Arab League - The League of Arab States - Nations Online Project ___ Arab League (جامعة الدول العربية) keywords: Arab League information, League of Arab States League of Arab States Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية‎ al-Jāmiʻa al-ʻArabiyya), formally the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية‎ Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabiyya) The Arab League is an intergovernmental organization (IGO), a voluntary association of independent African and Middle East countries whose peoples are mainly Arabic speaking. The stated purposes of the Arab League are to strengthen ties among the member states, coordinate their policies, and promote their common interests. The league was founded in Cairo in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan (originally Transjordan, Jordan, as of 1950), and Yemen.

Countries that later joined are: Algeria (1962), Bahrain (1971), Comoros (1993), Djibouti (1977), Kuwait (1961), Libya (1953), Mauritania (1973), Morocco (1958), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971), Somalia (1974), Southern Yemen (1967), Sudan (1956), Tunisia (1958), and the United Arab Emirates (1971). The Palestine Liberation Organization was admitted in 1976. In January 2003 Eritrea joined the Arab League as an observer. Egypt's membership was suspended in 1979 after it signed a peace treaty with Israel; the league's headquarters was moved from Cairo, Egypt, to Tunis, Tunisia. In 1987 Arab leaders decided to renew diplomatic ties with Egypt. Egypt was readmitted to the league in 1989 and the league's headquarters was moved back to Cairo. Libya was suspended from the Arab League on 22 February 2011.

On 27 August 2011, the Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership by accrediting a representative of the National Transitional Council, which was partially recognized as the interim government of the country in the wake of Gaddafi's ouster from the capital of Tripoli. On 12 November 2011, the League passed a decree that would suspend Syria's membership if the government failed to stop violence against civilian protestors by 16 November amidst the uprising. Despite this, the government did not yield to the League's demands. 29 March 2015, the League agrees to create joint military force. The League has been meeting in Sharm el-Sheikh amid a crisis in Yemen and the threat of jihadists who have made major gains in Iraq, Syria and Libya. The Arab League will work with military representatives of its members to organise what has been described as a voluntary force. Analysts say that it is unlikely all 22 members will join the proposed force. The 22 Member States of the Arab League * Arab League Nations Countries Disclaimer Close Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate.

However Compare Infobase Limited,its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. The League is a voluntary association of independent countries, which are primarily Arabic Speaking. The League came into existence in Cairo in 1945. The founder members of the league were Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan and Yemen. The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are in Cairo. The Arab League comprises of 22 members. The members are Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Tunisia, Algeria, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Somalia, Iraq, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Egypt, Morocco, Mauritiana and Yemen. The League is involved in political, economic, cultural and social programs to promote the interests of the member states. It has successfully settled some Arab disputes. It played a crucial role in limiting conflicts like the Lebanese civil war of 1958. Launching literacy campaigns, reproducing intellectual works, dealing with labor issues etc are some activities of the Arab league. The achievements of the Arab League have been commendable as far cultural exchanges between member states is concerned.

The League has also helped in advancing the role of women in Arab societies. It is often referred to as a regional version of the United Nations. Arab League | Britannica.com Arab League Alternative Titles: al-Jāmiʿa ad-Duwal al-ʿArabīyah, LAS, League of Arab States Related Topics Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Arab League, also called League of Arab States (LAS), Arabic Al-Jāmiʿa Al-ʿArabīyah or Al-Jāmiʿa Ad-Duwal Al-ʿArabīyah, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East , formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945. The founding member states were Egypt , Syria , Lebanon , Iraq , Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia , and Yemen .

Other members are Libya (1953); Sudan (1956); Tunisia and Morocco (1958); Kuwait (1961); Algeria (1962); Bahrain , Oman , Qatar , and the United Arab Emirates (1971); Mauritania (1973); Somalia (1974); the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; 1976); Djibouti (1977); and the Comoros (1993). (When Yemen was a divided country, from 1967 to 1990, the two regimes were separately represented.) Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic, and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. The signing on April 13, 1950, of an agreement on joint defense and economic cooperation also committed the signatories to coordination of military defense measures. In its early years the Arab League concentrated mainly on economic, cultural, and social programs.

In 1959 it held the first Arab petroleum congress and in 1964 established the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO). Also in 1964, despite objections by Jordan , the league granted the PLO observer status as the representative of all Palestinians. This was upgraded to full membership in 1976. Under the leadership of Mahmoud Riad , the third secretary-general (1972–79), political activity increased. The league, however, was weakened by internal dissension on political issues, especially those concerning Israel and the Palestinians. After Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel on March 26, 1979, the other members of the Arab League voted to suspend Egypt’s membership and to transfer the league’s headquarters from Cairo to Tunis . Egypt was reinstated as a member of the Arab League in 1989, and the league’s headquarters returned to Cairo in 1990.

