Rainier III Encyclopedia > History > Biographies > French History: Biographies Rainier III Rainier III (rĕnyāˈ) [ key ], 1923–2005, prince of Monaco (1949–2005), a member of the Grimaldi family, which has ruled the tiny principality since 1297. Fiercely anti-Nazi, Ranier served with distinction as an officer in the French Army during World War II. On the death of his grandfather, Louis II, in 1949 he succeeded as ruler of Monaco. Rainier devoted himself to insuring Monaco's independence and financial stability, transforming a state that had been economically devastated by the war into an international business center, a successful resort for the wealthy, and a modern tourist destination. In 1956 he married the American actress Grace Kelly (see Grace , princess consort of Monaco). His son, Albert II , succeeded him. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

Rainier III | Article about Rainier III by The Free Dictionary Rainier III | Article about Rainier III by The Free Dictionary Related to Rainier III: Alfred Hitchcock , Grace Kelly Rainier III (rĕnyā`), 1923–2005, prince of Monaco Monaco , officially Principality of Monaco, independent principality (2005 est. pop. 32,400), c.370 acres (150 hectares), on the Mediterranean Sea, an enclave within Alpes-Maritimes dept., SE France, near the Italian border. ..... Click the link for more information. (1949–2005), a member of the Grimaldi family, which has ruled the tiny principality since 1297. Fiercely anti-Nazi, Ranier served with distinction as an officer in the French Army during World War II. On the death of his grandfather, Louis II, in 1949 he succeeded as ruler of Monaco.

Rainier devoted himself to insuring Monaco's independence and financial stability, transforming a state that had been economically devastated by the war into an international business center, a successful resort for the wealthy, and a modern tourist destination. In 1956 he married the American actress Grace Kelly (see Grace Grace, 1929–82, princess consort of Monaco, b. Philadelphia as Grace Patricia Kelly. She acted on stage and television in New York, and made her film debut in 1951. ..... Click the link for more information. , princess consort of Monaco). His son, Albert II Albert II, 1958–, prince of Monaco (2005–), grad. Amherst College (B.A., 1981). A member of the long-ruling Grimaldi family, he is the son of Prince Rainier III, upon whose death he succeeded to the throne, and Princess Grace, the former Grace Kelly. ..... Click the link for more information. , succeeded him.

Grimaldus d'Antibes, Prince of Monaco (c.920 - c.968) - Genealogy Grimaldus d'Antibes, Prince of Monaco Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Grimaldus d'Antibes, Prince of Monaco Birthdate: father About Grimaldus d'Antibes, Prince of Monaco Possible ties of this Grimaldus to the Principality of Monaco may be that Grimaldus was a distant ancestral great grandfather or possible cousin of the Grimaldi who eventually captured Monaco. It was said that this Grimaldus was Prince of Monaco and the Grimaldi who later captured Monaco had an ancestral claim dating back to this Grimaldus. The House of Grimaldi, the ruling family of the Principality of Monaco, has ruled since 1297 when, as the story is told, Francesco Grimaldi captured the fortress of what was then a young colony of Genoa. This was several centuries after this Grimaldus lived.

The early Grimaldi family of Monaco wished to associate themselves with this Grimaldus of the Genoa family because of his Carolingian royal ancestry and prominence as very wealthy Genovese merchants. Later Grimaldis expressed some uncertainty as to how the Grimaldis of Monaco were related to Grimaldus from the famous Genoa line who descended from the Carolinian nobility. They may have been cousins instead, or unrelated. Today's Grimaldi family of Monaco state a relationship to this Grimaldus of Genoa. The House of Grimaldi wikipedia page ( ) offers an alternate history, but one which also inbcludes the involvement of this Grimaldus: "The Grimaldi family descends from Grimaldo, a Genovese statesman at the time of the early Crusades. He was the son of Otto Canella, a Consul of Genoa in 1133, and in turn Grimaldo became a Consul in 1160, 1170 and again in 1184.

His numerous grandsons and their children led maritime expeditions throughout the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and soon the North Sea, and quickly became one of the most powerful families of Genoa." This version of a 12th century Grimaldo is also supported by the House of Grimaldi genealogical website ( ). Please read the following, supplied by Dean Whitney: The following account is from: "FALAISE ROLL, RECORDING PROMINENT COMPANIONS OF WILLIAM DUKE OF NORMANDY AT THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND by William Crispin, Princton University, 1896 and Leonce Macary , professor of the College of Falaise O.I." published by the American Genealogist, Volume XVI, Number 1, July 1939. Page 66 and 67.

