What is Mycology? How do I become a Mycologist? What Mycology Schools are there? WHAT IS FUNGAL MOLD MYCOLOGY? Fungal Mold Mycology is a field of scientific inquiry in the life sciences that studies microscopic forms in the FUNGI kingdom. Fungi are not plants or animals, have no legs, wings or any superior intellect but are very interesting and relevant to human health. I commonly refer to fungal mold to more accurately describe the deutromycota a group of fungi that have formations that may only be viewed microscopically. WHAT IS SO INTERESTING ABOUT FUNGI? A medical mycologist molecular biologist will tell you that in the study of fungi they reveal themselves as far more interesting than humans due to the various morphologies within the same species of many genera - where else do you find dimorphs, telemorphs and anamorphs so dramatically in life? Did you know some fungi actually have locomotion abilities? Like animals they actually move on their own with a purpose upon their prey! WHY ARE FUNGI IMPORTANT TO STUDY?

In terms of toxicity once one understands that Aflatoxins B / G and M1, Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Patulin and Zearalenone found in our foods are carefully regulated in the European Union and that only one of those are regulated in the USA that being Aflatoxin it is clear that it is a matter of time when US regulations will recognize the EU standard. These toxins are the source of some many of the diseases afflicting the American people and costing millions in added health care costs. Our failure to regulate these toxins is one of the major reasons the EU does not import American food. On a molecular level fungal DNA in many ways is more like human DNA than plant DNA. This interesting fact presents some very challenging research issues and problems relating to human health. This is one of the major reasons why we study mycology. WHAT DOES FUNGAL DNA TELL US? Not much that is immediately relevant. There is a tendency for many to believe that now we have DNA from mold we can determine in a relative instant its specie and everything else about including the risk it may present. This is a very simplistic and an understandable view but it it far more complex.

We know mold adapts to its environment and resulting variations in expressed morphology, production of allergens, toxins and their resulting associated risks. We also know that 25% of the human population has genetically predisposed innate sensitivity to fungal mold. WHY HAS MOLD FUNGI BECOME A PROBLEM RECENTLY? Fungal mold has always been with us but since the advent of the world wide web and access to knowledge of potential risks associated with mold humans are getting back into thinking and rightfully looking closer at things that can affect their health. Mold has always been a real concern. Fungal mold has had relevance to human health and has been documented as early as 1400 B.C./E. in detail within the Talmud Torah. Here Moses, the author of the Book of Leviticus, (See Lev. IV: XXXIII-LXVII) interestingly provides instruction and laws to guide his people in both identifying and treating mold. (3500 years ago!) SHOULD HUMANS REALLY WORRY ABOUT MOLD FUNGI? Mold fungi contributes to many problems such as asthma and allergies.

Mold infects many parts of the anatomy and can grow on/in the heart, spine, brain, the eyes, lungs and intestines and nearly anywhere else in the human and animal body. The worldwide community of medical mycologists and scientists have indicted fungal molds for being behind many of the diseases for which the cause or etiology is unknown or idiopathic. WHICH HUMAN POPULATIONS ARE AT MOST RISK? Generally those with weak or immature immune systems are especially vulnerable but as time goes by we are seeing many more that are fully immuocompetent that are infected. This includes infants, children, the elderly and especially people that have been on a regimen of antibiotics have been determined to be most susceptible to the dangers of mold. Note: I know of scientists have abandoned mycology research because of the dangers of working with it - yes mold injures health, it can and will kill you if safety precautions are not followed while working with it. But if you are healthy, immuocompetent and have not had a serious and prolonged exposure to mold you need not be fearful as long as you work with it in safety. Be knowledgeable and fear not. WILL FUNGAL MOLD INFECT OUR PETS?

