Galena: Galena mineral information and data. Galena Group . Galena is the primary ore mineral of lead. Worked for its lead content as early as 3000 BC, it is found in ore veins with sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, etc. and in skarns, as well as in sedimentary rocks where it may replace carbonate beds or be deposited in pore spaces. The crystals are bright when fresh but often tarnish after exposure to air. Classification of Galena Galena Mineral | Uses and Properties Galena The primary ore of lead that is sometimes mined for its silver content Galena: Photograph of a nice cubic galena crystal with adjacent calcite crystals. The galena crystal is about two inches on a side. Collected from the Sweetwater Mine, Reynolds County, Missouri. Specimen and photo by Arkenstone / . What is Galena? Galena is a lead sulfide mineral with a chemical composition of PbS. It is the world's primary ore of lead and is mined from a large number of deposits in many countries. It is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks in medium- to low-temperature hydrothermal veins.

In sedimentary rocks it occurs as veins, breccia cements, isolated grains, and as replacements of limestone and dolostone . Galena is very easy to identify. Freshly broken pieces exhibit perfect cleavage in three directions that intersect at 90 degrees. It has a distinct silver color and a bright metallic luster. Galena tarnishes to a dull gray. Because lead is a primary element in galena, the mineral has a high specific gravity (7.4 to 7.6) that is immediately noticed when picking up even small pieces. Galena is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2.5+ and produces a gray to black streak . Crystals are common and they usually are cubes, octahedrons, or modifications. Structure of galena: Galena has a chemical composition of PbS. That means it contains an equal number of lead and sulfide ions. The ions are arranged in a cubic pattern that repeats in all directions. This structure is what causes crystals of galena to have a cubic habit and causes galena to break in three directions at right angles.

Physical Properties of Galena Uses An ore of lead Argentiferous galena: Argentiferous galena from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across. Argentiferous galena has a silver content that is often high enough for the galena to be mined as an ore of silver. Some galena mines receive more revenue from their silver than from their lead production. Argentiferous Galena - The Silver Ore The typical specimen of galena is about 86.6% lead and 13.4% sulfur by weight. However, some specimens of galena contain up to a few percent silver by weight. They are called "argentiferous galena" because of their silver content. In these specimens, silver can substitute for lead in the atomic structure of the galena, or it can occur in tiny grains of silver minerals included in the galena. Silver within the galena disrupts the crystal structure, which often causes the galena to have curved cleavage faces. This tiny bit of knowledge can be a powerful prospecting tool.

In addition to silver, galena can contain minor amounts of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, copper , and zinc . Sometimes selenium substitutes for sulfur in galena. Cleavage fragments of galena: One of the most diagnostic properties of galena is its ability to break by cleavage in three directions that intersect at right angles. This forms cleavage fragments that are cubic and rectangular in shape. This photo shows pieces of crushed galena that clearly exhibit the right angle cleavage. This characteristic cleavage is caused by the mineral's cubic internal structure as shown above. Photo © iStockphoto / Tyler Boyes. Galena value: Some mines produce more revenue from the silver content of their galena than from the lead content. Assume that we have a mine that produces argentiferous galena with an average composition of 86% lead, 13% sulfur and just 1% silver (as shown in the diagram on the left).

If the silver price is $25 per troy ounce and the lead price is $1 per avoirdupois pound, the value of the lead in one ton of ore will be $1720, while the value of the silver in that same ton of ore will be $7292 (as shown in the diagram on the right). The small amount of silver has a huge impact on revenue because at the prices assumed, silver is 364 times more valuable than an equal weight of lead. It is easy to understand why mining companies get excited by argentiferous galena! Even though galena is the ore being removed and lead makes up the bulk of the product, these mines are often called "silver mines." Related: The Many Uses of Silver Smelting metals: Galena is one of the easiest ores to smelt. It can simply be placed in a fire and then lead can be recovered from under the ashes when the fire goes out. Archaeologists have found evidence that lead was smelted as early as 6500 BC in what is now Turkey [1]. Small amounts of silver were refined from lead by the Romans about 2000 years ago [2].

Public domain image by Georgius Agricola . Smelting Galena Galena is very easy to smelt. If rocks that contain galena are placed in a fire, lead can be collected from below the ashes after the fire burns out. People have taken advantage of this simple smelting for thousands of years. Archaeologists have found lead beads and statues in Turkey that date back to about 6500 BC [1]. Lead is probably the first metal to have been processed from an ore. The ancient Romans made lead pipe and used it as indoor plumbing. (Plumbum is the Latin word for lead. The word "plumbing" and our use of "Pb" as the chemical symbol for lead come from the ancient Romans.) The ancient Greeks and Romans were able to separate silver from lead about 2000 years ago [2]. Many of the Roman lead ingots were inscribed "Ex Arg" or "Ex Argent" to signify that the silver had been removed from the lead. The Greeks were able to desilver lead to a 0.02 percent silver content and the Romans to a 0.01 percent silver content [3].

It is surprising that they were able to realize that the lead contained silver and amazing that they were able to develop such an efficient method of refining! Galena Information [1] Lead Fact Sheet : General Information and History, Stanford University, General Health and Safety Program, last accessed July 2016. [2] On the Nature of Metals (De Re Metallica): Georgius Agricola, 1556. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover, republished by Farlang.com. [3] Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology: John F. Healy, Oxford University Press, page 324, 1999. [4] 'Heavy Metal' Snow : Carolyn Jones Otten, press release of Washington University of St. Louis, February 2004. Alteration of Galena Galena weathers easily. Fresh surfaces of galena tarnish rapidly from a silver metallic luster to a dull gray to dull black color. When exposed to the elements or buried in soil, galena quickly weathers to anglesite, cerussite, pyromorphite, or another lead mineral. These minerals are often used in prospecting.