Much of this information was taken from articles written by Stacey Grimaldi in the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE of October 1832 which published a genealogy of the Grimaldi-Crispin-Toustain Fitz Rou de Bec (Whitney) lines: "Crispina, a supposed daughter of Rollo, first duke of Normandy, married Grimaldus I, prince of Monaco, c. 920, and had issue Guido, Prince of Monaco, Giballinus, a celebrated warrior against the Saaracens, and Ansgothus Crispinus, who settled in Normandy and possessed the barony of Bec.

The latter, (Ansgothus), married Heloise, daughter of Rodulph, count of Guynes and Boulogne, by Roselle, daughter of the count Saint-Paul, whose children were Herluin, abbot of Bec, Gilbert baron of Bec, lord of Tillieres, constable of Normandy and marshal of the army, who relinquished the surname Grimaldi to assume that of Crispin, Odo and Roger, both named in a charter by abbot Herlluin as his brothers, and Rollo or Rolf. This pedigree asserts that Gilbert Crispin was the father of William Crispin, baron of Bec, Gilbert Crispin, Lord of Tilleires, and Milo Crispin. It furthur records that Rolf had two sons, Gosfrid Fitz Rou du Bec, the Conqueror's marshal, and Toustain Fitz Rou le Blanc, the standard bearer, sometimes called du Bec.

( Toustain, after being awaded thousands of acres of land and many thanes by William the Conquerer, after the victory over England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, married Agnes daughter of Alfred de Marlbourough and had two sons Rollo and Eustace. Euastace settled on Toustan's land at Whitney in Herferdshire and eventualy took the name for his own and became Eustace Whitney. Eustace is the first of the Whitney surname from which all other Whitney's came.) Duke Rollo had only one daughter mentioned in history, Gerlotte, later called Adele, who married William, count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine (932-63), and if he had another daughter by the name of Crispina, it is nowhere else recorded. There was no barony of Bec in the Crispin family before c. 1250 which has been identified, and no prince of Monaco until the 13th Century.

"The first ancestor of this family was Otto Canella, (died 1142), whose son Grimaldo was thrice consul of Genoa from 1162 to 1184. These great Genoese lords did not come to Monaco until 1270, whence they were driven by the Gibelins. This genealogy was composed in 1646 by Charles de Venasque-Ferriol, secretary of Honore II, prince of Monaco, and Jean Le Laboureur, the historian, Renee du Bec-Crispin, and her husband Jean Baptiste de Budes, comte de Guebriant, and Perigord, under the title, of HISTORICA ET GENELOGICA GRIMALDA GENTIS ARBOR. Although it was published by Ferriol, the clever work of Le Laboureur can easily be detected. Countess Renee in 1645 escorted the queen of Poland from Paris to her estate, on which account she was granted the title of ambassadrice extraordinaire de France, an honour never accorded to any other lady: she was also lady of honour to Marie-Therese.

These powerfiul families with the desire to obtain a Carlovingian descent through Grimoald, duke of Brabant, son of Pepin d'Heristal, (slain 714), imagined a Grimaldus to whom according to an apocryphal manuscript exhumed at the library of Ambrois at Milan, the emperor Otho gave, about 960, the sovereignty of Monaco. It was this recorded Grimaldus (700), count of Flanders and mayor of the palace, son of Pepin, by his wife Theodesinde had Theobald (750) married to Aliarde, whose son Hugo Grimaldus (800) had Passanus (850), who was the father of Grimalduls I, prince of Monaco, married to Crispina.

Charles III, prince of Monaco (1856-89), branding this pedigree as untrue, gave an order to his successive archivists, Cais de Pierlas, Saige and Labande, to write a correct one founded on authentic documents and not falsified as this one and the famous donation of the gulf de Sambracie, later called gulf de Grimaud (Saint-Tropez in 980) admittedly were. Nevertheless, the Grimaldi found their Arms were identical with those of the Crispins of Normandy which had been on record before their advent to Monaco, both of whom bore fusily argent and gules. It is a very strange coincidence that such distinguished and influential families had the same armorial bearings, but with so simple a coat great importance cannot be attached to it unless fortified with other evidences of relationship. Miles Crispin appears on the Battle Abby Roll under the name of Valingford." Grimaldus d'Antibes, Prince of Monaco's Timeline 920 Facts about Monaco | Monaco Follow @monacoupdate Facts about Monaco Monaco is the second smallest nation in the world (after Holy See), and the second most densely populated.

