Barrel (volume) : Map (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Top rankings for Barrel (volume) 30th Wikipedia article: Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article: The barrel is the name of several units of volume , generally in the range of about 100–200 litres (26–52 US gallons). Dry goods US dry barrel: 7,056 cubic inches (~3.28 bushel / 115.6 litres). Defined as “length of stave 28.5″, diameter of head 17.125″, distance between heads 26″, circumference of bulge 64″ outside measurement; representing as nearly as possible 7,056 cubic inches; and the thickness of staves not greater than 0.4″.” (≈ 724mm, 435mm, 660mm, 1626mm [Ø ≈ 20.37″/517mm], 10mm) And any barrel that is 7,056 cubic inches is recognized as equivalent.

US barrel for cranberries 5,826 cubic inches (~2.71 bushel / 95.47 litres) Defined as “length of stave 28.5″, diameter of head 16.25″, distance between heads 25.25″, circumference of bulge 58.5″ outside measurement; and the thickness of staves not greater than 0.4″.” (≈ 724mm, 413mm, 641mm, 1486mm [Ø ≈ 18.62″/473mm], 10mm) No equivalent in cubic inches is given in the statute, but later regulations specify it as 5,826 cubic inches. Some products have a standard weight or volume that constitutes a barrel cornmeal , 200 pounds (90.7 kg) Portland cement , four cubic feet (113 L) or 376 pounds (170.6 kg). sugar , five cubic feet (141 L) wheat or rye flour , three bushels or 196 pounds (88.9 kg).

lime , 280 lb (127 kg) large barrel, or 180 lb (81.6 kg) small barrel. Fluid barrel Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. In the U.K. a beer barrel is 36 U.K. gallons, or about 164 litres. In the U.S. most fluid barrels are 31½ U.S. gallons (half a hogshead) or about 119 litres, but a beer barrel is 31 U.S. gallons, or about 117 litres. Oil barrel Oil barrel: 42 US gallons , 158.9873 litres , or 34.9723 Imperial gallon Modern day steel drum The standard oil barrel of 42 US gallons is used in the United States as a measure of crude oil and other petroleum products. Elsewhere, oil is commonly measured in cubic metres (m3) or in tonnes (t), with tonnes more often being used by European oil companies.

International companies listed on American stock exchanges tend to convert their oil production volumes to barrels for global reporting purposes, and those listed on European exchanges tend to convert their production to tonnes. The wooden oil barrel of the late 1800s is different from the modern day 55-gallon steel drum (known as the 44-gallon drum in Britain and the 200-litre drum in Australia). The 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer used to transport crude oil – most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers . The 42-US gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the American oil industry, since other sizes of barrel were used by other industries in the United States. Nearly all other countries use the metric system . Many oil producing countries that did not have the technical expertise to develop their own domestic oil industry standards use the American oil barrel because their oil industries were founded by US oil companies. The measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields .

In the early 1860s, when oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes for beer, fish, molasses, turpentine, etc. Both the 42-US gallon barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40-U.S.-gallon (151.4-litre) whiskey barrels were used. 45-gallon barrels were also in common use. The 40-gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time. The origins of the 42-gallon oil barrel are obscure, but some historical documents indicate that around 1866 early oil producers in Pennsylvania came to the conclusion that shipping oil in a variety of different containers was causing buyer distrust. They decided they needed a standard unit of measure to convince buyers that they were getting a fair volume for their money.

They agreed to base this measure on the more-or-less standard 40-gallon whiskey barrel, but added an additional two gallons to ensure that any measurement errors would always be in the buyer's favor as an additional way of assuring buyer confidence, apparently on the same principle as is behind the baker's dozen and some other long units of measure. By 1872 the standard oil barrel was firmly established as 42 US gallons. The abbreviations 1 Mbbl and 1 MMbbl have historically meant one thousand and one million barrels respectively. They are derived from the Latin "mille" meaning "thousand" rather than the Greek "mega". However, this can cause confusion with the SI abbreviation for mega- (and in non-industry documentation Mbbl, " megabarrel ", can sometimes stand for one million barrels). See also Imperial Barrel Kingdom Exercises | Fault (Geology) | Horizon Imperial Barrel Kingdom Exercises You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 6 to 54 are not shown in this preview. Sign up to vote on this title UsefulNot useful This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue? CANCEL We've moved you to where you read on your other device.

