IOC Presidents Baron Pierre de Coubertin (FRA) * 01.01.1863 † 02.09.1937 IOC-Member: 1894 - 1925 Pierre de Fredi, Baron de Coubertin, was born in Paris on January 1st. 1863 and died at Geneva on September 2nd. 1937. It is a very difficult task to summarize in a few words as active a live and extensive a work as that of Baron de Coubertin. Very early in life he showed a taste for the study of literature, history, and the problems of education and sociology. Giving up the army to which he seemed to be called by family tradition, renouncing also the political career that was open to him, Pierre de Coubertin at the age of twenty-four decided to promote a vast movement of educational reform, and at twenty-five his work was started, the first formulae set and the preliminary moves achieved. In fact he had by then already submitted to the Society for the Advancement of the Sciences a number of papers on methods of teaching.

In 1889, at the age of twenty-six, he first had his idea of reviving the Olympic Games, which had been abolished in 394 A.D., apparently for ever. For four years he worked unceasingly to prepare opinion in England, the United States, and France for this revival. At last, on November 25, 1892, during a conference at the Sorbonne, he suggested that the Olympic Games, after a lapse of fifteen centuries, be revived in a modern and international form. His suggestion was accepted at an international congress on sport that was summoned in 1894 at the same Sorbonne in Paris. Twelve nations were represented, including the United States and England, countries in which the practice of sport was already well developed, and without whose support no such movement of an international character could have been contemplated. During this congress, which lasted eight days, Baron de Coubertin imparted his enthusiasm so forcefully to all those present, that the decision to revieve the Olympic Games and to hold them every fourth year, in different countries in turn, was unanimous. A committee (the International Olympic Committee) was formed to look after their development and well-being.

Two years later, in 1896, the first Olympic Games of the modern cycle were celebrated in the rebuilt stadium of Athens. The triumphal chariot had been set in motion, and these contests have been held, at four-year intervals, with ever increasing success (except when prevented by war) Later, again following the suggestion of the Baron de Coubertin, a special cycle of Winter Games was instituted and initiated at Chamonix in 1924. Everyone knows the history of the Games, but what is generally overlooked is the ceaseless labour, the tenacity and the perseverance which the Baron de Coubertin was forced to exert in order to realize, accomplish and perfect this vast and important work. It is to him that we owe the whole of the main organization of the Olympic Games which benefited from his methodical and precise mind and from his wide understanding of the aspirations and needs of youth. He was, in fact, for many years the sole director and so shaped the form and character of the Games. The rules and regulations, and the athlete`s oath, came from him, as well as the basic arrangement of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies.

In addition, until 1925 he personally presided over the International Olympic Committee and assumed single-handed all the administrative and financial duties connected with this important position. At present all nations and races are interested and participate in the quadrennial Games. Thanks largely to Baron de Coubertin, the pracice of physical education and sport has become popular in all continents throughout the world, influencing the habits and way of living with beneficial effect on public health. Therefore it can truly be said that he accomplished a highly humanitarian and social work and may be counted among the great benefactors of mankind. The title of Honorary President of the Olympic Games, which will never be awarded again, was given to him in 1925, when he retired from the Presidency of the International Olympic Committee. It was a well-deserved reward for his outstanding activities and efforts during over thirty years at he head of his Committee. The revival of the Olympic Games is only a small part of Baron de Coubertin`s work.

In addition to numerous publications dedicated to the technique and the teaching of sport, he was the author of important historical studies, which include a remarkable four-volume universal history, as well as numerous notes, studies and pamphlets on politics, sociology, general teaching, the reform of education, etc. His works total over sixty thousand pages and the catalogue of his publications fill a fourtee-page printed booklet. Counted among the eminent historians of his time, he was a great educator und sociologist as well. The work of Baron de Coubertin was above all a work of peace and one which will always remain fruitful. His memory will live throughout the world. His body rests in the cemetery of Bois-de-Vaux at Lausanne, Switzerland where he resided and which became the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in 1915. In accordance with his will, his heart was buried at Olympia, Greece, in the marble monument commemorating the revival of the Olympic Games. 3.