Located in Europe, it is divided into 10 wards. It borders France on three sides and the Mediterranean Sea on its fourth. Roughly the same size as New York’s Central Park or about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC (1.95 sq kilometers or 0.75 square miles), the city of Monaco and the Principality of Monaco are essentially the same thing. Tourists are attracted to Monaco by its weather and casino, and its glamorous reputation. Ruled by the House of Grimaldi since 1297, the city-state’s sovereignty was declared in 1861 after centuries of being passed between Genoa, France and Sardinia. Mussolini’s troops invaded in 1943, swiftly followed by the Nazis, but the post-war era was happier and more glamorous, encapsulated by Prince Rainier III’s marriage to the actress Grace Kelly. In 2005, their son, Albert II, took the throne.

Monaco Facts Full name: Principality of Monaco (Principauté de Monaco) Capital: Monaco-Ville Head of state: Prince Albert II Head of government: Minister of state Jean-Paul Proust Government: Constitutional Monarchy and Principality Population: 35,881 (December 2010) Italian and English widely spoken Grimaldi family has ruled Monaco since 1297 Defended by France Monaco was founded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa. An average person can walk across the width of the county in ~56 min.

Not a member of the EU Monaco became a member of the United Nations in 1993 No income tax Third most expensive real estate in the world $69,700/m² in 2011 Second most tourist arrivals per capita 7,991.61 per 1,000 people Largest police force in the world per-capita and per-area basis One of the safest countries in the world Highest point: Chemin des Révoirés 162 meters Hosted Monaco Grand Prix since 1929 Time zone: Central European time (+1 hour) Calling code: +377 Geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 24 E Coastline: 4.1km Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m Highest point: Mont Agel 140 m View Larger Map PayPal Monaco PayPal is not currently available in the Principality of Monaco and based on the below statement, which is an update to the PayPal Policy Updates page, it might not be available anytime soon.

Monaco removed as supported PayPal country Notice Date: October 4, 2005 Effective Date: November 4, 2005 Beginning November 4, 2005 PayPal will be withdrawing its service to users registered with a PayPal account in Monaco. This is due to regulatory restrictions which impact PayPals ability to continue to provide its service to its Monaco PayPal account holders. In particular, Monaco registered users will no longer be able to send funds using their PayPal account as of 4 November 2005 nor will they be able to receive funds using their PayPal account from November 19, 2005. All Monaco registered accounts will be officially closed by the end of February 2006.

UPDATE June 2014 Paypal is now available in Monaco although with no withdrawal ability at the time of writing – for more information visit Sources: Mahalo, Wikipedia, Guardian, NationMaster, Google Maps, Business Insider and Forbes Saturday, December 31, 10:26 monaco-real-estate | Monaco Monaco Monaco Real Estate Real Estate in the Principality of Monaco This entry was posted on Sunday, April 24th, 2011 at 12:03 and is filed under . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site. Leave a Reply 1000+ images about Royal Family of Monaco on Pinterest | Duke, Monaco and Actresses Forward Her Royal Highness Caroline, Princess of Hanover, Hereditary Princess of Monaco. Princess Caroline Louise Marguerite; born 23 January 1957, is the eldest child of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and American actress Grace Kelly.

Caroline's third and present husband is Prince Ernst August of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick, but in 2009, it was reported that Caroline had separated from Ernst August. See More Rainier III facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Rainier III Prince Rainier III of Monaco Encyclopedia of World Biography COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. Prince Rainier III of Monaco Scion of one of Europe's oldest extant monarchies, Prince Rainier III (born 1923) became the thirty-first ruler of Monaco in 1949. In the years since he has maintained the tiny Mediterranean principality as a prosperous slice of a bygone era, attractive to the rich and idle for its sunshine, lavish casino, and absence of income tax. Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand de Grimaldi was born May 31, 1923 to Princess Charlotte, daughter of Monaco's reigning prince, Louis II. Rainier's father, Comte Pierre de Polignac, hailed from a venerable line of French aristocrats, but incited little but rancor in Louis II, a stern, military-loving monarch.

