Suint - definition of suint by The Free Dictionary Suint - definition of suint by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Medical , Encyclopedia . su·int (so͞o′ĭnt, swĭnt) n. A natural grease formed from dried perspiration found in the fleece of sheep, formerly used as a source of potash. [French, from Old French, from suer, to sweat, from Latin sūdāre; see sweid- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] suint (ˈsuːɪnt; swɪnt) n (Elements & Compounds) a water-soluble substance found in the fleece of sheep, consisting of peptides, organic acids, metal ions, and inorganic cations and formed from dried perspiration [C18: from French suer to sweat, from Latin sūdāre] su•int (ˈsu ɪnt, swɪnt) n. a natural grease of sheep that dries on the wool, consisting of fatty matter and potassium salts.

[1785–95; < French, Middle French, derivative of su(er) to sweat (< Latin sūdāre; see sweat )] The Spinning Shepherd § La Bergère Filandière: Sheep to Sweater Sunday n̊ 2 "Washing Your Fleece" Woolly Tales & Yarns from a Spinner's Flock of Ouessant Sheep § Une chronique de fil en aiguille d’une fileuse et son troupeau de moutons d’ouessant May 17, 2009 Sheep to Sweater Sunday n̊ 2 "Washing Your Fleece" One little caveat before I go any further. There are a number of different ways to process fleece. What I’m sharing with you here are my preferred methods of processing ouessant fleece. As with anything, there are pros and cons with any technique (and I’ll try to point these out as we go along), but so far I’m VERY pleased with the results that I’m getting. To a large extent I’ve arrived at this through trial and error.

Even though I’ve been spinning and knitting for over 25 years – and have a “certain amount of skill” and experience – I wasn’t at all satisfied with my attempts at processing ouessant fleece last year. I felt as though I wasn’t doing justice to the fleece. In short, I was very frustrated! But that didn’t stop me. After much experimentation, a few disappointments, some helpful advise from fellow Ravelry members, and lots of determination ... I think that I’ve finally come up with a set of techniques that seem to work beautifully for ouessant fleece. Alright, so now you have a quality ouessant fleece (step n̊ 1), but where do you go from here? . . . on to step n̊ 2! LOL!! At this point you have to decided whether or not you want to wash your fleece before spinning. This question is not as obvious as it might seem. You can spin raw, unwashed fleece, even if most spinners prefer working with washed/scoured wool. Globally speaking you have 3 different choices : You can spin raw, unwashed fleece. Then wash/scour the skeins of spun wool.

I did a fair amount of this last year with mixed results. The yarn just wasn’t what I was hoping for. Somehow I felt like I was missing out on something. That said the big advantage of this method is that there is basically no fiber prep at all ... but in my opinion the results mitigate this advantage. You can wash and fully scour your fleece in hot water and soap. This method removes all suint, which is a natural grease formed from dried perspiration found in the fleece, and lanolin. Remember that sheep’s wool is made up of both suint and lanolin : two different things! This leaves a “dry” fleece with no natural lanolin in it. This method is particularly recommended for extremely “greasy” fleeces like Merino or Rambouillet. I used this method with some of my ouessant fleece last year. On the whole I felt that I was over-processing the fleece. The fleece seemed too dry and almost damaged. Even so, the resulting yarn was nicer than spinning raw, unwashed fleece. Finally, you can soak your well-skirted fleece in cold rain water.

As an interesting side note, this is how ouessant fleeces were traditionally processed on the Island of Ouessant. The fleece is left in cold rain water for 7 days. No soap, no agitation. Nothing! We let nature do our work for us. During this cold soak, the suint (and dirt) breaks down and “washes” out of the fleece, leaving behind a beautifully “clean” fleece that still retains the natural lanolin found in the fleece. This is a particularly appropriate method for washing ouessant fleece, as it is a fleece which naturally contains little lanolin. I absolutely LOVE this method of washing fleece. It’s much easier than the hot wash option, the wool comes out looking gorgeous, and the yarns produced using this method are exceptional! RhumRaisin's fleece in cold rain-water soak Note the tied corners of the netting First of all, on a 1 m² piece of nylon netting I carefully arrange the wool, keeping fleece structure and lock formation intact. A thin nylon cord is tied to each corner of the netting : this allows me to lift the whole fleece at one time, keeping the structure of the locks and fleece intact ...

as you will see, this is important for later processing! I put the fleece/netting in an 80 litre plastic tub filled with rain water, being careful that the fleece stays in the "net basket". Please note : don't stir or agitate the wool. Just let it soak. Do put a lid on the tub to keep out bugs and flying bits of vegetable matter! After 7 days, carefully lift the "net basket" of clean, wet wool out of the tub. The water will look somewhat like this : Yummy!!! : Dirty "sheep water" At this point, I put the "basket" of wet fleece in a "new" tub of clean rain water for a one-day rinse/soak. RhumRaisin : Final rinse/soak After a one-day rinse/soak, lift the net basket of fleece out of the tub and without disturbing the lock structure of the fleece, put the wet fleece on a drying screen in the shade. It can take a bit of time to dry. I usually leave the screen/fleece outside to drip dry for at least one day ... then I often move the damp fleece to a drying rack in the house.

