Petri dish - definition of Petri dish in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of Petri dish in English: Petri dish A shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms. Example sentences ‘Five pieces of embryogenic tissue were cultured in Petri dishes containing 35 ml maturation medium.’ ‘Serial dilutions of homogenized lungs were plated on Petri dishes containing trypticase soy agar.’ ‘Approximately 30 seeds were placed on 25 ml of agar-solidified culture medium in Petri dishes.’ ‘For irradiation, cells were cultured in Petri dishes and synchronized by contact inhibition in confluent cultures.’ ‘Twenty fresh anthers were selected from ten plants at random; ten were kept on dry blotting paper in Petri dishes and the other ten were kept in Petri dishes containing water-saturated blotting paper.’ Origin Late 19th century: named after Julius R. Petri (1852–1922), German bacteriologist. Pronunciation Which of the following is correct? The wool's too coarse for clothing The wool's too course for clothing Which of the following is correct?

He owns a golf course He owns a golf coarse Which of the following is correct? This herb has a coarser flavour This herb has a courser flavour Which of the following is correct? Of coarse I care about you Of course I care about you Which of the following is correct? I took a course of antibiotics I took a coarse of antibiotics Which of the following is correct? The ship changed course Which of the following is correct? My car careered off course My car careered off coarse Which of the following is correct? Use a course mesh wire strainer Use a coarse mesh wire strainer Which of the following is correct? She was a course-looking woman She was a coarse-looking woman Which of the following is correct? This wine's harsh and course This wine's harsh and coarse You scored /10 practise again? Retry petri dish petri dish (pe\'tre) A shallow dish consisting of two round, overlapping halves that is used to grow microorganisms on solid culture medium; the top is larger than the bottom of the dish to prevent contamination of the culture. Microbiology. Aard_Wark . 2009.

phage Look at other dictionaries: Petri dish — ► NOUN ▪ a shallow transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of micro organisms. ORIGIN named after the German bacteriologist Julius R. Petri (1852 1922) … English terms dictionary petri dish — [pē′trē] n. [after J. R. Petri (1852 1921), Ger bacteriologist] [also P d ] a very shallow, cylindrical, transparent glass or plastic dish with an overlapping cover, used for the culture of microorganisms … English World dictionary petri dish — 1892, named for Ger. bacteriologist Julius Petri (1852 1922), who first devised it c.1887 … Etymology dictionary Petri dish — A Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells. It was named after the German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921) who invented it in 1887 when working as an assistant to Robert… … Wikipedia Petri dish — n.

a shallow covered dish used for the culture of bacteria etc. Etymology: J. R. Petri, Ger. bacteriologist d. 1921 * * * Petri dish f42 [Petri dish Petri dishes] [ˈpetri dɪʃ] [ˈpetri dɪʃ] [ˈpiːtri dɪʃ] [ˈpiːtri dɪʃ] … Useful english dictionary Petri dish — UK [ˈpiːtrɪ ˌdɪʃ] / US [ˈpɪtrɪ ˌdɪʃ] noun [countable] Word forms Petri dish : singular Petri dish plural Petri dishes science a flat dish with a lid that is used in laboratories, especially for growing cultures … English dictionary petri dish — noun Etymology: Julius R. Petri died 1921 German bacteriologist Date: circa 1892 1. a small shallow dish of thin glass or plastic with a loose cover used especially for cultures in bacteriology 2.

something (as a place or situation) that fosters… … New Collegiate Dictionary Petri dish — [[t]pe̱tri dɪ̱ʃ[/t]] Petri dishes N COUNT A Petri dish is a flat dish with a lid, used in laboratories for producing cultures of microorganisms … English dictionary petri dish — pe·tri dish pē trē n a small shallow dish of thin glass or plastic with a loose cover used esp. for cultures in bacteriology Pe·tri pā trē Julius Richard (1852 1921) German bacteriologist. Petri was an assistant to the eminent bacteriologist… … Medical dictionary petri dish — pe′tri dish [[t]ˈpi tri[/t]] n. a shallow, circular, glass or plastic dish with a loose fitting cover over the top and sides, used for culturing microorganisms • Etymology: 1890–95; after J. R. Petri (d.

1921), German bacteriologist … From formal English to slang Petri dish — /ˈpitri dɪʃ/ (say peetree dish) noun a shallow, circular dish, usually of glass, used especially for growing bacteria, etc. {named after JR Petri, 1852–1922, German biologist} … Australian English dictionary 16+ Petri dish - definition of Petri dish in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of Petri dish in English: Petri dish A shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms.