When they are found at the surface, they often reveal that galena is present below. Does It Really "Snow" Galena on Venus? The planet Venus has an inhospitable environment where volcanoes vent superheated gases into the atmosphere. Sulfur and lead are among the gases erupted from the volcanoes on Venus . They remain in the gaseous phase until they are high enough in the atmosphere to condense. In 2004, researchers at Washington University in St. Louis provided plausible evidence that "heavy metal snow" - which is most likely a combination of lead sulfide (galena) and bismuth sulfide - falls on the higher elevations of Venus [4]. Galena crystal radio: One of the most interesting uses of galena was in early crystal radios. The operation of these radios required alternating current to be converted into a pulsing direct current. For that to occur, a semiconductor material was used to limit the flow of electricity to one direction. The alternating current flowed through a wire, known as a cat's whisker, into a semiconductor crystal, which was usually a crystal of galena, which only allowed flow in a single direction. Image © iStockphoto / Greg_H.

Uses of Galena Galena is a very important mineral because it serves as an ore for most of the world's lead production. It is also a significant ore of silver. Galena has very few uses beyond its service as an ore, but that should not diminish its importance to society. The number one use of lead today is in the lead-acid batteries that are used to start automobiles. The typical auto battery contains about twenty pounds of lead and must be replaced every four or five years. There are billions of these batteries in the United States alone. Lead-acid batteries are also used as standby power supplies for computer networks, communication facilities, and other critical systems. Lead is also one of the metals used in energy storage systems associated with power generation and hybrid vehicles. The best way to learn about minerals is to study with a collection of small specimens that you can handle, examine, and observe their properties. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store . Lead Safety Many uses of lead and lead compounds have been discontinued or significantly reduced over the past few decades in response to health concerns.

Some of these uses include lead in residential paints, motor vehicle fuels, solder, ammunition, fishing weights, ceramic glazes, pesticides, cosmetics, glass, plastics, alloys and many other products. For this reason, many schools have removed galena from student mineral kits and have replaced it with a mineral with a lower level of concern. Galena For Sale Galena Galena (PbS) typically forms within hydrothermal veins in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Its silvery metallic luster, cubic crystals, and high density make Galena easy to identify. Minerals which contain enough metal to extract easily are called ore minerals, and Galena (lead sulfide) has been a primary ore of lead since ancient times. Due to its relatively low melting point, Galena may have been the first ore to be smelted. Lead beads found in Turkey date back to 6500 BCE, and the Romans produced lead pipes for plumbing. Both the word plumbing and the chemical symbol for lead, Pb, come from Plumbum, the Latin word for lead. The primary use of lead today is in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries for cars.

Galena is a natural semiconductor which was used in early wireless communication as the crystal in crystal radio sets. In some areas, Galena is mined for its silver content. It is the official state mineral of both Missouri and Wisconsin. The Galena specimens on this page are from the Viburnum Trend, or New Lead Belt of southeastern Missouri, home to some of the largest naturally occurring lead deposits in the world. Galena (A) 0.75" x 0.75" x 0.5" $10.00 University of Minnesota’s Mineral Pages: Galena Usually, galena’s distinctive lead gray color, high specific gravity and cubic cleavage are enough to identify it, but at first glance there are a couple of minerals that might be mistaken for galena. Hematite: Hematite is a metallic mineral that can occur in many varieties. Some of the metallic varieties share a superficial appearance with galena, but the two can be distinguished by their streak and galena’s greater specific gravity. When a sample of hematite is rubbed across a rough hard surface, it leaves behind a characteristic red-brown streak, while samples of galena will leave a lead gray streak.

Galena also feels much heavier than similar sized pieces of hematite. Sphalerite: Galena and sphalerite commonly occur together and darker varieties of sphalerite may initially be confused with galena. Pure sphalerite samples can be distinguished from galena because they are harder (3.5 to 4) and have a lower specific gravity (3.9-4.1). The color of their streak provides an even simpler way to distinguish the two. A sample of galena rubbed across a rough, hard surface leaves a lead gray streak, while sphalerite’s streak is white to cream colored. Did you know... Galena is the most abundant lead mineral, has been mined for millennia, and remains our major source of that metal. It is a metallic, lead-gray mineral with cubic cleavage and a distinctly high density that makes galena samples feel much ‘heavier’ than expected for their size. Because it melts at a relatively low temperature and is so easily worked, lead was one of the first metals to be extensively used by many societies. Over centuries, lead use has led to the historic development of coins, bullets, batteries, televisions, and computers.

Its use pervades past and present societies providing many benefits, but also raising some serious health issues. Description and Identifying Characteristics Its perfect cubic cleavage, metallic luster, lead-gray color, and relative softness readily distinguish galena from most other metallic minerals. Perhaps its most distinctive feature though, is its very high density (high specific gravity). Samples of galena feel significantly heavier than similar-sized samples of most minerals, including other metallic minerals. The crystal structures of galena (PbS) and halite (salt or NaCl) are identical, so it is not surprising that the two exhibit similar perfect cubic cleavage. Both minerals will break along three directions of weakness that meet at right angles. Galena’s hardness is similar to that of a fingernail, so it is easily scratched by a nail or metal implement. ^ Top In Our Earth: The Geologic Importance of Galena The most common and widespread lead mineral, galena occurs in low-temperature to medium-temperature hydrothermal veins in igneous rocks, pegmatites, and contact-metamorphosed sedimentary rock.