Generally speaking I try to keep the fleece on its netting until it is completly dry : this makes it easy to move the fleece without messing it up. Drying screen : RhumRaisin in the foreground ; 'TitBijou in the background! This is Mother Nature's way of washing a fleece : no harsh chemicals. Just pure, cool, natural rain water. This is actually a very easy process. And it does produce beautiful results. Of course this isn't really much of an option for apartment dwellers ... but if you have some outdoor space, do give it a try! I'm sure that you'll be amazed at the results! Next week we'll look at step n° 3! Publié par Diane à l'adresse Wool Fiber Processing Stage Home » Textile Processes » Wool Processing Wool Processing Wool is a natural fiber obtained from animal hair, mainly from sheep's hair. Wool processing involves many operations, both dry and wet processes. The processes carried out in a woolen mill can be grouped under the headings- Fiber Shearing and Grading; Fiber Preparation; Weaving Operations; and Finishing Operations.

Fiber Shearing and Grading In this first stage of wool processing, fiber is collected from the body of the animals through Shearing and then their suitability for processing is determined through Grading. Shearing: Sheep are sheared by skillful shearers who do the job by using electric hand clippers similar to enlarged barber's shears. Smooth strokes close to the skin of the animals are used for obtaining lengthy fibers so that the fleece remains valuable. Grading: Grading is done for establishing the quality of raw fiber in respect of fiber length, diameter, amounts of dirt, and other impurities. These factors are determined either by the experienced Graders or by the prospective buyers themselves who take the samples for the purpose. Graders can do the job simply through visual inspection. Fine and medium-fine wools having longer staple lengths of more than three inches are considered to be of good quality and are used for making light-weight worsted suit and dress fabrics. Coarser and short staples of less than three inches long are used for making bulky sweater and carpet yarns. Fiber Preparation 60% of the raw wool fiber is composed of impurities and only 40% of it is usable wool fiber.

The impurities present in wool are of three types- natural; acquired; and applied impurities. Natural impurities are the glandular secretions that adhere to the fleece. Suint and wool grease, together known as yolk, are such two major components. Suint is the dried perspiration of sheep that is water soluble. Wool grease is water insoluble and requires special scouring for its removal. The acquired impurities include soil, dust, dirt, straw, vegetable and fecal matter. Applied impurities are due to the treatments given to the animal against insects, pests etc. and due to the markings made on them with tar or paints for their identification. Washing and Scouring: The water soluble suint and other heavy dirt particles are removed by washing the raw wool with water at a temperature of 32°C to 42°C. The water insoluble wool grease is removed by treating the desuinted wool with a mixture of detergent and sodium sulphate (or chloride) at the temperature of 65°C.

As the detergent scouring yields waste of very high strength, some mills prefer to remove the impurities by solvent scouring wherein the desuinted wool is scoured with organic solvents such as benzene, carbon tetra chloride, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. Although solvent scoring removes grease effectively, dirt is not removed. Thus, solvent scouring is generally followed by a detergent wash. After scouring, the woolen fibers are rinsed with water at a temperature of 46°C to 50°C to remove the residual chemicals and remaining dirt. Blending: Clean wool fibers from several different batches are often blended or mixed mechanically. Blending helps in unifying the slightly-different basic colors of raw wool, and also standardizes staple length and diameter for uniform quality. Stock Dyeing: Wool fibers absorb dyes very efficiently at any processing stage. Wool dyed immediately after scouring is called to be a stock-dyed fiber. It is dyed either in open or pressure type machines, after which the dyed fiber is rinsed thoroughly with water.

The various types of dyes used for woolen dyeing are direct dyes, acid chrome, metachrome, pure mordant dyes and premetallized acid dyes. Vat dyes are also used under special circumstances. Oiling: The cohesion of fibers are increased by oiling, which also helps in spinning. Olive oil or a mixture of lard and mineral oil is used for the purpose. The quantity of oil used varies from 1 to 11% of the wool's weight. The applied oil is washed out during finishing operations. Weaving Operations After the dry operations, the wool fiber is woven into woolen fabric . Carding: The clean and dry wool is passed through wire rollers to straighten the fibers and remove any remaining impurities. Carding results in a thin web of aligned fibers. Smooth steel fingers are then used to divide the web and roll the strands over onto one another which creates narrow continuous ropes of fibers known as "slivers".

