Tourist Attractions Amritsar - Android Apps on Google Play Tourist Attractions Amritsar ( 17) Description This application helps you to get your hands on to all the information about your favorite tourist destination, “Amritsar” at the click of a button. After downloading this application and post its execution, you will be able to see the main page. Here you will get the complete description pertaining to Amritsar, along with the sub-menu. The sub-menu has the following options as given below, which will give you accessibility to hosts of other benefits: Places – Primarily it gives you the complete description about the location, geography including weather, best time to visit, etc. Shopping- Well enthusiasts falling under this category would get information about all the places they can visit to shop at their favorite tourist destination, as long as they don’t blow a hole in their pocket. Hotels - Provides you with the list of all the hotels in that area, including their web addresses and telephone numbers. You can click on the hyperlink to book your room in the hotel of your choice or call them up directly by clicking on the phone icon on the main page. Doesn't it sound fabulous?

Eating Outs- Food lover will able find the best available local and delicious food in that destination. This application will talk about the specialties of different food joint as well as their famous mouth watering savories. About Amritsar: Amritsar is situated in the state of Punjab in India. This city was earlier known as Ramdaspur and Ambarsar. It is a spiritual centre & hub for the Sikh religion, as it is the home to the Harmandir Sahib (also popularly referred to as the "Golden Temple" by the media of the western world). This important Sikh shrine attracts over 100,000 visitors approximately on weekdays alone and is visited by the Non-resident Indians (NRI) all over the world. The commercial activities main includes tourism, carpets and fabrics, farm produce, handicrafts, service trades, and light engineering. Besides, the city is also famous for its mouth watering rich cuisine and upholds the rich Sikh culture. Some of the places that you can visit besides the ‘Golden Temple’ are Jallianwala Bagh and the home of Udham Singh.

As a tourist you would not like to get lost during your visit to Amritsar and would like to have access to all the necessary information that would make your trip really memorable. Hence, our developer friends in Kartik Infotech have developed this application to make things easy for you all. So go ahead download this application and go on a virtual tour of Amritsar. Read more Overview “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. -Nelson Mandela” Every great story begins with a genesis. The Sangai International University owes its existence to the wisdom, benefaction and philanthropy of a far-sighted visionary – Prof. Dr. Dhanwant Singh Matharoo. As early as 1998, he founded Apex Education Group in Amritsar and it is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the “Golden Temple” in the western media), the greatest Spiritual & Cultural Centre. Sangai International University (SIU) is a fully government recognized State University comes under section 2(f) of UGC Act, 1956 and is empowered to award degrees specified in section 22 of UGC Act, 1956.

Apart from it, the University is empowered to grant Diplomas, Certificates, Pre University Certificates (Secondary and Senior Secondary Level) and other academic distinctions in conformity with the provisions of the Sangai International University Act (No. 7 of 2013), Statutes and Regulations notified by State Government in the Official Gazette. The headquarter of University is situated in Pasighat, District East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh. The University has small campus community with a global reach, bringing learning and earning to life through powerful conversations and personal connections. Proud to nurture the best and the brightest minds, University is looking at the world through our own lens. The Sangai International University strives for inclusive access to excellence in higher education and research to emerge as premier University of the country at par with the best Universities of the World in terms of programme offerings, curricular framework, pedagogy, research, publications and integration with the world of work. The Sangai International University Act 2012 provides that the University is to have Schools of Studies which shall consist of Faculties, Department and Centres of Studies. The University offers Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) giving freedom to the students to choose his/her optional courses.

CBCS is a cafeteria approach envisaged by University Grants Commission (UGC) to provide students and teachers horizontal and vertical mobility and to design his / her own programme of study with courses of his / her choice. CBCS provides students to enjoy academic mobility and transfer of credits across School/Faculties. The University has Community College Scheme as it is a very effective and an efficient methodology of educating people with the help of real time working environment. The Community College will focus on skill development programs with in-hand training to ensure employability of outgoing students in tune with the current policy of the government of India to provide proper training for employability of the youth. The end objective of the program will be to ensure for employability to the students. The Community College is all about realizing the potentials of an individual and then adding wings to them to fly high to their pinnacles. In accordance with the National Vocational Education Qualifications Framework (NVEQF) notified by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Govt. of India), New Delhi vide notification no F. No.

