DRUMLINS in Northern Ireland - YouTube DRUMLINS in Northern Ireland Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 23, 2015 I grew up in Co Down with drumlins all around. To get anywhere away from the main roads you had to go constantly go up and down these small hills for they where evrywhere. Drumlins and drumlin clusters are glacial landforms, composed primarily of glacial till. They are formed a short distance within the receding glacier ice and record the final direction of ice movement.

A drumlin's long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice; it is roughly symmetrical around the long axis.[8] Drumlins are typically 1 to 2 km (0.62–1.24 mi) long, less than 50 m (160 ft) high and between 300 to 600 metres (980–1,970 ft) wide. Drumlins generally have a consistent ratio of 2:3.5 width to length dimensions. Drumlins are often in drumlin fields of similarly shaped, sized and oriented hills. Drumlins usually have layers indicating that the material was repeatedly added to a core, which may be of rock or glacial till. The composition of drumlins varies depending on the area in which they are found, and can consist of similar material to the till of the surrounding moraine or be composed almost entirely of bedrock, sand and gravel or various mixtures thereof.

A drumlin, from the Irish word droimnín ("littlest ridge"), first recorded in 1833, is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine. Category Roche Moutonee a rock formation created by the passing of a - EAR - 105 View Full Document 22. Roche Moutonee a. rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. When a glacier erodes down to bedrock, it can form tear-drop shaped hills that taper in the up-ice direction 23. Moraine a. any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past glacial maximum 24. till a. part of glacial drift which was deposited directly by the glacier. 25. Outwash plain a. a plain formed of glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier 26. Drumlins a.

elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine 27. Eskers a. long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. Eskers are frequently several kilometres long and, because of their peculiar uniform shape, are somewhat like railway embankments 28. Kame a. an irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier, and is then deposited on the land surface with further melting of the glacier. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography 29. Kettle lakes a. shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters 30. The glacial features of New York State and around the Syracuse area (caused by the advance and retreat of the Laurentide Ice Cap during the Pleistocene Ice Age). 31.

What causes glacial – interglacial cycles (Milankovich cycles – 3 of them, what are they?) a. collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate b. axial tilt c. axial precession d. apsidal precession 32. Topic 11: Dating (Chapter 14) 33. Relative dating (7 questions) 34. Radiometric dating (4 questions) 35. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM NAME: DATE: EAR 105 Recitation 1 Exploring the building stones of Syracuse University Recitation 1 notes What does drumlin mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word drumlin Princeton's WordNet(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: drumlin(noun) a mound of glacial drift Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: drumlin(Noun) An elongated hill or ridge of glacial drift. Origin: droim 'back, ridge' + English dim.

suffix -lin (variant of -ling) Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Drumlin(noun) a hill of compact, unstratified, glacial drift or till, usually elongate or oval, with the larger axis parallel to the former local glacial motion Origin: [Gael. druim the ridge of a hill.] Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Drumlin A drumlin, from the Irish word droimnín, first recorded in 1833, is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine.

Numerology The numerical value of drumlin in Chaldean Numerology is: 7 Pythagorean Numerology Soil Science Final - Agriculture 157 with Armstrong at Illinois State University - StudyBlue Absence of Iron: Gray and bluish colors (gleyed) Mottling: Gray spots due to wetness Density Measure of compactness (mass per unit volume) Bulk Density Compactness of the whole soil (weight of dry soil divided by the total soil volume) Particle density Average compactness of soil particles (weight of soil divided by the volume of solid) Porosity the volume percentage of the total soil bulk density not occupied by soil particles (100% - (bulk density/particle density x 100)) Aeration CO2 and O2 are exchanged in soil... This is poor when there in excess water Temperature Greatly affects physical, biological, and chemical processes. Can be controlled by mulch. (Effects all biological activity and freezes and thaws) Munsell Color Chart Hue: i.e.

10 YR- redness or yellowness of soil Value: Lightness or Darkness -el, Frozen soil found in arctic climates Histosols -ist, Organic soils found in mostly wet and cold environments Spodosols -od ending, high illuvial iron-hums accumulation (Bhs) directly beneath the E Horizon and makes up about 3% of land in the U.S. Mollisol -oll, Grassland soil (most common in Illinois) Vertisol -ert, high in clay content Alfisol -alf, lighter colored compared to Mollisol and main characteristic is an argillic = clay horizon (14.5% of U.S. land) Ultisols -ult, Similar to Alfisols, but more weathered (9.6% of U.S. soils) Oxisols -ox, most weathered of soil orders, highly leached, and accumulation of Fe and Al oxides (red color) Landscape A collection of polypedons Polypedons Two or more contiguous pedons, all of which are within the defined limits of a single soil series. Pedons Smallest volume that can be called soil.