If the treated batch of wool is of coarser fiber and shorter staple length the machine gently twists the slivers into ropelike strands called "roving", and winds the roving into balls ready for spinning into woolen yarns that are used for making bulky sweaters and carpets. If the batch consists of finer fiber and longer staples then the slivers usually go through the combing and drawing steps which prepare them for spinning into worsted yarns that are used for making suits, dresses, and gabardines. Spinning: Roving prepared for both woolen and worsted yarns goes through the spinning process for yarn formation. After spools of roving are mounted on the spinning frame, the ends of the roving are drawn through small rollers to extend the wool fibers still further. Then the spinning machines give repeated twists to the roving thus converting them into yarns having different properties of varying strength, firmness, size and ply. Weaving and Knitting: In weaving, two distinct sets of yarns called the warp and the weft are interlaced at right angles with each other to form a woven fabric. Knitted fabrics are produced by interlocking rows of yarns and loops.

As new loops are formed, they are drawn through those previously formed. A circular knitting machine primarily manufactures jersey and a variety of double knits. Flat knitting machines make yard goods like tricot and raschel knits. Finishing Operations A thorough examination of the produced cloth brings out the imperfections such as broken threads, variations in color and other undesired effects. These are removed and the area is rewoven by hand if necessary. The fabric then undergoes certain wet processes to acquire the required finish and for the removal of any traces of impurities. Fulling: This wet process is adopted for giving a controlled shrinkage to the woven cloth. It converts even a loosely woven cloth into a tight, closely woven woolen fabric. It improves the texture of the fabric which feels like a felted cloth. Both the types, acid fulling and alkali fulling are adopted by the wool mills. In acid fulling, dilute solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide are used along with small quantities of metallic catalysts. It is usually carried out for heavy fabrics such as blankets, military uniforms, felt cloth etc. In alkali fulling, soap or detergent, sodium carbonate and a sequestering agent are used.

It is meant for delicate woolen garments. After fulling, the fabric is washed extensively twice or thrice in order to remove the excessive chemicals. Wool Carbonizing: It is the final process applied for removing burrs and other impurities remaining in the wool. The woolen fabric, impregnated with sulfuric acid solution, is oven dried at 100°C to 104°C followed by mechanical agitation. The acid degrades the cellulosic impurities without harming the wool. During drying, the sulfuric acid becomes more concentrated due to water evaporation resulting in burning of remaining impurities. The fabric is then passed through pressure rollers to crush the solid carbon residue. The loosened carbon residue is removed from the wool by passing it through the mechanical agitators called dusters. The fabric is then rinsed with water, passed through baths containing sodium carbonate solution to neutralize the residual acid, washed again and then dried. Piece Dyeing: If the wool had not been died at fiber stage then it is dyed following the piece dyed method after carbonizing.

Bleaching or Brightening: At times, mild bleaching is also done with sulfur dioxide or hydrogen peroxide to whiten the natural yellow tint of the wool. Wool yield | Article about wool yield by The Free Dictionary Wool yield | Article about wool yield by The Free Dictionary wool, fiber made from the fleece of the domestic sheep sheep, common name for many species of wild and domesticated ruminant mammals of the genus Ovis of the Bovidae, or cattle, family. The male is called a ram (if castrated it is a wether), the female is called a ewe, and their offspring is a lamb. ..... Click the link for more information. . Composition and Characteristics Wool consists of the cortex, overlapping scales (sharper and more protruding than those of hair) that may expand at their free edges causing fibers to intermesh; elasticum, the inner layer; and a core. When soaked, the elasticum and core contract, shrinking the fiber. Elasticity resulting from the molecular structure of wool and resiliency from its crimp make wool fabrics crease resistant. Fine wool will stretch one third its length.

Wool is warm because its fibers are nonconductors of heat and its crimp permits it to enmesh still air. It is highly absorbent and releases moisture slowly. Its tensile strength is one fourth greater than that of cotton. A protein compound of complex chemical composition, it is soluble in hot caustic soda. Wool Types Wool is classed as follows: fine, usually short-staple wool of Merino fineness and including Delaine Merino, combable fibers 2 in. (5.1 cm) or more in length; medium, or mutton, 2 1-2 to 6 in. (6.4–15.2 cm) long, e.g., Cheviot and Southdown; long-staple, 10 to 15 in. (25.4–38.1 cm) long, loosely crimped, e.g., the Lincoln and the Cotswold; and carpet, 1 to 15 in. (2.5–38.1 cm) long, strong, coarse, and usually blended for uniformity. For industrial purposes the fiber of the camel camel, ruminant mammal of the family Camelidae.