Similar Topics League of Arab States - Civic Freedom Monitor - Research Center - ICNL League of Arab States Last updated 19 August 2016 Introduction Founded on March 19, 1945, the League of Arab States (LAS) is the oldest existing international organization in the world, predating even the creation of the United Nations by seven months. Beginning with seven countries (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan, and Yemen), the League has now grown to include twenty-two Arab nations (though Syria has been suspended since 2011). The LAS was created to "strengthen the close relations and numerous ties which bind the Arab States" and "direct their efforts toward the goal of the welfare of all Arab States... [and] the guarantee of their future and the realization of their aspirations," and today primarily serves to promote political, economic, cultural, and scientific cooperation among Arab states. The League also provides a forum for Arab states to debate and coordinate policy positions on matters of common concern; as but one example, an extraordinary meeting called in January 2013 by the Republic of Lebanon assessed the situation of refugees fleeing the ongoing crisis in Syria.

In March 2008 the Arab Charter on Human Rights entered into force. This landmark document was the result of more than forty-five years of efforts to draft a human rights treaty for the Arab world. Indeed, as far back as 1960 the Union of Arab Lawyers lobbied the League "to adopt an Arab Convention on Human Rights," and an earlier version of the Arab Charter drafted in 1994 was never ratified and failed to enter into force. On May 24, 2004, a revised Arab Charter on Human Rights was approved at the twenty-sixth Summit of the League of Arab States in Tunis, Tunisia. It is this second Arab Charter on Human Rights which took effect in 2008 upon the deposit of seventh ratification by an Arab state.

As of this writing, the revised Arab Charter on Human Rights has been ratified by a total of seventeen states: Algeria (2006), Bahrain (2006), Egypt (signed 2004, not yet ratified), Iraq (2012), Jordan (2004), Kuwait (2006), Lebanon (2011), Libya (2006), Morocco (signed 2004, not yet ratified), Palestine (2007), Qatar (2009), Saudi Arabia (2009), Sudan (signed 2005, not yet ratified), Syria (2007), Tunisia (signed 2004, not yet ratified), the United Arab Emirates (2008), and Yemen (2008). Although the Charter has been criticized by Arab civil society as falling short of international human rights standards in many key ways, it does establish an independent Arab Human Rights Committee charged with reviewing reports (submitted every three years) from ratifying states. Particularly since the 2011 Arab uprisings, CSOs have sought to promote human rights in the Arab region through the LAS.

They have, for instance, called on the League to ensure more effective sanctions on the Syrian government, and to hold discussions relating to ongoing violence between Egyptian state security forces and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 2015, the LAS began focusing on the escalating violence between Houthi militiamen and Yemeni government, including by sending a delegation to Yemen to monitor and document human rights violations. The LAS has also been an increasingly vocal advocate against human rights abuses related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In light of such crises, civil society has sought to clarify the human rights protection mandate of the League of Arab States by enhancing its monitoring capacity, and to amend the Charter in accordance with universally established international human rights standards. Efforts have also been ongoing since 2013 to establish a regional human rights court for Arab League member states, operating within the framework of the Charter. The LAS, for its part, has recently shown greater openness to working with civil society to address critical issues facing the Arab world. Recognition of CSOs’ increased participation and engagement with the LAS prompted the General Secretariat to propose declaring 2016-2026 the Decade of Arab Civil Society Organizations.

The Decade was formally launched February 22nd in Cairo. The charter of the Decade initiative, which was undertaken in cooperation with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), explicitly recognizes the role CSOs play in sustainable development, and aims to develop a more favorable environment for Arab CSOs to play that role more effectively. The Pact of the League of Arab States stipulates the purpose of the League of Arab States: “The purpose of the League is to draw closer the relations between member States and coordinate their political activities with the aim of realizing a close collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries.