1m2 to 10m2 wide and as deep as plant roots or the lower limit of the genetic soil horizons. 5 most important soil orders in Illinois Mollisols, Alfisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Histosols Illinois State Soil s- soil may be shallow, droughty, or stony c- climate problem (very cold or very dry) Weathering process by which rocks on or near earth's surface breakdown or change to form new compounds Erosion Removal and transport of material from one place to another Physical weathering Disintegration- freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, or heating cooling Chemical weathering Decomposition- alteration of the original (primary) minerals of rocks into new (secondary) minerals of soils and into dissolved ions and molecules (hydration, hydrolysis, and oxidation and reduction) 5 soil forming factors Parent material, Time, Climate, Organisms, Topography Morphological Characteristic with soil forming All soils form from the five soil forming factors, but it is the intensity of the factors that make soils different Parent material passive forming factor that's altered by the actions of other soil forming factors Residum Parent Material formed from rock that weathered in place.

no transporting agent was involved Transported parent material material that has been transported by some agent. often sorted to some degree Parent material transporting agents Wind, water, ice, and gravityq Fluvial material deposited of flood plains by modern streams Alluvial Deposited at the base of hills by flowing streams when the water slows due to decreasing slopes Marine material deposited by streams in marine environments Colluvial Material moved by gravity and deposited at the bottom of steep slopes Glacial drift Material deposited by continental ice sheets Glacial till Mixture of rock material that has been ground into an assortment of different sized particles by the action of glacial ice (unsorted, ice deposited) Outwash Fluvial materials that were deposited by streams of glacial melt waters Eolian Very fertile type of parent material as it is silt sized Dune sand Sand-sized material. Same origin as loess, but not transported as for from the source Residual parent material Develops in place from weathering of the underlying rock. Climate temp and moisture control the intensity of soil weathering Topography Modifies the macroclimate to produce the actual climate of the soil Organisms Also known as Biota.

Determine the amount, type, and placement of organic residues Time More time= more highly developed soil profile Topography soil drainage -Well drained and eroded soil (sloping areas) - Moderately well or somewhat poorly drained (flat areas) - Poorly drained soils (depressions) Kame Geomorphological feature, an irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier, and is then deposited on the land surface with further melting of the glacier Esker Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel Drumlin An elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine Terminal Moraine A moraine deposited at the point of furthest advance of a glacier or ice sheet Classifications of Soil Water Saturation, Field Capacity, Hygroscopic Coefficient (Air Dry), and Oven Dry Saturation All the soil pores are filled with water (0 bars/O kPa).

The most water that can be in soil (water drains due to gravity) Matric Potential of Saturation 0 bars (exert no energy to pull water away from soil) Field Capacity The point where matric potential balances the gravitational pull. Water ceases to drain out of the soil (macropores=empty, micropores=full) Matric Potential of Field Capacity -1/3 bars or -33 kPa Hygroscopic Coefficient (Air Dry) The point where evaporation ceases. Water is tightly adhered to soil particles Matric Potential of Hygroscopic Coefficient -31 bars or -3100 kPa Oven dry point where all non-chemically combined water has been removed from the soil. Only water remaining is chemically bound. Soil has been drying in an oven for 24 hours.

The only water left are the H2O molecules that are part of the chemical makeup of the soil minerals Matric Potential of Oven Dry 10,000 bars or -1,000,000 kPa Water Continuum Refer to notes for picture Permanent wilting point Where the soil is so dry that the plant has wilted and cannot regain its turgor (rigidity) Types of water Free or Gravitational, Capillary Water (PAW), and Hygroscopic Gravimetric (Weight) Method -% moisture expressed on Oven Dry weight basis - (wet weight of soil- oven dry weight/oven dry weight) x 100 (in weight percentage) Volume Method -Measures water content on a depth basis - Used for irrigation -Great in pasture or turf type landscape -Sqaure landscapes because they roll in straight lines Soil Erosion The removal of soil by water and/or wind What does soil erosion cause?