– 1-4/2011-VE dated 3rd September 2012, the University recognize the need and importance of facilitating the mobility of students from vocational educational institution, universities, colleges to the SIU as they pursue their educational goals. The University will accept already earned credits by the candidates after recognition and establishing equivalence of such credits with each of the aforesaid bodies on individual basis. The SIU is committed to Equal Opportunities and seeks to maintain an environment which encourages all its members to contribute fully and on an equal basis to both the work and the life of the university. Something about course iusmod tempor doloreidoloreiusmod tempor usmod tempordolor eiusmod tempor… Arunachal Pradesh popularly known as land of rising sun is one of the budding states of the union of India located in the north eastern part of the country predominantly populated by the scheduled tribes’ people. It has an area of 83743 Sq.Km. and having international boundary with China to the north, Myanmar to the east, Bhutan to the west and States of Assam and Nagaland in the south. It is the largest state in area among the north east states.

The state is full of turbulent rivers and rivulets crisscrossing the region. The major rivers in the state are the Kameng, the Subansiri, the Siang, the Lohit and the Tirap. Most of the area of the state is under dense forest coverage of flora and fauna with inaccessible hilly terrain with a sparse population of 25 major tribes and numbers of sub tribes who are basically peace loving nature with rich traditional and cultural heritage inherited from their forefathers since time immemorial. The state has sixteen (16) districts at present and having a total population 1382611 as per 2011 census out of which 720232 are male and 662379 are female. The literacy percentage of the state as per 2011 census is 66.95 (male 73.69% & female 59.57%) which is below the national average.

Copyright © 2013 11 Fifth Ave, Loftus - NEW JERSEY, US Telephone: + 61 (2) 8093 3400 Fax: +61 (2) 9542 3599 king tours n travel | Sarovar Regency - king tours n travel We are sorry, there are no rooms available at this accommodation at the moment General Only a fewer Hotels in Amritsar especially near Golden Temple have such a combination, where the Punjabi culture, modern luxury and traditional hospitality meet together . Hotel Sarovar is located so close to the Golden Temple, that it takes less than a minute’s walk to approach the holy shrine. Panaromic view of the Golden temple and the audible soul touching spritual kirtan from Golden temple is an absolute delight. Our hotel’s proximity to golden temple makes it one of the most preferred in region. Hotel Sarovar Regency is located on the periphery of the Golden Temple Complex and it offers wonderful opportunity to enjoy one’s morning and evening walks in the lush green belt (popularly known as Galliara), besides tracing the magnificent and glorious past of the city while walking along the heritage walk trail.

Hotel Sarovar Regency provides the homely feelings, while you are away from your home. We are today a preferred choice to stay among both the international and domestic travelers who visit Amritsar. A professionally and elegantly furnished hotel with an aesthetical ambiance, supported by a team of highly experienced professionals. This first class deluxe hotel has state of the art ultra modern facilities, amenities & services that match up to the “stringent neatness & quality standards at irresistible tariff to delight every possible need & want of the guests. All rooms are elegantly furnished with attached bath, color television, cable, Zero dialing, fridge and fan in every bath room. We have in home kitchen serving delicious meals round the clock. Other services like laundry, 24 hours taxi services, tours and travels, doctor on call are also available. Free Wi-fi internet service is available in all rooms. We are sorry, there are no reviews yet for this accommodation.

amritsar Amritsar (pronunciation Punjabi: ਅਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ; Punjabi pronunciation: [əmːɾɪt̪səɾ]) historically also known as Rāmdāspur and colloquially as Ambarsar, is a city in north-western part in India. It is the spiritual centre for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab. It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the “Golden Temple” in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians (NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament. The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh.

Amritsar is situated near Pakistan with the Wagah border only being 28 km (17.5 mi) to the west with the nearest city Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan being only located 50 km away (31 mi). image and content source : wikipedia Sarovar Regency Kucha Hathi Khana Bazzar Maisewan Near Golden Temple, Amritsar, amritsar Only a fewer Hotels in Amritsar especially near Golden Temple have such a combination, where the Punjabi About-us | Apex Professional University, Arunachal Pradesh Call 1800 30 707 606 To know more give MISSED call to 730-815-6433 India's First SKILL DEVELOPMENT University About-us “The APU aims to nurture young minds and educate them, so that they contribute to the nation’s development.” Every great story begins with a genesis. The Apex Professional University owes its existence to the wisdom, benefaction and philanthropy of a far-sighted visionary – Prof. Dr. Dhanwant Singh Matharoo.

As early as 1998, he founded Apex Education Group in Amritsar and it is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the “Golden Temple” in the western media), the greatest Spiritual & Cultural Centre. Apex Professional University, Arunachal Pradesh is a self financed university established by an Act (No. 7 of 2013) of State Legislature of Arunachal Pradesh, which received the assent of His Excellency the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh on May 08th, 2013 and published in the Arunachal Pradesh gazette vide Notification No. LAW/LEGN–17/2012 Dated 10th May, 2013. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has accorded Apex Professional University as a state private university vide its letter F.No. 8-13/2013(CPP-I/PU) dated 28th June 2013.

