Oedema - formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy Oedema What is oedema? Oedema is swelling, often in the legs and feet , due to a build-up of fluid under the skin in the spaces between body tissues. In the past it was called dropsy or hydropsy. Oedema not only causes puffiness it can also lead to aching limbs, stiff joints , skin discolouration and weight gain. Different types of oedema Often the swelling is in one particular part of the body. Peripheral oedema. This is the most common type and occurs in the feet, legs and ankles . Pulmonary oedema . An accumulation of fluid in the air spaces ( alveoli ) in the lungs. Cerebral odema. This affects the brain . Macular oedema. This affects the eyes . Anasarca. This is oedema in all the tissues and cavities of the body at the same time. Causes of oedema Causes of oedema include: Illness - The most common diseases associated with oedema involve the heart , liver and kidneys . In these cases, oedema usually occurs because of the body's retention of too much salt.

The excess salt causes the body to retain water which results in swelling. Varicose veins and thrombophlebitis can also lead to oedema. This has nothing to do with salt but is down to inadequate pumping of the blood through the veins, also known as venous insufficiency. This can cause fluid to accumulate in the extremities, especially the legs, ankles and feet. Oedema can also be caused by long-term lung disease and thyroid disease and can be related to advanced cancer. A leg injury or surgery Burns to the skin. Idiopathic oedema is a term used to describe cases of oedema where a cause can't be found and occurs most often in women. Pitting and non-pitting oedema Pitting oedema is the most common form of oedema. If you briefly apply pressure to the swollen area by pressing on the skin with a finger and the pressure leaves an indentation that lasts for some time afterwards that is referred to as pitting oedema. In non-pitting oedema, pressing on the swollen skin with a finger does not leave a persistent indentation. Non-pitting oedema usually affects the legs or arms.

It can occur in patients with lymphoedema or in some patients with hyperthyroidism . Non-pitting oedema of the legs is difficult to treat. Diuretic drugs (sometimes called water pills) are not usually effective, although elevating the legs periodically during the day and compression stockings may reduce the swelling. Treatment for oedema Sometimes 'treatment' is as simple as taking the weight off your feet, putting your legs up and resting, especially if the weather is warm. It may also help to reduce salt intake. Regular exercise to improve circulation and losing weight can help oedema along with compression stockings and lymphatic massage. Seek medical advice if your symptoms don't go away. If there is an underlying reason for your oedema you may be prescribed medication to help treat the condition. This can include diuretics to flush excess water and salt from the body. Next Article: Edema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments - Medical News Today Edema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Written by Christian Nordqvist 4 397 68 Edema is swelling caused by fluid retention - excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues.

In the UK/Ireland/Australasia and some other countries, the word is spelled oedema. Swelling caused by edema commonly occurs in the hands, arms, ankles, legs and feet. It is usually linked to the venous or lymphatic systems. Edema was formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy. Edema may be generalized or local. It can appear suddenly, but usually develops subtly - the patient may first gain weight, or wake up with puffy eyes. Many patients wait until symptoms are well advanced before seeking medical help. The rest of this article refers mainly to generalized edema, unless otherwise specified. Contents of this article: You will also see introductions at the end of some sections to any recent developments that have been covered by MNT's news stories. Also look out for links to information about related conditions. Fast facts on edema Here are some key points about edema. More detail and supporting information is in the main article. Edema is caused by the retention of excess fluid within the body's tissues. The symptoms of edema normally develop gradually over time. Approximately 4.4 million people in the US have developed edema.

The three most common types of edema are peripheral, cerebral and eye edema. Swelling can result from capillaries leaking fluid into the surrounding tissue. The symptoms of edema mainly depend on what the underlying cause is. The cause of edema may be diagnosed by chest X-ray, blood tests, urine tests, liver function tests or heart function tests. Edema is normally caused by a more significant underlying disease or condition. A number of medications appear to cause pedal edema (foot edema). Lucentis (ranibizumab injection) is an FDA-approved treatment for diabetic macular edema. What is edema? The English word "edema" comes from the Greek word oidema, meaning "a swelling tumor ," which is derived from the Greek verb oidein meaning "to swell." It is estimated that approximately 4.4 million people in USA have edema. There are many types of edema. The most common ones are: Peripheral edema - in the feet (pedal edema), ankles, legs, hands and arms. Cerebral edema - in and around the brain (cerebral edema). Eye edema - in and around the eyes, e.g.

macular edema, corneal edema, periorbital edema (puffiness around the eyes. Macular edema is a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy . The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) estimates that the number of cases of diabetic retinopathy will triple from 5.5 million in 2005 to 16 million in 2050 . Causes of edema If the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) leak fluid into the surrounding tissue the area will start to swell. This could be due to capillary damage or increased pressure. Leaking capillaries will cause the kidneys to accumulate higher than normal quantities of sodium (salt) and water in order to compensate for the capillary fluid loss. This results in more blood circulating in the body, which in turn causes even more capillary leakage into the surrounding tissue, which produces additional swelling - a vicious cycle. Edema is most commonly caused by: Physical inactivity Edema is more prevalent among people who do not exercise and walk very little. Standing or sitting still for long If a person stands or sits still for long periods of time, there is a much higher chance of swelling.