It also has among its purposes a close co-operation of the member States with due regard to the structure of each of these States and the conditions prevailing therein, in the following matters: Economic and financial matters, including trade, customs, currency, agriculture and industry; Communications, including railways, roads, aviation, navigation, and posts and telegraphs; Cultural matters; Health matters.” (Article 2, Pact of the League of Arab States, March 22, 1945) Although the call for Arab unity had been made for more than a century, the idea of having a single Arab organization bringing together all Arab countries did not evolve or unfold until World War II. During World War II, Arab countries experienced a growing resistance against colonial occupiers and the rapid growth of national movements that led to a number of Arab countries gaining their independence. In addition, Jewish immigration to Palestine and political unrest in Turkey and Iran encouraged greater Arab unity. The League of Arab States was not established as a result of a regional power imposing its will on others; rather it was the result of careful negotiation that balanced the concerns of many different parties. The Pact of the Arab League and its principles are the result of a compromise between regional and national concerns.

This compromise is reflected in the League’s rule of unanimity in voting and optional cooperation between Member States; its status as an inter-governmental Organization; and its limited authority. The Pact embodies the need for political consensus and public satisfaction. The League faces many challenges because of the weakness or absence of democracy in most Arab States. There is considerable variation in the level of democracy, the nature of regimes, and the policies and positions of Arab governments. This disparity makes joint regional action nearly impossible despite common interests and goals Member States. The Arab League and Freedom of Association The Pact of the League of Arab States does not address freedom of association or partnership with civil society organizations. This is not surprising given that when the organization was established, these concepts were not common. In addition, the League is a regional organization mainly regulating relations between States. Only recently has the Arab League begun to address the concepts of civil society and freedom of association. In 2004, a Commissioner General for Civil Society was appointed. His responsibility is to communicate with civil society organizations on behalf of the Arab League.

Two departments were also established; the first is the Department of Human Rights that is concerned with developing an Arab human rights system, and the second is the Department of Civil Society Observation and Vocational Unions, established to communicate with NGOs in the Arab region in order to develop their role in the joint Arab action. In May 2004, the Arab Charter on Human Rights was adopted. Article 24 states: “Every citizen has the right: (…) To freely form and join associations with others. To freedom of association and peaceful assembly. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” The Arab League and Civil Society Partnership Although limited, the Arab League has organized activities in cooperation with CSOs. These activities have included regional conferences about protecting the freedom of association, the moral responsibility of CSOs in the Arab world, and the right to freedom of assembly. The Arab League also organized the First Arab Conference on Human Rights held in Doha, Qatar on December 15, 2008.

However, these activities were mostly academic and did not address the practical environment for civil society in Arab League Member States. Consequently, no recommendations were made by the Arab League to Member States concerning protection of the freedom of association. Civil society is mostly excluded from participation in decision-making within the framework of the League of Arab States. This has prevented CSOs from playing a role in regional development. The Pact of the League of Arab States does not formally identify a role for civil society, and has very restrictive criteria for institutions that can participate in the work of the League as observers. In most cases, CSOs permitted to observe the League are associated with Member State governments in some way. One of the goals of the League of Arab States was to establish an integrated Arab system of human rights to protect fundamental rights and freedoms. The Arab Charter on Human Rights falls short of fulfilling this goal. Although civil society has proposed amending the Charter to bring it into conformity with universal human rights standards and to ensure the aspiration of Arab people to an effective human rights system, such amendments are not expected to take place in the near future. Challenges and Problems Related to Civil Society and Freedom of Association The League of Arab States is an organization completely beholden to Member State governments.

Thus, it is difficult for the organization to move forward on most issues, including those affecting civil society and freedom of association. This is reflected in its internal regulations for the Standing Committee on Human Rights: Members of the committee shall be exclusively Member States in the Arab League. The Committee shall review human rights-related issues based on what the Council of the League of Arab States or the General Secretariat transfers to the committee, and it shall provide recommendations regarding these issues. Recommendations shall have the support of two Member States. NGOs and human rights organizations – accredited in the meetings of the Committee as observers according to the criteria and rules adopted – attend the meetings by invitation of the General Secretariat and the committee; however, if the Committee sees it necessary, it shall limit its meetings to Member States only. These articles show the extent to which the Arab League is controlled by its Member States. The obvious result of this control has been a limited role for civil society within the Arab League where most of its Member States lack strong democratic histories. In stark contrast, the Council of Arab Interior Ministers regularly meets and coordinates the actions of Arab States on issues of security with limited obstacles. This demonstrates that the Arab League can be a vehicle for collective action on issues considered important by its members.