Get the full title to continue Get the full title to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the preview. Restart preview NEB - Energy Conversion Tables Energy Conversion Tables OnlineConversion.com SImetric.co.uk The National Energy Board uses the International System of Units. The tables below are intended to be a quick reference guide. For more precise conversions, please refer to the Energy Conversion Calculator.

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Abbreviation billion cubic feet per day Btu/cf British thermal units per cubic foot cf million cubic feet per day Tcf Million Metric tons per year Electricity 1 x 10⁻³ Kilometres (km) 1.0 Metres (m) 6.2137 x 10⁻⁴ Miles (mi) 1.0 Feet (ft) 3.048 x 10⁻⁴ Kilometres (km) 1.0 Feet (ft) 1.8939 x 10⁻⁴ Miles (mi) 1.0 Kilometres (km) 3.861 x 10⁻³ Square miles (sq mi) 1.0 Acres 1.5625 x 10⁻³ Square miles (sq mi) 1.0 Square miles (sq mi) 640 Acres 1.0 Square miles (sq mi) 258.9988 Hectares 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 6.2898 Barrels (bbl) 1.0 Cubic metres (m

³) 1,000 Litres (l) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 219.9692 Imperial gallons 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 264.1721 US Gallons 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) (@ 101.325 kPaa and 15° C) 35.3147 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas (@ 14.73 psia and 60° F) 1.0 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas (@ 14.73 psia and 60° F) 0.0283 Cubic metres (m³) (@ 101.325 kPaa and 15° C) 1.0 US Gallons 3.7854 x 10⁻³ Cubic metres (m³) 1.0 Litres (l) 6.2898 x 10⁻³ Barrels (bbl) 1.0 Litres (l) 1 x 10⁻³ Cubic metres

 (m³) 1.0 Imperial gallons 4.5461 x 10⁻³ Cubic metres (m³) 1.0 Barrels (bbl) 0.159 Cubic metres (m³) 1.0 Barrels (bbl) 1 x 10⁻³ Tonnes (t) 1.0 Kilograms (kg) 4.5359 x 10⁻⁴ Tonnes (t) Vehicle Mileage 1 Joule (J) per second 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 1 x 10⁹ Joules (J) 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 0.9478 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 2.7778 x 10⁵ Watt-hours (W.h) 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 2.7778 x 10⁻⁴ Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 2.7778 x 1

0⁻⁷ Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 947.8171 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas 1.0 Gigajoules (GJ) 26.853 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0551 x 10⁹ Joules (J) 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0551 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 2.9307 x 10⁵ Watt-hours (W.h) 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 293.0711 Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 0.2931 Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 2.9307 x 10⁻⁴ Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1

.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 2.9307 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1,000 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas 1.0 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 28.3278 Cubic metres (m³) 1.0 Watt-hours (W.h) 3.6 x 10⁻⁶ Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Watt-hours (W.h) 3.4121 x 10⁻⁶ Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Watt-hours (W.h) 1 x 10⁻³ Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1.0 Watt-hours (W.h) 1 x 10⁻⁶ Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1.0 Watt-hours (W.h) 1 x 10⁻⁹ Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1.0 Watt-hours (W.h) 1 x 10⁻¹² Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Kil

owatt-hours (kW.h) 3.6 x 10⁶ Joules (J) 1.0 Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 3.6 x 10⁻³ Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 3.4121 x 10⁻³ Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1 x 10⁻³ Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1.0 Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1 x 10⁻⁶ Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1.0 Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1 x 10⁻⁹ Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 3.6 x 10⁹ Joules (J) 1.0 Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 3.4122 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1 x 10⁶ Watt-hours (