President: 1925 - 1942 * 01.03.1876 † 06.01.1942 IOC-Member: 1903 - 1942 Count Henri de Baillet-Latour was born on March 1, 1876 and was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee for Begium in 1903. One year later he foundet the Belgian Olympic Committee, which organized Belgian participation in the 1908 and 1912 Games. After World War I he obtained the celebration of the Games of the VII Olympiad for Antwerp. Although he only had one year to prepare for these Games, and in spite of the fact that Belgium had suffered badly from the War, Count de Baillet-Latour shouldered all the responsibilities and took up with great energy the management of this huge enterprise. Its success was really remarkable. The ability he demonstrated at the time of the Antwerp Games, amongst other things, led the members of the International Olympic Committee to elect him President, when the Founder of the Games resigned in 1925.

He soon made himself appreciated by all his colleagues and every time his term of office expired he was unanimously reelected. During his Presidency, which lasted seventeen years, Count de Baillet-Latour devoted himself to maintaining Olympic ideals and aims. At all costs he insisted on keeping sport free from commercialism, and preserving its nobility and beauty, its raison d`etre. He aimed to acquire an informed personal opinion on all difficult questions and travelled widely throughout the world in order to achieve this object. At the meetings of the International Olympic Committee he was then able to speak with full knowledge and to give useful guidance to his colleagues. He was determined, yet diplomatic, and led the Committee with great distinction. He died during the night of January 6, 1942 from a heart attack. A short time before, death had taken his only son, who was in the Army. His country had been invaded; unhappiness was everywhere. He was left with only his Christian faith and his conviction, often expressed, of a happier and more beautiful after-life. Worthy successor of Baron de Coubertin, he will be remembered as a man of a noble character, wholeheartedly devoted to the Olympic cause. 4.

President: 1946 - 1952 * 21.11.1870 † 18.03.1964 IOC-Member: 1921 - 1952 J. Sigfrid Edström, born on November 21, 1870, is one of the best known personalities in the world of sport. While a student at Gothenburg, Mr. Edström practiced athletics and was a very good runner. In 1891 he broke the Swedish record in the 150 m in 16.4 secs. and ran 100 m in 11 secs. After some years in Zurich (Switzerland), where he attended the Polytechnicum, he was entrusted with important tasks in the sports movement of Sweden. In 1901, with General V. Balck, he united the different branches of Swedish athletics and gymnastics into a single association, of which he was head until 1940. But it is in the International field that Mr. Edström showed the full measure of his qualities.

He was one of the organizers of the Olympic Games of Stockholm in 1912, and also participated in the Los Angeles Games in 1932 as head of the Swedish delegation. At the Olympic Games in 1912 he took the lead in founding the International Amateur Athletic Federation and was elected its first President, an office which he held until 1946. He was appointed a member of the International Olympic Committee to Sweden in 1920. He had already attended meetings of the International Olympic Committee in 1910 and 1911, in preparation for the Stockholm Games of 1912. He presided over the two Olympic Congresses, at Lausanne in 1921, and at Prague in 1925. In 1921 he was elected a member of the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee, and in 1931 its Vice-President. In his capacity of Vice-President he became the head of the International Olympic Committee in 1942, on the death of President Count de Baillet-Latour.

All through the hostilities of the second World War, since he lived in a neutral country, he kept contact with the members, and in 1945 he summoned the first Post War meeting of the Executive Board. This led to the acceptance of the invitation from London to stage the Games of the XIV Olympiad. In 1946 he was elected President by acclamation at the first post war meeting of the Committee, which took place in Lausanne. The International Olympic Committee was fortunate to have a man of his ability and great experience in athletic affairs available as a leader. Not only had Mr. Edström been active in the International Olympic Committee for over thirty years, he had also been President of the important International Amateur Athletic Federation since its inception. As a neutral he was able to handle effectively all the complicated problems which arose after the Second World War. When he retired in 1952, at the age of 82, he carried with him the affection and respect of the Olympic world, and the title of Honorary President of the International Olympic Committee. 5.