Hopefully, development, economic, and cultural issues will gain more support. Back to Top News and Additional Resources While we aim to maintain information that is as current as possible, we realize that situations can rapidly change. If you are aware of any additional information or inaccuracies on this page, please keep us informed; write to ICNL at ngomonitor@icnl.org . 27th Arab League Summit: Short on tangible results (August 2016) The final communiqué of the 27th Arab League Summit, which wrapped up in Mauritanian capital Nouakchott on Monday evening, largely reiterated positions on which Arab states agree while studiously ignoring issues of contention. The league communiqué began by congratulating Ahmed Abul-Gheit, a former Egyptian foreign minister, on his recent appointment as league secretary-general. The league did not, however, adopt an explicit position regarding the fate of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, with a view to avoiding disputes between Arab states that demand his immediate departure and those that have adopted a softer line.

UAE participates in Arab League’s Launch of Arab Charter on CSOs (February 2016) In a meeting in Cairo, the Arab League formally launched the 10-year charter for Arab Civil Society Organizations, in cooperation with the UNDP. In his speech, League Secretary General Nabil Al-Arabi stressed that the charter was important in light of the expanding role of civil society in development in Arab countries in recent years. Arab human rights court plan on track (June 2015) A statute for the establishment of a new Arab regional court on human rights, first proposed in 2013, has been finalized, and must be ratified by at least seven Arab League member states before it can proceed. The court is expected to be based in Bahrain, and have between seven and 11 judges. Its mandate would include torture, discrimination, and other human rights violations. Counter-terrorism cooperation with Arab League must respect fundamental rights (March 2015) EU Parliament hailed counter-terrorism cooperation between the EU and the League of Arab States in a vote, but stressed it must not compromise the rule of law, human and fundamental rights. The recently-signed memorandum of understanding between the two organisations must be made public, it added.

Counter-terrorism measures must never be abused to repress legitimate dissent, or to violate people’s universal human rights, MEPs insist. They call on the EU to build clear safeguards into its cooperation with third countries, to ensure that it does not support or legitimise the repression of legitimate organisations and individuals. KSA, Arab League FMs to hold emergency meeting on Yemen (February 2015) Foreign ministers of Arab League member states, including Saudi Arabia, will hold an emergency meeting on Yemen in Cairo, Nabil Al-Arabi, Arab League chief, said in the Egyptian capital on Sunday. The meeting will focus on the chaotic situation in the strife-torn Yemen and the need to take urgent coercive measures to try to resolve the crisis in that country. The decision to hold the special meeting of Arab foreign ministers comes as the UN Security Council prepared to discuss a resolution calling on militiamen to step down from power or face consequences.

News Archive The Arab League - Council on Foreign Relations Council on Foreign Relations Authors: Jonathan Masters , Deputy Editor, and Mohammed Aly Sergie Updated: October 21, 2014 See More of the Most Viewed Introduction Founded in March 1945, the League of Arab States (or Arab League) is a loose confederation of twenty-two Arab nations, including Palestine, whose broad mission is to improve coordination among its members on matters of common interest. The League was chartered in response to concerns about postwar colonial divisions of territory as well as strong opposition to the emergence of a Jewish state in Palestine, but it has long been criticized for disunity and poor governance. Critics also say it has traditionally been more representative of its various autocratic regimes than of Arab citizens. The organization had the opportunity to advance social interests with the push for Palestinian statehood at the UN and the unrest in many Arab countries in 2011.

Some critics see positive developments in the League's actions in Libya, where it supported a no-fly zone and the ouster of Muammar al-Qaddafi, and in Syria, where it orchestrated a fact-finding mission to observe the conflict and called on President Bashar al-Assad to step down after months of deadly clashes with protesters. A League of Their Own According to its charter , the founding members of the Arab League (Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Yemen) agreed to seek "close cooperation" on matters of economics, communication, culture, nationality, social welfare, and health. They renounced violence for the settlement of conflicts between members and empowered League offices to mediate in such disputes, as well as in those with non-members. Signatories agreed to collaborate in military affairs ; this accord was strengthened with a 1950 pact committing members to treat acts of aggression on any member state as an act against all. The charter established the Arab League headquarters in Cairo, created a permanent General Secretariat, and scheduled sessions to meet biannually, or at the request of two members in extraordinary circumstances.

A formal commitment to international human rights law entered League conventions in 2004 (it was ratified in 2008) when some members adopted the Arab Charter on Human Rights . The charter has an annex on the issue of Palestine. It affirms Palestinian independence and states that "even though the outward signs of this independence have remained veiled as a result of force majeure," an Arab delegate from Palestine should "participate in [the League's] work until this country enjoys actual independence." The Arab League has no mechanism to compel members' compliance with its resolutions, a void that has led critics like NYU Associate Professor Mohamad Bazzi to describe the organization as a "glorified debating society." The charter states that decisions reached by a majority "shall bind only those [states] that accept them," which places a premium on national sovereignty and limits the League's ability to take collective action. While some actions are taken under the aegis of the Arab League, they are executed only by a small faction.