W.h) 1.0 Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1 x 10⁻³ Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1.0 Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1 x 10⁻⁶ Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 3.6 x 10¹² Joules (J) 1.0 Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 3,412.1416 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1 x 10⁹ Watt-hours (W.h) 1.0 Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1 x 10⁶ Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1.0 Gigawatt-hours (GW.h) 1 x 10⁻³ Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 3.6 x 10¹⁵ Joules (J) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 3.6 x 10⁶ Gigajoules

 (GJ) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 3.4121 x 10⁶ Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1 x 10¹² Watt-hours (W.h) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1 x 10⁹ Kilowatt-hours (kW.h) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1 x 10⁶ Megawatt-hours (MW.h) 1.0 Terawatt-hours (TW.h) 1.0 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas 1.0551 x 10⁻³ Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas 1 x 10⁻³ Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 0.0373 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 0.0353 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0

 Therms (thm) 1 x 10⁵ British thermal units (Btu) 1.0 Therms (thm) 0.10 Million British thermal units (MMBtu) 1.0 Dekatherms (dth) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 35.301 Cubic feet (cf) natural gas 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 1.7111 x 10⁻³ Cubic metres (m³) LNG 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 7.2487 x 10⁻⁴ Tonnes (t) LNG 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) LNG 2.0631 x 10⁴ Cubic feet (cf) natural gas 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) LNG 584.431 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) LNG 0.4049 Tonnes (t) LNG 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) LNG 2.063

1 x 10⁻⁵ Billion cubic feet (Bcf) natural gas 1.0 Tonnes (t) LNG 1,379.549 Cubic metres (m³) natural gas 1.0 Tonnes (t) LNG 2.4697 Cubic metres (m³) LNG 1.0 Tonnes (t) LNG 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 44.46 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 33.52 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 34.70 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 38.68 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 41.73 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 37.68 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 36.72 Gigajoules (GJ)

 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 39.16 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 34.66 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 35.17 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 34.17 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 42.38 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 41.73 Gigajoules (GJ) 1.0 Cubic metres (m³) 39.82 Gigajoules (GJ) Barrel definition by Babylon’s free dictionary To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels.

(n.) The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31 gallons; a barrel of flour is 196 pounds. The hollow basal part of a feather. (n.) A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as, the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled. (n.) A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. barrel \bar"rel\ (b&abreve;r"r&ebreve;l), n. [oe. barel, f. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. cf. barricade.] 1. a round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads. 2. the quantity which constitutes a full barrel.

this varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. a barrel of wine is 31½ gallons; a barrel of flour is 196 pounds. 3. a solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as, the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled. 4. a metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. 5. a jar. [obs.] 12. 6. (zo?l.) the hollow basal part of a feather. barrel bulk (com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. barrel drain (arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. barrel of the ear (anat.), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. barrel vault. see under vault. barrel \bar"rel\ (b&abreve;r"r&ebreve;l), v. t.

[imp. & p. p. barreled (-r&ebreve;ld), or barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. barreling, or barrelling.] to put or to pack in a barrel or barrels. [ barrel n 1. a tube through which a bullet travels when a gun is fired [syn: gun barrel] 2. a cylindrical container that holds liquids [syn: cask] 3. a bulging cylindrical shape; hollow with flat ends [syn: drum] 4. the quantity that a barrel (of any size) will hold [syn: barrelful] 5. any of various units of capacity; "a barrel of beer is 31 gallons and a barrel of oil is 42 gallons" [syn: bbl] v : put in barrels barrel a vessel used for keeping flour (1 kings 17:12, 14, 16). the same word (cad) so rendered is also translated "pitcher," a vessel for carrying water (gen. 24:14; judg. 7:16).

similar words(20) * Hogshead (250 to 300 litres) * American Standard Barrel (175 to 195 litres) * Quarter (130 to 160 litres) * Octave (45 to 65 litres) Cask, in oak wood, between 175 and 195 liters. Barrel "22", Blended Scotch Whisky By: Tower Blending Co. Ltd. (London & Glasgow, U.K.) Cask of 500 liters approx., normally in oak wood. Cask between 250 and 300 liters in oakwood Cask between 45 and 65 liters, normally in oakwood. Old Barrel No.12 Finest, Blended Scotch Whisky By: Richmond Distillery Co. Ltd. (Glasgow, Scotlnad) - For: Liwo Distillerie Worb Cask between 112 and 120 imperial gallons (509 to 545 litres), principally used for aging grain whisky.