Apex Professional University (APU) is a fully government recognized State University comes under section 2(f) of UGC Act, 1956 and is empowered to award degrees specified in section 22 of UGC Act, 1956. Apart from it, the University is empowered to grant Diplomas, Certificates, Pre University Certificates (Secondary and Senior Secondary Level) and other academic distinctions in conformity with the provisions of the Apex Professional University Act (No. 7 of 2013), Statutes and Regulations notified by State Government in the Official Gazette. The headquarter of University is situated in Pasighat, District East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh. The University has small campus community with a global reach, bringing learning and earning to life through powerful conversations and personal connections. Proud to nurture the best and the brightest minds, University is looking at the world through our own lens. The Apex Professional University strives for inclusive access to excellence in higher education and research to emerge as premier University of the country at par with the best Universities of the World in terms of programme offerings, curricular framework, pedagogy, research, publications and integration with the world of work.

The Apex Professional University Act 2012 provides that the University is to have Schools of Studies which shall consist of Faculties, Department and Centres of Studies. The University offers Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) giving freedom to the students to choose his/her optional courses. CBCS is a cafeteria approach envisaged by University Grants Commission (UGC) to provide students and teachers horizontal and vertical mobility and to design his / her own programme of study with courses of his / her choice. CBCS provides students to enjoy academic mobility and transfer of credits across School/Faculties. The University has Community College Scheme as it is a very effective and an efficient methodology of educating people with the help of real time working environment. The Community College will focus on skill development programs with in-hand training to ensure employability of outgoing students in tune with the current policy of the government of India to provide proper training for employability of the youth. The end objective of the program will be to ensure for employability to the students. The Community College is all about realizing the potentials of an individual and then adding wings to them to fly high to their pinnacles.

In accordance with the National Vocational Education Qualifications Framework (NVEQF) notified by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Govt. of India), New Delhi vide notification no F. No. – 1-4/2011-VE dated 3rd September 2012, the University recognize the need and importance of facilitating the mobility of students from vocational educational institution, universities, colleges to the APU as they pursue their educational goals. The University will accept already earned credits by the candidates after recognition and establishing equivalence of such credits with each of the aforesaid bodies on individual basis. The APU is committed to Equal Opportunities and seeks to maintain an environment which encourages all its members to contribute fully and on an equal basis to both the work and the life of the university. Something about course iusmod tempor doloreidoloreiusmod tempor usmod tempordolor eiusmod tempor… Arunachal Pradesh popularly known as land of rising sun is one of the budding states of the union of India located in the north eastern part of the country predominantly populated by the scheduled tribes’ people. It has an area of 83743 Sq.Km.

and having international boundary with China to the north, Myanmar to the east, Bhutan to the west and States of Assam and Nagaland in the south. It is the largest state in area among the north east states. The state is full of turbulent rivers and rivulets crisscrossing the region. The major rivers in the state are the Kameng, the Subansiri, the Siang, the Lohit and the Tirap. Most of the area of the state is under dense forest coverage of flora and fauna with inaccessible hilly terrain with a sparse population of 25 major tribes and numbers of sub tribes who are basically peace loving nature with rich traditional and cultural heritage inherited from their forefathers since time immemorial. The state has sixteen (16) districts at present and having a total population 1382611 as per 2011 census out of which 720232 are male and 662379 are female. The literacy percentage of the state as per 2011 census is 66.95 (male 73.69% & female 59.57%) which is below the national average.

TOLLFREE - 1800-30-707-606 Ranjit Singh | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia File:Appendix XL Sukerchakia Genealogy - A History of the Sikhs pg478.jpg Ranjit Singh was born to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur on 13 November 1780, in Gujranwala , Punjab. [5] [6] At first he was named Buddh Singh, but Maha Singh received the news of his son's birth on his return from a victorious battle against the Chattar chief, Pir Muhammad, and renamed his son Ranjit (Victor in War). [7] Historians have mixed views as to his family origins, while some assert he was born into a Jatt Sikh family. [8] [9] others claim that he was born into a Sansi Sikh family [6] [10] As a child he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls .

Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the Commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in the west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala . After his father's death, Ranjit Singh was raised under the protection of his mother Raj Kaur, and his mother-in-law Sada Kaur . [11] In 1799, Ranjit Singh captured Lahore from the Bhangi Misl and later made it his capital. [4] [12] This was the first important step in his rise to power. In the following years he brought the whole of the central Punjab from the Sutlej to the Jhelum under his sway. After several campaigns, he conquered the other misls and created the Sikh Empire. Sons Edit Ranjit Singh had eight sons: Kharak Singh ; Ishar Singh, who died at the age of two; the twins Tara Singh and Sher Singh ; Multana Singh; Kashmira Singh; Pashaura Singh ; and Duleep Singh .