Genes Surgery There is usually some swelling after a surgical procedure. High altitudes, especially when combined with physical exertion can be a high risk factor. Acute mountain sickness can lead to high altitude pulmonary edema or high altitude cerebral edema. High altitudes High altitudes, especially when combined with physical exertion can be a high risk factor. Acute mountain sickness can lead to high altitude pulmonary edema or high altitude cerebral edema. Heat Heat, when combined with physical exertion may cause edema. During high temperatures, the body is less efficient at removing fluid from tissues, especially around the ankles. Burns The skin reacts to a burn by retaining fluid, causing localized swelling. Pregnancy During pregnancy, a woman releases hormones that encourage the body to retain fluids. Pregnant women tend to retain more sodium and water than women who are not pregnant. When a woman is pregnant, her face will typically swell, as will her hands, lower limbs and feet. When a woman is resting in a reclined position the enlarged uterus occasionally compresses the inferior vena cava, causing obstruction of both femoral veins, leading to edema.

A pregnant woman's blood is hypercoaguble (clots more easily), raising the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), a cause of edema. Eclampsia, which results from pregnancy-induced hypertension ( high blood pressure ), can also cause edema. Menstruation and pre-menstruation Hormone levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. During the days before menstrual bleeding, there will be a reduction in the levels of the hormone, progesterone , which may cause fluid retention . The contraceptive pill Any medication that includes estrogen can cause fluid retention. It is not uncommon for women to put on weight when they first go on the pill. Menopause Around the period of the menopause , as well as after, hormone fluctuations can cause fluid retention. Hormone replacement therapy after the menopause can also cause edema. Certain medications Such as vasodilators (drugs that open blood vessels), calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), estrogens, several chemotherapy drugs, and some diabetes drugs, such as thiazolidinediones.

Scientists in the University of Utah discovered why thiazolidinediones cause edema Excessive salt intake This is especially the case for people who are susceptible to developing edema. Malnutrition and/or bad diet Dietitians say low consumption of thiamine ( vitamin B1), as well as insufficient vitamins B6 and B5, may contribute toward fluid retention. Low levels of albumin may also play a part - low albumin levels can also be caused by kidney disease. Edema can also be caused by the following diseases: Kidney disease/damage Patients with kidney disease may not be able to eliminate enough fluid and sodium from the blood. This results in more pressure on the blood vessels, which causes some of the liquid to leak out. Kidney disease patients with edema will have swelling around their legs and eyes. Damage to the capillaries in the kidneys (glomeruli) that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood can result in nephrotic syndrome. Among the many symptoms of nephrotic syndrome is an insufficient level of blood albumin, which leads to edema. Heart failure This is when the heart cannot pump blood properly to all parts of the body.

If one or both of the lower chambers of the heart lose the ability to pump blood effectively, the blood can accumulate in the limbs, causing edema. Chronic lung disease Chronic lung disease includes many lung diseases, such as asthma , chronic bronchitis , COPD, emphysema , pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis. Some patients may experience an accumulation of fluids in the lungs - pulmonary edema. Liver disease Such as cirrhosis , which causes scarring of the liver. This affects liver function, which causes the secretion of hormones and fluid-regulating chemicals to change. People with cirrhosis of the liver also have increased pressure within the portal vein - the large vein that carries blood from the intestines, spleen and pancreas, into the liver. These problems can lead to fluid retention in the legs and ascites (abdominal cavity). Diabetes A patient with diabetes may have edema for several different reasons, including cardiovascular disease and its associated complications, acute renal failure, acute liver failure, protein-losing enteropathy (disease of the intestine causing protein loss) and some medications. Diabetic macular edema is the swelling of the retina in diabetes.

Allergies Some foods and insect bites may cause edema in susceptible people. Arthritis People with arthritis most commonly have swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, and calves - peripheral edema. Arthritis may cause swelling for many reasons, for example, sporadic ankle swelling in rheumatoid arthritis is common and occurs mainly, as a result, of active inflammatory synovitis ( inflammation of the synovial membrane, the lining of the joint). Thyroid disease People with a disorder of the thyroid gland commonly experience edema. Brain tumor A brain tumor will accumulate water around itself, especially as it builds new blood vessels. Head injury A blow to the head may result in an accumulation of fluids in the brain or between the brain and the skull. Edema in the leg is most commonly caused by: A blood clot Any blockage, such as a clot in one of the veins can impede the flow of blood. This causes an increase in pressure in the vein, which may result in leakage of fluids into the surrounding tissue, causing edema. Varicose veins often accompany symptoms of edema Varicose veins These often accompany symptoms of edema.