(The puncheon has different sizes for different commodities) Cask between 128 and 160 liters, normally in oak wood. English-Latin translation :: barrel :: Dictionary The definition of word "barrel": 1. drum, cask; tube of a gun; round container 2. move at high speed (Slang) 3. large, bulging cylindrical container of sturdy construction traditionally made from wooden staves and wooden or metal hoops. The term is also a unit of volume measure, specifically 31 gallons of a fermented or distilled beverage or 42 gallons of a petroleum product. According to the 1st-century-AD Roman historian Pliny the Elder, the ancient craft of barrel making,; also called cooperage, was invented by the inhabitants of the Alpine valleys. Slack barrels, made to hold dry products, may be made of pine or softwood and do not require precise workmanship. Smaller versions, usually called kegs, long were used to contain heavy bulk products such as nails. Tight barrels, made to hold liquids, must be constructed carefully of high-grade woods, such as white oak, with bungholes for filling and emptying.

Wood for barrel staves and headings is usually air-dried for at least a year, then kiln-dried for 10 to 20 days before being cut and planed to the needed size and finish. A crucial operation is jointing of the edges of the staves and giving them the proper bilge (middle bulge) so that the joints will be tight and the circumference uniform. The bulge gives the barrel added resistance to internal pressure. The most complex part of the operation is called raising the barrel. Staves are set vertically into a head truss ring and a temporary hoop is placed over the other end. In this arrangement, the staves are passed through a steam tunnel to soften them for drawing into final shape and then dried again. Whiskey barrels are charred on the inside at this point, so that they will develop flavour in the whiskey as it ages. Beer, formerly stored and shipped in wooden barrels, now is placed in one-piece metal barrels. A machine called a crozer trims the ends of the staves and cuts the croze, the groove near the end of the stave where the head pieces fit. The temporary end rings are pulled off, the head pieces fitted and permanent head hoops put in place.

The temporary bilge hoops are removed and the rest of the permanent hoops are put on. Tight barrels have been superseded for the most part by metal drums and bulk-tank transportation and slack barrels by paper-shipping sacks, corrugated paperboard cartons and fibreboard drums. unit of both liquid and dry measure in the British Imperial and United States Customary systems, ranging from 31.5 to 42 gallons for liquids and fixed at 7,056 cubic inches (105 dry quarts or 115.63 litres) for most fruits, vegetables and other dry commodities. The cranberry barrel, however, measures 5, 826 cubic inches. In liquid measure, the wine barrel of 126 quarts (31.5 gallons or 119.24 litres) and the ale and beer barrel of 144 quarts (36 gallons or 136.27 litres) probably were defined by the traditional size of the actual wooden barrels used in these trades. In the United States a 40-gallon barrel for proof spirits has been legally recognized and federal taxes on fermented liquors are calculated on a barrel of 31 gallons.

A petroleum barrel of 42 gallons may have become standard in the American Southwest because casks of this capacity were readily available. Dry-weight barrels include the barrel of 200 pounds for fish, beef and pork and that of 376 pounds for cement, among others. 4. G U N P A R T (n) the long part of a gun that is shaped like a tube 5. The air horn in the carburetor. In particular, it is that part where the throttle valve is located. If a carburetor has four openings with a throttle valve in each, it is called a "four-barrel carburetor."Carburetor barrel. 6. Another name for the cylinder. 7. A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. 8. In the petroleum industry, a barrel is 42 U.S. gallons. One barrel of oil has an energy content of 6 million British thermal units. It takes one barrel of oil to make enough gasoline to drive an average car from Los Angeles to San Francisco and back (at 18 miles per gallon over the 700-mile round trip). 9.