Bazzi says, "During the Lebanese civil war, the Arab League had limited success trying to help negotiate a peace, but in the end it was the individual powers, in this case Syria and Saudi Arabia, that helped end the conflict by convening the Taif Agreement . Technically it was under League auspices, but it was really Saudi Arabia and Syria as the driving force." A Pan-Arab Pedigree The concept of an integrated Arab polity based on shared culture and historical experience, which is at the heart of the Arab League's charter, dates to the Islamic caliphates under the disciples of Mohammed. Modern pan-Arabism, or Arab nationalism, arose in opposition to Ottoman rule and nineteenth-century attempts to impose the Turkic language and culture on Arab subjects. During World War I, the Sharif of Mecca led an Arab revolt against the Ottomans in concert with British forces. The British government assured Arabs their support would be rewarded with the establishment of an independent state . However, a separate Anglo-French accord signed in 1916, known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement , betrayed this plan and carved up Arab lands into respective spheres of influence.

During World War II, the British once again pledged "full support" for Arab unity. This policy was expressed by Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in his Mansion House speech in May 1941. Encouraged by the news, Arab leaders embarked on negotiations for a pan-Arab union that would bolster support for the Arabs of Palestine. The process culminated in 1944 with the Alexandria Protocol , the document that laid plans for the Arab League. In 1948, five nations of the newly formed regional body took up arms against the state of Israel following its declaration of independence. The conflict marked the first major action of the League and the first of several bloody conflicts between Arab and Israeli forces over the future of Palestine. The resulting Arab defeat, known as the Nakba or "catastrophe," was a defining moment. In his 1996 book Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Charles D. Smith writes, "Many, especially of the younger generation, saw Israel's existence as symbolic of Arab humiliation at the hands of a superior power relying on Western technology that they were denied.

Here there existed a desire for revenge coupled with the fear of Israeli military might and possible future expansion." The Palestinian issue continues to be a catalyst for collective Arab action. The League emphasized the importance of the Palestinian cause in 1964 with the establishment of the Palestinian Liberation Order , whose charter states "the liberation of Palestine, from an Arab viewpoint, is a national duty." Following another significant defeat by the Israelis in 1967, the League issued the Khartoum Resolution , often remembered for its three "nos": "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it." The Arab League has maintained an official boycott of Israeli goods and companies since 1948 , but measuring the effects of the ban is difficult due to lax enforcement and limited trade flows. Still, policies toward the Jewish nation did not develop uniformly. These postures, as well as relations with one another, were shaped by factors including individual territorial ambitions, evolving Cold War alliances, and inter-Arab rivalries. Seeds of Conflict After WWII, the pan-Arab project gained its most charismatic champion in Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, but several critical international developments over the following decades exposed the limits of League solidarity.

The decline of British and French colonial empires and the emergence of a bipolar Cold War altered the architecture of power in the region. Inter-Arab antagonisms, the strategic implications of Mideast oil, and a U.S. policy of Soviet containment provided ample seeds of conflict for the newly formed League. "During the Lebanese civil war, the Arab League had limited success trying to help negotiate a peace, but in the end it was the individual powers, in this case Syria and Saudi Arabia, that helped end the conflict."—Mohamad Bazzi Under Nasser's leadership, Arab nationalism reached new heights. Nasser's assent to power in 1952, in the Arab world's first military coup, was seen as a victory against Western imperialism and an inspiration to other Arab states. Still, the pan-Arabism project suffered several setbacks under his reign. The brief political union of Egypt and Syria, known as the United Arab Republic, fell apart after only three years (1958-1961). The outbreak of civil war in Yemen in 1962 deteriorated into a disastrous eight-year proxy battle between Egyptian and Saudi-backed forces.

Even Palestine proved to be a source of contention as Arab League members vied to assert control over the PLO. "Arab politics were more chaotic than at any point in modern history. Nasser's revolution promised unity—but delivered fragmentation and discord," wrote Michael Scott Doran in Foreign Affairs in 2011. Perhaps the most pivotal event of the period was Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956. The ensuing crisis, while perceived as a victory for Nasser in the Arab world, convinced the Eisenhower administration to pursue a proactive role in the Middle East, and primed the region for Cold War polarization. Washington provided economic and military assistance, primarily to Israel, to counter similar flows of Soviet assistance to Egypt, Iraq, and Syria. This arms race culminated in the Six-Day War (1967), a defeat for Arab armies that included the Israeli occupation of the remnants of Arab Palestine. The decision by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to open unilateral peace negotiations with Israel in 1979 further underscored Arab divisions. As a result, Egypt was suspended from the Arab League (but was readmitted in 1989).