Varicose veins usually occur because valves become damaged; static pressure increases, resulting in the bulging veins. The static pressure also increases the risk of leakage of fluids into the surrounding tissue. Infection/inflammation The lymph nodes may swell in response to infection. A cyst/growth/tumor Edema can cause cysts , which in turn can cause more edema. Any lump can cause edema for a number of reasons. The lump may press against a vein causing a build-up of pressure in that vein, which may result in fluids leaking into surrounding tissue. The lymph nodes may react to a tumor and swell. Lymphedema The lymphatic system helps get rid of excess fluid from tissues. If this system is damaged the lymph nodes and lymph vessels which continually drain an area may not work as they should, it could result in edema. If the damage is due to lymphedema it is called primary lymphedema, if it is caused by disease or medical condition, such as an infection or cancer , it is caused secondary lymphedema.

Recent developments on edema causes from MNT news Edema | Dropsy | MedlinePlus Problems with lymph nodes , especially after mastectomy Some medicines Standing or walking a lot when the weather is warm To keep swelling down, your health care provider may recommend keeping your legs raised when sitting, wearing support stockings, limiting how much salt you eat, or taking a medicine called a diuretic - also called a water pill. Start Here Edema, Causes, Risk Factors and Treatment | WoundSource Overview Edema, (alternate spelling: oedema) formerly referred to as dropsy or hydropsy, is the swelling of the body's tissues due to excess interstitial fluid retention. Edema can occur locally, often affecting the extremities (peripheral edema), or generally, affecting the entire body (anasarca). In the body, there are two main compartments between which fluid is exchanged: the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Intravascular compartments include the cardiac chambers and the vascular system itself, whereas the extravascular compartments include everywhere else. Fluid moves easily between these compartments, and the extent of this movement is determined primarily by the balance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.

Hydrostatic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by gravity on a fluid at equilibrium, and tends to cause fluid to filter out into the extravascular compartment. Oncotic pressure is a form of osmotic pressure in which proteins in the plasma pull fluid back into the intravascular compartment. Typically these pressures are balanced relatively equally, with a net filtration into the extravascular compartment of about 1% of the plasma. The lymphatic system then transports this extra fluid back into the intravascular compartment through the thoracic duct. Therefore, any change in the balance of these pressures that results in a net filtration greater than the lymphatic system can effectively transport can cause edema. Symptoms of Edema In addition to pronounced swelling, typically the overlying skin will have a stretched, shiny appearance. In cases of pitting edema, the skin over the affected area will retain a distinct dimple after being depressed for 10 to 15 seconds. In patients with peripheral edema, the swelling is often worst after extended periods of sitting or standing. Anasarca, or general edema, will present with swelling covering the entire body.

Ascites refers specifically to fluid retention in the peritoneal cavity, and results in distinct swelling of the abdomen. Etiology An increase in hydrostatic pressure can occur as a result of heart failure or venous obstruction. Decreased oncotic pressure occurs in patients with malnutrition resulting in an abnormally low level of blood proteins. In addition, any conditions affecting the permeability of vascular membranes, including inflammation or tissue trauma, can also cause more fluid to "leak" out of the intravascular compartment. When the body notices that this leaking is happening, the kidneys in turn retain more water and sodium to make up for the loss of fluid, causing more blood to circulate and more leakage to occur. Edema related specifically to the impairment of the lymphatic system in carrying away interstitial fluid is referred to as a lymphedema . Risk Factors Edema itself is not a disease, but a symptom.

Less severe forms of edema can result from lifestyle and general health factors such as: Staying in one position (sitting, standing or supine) for too long Increased sodium intake Hormonal changes due to menstruation Pregnancy Edema can also occur as a side effect of several different medications, including: Vasodilators However, edema can also be a sign of severe underlying medical conditions, such as: Congestive heart failure Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Treatment of Edema Edema is the medical term for swelling. Body parts swell from injury or inflammation . It can affect a small area or the entire body. Medications , infections, pregnancy , and many other medical problems can cause edema. Edema happens when your small blood vessels become "leaky" and release fluid into nearby tissues. That extra fluid builds up, which makes the tissue swell. Causes of Edema Things like a twisted ankle , a bee sting , or a skin infection will cause edema. In some cases, like an infection, this may be helpful. More fluid from your blood vessels puts more infection-fighting white blood cells in the swollen area.

Edema can also come from other conditions or from when the balance of substances in your blood is off. For example: Low albumin: Your doctor may call this hypoalbuminemia. Albumin and other proteins in the blood act like sponges to keep fluid in your blood vessels. Low albumin may contribute to edema, but it’s not usually the only cause. Allergic reactions: Edema is a part of most allergic reactions. In response to the allergen, nearby blood vessels leak fluid into the affected area. Obstruction of flow: If drainage of fluid from a part of your body is blocked, fluid can back up. A blood clot in the deep veins of your leg can cause leg edema. A tumor blocking the flow of blood or another fluid called lymph can cause edema. Critical illness: Burns, life-threatening infections, or other critical illnesses can cause a reaction that allows fluid to leak into tissues almost everywhere. This can cause edema all over your body. Heart disease ( congestive heart failure ): When the heart weakens and pumps blood less effectively, fluid can slowly build up, creating leg edema. If fluid buildup occurs quickly, fluid in the lungs , known as pulmonary edema , can develop.