Yes, sadly your pets can get infected and often detected too late. If you suspect a fungal infection take your pet to the vet right away since most vets are good at identifying fungal infections in domesticated animals. See the veterinary mycology section for more on this subject. Interestingly, often when people say they are allergic to pets it is really not the pet at fault but mold growing on the dander due for a want of grooming. I do not support the current attempted practice of the use of dogs for detecting mold. See mold dogs . HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MYCOLOGIST? Many years of study, practical lab and field work with fungi in universities, hospitals, industry or food fields. Mycologists are found in many areas such as food processing, infection control and management in hospitals, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Academics offers only the beginning of a start for a life long study. . Mycologist | Define Mycologist at Dictionary.com The branch of science dealing with the study of fungi. my·col'o·gist n. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. How to Become a Mycologist - Career Guide & Jobs | Academic Invest How to Become a Mycologist - Career Guide & Jobs Home >> Science careers >> Biology careers >> How To Become A Mycologist How to Become a Mycologist: Career Guide Becoming a mycologist takes a combination of education, an interest in plants and a passion for science and nature, the proper skill set, and knowing where to look for a job. Below we've outlined what you'll need to succeed in a career as a mycologist. We've also included helpful information for a mycologist career, such as job description, job duties, salary expectations, a list of possible employers and much more! Mycologist Job Description Mycologists are responsible for studying the properties of fungi, which are classified as an independent field of organisms. They may be employed by government agencies, universities, corporations or private research organizations.

Mycologist Job Duties • Study fungi found in plants, animals and humans • May study mushrooms exclusively or other forms of fungi that can cause problems for humans, plants and animals • Research the cell structure of fungi • Identify and study how fungi reproduce and grow • Research how fungi can be used to produced food Education Needed to Become a Mycologist To become a mycologist, you need to begin by earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology, Mycology, Botany or a closely related field. While you are earning your undergraduate degree, you should be getting a good idea of where your interests and ambitions lie for your specialty in mycology. If you want to become a mycologist who works as a consultant in the health, pharmaceutical, environmental, horticulture or agriculture sectors, you will need a master’s degree in biology, mycology or a related field. To become a mycologist who works in research and university teaching positions a PhD in Biology or Mycology is needed. Many mycologists also choose to continue their training as post-doctoral fellows after receiving their Ph.Ds.

Most colleges and universities in Canada and the United States offer a biology program with a specialization in mycology, and many of them allow you to customize your course load to some extent, based on your career goals and interests. Success Tip: Working in a lab as a student can be great for your resume, contact your professors to see if they need extra help, or know of someone who does! Mycologist Salary It's difficult to determine how much mycologists make, as it is very difficult to acquire accurate information regarding their salary levels. However, the U.S Labor and Statistics Bureau reports that the median salary for Microbiologists, who typically perform duties very similar to those of mycologists, was $65,920 USD per year. In Canada, the numbers are a little different. According to the 2011 Alberta Wage and Salary Survey, those working the in Biologists and Related Scientists occupational group (which includes mycologists) in Alberta earned an average wage of $26.73 to $62.00 per hour. Please Note: Salary levels can vary greatly for mycologists, depending on the level of education, who the employer is, and the amount of experience of the mycologist.

Work Environment for Mycologists Mycologists typically either spend their time out in the field collecting samples, in laboratories performing research, in offices giving presentations, or in classrooms conducting lectures. Mycologists may encounter some danger in their work, as some forms of fungi can pose serious health risks for humans. As a result, mycologists may have to wear protective clothing, gloves and masks in certain situations. Careers Similar to Mycologist Listed below are jobs that are similar in nature to Mycologist, as they may involve many of the same skills, competencies and responsibilities. What does a Mycologist do? (with pictures) What does a Mycologist do? Last Modified Date: 13 January 2017 Copyright Protected: 10 most extreme places on Earth A mycologist is a scientist who studies fungi . The kingdom of fungi is quite large and, as a result, the nature of the work a mycologist performs is highly variable. Mycologists can be found working everywhere from breweries to pharmaceutical companies. Working mycologists typically have advanced degrees in mycology and some have completed postgraduate work. Some mycologists are interested in fungal genetics.

They study the DNA of molds, mushrooms, and other members of the fungi kingdom to learn more about them. A genetic mycologist may use this information to assist people with taxonomy, the classification of organisms. Genetics can also be valuable to understanding how some fungi produce toxins, when and why some fungi evolved, and how fungi have adapted to their environments. Geneticists work primarily in lab environments, using samples of fungi to study with the assistance of gene sequencing equipment. Other mycologists are interested in how fungi cause disease. Fungi are widely distributed disease causing organisms which can infect plants, animals, and people. A mycologist who is interested in this particular branch of the field may study how fungi infect people, what kinds of toxins they produce and how they work, and how to prevent or treat fungal infections . Fungal infections range from infections of the nail, which can cause cosmetic damage, to devastating plant infestations which can ruin crops. There is a great deal of room for research in this field. Ad A mycologist can also apply his skills to making fungi useful for humans and learning how fungi can be harnessed for people.