The family consists of three genera, the true camels of Asia (genus Camelus); the wild guanaco and the domesticated alpaca and llama, all of South America (genus Lama ..... Click the link for more information. , Angora goat (see mohair mohair, hair of the Angora goat or a large group of fabrics made from it, either wholly or in combination with wool, silk, or cotton. The Angora goat, native of Asia Minor for 2,000 years, is bred in other lands, e.g., the SW United States and South Africa. ..... Click the link for more information. ), Kashmir goat (cashmere or pashmina), llama llama , South American domesticated ruminant mammal, Lama glama, of the camel family. Genetic studies indicate that it is descended from the guanaco. Smaller than the camel and lacking a hump, it somewhat resembles a large sheep with a long neck, camellike face, and long ..... Click the link for more information. , alpaca alpaca , partially domesticated South American mammal, Lama pacos, of the camel family.

Genetic studies show that it is a descendant of the vicuña. Although the flesh is sometimes used for food, the animal is bred chiefly for its long, lustrous wool, which varies ..... Click the link for more information. , and vicuña vicuña , wild South American hoofed mammal, Vicugna vicugna, the smallest member of the camel family. It is 30 in. (75 cm) high at the shoulder, with a long, slender neck and pale, fawn coloring. ..... Click the link for more information. is classed as wool. Sheep are sheared with mechanical clippers. The fleece thus recovered is classed as lamb's wool, or first clip; hog wool, clipped from sheep 12 to 14 months old; wether wool, from older animals; taglocks, the ragged, discolored portion; and pulled wool, usually weakened when recovered by sweating or chemical processes from sheep slaughtered for mutton. Wool Production The wool is sorted as to fineness, crimp, length of fiber, and felting qualities.

Dirt, suint (dried perspiration), and lanolin are removed by a soap-alkali scouring; by the expensive naphtha solvent method, which retains the full strength and softness of the fiber; or by freezing and shaking. Wool may be carbonized to remove vegetable matter. It is bleached and dyed as raw stock, yarn, or in the piece; it is oiled to withstand processing and is often blended. Woolen goods are woven from carded short-staple fibers into soft yarns adapted to fulling and napping. Worsted fabrics such as whipcord, gabardine, and serge have a hard, smooth texture. Originally made only from long-staple fibers, worsted yarn is now spun also from medium or short fibers. The fibers are carded, the resulting sliver gilled to straighten the fibers and double them for uniformity; subjected to successive combings to remove nails (short ends) and lay the fibers parallel; then drawn into roving and spun, usually by the rapid, continuous ring method, and twisted.

Although the twill weave is usual for worsteds, the same weaves may be used as for woolens without the pattern being obscured by the napping, fulling, and shearing processes commonly employed in finishing woolens. History of Wool Production No known wild sheep are wool bearing. The supposed ancestors of the domestic sheep had long hair and a soft, downy undercoat, which under domestication gradually became wool, while the long hair disappeared. In this development, breeding, feed, climate, and protection were influential, as shown by an atavistic return of neglected sheep to long hair and rudimentary wool. In the tombs and ruins of Egypt, Nineveh, and Babylon, in the barrows of early Britons, and among the relics of the Peruvians, fragments of woolen fabrics are found. The Romans as early as 200 B.C. began to improve their flocks, which became the progenitors of the famed Spanish Merino sheep Merino sheep , breed intermediate in body size having fine wool, developed in Spain. These sheep are noted for their hardiness and their herding instincts and have been used as parents of several other breeds, notably the Rambouillet of France. Three strains have been developed. .....

Click the link for more information. . The Britons kept sheep and wove wool long before the Roman invasion, but the establishment by the Romans of a factory at Winchester probably improved their methods. William the Conqueror brought into England skilled Flemish weavers. Henry II encouraged wool industries by laws, cloth fairs, and guilds of weavers. Edward III brought weavers, dyers, and fullers from Flanders. England became the great wool-producing country of Europe, and wool was the staple of its industry until cotton began to overshadow it in the 18th cent. In the American colonies, sheep raising started in Jamestown. Stringent English laws against exporting wool passed in an attempt to force the use of English cloth on the colonies, early drove the settlers to the raising of sheep. George Washington imported sheep and brought spinners and weavers from England. Early in the 19th cent., imported Merinos greatly improved the existing stock. Spinning and weaving were early established in New England, at first in homes, later in small factories. The first factory in America using water power to weave wool was established (1788) at Hartford, Conn., and was encouraged by tax exemption and a bounty on each yard woven.

Wool Today In the United States, by the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939, the term wool may be applied only to fabrics made entirely of new wool; the term reprocessed wool, to wool recovered from unused articles and waste; and reused wool, to wool reclaimed from used articles. The trade designates fleece wool as virgin wool, salvaged wool as shoddy. Salvaged wool may legitimately be used to add strength to soft new wool or to produce a cheaper product. Numerous synthetic fibers have been developed as wool imitations and for blending with wool. The United States now produces a substantial amount of the world's wool, chiefly in Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Idaho, New Mexico, Colorado, California, and Ohio. Woolen cloth manufacture is largely centered in New England. Other important wool producers include Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Russia, the Republic of South Africa, Uruguay, Great Britain, China, and India. Bibliography See W. J. Onions, Wool: An Introduction to Its Properties, Varieties, Uses, and Production (1962); W. von Bergen, ed., Wool Handbook (2 vol., 3d ed.