President: 1952 - 1972 * 28.09.1887 † 08.05.1975 IOC-Member: 1936 - 1972 Avery Brundage was born on September 28, 1887 and was elected fifth President of the International Olympic Committee at its meeting in Helsinki in 1952. No one could have been better prepared for this most responsible position as head of the worldwide Olympic Movement. For twenty years he had been working closely, first with President Count Baillet-Latour, and afterwards with President Edström. Before that, for more than twenty years, he had occupied a prominent position in amateur sport first as competitor and later as administrator. He had travelled widely in Europe, Africa, North and South America, and the Orient, and was thoroughly familiar with the problems of amateur sport and the Olympic Movement in nearly all countries. Mr. Brundage`s athletic career began in 1905 when as a high school athlete he was heralded as "the find of the season".

At the University of Illionois, from which he graduated in 1909, he was inter-collegiate discus champion, member of the basket-ball team, and winner of a special medal für athletic achievement. It is interesting to note that his collegiate interests were not confined to sport. Because of his high scholarship rating he was elected to the honour societies of Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi. He was also editor of the college magazine. After graduation from the university, Mr. Brundage entered all-around athletics and for 10 years, until 1918, when he won his last notional championship, was one of the leading all-around athletes of the world. As a member of the 1912 United States Olympic team he competed in the Games of the Vth Olympiad at Stockholm. Three times he was All-Around Amateur Champion of America. The all-around championship is probably the most fifficult test of spee, stamina, strength, agility and endurance combined, ever devised. It should be noted that while Mr. Brandage was making this enviable record as a competitor he, as an engineer, was also engaged in establishing his own successful construction business.

His practice and training had to be done outside of working hours and had his energies not been divided perhaps his athletic record might habe been ever better. After retiring from all-around competition he became interested in the administrative side of amateur sport. In 1928 he was elected President of the Amateur Athletic Unicon of the United States, an office to which he was reelected für seven terms. He would probably have been continued in office even longer had he not refused renomination. Druing this period he was one of the leading handball players of the United States and at one time Chicago champion. In 1929 he was chosen President of the United States Olympic Association and Chairman of the United States Olympic Committee. Six times he was unanimously reelected for a four year term by the one hundred and twenty organizations regulating amateur sport in the United States, which compose this Asseciation. In 1934 he was awardet a special James E. Sullivan trophy for outstanding service to amateur sport. In Buenos Aires in 1940 he was unanimously elected first President of the Comite Deportive Panamericano by the delegates from the countries of the Western Hemisphere at a congress called to organize Pan American Games.

The rules of this organization were changed in London at the second congress in 1948 so that he could be reelected unanimously for another term. He was well acquainted with all the different sports on the Olympic program. For a score or more years he served as Vice-President of the Congress and on the council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, the powerful organization which controls track and field athletics, and he had also taken an active part as officer and director in several other International Federations. When Mr. Brundage became a member of the International Olympic Committee he was elected to the Executiv Board and in 1946 he was also throughout the word as the apostle of amateurism and one of the world`s leading exponents of fair play and good sportsmanship. He is the author of numerous articles on amateur sport. He has probably what is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of Asiatic art in the world. He is a trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago. Because of his activities in the field of sport and physical education, Mr. Brundage has been the recipient of honorary college degrees and of awards and decorations from many countries. President Avery Brundage`s objectives are: 1.

to develop a more widespread knowledge of the philosophy of amateurism; 2. to stress the social, educational, aesthetic, ethical and spiritual values of amateur sport, which are sometimes overlooked because of a quite natural interest in records and performances; 3. to stimulate more interest in the Fine Arts section of the Olympic program. 4. to bring about a more general appreciation of the fundamental principles of the worldwide Olympic Movement, to prevent its misuse für personal or national profit or aggrandizement, and to increase its efficiency an effectiveness. He died in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany on 7. May 1975 6. President: 1972 - 1980 Sir Michael Morris, Lord Killanin of Dublin and Spittal (IRL) * 30.07.1914 † 25.04.1999 IOC-Member: 1952 - 1980 Lord Killanin was elected as President of the Olympic Council of Ireland in 1950. He became an IOC member two years later. In 1967, he was elected to the Executive Board.

