diarthrodial joints: pivot, gliding, hinge, saddle, condyloid, and ball-and-socket. See Collagen Cross section of the human knee showing its major components Joint The space between the stones in masonry or between the bricks in brick work. In concrete work, joints control the shrinkage on large areas and isolate independent elements.

angle joint Any joint formed by uniting two members at a corner which results in a change of direction. bevel joint Any joint in which the ends of the two abutting elements are cut at an angle, especially when not forming a right angle. blind joint

Question: What is the fluid that lubricates and cushions the movable joints between the bones?
Answer: Synovial fluid