1963–70); H. S. Bell, Wool: An Introduction to Wool Production and Marketing (1970). Wool one of the primary natural textile fibers, the raw material of the wool-processing industry. Most of the wool processed industrially comes from sheep; considerably smaller quantities of similar fibers are obtained from goats, camels, yaks, hares, rabbits, horses, cows, deer, dogs, and other animals. Possessed of useful qualities, such as low heat conduction and high moisture absorption, wool is a valuable material for the manufacture of fabrics, knitwear, carpets, and other articles. The world production of wool from sheep totaled 2.6 million tons in 1976. Most was produced by Australia (747,000 tons), New Zealand (311,000 tons), and Argentina (160,000 tons). The USSR produced 432,800 tons in 1976.

Grease, or fleece, wool is obtained from live animals by shearing (sheep, goats, and others), combing (camels, yaks, dogs, goats, and rabbits), or gathering during molting (cows, horses, and yaks). Wool removed from the hides of slaughtered animals is called pulled wool. Wool is a keratinized filament produced by the animal’s skin. Animals produce a hairy outer coat and a downy undercoat. In sheep the outer coat consists of guard, transitional, and surface hairs; the downy undercoat is homogeneous. Fibers from the outer coat have a cuticle, a cortex, and usually a medulla; undercoat fibers have a cuticle and a cortex. The cuticle is a thin (0.5–2 micrometers) protective fiber casing. It accounts for the wool’s spinning and felting properties. Damage to the cuticle leads to deterioration of the cortical layer and lessens the usefulness of the wool. The condition of the cortical layer, located underneath the cuticle, affects the strength, elasticity, resiliency, and other properties of the wool.

The medulla may be solid or porous (with air cavities) and is situated along the fiber axis. Increased medullation lessens the usefulness of the wool. The guard hairs consist of coarse, usually longer fibers of low crimp whose cuticle scales are not ring-shaped. Their use characteristics are inferior to those of undercoat and transitional hairs. The transitional hairs have a length, thickness, and structure intermediate between guard hairs and fibers from the undercoat. The medullary layer is poorly developed or absent. Transitional hairs have better use characteristics than guard hairs. The undercoat consists of the finest fibers, which are usually shorter than those of the guard and transitional hairs. Sheep’s wool may be classified as uniform or nonuniform depending on the composition of the fibers. In uniform wool the undercoat and transitional fibers are grouped together to form staple fibers (the transitional fibers of wool from long-wool breeds form uniform locks). In nonuniform wool the undercoat, transitional, and guard hairs are formed into locks. Staple fibers and locks are the elements of the fleece—the wool covering of sheep that is removed in one piece by shearing.

The physical properties of wool that determine its use characteristics and market qualities include fineness, crimp, length, strength, elasticity, resiliency, stiffness, flexibility, extensibility, hygroscopicity, color, and luster. The average thickness is 10–25 micrometers (μm) for undercoat fibers, 30–50 μm for transitional fibers, and more than 50 μm for guard hairs. According to the Soviet scale, uniform wool is divided into 13 classes of thickness: from class 32 (55.1–67 μm average thickness) to class 80 (14.5–18.0 μm). Guard hairs usually have little crimp; undercoat fibers of uniform wool have normal crimp, and transitional fibers of uniform wool are flat. Crimp gives fibers additional resiliency. The longest wool—40 cm and longer—is found in sheep of the long-wool meat breeds (Lincoln and others) and some coarse-wool breeds (Highland Carpathian and others).

Short wool—4 cm to 7 cm—is found in fine-wool and some coarse-wool breeds (Gissar and others). The color of wool is determined by the presence of the pigment melanin in the cortex along the entire length or in part of the fiber. The principal colors of wool are white, black, and red-yellow. White wool is the most highly valued because it can be dyed any color. The wool of Lincoln sheep and Angora goats is especially lustrous. The production uses of wool depend to a certain degree on the luster, which affects the external appearance of the article. The yolk, suint, and foreign mineral matter in wool covers and mats the fibers. Washed wool is usually required for commercial processing, with the exception of some types of felting. The ratio in percent of the weight of washed wool, with correction for conditioning moisture, to the original weight of unwashed wool is called the yield. The production use of wool is determined by the complex of properties inherent in the type of wool. Fine wool is uniform and consists of medium-fine (18–23 μm) and fine undercoat fibers.