A measure of liquid volume (conventionally) equal to 42 U.S. gallons (34.9723 Imperial gallons), or 158.9873 liters. 10. Any of various units of volume or capacity. In the U.S. Customary System, it varies, as a liquid measure, from 31 to 42 U.S. gallons (approximately 120 to 159 liters) as established by law or usage. 11. darts The part of a dart you grip, right behind the point. 12. The horizontal metal tube (usually 48mm in external diameter) hung from flying lines (or forming part of a grid) from which lighting equipment and scenery etc. may be suspended. Also known as a Barrel. When vertical, known as a Boom. Sometimes known as a Pipe in the US, although many curse that usage, and demand the use of Batten; "A pipe is what you smoke; a batten is what you hang your instruments from." 13. petroleum industry (bbl) a measure of volume for petroleum products.

One barrel (1 bbl) is the equivalent of 42 U.S. gal or 158.97 liters. One cubic meter (1 m') equals 6.2897 bbl. 14. surfing: hollow tube of a wave; ride inside the tube of a wave; 15. knock over by running into or striking hard: "I'll barrel the bloke" 16. The main body or shank of the cigar. Please rate the definition of "barrel" which is the most useful for you. Mbbl : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki CBC Tower Mbbl: Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics (Redirected to Barrel (volume) article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "bbl" redirects here. For other uses, see BBL (disambiguation) .

The barrel is the name of several units of volume , generally in the range of about 100–200 litres (22–44 imp gal; 26–53 USgal). Contents Dry goods US dry barrel: 7,056 cubic inches (115.6 L) (~3.28 bushel ). Defined as length of stave 28.5 in (724 mm), diameter of head 17.125 in (435 mm), distance between heads 26 in (660 mm), circumference of bulge 64 in (1,626 mm) outside measurement; representing as nearly as possible 7,056 cubic inches; and the thickness of staves not greater than 0.4 in (10.16 mm). [1] ([Ø ≈ 20.37 in/517 mm]) And any barrel that is 7,056 cubic inches is recognized as equivalent.

US barrel for cranberries 5,826 cubic inches (95.5 L) (~2.71 bushel ) Defined as length of stave 28.5 in (724 mm), diameter of head 16.25 in (413 mm), distance between heads 25.25 in (641 mm), circumference of bulge 58.5 in (1,486 mm) outside measurement; and the thickness of staves not greater than 0.4 in (10.16 mm). [1] ([Ø ≈18.62 in/473 mm]) No equivalent in cubic inches is given in the statute, but later regulations specify it as 5,826 cubic inches. [2] Some products have a standard weight or volume that constitutes a barrel cornmeal , 200 pounds (90.7 kg) Portland cement , 4 cubic feet (113 L) or 376 pounds (170.6 kg).

[3] sugar , 5 cubic feet (142 L) wheat or rye flour , three bushels or 196 pounds (88.9 kg). lime (mineral) , 280 pounds (127 kg) large barrel, or 180 pounds (81.6 kg) small barrel. [4] Fluid barrel Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. In the U.K. a beer barrel is 36 imperial gallons (43 US gal ; 164 L ). In the U.S. most fluid barrels are 31.5 US gallons (26 imp gal; 119 L) (half a hogshead ), but a beer barrel is 31 US gallons (26 imp gal; 117 L). [5] Oil barrel Oil barrel: 42 US gallons (34.9723 imp gal ; 158.9873 L ), [6] Modern day steel drum The standard oil barrel of 42 US gallons is used in the United States as a measure of crude oil and other petroleum products.