[13] Ranjit Singh acknowledged only Kharak Singh and Duleep Singh as his biological sons [14] [15] However, the other sons of his wives are by convention his sons. In an attempt to reconcile warring factions, Mahitab Kaur, the daughter of Gurbakhsh Siṅgh Kanhaiyā and Sadā Kau was betrothed to Ranjit Singh, and the marriage took place with considerable acclaim in 1796 . However, Mahitab Kaur couldn't forget that her father had been killed by Ranjit Singh's father and the couple separated. The break became complete when Ranjit Singh married Raj Kaur in 1798. [16] Mahitab Kaur gave birth to three sons: Ishar Singh in 1802, and Tara Singh and Sher Singh on 4 December 1807. Datar Kaur , the daughter of Ran Singh Nakai, was Ranjit Singh's second wife and the mother of his heir, Kharak Singh. She changed her name from Raj Kaur to avoid confusion with Ranjit Singh's mother.

Throughout her life she remained the favourite of Ranjit Singh who called her Mai Nakain. [17] Ratan Kaur and Daya Kaur were wives of Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujrat. After Sahib Singh's death, Ranjit Singh took them under his protection in 1811 by marrying them by the rite of chādar andāzī, in which a cloth sheet was unfurled over each of their heads. Ratan Kaur gave birth to Multana Singh in 1819, and Daya Kaur gave birth to Kashmira Singh in 1819 and to Pashaura Singh in 1821. [18] Jind Kaur was the last wife of Ranjit Singh. Her father, Manna Singh Aulakh, extolled her virtues to Ranjit Singh, who was concerned about the frail health of his only heir, Kharak Singh. Manna Singh assured Ranjit Singh that his daughter would make the Maharaja feel young again, and the Maharaja married her in 1835 by 'sending his arrow and sword to her village'.

On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to Duleep Singh, who became the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. [19] Invasions and conquests File:Pg before table of contents Hari Singh Nalwa -General Hari Singh Nalwa - Autar Singh Sandhu.jpg Runjit Singh and his Suwarree Ranjit Singh's earliest invasions as a young misldar (baron) were effected by defeating his coreligionists, the heads of other Sikh Sardaris (popularly known as the Misls). By the end of his reign, however, he had conquered vast tracts of territory strategically juxtaposed between the limits of British India to the East and the Durrani Empire to the West. On 7 July 1799, Ranjit Singh became master of Lahore. He then rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab, the land of the five rivers. Having accomplished this, he extended his empire further north and west to include the Kashmir mountains and other Himalayan kingdoms, the Sind Sagar Doab, the Pothohar Plateau and trans-Indus regions right up to the foothills of the Sulaiman Mountains.

In 1802 Ranjit Singh took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sardari and followed this in 1807, after a month of fierce fighting, with the conquest of Kasur from the Afghan chief Qutb ud-Din. [20] With the capture of Multan in 1818 the whole Bari Doab came under his sway and in 1819 Ranjit Singh successfully annexed Kashmir . This was followed by subduing the Kashmir mountains, west of the river Jhelum (today, Hazara in Pakistan and Pakistan administered Kashmir). [20] The most significant encounters between the Sarkar Khalsaji and the Afghans were fought in 1813, 1823, 1834 and in 1837. In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general Dewan Mokham Chand led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of Shah Mahmud who were led by Fateh Khan Barakzai . Following this encounter, the Afghans lost their stronghold at Attock . Subsequently, the Pothohar plateau, the Sindh Sagar Doab and Kashmir came under Sikh rule.

In 1823, Ranjit Singh defeated a large army of Yusufzai tribesmen north of the Kabul River in what is now Pakistan, while the presence of his Sikh general, Hari Singh Nalwa prevented the entire Afghan army from crossing this river and going to the aid of the Yusafzais at Nowshera . This defeat led to the gradual loss of Afghan power in present-day Pakistan. In 1834, when the forces of the Sarkar Khalsaji marched into Peshawar, the ruling Barakzais retreated without offering a fight.[ citation needed ] In April 1837, the real power of Maharaja Ranjit Singh came to the fore when his commander-in-chief, Hari Singh Nalwa, kept the entire army of Amir Dost Mohammad Khan at bay, with a handful of forces till reinforcements arrived from Lahore over a month after they were requisitioned.[ citation needed ] The Battle of Jamrud in 1837 became the last confrontation between the Sikhs and the Afghans.