In 1968, he ascended to third Vice-President of the IOC an in 1970 he was named first Vice-President. He was elected as President of the IOC in 1972 and held that office until his retirement in 1980, when he was awarded the Olympic Order in Gold. He was also elected Honorary President for Life of the IOC. A noted Journalist, author, and film producer, Lord Killanin also served as a director of many leading Irish business companies. 7. President: 1980 - 2001 *17.07.1920 † 21.04.2010 IOC-Member: 1966 - 2010 Juan Antonio Samaranch, elected as head of the International Olympic Committee in 1980 (the seventh to hold the post since the IOC was established in 1894), was one of the most influential Spaniards in the last two decades of the 20th century.

Re-elected as supremo of the prestigious sports organization in 1997 (the IOC rewrote an old rule which called for retirement of the president at age 75), he is due to retire on July 16, 2001. His last Olympic Games, in Sydney in 2000, were tinged by the death of Maria Teresa, his wife of 45 years. During his tenure the IOC has had to deal with the Eastern Bloc boycott of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, controversy over drug use among athletes, and scandals involving generous handouts to Olympic committee members from cities aspiring to host the Olympic games. But generally, he is recognized as the man who plucked the ailing IOC from the brink of bankruptcy and turned the Games into a profitable business as well as a truly planet-embracing event. In Spain he is now seen by most as a hero, in spite of his close links in the past with the Franco dictatorship. Spaniards tend to forgive the sins of public figures once they've reached the requisite age to become beloved septuagenarians.

Still fresh in the memory is Samaranch's finest hour, when he announced that his home town of Barcelona was to host the 1992 Olympics. The resulting extravaganza, together with the Expo 92 exposition in Seville and Spain's commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America, was seen as the ultimate expression of the modern "New Spain" which had emerged after the dark years of Franco. Juan Antonio Samaranch was born to a well-to-do Barcelona family on July 17, 1920. His father was a self-made textile magnate. From an early age Samaranch showed both an affinity for sports - he tried his hand at sports writing at one stage - and a burning ambition to reach the top. He served as a city councillor. As the director of an industrial conglomerate, he used part of his wealth to promote sports, starting with a roller hockey team. In 1966, the Spanish dictator Franco appointed him as government secretary in charge of sports. That same year he was elected as a member of the IOC. In 1955, Samaranch married a Barcelona society beauty, Maria Teresa Salisachs Rowe, whose mother was British.

They had one son. During the twilight years of the Franco regime, he was appointed as provincial political head in Barcelona. Following the death of the dictator, the most expedient way for the Spain's transition government to deal with him - he was by now vice-president of the IOC, and therefore already an international figure - was to offer him a "golden exile", as Spain's first ambassador to Moscow (1977-1980). The contacts he made in the Soviet government - the old "sworn enemy" of the Franco period - helped win him votes for his election to the top seat in the IOC. When he took over, the Olympics were living under the cloud of the US boycott of the Moscow games, and the IOC was a discredited organization with reportedly less than $500,000 to its name. Samaranch's strategy, using a combination of diplomacy and hispanic charm, was to increase the number of participating nations. While the Eastern Bloc countries failed to show up for Los Angeles, 160 countries took part in the 1988 Games in Seoul. The honor of hosting the Olympics became an object of desire for cities, and the activity started to generate gazillions.