Such intrafamilial conflicts were nothing new to the Grimaldi line, who possessed a long history of internal tumult. De Polignac and Charlotte's first child, Princess Antoinette, would one day conduct her own underhanded machinations in an attempt to seize power. Treacherous Roots At the time of Rainier's birth Monaco enjoyed a reputation as an opulent, though somewhat amoral, playground on the Riviera. Just eight square miles of rocky land wedged between France and Italy on the Mediterranean Sea, Monaco's main attraction was the Monte Carlo Casino, where many a new or old fortune had been squandered since its opening in 1865. The ornate building was the showpiece of the resort and had given it international notoriety, though Monaco itself dated back to ancient times as a port. It had been in possession of Grimald is since 1297, when Francois Grimaldi seized control of it from the Genoese.

This Grimaldi forebear was of a successful sea-trading family in Genoa, a clan sometimes referred to in less euphemistic terms as "pirates." By the late nineteenth century, with the popularity of the casino among Europe's elite, Monaco was known as a hideout for jewel thieves and the more debauched members of European society. Rainier grew up in the Palace de Princier primarily under the care of his English nanny. Tensions within the family were exacerbated by his parents' divorce in 1929. De Polignac was then banned from Monaco for life by Louis II, while Princess Charlotte grew increasingly eccentric over the years. In time, she would be constantly surrounded by a brigade of seven small terriers who bit the heels of anyone who tried to approach. Later, one of France's most notorious jewel thieves would be paroled by authorities into her custody; he was her chauffeur, bodyguard, and paramour. "Fat Little Monaco" Beginning in 1934, Rainier was sent abroad for his secondary education. That year he arrived at Summer Fields in Oxford, England. This was a misnomer for a boarding school of the roughest, most gothic order.

The Riviera-bred Rainier found himself in an elite but frigid, damp setting where privacy was nonexistent, the toilet was outside, and students were regularly caned. He was called "Fat Little Monaco" by the other students. Nobody in his family visited him there, and after his 1935 term came to an end, he announced his refusal to go back. He then ran away from another school, and the disappearance made headlines-it was thought he might have been kidnapped-but he was easily spotted by authorities at the local train station. The posh Le Rosey School in Switzerland was Rainier's next stop, and there he fared much better. Often referred to as "the school of kings" because of the panoply of international royalty among its alumni, Le Rosey was entirely relocated to the ski resort of Gstaad each winter for the benefit of its students. After graduation, Rainier enrolled at France's University of Montpelier. Shortly after his arrival there in August of 1939, war broke out in Europe and he did not return to Monaco until Easter of 1942.

On that visit, he attended a theater performance by actress Gisele Pascal; he and the French divorcee, who was a few years his senior, began corresponding. After he received his degree from Montpelier in June of 1943, he enrolled in Paris's Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques in order to carry on the romance with her. Rainier enlisted in the Free French Army after his twenty-first birthday. With France now liberated from the Germans and battling them along the shared border, Rainier saw combat as a lieutenant and received the Croix de Guerre for bravery. He remained in uniform until early 1947, and then resumed life in Monaco in his own villa, as well as his affair with Gisele Pascal. The actress, of humble birth, was despised by the women in his family, and his sister Antoinette circulated gossip that Pascal was unable to bear children, which would have made it impossible for her to wed Rainier. Crowned Prince in 1950 Rainier's future became increasingly unavoidable in the spring of 1949 when Charlotte officially renounced her rights to the throne as Louis II's health worsened.

His austere grandfather died in May of that year, and after the stipulated period of mourning Rainier was formally installed as Prince of Monaco in a lavish public ceremony in April of 1950. Over the next few years, he became known as avid sportsman who loved car racing, deep-sea diving, and skiing. His romance with Gisele Pascal ended after she resumed her acting career in 1953 after a three-year hiatus. Meanwhile, a financial crisis involving the embezzlement of casino funds nearly left Rainier tainted by scandal, while his sister Antoinette schemed to depose him through it. She was having an affair with a member of Monaco's National Council, and the pair hoped to place Antoinette's young son on the throne by giving Rainier unsound advice. In the end, Rainier used his own money to replenish the national assets and restore confidence in his rule. When he discovered the plot, he might have had Antoinette arrested or even banned from Monaco for life. Instead Rainier took advice from Greek shipping ty-coon Aristotle Onassis, who was part-owner of the casino.