Hari Singh Nalwa was killed while the Afghans retreated to Kabul to deal with the Persian invasion on its western border in Herat and internal fighting between various princes.Khalsa Sarkar Wazir Jawahar Singh nominated sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba as political cum military adviser to safe guard the gains of Khalsa Sarkar. Role in Sikh history Edit In 1799, a process of unification was started by Ranjit Singh to establish an empire . [4] The occupation of Lahore from Bhangi Misl in the summer of 1799 marked a watershed in his career. [21] With the conquest of Lahore Ranjit Singh was fairly launched on a career of systematic aggrandisement which made him master of an empire in less than quarter of a century. [4] Ranjit Singh was crowned on 12 April 1801 as the Maharaja of Punjab. He was 20 years old at the time. Sahib Singh, a descendant of Guru Nanak , conducted the coronation. [22] He reduced many neighbouring states to tributary status.

He gradually established his control over all the Sikh Misl's west of the Satluj . He spent the following years fighting the Durrani rulers of Afghanistan. After driving them out of Punjab, Ranjit Singh and his Sikh army then invaded ethnic Pashtun territories in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He captured Multan which encompassed the southern parts of Punjab, Peshawar (1818), Jammu and Kashmir (1819). [23] When the foreign minister of Ranjit Singh's court, Fakir Azizuddin, met the British Governor-General of India, Lord Auckland , in Simla , Auckland asked Fakir Azizuddin which of the Maharaja's eyes was missing, Azizuddin replied: "The Maharaja is like the sun and sun has only one eye.

The splendor and luminosity of his single eye is so much that I have never dared to look at his other eye." The Governor General was so pleased with this reply that he gave his gold watch to Azizuddin.[ citation needed ] Geography of the Sikh Empire File:Punjab under Ranjit Singh1823-1839.jpg The Sikh Empire was also known as Punjab, the Sikh Raj, and Sarkar Khalsaji,[ citation needed ] was a region straddling the border into modern-day People's Republic of China and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan then popularly referred to as the Kingdom of Cabul. [24] The name of the region "Punjab" or "Panjab", comprises two words "Punj/Panj" and "Ab", translating to "five" and "water" in Persian. When put together this gives a name meaning "the land of the five rivers", coined due to the five rivers that run through the Punjab. Those "Five Rivers" are Beas, Ravi, Sutlej , Chenab and Jhelum, all tributaries of the river Indus , home to the Indus Valley Civilization that perished 3000 years ago.

Punjab has a long history and rich cultural heritage. The people of the Punjab are called Punjabis and they speak a language called Punjabi. The following modern day political divisions made up the historical Sikh Empire: Punjab region till Multan in south[ citation needed ] Kashmir , conquered in 1818, India/Pakistan/China [25] Gilgit, Northern Areas, Pakistan (Occupied from 1842 to 1846) [26] Khyber Pass, Afghanistan/Pakistan [27] Peshawar, Pakistan [28] (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834)[ citation needed ] North-West Frontier Province and FATA , Pakistan (documented from Hazara (taken in 1818–22)[ citation needed ] to Bannu) [29] Parts of Western Tibet (1841), China [30] Secular Sikh rule Edit Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne , c.

1820–1830, Hafiz Muhammad Multani, now at V & A Museum The Sikh Empire was idiosyncratic in that it allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority. [31] The Christians formed a part of the militia of the Sikhs.[ citation needed ] In 1831, Ranjit Singh deputed his mission to Simla to confer with the British governor general, Lord William Bentinck. Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa , Fakir Aziz-ud-din and Diwan Moti Ram ― a Sikh, a Muslim and a Hindu representative ― were nominated at its head. Externally, everyone in the Sikh empire looked alike; they sported a beard and covered their head, predominantly with a turban. This left visitors to the Punjab region quite confused. Most foreigners arrived there after a passage through Hindustan , where religious and caste distinctions were very carefully observed. It was difficult for them to believe that though everyone in the Sarkar Khalsaji looked similar, they were not all Sikhs.

The Sikhs were generally not known to force either those in their employ or the inhabitants of the country they ruled to convert to Sikhism. In fact, men of piety from all religions were equally respected by the Sikhs and their ruler. Hindu sadhus, yogis, saints and bairagis; Muslim faqirs and pirs; and Christian priests were all the recipients of Sikh largess. There was only one exception – the Sikhs viewed the Muslim clergy with suspicion. Mullahs were not looked upon kindly. The Sikhs made attempt not to offend the prejudices of Muslims noted Baron von Hügel , the famous German traveller, [32] yet the Sikhs were referred to as being harsh. In this regard, Masson's explanation is perhaps the most pertinent: "Though compared to the Afghans, the Sikhs were mild and exerted a protecting influence, yet no advantages could compensate to their Mohammedan subjects, the idea of subjection to infidels, and the prohibition to slay kine, and to repeat the azan, or "summons to prayer". [33] Hinduism emphasises the sanctity of cows,.