Fungi can be used in the production of some medications, and many mycologists work in the pharmaceutical industry, cultivating and studying fungi to develop new medications and refine existing ones. Some of the most widely studied and used fungi in the world are yeasts, and mycologists who focus on yeast may work with beer or bread, two food products made with yeast. They may develop new recipes, as well as new strains of yeasts which can be used by everyone from home bakers to commercial breweries. Fungi are also used for other human purposes, like making dyes, enriching soil for farmers, and remediating environmental pollution. Mycologists study the myriad ways in which fungi can be applied and develop new methods for working with fungi to improve the consistency, quality, and safety of projects conducted with fungi. This type of research can involve field work, experiments in controlled environments, and study in the lab. Ad Mycologist: Job Description, Duties and Requirements Mycologist: Job Description, Duties... Mycologist: Job Description, Duties and Requirements Degree programs in mycology examine fungi, such as mushrooms and molds. Learn about some career options, job growth and salary info for mycology graduates.

Mycologists study fungi and often teach at universities or colleges. They may also conduct research to better understand the health benefits of fungi. Both mycology professors and pharmacological mycologists must have a Ph.D. Essential Information Mycologists, who are biologists who study fungi, can pursue a range of different jobs depending on what type of work interests them. Some mycologists are academics and take on professorships at universities, where they typically conduct research, in addition to teaching biology courses. Other mycologists with interests in medicine may pursue pharmacological jobs and research the health and healing benefits of fungi. Both of these career options typically require a Ph.D. Career Titles 16% for all postsecondary biological sciences teachers 4% for all microbiologists $75,320 for all postsecondary biological sciences teachers $67,550 for all microbiologists Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Job Description of a Mycology Professor A mycology professor is a university or college teacher whose job is two-fold. First, he or she must instruct students about the study of fungi, either as a separate field or within the field of biology.

In addition, the mycology professor is expected to pursue novel research in some aspect of fungi, with an eye towards publishing unique, yet testable results. Duties of a Mycology Professor In addition to teaching students and conducting research, mycology professors are expected to participate in committee meetings, oversee student organizations and participate in other activities to help within their department. However, the most important part of their jobs is dedicated to education about and research of mushrooms, molds and yeast. Requirements of a Mycology Professor As with other professors, a professor of mycology is expected to have earned his or her Ph.D., specializing in some aspect of mycology. In order to prepare for this task, the mycologist is required to have a college degree, often in biology or a similar science. In addition, he or she is expected to have pursued extensive academic study of chemistry, environmental sciences, biology, plant sciences, scientific taxonomy and, depending on the area of expertise, pharmacology or nutritional science. Salary and Job Outlook Postsecondary biological sciences professors should see a 16% increase in job openings from 2014-2024, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

This increase represents faster-than-average employment growth. These professors earned a median of $75,320 per year as of 2015 ( Job Description of a Pharmacological Mycologist A pharmacological mycologist studies fungi to discover if specific types of mushrooms, yeasts or molds contain anything biomedically useful. By extracting elements of the fungi or applying the entire fungi to various strains of diseases or types of food products, pharmacological mycologists can discover anything helpful or harmful about the fungi. Duties of a Pharmacological Mycologist Pharmacological mycologists are expected to pursue research that can benefit the companies and industries for which they work. The work on fungi that pharmacological mycologists perform allows the companies to discover new and novel uses for these relatively cheap forms of life. In obtaining patents, improving technology, and introducing new products by utilizing fungi, pharmacological mycologists attempt to better lives while assisting their companies economically. Requirements of a Pharmacological Mycologist Pharmacological mycologists are expected to have pursued advanced studies in biology, plant and agricultural sciences, microbiology, bioinformatics and even pharmacy studies. Typically, they hold a Ph.D. in some specialized component or field of mycology.

Salary and Job Outlook The BLS reported a median annual salary of $67,550 in 2015 for microbiologists, who are similar to pharmacological mycologists. From 2014-2024, microbiologists could expect 4% employment growth, per the BLS, which is slower than the average for all occupations. Mycologists research the healing benefits of fungi. They must have a Ph.D. and often become a college or university professors. Mycologists who choose the pharmacological route often help introduce new products that incorporate fungi. Mycology | definition of mycology by Medical dictionary Mycology | definition of mycology by Medical dictionary Related to mycology: fungi , Medical mycology mycology the study of fungi and fungus diseases. my·col·o·gy The study of fungi: their classification, edibility, cultivation, and biology. [myco- + G. logos, study] /my·col·o·gy/ (mi-kol´ah-je) the science and study of fungi. mycology n. pl. mycolo·gies 1. The branch of biology that deals with fungi. 2.