The staple is of uniform fineness and length, has uniform crimp along the entire length of the fiber, and possesses good physicomechanical properties and use characteristics. Semifine wool is uniform, consisting of coarsened undercoat fibers or transitional hair (average fineness up to 25 μm). It has a larger but less uniform crimp in the staple and lock and sometimes less uniformity of length. This group also includes crossbred and crossbredlike wools, which have good use characteristics, and yak wool, which has poor felting properties and good resiliency. Semicoarse wool is nonuniform and consists of undercoat fibers, transitional hairs, and a small quantity of fine guard hairs. Its fibers are of irregular fineness and length. Coarse wool is nonuniform and consists of undercoat fibers, transitional hairs, and, frequently, dry and dead hair. The nonuniformity of fiber fineness and length is greater than is the case with semicoarse wool. Sheep’s wool is used for the production of various fabrics, knitwear, carpets, and felted articles. Goat’s wool is primarily nonuniform. It is characterized by poor use characteristics and spinning and felting properties.

Consequently, in goats with nonuniform wool, it is the undercoat that is primarily used, principally for knitted articles. Goats of the Angora and Soviet wool breeds yield uniform semifine wool (mohair) consisting of transitional hairs; such wool is characterized by its luster and strength. Camel hair is nonuniform. Its color ranges from white to dark brown. It is characterized by great strength and resiliency, good luster, and poor felting properties. It is used to produce high-quality beaver cloth, blankets, rugs, and knitwear. The mane is used to make drive belts and filter cloth used in the extraction of vegetable oils. Yak wool is nonuniform and is used in cloth manufacture. The coat fibers of hares and rabbits are characterized by fineness, high extensibility, and good felting properties. They are a valuable raw material for the felting industry. Knitwear and felt are manufactured from the undercoats of certain rabbit breeds. Horsehair is a low-quality raw material used for the production of coarse felts. Cow hairs have good felting properties and are used mainly in the felting industry.

Deer also provide fibers, large quantities of which consist of dead hair; the fibers are used in the saddle-making, mattress, and furniture industries and as an insulation material. The hair of some breeds of dogs is used for handmade knitted goods. The wool of llamas, guanacos, alpacas, and other animals is used in small quantities. REFERENCES Suint | Define Suint at Dictionary.com suint [soo-int, swint] /ˈsu ɪnt, swɪnt/ Spell noun 1. the natural grease of the wool of sheep, consisting of a mixture of fatty matter and potassium salts, used as a source of potash and in the preparation of ointments.

Origin of suint Expand 1785-1795 1785-95; < French, Middle French, equivalent to su(er) to sweat (< Latin sūdāre; see sweat ) + -in suffix of mass nouns (as in crottin dung); -t after oint, past participle of oindre to rub with oil, anoint Dictionary.com Unabridged chapter 5: natural protein fibers at Louisiana State University - StudyBlue StudyBlue chapter 5: natural protein fibers Georgiana C. Size: 110 Views: 10 natural protein fibers are of animal origin: wool and speciality wools are the hair and fur of animals, and silk is the secretion of the silk caterpillar are luxury fibers today what natural protein fibers have always been in this category silk, vicuna, camel hair, cashmere Advertisement ) widely used protein fiber but production rates have decreased and cost has increased what are protein fibers composed of? amino acids that have been formed in nature into polypeptide chains with high molecular weights, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen protien fibers are amphoteric what does this mean? amphoteric means they have both acidic and basic reactive groups.

the protein of wool is called what? keratin the protein of silk is called what? fibroin what differs between wool and silk the types and percentages of amino acids. there are more types of amino acids in wool and fewer in silk. -wool absorbs moisture and generates heat, insulting the wearer from the cold the amino acids in wool tend to have large molecular side groups-meaning more likely to form temporary bonds with side groups, wool has better resilienccy. this difference means that wool is bulkier and less compact compared to silk molecules wool cottons what while silk does not sulfar amino acids containing sulfur are more attractive to insects-this explains why wool is more prone to insect damage what are propeties common to all protein fibers resilency, hygroscopic, weaker when wet, specific gravity, harmed by alkali, harmed by oxidizing agents, harmed by dry heat, flame resistance protien fibers have some common properties because of their ? similar chemical composition hygroscopic fibers that can absorb moisture without feeling. this explains why items made from protein fibers are comfortable to use.