[34] The ban on cow slaughter was universally imposed in the Sarkar Khalsaji. [35] The Sikhs never razed places of worship to the ground belonging to the enemy. The Sikhs were utilitarian in their approach. Marble plaques removed from Jahangir 's tomb at Shahdera were used to embellish the Baradari inside the Fort of Lahore, while the mosques were left intact. Forts were destroyed however, these too were often rebuilt ― the best example being the Bala Hissar in Peshawar, which was destroyed by the Sikhs in 1823[ citation needed ] and rebuilt by them in 1834. [36] Ranjit Singh's Empire was secular, none of the subjects were discriminated against on account of their religions. [37] He did not force Sikhism on non-Sikhs and respected all religions. [38] Darbar of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Army of the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh File:Alexander Gardner (soldier).jpg Army of Sikh Empire, a formidable military machine that helped the Ranjit Singh carve out an extensive kingdom and maintain it amid hostile and ambitious neighbours.

All of Ranjit Singh's conquests were achieved by Punjabi armies composed of mostly Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus. His commanders were also drawn from different religious communities, as were his cabinet ministers. [38] Reforms Main article: Fauj-i-Khas Ranjit Singh decided to intensify the training and organise his army. The reorganisation carried out at Amritsar gave a clearer picture of the forces available and fixed the responsibility for putting them into field. Once the responsibility has been fixed Ranjit Singh set most exacting standards of efficiency in march, manoeuvre , and marksmanship . [38] He was keen on adopting European methods, but never completely wanted to discard the system which he had inherited from his forefathers. The military system of Ranjit Singh as it finally evolved, was a blend of best of both, the old and the new ideas The Fauj-i-Khas was commanded by his distinguished generals like sardar Hari Singh Nalwa Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba and Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala and two non-sikhs the Mulraj Derah and Dogra Derah. Att.

[39] Ranjit Singh's generals Alexander Gardner – American (Scots – Irish) Gurdwaras built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh Edit At the Harmandir Sahib , much of the present decorative gilding and marblework date back from the early 19th century. The gold and intricate marble work were conducted under the patronage of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of the Punjab. The Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of the Punjab) was a generous patron of the shrine and is remembered with much affection by the Sikhs. Maharaja Ranjit Singh deeply loved and admired the teachings of the Tenth Guru of Sikhism Guru Gobind Singh , thus built two of the most sacred temples in Sikhism. These are Takht Sri Patna Sahib , the birth place of Guru Gobind Singh, and Takht Sri Hazur Sahib , the place where Guru Gobind Singh died, in Nanded , Maharashtra in 1708. The Harmandir Sahib (also known as the Golden Temple) was completly renovated by Maharaja Ranjeet Singh.

Aftermath A posthumous painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh meeting with the Mughal Emperor Akbar II Maharaja Ranjit Singh ca. 1835–40 Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in 1839, after a reign of nearly forty years, leaving seven sons by different queens. He was cremated, his ceremony was performed by both Sikh and Hindu priests. His wife Maharani Mahtab Devi Sahiba, the Empress of Punjab, the Princess of Kangra , daughter of Maharaja Sansar Chand , committed Sati with Ranjit's body as Ranjit's head lay in her lap; some of the other wives also joined her and committed Sati . [40] The throne went to his eldest son Kharak Singh and the empire began to crumble due to poor governance and political infighting among his heirs. The Sikh princes died through internal plots and assassinations, while the nobility struggled to maintain their power. [41] In 1845 after the First Anglo-Sikh War , Ranjit Singh's Empire was defeated and all major decisions were managed by the British East India Company.

The Army of Ranjit Singh was reduced, under the peace treaty with the British, to a nominal force. Those who gave the stiffest resistance to the British were severely punished and their wealth confiscated. Eventually, Ranjit Singh's youngest son Dalip Singh , was crowned Maharaja of Punjab in 1843 succeeding his brother, Maharaja Sher Singh . In 1849, at the end of the Second Anglo Sikh War , it was annexed by British India from Dalip . Thereafter, the British took Maharaja Dalip Singh to England in 1854, where he was put under the protection of the Crown. Dalip Singh's mother, Maharani Jind Kaur , escaped and made her way to Nepal where she was given refuge by Sri Teen Maharaja Jung Bahadur Rana of Nepal, who then negotiated on her behalf to allow her to be reunited with her son. Maharani Jind Kaur and her son met at Spence's Hotel, Calcutta, on 16 January 1861, after some thirteen and half years apart. She was granted permission to come to England. A residence was taken up at No. 1 Lancaster Gate (now No. 23).