Reduces soil depth, reduces soil organic matter by removing the top soil, increases clay from the exposure of subsoil (B horizon), and water can't penetrate/infiltrate Sheet Erosion Uniform movement of the soil via water, except for areas that have surface sover to intercept raindrops Rill Erosion Channels created by concentrated water flow that can be smooth over by normal tillage operations Gully Erosion Larger channels in the soil that are created by concentrated water flow overland.

These can not be remediated by normal tillage practices Factors affecting wind erosion -surface roughness created by tillage practives and surfae -Soil properties (aggregate stability, % clay and organic matter) Impact of Erosion on Ag -Removes most fertile part of soil -Lowers water holding capacity -Increases soil variability, lowering crop production -Hurts plants (abscission, blowout, and decomposition) Impact of Erosion on the Environment -Obscured viability as soil enters atmosphere -Pollutes air and water -Impairs human and animal health universal soil loss equation A = R x K x LS x C x P Colloid Very small soil particles that are highly reactive materials with electrically charged surfaces Colloid charge Types of colloids in soil Humus (organic matter) and clay CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) The sum total of exhangeable cations that a soil can absorb per unit weight of soil. Importance of Cation Exchange Capacity -Allows the soil to hold nutrient cations for plant growth -Aids in filtering out impurities and potention contaminates to ground water -Buffers the soil against rapid changes in pH Where do soil colloids get their charge from?

-Permanent change: originates from isomorphic substitution within the tetrahedral and octahedral lattices of silicate clays. -Variable charge: originates from hydroxyls on the edges of clay minerals and within the structure of humus How does CEC vary with different soil porperties? Source of charge Kaolinite = 10 cmolc/kg, Illite = 40 cmolc/kg, Montmorillonite = 100 cmol/kg, Humus = 200 cmolc/kg Calculation for CEC -Sum of all cations in soil (in cmol charge/kg) -OR Percent of Clay/OM (decimal) x CEC of Clay/OM Percent Base Saturation (Sum of Basic Cations/ Total of all Cations) x 100 Basic = Ca, Mg, K, Na` pH the negative log of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration (activity) in the soil solution. It measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil relative to the other ions in the soil. Importance of pH -Controls the availability of many plant nutrients -Is an indicator of soil weathering. -Often indicates serious problems assoiciated with the soil.

(pH values > 8.5 indicates sodic soils [Lots of Na], pH values < 4 indicates too much sulfur, aluminum, or lead) Processes to lower pH exam 3 - Earth System Science 111 with Lo Duca at Eastern Michigan University - StudyBlue very large, continuous mass of ice; in its most extensive state, it is an ice sheet.

81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica (which contains 92% of the world's ice) Glacial Erosion (Abrasion & Plucking): Abrasion: debris carried at base act like sand paper Plucking: ice at base thaws then refreezes around rocks, picking up the rocks within the glacier Drift A pile of sand or snow created by moving air or water Till deposited as glacial ice melts and drops its load of rock fragments - Ice cannot sort its sediments so till deposits are characterized as being extremely poorly sorted - Rock fragments are frequently polished and scratched from abrasion outwash materials deposited by melt water from a glacier Glacial Erratics boulders found in the till or lying on the surface that are distinctly different from the regional bedrock; often moved long distances by the glacier Glacial deposit found in continental sedimentary environments that often consist of a poorly sorted mixture of many different sediment sizes ranging from clay to boulders How fast do glaciers move? 100s of meters per year Glacial Surge Fast movement due to pressure melting at base What is zone of accumulation, of ablation? Accumulation: Snowfall, snow turning into ice.

Albation: Sublimation, Melting and iceberg caving. snowline lower limit of snow accumulation, the elevation of the snow line can vary greatly define: arete Curving patterns left by ice lobes Terminal Moraines Marks the max extent of a glacier Hanging Valleys Smaller tributary glacial valleys left stranded above more quickly eroded central valleys How can hanging valleys form? on the sides of steep U-Shaped valleys Name the two places in the world today which are mostly covered by continental glaciers Greenland and Antarctica Gently rolling layer of till deposited as teh ice front recedes Eskers After debris is carried by ice, when the ice is melts the sand and gravel formed ridges Kettles Depression in the outwash plain, created by an isolated block of ice that melts after main glacier has retreated Drumlins is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg[1] formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine. Pleistocene Ice Ages. When and where? <1.8 Ma.