If your heart failure is on the right side of your heart , edema can develop in the abdomen , as well. Liver disease: Severe liver disease (such as cirrhosis ) causes you to retain fluid. Cirrhosis also leads to low levels of albumin and other proteins in your blood. Fluid leaks into the abdomen and can also cause leg edema. Continued Kidney disease : A kidney condition called nephrotic syndrome can result in severe leg edema and sometimes whole-body edema. Pregnancy : Mild leg edema is common during pregnancy. But serious complications of pregnancy like deep vein thrombosis and preeclampsia can also cause edema. Cerebral edema ( brain edema ): Head trauma , low blood sodium (called hyponatremia), high altitudes, brain tumors , and a block in fluid drainage (known as hydrocephalus) can cause edema. Headaches , confusion, unconsciousness, and coma can be symptoms of cerebral edema.

Medications : Many medicines can cause edema, including: Edema | definition of edema by Medical dictionary Edema | definition of edema by Medical dictionary Related to edema: pulmonary edema Edema Definition Edema is a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system or in tissues between the body's cells (interstitial spaces). Description Normally the body maintains a balance of fluid in tissues by ensuring that the same of amount of water entering the body also leaves it. The circulatory system transports fluid within the body via its network of blood vessels. The fluid, which contains oxygen and nutrients needed by the cells, moves from the walls of the blood vessels into the body's tissues. After its nutrients are used up, fluid moves back into the blood vessels and returns to the heart. The lymphatic system (a network of channels in the body that carry lymph, a colorless fluid containing white blood cells to fight infection) also absorbs and transports this fluid. In edema, either too much fluid moves from the blood vessels into the tissues, or not enough fluid moves from the tissues back into the blood vessels. This fluid imbalance can cause mild to severe swelling in one or more parts of the body.

Causes and symptoms Many ordinary factors can upset the balance of fluid in the body to cause edema, including: Immobility. The leg muscles normally contract and compress blood vessels to promote blood flow with walking or running. When these muscles are not used, blood can collect in the veins, making it difficult for fluid to move from tissues back into the vessels. Heat. Warm temperatures cause the blood vessels to expand, making it easier for fluid to cross into surrounding tissues. High humidity also aggravates this situation. Medications. Certain drugs, such as steroids, hormone replacements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and some blood pressure medications may affect how fast fluid leaves blood vessels. Intake of salty foods. The body needs a constant concentration of salt in its tissues. When excess salt is taken in, the body dilutes it by retaining fluid. Menstruation and pregnancy . The changing levels of hormones affect the rate at which fluid enters and leaves the tissues. Some medical conditions may also cause edema, including: Heart failure . When the heart is unable to maintain adequate blood flow throughout the circulatory system, the excess fluid pressure within the blood vessels can cause shifts into the interstitial spaces.

Left-sided heart failure can cause pulmonary edema , as fluid shifts into the lungs. The patient may develop rapid, shallow respirations, shortness of breath , and a cough . Right-sided heart failure can cause pitting edema, a swelling in the tissue under the skin of the lower legs and feet. Pressing this tissue with a finger tip leads to a noticeable momentary indentation. Kidney disease. The decrease in sodium and water excretion can result in fluid retention and overload. Thyroid or liver disease . These conditions can change the concentration of protein in the blood, affecting fluid movement in and out of the tissues. In advanced liver disease, the liver is enlarged and fluid may build-up in the abdomen. Malnutrition. Protein levels are decreased in the blood, and in an effort to maintain a balance of concentrations, fluid shifts out of the vessels and causes edema in tissue spaces. Some conditions that may cause swelling in just one leg include: Blood clots . Clots can cause pooling of fluid and may be accompanied by discoloration and pain . In some instances, clots may cause no pain. Weakened veins. Varicose veins , or veins whose walls or valves are weak, can allow blood to pool in the legs.

This is a common condition. Infection and inflammation. Infection in leg tissues can cause inflammation and increasing blood flow to the area. Inflammatory diseases, such as gout or arthritis, can also result in swelling. Lymphedema . Blocked lymph channels may be caused by infection, scar tissue, or hereditary conditions. Lymph that can't drain properly results in edema. Lymphedema may also occur after cancer treatments, when the lymph system is impaired by surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy . Tumor. Abnormal masses can compress leg vessels and lymph channels, affecting the rate of fluid movement. Symptoms vary depending on the cause of edema. In general, weight gain, puffy eyelids, and swelling of the legs may occur as a result of excess fluid volume. Pulse rate and blood pressure may be elevated. Hand and neck veins may be observed as fuller. Diagnosis Edema is a sign of an underlying problem, rather than a disease unto itself. A diagnostic explanation should be sought. Patient history and presenting symptoms, along with laboratory blood studies, if indicated, assist the health professional in determining the cause of the edema. Treatment Treatment of edema is based on the cause.