Onassis pointed out that a united family gave the whiff of stability to lure investors and companies, which would benefit Monaco's economic livelihood in the end. The powerful shipping magnate, whose permanent home, the yacht Christina, was anchored in Monte Carlo's harbor for years, also advised Rainier to find a wife. Thus not long after the casino crisis Rainier was introduced to American film star Grace Kelly, who was in nearby Cannes for its film festival in May of 1955. A photo opportunity was arranged for the actress through a Paris magazine, and after a meeting for which Rainier appeared almost an hour late, the pair began corresponding secretly. Fairy-Tale Wedding Makes Headlines Kelly had just won an Academy Award for her lead in The Country Girl, and despite her acting career otherwise fit the shoes of a possible Princess of Monaco: she was a Roman Catholic, unmarried, and hailed from a well-to-do Philadelphia family. By October of 1955, Rainier had decided he wanted to marry her, and traveled to America for the first time in his life that December to meet the Kellys. Rainier gave Grace a twelve-carat diamond engagement ring, and obtained a pledge from her that she would give up her film career permanently.

Kelly was also faced with a Monaco law that stipulated should the marriage come to an end, the Prince would receive custody of any children. Though they appeared very much in love, such legal arrangements and the media-circus atmosphere made for a shaky wedding day in April of 1956. Leader, Dealmaker, Father Rainier and the new Princess Grace produced an heir to the throne with the birth of Caroline Louise Marguerite Grimaldi in January of 1957. Fourteen months later, those rights were ceded to the first male when her brother, Albert Alexander Louis Pierre, entered the world. Grimaldi family life was best described as idyllic. A third child, Stephanie Marie Elisabeth, was born in 1965, and the family divided their time between the Palace de Princier and a beloved farmhouse, just over the border with France, that they came to call Roc Agel. Unlike his own parents, Rainier took an active role in his children's lives from the start, and photographs from the era depict a regal, yet doting couple and their attractive, spirited offspring.

Rainier remained intensely involved in affairs of state, however, and over the next few years, Monaco would be rocked by minor political and economic cataclysms that required a decisive hand. In 1959 he learned that his sister's lover was still working behind the scenes against him, trying to sway others to campaign for a constitutional monarchy that would give the Grimaldi line far less power. In response, the Prince declared virtual martial law in January of 1959 by issuing several firm edicts that banned demonstrations, suspended the constitution, and dissolved National Council upon which his nemesis sat. After restoring stability, he then managed to oust Onassis, whose control over the casino and Monaco's finances he had grown to resent. Monaco Flourishes Rainier's ejection of Onassis launched a new and even more prosperous era for Monaco, and the Prince grew to be a savvy manager of Monaco's assets and development. It remained a luxury tourist draw, but he also lured major companies to headquarter there because of its absence of taxes. There was no unemployment, but Monaco did grow crowded as a result of the boom.

Rainier launched a project to reclaim land from the ocean, and sometimes faced criticism for allowing so many high-rise hotel and condominium developments along the shore. Unlike his European counterparts, however, Rainier enjoyed absolute power-a holdover from the medieval era and perhaps one more symbol of Monaco's seemingly perpetual good fortune. That lucky streak began to unravel as the royal offspring grew into teenagers. Caroline proved headstrong and was plagued by paparazzi as a young adult living in Paris in the 1970s, who trailed behind her incessantly as she went club hopping. At one point, Rainier even threatened the tabloid papers with lawsuits, saying that the constant hounding was putting undue pressure on his eldest. In 1977, Caroline announced that she wanted to marry a raconteur/investment banker nearly twenty years her senior. Her parents reluctantly acquiesced-fearing she might elope anyway-and the marriage to Philippe Junot ended just eighteen months later. A Lonely Twilight Two years later, with equally headstrong daughter Stephanie alongside, Princess Grace was driving her Land Rover from Roc Agel into Monaco and suffered what may have been a stroke.

The car careened down a steep embankment, Stephanie emerged from the wreck hysterical and pleading with stunned onlookers for help, and Grace died the next evening-September 14, 1982-at the second-rate Princess Grace Hospital after being removed from life support. The funeral was an extremely difficult experience for the Prince, who sat shaken between Caroline and Albert. Yet over the next few years, the aging Prince came to rely heavily on a newly-mature Caroline, who, it is said, has stepped in to fill her universally revered mother's shoes quite admirably. In 1983, Caroline married Italian industrialist Stefano Casiraghi; the couple had three children before he was killed in a speedboat accident off Monaco's coast in 1990. The heir apparent, Albert, has yet to find a suitable bride and produce an heir, which would allow Rainier to abdicate. Meanwhile, the youngest of Rainier's children has been in the public eye far more than her father may have wished. Stephanie had two children out of wedlock with one of her bodyguards and finally married him with her father's approval in 1995.