Example sentences ‘Five pieces of embryogenic tissue were cultured in Petri dishes containing 35 ml maturation medium.’ ‘Serial dilutions of homogenized lungs were plated on Petri dishes containing trypticase soy agar.’ ‘Approximately 30 seeds were placed on 25 ml of agar-solidified culture medium in Petri dishes.’ ‘For irradiation, cells were cultured in Petri dishes and synchronized by contact inhibition in confluent cultures.’ ‘Twenty fresh anthers were selected from ten plants at random; ten were kept on dry blotting paper in Petri dishes and the other ten were kept in Petri dishes containing water-saturated blotting paper.’ Origin Late 19th century: named after Julius R. Petri (1852–1922), German bacteriologist. Pronunciation Which of the following is correct? These pills should bring the pain away These pills should take the pain away Which of the following is correct? The band will take out a new video in June The band will bring out a new video in June Which of the following is correct? The matter is brought before a jury The matter is taken before a jury Which of the following is correct?

I brought down every word he said I took down every word he said Which of the following is correct? Such headaches are taken on by stress Such headaches are brought on by stress Which of the following is correct? They brought money from us They took money from us Which of the following is correct? The company's bringing out a new phone The company's taking out a new phone Which of the following is correct? I held out the book and she took it I held out the book and she brought it Which of the following is correct? I brought her hand and kissed it I took her hand and kissed it Which of the following is correct? Will you bring me back some scent from Paris? Will you take me back some scent from Paris? You scored /10 practise again? Retry Microbiology - History, Impact, and Applications - Microbiology 299 with Jones at Georgia Military College - StudyBlue 1. all life is composed of cells 2. cell arise only from preexisting cells 3.the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms How did Francesco Redi try to disprove spontaneous generation? By performing an experiment meant to prove that when flies land on meat, they lay eggs, causing maggots to appear.

This was meant to disprove that maggots just appeared from meat. It did disprove spontaneous generation but it would take another 200 years for it to be fully ruled out. Who is the father or Bacteriology? Louis Pasteur What did Pasteur discover? that wine, milk, and beer were spoiled by bacteria and contamination could be controlled by a heating process now referred to as "pasteurization". Pasteur proved what theory over spontaneous generation? Germ Who developed and advanced the immunology and vaccines? Pasteur who introduced the first artificially crafted vaccines and founded the science of immunuology? Pasteur Who developed the vaccine for rabies, then administered it to a young boy bitten by a rabid dog? Louis Pasteur and his colleague Emile Roux. How was the rabies vaccine created? By removing and drying nerve tissue in the spinal cord from infected rabbits. In 1876 who discovered heat resistant structures and named them endospores? Ferdinand Cohn -Proved that anthrax could be spread from animal to animal. -Was able to isolate the anthrax causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis from diseased animals.

-Created the Koch Postulates Organism must be present in all sick animals, but absent from healthy. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced to new animal. Must be able to re-isolate from sick animal. The first microbiologist to identify and culture the causative agent of a bacterial disease? Robert Koch Why were Koch's postulates not accurate? Because as later discovered there is a such thing as an asymptomatic carrier, meaning they don't have the disease themselves but they are carriers. Who was Typhoid Mary? A woman who was an Asymptomatic carrier who carried the organism that caused Salmonella. So even though she did not suffer symptoms of the disease she still spread it to others. what did Koch's Postulates help us discover about infectious diseases? helped us discover that certain bacteria cause certain diseases, which was the first step to discovering treat ability. Who discovered the petri dish? Julius Richard Petri A shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms. Agar: Is a boiled seaweed product containing a wide variety of nutrients good to use as a medium for bacterial growth.

How much of agar was water? How much wasn't? 95 % water and 5% nutrients Examples of nutrients that make good mediums for bacteria to grow on in a petri dish? yeast extracts, milk, animal blood, proteins, plant extracts. Is Agar relatively transparent? Yes and makes it easy to see isolation and individual bacterial colonies. Discovered the enzyme lysozome and also discovered the antibiotic penicillin. Alexander Fleming. lysozome an enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacterial cell walls zone of inhibitian where the mold has killed the bacteria. The discovery of penicillin led to? The discovery of antibiotics that have saved millions of lives. All living things can be classified in one of three groups. Name the three groups (domains) Bacteria Eucarya Bacteria and Archaea Both prokaryotic and have no true nucleus or organelles, they are very small an single celled microscopic organisms.