As a replacement mineral, galena can be found in sedimentary rocks, either disseminated throughout the rock or filling pore spaces and dissolved cavities in carbonate rocks. Often found with other metallic ore minerals, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and marcasite, galena also occurs with more common vein minerals like quartz, calcite, fluorite, chert and dolomite. In North America, some of the most economically important galena deposits occur in altered carbonate and chert rocks of the Upper Mississippi River Valley area. ^ Top In Our Society: The Economic Importance of Galena The Roman naturalist Pliny may have been the first to record the use of the name ‘galena’ for lead ore. Galena (lead sulfide) is easily the most important source of lead, and often contains enough silver impurities that it is also a valuable source of that metal. Historically, its ready availability, high density, low melting point, and ease of working made lead one of the first metals to be extensively used by humans, with its known use dating back nearly 8,500 years.

Lead was used as pipes in both the Egyptian and Roman worlds and for centuries has been used in glazes and pigments for ceramics and glass. In the more recent past, lead has been extensively used in the manufacture of bullets and was a common trade item on the American frontier. As odd as it may seem though, lead has never been used in the manufacture of lead pencils. The ‘lead’ in pencils is actually a mixture of graphite and clay. Lead continues to be one of the most widespread, but least visible, metals in modern industrial societies. It is an important part of television screens and computer monitors, allowing people to safely watch the electronic pulses that form the backbone of modern communication. In the medical fields, lead also plays an important role as radiation shielding to minimize patients and staff exposure to X-rays. By far though, batteries account for most of the lead presently used in western society, comprising nearly four-fifths of the United States’ current domestic consumption. In the past, lead was also extensively used in paints, as the solder for food cans, and as an additive to gasoline, but many of these uses have been reduced or eliminated in western society because they can lead to dangerous levels of lead poisoning.

Regrettably, this has not stopped western companies from continuing to promote these practices in less wealthy nations. ^ Top In Our Future: The Environmental Implications of Galena Use The past and present widespread use of lead in western society has had some serious environmental consequences. Even ingesting small amounts of lead can cause brain damage or death, especially in very young children. Some researchers have argued that the Roman’s widespread use of lead for water pipes and eating utensils may have in part contributed to their civilization’s decline. More recently, the pervasive use of lead in gasoline, paint, and as solder for canned food resulted in widespread lead contamination throughout the northern hemisphere. In the 1950’s Claire Patterson, a geologist interested in determining the Earth’s age, first realized the extent of lead contamination in urban areas when he tried to develop a clean environment in which to measure the very small quantities of lead isotopes present in meteorite samples. Patterson later became a leader in the movement to ban the use of lead in gasoline, paint, and food packaging. The tangible results of this movement began with the Clean Air Act of 1970, which has since significantly reduced the levels of lead contamination American and European children are exposed to.

Although leaded gasoline is no longer sold in Europe and North America, it is still extensively used in other areas and poses an increasing health threat. Even within the United States, there are still many highly urban areas where residual lead contamination from past leaded gasoline use continues to pose a significant environmental risk for young children. ^ Top Galena in the Upper Midwest: Rich galena deposits in southwestern Wisconsin were responsible for the first significant wave of Euro-American immigration to that area in the early 1800’s. Early on in this Lead Rush, many miners lacked the time and materials to construct houses. They found it cheaper and faster to convert abandoned mines into crude dwellings. Visitors to the region began to call these miners ‘badgers’because they lived in underground ‘dens’. Later the name was extended to cover the entire ‘Badger State’. In Minnesota, galena deposits are only found in the southeastern counties of Fillmore and Olmstead, which together with southwestern Wisconsin form the northern extent of the Upper Mississippi lead-mining district. kjs crystal radio, steelgalena Back to Radio.. I have recently become interested in crystal radios and am especially interested in the "cystal" in the radio.

This is due to my background as a geologist / mineralogist / petrologist / oil exploration geologist. I have read in several radio websites concerning steel galena describing it as argentiferous as well as fine grained and useful as an excellent detector with numerous hot spots. While commonly associated with silver ores, I have never read of galena itself as being much silver bearing as a mineral. This puzzle sent me to the web to see what I could find on this "steel" variety. Steel Galena does indeed associate most closely with silver ore deposits, especially in the classic Rocky Mountain silver districts like Leadville in Colorado, Coeur d'Alene in Idaho, and Tintic / Park City of Utah. In all cases the ore bodies themselves are in sheared and altered sedimentary rocks. Mineralization is due to hydrothermal movements of water with movement aided by the sheared, and crushed zones having fine to extremely fine grain size, hence its name "steel".

To give a sense of the deposits themselves I wish to quote a couple accurate petrological descriptions: Waldschmidt, 1921: Hecla East Vein, Coeur d'Alene "The coarsest galena examined showed cleavage faces from 2 to 4 mm, square, but generally it is much finer grained than this. The fine-grained galena is commonly known as steel galena because freshly fractured surfaces have a steel-like luster. In all the specimens examed, this steel galena appeared to be in an intimate mixture of galena, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, pyrite, gnague, and other minerals present in the ore.".... "It appears that the original ore body consisted chiefly of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, tetrahedrite, freibergite, quartz and siderite. When movement took place along the O'Neil Fault and possibly along with minor slips, the ore body was greatly crushed, during which time the galena acted as a putty-like mass for the suspension of broken fragments of the harder minerals. This breaking resulted in the formation of the typical steel galena."....