Simple steps to lessen fluid build-up may include: Reducing sodium intake. A high sodium level causes or aggravates fluid retention. Maintaining proper weight. Being overweight slows body fluid circulation and puts extra pressure on the veins. Exercise . Regular exercise stimulates circulation. Elevation of the legs. Placing the legs at least 12 in (30.5 cm) above the level of the heart for 10-15 minutes, three to four times a day, stimulates excess fluid re-entry into the circulatory system. Use of support stocking. Elastic stockings, available at most medical supply or drug stores, will compress the leg vessels, promoting circulation and decreasing pooling of fluid due to gravity. Massage. Massaging the body part can help to stimulate the release of excess fluids, but should be avoided if the patient has blood clots in the veins. Travel breaks. Sitting for long periods will increase swelling in the feet and ankles. Standing and/or walking at least every hour or two will help stimulate blood flow. The three "Ds"—diuretics, digitalis, and diet-are frequently prescribed for medical conditions that result in excess fluid volume. Diuretics are medications that promote urination of sodium and water.

Digoxin is a digitalis preparation that is sometimes needed to decrease heart rate and increase the strength of the heart's contractions. Dietary recommendations include less sodium in order to decrease fluid retention. Consideration of adequate protein intake is also made. For patients with lymphedema, a combination of therapies may prove effective. Combined decongestive therapy includes the use of manual lymph drainage (MLD), compression bandaging, garments and pumps, and physical therapy. MLD involves the use of light massage of the subcutaneous tissue where the lymph vessels predominate. Massage begins in an area of the body trunk where there is normal lymph function and proceeds to areas of lymphatic insufficiency, in an effort to stimulate new drainage tract development. (MLD should not be used for patients with active cancer, deep vein clots, congestive heart failure, or cellulitis.) MLD sessions are followed by application of compression garments or pumps. Physical therapy is aimed at strengthening the affected limb and increasing joint mobility. Alternative treatment Dietary changes, in addition to cutting back the amount of sodium eaten, may also help reduce edema.

Foods that worsen edema, such as alcohol, caffeine , sugar, dairy products, soy sauce, animal protein, chocolate, olives, and pickles, should be avoided. Diuretic herbs can also help relieve edema. One of the best herbs for this purpose is dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum), since, in addition to its diuretic action, it is a rich source of potassium. (Diuretics flush potassium from the body and it must be replaced to avoid potassium deficiency.) Hydrotherapy using daily contrast applications of hot and cold (either compresses or immersion) may also be helpful. Key terms Digitalis — A naturally occuring compound used in the preparation of the medication, digoxin, prescribed to increase the heart rate and strengthen the force of the heart's contractions. Diuretics — Medications used in the treatment of fluid overload, to promote excretion of sodium and water. Interstitial spaces — Areas of the body occuring outside the vessels or organs, between the cells. Pitting edema — A swelling in the tissue under the skin, resulting from fluid accumulation, that is measured by the depth of indentation made by finger pressure over a boney prominence.

Resources Organizations Lymphedema and Wound Care Clinic of Austin. 5750 Balcones Dr., Ste. 110, Austin, TX 78731. (512) 453-1930. edema [ĕde´mah] the accumulation of excess fluid in a fluid compartment. Formerly called dropsy and hydrops . adj., adj edem´atous. This accumulation can occur in the cells (cellular edema), in the intercellular spaces within tissues (interstitial edema), or in potential spaces within the body. Edema may also be classified by location, such as pulmonary edema or brain edema; types found in certain locations have specific names, such as ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), or hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca . Classification by location does not indicate whether the edema is cellular or interstitial or occupies a potential space (for example, brain edema may be either cellular or interstitial).

Edema can be caused by a variety of factors, including conditions that affect osmotic pressure, such as hypotonic fluid overload, which allows the movement of water into the intracellular space, or hypoproteinemia, which decreases the concentration of plasma proteins and permits the passage of fluid out of the blood vessels into the tissue spaces. Other factors include poor lymphatic drainage; conditions that cause increased capillary pressure, such as excessive retention of salt and water and heart failure; and conditions that increase capillary permeability, such as inflammation. Edema formation. With trauma, increased capillary permeability and dilation cause leaking into tissue space. Initially clear, exudate in the tissue space becomes more viscous with an increase in plasma protein. From Copstead and Banasik, 2000. alveolar edema pulmonary edema in the alveoli, usually with hypoxemia and dyspnea. [idē′mə] Etymology: Gk, oidema, swelling the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues, such as in the pericardial sac, intrapleural space, peritoneal cavity, or joint capsules.