hygroscopic fibers minimize suede temperature changes at the skin wools conbined properties are not equaled by any manufactured fiber ability to be shaped by heat and moisture, good moisture absorption without feeling wet, excellent heat retention, water repellency, felt ability, and flame retardancy facts about wool one of the earliest fibers to be spun into yarns and woven into fabric one of most widely used textile fibers before the industrial revolution high cost and care-consider it to be investments Advertisement what was probably the first animals to be domesticated the sheep describe difference between the fleece of primitive sheep and the fleece today primative sheep consisted of long hairy outer coat called kemp and a light brown undercoat the fleece of todays domesticated sheep is primarily the soft undercoat who developed the merino sheep the spanish and it is important because merino sheep have no kemp fiber animal hair fibers: sheep's wool albaca, camel, cashmere goat, llama, vicuna, angora goat, qiviut, angora rabbits -cows, horse hair, fur, mink, beaver, rabbit fur other animal hair fibers cows, horse hair, fur, mink, beaver, rabbit fur characteristics of animal hair fibers fine, soft, dense, tends to

 shed, hair-longer, thinner coarse fibers from extruded filaments silkworm cocoons, spider silk flame resistant property of protein fibers does not burn easily, burning hair odor, self extinguishing, form a black crushable ash, low ironing temperature, press cloth what are protein fibers harmed by?

oxidizing agents, dry heat, bases-alkalis, sunlight-yellows to whites, degrades extended exposure animal hair fibers earliest remains egypt 4000 BC fleece-sheared or cut from animal -first sheep or goats-food, then cloth what does speciality hair fibers include camels, llamas, alpacas, cashmere goat, angora goat (mohair), qiviut (musk ox), angora rabbit, beaver, mink, cow and horsehair wools products labeling act of 1939 all wool products must be labeled all fibers contained must be identified terms that should be used to identify fiber never reclaimed from woven or felted products wool and includes recycled wool which is the lowest quality fibers taken from a woven or felted product products never used by consumer, only scraps from woven, knitted or felted product used by consumer new wool or virginia wool high quality never processed or reclaimed garnetting process by which fibers from an unused or used product are pulled apart and returned to a fibrous state shoddy inexpensive recycled wool products made from garnetting types of wool about 200 different breeds and crossbreeds what produces the most valuable wool merino sheep -austrialia

 produces most, hair length 3-5 inches long and very fine what is the merino wool used to produce?

high quality long wearing products with a soft hand and luster and good drape where is the majority of the fine wool produced in the u.s texas and california and are 2.5 inches long, often compete with higher priced merino wools what grade is the majority of U.s. wool production medium grade wools removed from animals raised for meat these wools ha e a larger diameter than the fine wools and a greater variation in length from 1.5-6 in -used for carpeting -most are raised in the west when are sheep usually sheared? once a year in the spring what alternatives to sheering have been developed? chemical feed additive and an injection -feed additive make the wool brittle and the injection causes the skeep to shed the fleece newly removed wool raw wool or greace wool which has 30-70 % of impurities scoured wool wool that has been cleaned thus the impurities have been removed what are two marketing operations that group wools of like character together? grading and sorting evaluating the whole fleece for fineness and length sorting a single fleece is separated into sections of fiber of different quality where do the best quality wool com ftp,?

the sides, shoulders, and back -the poorest comes from the lower legs quality-helps determine use-fine wool works well for what? lightweight worsted fabric coarse wool works well in carpets what are the characteristics vary with breed of sheep fineness, color, crimp, strength, length, and elasticity the term wool legally includes fiber from what animals? sheep, angora and cashmere goats, camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna sheared wool -pulled wool is taken from the pelts of meat-type sheep recycled wool recovered from worn apparel and cutter's scraps lambs wool comes from animals less than 7 months old this is finer and softer to reduce the cost or extend the use wool is often what?

blended with less expensive fibers the federal trade commission defines label terms for wool garments as follows: Virginia wool recycled wool virginia wool wool that has never been processed, use of the single term wool implies a virgin wool wool new wool or wool fibers reclaimed from knit scraps, broken thread, and noils-noils are short fibers that are removed in making worsted yarns recycled wool scraps of new woven or felted fabrics that are garnetted-(shredded) back to the fibrous state and reused shoddy wool is a type of recycled wool and comes from old apparel and raft that are cleaned sorted or shredded what of quality wool based on? fiber fineness, length, scale structure, color, cleanliness, and freedom from damage caused by environmental processing what are the best quality wools they are white, clean, long, free of defects and coarse fibers, and contain small diameter fibers with a regular scale structure the length of merino wool fibers range from 1.5-5 inches depending on the animal and the length of time between shearings long, fine wool used for worsted fabrics and yarns.

worsted means compact yarn and implies longer gibers and greater uniformity of fiber length after it undergoes a combing process shorter fibers of wool used in woolen fabrics-woolen describes a softer and more loosely twisted yarn and implies shorter less uniform length and less parallel fibers the diameter of wool varies between what 10-50 micrometers.. merino wool may be 15 micrometers parts of the wool fiber's structure cuticle, cortex, and medulla microscopic honeycomb -like core containing air spaces increasing the insulating power usually absent in fine wools cortex main part of the wool fiber, made up of long flattened, tapered cells with a nucleus near the center the cortical cells contain melanin-a natural colored pigment and are on the 2 sides of the wool fiber and react differently to moisture and temperature. are responsible for the unique 3-dimensional crimp crimp fiber bends back and forth and twists around its axis.