In this ore, galena is NOT the silver-bearing mineral. Rather, the silver is in the freibergite and to a lesser extent in the tetrahedrite. Very interesting. Quoting from classic mineralogy texts on galena I find the following: Dana's Manual of Minerology: (Hurlbut) "Pb 86.6, S 13.4 per cent. Silver is usually present, probably as admixtures of silver minerals such as argentite or tetrahedrite." Elements of Mineralogy: (Mason and Berry) "Commonly, galena is very nearly pure PbS. The silver, arsenic, and antimony reported in chemical analyses are largely due to the inclusions of argentite of tetrahedrite, small amounts of which are difficult to detect in a black opaque mineral." An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals: (Deer, Howie and Zussman) "Substitution of other atoms for lead in galena is not very extensive. Among the elements which do accur in small amounts are: Sb, As, Bi, Ag, Ti, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn and Cu.

In many cases these may be present in impurity minerals (acanthite Ag2S, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, etc.) rather than in the galena structure." Why is this interesting for the radio engineer? The following is my own theory, (speculation mostly). Most of you who have worked with galena detectors have noted that hot spots generally occur on or adjacent to fractures, lines or discontinuities on the crystal face, seldomly on the smooth lustrous face itself. Rectification occurs at the junction of two minerals, or of a mineral with a cat's whisker metal. Many explanations have been offered, most having to do with the position and nature of the crystal lattice at the point of contact, and the perceived presence of "impurities" (atoms other than lead) in the galena crystal matrix. As noted above, "Steel Galena" is a often an ore of silver containing not only galena, but abundant admixtures of associated minerals generally too small to see and thus seldomly described except in detailed mining reports as above. In addition, the very small grain size of common steel galena allows numerous physical and mineral discontinuities on the small detector surface area, and thus numerous hot spots.

I speculate that many/most of these hot spots may in fact be at the junctions of galena and other minerals along with the light contact of the ever-so-sharp cat's whisker itself. Other galena (lead) deposits such as the Missouri / Tri-State region are not associated with silver mineralization (Tri-State ores typically have only about 30ppm Ag). These show large museum quality crystal faces but have poor detector properties. Steel galena is difficult to find for sale due primarily to its lack of excellent crystal cleavage. Galena, as is well known, has beautiful LARGE crystal structure. Who would buy that ugly-looking grey junk? Kevin From Leadville Colorado, the specimens below are the best examples of "steel galena" I have yet come across. The samples have a dull weathered surface skin deep hiding a massive, fine-grained lead-silver mining ore of a classic Rocky Mountain type. On a fresh surface the sample has a fine texture and flat grey color. This is not museum material, and its difficult (to impossible) to locate on ebay, but its the real mccoy when it comes to crystal radio.

Don't even bother with the pretty pretty Missoury galena, it rightly belongs behind a glass display, not in a radio. Chips from this sample, potted in woods metal, rectifies strongly almost regardless of where the cat's whisker touches, instant sound. Steel Galena from the Tintic Mining District, a classic silver locality in Utah. (The excessively sparkally surface in the photo is from the flash.) Note also the presence of Anglesite alteration, (the clearish anglesite crystals separated from the galena by a dark finer grained almost greenish alteration zone). This is good radio material, but you may need hunt a bit more for hot spots than the finer-grained stuff above. Lead Ore / Lead Concentrate Smelting, Manufacturing Technique for Lead Ore Lead Ore / Concentrate Lead Ore Smelting Any of several minerals from which Lead is extracted. The primary ore is galena or Lead sulphite PbS. This is unstable, and on prolonged exposure to the atmosphere it oxidizes into the minerals cerussite PbCO3 and anglesite PbSO4. Lead ores are usually associated with other metals, particularly silver which can be mined at the same time – and zinc, which can cause problems during smelting.

The Sulfide Mineral, Galena, a Lead sulfide, PbS, is the most important ore mineral of Lead. It can contain 86% Lead. Its metallic, Lead-gray cubic crystals (isometric system) and cubic, perfectly cleavable masses are distinctive and characteristic. Hardness is 2.5, streak Lead gray, and specific gravity 7.4-7.6. Galena is a widespread mineral deposited by hydrothermal solutions as large, irregular masses in dolomitize limestone and in zones of contact metamorphism and as veins in volcanic rocks. It often contains enough silver to be mined as a silver ore. Most commercial deposits of Lead ore are in the form of veins, where hot fluids have leached the ore from cooling igneous masses and deposited it in cracks in the surrounding country rock, and in thermal metamorphic zones, where the heat of igneous intrusions has altered the minerals of surrounding rocks. Lead is mined in over 40 countries, but half of the world's output comes from the USA, Canada, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Canada, and Australia. Ore is recovered by blasting then dumping, followed by crushing and finally hoisting to the surface for treatment.

In mining, the ore is extracted by drilling or blasting and then crushed and ground. The ore is then treated using extractive metallurgy. The Froth flotation process separates the Lead and other minerals from the waste rock (tailings) to form a concentrate. The concentrate, which can range from 50% to 60% Lead, is dried and then treated using pyrometallurgy. The concentrate is sintered before being smelted in to produce a 97% Lead concentrate. The Lead is then cooled in stages which cause the lighter impurities (dross) to rise to the surface where they can be removed. The molten Lead bullion is then refined by additional smelting with air being passed over the Lead to form a slag layer containing any remaining impurities and producing 99.9% pure Lead. Manufacturing Technique For Lead Ore The Lead was separated from the waste rock by crushing and washing, and then smelted into a molten state and poured into moulds to set into "pigs" or bars of Lead.