Edema may be caused by increased capillary fluid pressure; venous obstruction such as occurs in varicosities; thrombophlebitis; pressure from casts, tight bandages, or garters; congestive heart failure; overloading with parenteral fluids; renal failure; hepatic cirrhosis; hyperaldosteronism such as in Cushing's syndrome; corticosteroid therapy; and inflammatory reactions. Edema may also result from loss of serum protein in burns, draining wounds, fistulas, hemorrhage, nephrotic syndrome, or chronic diarrhea; in malnutrition, especially kwashiorkor; in allergic reactions; and in blockage of lymphatic vessels caused by malignant diseases, filariasis, or other disorders. Treatment of edema focuses on correcting the underlying cause. Potassium-sparing diuretics may be administered to promote excretion of sodium and water. Edematous parts of the body should be protected from prolonged pressure, injury, and temperature extremes. In the evaluation of tissue turgor, edema may be evaluated by position change, specific location, and response to pressure, as in pitting edema when pressing the fingers into the edematous area causes a temporary indentation.

An ultrasound evaluation of the affected extremity is indicated to rule out thrombosis. When a limb is edematous as a result of venous stasis, elevating the extremity and applying an elastic stocking or sleeve facilitate venous return. Also spelled oedema. See also anasarca, lymphedema . edematose, edematous, adj. Pitting edema An abbreviation—Cyanosis, Clubbing, Edema—used in physical examination of the extremities, which is a crude indicator of adequate oxygenation of blood edema Fluid retention, water retention Physical exam An excess of fluid in cells or tissues due to disease or injury, quantified as 1+, 2+, 3+. See Angioneurotic edema , Brawny edema , Cerebral edema , Cyclic edema , Cytotoxic edema, Flash pulmonary edema, Hereditary angioneurotic edema , High-altitude cerebral edema , High-altitude pulmonary edema, Leukoedema , Macular edema , Malignant edema, Pedal edema , Pseudopapillaedema, Pulmonary edema .

e·de·ma (e-de'ma) (-de'mat-a) plural.edemasplural.edemata [Gr. oidema, swelling, tumor] EDEMA: Edematous arm caused by subclavian vein stenosis A local or generalized condition in which body tissues contain an excessive amount of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces. Synonym: hydrops See: anasarca ; ascites ; dropsy ; hydrothorax ; pericardial effusion See: illustrationedematous (e-de'mat-us), adjective Etiology Edema may result from increased permeability of the capillary walls; increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure; lymphatic obstruction; disturbances in renal function; reduction of plasma proteins; inflammatory conditions; fluid and electrolyte disturbances, esp. those causing sodium retention; malnutrition; starvation; or chemical substances such as bacterial toxins, venoms, caustics, and histamine. Diagnostic studies ( thorough history, physical examination, urinalysis, serum chemistries and liver functions, thyroid function, and chest x-ray) help determine the cause and guide treatment. Treatment Bed rest helps relieve lower extremity edema.

Sitting with the feet and legs elevated may also reduce edema in the lower extremities. Dietary salt should be restricted to less than 2 g/day. Fluid intake may be restricted to about 1500 ml in 24 hr. This prescription may be relaxed when free diuresis has been attained. Diuretics relieve swelling when renal function is good and when any underlying abnormality of cardiac function, capillary pressure, or salt retention is being corrected simultaneously. Any effective diuretic may be used. Diuretics are contraindicated in preeclampsia and when serum potassium levels are very low (< 3.0 mEq/dl). They may be ineffective in edema associated with advanced renal insufficiency. The diet in edema should be adequate in protein, high in calories, and rich in vitamins. Patients with significant edema should weigh themselves daily to gauge fluid loss or retention. Patient care Edema is documented according to type (pitting, nonpitting, or brawny), extent, location, symmetry, and degree of pitting. Areas over bony prominences are palpated for edema by pressing with the fingertip for 5 sec, then releasing.

Normally, the tissue should immediately rebound to its original contour; therefore the depth of indentation is measured and recorded. The patient is questioned about increased tightness of rings, shoes, waistlines of garments, and belts. Periorbital edema is assessed; abdominal girth and ankle circumference are measured; and the patient's weight and fluid intake and output are monitored. Fragile edematous tissues are protected from damage by careful handling and positioning and by providing and teaching about special skin care. Edematous extremities are mobilized and elevated to promote venous return, and lung sounds auscultated for evidence of increasing pulmonary congestion. Prescribed therapies, including sodium restriction, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, protein replacement, and elastic stockings are provided, and the patient is instructed in their use. angioneurotic edema Edema of the lower extremities or, if the patient is lying down, of the sacrum. diabetic macular edema Swelling of the retina resulting from leakage of fluids from damaged blood vessels in the eye. It is a major cause of visual loss in diabetics, and is related to poor control of blood glucose.