Eucarya Microbial members include fungi, algae, protozoa ¢Algae and protozoa also termed protists ¢Some multicellular parasites including helminths (roundworms, tapeworms) considered as well Algae Diverse group can be single or multi-cellular , contain chloroplasts and primary live in water. many have flagella which is distinct from those of prokaryotes. Fungi very diverse, single and multi cell members, single cells used to make wine or beer, multi are mold or mushrooms, They get their energy from the decay of organic materials so they are considered decomposers, they primarily live on land. . Protozoa A group of single celled Eukaryotes, have complex reproductive and digestive systems. They ingest organic compounds to get food so they act like consumers, they do not have a cell wall so they are more animal like in that way. Most of them move by using flagella. For every 1 mammal how many bacteria are there? 10,000 What percentage of bacteria can be grown in a lab? Less than 1% How can you grow bacteria in a lab?

Using a sterilized broth and flask or a petri dish with a medium. E-coli is an example of a ? Bacteria Halobacterium is an ex of a? Archaea Aspergillis niger spores are examples of? Fungi A paramecium is an example of? A protists. What is the foundation for all life on earth? Microorganisms How long have microorganisms existed? 3.5 million years would we be alive if bacteria didn't exist? no Where did plants, animals, and modern microogranisms evolve from? ancestral bacteria. Non-living members of the microbial world Viruses, viroids, and prions They are acellular infectious agents Not microorganisms, so they are called microbes viruses obligate inter-cellular organisms. (have to be in a host to cause infection) consists of either RNA or DNA and are surrounded by a protein coat. Viroids obligate inter-cellular organisms (have to be in a host to cause infection) that only have RNA. no protein coat. Prions Abnormal form of a cellular protein. Consist only of protein. No DNA or RNA. What is a nucleic acid packed in a protein coat?

Virus A virus has to have a host t/f true ____ are simpler than viruses, require host for replication; consist of small RNA; have no protective protein coat; cause plant diseases. Viroids simple misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins found in the brain prions abnormal proteins bind to form? fibrils Microbiology for Funeral Services Flashcards - Course Hero Containing no cells; not made of cells. Includes viruses, viroids, prions. Anaerobic Related to, involving or requiring absence of free oxygen - living without air (anaerobic bacteria). Aseptic Free from contamination caused by harmful/pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. Antiseptic Substances that prevent the growth of disease-causing microorganisms. Bacteria Media Any substance, usually liquid or gelatinous, that contains nutrients in which microorganisms or tissues are cultivated for scientific purposes; also - culture medium. Cell Fractionation Isolation of organelles using physical chemistry techniques such as simple sieves, gravity sedimentation, differential precipitation, and ultra-centrifugation. Cyanobacteria A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis; their name refers to their content of blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. Fluorescence Visible or invisible radiation emitted by certain substances as a result of incident radiation of a shorter wavelength such as X-rays or ultraviolent light. Also - light microscopy in which the specimen is irradiated at wavelengths that excite fluorochromes. Germ Theory of Disease Scientific discovery of 19th century that supplanted earlier explanations for disease. Theory states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that invade living hosts (humans/animals) and their growth + reproduction within the host can cause infectious disease. Although pathogens are the cause of disease, environmental + hereditary factors influence the severity of the disease. Hydrolases An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. Metabolism The total chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain homeostasis and life. Microflora Community of microorganisms that includes algae, fungi and bacteria that live in or on another living organism or in a particular habitat (i.e. intestinal tract).

Microscopy Investigating the structure of magnified specimens too small to be seen by the unaided eye using an optical instrument including at least one lens. Organelles Structural and functional units within a living cell or unicellular organism that perform specific functions. Plant and animal organelles include the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, endoplastmic reticulum, mitochondrion, vacuole, lysosome, and chloroplast (plant). Pasteurization Partial sterilization of foods (usually liquids) at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of food. Named after French chemist/biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Pathogens Disease-causing microorganisms such as a virus, bacterium, prion or fungus that causes infectious disease in a living host (human/animal). Peptidoglycan A substance that forms the cell walls of many bacteria and consisting of gylcosaminoglycan chains interlined with short peptides. Petri Dish A shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat, loose-fitting lid, used for the culture of microorganisms.

Named after German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri (1852-1921). Photosynthesis The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water using the green pigment chlorophyll and generating oxygen as a by-product. RNA Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells that acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information. Refractive Index The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium (i.e. air or water). Determines how much light is bent (refracted) when entering a material. refractive index varies with the wavelength of light, called dispersion that causes the splitting of white light into its constituent colours in prisms and chromatic aberration in lenses. Thomas Young is credited with inventing "index of refraction" in 1807. Taxonomy The branch of science concerned with classification of organisms in an ordered system of Kingdom, Phylum (Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species that indicate natural relationships. Pure Culture A culture containing a growth of a single kind of microorganism.