Northern North America, Scandavia + Europe, Siberia Where were the principle zones of accumulation in North America during the Pleistocene ice age Why do Ice Ages occur? Plate Tectonics-continental drift leads to changes in ocean currents Volcanism, meteorite impacts, Milankovitch cycle (variation in earth's orbit and rotation axis), Albedo (reflection of solar radiation) can bock solar radiation Origin of the great lakes - Is attributed to the erosional effects of currents when the region was submerged - It was raised to its present elevation which was accompanied by a disintegration process that accompanied the erosion mass wasting All the process by which weathered and unweathered Earth materials move downslope in large amounts and in large single events, usually under the influence of gravity. factors that influence mass movements weight to pull material; resistance to sliding/flowing; trigger(earthquake) that shakes material loose; and water by saturation, increasing weight of soil and sediments define angle of repose the steepest angle that a slope can maintain before the mass wasting occurs. What two factors affect the angle of repose? Material and moisture Mass wasting process with free-falling pieces Slide When material moves as discrete blocks. Category of mass wasting.

Flow downslope movement of earth materials that deform as a fluid, such as the fluid movement of grains of sand, rock, snow, ice, debris, and mud Slump a type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope rockfall rock falling freely or bouncing down a cliff Rockslide A subcategory of slide mass wasting in which a segment of bedrock slides downslope along a fracture and the rock breaks into fragments and tumbles down the hillside; also called a rock avalanche. creep slow imperceptible downslope movement of unconsolidated Earth material debris flow mass wasting involving the flow of soil (unconsolidated material) in which coarse material (gravel, boulders) is predominant Mudflow a fluid or hardened stream or avalanche of mud what is the principle of original horizontality? layers of sediment are deposited horizontally Principle of superposition The idea that lower layers of rock are older than those above them What is the Principle of Lateral Continuity? Sedimentary layers are laid down into laterally continuous sheets what is the principle of faunal succession? - Specific groups of fossils follow one another in the rock record.

Unconformity break or gap in the geological record caused by erosion or non-deposition unconformity: what is it and how does it form? gap in the geologic record, forms by erosion or nondeposition angular unconformity -sedimentary rock in contact with sedimentary rock -the beds that are in contact are NOT HORIZONTAL Disconformity A type of unconformity in which the beds above and below are parallel Nonconformity Whenever someone is out of step with others, or out of line with other ideas. fossils the remains of living organisms left in soil or rock Trace fossils: any structure made by an organism (terminte mound, tracks, trails) microfossils the microscopic shells and other remains of marine organisms that make up biogenous sediments principle of cross-cutting relations younger features (cut across) older features. faults, dikes, erosions, etc. must be younger than the material that is faulted, intruded, or eroded.

principle of inclusion states that objects enclosed in rock must be older than the time of rock formation From oldest to youngest, the geologic eras in order are: -Precambrian Quarternary theory of catastrophism catastrophic geological forces unlike those of the present day earth shaped earth's surface and caused extinctions of species the divisions of the geological time scale are based upon fossil evidence of mass extinction The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is influenced by A. temperature C. chemical combination D. time D. Radioactive decay is not influenced by pressure, temperature, or by chemical combination. The only factor that affects radioactive decay is time Earth is how old, in years? 4.55 b.y. old When did the Cambrian Era start? 542 mya-488 mya What period and epoch are we in today? Quaternary period, holocene epoch why is life carbon based? nitrogen and oxygen can share more than one electron with carbon allows for stable but not unbreakable bonds carbon atoms are uniquely able to form long chains needed for large info storage monocles How old (in billions of years) is the oldest life forms found in rocks?

What are these life forms Stromatolites- 3.5 billion yrs. ago formed from microbial mats that precipitate calcium carbonate; present in marine lagoons 3.5-4 billion yrs. ago -LIFE Stromatolites the oldest known fossils, rock like structures composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment. Stromatolites form in? ◦ Form in fine layers of carbonate ◦ Warm, shallow‐water, high‐salinity environments ◦ Cyanobacteria trap sediment in mucous mats to form bulbous structures How old are the oldest stromatolites? Where are they? 3.46 Ba; Western Australia; When did oxygen become a significant component of the earth's atmosphere? c) at the beginning of the Proterozoic Where did the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere come from? Blue Green Algae, and Stromatolites, through photosynthesis. When were the two mass extinctions? At the end of the Permian and Cretaceous periods Which era was the "age of the dinosaurs"?