The fungi found in a region, an organism, or a part of an organism: the mycology of the scalp. my′co·log′i·cal (-kə-lŏj′ĭ-kəl), my′co·log′ic adj. my′col·og′i·cal·ly adv. my·col′o·gist n. mycology Etymology: Gk, mykes + logos, science the study of fungi and fungoid diseases. mycologic, mycological, adj., mycologist, n. mycology The formal study of the fungi, especially regarding biology, classification, culture, laboratory analysis and edibility. my·col·o·gy The study of fungi: their identification, classification, edibility, cultivation, and biology, including pathogenicity. [myco- + G. logos, study] mycology The science or study of fungi. Medical mycology is limited to the study of fungi that infect or affect humans and to those from which useful drugs can be derived. mycology The study of fungi: their identification, classification, edibility, cultivation, and biology, including pathogenicity. [myco- + G.

logos, study] n that branch of microbiology that deals with yeasts and fungi. mycology the study of fungi and fungal diseases. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: mycologist References in periodicals archive ? Market size data for Microbiology Culture market categories - Bacterial Identification & Susceptibility Testing, Blood Culture,Mycobacteria Culture, Microbiology Analyzers, Immunological Culture Identification, Parasitology Culture and Mycology Culture. Microbiology Culture Market Outlook in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to 2017 For more information on Mycology Research Laboratories, please contact William Ahern at info@ mycoiogyresearch.

Clinical trial results show proof-of-concept for use of Coriolus versicolor as immunonutrition in HPV patients with cervical lesions Results of a clinical study of Schering-Plough's investigational broad-spectrum antifungal agent NOXAFIL(R) (posaconazole) oral suspension in the prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) will be presented for the first time at the 2nd International Congress on Trends in Medical Mycology (TIMM) in Berlin. Mycology Study Guide - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Mycology Study Guide Size: 68 Views: 39 Fungus general characteristics Lack chlorphyll , nutrients stored as glycogen. Ergosterol in cell memberane vs cholesterol in animal cells. Ergosterol is the target of antifungals. Their cell wall is made up of chitin. Fungal Stains 1) KOH (10-20%)- dissolved tissue and helps to discern fungal elements. Not for permanent prep. .

2) Inida ink- used for Cryptococcus white halo around fungi 3) Calcoflour white- Binds to cellulose and chitin to highlight fungal forms. Direct exam, easier to see than KOH Advertisement ) Making slides for fungal stains 1) Tease mount 2) Tape touch prep 3) Slide culture-help to maintial full form of fungus.Viewed microscopically 4) Water plate 5) cornmeal plate Fungal Classifications 1) Zygomycota 2) Basidiomycota 3) Ascomycota 4) Deuteromycota ?Fungi/Imperfecti Fungal culture media Use a minimum of 2 selective and non selective media for culture. Incubate at RT-30C. Non selctive- SAB, BHI, SABHI, yeast extract, PDA.; Selective-SAB(low ph), IMA-inhibitory mold gar, mycosel, mycobiotic (last two contain anbtibiotics and dyes such as chloreamphenicol and cyclohexamid. (crytococcus neoformans sensitive to Cyclohexamide).

Zygomycetes characteristics Aseuxal reporduction occurs in sporangium. To differentiate among fungi in this class look at: 1) presence/absence and location of rhizoids, 2) branhcing or unbranched sporangiophrores 3) shape of coumella 4) appearance of an apopysis 5) size and saepe of sporagium. On culture media Zygomycetes grow wooly. Rhizopus: Zygomycetes Rhizoid right beneath sporagiophore. Differentiated from Mucor sp by prsence of stolons, rhizoids and unbranched sporagiophores. Different from Absidia sp by location of rhizoid, Absidia is not right under sporangophore. Absidia and Rhizomucor have poorly devleoped rhizomes at the end of the stolon. Mucor and Cunninghamella do not have rhizoids. Syncephalostrum recemosum: Zygomycete Considred a contaminant rare pathogen. Has short branched sporangiophore, tubular sporangia and NO phialides.