merino wool has high crimp-30 in...while low quality wool has 1-5 per inch crimp-the irregular lengthwise waviness gives wool fabrics 3 important properties cohesiveness , elasticity, and loft crimp hepls individual fibers cling together in a yarn which increases the strength of the yarn-thus elasticity is increased because crimp helps fiber act like a spring also contiributes to the loft or bulk describe how wool can be compared to a giant molecular coil spring it has excellent resiliency when the fiber is dry and poor resiliency when it is wet if dry wool fabric is crushed it springs back to its original shape once the crushing force is released wool's recovery from stretching good but takes place more slowly when dry can stretch up to 30 times as much as its original length lose wrinkles faster when exposed to a humid environment wool as a natural bicomponent fiber is best described by what? best illustrated by describing how wool reacts to moisture, one side of the fiber swells more than the other side, decreasing the fiber;s natural crimp, once the fiber dries-the crimp returns cuticle consist of an epicuticle and a dense, non fibrous layer of scales.

the epicuticle gives water repellency to the fiber but is easily damaged by mechanical action the scales within the cuticle of a medium coarse wool contribute to wool's abrasion resitance and felting property, can irritate sensitive skin felting unique and important property of wool and is based on the structure of the fiber means shrinking feltability ability of fibers to mat tougher- under mechanical action-combining agitation, friction, pressure with heat and moisture-cause scales edges to interlock -this prevents the fiber from returning to its original position-results in shrinking or felting wool fiber is a cross linked protein called keratin-the same protein found in fingernails, human hair, hooves, horns, consist of carbon hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur when wool is pulled what help it to recover its original shape its cross links -if damaged they cannot be recovered wool's spiral formation works like a spring and contributes to what resiliency, elongation, elastic recovery any chemical like alkali that damages the cystine linkage can do what destroy the entire structure -in finishing wool however, the linkage can be broken and then reformed careless washing and exposure to light can destroy the links also wool fabrics can be shaped by what?

heat and moisture-this is a plus in producing wool products: puckers can be pressed out, excess fabric can be flattened out, pleats can be pressed with heat, but they are not permanent to washing hydrogen bonds are broken and reformed easily with what steam pressing because of its physical structure, wool contributes what to fabrics? body and loft wool has a matte appearance shorter wool fibers are blended with longer ones-especially mohair-to modify luster and texture drape luster hand can be varied by choice of yarn structure wool fabrics moderate abrasion resistance stems from what the fiber scales structure and flexibility wool fibers can be bent back 20,000 times as compared to cotton 3,000 times what helps wool retain its flexibility atmosphere moisture, example wool carpets become brittle if the air is too dry ______and _______make wool fibers so cohesive that they cling together to make strong yarns the crimp and scale structure tenacity wool fibers have a low tenacity.

when stress is put on fabric the crimped fibers elongate , when removed the cross links pull fibers back to original position the durability of wool fibers relates to what to their excellent elongation 25 % and elastic revoery 99 % the combination of what make wool fabrics something that can be used and enjoyed for years excellent flexibility, elongation, elastic recovery, wool is more what than any other fiber hydroscopic, has a moisture regain of 13-18 percent wool evolved to protect sheep from severe weather comfort wool dries slowly enough that the wearer is more comfortable than in any other fiber what does it mean that wool is a poor conductor of heat warmth from the body is not dissipated readily recover well from crushing therefore fabrics remain porous and capable of trapping air -this "still" air is a great insulator bc keeps body heat close to body specific gravity wool has a medium specific gravity-1.32 people associate heavy fabrics with wool cotton is what in density compared to wool heavier wool fabrics do not soil readily and the removal of soil is simple hang the item in a humid environment or spray with moisture to fasten the recovery dry cleaning is the recommended method for most do not machine wash or tumble dry-felting will occur wool is very

 susceptive to damage when it is wet its breaking elongation increases by 35 percent and resiliency and elastic recovery decreases wool is very sensitive to alkalis such as ?

strong detergents chlorine bleach-an oxydizing agent damges wool reacts to alkali by turning yellow how does wool burn flame resistant -this si one reason why wool is popular in interior design wool is the only fiber that requires _____or______before being processed into a yarn hot water or solvent how much wool is used in the U.s. small amount , the most important use is for adult apparel even though wool used in interiors is low, wool constitutes the standard by which what is judged? carpet appearance what are the different breeds of sheep? merino-fine elastic strong fibers , french rambouillet-descendent of merino sheep, long british or long crossbreeds-outerwear tweeds, crossbreed sheep-lower elasticity, coarse medium fine wool name the types of spinning preparation scouring

Question: Suint is a natural grease formed from the dried perspiration on the coat of which animal?
Answer: Sheep