Mesozoic (251 - 65.5 Million years ago) Extinction of Dinosaurs -large object collided with earth -blocked sun for several years, disrupted food chain earthquake (definition) a vibration caused by a sudden breaking of rock produced by the rapid release of energy along a fault intense vibrations called seismic waves travel outward from the spot where the rocks break The focus is the point where the movement occurs and the epicenter is the point on the earth's surface that is directly above where the movement occurred (directly above the focus). P-waves have a vibration direction that is: Parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling S-Waves vibrates in the direction of transverse to propagation, energy transferred by shearing motion of particles. Particle motion of surface water waves Circular ground roll - the surface disturbance from waves may include Rayleigh and other vertical and horizontal modes of propagation Seismograph Used to detect time and measure of the the movements of the earth Why is it necessary to have data from at least three seismic stations in order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? Seismogram information can give only distance data, not direction data, so "triangulation" between three or more stations is necessary. What factors influence earthquake intensity?

a. magnitude of earthquake b. proximity to the epicenter c. substrate that underlies the surface How do ground motion and energy increase from one Richter magnitude to the next? As magnitude increases by 1 step: the ground motion x 10 and energy increases x 33. Describe the process of liquefaction. How do tsunamis form? • a crack in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred. What are Joint Faults? Fractures along which no appreciable displacement has occured Joints Natural crack or fracture resulting from brittle deformation, no displacement define strike when two plantes intersect it makes a line--this is called strike.. Define Strike/Dip Strike = Movement parallel to the trench Dip = Movement Along or (Into/Toward) the Trench hanging wall block of rock that lies above a fault Footwall The rock below the fault line How are faults classified? By the direction of relative movement between fault blocks. an inclined fault in which the hanging wall appears to have slipped downward relative to the footwall Where are normal faults common? Divergent Margins Pull apart faults that lead to rift valleys and dreading centers During the spread Fault Breccia (gravel, glass, etc.) cave in.

horsts: middle up faulted block, lifted grabens: middle down faulted block, dropped. causes: when tectonic forces stretch the crust over a broad area. Where in the US: Death Valley (Fault Block ---- tensional Tectonic Forces) Faults on a map faults where the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall Reverse faults and thrust faults - Hanging wall block moves up relative to thefootwall block Reverse faults steeper than 45 degrees Thrust faults less than 45 degrees Moves nearly horizontal over the underlaying rock. map symbol for thrust faults? Where are Thrust Faults common? Where uplift is occurring due to continental collision What are Strike-slip Faults? faults that move horizontally as rocks on one side of a fault slip laterally past those on the other side. (parallel movement) ex. San Andreas What are Strike-slip Faults? faults that move horizontally as rocks on one side of a fault slip laterally past those on the other side. Dextral strike slip fault What is a strike-slip fault? Name the two kinds.

when horizontal shearing forces parallel to each other shear the body left-laterally or right-laterally in a "side-by-side" motion Sinistral- left lateral San Andreas Fault Define Syncline a fold in which the youngest rocks occur in the core of a fold (The depressions of the fold) arched rock layers, oldest in center hinge point the point of maximum curvature on a single folded layer The line drawn along the points of maximum curvature/intersection of the axial plane and a bedding plane. Fold: Limb sides of folds showing less curvature fold crest Ira Town Court Ticket Lawyer :: Ira Town Court :: Ira New York Speeding Ticket Attorney Ira Town Court (this court can hear all traffic tickets and speeding tickets) 2487 W. Main Street Cato, NY 13033 Analysis and commentary: Ira was first established in 1821 and is the site of drumlins (from the Irish word droimnin or “little ridge”), which is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or a half-buried egg. They were first recorded in 1833 and are theoretically caused by glacial ice melt.