The material brought out of the mine was called 'bouse', and was tipped into bays known as 'bouse steads' or ' bouse teems' for the first stage of processing. Women and children hand-crushed the bouse on a dressing-floor with small flat hammer-like tools called buckers. At a later stage, water-powered mills with crushing rollers took over this laborious task. The large overshot waterwheel at Killhope Lead Mining Museum was used to power a crushing mill. After crushing into small pieces, the heavy Lead ore was sorted from the waste in a variety of processes using water. Various stages of processing were used involving equipment called jiggers, buddles and dolly tubs. All these used the tendency of the heavy Lead ore to settle more quickly in water than the lighter waste. Company » Gravita Ghana received 23rd National Gold Award 2013 Phone : +91 141 4057700 Ore minerals Short Courses IMPORTANT ORE MINERALS Most elements need to be concentrated into amounts that can be economically mined from ore deposits (usually hundreds to thousands of times their crustal abundance).

This concentration is usually accomplished by dissolution of the element by hot water (hydrothermal ore deposits - gold, silver, lead), preferential crystallization from magmas (chromite deposits or pegmatites), surface weathering and leaching (aluminum, nickel, copper), or gravity separation of minerals during erosion (gold, diamonds, titanium). In the majority of cases there are only one or two minerals that provide all of a particular element for commercial uses. Some elements in low concentrations (substituting in minor amounts for the major elements) are associated with minerals that are mined for other elements, but the shear volumes of materials that are processed result in a valuable byproduct (i e. elements associated with copper, lead, and zinc ores). Some elements are so valuable that almost any mineral containing that element in sufficient grades can be mined (gold, silver, platinum group). ELEMENTS Aluminum - The ore is mined from rocks that have been exposed to weathering in a tropical environment, bauxite. The main ore minerals in bauxite are gibbsite, bohmeite, and diaspore. Antimony - The primary ore of antimony is it's sulfide, stibnite.

Arsenic - Recovered from other metal processing streams (primarily from the sulfosalts such as tennantite etc.). Arsenopyrite is the most common arsenic mineral. The relatively low demand for arsenic as compared to the amount of arsenic mined that is associated with other metals means it can be supplied from the waste streams of other ore processing. Barium - The chief source of barium is barite with minor production of witherite. Beryllium - The major ore mineral for beryllium in the U.S. is bertrandite while worldwide the major source is from pegmatites that contain beryl. Bismuth - Primarily a byproduct of lead processing. Also found in a number of minerals such as bismuthinite and as a constituent in various sulfosalts. Boron - Chief source is playa lake deposits of borax, colemanite, kernite, ulexite. Bromine - Chief sources are brines from wells and Dead Sea. Cadmium - Unlike many other commodities cadmium is produced as a byproduct of zinc (sphalerite) mining. Cesium - The major ore mineral is pollucite, a pegmatite mineral.

Production and use of this metal is extremely small (a few thousand kilograms per year). Chlorine - Produced from the mineral halite (rock salt). Chromium - The chief source is the mineral chromite which is found in large layered intrusives and serpentine bodies. Cobalt - The primary minerals for cobalt is cobaltite. Some cobalt is also produced from weathered tropical orebodies. Columbium (see Niobium) Copper - Most copper ore bodies are mined from minerals created by weathering of the primary copper ore mineral chalcopyrite. Minerals in the enriched zone include chalcocite, bornite, djurleite. Minerals in the oxidized zones include malachite, azurite, chyrsocolla, cuprite, tenorite, native copper and brochantite. Gallium - A byproduct of zinc and alumina processing. Some primary "ore" may contain up to 200 ppm. Ga. Germanium - A byproduct of zinc ore processing. Also a deposit in China is associated with coal. Gold - The primary mineral of gold is the native metal and electrum (a gold-silver alloy).

Some tellurides are also important ore minerals such as calaverite, sylvanite, and petzite. Hafnium - Primary ore mineral is zircon. Indium - Primarily is a byproduct of zinc processing. Iodine - Initial production was from seaweed. Iodine is extracted from natural gas field brines (up to 1200 ppm iodine in the brines). Iron - Two major minerals in the production of iron are it's oxides, hematite and magnetite. These are found in preCambrian iron formations. Historically there was also production from goethite and siderite. The iron sulfides (pyrite and pyrrhotite) were not used as iron sources due to the difficulty of removing sulfur from the metals and the brittleness this sulfur caused in the metal. Lead - The primary ore mineral for lead is it's sulfide - galena. Some minor production from the past has come from secondary lead minerals - cerussite and anglesite. Lithium - The former primary ore minerals were pegmatite deposits of spodumene, lepidolite, and petalite, amblygonite. Currently the major U. S.

production is from lithium carbonate brines. Magnesium - Although magnesium is found in many minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, and olivine are of commercial importance. Magnesium and other magnesium compounds are also produced from seawater, well and lake brines and bitterns. Manganese - The primary ores are oxides/hydroxides of manganese which include minerals such as hausmannite, pyrolusite, braunite, manganite, etc. and the carbonate, rhodochrosite. A large potential source is the deep sea manganese nodules. Mercury - The main ore is the sulfide, cinnabar. Molybdenum - The primary ore mineral is molybdenite. Nickel - The primary nickel ores are pentlandite, nickel bearing pyrrhotite and a weathering product, garnierite (a mixture of nÃ©pouite, pecoraite and willemseite). Niobium (Columbium) - The primary ore mineral is pyrochlore with minor columbite and tantalite-columbite.