The IOC post is a non-paying job, but all travel expenses are paid - and Samaranch is usually traveling, in style by most accounts. Drawing the line between expenses and baksheesh has been one of the big sources of trouble during the Samaranch era. In 1999, ten IOC members were forced to resign over scandals involving the way Salt Lake City had secured the 2002 Winter Games. Usually described as tenacious but tactful, a dapper dresser, Samarach continues to work out daily, eats frugally, goes to bed early and gets up at dawn. 8. President: 2001 - 2013 * 02.05.1942 IOC-Member: 1991 - Profession: Orthopaedic surgeon, former sports medicine lecturer Sporting background: Yachting world champion and 10 rugby caps for Belgium IOC experience: Member since 1991 The appointment of Jacques Rogge as the new president of the International Olympic Committee has come as no surprise. The mild-mannered Belgian was considered favourite to succeed Juan Antonio Samaranch once it was announced that Spaniard would step down.

Unlike his fellow candidates, Rogge has not courted controversy. He came out with a clean slate following the Salt Lake City scandal that saw 10 members of the IOC resign.Coupled with his diplomatic skills and the ability to fluently speak five languages - Flemish, French, English, Spanish and German - made the final decision easy for the voting members of the Committee. Rogge has been an integral part of the Olympic movement for over 10 years. But his involvement with the Games began back in 1968 when he put his nautical skils to the test by taking part in the sailing events. He competed in the following two Olympics and such was his dominance in the sport that he became world champion. Rogge also showed his prowess with the rugby ball by winning 10 caps for the Belgian national team. The 59-year-old former orthopaedic surgeon moved on to the administration side of the Olympics in 1989 when he took on the role as president of the European Olympic Committees. Two years later Rogge moved up a level and became an official member of the International Olympic Committee.

He came to prominance during the 2000 Sydney Games where as chief co-ordinator, he helped mastermind what former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch described as "the best Games ever". Rogge was due to reprise his Sydney role for the forthcoming Games in Athens, but now faces the greater challenge of guiding the Olympic movement to new heights in the future. 9. President (2013 - Who has composed the Olympic creed and oath? Who has composed the Olympic creed and oath? +1 vote posted Dec 18, 2015 by Kuldeep Apte Share this question Your comment on this question: Email me at this address if a comment is added after mine:Email me if a comment is added after mine Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register . 1 Answer 0 votes Olympic creed and oath was composed by Baron Pierre de Coubertin the founder of International Olympic Committee . He is considered as the father of the modern Olympic Games .

answer Aug 5, 2016 by Raghav Choudhary Your comment on this answer: Email me at this address if a comment is added after mine:Email me if a comment is added after mine Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register . Your answer Please be sure to answer the question, provide details and share your research. Avoid asking cross question, use comment button instead. Use ctrl+k to highlight, ctrl+b to make the text as bold. Preview Email me at this address if my answer is selected or commented on:Email me if my answer is selected or commented on Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: On 1 June 1958, who became the oldest person to break a world record in a standard Olympic athletic event? On 1 June 1958, who became the oldest person to break a world record in a standard Olympic athletic event? +1 vote posted May 13, 2016 by Dilbagh Looking for an answer?

Share this question: # Your comment on this question: Email me at this address if a comment is added after mine:Email me if a comment is added after mine Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register . Your answer Please be sure to answer the question, provide details and share your research. Avoid asking cross question, use comment button instead. Use ctrl+k to highlight, ctrl+b to make the text as bold. Preview Email me at this address if my answer is selected or commented on:Email me if my answer is selected or commented on Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register . Similar Questions +1 vote In which event did Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the Modern Olympic movement, won a gold medal in 1912 game? +4 votes Who was the first recipient of the Pierre de Coubertin Medal, established 1964 to honour athletes who exemplify the spirit of sportsmanship in Olympic events or those who give exceptional service to the Olympic movement?