The Ira Fire Department was formed in 1943 and incorporated in 1945 after several large fires in the area. Since its incorporation as a town, officials have held meetings in places like taverns, churches, homes, the Town Hall/garage, and finally the Ira Town Municipal Building where the Ira Town Court is located. Court is in session only on the 2nd and 4th Monday at 7 p.m. What is the real cost of a traffic ticket? There are many different costs associated with a ticket. For example, a conviction to a speeding ticket can result in a fine payable to the court which can be more than $600.00. This same ticket can also result in a fine known as a surcharge. Although the surcharge is paid to the court, it is money that is earmarked for New York State. Furthermore, a conviction to a major traffic violation can result in an insurance increase which may affect your premiums for years to come. There are also, ancillary costs such as points on your licenses which can result in a suspension of your privilege to drive. A conviction to too many points can result in New York State assessing a Driver's Responsibility Assessment against the driver.

At the very minimum, this will cost the driver a few hundred dollars. What about the cost in terms of time? If you wish to avoid some of the financial costs associated with a ticket, it will also cost you time to appear in court. In many courts, fighting a ticket can result in multiple court appearances. Finally, many motorist do not realize that a court can impose a serious sanction of incarceration. Although it is rarely imposed, at the very least, a speeding ticket can result in a 15 day jail sentence. About Our Firm: At Villanueva & Sanchala, PLLC we excel at getting tickets dismissed or reduced. We have over 25 years of legal experience and have gained a reputation among our peers as being superb lawyers. Our team of traffic and criminal defense lawyers is lead by Joseph P. Villanueva. He is a former prosecutor. Having a former prosecutor on your side can help in analyzing critical issues in your case. This can make the difference in you keep your license or having your license suspended or revoked. Call us now 914-723-7900.

or $100 each year for 3 years Any additional points earned over six points $25 for each point for 3 years Refusing to take a breathalyzer test, conviction for alcohol related traffic offense or conviction for drug related traffic offense $250 each year for 3 years A driver's license will be suspended if they fail to pay the New York Driver Assessment. This fine also applies to out of state drivers. Driver safety courses will not reduce these fines. Insurance As far as insurance is concerned, traffic violations and points are included on a driver's record for at least 39 months. When an insurance company views a driver abstract that has accumulated points they may impose a surcharge. Points may remain on a driving record for up to 4 years. What’s the point system NY? There are too many possible violations to list in this answer, but for your convenience, here is a list of some common point violations. Speeding How to Write About a Mountain Top Experience | CAROLYN'S COMPOSITIONS How to Write About a Mountain Top Experience Including Schoodic Mountain, Laurel Mountain, and Stone Mountain I recently spent a week researching mountaineering and writing about a mountain summit experience. Not that I plan on becoming a mountaineer.

However, a Madame Rosalie de Leval, a character in my novel, climbed Schoodic Mountain in Hancock County, Maine, as a means to view the expanse of land—200,000 acres—she had a tentative contract to purchase from top land speculators in 1791. The writing will be a chapter in my novel-in-progress, and I wanted to use it at a book reading in Ligonier, Pennsylvania. The ocean at Wallis Sands Beach, Rye, N. H. I’ve always been an ocean person who never gave a thought to mountains. Since my husband’s retirement I’ve driven over and through the mountains of the Laurel and Chestnut ridges in the northern Appalachian mountain chain in Southwestern Pennsylvania. I even live in a foothill of Laurel Mountain (on the Laurel Ridge). Yet I never considered climbing Laurel Mountain, although Monte did one year with a peace group. The Laurel Ridge from Kentuck Knob, PA We drive through the mountains in New Hampshire, and have driven up Mt. Washington and Cadillac mountains, and by the accident of making a wrong I arrived at the ski slopes at Killington Mountain in Vermont.

Our family lived five minutes away from Stone Mountain outside Atlanta, a gigantic rock outcropping that was identified as a mountain. Even having all these experiences I never had an attraction for mountains, and I never considered becoming a mountaineer. I finally climbed a mountain—Schoodic Mountain. I did it to replicate the experience of Madame, a shared experience I hoped would help me write about her experience. She climbed Schoodic in October 1791 to view the land promised to her by land speculators Gen. Henry Knox and William Duer—that is, if she liked it. Monte and I—with our niece Erin, her husband and their two young children—climbed Schoodic on October 17, 2006, almost to the day 215 years after Madame did so. Aerial view of Schoodic Mountain Climbing a mountain and writing about the climb are two different things. I needed to read about the mountain top experiences of seasoned mountaineers to gain a sense of how they felt upon seeing some fantastic views from atop a mountain. The first thing I learned in my study was some new words, among them cairn, erratic, and drumlin.