Phosphorus - Main ore minerals are in the apatite group of minerals (hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, chlorapatite). Platinum group (Platinum, Osmium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Palladium) - The primary ores are the native elements or alloys of the various elements or arsenides such as sperrylite. They tend to occur in layered intrusives associated with chromite deposits. Potassium (potash) - The primary ore minerals are sylvite (primarily), brines, and langbeinite. Rare Earth elements (cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanium, lutetium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, scandium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, yttrium) The major ore minerals containing rare earth elements are bastnasite, monazite, and loparite and the lateritic ion-adsorption clays. Major U.S. production of bastnesite is from Mountain Pass, California. Rhenium - Produced as a byproduct of molybdenite.

Rubidium - Substitutes for potassium in lepidolite and pollucite. Production is small (a few thousand kilograms per year). Scandium (see Rare Earth) smelting galena silver ore smelting galena silver ore SMELTING SILVER - Rock4Brains Website Guide · PDF 文件 This version is copyright 2001 by Catherine Helm-Clark. Permission granted to historical recreationists to copy complete and unedited, for personal use or free ... Lead Ore / Lead Concentrate Smelting, Manufacturing Technique … Lead Ore Smelting. Any of several minerals from which Lead is extracted. The primary ore is galena or Lead sulphite PbS. This is unstable, and on prolonged exposure ... Ore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. The ores are extracted through mining ; these are then refined to extract ... smelt: Definition from Answers.com smelt v. , smelted , smelting , smelts . v.tr. To melt or fuse (ores) in order to separate the metallic constituents What chemical reaction takes place during smelting? - Yahoo! UK ...

上次更新日期: Jul 15, 2012 · 6 条留言 · 首次发布时间: Jul 15, 2012 Jul 15, 2012 · Best Answer: Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal from its ore. This includes production of silver, iron, copper ... Copper extraction techniques - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Copper extraction techniques refers to the methods for obtaining copper from its ores. This conversion consists of a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical ... .: International Silver, Inc. :. The Pioche Mining District, Lincoln County, Nevada. Introduction: Our principal area of interest is the Pioche District of Lincoln County, Nevada. The Source of Silver - Its Ores and Silver Bearing Minerals Nov 13, 2008 · Silver has been over $10 per ounce for most of a year, causing curiosity among some folks as to the where silver comes from. Silver is mined from a variety ... Galena: Galena mineral information and data. <m>Galena Group</m>. Galena is the primary ore mineral of lead.

Worked for its lead content as early as 3000 BC, it is found in ore veins with sphalerite, pyrite ... Lead Ore,Galena,Lead Galena,Lead Galena Buyer,Lead Ore … Lead Ore is found from ores dug from ground mines. Some form of Lead is found in many minerals but the Galena is a one of the most important product for getting Lead. Lead Ore,Galena,Lead Galena,Lead Galena Buyer,Lead Ore … Lead Ore is found from ores dug from ground mines. Some form of Lead is found in many minerals but the Galena is a one of the most important product for getting Lead. Lead Ore Buyers & Suppliers, Buy and Sell Offers We provide lumps of Lead Ore also known as surma, which is used for eye make up. It is mostly used in rural areas. Surma is a traditional ceremonial dye, which ... Geology, Photos & History of Mining in the Silver Valley Geology of the Ore Veins . . . Tetrahedrite, Galena, and Sphalerite . . . The veins in the district consist principally of siderite (tan-colored iron carbonate) with ... ore: Definition from Answers.com ore n.

A mineral or an aggregate of minerals from which a valuable constituent, especially a metal, can be profitably mined or extracted Silvercorp Reports Financial and Operating Results for the Third ... Feb 13, 2013 · From Yahoo! Finance: Silvercorp Metals Inc. today reported its unaudited financial and operating results for the third quarter ended December 31, 2012 . calcination gold sulfide ore - YouTube for price and details click Copper sulfide nickel ore recovery of gold and PGM Nigerians crushing gold ore 5.7. smelting ... Silver - Mineral Fact Sheets - Australian Mines Atlas Silver's (Ag) relative scarcity, attractive appearance and malleability for easy shaping has made it suitable for use in jewellery, ornaments and silverware since ... Silver Mining Claims - The need for silver issue. An Update On The Bowser Creek Galena Claims, Alaska! By Barry Murray, the single signature owner, as validated in the industry respected WesternMiner.com database. Gold Concentrators - Oro Industries - - The “Martin” Multi-Helix GOLD CONCENTRATORS - manufacturer of gold concentrators, gold recovery concentrators, ore processing equipment.

View our selection of GOLD … El Presidente Mines Lode Mining Claim Pioche NV 2 Mines 230 ' … El Presidente Mines-Lode Mining Claim-Pioche, NV-2 mines-230+' Free Gold-Galena! in Real Estate, Land | eBay glossary - Uranium Miner Uranium Miner's Glossary of uranium mining and general mining terms. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. A. Acidic precipitation - Snow and rain that ... Invicta MineSite | InfoMine Commodity: Gold, Silver : 29km E of Sayan, Peru. Latitude: 11Â° 8' (South) Longitude: 76Â° 55' (West) Map Satellite Image. Owners: Andean American Gold Corp. Can you melt silver at home (for jewelry)? I want to melt metal, preferably silver, to stamp in the process of making jewelry. I want to know the process and the materials/equipment needed. Copper Ore Types: Sulfides versus Oxides | Copper Investing News Copper-containing rock hosts only a small percentage of copper.