edema of the glottis Pathological edema in the tissues lining the vocal structures of the larynx. It may result from improper use of the voice, excessive use of tobacco or alcohol, chemical fumes, or viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Clinically, the patient often presents with hoarseness or, in severe cases, with respiratory distress and stridor. See: epiglottitis Symptoms Initially, hoarseness and, later, complete aphonia characterize this condition. Other symptoms are extreme dyspnea, at first on inspiration only, but later also on expiration; stridor; and a barking cough when the epiglottis is involved. high-altitude pulmonary edema Abbreviation: HAPE See: hypoxia inflammatory edema Edema associated with inflammation. The cause is assumed to be damage to the capillary endothelium. It is usually nonpitting and localized, red, tender, and warm. laryngeal edema Edema of the larynx, usually resulting from allergic reaction and causing airway obstruction unless treated. Therapy consists of intravenous or intratracheal epinephrine, emergency tracheostomy, or both.

malignant edema (ĕ-dē'mă) 1. Excessive fluid in cells or intercellular tissues. 2. At the gross level, used to describe physical sign commonly likened to swelling or increased girth that often accompanies fluid accumulation in a limb. [G. oidēma, a swelling] edema (edē´mə), n the accumulation of fluid in the tissues or in the peritoneal or pleural cavities. Primary factors favoring edema are increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (increased venous pressure), decreased osmotic pressure of plasma (hypoproteinemia), decreased tissue tension and lymphatic drainage, increased osmotic pressure of tissue fluids, and increased capillary permeability. Additional renal and hormonal factors are important. Clinical manifestations may consist of a steady weight gain or localized or generalized swelling. Eczema. 6 years ago Senior Member•7 years on site•1766 posts OK, why do some references here refer to “dropsy”? I thought I was looking at a group called “edema”! I know, I KNOW! Confusing, right?!

I have been told that most of the groups here on MDJ use more than one name to make sure everyone that searches the web for all relevant topics can find us. I can accept that explanation, even if I may personally disagree to the use of an archaic reference. To wit I have done some research on the definition and history of these two terms. I present the best results that I could find and quote verbatim (with the proper reference). For purposes of keeping our discussions focus and more concise, I propose that we always use “edema” when discussing this medical condition. Edema Edema (American English) or oedema (British English); "swelling". Formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. Wikipedia [Standard Wikipedia caution advised-dmanflan] Edema is observable swelling from fluid accumulation in body tissues. Edema most commonly occurs in the feet and legs, where it is referred to as peripheral edema. The swelling is the result of the accumulation of excess fluid under the skin in the spaces within the tissues.

All tissues of the body are made up of cells and connective tissues that hold the cells together. This connective tissue around the cells and blood vessels is known as the interstitium. Most of the body's fluids that are found outside of the cells are normally stored in two spaces; the blood vessels (as the "liquid" or serum portion of your blood) and the interstitial spaces (not within the cells). In various diseases, excess fluid can accumulate in either one or both of these compartments. The body's organs have interstitial spaces where fluid can accumulate. An accumulation of fluid in the interstitial air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs occurs in a disorder called pulmonary edema. In addition, excess fluid sometimes collects in what is called the third space, which includes cavities in the abdomen (abdominal or peritoneal cavity - called "ascites" or in the chest (lung or pleural cavity - called "pleural effusion" . Anasarca refers to the severe, widespread accumulation of fluid in the all of the tissues and cavities of the body at the same time. Pitting edema can be demonstrated by applying pressure to the swollen area by depressing the skin with a finger.

If the pressing causes an indentation that persists for some time after the release of the pressure, the edema is referred to as pitting edema. Any form of pressure, such as from the elastic in socks, can induce pitting with this type of edema. In non-pitting edema, which usually affects the legs or arms, pressure that is applied to the skin does not result in a persistent indentation. Non-pitting edema can occur in certain disorders of the lymphatic system such as lymphedema, which is a disturbance of the lymphatic circulation that may occur after a mastectomy, lymph node surgery, or congenitally. Dropsy "Health is not a commodity that can be bought, sold or traded. It is your own responsibility!" Anthony Mossop Dropsy Definition Dropsy refers to the inflammation of the tissues due to accumulation of excess fluids. This condition is more popularly known as edema. Diagnosis Edemas are detected by radiography, CT scans and MRI. Symptoms and Signs Depending on where the edema is situated, patients with the condition suffer from recurring pain in the affected areas, migraine and swelling of the organ or tissue where the water accumulated. In some cases, the disease can be fatal.

Causes Edemas are caused by pressures between the tissues. Pressure of fluids outside the body tissues cause an imbalance of the inflow and outflow of fluids, and the area where the fluids become concentrated forms an edema. External Links Testimonials We have a growing number of testimonials from patients who want to spread the word about Phytobiophysics . Having suffered from skin problems all my life, and having a doctor in the family, I am well placed to comment on the short-comings of traditional medicine in treating conditions like mine. After years of dragging vainly betwee… Read the Full Testimonial Dearest Diana - thought I'd write you a letter, To just let you know that I'm feeling much better, I came to your clinic in a state of despair, And left feeling " New ", like a breath of fresh air. I’d tried all the doctors, di… Read the Full Testimonial As you are aware, my son, who is six years old, was a perfectly normal baby, until he had his MMR vaccine.