Toxin An antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin, especially one produced or derived from microorganisms and causing disease when present at low concentration in the body. Antibodies Blood proteins produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood. Antigens Organic molecules on the surface of a cell (bacterium, fungus or virus) that the body recognizes as a foreign substance which causes the immune system to produce antibodies specific to the antigen. In future, when the body recognizes the same antigen, the immune system is prepared with the proper antibodies to counter it. Binary Fission Simple cell division used by bacteria in which one cell splits into two (daughter cells). Begins with nuclear division, followed by cytoplasmic division. Cadavers A dead human body intended for dissection and study as part of medical or scientific research. Corpse represents all other deceased human bodies. Cellular Metabolism The life-sustaining chemical changes within the cells of living organisms; enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grown and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.

Deamination The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound. For example, ammonium salts are obtains from deamination of amino acids, providing nitrogen nutrients for bacteria. Diffusion The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Does not require energy (exergonic), as it occurs via random kinetic movement. Endemic (Of a disease or condition) regularly found among a particular people or in a certain area (location, geography). Fomites Objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, equipment, instruments, and furniture. Genes The molecular unity of heredity of all living organisms. Used widely by the scientific community as the name given to some stretches of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA). Holds the information to maintain an organism's cell and pass genetic traits to offspring. Genotype The genetic makeup of a cell, organism or individual with reference to a specific characteristic. These characteristics can be dominant, recessive or mutated and refer to inherited instructions carried within the genetic code that generally imply a measurement of how an individual differs or is specialized within a group of individuals or species.

Immunization The fact or process of becoming immune against disease, or resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells previously exposed to pathogens naturally or artificially. In Vitro Processes or reactions taking place in a test tube, culture dish or elsewhere outside a living organisms. For example, the scientific growth of microbes in vitro to facilitate identification of pathogens present. In Vivo Processes taking place inside a living organism. For example, infection. Incidence The occurrence, rate or frequency of a disease; a measurement of the risk of developing some new conditions within a specific time period. Mutations Changes of the structure of a gene resulting in a variant fom that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of a single base of units of DNA or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. Pandemic An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread throughout human populations across a large region, such as multiple continents or even worldwide. Examples include smallpox, tuberculosis, "Spanish Flu", HIV and H1N1. The World Health Organization has a six-stage classification that describes the process by which a novel virus moves into a pandemic.

Pathogenicity The ability of an organism to cause disease; infective (pathogenic). Spores A minute, typically one-celled reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual unit without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi and protozoans. Can be highly resistant to atypical environments (i.e. bacteria spores can survive in a dry state for several decades). Zoonoses Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources. 0.0001 cm Is NOT equivalent to 10 micrometers. Robert Hooke Given credit for developing the first compound microscope. Pathogens Do NOT contain a nucleus. Prokaryotic cell wall Most important role - to protect the cell from osmotic pressures. Plasma/cell membrane Selectively allows some molecules to pass into the organism. Mitochondria The site of energy production. Nucleus Where chromatin is kept within a membrane delimited body. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Is NOT the main site for synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins. Microorganisms belonging to the same X would be expected to have the most characteristics in common. Species. coli - is NOT the strain to which it belongs.

Mitochondria Are NOT found in prokaryotic cells. Cell Theory All living beings are composed of one or more cells. Procaryotes Do NOT have a nucleus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is best used to study? Surface morphology. What microorganisms and cells were referred to when first seen by scientists through a microscope. Microaerophilic A microorganism that requires very little free oxygen to survive. Cytoplasm The cell region within the cell membrane that includes the fluid, cytoskeleton and all organelles except the nucleus. Spontaneous generation A belief that life-forms can spontaneously appear from non-living matter. Saprophytes Microorganisms that can live on dead organic matter. Species The smallest and most specific of the levels of classification. Generation Time The length of time it takes for a population of cells to divide and double by binary fission. Experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many generations did the cells go through? 5. Is best to sterilize heat-sensitive solutions. Thermal Death Point The lowest temperature that kills all microorganisms in a liquid suspension in 10 minutes. What is a limitation of the autoclave? It will destroy heat-sensitive materials.

The larger the X, the better the chemotheraputic agent. Spectrum. Is NOT a semisynthetic chemotheraputic agent. Key factor responsible for rise in drug-resistant pathogens? Inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. Receiving a gamma globulin injection. Results in artificial passive acquired immunity. Ingesting colostrum (breast milk). Results in natural passive acquired immunity. Cough Is NOT an example of direct transmission mode of disease spread. Gastrointestinal system Where the highest concentration of bacteria in/on the human host is that will flourish upon death of the host. Flagella Whip-like tails found in one-celled organisms that aid in movement. Endospore Thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cells and resists harsh conditions. Psychrophiles Microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures ranging from 0-25C. Natural (innate) immunity A type of immunity that is inborn and due to physical characteristics that can be attributed to biological differences (i.e. race, sex). Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Bezalkonium Chloride, Mortuary Disinfectant and Zephrain Chloride belong to this group of Chemical Methods of inhibiting microbial growth.