Elsewhere, oil is commonly measured in cubic metres (m3) or in tonnes (t), with tonnes more often being used by European oil companies. International companies listed on American stock exchanges tend to convert their oil production volumes to barrels for global reporting purposes, and those listed on European exchanges tend to convert their production to tonnes. The wooden oil barrel of the late 1800s is different from the modern day 55-gallon steel drum (known as the 44-gallon drum in Britain and the 200-litre drum in Australia). The 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer used to transport crude oil – most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers . The 42-US gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the American oil industry, since other sizes of barrel were used by other industries in the United States. Nearly all other countries use the metric system . Many oil producing countries that did not have the technical expertise to develop their own domestic oil industry standards use the American oil barrel because their oil industries were founded by US oil companies. The measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields .

In the early 1860s, when oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes for beer, fish, molasses, turpentine, etc. Both the 42-US gallon barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40-U.S.-gallon (151.4-litre) whiskey barrels were used. 45-gallon barrels were also in common use. The 40-gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time. [7] The origins of the 42-gallon oil barrel are obscure, but some historical documents indicate that around 1866 early oil producers in Pennsylvania came to the conclusion that shipping oil in a variety of different containers was causing buyer distrust. They decided they needed a standard unit of measure to convince buyers that they were getting a fair volume for their money.

They agreed to base this measure on the more-or-less standard 40-gallon whiskey barrel, but added an additional two gallons to ensure that any measurement errors would always be in the buyer's favor as an additional way of assuring buyer confidence, apparently on the same principle as is behind the baker's dozen and some other long units of measure. By 1872 the standard oil barrel was firmly established as 42 US gallons. [8] The abbreviations 1 Mbbl and 1 MMbbl have historically meant one thousand and one million barrels respectively. They are derived from the Latin "mille" meaning "thousand" rather than the Greek "mega". However, this can cause confusion with the SI abbreviation for mega- (and in non-industry documentation Mbbl, " megabarrel ", can sometimes stand for one million barrels). The "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale .

Some sources claim that "bbl" originated as a symbol for "blue barrels" delivered by Standard Oil in its early days; this is probably incorrect because there are citations for the symbol at least as early as the late 1700s, long before Standard Oil was founded. [9] See also Nighthawk Energy - Nighthawk Energy plc Independent Technical Review - Proactiveinvestors (UK) Nighthawk Energy plc Independent Technical Review Share 7:00 AM 15 Jul 2009 TIDMHAWK INDEPENDENT TECHNICAL REVIEW OF THE BUCHANAN GROUP PROJECT INTEGRATION OF WATERFLOOD PROJECTS INTO REVERE, A SINGLE MAJOR DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION ENTITY The directors of Nighthawk Energy plc ("Nighthawk" or "the Company") (AIM: HAWK), the US focused hydrocarbon production and development company, are pleased to announce the results of an independent technical review of the Buchanan Group project conducted by Oilfield Production Consultants Limited ("OPC").

The report includes a calculation of the stock tank oil originally in place ("STOOIP") using probabilistic methods, including Monte Carlo, for which the most likely case is 184.26 million barrels (gross). In addition, the Company announces today details of the integration of the Devon Oilfield, Buchanan and Xenia projects into a single major development to be known as the Revere project. Independent Technical Review of Buchanan Group Project Nighthawk has a 50% interest in the Buchanan Group waterflood project, located in Vernon and Bates Counties, Missouri and Linn and Crawford Counties, Kansas covering an area of approximately 33,000 acres. Running Foxes Petroleum Inc. ("Running Foxes") is the operator and holds the remaining 50% of the project. The Buchanan Group project is located within the Cherokee Basin, a very extensive and prolific shallow oil and gas producing area. The main study area, where most of the wells have been drilled to date, consists of 1,098 acres. A detailed 3-D geological model was built by OPC on this study area using Schlumberger's Petrel software, the market leading geological modelling package.