Most of the rock is unwanted material, typically referred to as gangue. Depending on to what minerals ... Lead and Zinc Mining - Encyclopedia of Arkansas The history of lead and zinc mining in Arkansas is linked because ores of these two metals often occur together. Lead and zinc in Arkansas occur principally along the ... EPA Funded Sites and the ASARCO Settlement | Civil Enforcement ... American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) Bankruptcy Settlement EPA Funded Sites and Communities Mining Properties for Sale in BC Canada - Gold Mines, Silver … Clearly the best resource for proven mining properties in British Columbia (BC) Canada. We have Gold / Silver Mines, Placer claims & Minfile Prospects (approximately ... Smithsonite: Smithsonite mineral information and data. <M>Calcite Group</M>. <M>Siderite-Smithsonite Series</M>. Smithsonite is often found as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of zinc ore deposits. It can also be ... Science Exam flashcards | Quizlet - Simple free learning tools for ... Vocabulary words for Science Exam. Includes studying games and tools such as flashcards.

Platinum - 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica - Free Online PLATINUM [[[symbol]] Pt, atomic weight 195.0 (0= '6)1, a metallic chemical element. The name, derived from platina, the diminutive of Span. plata (silver), was first ... Lead Ore,Galena,Lead Galena,Lead Galena Buyer,Lead Ore … Lead Ore is found from ores dug from ground mines. Some form of Lead is found in many minerals but the Galena is a one of the most important product for getting Lead. Lead Ore Buyers & Suppliers, Buy and Sell Offers We provide lumps of Lead Ore also known as surma, which is used for eye make up. It is mostly used in rural areas. Surma is a traditional ceremonial dye, which ... Geology, Photos & History of Mining in the Silver Valley Geology of the Ore Veins . . . Tetrahedrite, Galena, and Sphalerite . . . The veins in the district consist principally of siderite (tan-colored iron carbonate) with ... ore: Definition from Answers.com ore n.

A mineral or an aggregate of minerals from which a valuable constituent, especially a metal, can be profitably mined or extracted Silvercorp Reports Financial and Operating Results for the Third ... Feb 13, 2013 · From Yahoo! Finance: Silvercorp Metals Inc. today reported its unaudited financial and operating results for the third quarter ended December 31, 2012 . calcination gold sulfide ore - YouTube for price and details click Copper sulfide nickel ore recovery of gold and PGM Nigerians crushing gold ore 5.7. smelting ... Silver - Mineral Fact Sheets - Australian Mines Atlas Silver's (Ag) relative scarcity, attractive appearance and malleability for easy shaping has made it suitable for use in jewellery, ornaments and silverware since ... Silver Mining Claims - The need for silver issue. An Update On The Bowser Creek Galena Claims, Alaska! By Barry Murray, the single signature owner, as validated in the industry respected WesternMiner.com database. Gold Concentrators - Oro Industries - - The “Martin” Multi-Helix GOLD CONCENTRATORS - manufacturer of gold concentrators, gold recovery concentrators, ore processing equipment.

View our selection of GOLD … El Presidente Mines Lode Mining Claim Pioche NV 2 Mines 230 ' … El Presidente Mines-Lode Mining Claim-Pioche, NV-2 mines-230+' Free Gold-Galena! in Real Estate, Land | eBay lead ore galena lead ore galena Galena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Galena is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide. It is the most important lead ore mineral. Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide ... GALENA (Lead Sulfide) - Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery Galena is a common and popular mineral for rock hounds. Its characteristic cubes, distinctive cleavage and high density make it easy to identify and a favorite in ... Galena/Lead - ThinkQuest What is it and where is it formed? Galena is the main ore of lead and silver. It is a combination of lead and sulfur. Galena is found combined with zinc ... Lead Ore,Galena,Lead Galena,Lead Galena Buyer,Lead Ore … Lead Ore is found from ores dug from ground mines.

Some form of Lead is found in many minerals but the Galena is a one of the most important product for getting Lead. Missouri State Mineral: Galena (lead) - e-ReferenceDesk - 50 … Missouri State Mineral Galena (lead) Adopted on July 21, 1967. On July 21, 1967, the mineral galena was adopted as the official mineral of Missouri. Galena: Galena mineral information and data. <m>Galena Group</m>. Galena is the primary ore mineral of lead. Worked for its lead content as early as 3000 BC, it is found in ore veins with sphalerite, pyrite ... lead ore - definition of lead ore by the Free Online Dictionary ... Noun 1. lead ore - ore containing lead ore - a mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined massicot , massicotite - the mineral form of lead ... Lead | Minerals Education Coalition Natural resources are the foundation for our lives and lifestyles. What would our lives be like without mining? Imagine a world without transportation such as jet ...

Missouri State Mineral - Galena Missouri designated galena (lead sulfide) as the official state mineral in 1967. Galena is the major source of lead ore, and Missouri is the top producer of lead in ... Lead Ore / Lead Concentrate Smelting, Manufacturing Technique … Lead Ore Smelting. Any of several minerals from which Lead is extracted. The primary ore is galena or Lead sulphite PbS. This is unstable, and on prolonged exposure ... Galena: Galena mineral information and data. <m>Galena Group</m>. Galena is the primary ore mineral of lead. Worked for its lead content as early as 3000 BC, it is found in ore veins with sphalerite, pyrite ... Galena, Kansas - A Lead Mining Maven - Legends of America ... In the rocky hills and gravel-filled valleys of southeast Kansas is the small town of Galena, born of rugged characters when lead was discovered in ... Lead - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a ...