An Opportunity for Reform The Arab League continues to struggle with disunity and dysfunction, and critics question whether the organization has any relevance in its current form. Though it achieved notable consensus over the Saudi-sponsored Arab Peace Initiative in 2002, the League failed to coordinate its policy over both the 1990-1991 Gulf War and the 2003 Iraq War. Interviews conducted by al-Jazeera in 2009 illustrated the Arab public's frustration with the organization. "If we are to measure competence in terms of results and achievements," said a twenty-four-year old Syrian, "then the Arab League is not competent simply because they have not achieved anything." Even the League's secretary-general , Nabil al-Araby, joined the chorus of criticism in September 2011, describing the organization as "impotent." The Arab revolts throughout the Middle East and North Africa in 2011 offered the League a new opportunity to reform. Some critics see the appointment of al-Araby as a step toward this end.

In a 2011 interview with CFR, Shadi Hamid of the Brookings Institution said, "Here is someone who is more in tune with Arab public opinion, who is respected among Arab activists, protestors, and members of the opposition. He's not someone who is a stooge of the regime by any stretch of the imagination. All of this suggests that the Arab League is changing." After rare action to topple Qaddafi in 2011, the Arab League turned its focus to the conflict in Syria. It suspended Syrian membership in November 2011, brokered an ill-fated peace agreement with the Assad regime , and, for the first time in its history, assembled a team of observers to monitor the implementation of its plan. Frustrated with a lack of compliance by Syria, the Arab League officially called for Assad to step down in January 2012 and requested a resolution from the UN Security Council to support this proposal. The Arab League eventually recognized the Syrian opposition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people, but Assad-regime allies in the organization such as Iraq, Lebanon, and Algeria blocked the oppositions' full assumption of the role.

Tensions between Sunni and Shia Muslims , exacerbated by wars in Syria and Iraq, are creating new fissures among Arabs. Sunni leaders largely snubbed a 2012 summit in Baghdad, reflecting their rejection of a Shia-led Iraq with close ties to Iran. Those who did attend traded barbs during their speeches, dashing an opportunity to foster closer between Iraq and its Sunni-majority neighbors. Even as the Arab League condemns the Sunni extremist group known as ISIS , and Sunni powers such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates launch air strikes on the terrorist organization, few Arab countries are willing to coordinate efforts with the Iraqi government. Iraq, for its part, has invited Iranian military advisers and deployed Tehran-funded Shia militias in its battle against ISIS. Many mideast experts say the Arab League is likely to improve little on its record of collective action until members agree to sacrifice some sovereignty and comply with resolutions. And until democracy is the mainstay of the Arab world, the League will continue to struggle with issues of legitimacy. Additional Resources Arab league Archives - Arab League - Beste Singlebörsen im Vergleich by admin1 ARTICLE I The League of Arab States is composed of the independent Arab states which have signed this Charter.

Any independent Arab state has the right to become a member of the League. If it desires to do so, it shall submit a request which will be deposited with the Permanent Secretariat General and submitted to the Council at the first meeting held after submission of the request. ARTICLE II The League has as its purpose the strengthening of the relations between the member-states, the coordination of their policies in order to achieve co-operation between them and to safeguard their independence and sovereignty; and a general concern with the affairs and interests of the Arab countries. It has also as its purpose the close co-operation of the member-states, with due regard to the Organisation and circumstances of each state, on the following matters: A. Economic and financial affairs, including commercial relations, customs, currency and questions of agriculture an industry. B. Communications; this includes railroads, roads, aviation, navigation, telegraphs and posts. C. cultural affairs. D. Nationality, passports, visas, execution of judgments and extradition of criminals. E. Social affairs. F. Health affairs. ARTICLE III The League shall possess a Council composed of the representatives of the member-states of the League; each state shall have a single vote, irrespective of the number of its representatives.

It shall be the task of the Council to achieve the realisation of the objectives of the League and to supervise the execution of agreements which. the member-states have concluded on the questions enumerated in the preceding Article, or on any other questions. It likewise shall be the Council task to decide upon the means by which the League is to co-operate with the international bodies to be created in the future in order to guarantee security and peace and regulate economic and social relations. ARTICLE IV For each of the questions listed in Article II there shall be set up a special committee in which the member-states of the League shall be represented. These committees shall be charged with the task of laying down the principles and extent of co-operation. Such principles shall be formulated as draft agreements to be presented to the Council for examination preparatory to their submission to the aforesaid states. Representatives of the other Arab countries may take part in the work of the aforesaid committees. The Council shall determine the conditions under which these representatives may be permitted to participate and the rules governing such representation. ARTICLE V Any resort to force in order to resolve disputes between two or more member-states of the League is prohibited.