Monte Carlo probabilistic calculations were then made using the range of porosity, oil saturation and gross rock volume parameters derived from the 3-D Petrel model. The oil in place in 28,112 acres within the offset Celtic and Roundtop lease areas, was also calculated.The remainder of the acreage, approximately 3,800 acres, was not included in the OPC review. Set out below are the key points from the OPC report: Highlights: * The most likely (P50) calculation of stock tank oil originally in place over the evaluated project area covering 29,210 acres is 184.26 million barrels of oil * As additional wells are drilled in the offset acreage the hydrocarbon volumes are expected to rise * Both oil and gas are currently being produced and sold from the Buchanan Group projects. Calculation of the gas reserves is not included in the OPC review * Water injection has commenced at the Buchanan Group project, and the effects of the injection will be evident in due course. Wells are drilled in a "five spot" pattern of injectors and producers with a tight well spacing of 10 acres.

Once the production response from the water injection is apparent at the production wells, a forecast of field production can be estimated and waterflood reserves assigned to the field. Scoping simulation runs completed by OPC suggest that rates of 5-20 barrels of oil per day are possible from each individual production well * There are currently 46 production wells, 23 wells awaiting completion, 10 injection wells and 27 permitted wells * The shallow reservoir depth of less than 500 feet results in very low drilling cost per well (less than US$50,000). Thus, a large number of wells are being drilled to thoroughly define the geology of the field and efficiently drain the reservoir. The shallow depth and low reservoir pressure also allows for the use of inexpensive and simple surface facilities. No expensive high pressure equipment or pipelines are required * The reservoir pressure is low (less than 200 psia) and the oil contains very little solution gas. Thus, there is little natural energy to help produce the oil from the reservoir. In this type of low pressure reservoir, water injection is commonly used to displace oil to the production wells.

This is a simple, straightforward process which has been applied successfully for decades on similar fields in the US and elsewhere in the world. Typical recovery factors in this type of waterflood project would be expected to range between 15-25% with careful design and implementation of the waterflood * Significant infrastructure is already in place at the Buchanan Group project.

A water injection plant has been installed, fluid storage sites constructed and surface flowlines put in place to transport the produced oil and gas * There is also significant potential for gas production at the Buchanan Group project STOOIP Range for Evaluated Area (29,210 acres) +-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | | STOOIP, MMstb | STOOIP, MMstb | STOOIP, MMstb | | | Study Area (1,098 | Additional | Total (29,210 | | | acres) | Acreage (28,112 | acres) | | Downside case | 30.01 | 27.52 | 57.53 | +-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | Most likely | 37.99 | 146.27 | 184.26 | | case | | | | | Upside case | 48.02 | 368.84 | 416.86 | +-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ The Buchanan Group project is located

 on both the Missouri and Kansas sides of the prolific Cherokee Basin, known for shallow oil saturated sandstones.

Production is from Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, and Ordovician reservoirs from less than 4,000 feet. The oldest strata are the Cambrian sandstones and carbonates that lie directly on the Pre-Cambrian rocks. Overlying the Cambrian sediments is the Arbuckle Group of Ordovician age which consists of interbedded dolomites and limestones with minor shales. Overlying the Arbuckle Group are the Mississippi limestones which can be a significant hydrocarbon producer. The Cherokee Group of Pennsylvanian age overlies the Mississippian strata and is composed of predominantly shales and sandstones with minor limestones and coals. The Cherokee Group also represents a deltaic sequence that extends across all of the Cherokee Basin. There are several sandstones that are found within the group, however the Bartlesville Sandstone reservoir has produced the majority of hydrocarbons in the basin.

Integration of Devon, Buchanan and Xenia into a Single Major Development Project During the past two years Nighthawk and Running Foxes have seen excellent drilling and development success at their waterflood projects, namely the Devon Oilfield ("Devon"), Buchanan Group ("Buchanan") and Xenia, which together cover approximately 40,000 acres. Each of these projects is located around the Kansas/Missouri State border. The amount of development work undertaken and completed has substantially derisked a major portion of the developed project areas. The OPC independent reports on Devon and Buchanan result in an aggregate most likely STOOIP of 210.51 million barrels (gross). OPC are currently conducting a review of the Xenia acreage, the results of which are expected to add significantly to the Devon and Buchanan STOOIP figures. Oil is currently being sold from Xenia and gas production is expected to commence from this project area during Q4 2009. There are currently 111 production wells, 81 wells cased for production or awaiting completion and 31 water injection wells in place on the combined project areas.