+1 vote At the 2008 Olympic Games, which event began its competition at Beijing before the Opening ceremony? +3 votes International Olympic Committee - 必应 Sign in International Olympic Committee Coordinates: 46°31′5″N 6°35′49″E / 46.51806°N 6.59694°E International Olympic Committee Comité International Olympique Motto Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin: Faster, Higher, Stronger) Formation 23 June 1894; 121 years ago Type Sports federation Headquarters Lausanne, Switzerland Membership 105 active members, 32 honorary members Official language English, German, Hebrew, Swedish, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Greek, Romanian, Korean, Russian, Turkish, French, Portuguese, Japanese, Urdu, Filipin ... (展开) o and Other Philippine Dialects.

and the host country's official language when necessary Honorary President Jacques Rogge President Thomas Bach Vice Presidents Nawal El Moutawakel Craig Reedie John Coates Zaiqing Yu Website Olympic.org The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president. Today its membership consists of 100 active members, 32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the supreme authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, every four years. The first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896; the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year.

After that year, however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games, to help space the planning of the two events from one another, and improve the financial balance of the IOC, which receives greater income on Olympic years. The first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. 拜托解释以下：International Olympic CommitteeWorld Trade OrganizationOrganization of Petroleum Exporting CountiesEuropean UnionLeague of Arab States并请帮忙找一下它们的总部。谢谢！ thank you! ぁありがとう 감사합니다 grazie 答 My friend, who ———on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. （06浙江卷）A．served B．is serving C．had served D．has served 答 A.served B.is serving C.had served D.has served 答 International Olympic Committee History The committee was established by Pierre de Coubertin, in Paris, on 23 June 1894. In 1915, during the First World War, the committee moved to Lausanne (Switzerland).

In Lausanne, the committee was housed in the Casino de Montbenon (from 1915 to 1922), at the Mon Repos villa (from 1922 to 1967) and in the castle of Vidy (since 1968). In 1986, the International Olympic Committee inaugurated the "Maison olympique" centralising most of its activities in Vidy. The Olympic Museum, nearby in Ouchy, was inaugurated in 1993. International Olympic Committee Mission and role Further information: Olympic Charter The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is to promote Olympic throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement.

The IOC's role is: To encourage and support the promotion of ethics in sport as well as education of youth through sport and to dedicate its efforts to ensuring that, in sport, the spirit of fair play prevails and violence is banned; To encourage and support the organisation, development and coordination of sport and sports competitions; To ensure the regular celebration of the Olympic Games; To cooperate with the competent public or private organisations and authorities in the endeavour to place sport at the service of humanity and thereby to promote peace; To take action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence of the Olympic Movement; To act against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic Movement; To encourage and support the promotion of women in sport at all levels and in all structures with a view to implementing the principle of equality of men and women; To lead the fight against doping in sport; To encourage and support measures protecting the health of athletes; To oppose any political or commercial abuse of sport and athletes; To encourage and support the efforts of sports organisations and public authorities in order to provide social and professional future of athletes; To encourage and support the development of sport for all; To encourage and support a responsible concern for environmental issues, to promote sustainable development in sport and to require that the Olympic Games are held

 accordingly; To promote a positive legacy from the Olympic Games to the host cities and host countries; To encourage and support initiatives blending sport with culture and education; To encourage and support the activities of the International Olympic Academy (IOA) and other institutions which dedicate themselves to Olympic education.

The IOC Session The IOC Session is the general meeting of the members of the IOC, held once a year in which each member has one vote. It is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members. Among others, the powers of the Session are: To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President and the honorary members. To elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games. The IOC Executive Board The IOC Executive Board consists of the President, four Vice-Presidents, and ten other members. All members of the IOC Executive Board are elected by the Session, in a secret ballot, by a majority of the votes cast. The IOC Executive Board assumes the general overall responsibility for the administration of the IOC and the management of its affairs. The IOC Session elects, by secret ballot, the IOC President from among its members for a term of eight years renewable once for a term of four years.