Dermatophytoses The most prevalent of all fungal infections. Thermal Dimorphism A true fungal pathogen must exhibit this characteristic. Sexual contact Is NOT the way that Dermatophytoses can be spread. All Dermatophytes Are fungus that cause mycoses of the hair, skin and nails. How is coccidiodomycosis diagnosed? Examination of sputum, spinal fluid or biopsies for spherules. Candida albicans DOES NOT cause local infections of the X. Endocardium Where Aspergillus infections usually occur. Lungs. The reservoir for Balantidium coli? The large intestines of pigs. Trichomonas vaginalis A mastigophoran species causing a sexually transmitted disease. Giardia lamblia The most common flagellate isolated in clinical specimens. How are both Trypanosoma and Leishmania spread? By blood-sucking vectors. What organ is targeted during an infection with Trypanosoma cruzi? Heart. What is the most prevalent protozoan disease in the world? Malaria. Babesiosis resembles what disease (both pathology and symptomology)? Malaria.

Smallpox can be spread by both exposure to skin scabs and X? Respiratory route. Which herpesvirus is the causative agent of genital infections? Herpes simplex-2 A herpes lesion that healthcare workers develop if they touch patients/secretions without hand protection? What is the portal of entry for varicella-zoster virus? Respiratory epithelium. A group NOT at risk of contracting hepatitis B virus. Chlamydia Can cause infection of the eye and infect the mucous lining of the respiratory tract. Protozoans Are NOT responsible for Mad-cow disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob and Alzheimer's disease. Candida albicans Causes Candidasis (thrush or yeast infection). Hepatitis B virus Causative agent of serum hepatitis; results in contaminated body fluids, could be chronic or fatal, causes scarring and hardening of the liver, jaundice, liver cancer or liver failure. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Virus that causes incusion disease; transmitted via contact with body secretions such as saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk; can cause fetal birth defects; adults have symptoms of prolonged fever and mild hepatitis. What is microbiology?

The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoan, viruses and fungi; only 3% are pathogens. Extremophiles A group of organisms/microbes that can grow in extreme environments. (Also: thermophiles). Opportunistic pathogens Microbes that do not usually cause problems but have the potential to cause infection if they gain access to part of the body where they don't belong. Why study microbiology? Bacteria, viruses and fungi are the leading cause of the death in the history of mankind; microbes also act as guardians of our planet. Two categories of disease caused by microbes. Infectious disease; microbial intoxication. Sterile, aseptic and antiseptic techniques Should always be used during practice to limit the spread of pathogens. Nitrogen cycle Microbes play a key role; carbon and nitrogen are constantly being broken down and recycled in our environment. Types of Microbes Acellular Infectious Agents; Cellular Microorganisms. Types of Acellular Infectious Agents Prions; Viruses. Discovered living animalcules (cells and microorganisms). Louis Pasteur Credited with principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. Robert Koch The Five I's of studying microbes.

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification. Inoculation Sample is placed into a container of sterile medium providing microbes with appropriate nutrients to sustain growth. Incubation An incubator is used to adjust the proper growth conditions of a sample, promoting multiplication of microbes over a period of hours, days or weeks. Isolation End result of inoculation and incubation in macroscopic form; isolation of the microbe (into separate colonies). Inspection Cultures are observed macroscopically for obvious growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that are useful in analyzing specimen contents. Identification Process that determines the type of microbe, usually to the level of species (the major purpose of the Five I's of studying microbes. Micrometers (um) One millionth of a meter; used to express size of bacteria and protozoa. Nanometers (nm) One billionth of a meter; used to express size of viruses. Microscope Optical instrument used to observe tiny objects that cannot be seen with the naked human eye (microbes). Resolving Power (Resolution) Limit as to what can be seen using that microscope. Simple microscope Contains only one magnifying glass.

Compound Light Microscope Specimens are illuminated with light, lenses can be focused. Electron Microscope Transmission electron microscope (TEM) - similar to compound microscope but uses beam of electrons. Scanning electron miscroscope (SEM) scatters electrons of sample surface. Cell Theory All organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells, which are the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. All cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. Energy flow occurs within cells and DNA is passed from cell to cell. Cells are chemically the same in organisms of similar species; the activity of the organism depends on the activity of the cells. Prokaryotic Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic Animals, plants, fungi, protista; nucleus, organelles. Prokaryotic Cells Cocci, Bacilli, Budding/Appendage Bacteria, Club Rod, Helical Form, Spirochete, Vibrio, Comma Form, Corkscrew. Eukaryotic Cells All have a nucleus, a variety of organelles and sub-cellular structures that perform specialized functions.