If there should arise among them a difference which does not concern a state’s independence, sovereignty, or territorial integrity, and if the parties to the dispute have recourse to the Council for the settlement of this difference, the decision of the Council shall then be enforceable and obligatory. In such case, the states between whom the difference has arisen shall not participate in the deliberations and decisions of the Council. The Council shall mediate in all differences which threaten to lead to war between two member-states, or a member-state and a third state, with a view to bringing about their reconciliation. Decisions of arbitration and mediation shall be taken by majority vote. ARTICLE VI In case of aggression or threat of aggression by one state against a member-state, the state which has been attacked or threatened with aggression may demand the immediate convocation of the Council. The Council shall by unanimous decision determine the measures necessary to repulse the aggression. If the aggressor is a member-state, his vote shall not be counted in determining unanimity. If, as a result of the attack, the government of the state attacked finds itself unable to communicate with the Council, the state’s representative in the Council shall request the convocation of the Council for the purpose indicated in the foregoing paragraph.

In the event that this representative is unable to communicate with the Council, any member-state of the League shall have the right to request the convocation of the Council. ARTICLE VII Unanimous decisions of the Council shall be binding upon all member-states of the League; majority decisions shall be binding only upon those states which have accepted them. In either case the decisions of the Council shall be enforced in each member-state according to its respective laws. ARTICLE VIII Each member-state shall respect the systems of government established in the other member-states and regard them as exclusive concerns of those states. Each shall pledge to abstain from any action calculated to change stablished systems of government. ARTICLE IX States of the League which desire to establish closer co-operation and stronger bonds than are provided for by this Charter may conclude agreements to that end. Treaties and agreements already concluded or to be concluded in the future between a member-state and another state shall not be binding or restrictive upon other members. ARTICLE X The permanent seat of the League of Arab States is established in Cairo. The Council may, however, assemble at any other place it may designate. ARTICLE XI The Council of the League shall convene in ordinary session twice a year, in March and in September.

It shall convene in extraordinary session upon the request of two member-states of the League whenever the need arises. ARTICLE XII The League shall have a permanent Secretariat-General which shall consist of a Secretary-General, Assistant Secretaries and an appropriate number of officials. The Council of the League shall appoint the Secretary-General by a majority of two thirds of the states of the League. The Secretary-General, with the approval of the Council, shall appoint the Assistant Secretaries and the principal officials of the League. The Council of the League shall establish an administrative regulation for the functions of the Secretariat-General and matters relating to the staff. The Secretary-General shall have the rank of Ambassador and the Assistant Secretaries that of Ministers Plenipotentiary. The first Secretary-General of the League is named in an annex to this Charter. ARTICLE XIII The Secretary-General shall prepare the draft of the budget of the League and shall submit it to the Council for approval before the beginning of each fiscal year. The Council shall fix the share of the expenses to be borne by each state of the League. This may be reconsidered if necessary.

ARTICLE XIV The members of the Council of the League as well as the members of the committees and the officials who are to be designated in the administrative regulation shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunity when engaged in the exercise of their functions. The buildings occupied by the organs of the League shall be inviolable. ARTICLE XV The first meeting of the Council shall be convened at the invitation of the head of the Egyptian Government. Thereafter it shall be convened at the invitation of the Secretary-General. The representatives of the member-states of the League shall alternately assume the presidency of the Council at each of its ordinary sessions. ARTICLE XVI Except in cases specifically indicated in this Charter, a majority vote of the Council shall be sufficient to make enforceable decisions on the following matters: A. Matters relating to personnel. B. Adoption of the budget of the League. C. Establishment of the administrative regulations for the Council, the committees and the Secretariat General. D. Decisions to adjourn the sessions. ARTICLE XVII Each member-state of the League shall deposit with the Secretariat-General one copy of treaty or agreement concluded or to be concluded in the future between itself and another member-state of the League or a third state.