A lithograph by Emily Eden showing one of the favourite horses of Maharaja Ranjit Singh with the head officer of his stables and his collection of jewels, including the Koh-i-Noor which was given to him by Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan. Jind Kaur stayed for a short while at Mulgrave Castle , later she was placed in the charge of an English lady at Abingdon House, Kensington. On the morning of 1 August 1863, Maharani Jind Kaur died peacefully. Her body was temporarily housed at London's Kensal Green Cemetery , and in the spring of 1864, Duleep Singh left for India and arranged for the cremation of her body. The Samadhi of Emperor Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan In the spring of 1864, Maharani Jind Kaur was cremated at Nasik in Bombay on the Panchvati side of the river. The authorities would not allow Dalip Singh to cremate his mother in the Punjab. On the left bank the Maharaja erected a small samadh built as a memorial in the memory of his mother.

For a number of years the Kapurthala State Authorities maintained the memorial until 1924, when her remains were dug out and brought to Lahore by her granddaughter, Princess Bamba Sutherland , and deposited at the Samadh of Maharajah Ranjit Singh. Dalip Singh was converted to Christianity in his youth, upon reuniting with his mother during his adult years, he reconverted to Sikhism, he then petitioned the Crown to have his kingdom returned. He never received any justice or the respect he deserved. He died in 1893, in Paris, France. Maharajah Dalip Singh had three sons. The eldest Prince Victor was born on 10 July 1866, followed by Prince Frederick in 1868, and then Prince Albert Edward Alexander Dalip Singh (died at the age of thirteen), who was born on 20 August 1879. Prince Victor Albert Jay Dalip Singh was Maharajah Dalip Singh's eldest son. He was honourable A.D.C.

to Lord Halifax, and was promoted to Captain in 1894, but his military career, however, was a shambles, his interest lay in other things and he resigned in 1898. During the First World War, he was ordered to remain in Paris and not to leave, but shortly after the war ended, Prince Victor died on 7 June 1918, without any issue. Princess Sophia , the youngest of the Maharajah's daughters. On 22 August 1948, Princess Sophia died in her sleep. Her solicitor arranged for her cremation at Golders Green on 26 August. It was her request that her ashes be taken to India for burial. Princess Catherine was born on 27 October 1871, and was named Catherine Hilda Dalip Singh. Princess Catherine died peacefully in her bed on the night of Sunday 8 November 1942 at her home in Penn , aged seventy-one. The cause of death was said to be heart failure. She was cremated. Princess Ada Irene Helen Beryl Dalip Singh, born on 25 October 1889.

On 8 October 1926, she committed suicide, local fishermen dragged her body from the sea, off Monte Carlo. She was apparently much aggrieved with the death of her brother Prince Frederick who had died two months earlier. Princess Pauline Alexandrina Dalip Singh, born 26 December 1887, her death was unrecorded, she disappeared in war-torn France during the Second World War. Princess Bamba Sutherland (Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Dalip Singh) was born on 29 September 1869 in London, a year after her brother Prince Frederick. In England, Princess Bamba began styling herself as the Queen of Punjab. She was truly her father's daughter and had her father's rebellious nature and seemed to be the more aggrieved one among her siblings. She was the most affected at the realisation of who she was and her ancestry. She was often visited by her cousin Karl Wilhelm, grandson of Ludwig Muller, at Hilden Hall , by which time she was already dreaming of going back to India to die.

In his memoirs Karl Wilhelm referred to Princess Bamba as 'the true heiress of Ranjit Singh' meaning that she was most conscious of the actual desperate situation of the whole family. 'She considered the Punjab and Kashmir as the lost possession of her family and was absolutely furious when the border between Pakistan and India was drawn right across the Punjab.' In Princess Bamba's eyes, Pakistan or India did not exist, there was just the Punjab and its capital Lahore. She met distant relatives throughout her travels in India, trying to have one last glimpse of the glory that she was denied. She located the families of Wazir Ishwari Singh Katoch of Kangra and Hari Singh Nalwa, both residing in Nabha at the time. She met members of several Hindu and Sikh royal families in an attempt to prevent the division of her grandfather's empire. On 10 March 1957, Princess Bamba, the daughter of Maharaja Dalip Singh, died of heart failure at the age of eighty-nine, the last of the family. Her funeral was conducted in a Christian ceremony in Lahore.

The rites were witnessed by a select few Pakistani dignitaries, the Pakistani authorities did not allow any of her distant relatives to attend, Sikh or Hindu, nor were any Sikhs in Pakistan allowed to attend her rites, thus no Sikh was present at Princess Bamba's funeral, the last of Dalip Singh's line. Maharaja Duleep Singh in durbar on a terrace with Labh Singh and Tej Singh and an attendant Lahore, circa 1850 Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered for uniting the Punjab as a strong nation and his possession of the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which was given to him by Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan. Ranjit Singh willed the Koh-i-Noor to Jagannath Temple in Puri , Odisha while on his deathbed in 1839. [40] His most lasting legacy was the golden beautification of the Harmandir Sahib , most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, with marble and gold, from which the popular name of the "Golden Temple" is derived.