Three Phenotypic (physical) Categories of Bacteria Gram-negative + cell wall; Gram-positive + cell wall; No cell wall. Bacteria Characteristics Cell shape/morphological arrangement, staining reactions, motility, colony, morphology, atmospheric requirements, nutritional requirements, biochemical/metabolic activities, specific enzymes, pathogenicity, genetic composition. Bacteria Morphology (Shape) - Cocci Round or Spherical; Diplococci (two), Streptococci (chain), Staphylococci (cluster), Sarcinae (packet). Bacteria Morphology (Shape) - Bacilli Rectangular or Rod-Shaped; Fusiform (tapered), Clavate (club end), Filamentous, Vibrios (comma), Spirilla (snake). Bacteria Morphology (Shape) - Spirilla Capsule, Cell Wall, Plasma (Cell) Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell Chromosome (DNA).

Bacteria - Elements for growth + multiplication Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Nitrogen Bacteria - Elements for structure Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Bacterial Environment Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Temperature, Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH), Light, Osmotic Pressure, Symbiosis, Antagonisms. Bacterial Metabolic Activities Metabolism (Catabolism, Anabolism); Aerobic (ATP/ADP energy); Anaerobic (fermentation energy); Binary Fission; Generation Time. Control of Microbial Growth To inhibit or prevent the growth of microorganisms Control of Microbes Use of physical or chemical agents, either in vitro or in vivo. Microbial Growth Factors Availability of nutrients, moisture, temperature, pH, Osmotic Pressure/Salinity, Barometric Pressure, Gaseous Atmosphere. Bacterial Growth Curve Lag Phase, Log (Exponential) Phase, Stationary Phase, Phase of Decline (Death Phase). Sterilization Treatment that kills or removes all living cells, including viruses and spores.

Disinfection Treatment that reduces the total number of microbes but does not necessarily remove or kill all microbes. Sanitation Disinfection (reduction) of microbial population to levels considered safe by public health standards. Antiseptic A mild disinfectant agent suitable for skin surfaces. Cidal A suffix meaning that the agent "kills" - i.e. bacteriocidal agents kill bacteria. Static A suffix meaning the agent "inhibits growth" - i.e. fungistatic agents inhibit growth of fungi but doesn't necessarily kill it. Moist Heat Physical method of in vitro microbial control; autoclaving, boiling at 100 C, pasteurization, Ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) sterilization. Dry Heat Physical method of in vitro microbial control; effective sterilization of metals, glassware, some powders, oils and waxes; incineration and over sterilization. Filtration Physical method of in vitro microbial control; depth filters, membrane filters, HEPA filters. Low Temperatures Physical method of in vitro microbial control; refrigeration (4C - mesophiles or thermophiles stop growing, psychrophiles continue), freezing (-10C - inhibits growth but microbes may still survive).

Radiation Physical method of in vitro microbial control; ultraviolet radiation (cabinets and air), ionizing radiation (damages DNA + protein). Chemical Disinfectant Use of chemical agents to inhibit the growth of pathogens, either temporarily or permanently. Factors affecting Effectiveness/Efficiency of Disinfectants Cleaning prior to disinfection; Organic load; Bio burden (type/level of contamination); Concentration of disinfectant; Contact Time; Physical Nature of surface; Temperature + pH. Types of Disinfectants - Phenolics Aromatic organic compounds with attached -OH. Types of Disinfectants - Alcohols Concentrations between 70-95%; denatures proteins, disrupts membranes, kills vegetative cells of bacteria/fungi (but not spores). Types of Disinfectants - Halogens Chlorine + Iodine Compounds; act as oxidizing agents that oxidize proteins + other cellular components. Types of Disinfectants - Heavy Metals Burn treatment and prevention of Neonatal Gonorrheal Opthalmia. Types of Disinfectants - Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Disrupt plasma membranes + denature proteins; Gram-positive bacteria; i.e.

mouthwashes + sore throat remedies. Types of Disinfectants - Aldehydes React chemically (inactivate) nucleic acid + protein. Types of Disinfectants - Sterilizing Gases Used to sterilize heat-sensitive equipment + plasticware; highly explosive; i.e. Ethylene Oxide (EtO). Chemotherapy (in vivo) Using antimicrobial agents (medication) to kill microbes in vivo based on selective toxicity. Chemotherapy Agents Antimicrobial agents; i.e. antibacterial agents (drugs kill bacteria), antifungal agents (drugs kill fungi). Selective Toxicity Antimicrobial agent interacts with microbial function/structure that is substantially different from those of the host. Antimicrobial Agents - Prokaryotic Microbes Substantially different from host, therefore less side effects during treatment. Antimicrobial Agents - Eukaryotic Microbes More similar to host structures; less selective toxicity means more side effects during treatment. Antimicrobial Agents - Viruses Viruses are not cells; chemotheraputic agents don't work. Antimicrobial Agents - Two Classes Antibiotics (nature); Antimicrobial chemotheraputic agents (labs).