After this, he was slightly unwell, I then noticed almost immediately that he had no eye contact with me or anyone else, an… Phytobiophysics ® Formulas are a food supplement and do not claim to diagnose, treat or cure medical conditions. The information provided on this website is the personal opinion of Diana Mossop and/or Anthony Mossop unless otherwise stated. All data and information provided on this site is for informational purposes only. DianaMossop.com makes no representations as to accuracy, completeness, currentness, suitability, or validity of any information on this site and will not be liable for any errors, omissions, or delays in this information or any losses, injuries, or damages arising from its display or use. All information is provided on an as-is basis. ©Copyright 2012 The Institute of Phytobiophysics - DHBC Ltd. Oedema - NHS Choices Oedema Oedema Oedema is a build up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen. The swelling can occur in one particular part of the body or may be more general, depending on the cause.

Fluid can accumulate under the skin – most commonly causing swelling of the lower legs and ankles – or in one of the body's internal organs, such as the lungs. As well as swelling or puffiness of the skin, oedema can also cause: skin discolouration areas of skin that temporarily hold the imprint of your finger when pressed (known as pitting oedema) aching, tender limbs Oedema is most common in the feet and ankles. This is known as peripheral oedema. Other types of oedema include: cerebral oedema – affecting the brain pulmonary oedema – affecting the lungs macular oedema – affecting the eyes Idiopathic oedema is a term used to describe cases of oedema where a cause can't be found. Causes of oedema It's normal to have some swelling in your legs at the end of the day, particularly if you've been sitting or standing for long periods. Oedema is often a symptom of an underlying health condition. It can occur as a result of the following conditions or treatments: Immobility and standing for long periods are the two most common causes of oedema in the legs.

Other possible causes include: a leg injury or leg surgery burns to the skin Treating oedema Oedema is often temporary and clears up by itself. For example, if you've been standing up for too long on a hot day, your ankles may swell up until you get the chance to put your feet up and rest. If oedema doesn't go away by itself, see your GP. They'll try and find out if there's an underlying cause which needs to be treated. This could involve taking medication or following some advice, such as: taking regular exercise , such as walking , swimming or cycling raising your legs three to four times a day to improve your circulation avoiding standing for long periods of time If an underlying condition is causing the fluid imbalance, it should clear up after the condition has been diagnosed and treated. Lymphoedema Lymphoedema is swelling in the legs caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system, or an inherited condition. The lymphatic system consists of a series of lymph nodes (glands) connected by a network of vessels (lymphatics), similar to blood vessels. Fluid surrounding body tissues usually drains into nearby lymph vessels so it can be transported back into the blood.

However, if the lymph vessels are blocked, the fluid can't be reabsorbed and will build up in the tissue. Unlike oedema, lymphoedema is a long-term condition that can cause discomfort, pain and a loss of mobility. It can't be cured, but it can be controlled using a number of treatments, including: OEDEMA - a guide for patient's Follow @Medic8Health OEDEMA Oedema is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess lymph fluid, without an increase of the number of cells in the affected tissue. Oedema can accumulate in almost any location in the body, but the most common sites are the feet and ankles. Oedema is the increase of interstitial fluid in any organ. Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is in the balance of homeostasis. Increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause oedema. Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the Starling equation of tissue fluid which states that it depends on the balance of osmotic pressure and of hydrostatic pressure which act in opposite directions across the semipermeable capillary walls.

Consequently, anything that increases oncotic pressure outside blood vessels (for example inflammation), or reduces oncotic pressure in the blood (states of low plasma osmolality, for example cirrhosis) will cause oedema. Increased hydrostatic pressure inside the blood vessel (for example in heart failure) will have the same effect. If the permeability of the capillary walls increases, more fluid will tend to escape out of the capillary, as can happen when there is inflammation. Abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system, for example due to pressure from a cancer or enlarged lymph nodes, destruction of lymph vessels by radiotherapy, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection such as elephantiasis. Peripheral oedema Oedema without a modifier usually refers to peripheral or dependent oedema, the accumulation of fluid in the parts of the body that are most affected by gravity. In ambulatory people these are the legs, although in those who are bedbound the first manifestation may be sacral oedema. If severe enough, peripheral oedema may progress to involve the abdominal or even thoracic wall (this may be referred to as generalized oedema or anasarca).

In particular oedema states (e.g. nephrotic syndrome, see below), periorbital oedema (around the eyes) may be present. Some phenomena may distinguish different causes of peripheral oedema. Most peripheral oedema is pitting oedema - pressing down will lead to a shift in the interstitial fluid and the formation of a small pit that resolves over seconds. Non-pitting oedema may reflect lymphedema, a form of oedema that develops when the lymph vessels are obstructed. Causes of peripheral oedema are: high hydrostatic pressure of the veins, leading to poor reabsorption of fluid o venous obstruction, e.g. deep vein thrombosis (typically one-sided) o congestive heart failure o asymmetric compression of thigh and leg (e.g., knee pads, tight jeans) low oncotic pressure

Question: Edema (or oedema, or dropsy) refers to body tissue?
Answer: Swelling