The current IOC President, Thomas Bach, was elected for an eight-year term on 10 September 2013. Bach will be eligible for re-election to one additional four-year term in 2021. International Olympic Committee Honours In addition to the Olympic medals for competitors, the IOC awards a number of other honours: the IOC President's Trophy is the highest sports award given to athletes who have excelled in their sport and had an extraordinary career and created a lasting impact on their sport. the Pierre de Coubertin medal is awarded to athletes who demonstrate a special spirit of sportsmanship in Olympic events the Olympic Cup is awarded to institutions or associations with a record of merit and integrity in actively developing the Olympic Movement the Olympic Order is awarded to individuals for particularly distinguished contributions to the Olympic Movement, and superseded the Olympic Certificate. International Olympic Committee IOC members Further information: List of members of the International Olympic Committee For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members. Countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their respective countries to the IOC, but rather the opposite, IOC members in their respective countries.

For a long time, members of royalty have been members of co-option, such as Prince Albert II of Monaco, as have former athletes. In addition King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (then crown prince) has served as a member since 1998. These last 10 years, the composition has evolved, in order to get a better representation of the sports world. Members seats have been allocated specifically to athletes, International Federations leaders, and National Olympic Committees leaders. There are currently 100 members of the IOC, 33 honorary members, and 1 honour member. Membership The total number of IOC members may not exceed 115. Each member of the IOC is elected for a term of eight years and may be re-elected for one or several further terms.

A majority of members whose memberships are not linked to any specific function or office; their total number may not exceed 70; there may be no more than one such member national of any given country; Active athletes, the total number of whom may not exceed 15, elected for eight years by their peers during the Olympic Games; Presidents or persons holding an executive or senior leadership position within IFs, associations of IFs, or other organisations recognised by the IOC, the total number of whom may not exceed 15; Presidents or persons holding an executive or senior leadership position within NOCs, or continental associations of NOCs, the total number of whom may not exceed 15; there may be no more than one such member national of any given country within the IOC. Cessation of membership The membership of IOC members ceases in the following circumstances: Resignation: any IOC member may cease their membership at any time by delivering a written resignation to the President. Non re-election: any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected. Age limit: any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80.

Failure to attend Sessions or take active part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to a country other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election. Members elected as active athletes cease to be a member upon ceasing to be a member of the IOC Athletes' Commission. Presidents and individuals holding an executive or senior leadership position within NOCs, world or continental associations of NOCs, IFs or associations of IFs, or other organisations recognised by the IOC cease to be a member upon ceasing to exercise the function they were exercising at the time of their election. Expulsion: an IOC member may be expelled by decision of the Session if such member has betrayed their oath or if the Session considers that such member has neglected or knowingly jeopardised the interests of the IOC or acted in a way which is unworthy of the IOC. International Olympic Committee Olympic marketing In the early 1980s, the Olympics were highly dependent on revenues from a single source – its contracts with US television companies for the broadcasts of the Olympic Games.

Upon his election as President of the IOC in 1980, Juan Antonio Samaranch recognised this vulnerability and in consultation with Horst Dassler, a leading member of the Adidas family, the decision to launch a global marketing programme for the IOC was made. Samaranch appointed Canadian IOC member Richard Pound to lead the initiative as Chairman of the "New Sources of Finance Commission". In 1982 the IOC drafted ISL Marketing a Swiss sports marketing company, to develop a global marketing programme for the Olympic Movement. ISL successfully developed the programme but was replaced by Meridian Management, a company partly owned by the IOC in the early 1990s. In 1989, one of the staff members at ISL Marketing, Michael Payne, moved to the IOC and became the organisation's first marketing director. However ISL and subsequently Meridian, continued in the established role as the IOC's sales and marketing agents until 2002. In 2002 the IOC terminated the relationship with Meridian and took its marketing programme in-house under the Direction of Timo Lumme, the IOC's managing director of IOC Television and Marketing Services.