Cairn: a man-made pile (or stack) of stones. It comes from the Scottish Gaelic: càrn (plural càirn). Cairns are found all over the world in uplands, on moorland, on mountaintops, near waterways, on sea cliffs, and also in barren desert and tundra areas. They vary in size from small stone markers to entire artificial hills, and in complexity from loose, conical rock piles to delicately balanced sculptures and elaborate feats of megalithic engineering. Cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, e.g. for increased visibility or for religious reasons.* Erratics: A glacial erratic is a piece of rock that differs from the size and type of rock native to the area in which it rests. “Erratics” take their name from the Latin word errare, and are carried by glacial ice, often over distances of hundreds of kilometres.

Erratics can range in size from pebbles to large boulder…** Drumlin: …from the Irish word droimnín (“little ridge”), first recorded in 1833, is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine…They are formed a short distance within the receding glacier ice and record the final direction of ice movement. *** All this learning was fine, but what I wanted to read was mountaineer descriptions of the views they saw from the top of the mountains they climbed. My major mountaineer lesson was that climbers don’t ascend mountains to experience the view. The mountaineer’s prime reason for climbing mountains is to succeed in an ascent, to make it to the top. Virtually all the references I found described the climb in detail but only stated how glorious the view at the top was. The view seems to be a byproduct of the climb —of a secondary, lesser, importance. Some climbers described the descent. I couldn’t locate any writings on mountaineers thoughts, feelings, or perceptions about being on top of the mountain, or the view from the mountain top.

Eventually I came across two sites listing mountain climber’s quotes, which was quite helpful. Cover photo for Echoes of Earth by Sue Baugh At the same time I attended a Ligonier Valley Writers group meeting featuring Sue Baugh, author of Echoes of Earth. Sue and a partner journeyed to some of the most remote regions of the world and discovered the beauty of ancient rock formations that hold the secrets of our origins She said one of the things she wanted her book to do was to show the shift a person goes through when approaching nature while living in the hustle and bustle of the current world. She suggested that In nature, when you are attracted to a tree, stone etc it is not a one way attraction. The tree, stone, etc. is recognizing you, is saying come over here, I have some knowledge for you. If you know how to listen… This was the essence I wanted to have Madame, an astute business person, receive. I wanted to demonstrate a back and forth shift from the business person to the spiritual experience, an experience new to her. This I wasn’t getting from the mountain top reports of climbers.

link to a paraglider off the Schoodic Mountain summit It took me a week to complete the first draft of this chapter, using Sue Baugh’s concepts, the mountaineer’s quotes, Madame’s journal and my own experience of climbing Schoodic Mountain. After numerous rewritings I have the chapter prepared to present at a book-in-progress reading in Ligonier, Pennsylvania. It’s time to leave this chapter to perfect another scene in another chapter that I can use at my book-in-progress reading. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Birding For Pleasure: Drumlins around Whiterock Enjoy the great outdoors of nature and birds in particular. Sunday, 5 May 2013 Drumlins around Whiterock It is 5 weeks since I nearly froze to death overnight at my 'old' caravan down at Whiterock. As it is in a farmer's field with a fence around it to keep the cattle out, I have to keep the grass cut very 4-6 weeks, so my nephew helped me today to do this.

View to the right with the Yacht Club in the distance This caravan may not suit everyone but I love it as I am the only one there, so I have total peace of the country however I have the excellent views of the sea. I don't have much in the way of facilities but again that is the charm of this for me. After 30 years in this field, the caravan has sunk down a bit into the ground and the Ash tree in the corner of the site, just out of view have deposited a gum like substance over the roof which does not come off so now I don't have the wash the roof!! There are always positives to any situation if you are prepared to look for them. This is my 'retreat' and I love it. I didn't have time to bird watch much but I did see Shelduck and Redshank in the Bay. This is a view from my caravan window to the left side of the Bay. This is the view I have looking up the fields to the back of my caravan Whiterock is in Country Down and is full of drumlins.

A drumlin, from the Irish word droimnin ('little ridge'), first recorded in 1833, is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine. This is a photo I took a few years ago showing drumlins with some of the many islands in Strangford Lough. Drumlins overlooking Strangford Lough We travelled round by the coast road and just stopped once to watch a farmer ploughing his field. There were dozens of Black headed Gulls following his tractor. Watch the video. Posted by

Question: What do we call the elongated hill in the shape of a half-buried egg formed by glacial ice?
Answer: Drumlin