Rhizoids ususally formed. Basidiomycota chracteristics Clamp connections or hyphal bridges critical to the lifecycle for this Class of fungi. Ascomycota chracteristics Has telomorphic stage which is the sexual stage with ascus which give rise to ascospored. . Many of the asezual forms are in the Deuteromycota family ie. Aspergillus, Histoplams, Penicillum. Asomycota: Sexual fruting bodies 1) Cleisthotecis- close sexula fruting body ie Sexual=pseudoallescheria boydii:asexual= Scedosproim apiospermum and Sexual=Talaromyces:asexual=Penicillium 2) Ostiolate Perithecium-Chaetomium sp. 3) Yeast forms- sexual=ascus/ascospore;asexual=blastoconidia. ie. Sacchraomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei 4) Gymnocarp-loose basket like (myxotrichum sp).

Deuteromycota chracteristics 3 subdivisons:1) Coelomycets 2) Blastomycetes 3) Hyphomycetes - Hyaline and Dematiacsoue. Coelomycetes: Deuteromycota produce asexual fruiting body=Pycnidum ie. Phoma glomerata Blastomycetes: Deuteromycota Characteristics of yeast like fungi. Can produce pseudohyphae and occassional true hyphae. Yeast morphology is best on cornmela/cornmeal Tween 80 agar. Yeast strucutres include: pseudohyphae, blastoconidia, arthroconidia, chlamydocondia, true hyphae. Cryptococcus neofroman: Blastomycete/Deuteromycota Use india ink to see polysacc campuse. Melanin piegment produced on birdseed, caffeic acid, staib or niger seed agar. DOES NOT grow in the presnece of cyclohexamide.. Primary self limiting but can disseminate to bone skin and CNS and cause fatal disease of brain.

No3+, urea+, phenol oxidase + Advertisement Candida albicans: blastoymycetes/Deuteromycota String of pearls appearnce with clusters of blastioconida and pseudohypae. Has chlamydoconidia at terminal end of pseduhyphae. Germ tube produced in serum. C. dublienensis also is germ tube (+), but unlike C. Albicans doesn’t grow well at 42C. C. tropicalis is (-) for germ tube. Candidiasis is a very impt systemic mycosis. Part of man's normal flora and predisposing factors can lead to disease. Disease inlcud oral thrush, skin infection, nychomycosis (nail infection. Trichosporon: Blastomycetes/Deuteromycota Produces blastoconidia, arthroconidia, true hyphae and pseduhypahie. Colones hairshaft and is called "white peidra". Can be confused with Geotrichum sp (Hyphomyctes) which oen't produce blastoconidia or pseudhyphae.

Malassezia: Blastomycetes/Deuteromycota M. fur fur is commensal of nromal skin. Can cause Tinea Versicolor aka Pityriasis which is a hypo/hyperpigmentation on skin. Requires long fatty acid chain for growth so need to add olive oil to surface of Saboraud dextrose agar (SDA) and incubate at 30C. Coloines will be cream to yello and mooth to slightly wrinkled. KOH scraping of infected skin will show "spaghetti and meatballs" under the microscope. Deuteromycoto: Hyphomycete charactersitics All produce hyphae. Classified intyo hyaline or demateacsoue based on condial groups, conidia arrrangmenet, and color of condia/hyphae. Aspergillus: Hyaline Hyphomycete/Deuteromycota identified by Synchronouse conidial production from phialides or with intermediate metulae (sterile brnach up on wicih phialides develop, or terminal branched coniophore). Aspergillus has Hulle cells, Aleuroconidia.

Can differentiate species by growth temp studies. ie. A. fumigatus grows well at 48C. Aspergillus disease 1) Pulmonar- "farmers lung"- allergic bronchopulmonary 2) Aspergilloma- "fungus ball" develop in area of lung scarring or conditions like asthm or TB, or cystic fibrosis 3) pulmonary invasive_infection with pneumonia that can spread to the body parts. Aspergillus nidulas: Hyaline Hyphomycete/Deuteroymycota Has Hulle cells and Cleisthotecia. Often seen in pts with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Aspregillus niger:Hyaline Hypho/Deutero Produce anneloconidia. Usually a contaminant, rarely invasive thus primiary in immunocomp ppl. Geotrichum: Hylaine/Hypho Hyphae can fragment to arthroconidia, no blastoconidia produced. Consectivie formation of arhtroconidia (not alternating like Cocidiodes immitis).