She filed for divorce just over a year later. Like his son Albert, Rainier is often linked with some of the most beautiful and accomplished European women of his generation. Yet it is unlikely that the Prince, who was 73 when Monaco celebrated the 700th anniversary of Grimaldi rule in 1997, would remarry. He remains an active monarch and still enjoys sailing and hunting, though he underwent heart-bypass surgery in 1994. Press photographs clearly show a doting, much-loved grandfather with his five grandchildren. "I would like to be remembered as the person who got rid of the bad image and bad legend of Monaco, " Rainier once said, according to a 1988 People magazine article. Further Reading De Massy, Baron Christian and Charles Higham, Palace: My Life in the Royal Family of Monaco, Atheneum, 1986. Edwards, Anne, The Grimaldis of Monaco, William Morrow, 1992. Lacey, Robert, Grace, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1994.

Robinson, Jeffrey, Rainier and Grace: An Intimate Portrait, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989. Cosmopolitan, August, 1993, pp. 192-195, 252. People, June 13, 1988, pp. 46-47; February 12, 1996, pp. 144-147; September 30, 1996, pp. 70-76. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Rainier III (rĕnyā´), 1923–2005, prince of Monaco (1949–2005), a member of the Grimaldi family, which has ruled the tiny principality since 1297. Fiercely anti-Nazi, Ranier served with distinction as an officer in the French Army during World War II. On the death of his grandfather, Louis II, in 1949 he succeeded as ruler of Monaco.

Rainier devoted himself to insuring Monaco's independence and financial stability, transforming a state that had been economically devastated by the war into an international business center, a successful resort for the wealthy, and a modern tourist destination. In 1956 he married the American actress Grace Kelly (see Grace , princess consort of Monaco). His son, Albert II , succeeded him. Cite this article Monaco - Principality of Monaco - Principauté de Monaco - French Riviera Travel and Tourism Flag of Monaco Background: Founded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa, Monaco has been ruled by the House of Grimaldi since 1297, when François Grimaldi, known as "Malizia" seized Monaco's fortress in response to the exile imposed upon the Guelfs. For seven centuries the Grimaldi family has presided over the Principality of Monaco, the only exception to this was from 1789 to 1814, when Monaco was under French control. Designated as a protectorate of Sardinia from 1815 until 1860 by the Congress of Vienna, Monaco's sovereignty was recognised by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

The Principality at the Cote d'Azu has only one commune, Monaco, whose limits are the same as those of the stater. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino in Monte-Carlo. On 11 April 1950 Prince Rainier officially became monarch, succeeding his grandfather Prince Louis II. With the marriage to U.S. actress Grace Kelly in 1956, Prince Rainier brought Hollywood glamour to his tiny Mediterranean state and put Monaco on the international stage. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center and a haven for really rich people. On Wednesday 6 April 2005 Prince RAINIER III has died aged 81. Capital City: Monaco (pop. 32 020) Government: Chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949) Constitution: 17 December 1962 (amended in April 2002).

Geography: Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy. Area : 1.95 km² (0.75 sq. mi); about the size of New York City's Central Park. Terrain: Hilly, rugged. Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and hot, dry but sea breezes cooled summers. People: Population (2011): 36,371, about 20,000 of them are millionaires. Ethnic groups (2000 census): Monegasque 19%, French 32%, Italian 20%, other 29%. Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, other 10%. Languages : French (official), English, Italian, and Monegasque (a blend of French and Italian). Literacy: 99%. Grace | Article about Grace by The Free Dictionary Grace | Article about Grace by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Legal , Acronyms , Idioms , Wikipedia . grace, in Christian theology, the free favor of God toward humans, which is necessary for their salvation.

A distinction is made between natural grace (e.g., the gift of life) and supernatural grace, by which God makes a person (born sinful because of original sin original sin, in Christian theology, the sin of Adam, by which all humankind fell from divine grace. Saint Augustine was the fundamental theologian in the formulation of this doctrine, which states that the essentially graceless nature of humanity requires redemption to save it. ..... Click the link for more information. ) capable of enjoying eternal life. In general, the term grace is restricted to supernatural grace, usually considered as the keystone of the whole Christian theological system. Supernatural grace is usually defined as being actual or sanctifying. Actual grace turns the soul to God; sanctifying grace confirms and perpetuates the ends of this conversion and makes the soul habitually good. Most theologies (except in Calvinism Calvinism, term used in several different senses. It may indicate the teachings expressed by John Calvin himself; it may be extended to include all that developed from his doctrine and practice in Protestant countries in social, political, and ethical, as well as theological, ..... Click the link for more information.