Lead Ore Milling 1934 US Bureau of Mines - YouTube Nestled deep within the eastern Ozarks is an area known as the Old Lead Belt; it is a major part of the great Southeast Missouri lead district, the premier ... Where is the mineral galena found - The Q&A wiki Galena, the mineral that is the primary ore of lead, is common in several areas of the United States. In addition, Mexico, Australia and a number of European ... Lead: Lead mineral information and data. Native lead is rare; lead is far more commonly found and mined as the lead sulphide mineral <m>galena</m>. The Romans named the refined metal 'plumbum' and used … Lead ore - crossword puzzle clue Clue: Lead ore. Lead ore is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 13 times. There are related clues (shown below). What is Galena Ore and what is it used for? - Yahoo!

UK & … 上次更新日期: May 19, 2008 · 3 条留言 · 首次发布时间: May 19, 2008 May 19, 2008 · Best Answer: Derivation: From "galena" (Latin) lead ore Formula: PbS Description: Shiny with square crystals interlocking with each other. The thing you ... Lead Processing ,Lead Ore Beneficiation, Lead Ore Flotation, Lead ... Cathay is a professional supplier for overall solutions for Lead Ore Processing Machine, Plant ,Equipment in China. Our Lead Processing Machine may be your best ... Missouri Secretary of State Kids: History & Fun Facts The State Mineral. Galena was named the state mineral of Missouri on July 21, 1967. Galena is dark gray in color and breaks into small blocks. This mineral is a major ... Lead - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lead (pronounce: "lehd") is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Pb, which comes from plumbum, the Latin word for lead. Its atomic number is 82, atomic mass is ...

Lead Minerals,Lead Properties,Lead Uses,Lead Information,Lead ... Read about lead minerals, lead mineral, lead physical properties, lead chemical properties, lead atomic properties, lead uses, lead information, lead facts, aluminum ... lead: Definition from Answers.com lead n. ( Symbol Pb ) A soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white, dense metallic element, extracted chiefly from galena and used in containers and pipes Museum of Classic Pennsylvania Minerals Museum of Classic Pennsylvania Minerals! Welcome to the museum! Page one includes minerals from the Wheatley Mine, the French Creek Mines and the Cornwall Mine. Minerals; Rock and Mineral Specimens; Crystals; Mineral Dealer ... Weinrich Minerals, Inc. A Dealer in Fine Mineral Specimens - Since 1989! There are currently 1566 searchable specimens on the website, ranging in all price and ... Lead | Define Lead at Dictionary.com verb (used with object) 1. to go before or with to show the way; conduct or escort: to lead a group on a cross-country hike. 2. to conduct by holding and guiding: to ... What does lead or silver look like - Gold Hunters Forum - Gold ...

What does lead or silver look like - posted in Gold Hunters Forum: What does raw lead or silver or maybe even platinum look like in it raw form I have been messing ... lead on - definition of lead on by the Free Online Dictionary ... lead 1 (l d) v. led (l d), lead·ing, leads. v.tr. 1. To show the way to by going in advance. 2. To guide or direct in a course: lead a horse by the halter. Trade-Lead - Business To Business (b2b) Marketplace ... International Trade Lead marketplace to connect buyers and suppliers around the world, Illinois Adventure - Vinegar Hill Lead Mine · 8885 North Three Pines Road. Galena, Illinois 61036 (See Map and Directions below) Type: Historic Locations, Illinois Tourism District: Northern Galena: Galena mineral information and data. <m>Galena Group</m>. Galena is the primary ore mineral of lead. Worked for its lead content as early as 3000 BC, it is found in ore veins with sphalerite, pyrite ... Galena, Kansas - A Lead Mining Maven - Legends of America ...

In the rocky hills and gravel-filled valleys of southeast Kansas is the small town of Galena, born of rugged characters when lead was discovered in ... Lead - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a ... Lead Ore Milling 1934 US Bureau of Mines - YouTube Nestled deep within the eastern Ozarks is an area known as the Old Lead Belt; it is a major part of the great Southeast Missouri lead district, the premier ... Where is the mineral galena found - The Q&A wiki Galena, the mineral that is the primary ore of lead, is common in several areas of the United States. In addition, Mexico, Australia and a number of European ... Lead ore - crossword puzzle clue Clue: Lead ore. Lead ore is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 13 times. There are related clues (shown below). What is Galena Ore and what is it used for? - Yahoo!

UK & … 上次更新日期: May 19, 2008 · 3 条留言 · 首次发布时间: May 19, 2008 May 19, 2008 · Best Answer: Derivation: From "galena" (Latin) lead ore Formula: PbS Description: Shiny with square crystals interlocking with each other. The thing you ... Lead Processing ,Lead Ore Beneficiation, Lead Ore Flotation, Lead ... Cathay is a professional supplier for overall solutions for Lead Ore Processing Machine, Plant ,Equipment in China. Our Lead Processing Machine may be your best ... Missouri Secretary of State Kids: History & Fun Facts The State Mineral. Galena was named the state mineral of Missouri on July 21, 1967. Galena is dark gray in color and breaks into small blocks. This mineral is a major ... Mineral Gallery from Missouri - John Betts - Fine Minerals, New ... Calcite from Tri-State Lead-Zinc Mining District, near Joplin, Jasper County, Missouri

Question: Galena is the primary ore mineral of which metal?
Answer: Lead