Penicillium sp: Hyaline/Hypho/Deutero Many stains produce toxins. Asynchronous devleopment of phialides. Also has metulae. Penicilluim marneffi-causes Penicilliosis, affect reticuloendothelia system. "dimorphic- has yeast form at 35-37C. Reverse slant is red wine color! Dermatophytes (part of Hyaline Hyphomyctes) 3 groups: 1) microsporum (macroconidia numerous, microconidia usually present except M. audouinii which seldome forms conidia) 2) trichophyton (macroconidia rare, microcnidia numerous) 3) Epidermophyton (macrocondia numerous, microconidia NOT formed). Obtain nutrients from keratin. Can have micro and macro conidia together or alone. Disease caused by dermatophyes are termed Tinea=worm and can affect different body parts: a) cruris=groin b) pedi=foot c) corporis=body d) capitus=head e_ barbae=beard.

Microsporum canis vs. M. anduoinnii: dermatophyte/hyaline hypo Common cause of Tenia capitus. To differentiate use sterile rice grain test. M. canis=growth M. auduoinii =no growth. M. canis has large spined shaped macroconidia which are rough (echinulate). M. anduoini has pectinate (comb like) hyphae (no micro or macroconidia). Microsporum gypseum: dermatophte/hyaline hypho) More common infection in aniamsl. Macroconidia are rough, relatively thin walled and no more than 6 compartments. Ends are rounded and not pointed like M. canis. Has microconidia that are clubshaped along hyphae when broken from hyphae has an annular frill that is apparent. Microsporum nanum:dermatophye/hylaine hypho rare cause of ringowrm in humans more common in pigs. Macroconidia are rough, thin walled and egg shaped with 1-3 cells. Microconidia are culb shaped and smooth walled.

Trichophyton characteristics: Dermatophye/hylaine hypho Abundant microconidia. Macrocoidai usually smooth walled and smaller than Microsporum. Has tricophyto agar 1-4: 1=basal media 2=w/ inosiotl 3=inositoal and thiamin 4= thiamine. Ie. T. tonsurans enahnce by thiamine so will grow in 3+4. T. verocosum required inositol and thiamine so will only grow in 4. Trichophyton rubrum vs. T. mentagrophytes: Dermatophye/hyaline hypho To differentiate use hair performation test. T. rubrum (-) : T. mentagrophyts (+). Both cause Tinea pedis. T. rubrum is the most comoon dermatophyte infection in humans. T. rubrum colony morphology is red wine on reverse when grown on agar. T. mentago= urease (+) at 5 days and bromcresol purple milk (+). T. rubrum urease (-). T.

rubrum has microconidia that are clavate shaped lined up along hyphae "birds on a wire" Trichophyton schenleinii: dermatophyte/hyaline hypo Microconidia has hypahoe that are antler like aka favic chandeliers. Chlamydoconida are numerous but micro and macro conida are absent. Causes scalp infections. Epidermaphyton floccosum and E. stockdale: Dermatophye/hyaline hypho Macroconidia ONLY. Comon cause on Tinea cruris (jock itch). E. floccosum is the main species of concenr, E. stockdae from pig famrs I Poland. Hyphomycetes: Dematiaceous charactersistics Dark pigment (melaini) in cell wall of begation cells or conidia. Classified based on 3 appearance in tissue: 1) chromoblastomycosis- fungi in tissue as sclerotic bodies, chronic infection, warty nodules, usualy subcutasiou tissue infection 2) Pheohyphomycosis- infection can be cutaenous, subcutanseou or systemic.

Agents in tissue as dark hyphae or yeast like cells. 3) Mycetoma- chroninc and charactersized by swollen tumor like lesions. can be dematiaceous or hyaline. Chromoblastomycosis causative agents include: Cladosporium, Phialophora, Fonsecae, Rhinocladiella Fonsecase pderosi: Dematiaceous: Chromoblastomycosis 4 types of sporulation can be seen microscopically: 1) Fosecae type- condidiophiores are sympoidal 2) Rhibocladiella-conidiophoare are spetate 3) Cladiosprodium-conidiophoare are erect and have shield shaped conidia having small dark hila 4) phialophora-phialide are vase shaped with terminal cuplike collarettes. Need 2 forms to ID. Cladosporium sp: Dematiaceous/chromoblastomycosis/hyphomycete Common contaminant occasional disease. Prefer 25C for growth. Have conidia that has dark scars termed hila (usually 3 dark points of attachment).