), wishing to maintain humanity's freedom in addition to God's complete freedom in granting grace, distinguish prevenient grace, which frees a person and awakens him or her to God's call, from cooperating grace, by which God assists to salvation the free person who seeks it. When God seems to confer on a person such actual grace that his or her conversion appears inevitable, the grace is said to be efficacious. The apparent difficulty of claiming that grace may be efficacious while a person is free was explained by St. Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, Saint [Lat.,=from Aquino], 1225–74, Italian philosopher and theologian, Doctor of the Church, known as the Angelic Doctor, b. Rocca Secca (near Naples). ..... Click the link for more information. on the ground that it was a peculiar nature of this grace granted to some people that it should be ineluctable; it was this doctrine that Luis Molina Molina, Luis , 1535–1600, Spanish Jesuit theologian. He taught at Coimbra and Évora.

In 1589 he published Concordia, a work in which he expounded the doctrine known as Molinism. ..... Click the link for more information. and the Molinists disputed. Differing in effect from efficacious grace is merely sufficient grace, which, while sufficient to conversion, may be rejected by a person at will. Calvinism rejects merely sufficient grace, holding instead that grace is irresistible. In every Christian theology God is considered to grant grace quite freely, since its gift is far greater than any person can merit. As to which persons are offered this grace, there is great difference. The generality hold that it is offered to people who place no obstacle in the way of salvation rather than to those who neglect what ways to grace they have been given; the Jansenists (see Jansen, Cornelis Jansen, Cornelis , 1585–1638, Dutch Roman Catholic theologian. He studied at the Univ. of Louvain and became imbued with the idea of reforming Christian life along the lines of a return to St. Augustine. ..... Click the link for more information.

), however, believed that grace was not given outside the church, and the Calvinists hold that it is offered only to those predestined to election. Sanctifying grace may be said to succeed justification as actual grace precedes it. The operation of sanctifying grace brings holiness to the individual soul. The indwelling of God in the soul and the soul's actual participation in God's nature (in an indefinable manner) are the perfections of sanctifying grace. As to the means, there is a serious cleavage in Christianity, notably in regard to sacramental grace. According to Roman Catholics and Orthodox, the grace accompanying a sacrament is ex opere operato, i.e., by God's ordinance the sacrament actually confers grace, the good disposition of the minister being unimportant and that of the recipient being not always a condition; Protestants hold that the sacraments are ex opere operantis, i.e., the faith of the recipient is all-important, and the sacrament is the sign, not the source of grace. Certain Christian systems have developed quite different ideas of grace, and Pelagianism Pelagianism , Christian heretical sect that rose in the 5th cent. challenging St.

Augustine's conceptions of grace and predestination. The doctrine was advanced by the celebrated monk and theologian Pelagius (c.355–c.425). He was probably born in Britain. ..... Click the link for more information. has its advocates in liberal 20th-century Protestantism. The great emphasis on grace is a distinction of Christianity. In recent years among orthodox theologians there has been a renewed interest in the theology of grace. Among traditional usages, they distinguish three forms of grace: God's communication of Himself to the Christian soul is grace; the favorable attitude of God toward the soul is grace; the ontological modification of Christian life by God's favor is grace. Grace, 1929–82, princess consort of Monaco, b. Philadelphia as Grace Patricia Kelly. She acted on stage and television in New York, and made her film debut in 1951. Cool, blonde, and patrician, she became a major film star after her first Hollowood picture, High Noon (1952).

Her major films include three released in 1954: Dial M For Murder and Rear Window, both directed by Alfred Hitchcock Hitchcock, Sir Alfred, 1899–1980, English-American film director, writer, and producer, b. London. Hitchcock began his career as a director in 1925 and became prominent with The 39 Steps (1935) and The Lady Vanishes (1938). ..... Click the link for more information. , and The Country Girl, for which she won an Academy Award. She also starred in To Catch a Thief (1955), The Swan (1956), and High Society (1956), among others. She retired from moviemaking in 1956 when she married Rainier III Rainier III , 1923–2005, prince of Monaco (1949–2005), a member of the Grimaldi family, which has ruled the tiny principality since 1297. Fiercely anti-Nazi, Ranier served with distinction as an officer in the French Army during World War II. .....