ARTICLE XVIII If a member state contemplates withdrawal from the League. shall inform the Council of its intention one year before such withdrawal is to go into effect. The Council of the League may consider any state which fails to fulfill its obligations under the Charter as separated from the League, this to go into effect upon a unanimous decision of the states, not counting the state concerned. ARTICLE XIX This Charter may be amended with the consent of two thirds of the states belonging to the League, espec order to make firmer and stronger the ties between the member-states, to create an Arab Tribunal of Arbitration, and to regulate the relations of the League with any international bodies to be created in the future to guarantee security and peace. Final action on the amendment cannot be taken prior Final action on an amend . . hich the motion to the session following the session in which the motion was initiated. If a state does not accept such an amendment it may withdraw at such time as the amendment goes into effect, without being bound by the provisions of the preceding Article. ARTICLE XX This Charter and its annexes shall be ratified according to the basic laws in force among the High Contracting parties.

The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretariat-General of the Council and the Charter shall become operative as regards each ratifying state fifteen days after the Secretary-General has received the instruments of ratification from four states. This Charter has been drawn up in Cairo in the Arabic language on this 8th day of Rabi‘ II, thirteen hundred and sixty four H. (March 22, 1945), in one copy which shall be deposited in the safe keeping of the Secretariat-General. An identical copy shall be delivered to each state of the League. (1) Annex Regarding Palestine Since the termination of the last great war the rule of the Ottoman Empire over the Arab countries, among them Palestine, which bad become detached from that Empire, has come to an end. She has come to be autonomous, not subordinate to any other state. The Treaty of Lausanne proclaimed that her future was to be settled by the parties concerned. However, even though she was as yet unable to control her own affairs, the Covenant of the League (of Nations) in 1919 made provision for a regime based upon recognition of her independence.

Her international existence and independence in the legal sense cannot, therefore, be questioned, any more than could the independence of the other Arab countries. Although the outward manifestations of this independence have remained obscured for reasons beyond her control, this should not be allowed to interfere with her participation in the work of the Council of the League. The states signatory to the Pact of the Arab League are therefore ofthe opinion that, considering the special circumstances of Palestine anduntil that country can effectively exercise its independence, the Councilof the League should take charge of the selection of an Arab representativefrom Palestine to take part in its work. (2) Annex Regarding Cooperation with Countries Which Are Not Members of the Council of the League Whereas the member states of the League will have to deal in the Council as well as in the committees with matters which will benefit and affect the Arab world at large; more info Der beste Singlebörsen Vergleich – Alle Partnerbörsen im Test 2015 Singlebörse Vergleich – Single Ratgeber – Singleportale im Test, Singlebörsenvergleich und Testsieger – hier finden sie Nutzer-Erfahrungen und Testergebnisse über viele Anbieter von Kontaktanzeigen.

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And whereas the Council has to take into account the aspirations of the Arab countries which are not members of the Council and has to work toward their realization; Now, therefore, it particularly behooves the states signatory to the Pact of the Arab League to enjoin the Council of the League, when considering the admission of those countries to participation in the committees referred to in the Pact, that it should spare no effort to learn their needs and understand their aspirations and hopes; and that it should work thenceforth for their best interests and the safeguarding of their future with all the political means at its disposal. (3) Annex Regarding the Appointment of a SecretaryGeneral of the League The states signatory to this Pact have agreed to appoint His Excellency Abdul-Rabman ‚Azzam Bey, to be Secretary-General of the League of Arab States. This appointment is made for two years. The Council of the League shall hereafter determine the new regulations for the Secretary-General. more info Strompreisvergleich – Jetzt Stromvergleich kostenlos durchführen und von vielen günstigen Tarifen profitieren! Strom vergleichen und schnell zum neuen Anbieter wechseln!

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An official from the pan-Arab bloc said Arabi had „instructed the Arab League’s UN representative to initiate urgent consultations within the Arab group calling for an emergency security meeting of the Security Council.“ Earlier, Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas asked the international community to „immediately intervene to halt this dangerous escalation which would lead the region to more destruction and instability“. Arabi said he had been „in touch with president Abbas to follow the latest developments in the Gaza Strip“ while also continuing „consultations with Arab foreign ministers on this subject“. more info Die besten Singlebörsen und Partnerbörsen im Vergleich! Singlebörse – Kostenlose Singlebörsen und Partnervermittlungen im Vergleich: Ausführliche Tests, Erfahrungen und News zu den bekanntesten, deutschen Dating-Portalen. Partnerbörsen im Vergleich 2016 – Singlebörsen, Seitensprung, Sexkontakt, Partnervermittlung in Deutschland · Singleboersenvergleich für Deutschland. » Kontaktanzeigen- Portale im Test.

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Question: Where are the headquarters of the Arab League, which currently has 22 members?
Answer: Cairo