Non pathogenic strains liquefy Gelatin or Loefflers coagulate serum (+). Phialophora sp: dematiacseou/crhomoblastomycosis/hyphomyctes Common agent of chromoblastomycosis but have been implecated in Phaehyphomycosis. Conidiation is with philaides some with distinct vase/flask shape. Usually has a collarette on the phialide. Scytalidium sp: dematiacesou/phaeohyphomycosis/hyphomyctes Grwoth inhibited by cyclohexamide. Can cause nail and skin infection and subQ infections. Has arthroconidia with no empy cells between. Exophiala jeanselnei:dematiaceous/phaeohyphomycosis/hyphomycete Casues mycetoma in additon to phaehyphomycosis. Has anneloconidia. Aureobasidium pulluans: dematiaceour/phaeohyphomycete/Hyphomycete Rare agent of phaeohyphomycocsis.

Has blastoconidia that are hylaine and oval Bipolaris: dematiaceous/phaeohyphomycosis Germ tube forms in direction of the long axis of poroconidium Drescslera: dematiacouse/phaeophyomycosis Poroconidia have hilum that hardly protrude. Germ tube germinate from any cell perpendicular to cell axis. Piedra hotae/dematiacouse/phaeohyphomycosis causative agent of Black peidra. Has intercarly chlamydocondiium like cells. Exophiala wenecki:dematiaceous/phaeohyphomycosis casutive agent of Tinea nigar palmaris (superficial asympotmatic infection Sporothrix schenckii:dematiacesous/phaehyphomycosis Causes sprotrichosis a chronic infection that begins as lesion of skin and subQ tissue. Thermally dimorhic. @25-30 mold like. @35-37C becomes yeast like and is cigar shaped. Conversion of mycelial forms to yeast form is impt for ID.

Systemic pathogens: Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes Primary routn of infection is pulmonary. Etiolologic agetnts are dimorphic in tissue or special media. Distinct geographic areas of US found. Coccidiodies immitis: systemic patho: hyaline Hyphomycete Found in arid regions of N. America, S. America, and in Claifornia in alkaline soil. AKA: valley Fever, san Joquin Fever, Desert Rheumatism, Posada-Wernicks Disease. Produces arthroconidia in 1-2 weeks, and can grwon in presence of CHX. Need conversse media with increase Co2 @37-40C for sphreules (tissue phase) to be seen invitro. The mycelial form produced thick walled "barrel shaped" arthroconidia that alternates with empty disjunctor cells. produces endospores in the tissue phase. Coccidiodes ID: Complement Fixation (best to follow therapy and best test.

Skin test (IgM) , Tube percipitin test (IgM), Immuno diffusion test (most specific test: IgM and igG), EIA, Histoplasma capsulatum: systemic patho Darling's Disease. Reticuloendotheliosis. Found in Mississippi and Ohio River Valley of US. Can be a problem in pregnant women bc Histo like Calcium. Also thermally dimoprhic. Mycelial form 25-30C. Can produce micro and macroconidia (tubercle sahped??? confirme this). Yeast form 35-37C. Blastomyces dermatidides:systemic pathogen North American blastomycosis or Gilchrist Disease. Found in Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Carolinas, tennesse, Kentucky and Mississippi. Thermally dimorphic. In the yeast form, the yeast like cells bud on broad bases (wide isthmus) that is attaced to parent cell. Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis: systemic pathogen: S. American Blastomycosis. S. and Central America.

Chronic progressive granulomatous infection of skin (mucus membrane)Thermally dimoprhic. In the mycelia form get intercalary chlamydospores few microconidia. In the yeast form get multiple buddings from mother cell "mariner's wheel". Identification methods for systemic fungus 1) DNA probe technology 2) Immunodiffusion test for exoantigen: The exoAgs (serology test) are HS, F and HL are detected by precipitin lines of identity in immunodiffusion test f coencentrated culture supernatant fluids versus reference antigens and antisera 3) animal inoculation. Fusarium: Hyaline Hypho/dueteromycota Causative agent of mycotic eye infection affecting the corna. Also can get mycetoma, sinusitis, arhtritis and nail infections. Has toxin producing strains. Has chlamydoconidia and curved or sickle shaped macroconidia. Alternaria Agent of Pheohyphomycosis. Common saprophytic contaminant occassionally casuing disease of nail, eyes and nasal sinus.