Click the link for more information. , the ruling prince of Monaco. Princess Grace died following an automobile accident (1982) in France. Bibliography See biographies by S. Bradford (1984), J. Spada (1987), R. Lacey (1994), J. Curtis (1998), and J. R. Taraborrelli (2003). grace Bondfield, Margaret Grace References in classic literature ? Thus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance fill'd All Heav'n, and in the blessed Spirits elect Sense of new joy ineffable diffus'd: Beyond compare the Son of God was seen Most glorious, in him all his Father shon Substantially express'd, and in his face Divine compassion visibly appeerd, Love without end, and without measure Grace, Which uttering thus he to his Father spake.

O Son, in whom my Soul hath chief delight, Son of my bosom, Son who art alone My word, my wisdom, and effectual might, All hast thou spok'n as my thoughts are, all As my Eternal purpose hath decreed: Man shall not quite be lost, but sav'd who will, Yet not of will in him, but grace in me Freely voutsaft; once more I will renew His lapsed powers, though forfeit and enthrall'd By sin to foul exorbitant desires; Upheld by me, yet once more he shall stand On even ground against his mortal foe, By me upheld, that he may know how frail His fall'n condition is, and to me ow All his deliv'rance, and to none but me. Monaco’s twin constitutional succession situation Monaco’s twin constitutional succession situation October 10, 2014 Monaco is facing a rather interesting situation as two new heirs to the crown are on the way at the same time, and only one can rule under the principality’s constitution. The Prince and Princess of Monaco. Wikicommons: Piotr Drabik News came out this week that Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene are expecting twins.

The couple married in July 2011, and the babies will be first in line to ascend to the Monegasque throne when Prince Albert, 56, has passed away or is unable to rule. Under a constitutional change made by the late Prince Rainier III in 2002, the line of succession changed to allow more of Prince Rainier’s children, and their children, to become eligible to lead the principality. Before then, the crown of Monaco could only pass to the direct descendants of the monarch, with males having priority. In that case, Prince Albert would have replaced Prince Rainier as ruler, but Albert’s two sisters, Caroline and Stephanie, would have dropped from the line of succession once Albert became ruler. Unless Albert adopted children upon taking the throne or had children through marriage, the line of succession faced a daunting constitutional question: Under a 1918 treaty with France, Monaco would have reverted to becoming a French protectorate if the throne became vacant because there was no successor. This situation nearly happened in 1918 when German relatives of the Grimaldi family had a potential claim on the throne.

The 2002 constitutional amendment barred adopted children from the line of succession and made sure the throne “could only pass to a person holding Monegasque citizenship on the day the succession opens.” But the key parts of “Chapter II. The Prince, The Demise Of The Crown,” broadened the line of succession to include “brothers and sisters of the reigning prince and their direct legitimate descendants” and to make sure succession “takes place by the direct and legitimate issue of the reigning prince, by order of primogeniture with priority given to males within the same degree of kinship.” Prince Albert did succeed his father in 2005 with his eldest sister, Princess Caroline, as the heir presumptive. But with children now on the way for the royal couple, there are several interesting twists in the succession saga. Albert had two children before his marriage who were born out of wedlock. They aren’t heirs to the crown. If the twins are both boys, the first child born becomes the heir to the throne, with his twin brother as heir presumptive. If the twins are a boy and a girl, the boy becomes heir, regardless of if he is born first or second.

His sister is heir presumptive unless her parents have another child who is a boy in the future. If the twins are both girls, the first child born becomes the heir to the throne, with his twin sister as heir presumptive – unless or until another boy comes along. Then the younger boy becomes the heir to the throne. Continuity is important in Monaco, with the Grimaldi family ruling the principality since 1297, except for a brief period of French rule. Monaco passed a constitution in 1911 that limited the prince’s powers. The Monaco situation is similar to the situation in the United Kingdom with one huge difference. Under the Succession to the Crown Act of 2013, if royal twins are born and they are first line to the crown, the first child born, regardless of gender, is the heir. The act made sure that male children born after October 28, 2011 no longer preceded their elder sisters in the line of succession to the crown. That became a factor when Princess Catherine became pregnant and the wait was on for the gender of her first child.

So the first chance for the United Kingdom’s act to have a meaningful impact will need to wait for a few generations, with Prince Charles, Prince William and Prince George already in line for the British crown. And if you are curious, Prince Albert’s twins won’t be able to claim American citizenship at birth. The Prince’s mother, the late Princess Grace of Monaco, held dual citizenship, but Prince Albert gave up his American citizenship when he became 21 years of age. Recent Stories on Constitution Daily

Question: The Grimaldi family has ruled which principality since 1297?
Answer: Monaco