Antimicrobial Agents - Cidal In action, kills microbes (i.e. penicillin). Antimicrobial Agents - Static In action, inhibits microbe growth so immune system can destroy (i.e. tetracyclines). Antimicrobial Agents - Broad Spectrum Kills gram positive + negative or wide range of microbes. Antimicrobial Agents - Narrow Spectrum Kills either gram positive or negative and limited species of microbe. Antimicrobial Agents - Modes of Action Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis; Alter cytoplasmic membrane; Inhibit protein synthesis; Interfere with DNA synthesis. Antibiotic (Drug) Resistance - Cause Over prescription of antibiotics; Natural resistance to antibiotics (bacteria); Genetic mutation of bacteria; Acquiring resistance from other bacterium. Parthenogenesis of Infectious Disease - Steps Entry, Attachment, Multiplication, Invasion, Evasion, Damage. Virulence Genes Host acquires immunity from another. Vaccination Artificially acquired active immunity; does not prevent infection but prevents disease. Epidemology Study of factors (frequency, distribution and determinants of disease) and ways to prevent, control or eradicate diseases.

Epidemology - Factors Characteristics of various pathogens; susceptibility of different human populations; locations (reservoirs) of pathogens; transmission of infectious diseases. Infection Pathological process which involves the damaging of the body tissues by micro-organisms or by toxic substances produced by organisms. Infectious Disease Results from presence/activity of microbial agents; potentially transmitted to others. Whether or not an infectious disease occurs - Factors Virulence; Entry Path; Number of Organisms; Host Susceptibility; Environment; Reservoirs; Intermediate Hosts; Vectors; Sanitary Conditions; Potable Water. Reservoirs of Infection Living Reservoirs (humans, animals, insects and arachnids); Animal Reservoirs; Non-Living Reservoirs (air, soil,dust, food, milk, water, fomites). Modes of Disease Transmission Direct (physical contact, droplet infection, congenital transmission); Indirect (food, milk, fomites, transfusion, water, soil, biological and mechanical vectors). Portals of Disease Entry Skin + Mucous Membrane; Respiratory Tract; Digestive Tract; Genintourinary Tract; Placenta.

Portals of Disease Exit Feces, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, sputum, saliva, blood, pus, and tears. Why are embalmers at risk of infection? Contact with cadavers (corpses) that have begun to decompose; may have died of infectious disease. Why are embalmer's at risk of infection? The longer a body is untreated, the higher the bacteria count; Exposure to body fluids and aspirates; Use of sharp instruments; Drain potentially contaminated blood; Spread of microbes after death may increase their virulence. How to Bacteria Cause Disease? They have an array of virulence traits that enable them to colonize the human body and cause diseases, deliver one or more enterotoxins or cytotoxins. Bacterial Virulence Factors Adherence and colonization; Prevention of activation of the complement system; Escape from phagocytosis; Suppress the immune system; Endotoxin; Exotoxins; Destructive Enzymes. Bacterial Infection of the Skin Staphylococcus aureus + Streptcoccus pyogens; infrequent resident flora, account for wide variety of bacterial pyodermas.

Best Method of Controlling Spread of Bacterial Infection of the Skin Proper hand washing and sanitization practices in the embalming room. Most Common Staphylococcal Disease Bacterial Infection of the Ear Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarhalis Acute Otitis Media An inflammation in the middle ear. Otitis Externa Infection of the outer ear canal. Most Common Eye Infection Conjunctivitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (pink eye). Causes of infectious conjunctivitis Chlamydia + Gonorrhea - contact with genital fluids/mother-baby at birth. Neisseria gonorrheae Capable of penetrating the protective layers of the eye, causing inner-eye infection. Upper Respiratory Tract Sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx. Most common upper respiratory infection site Sinuses and throat. Reduce spread of upper respiratory infection Proper hand washing, covering face while coughing/sneezing. Diphtheria Most common lower respiratory tract disease Legionellosis (bacterium Legionella pneumophila) Disease spread by contaminated water rather than person-to-person.