Has conidia that has transcerse and longitudina (muriform) spetation. Sometime can produce germ tubes. Cleisthothecia Closed sexual fruting body containing asci where ascospres are realeased ie. Pseudoallescheria boydii (sexual form) and Scedosprosium apiospermum (asexual form) OR Talaromyces (sexual) and Penicillium (asexual). Aspergillus nidulans also has this. Ostiolate Perithecium Chaetomium sp. Annelide With tapered tip lenghten and rings of cell wall as each conidium is released ie Scopulariopsis , Exophiala. Fungal Stains (continued) 4) Lactophenol cotton/aniline blue- lactic acid = clearing agent; cotton/analine blue=stains chitins/cellulose, glycerol-prevents drying; phenol-kills fungus;PVA can replace gycerol for permanent mounting media. 5) Acid fast, Giemsa, Passive acid stain, methaims silver Trichosporon beigelii and Piedra hortea. T.

beigelii=white piedra (white things on the hair shaft). Piedra hortea=black piedra Red Wine Reverse Mycology: The Study of Fungi Mycology: The Study of Fungi Fungi are living things that are one of the five classification systems of organisms. The study of fungi is called mycology. Mycologists look at different types of fungus and categorize them in various specifications, such as those that are helpful and those that cause disease. Mycologists also discover ways to get rid of harmful fungi that have infected people or taken over space; they determine the living conditions to grow fungi; and they look for new uses of fungi to help people. Fungi do not have any way of making their own food, as plants do. In order to continue growing, they then must find a source to get their nutrients. They can grow well in dark places and do not need light as a source of life. Many types of fungi are similar to plants in appearance, but there are also many that do not resemble plants at all. For example, the mushroom is a common fungus that many people think of.

Mushrooms look a little bit like plants but they must grow in an area where they can take in food from another source. The source of food can come from almost anywhere. Some fungus, such as mold, grows on surfaces, or is found in food. Another type of fungus, yeast, grows in food by consuming sugar or other nutrients. There have been over 200,000 types of fungi that have been identified and classified, and there are many more that are yet to be discovered. Fungus is found everywhere and serves many interesting purposes. Truffles are considered a delicacy and are dug from the ground in parts of Europe, bringing a very high price for those who want to eat them. Some fungi work naturally in the environment to decompose organic matter, providing people with composting sites and reducing leaves and waste. There are even types of fungi used in ancient Eastern medicines that treat various ailments; their healing properties are so effective they are considered magical. The study of fungi is very diverse and serves to help people in hundreds of different ways. Many people think negatively about fungus. Fungal infections can cause disease in the skin, mouth, or even the bloodstream and the heart.

People can get very sick and require medication to eliminate these infections. Fungus can take over parts of our homes, including mold in the walls, requiring cleanup. When food is leftover and not cared for, fungus grows on it in the form of mold and spoils the food. Mold dust also causes allergic reactions in people, making them miserable with symptoms of watery eyes and cough when they are near. Many types of fungus are poisonous when consumed, and people have been known to become very sick by eating a mushroom and assuming it was harmless. Fungi also have many good purposes, too. If it were not for certain types of fungi, many thousands of people would not be alive today. Penicillin was an early type of antibiotic use to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin is named for the mold that it was originally made from. This fungus, Penicillium notatum, was found to impede the growth of bacteria. It later was developed into an antibiotic that saved many lives. Fungi are the bases for other types of medication, such as steroids, which treat different types of illness. Yeast causes bread to rise and allows wine to ferment.

Yogurt has fungal culture and is considered a healthy food that also can regulate the digestive system. Fungi are so diverse that they cannot be described in exactly one way. The study of mycology has helped thousands of people and changed many lives because of the fascinating growth of fungus. While nature continues to serve its purposes, growing and changing, there is even more to be discovered about what these are and what they can do. General Fungi Resources Mycology | Define Mycology at Dictionary.com mycology the branch of biology dealing with fungi. 2. the fungi found in an area. Origin of mycology [mahy-kuh-loj-i-kuh l] /ˌmaɪ kəˈlɒdʒ ɪ kəl/ (Show IPA), mycologic, adjective mycologically, adverb Examples from the Web for mycology Expand Historical Examples Left Half Harmon Ralph Henry Barbour I dont have time, you see, and just now Im most interested in mycology, Harmon. Left Half Harmon Ralph Henry Barbour This suggestion merits place only as a curiosity in the history of the mycology of dysentery.

British Dictionary definitions for mycology Expand the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi 2. the fungi of a particular region Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for mycology Expand 1822, from myco- + -logy . Related: Mycological; mycologist. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper

Question: What does a mycologist study?
Answer: Fungi