During his 17 years with the IOC, in collaboration with ISL Marketing and subsequently Meridian Management, Payne made major contributions to the creation of a multi-billion dollar sponsorship marketing programme for the organisation which, along with improvements in TV marketing and improved financial management, helped to restore the IOC's financial viability. 1976 Winter Olympics (Denver, Colorado) Main article: Bids for the 1976 Winter Olympics The cities of Denver, Colorado, United States; Sion, Switzerland; Tampere, Finland; and Vancouver (with the Garibaldi mountains), Canada, made bids for the Games. The games were originally awarded to Denver on May 12, 1970, but a 300% rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to Colorado voters' rejection on November 7, 1972, by a 3 to 2 margin, of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games with public funds. Denver officially withdrew on November 15, and the IOC then offered the games to Whistler, British Columbia, Canada, but they too declined owing to a change of government following elections.

Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 games. Salt Lake City, Utah, a 1972 Winter Olympics final candidate who would eventually host the 2002 Winter Olympics, offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC, still reeling from the Denver rejection, declined and selected Innsbruck to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Olympics games twelve years earlier, on February 5, 1973. Salt Lake bid scandal Main article: 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal A scandal broke on 10 December 1998, when Swiss IOC member Marc Hodler, head of the coordination committee overseeing the organisation of the 2002 games, announced that several members of the IOC had taken bribes. Soon four independent investigations were underway: by the IOC, the USOC, the SLOC, and the United States Department of Justice. Before any of the investigations could even get under way both Welch and Johnson resigned their posts as the head of the SLOC. Many others soon followed.

The Department of Justice filed charges against the two: fifteen charges of bribery and fraud. Johnson and Welch were eventually acquitted of all criminal charges in December 2003. As a result of the investigation ten members of the IOC were expelled and another ten were sanctioned. This was the first expulsion or sanction for corruption in the more than a century the IOC had existed. Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, it was felt that the acceptance of the gifts was morally dubious. Stricter rules were adopted for future bids and ceilings were put into place as to how much IOC members could accept from bid cities. Additionally new term and age limits were put into place for IOC membership, and fifteen former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Other controversies: 2006–2013 In 2006, a report ordered by the Nagano region's governor said the Japanese city provided millions of dollars in an "illegitimate and excessive level of hospitality" to IOC members, including $4.4 million spent on entertainment alone. International groups attempted to pressure the IOC to reject Beijing's bid in protest of the state of human rights in the People's Republic of China.

One Chinese dissident who expressed similar sentiments was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison for calling on the IOC to do just that at the same time that IOC inspectors were touring the city. Amnesty International expressed concern in 2006 regarding the Olympic Games to be held in China in 2008, likewise expressing concerns over the human rights situation. The second principle in the Fundamental Principles of Olympism, Olympic Charter states that The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity. Amnesty International considers the policies and practices of the People's Republic as failing to meet that principle, and urged the IOC to press China to immediately enact human rights reform. In August 2008, the IOC issued DMCA take down notices on Tibetan Protest videos of the Beijing Olympics hosted on YouTube. YouTube and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) both pushed back against the IOC, which then withdrew their complaint. In 2010, the International Olympic Committee was nominated for the Public Eye Awards. This award seeks to present "shame-on-you-awards to the nastiest corporate players of the year".

Before the start of the 2012 Olympic Games, the IOC decided not to hold a minute of silence to honor the 11 Israeli Olympians who were killed 40 years prior in the Munich Massacre. Jacques Rogge, the then-IOC President, said it would be "inappropriate" to do so. Speaking of the decision, Israeli Olympian Shaul Ladany, who had survived the Munich Massacre, commented: "I do not understand. I do not understand, and I do not accept it". In February 2013, the IOC did not include wrestling as one of its core Olympic sports for the Summer Olympic program for the 2020 Olympics. This decision was poorly received by the sporting and wrestling community. Wrestling will still be part of the program at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. This decision was later overturned, and wrestling will be a part of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

Question: Who was the first General Secretary of the International Olympic Committee and later became its President, serving until 1924?
Answer: Baron de Coubertin