He was also known as "Sher-e-Punjab" which means the "Lion of Punjab" and is considered one of the three lions of modern India, the most famous and revered heroes in Indian subcontinent's history. The other lions are Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar and Chhatrapati Shivaji , the great Maratha ruler. The title of "Sher-e-Punjab" is still widely used as a term of respect for a powerful man. Captain William Murray's memoirs on Maharaja Ranjit Singh's character: "Ranjit Singh has been likened to Mehmet Ali and to Napoleon. There are some points in which he resembles both; but estimating his character with reference to his circumstances and positions, he is perhaps a more remarkable man than either. There was no ferocity in his disposition and he never punished a criminal with death even under circumstances of aggravated offence. Humanity indeed, or rather tenderness for life, was a trait in the character of Ranjit Singh.

There is no instance of his having wantonly infused his hand in blood." [42] [43] Legacy Statue in the Parliament of India On 20 August 2003, an 22-foot tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the Parliament of India . [44] [45] Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum A garden was laid out in 1818 in the north of the Amritsar city at the behalf of Shalimar Bagh of Lahore, known as Ram Bagh at the name of Guru Ram Dass. Maharaja devoted his time in this palace in summer days during the visit of Amritsar. It has been converted into the shape of Museum during the 400th years celebrations of Amritsar City. The Museum displays objects connecting to Maharaja Ranjit Singh such as arms and armour, outstanding paintings and centuries old coins and manuscripts. [46] Preceded by ↑ "Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum,Amritsar" . Punjab Museums. . Retrieved 11 August 2012. Bibliography Heath, Ian (2005).

"The Sikh Army 1799–1849". Oxford: Osprey Publishing (UK). ISBN 1-84176-777-8 . Lafont, Jean-Marie Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-19-566111-7 Marshall, Julie G. (2005). "Britain and Tibet 1765–1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan". London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33647-5 . Sandhawalia, Preminder Singh Noblemen and Kinsmen: history of a Sikh family. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1999 ISBN 81-215-0914-9 Waheeduddin, Fakir Syed The Real Ranjit Singh; 2nd ed.

Patiala: Punjabi University, 1981 ISBN 81-7380-778-7 (First ed. published 1965 Pakistan). Further reading Edit Umdat Ut Tawarikh by Sohan Lal Suri, Published by Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar . The Real Ranjit Singh by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, ISBN 81-7380-778-7 , 1 Jan 2001, 2nd ed. First ed. published 1965 Pakistan. Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial, by St. Nihal Singh. Published by Languages Dept., Punjab, 1970. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times, by J. S. Grewal, Indu Banga. Published by Dept. of History, Guru Nanak Dev University, 1980. Maharaja Ranjit Singh, by Harbans Singh. Published by Sterling, 1980. Maharaja Ranjit Singh, by K. K. Khullar.

Published by Hem Publishers, 1980. The reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh: structure of power, economy and society, by J. S. Grewal. Published by Punjab Historical Studies Dept., Punjabi University, 1981. Maharaja Ranjit Singh, as patron of the arts, by Ranjit Singh. Published by Marg Publications, 1981. Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society, and Economy, by Fauja Singh, A. C. Arora. Published by Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, 1984. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Times, by Bhagat Singh. Published by Sehgal Publishers Service, 1990. ISBN 81-85477-01-9 . History of the Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh, by Shri Ram Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications, 1991. The Historical Study of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times, by Kirpal Singh. Published by National Book Shop, 1994. ISBN 81-7116-163-4 .

An Eyewitness account of the fall of Sikh empire: memories of Alexander Gardner, by Alexander Haughton Campbell Gardner, Baldev Singh Baddan, Hugh Wodehouse Pearse. Published by National Book Shop, 1999. ISBN 81-7116-231-2 . Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms: The Last to Lay Arms, by Kartar Singh Duggal. Published by Abhinav Publications, 2001. ISBN 81-7017-410-4 . Fauj-i-khas Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His French Officers, by Jean Marie Lafont. Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 2002. ISBN 81-7770-048-0 . Maharaja Ranjit Singh, by Mohinder Singh, Rishi Singh, Sondeep Shankar, National Institute of Panjab Studies (India). Published by UBS Publishers' Distributors with National Institute of Panjab Studies, 2002. ISBN 81-7476-372-4 ,.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, by Jean Marie Lafont. Published by Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-566111-7 . The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Amarinder Singh. Published by Roli Books, 2010. Glory of Sikhism, by R. M. Chopra, Sanbun Publishers, 2001. Chapter on "Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh". External links

Question: The Harmandir Sahib, the Sikh spiritual/cultural centre, is known popularly in western media as what?
Answer: Golden Temple