Legionellosis In water, organisms multiply within amoebas; in humans they multiply with alveolar macrophages. Legionellosis Common sexually transmitted bacterial organisms may affect the anorectum and perianal skin Most result from receptive anal intercourse; gonorrhea, campylobacer, chlamydia, shigella, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, sypyilis. Genita Chlamydial Infections Tickborne disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. Endemic Typhus Fever Febrile disease milder than typhus and spread by fleas/vermin infected by Rickettsia typhi. Central Nervous System Extremely resistant to infection by bacterial pathogens dues to protective effects of skull and vertebral column, meninges, blood-brain barrier. Listeriosis Mild febrile disease (of the central nervous system) spread by humans, animals, soil/water and cheese infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Tetanus (Lock Jaw) Acute neuromuscular disease spread by contaminated soil, puncture wound, needlestick injury infected with Clostridium tetani.

Viruses Can only infect cells bearing appropriate surface receptors (that it recognizes). Viruses Multiply within host cells, destroy cells during their escape via lysis or budding; leads to symptoms of infection. Symptoms also result from immunological injury. Chicken Pox Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - human herpes virus 3; fever, skin rash, vesicles. Shingles Reactivation of the Varicella-zoster virus in later life. Adenoviral conjunctivitis (Keratoconjunctivitis) Various Adenoviruses (also Herpes simplex and Varicella-zoster virus). Adenoviral conjunctivitis (Keratoconjunctivitis) Inflammation of the conjunctiva, edema of the eyelids, photophobia, blurred vision. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis Subconjunctival hemorrhages, swift onset caused by adenoviruses and enteroviruses. Acute Febrile Viral Respiratory Disease Respiratory Syncitial Virus (Adenoviruses, Rhinoviruses, Echoviruses, Coxsackieviruses).

Influenza (Flu) Influenza Virus Types A, B, C; Single-stranded RNA viruses. HEPATITIS A (HAV) fecal/oral transmission; abrupt onset; mild-severe for short period. HEPATITIS B (SERUM HEPATITIS) sexual/household transmission; gradual onset; no symptoms to fatal, cirrhosis or carcinoma. HEPATITIS C (HCV) parenteral transmission; gradual onset; chronic infections to cirrhosis or carcinoma. HEPATITIS D (DELTA HEPATITIS) abrupt onset; exposure to infected blood; chronic and severe disease. HEPATITIS E (HEV) similar to HAV; no chronic disease. HEPATITIS G (HGV) HSV-2 (occasionally HSV-1); Localized primary lesion, latency, re-occurrence GENITAL WARTS HPVs (Papovaviridae) – DNA virus; Tiny, soft small swellings rapidly develop into cauliflower-looking warts with stalks. How Fungi Cause Disease ubiquitous in nature; exist as free-living saprobes that derive no obvious benefits from parasitizing humans or animals.

FUNGAL INFECTIONS result from direct invasion of tissue, with subsequent displacement and destruction of vital structures, coupled with toxic effects of the inflammatory response. DERMATOPHYTES fungi that cause skin, hair, and nail infections. Fungal infections “ringworm” or “tinea” or “dermatomycoses” Fungi Live On moist areas of the skin, on environmental surfaces, and on household items such as clothing, towels, and bedding. Fungal Reservoirs humans, animals and soil. Fungal Transmission contact with lesions, contaminated floors, shower stalls, or locker room benches; barbers’ clippers, combs, and hairbrushes; or clothing. Two major factors governing the incidence + spread of fungal infection in the lower respiratory tract. Ubiquity of the infectious organisms; adaptive immune response of the host. Valley Fever Coccidiodides immitis; spherical yeast cells; potential bioterrorism. Cryptococcosis Cryptococcocus neoformans (encapsulated yeast) and Cryptococcus gattii. Cryptococcosis - fungal infection of central nervous system.

Reservoirs - pigeon nests; pigeon/chicken/turkey/bat droppings; soil contaminated with bird droppings (alkaline pH + high nitrogen content). Parasite An organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Parasitic Infection Bathing, swimming or drinking water that contains parasites; eating food that has not been cooked thoroughly; coming into contact with untreated sewage. Host Immune response to parasites/their products Causes more injury than the parasites themselves. Leishmaniasis Zoonosis transmitted via bite of sand fly. Three forms of Leishmaniasis Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous (mucosal), Visceral (Kala-azar). Gastrointestinal Protozoa (parasites) Most are commensals; their presence in a stool specimen indicates the patient has ingested infected food or water. Gastrointestinal Protozoa (parasites)

Question: What is the name of the shallow circular transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of micro-organisms?
Answer: Petri dish