In addition, a further 71 wells are currently permitted and will be drilled on an ongoing basis at an approximate rate of two wells per week. Development of all three areas is progressing and primary oil production is occurring, which is an excellent precursor ahead of the impact of the water injection process. An additional positive is the growing gas potential of the projects where gas distribution lines have been connected to a third party tap at Devon and Buchanan and gas is being sold. An extensive gathering system is planned to be constructed by Nighthawk and Running Foxes and will be designed to accommodate the increased gas production from further wells at Devon, Buchanan and Xenia. Following the excellent independent review and STOOIP calculations from OPC in respect of Nighthawk's ongoing waterflood operations, a decision has been made to integrate the Devon, Buchanan and Xenia projects into a single major development and production entity to be known as the Revere project. Nighthawk's interest in the project areas will remain at 80%, 50%, and 50% for Devon, Buchanan and Xenia respectively.

Tim Heeley B.Eng (Hons) a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Fellow of the Geological Society of London and Chartered Energy Engineer, who is Commercial Director of Nighthawk and has over 12 years of experience in the hydrocarbons industry has approved the technical information contained in this announcement. OPC is a consultancy founded in 1987 to provide professional services to the energy industry world wide. Its clients are both large and small operators, non-operators and large service companies. OPC works with its clients for the long term, retaining the knowledge gained on each project so that it can be utilised for a more efficient working relationship. OPC has offices in London, Houston, Aberdeen and Qatar, with consultants working in offices of clients and on rigs and installations in the UK and various overseas locations. OPC maintains ISO 9001-2000 Certification, guaranteeing a quality product. OPC is registered with the UK supplier database First Point Assessment Limited (supplier number 10043049) with a higher than average capability profile. OPC's services range from well-testing supervision and analysis, through subsurface studies, field modelling and optimisation, to asset evaluation.

Reserves evaluation for flotation, capital fundraising and for acquisition and divestment are also carried out. Managing Director, Piers Johnson, and other staff, as well as OPC the company, are recognised by the London Stock Exchange as a "competent entity" under section 19 of the Listing Rules.

Appendix II | "barrel of oil" | 42 US gallons, 158.9873 litres or 34.9723 | | | Imperial gallons | | "boepd" | barrels of oil equivalent per day | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "carbonates" | deposits of calcite, including limestones and | | | dolomites, forming a layer of rock | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "deltaic" | a geological deposit formed by the action of an | | | ancient delta | | "dolomites" | a sedimentary rock composed of calcium magnesium | | | carbonate | | "interbedded" | occurs when a layer of rock of one type lie | | | between or alternate with layers of rock of | | | another type | | "hydrocarbon" | a compound containing only the elements hydrogen | | | and carbon which may exist as a solid, liquid or | | | a gas. The term is mainly used in a catch-all | | | sense for oil, gas and condensate.

| +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "MMstb" | millions of stock tank barrels | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "Monte Carlo" | a statistical method of quantifying the | | | uncertainty of hydrocarbons in place, reserves | | | and net present value.

The uncertainty in the | | | factors on which the desired output quantity | | | depends is described by probability | | | distributions, which are sampled and combined | | | many times over to generate a distribution of | | | output values versus probability | | "porosity" | the percentage of void in a porous rock compared | | | to the solid formation | | "probabilistic" | derived from a range of estimates based on | | | probabilities applied to known data | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "psia" | pounds per square inch absolute | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "P50" | indicates at least a 50% probability that the | | | quantity of oil in place will equal or exceed | | | the estimate | | "reservoir" | a porous and permeable formation containing | | | significant quantities of hydrocarbons, commonly | | | composed of sandstone or limestone | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "sediments" | particulate matter, transported by fluid flow | | | (often water) and then deposited | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "shales" | fine grained sedimentary rock whose original | | | constituents were clay materials or muds | +----------------

-+--------------------------------------------------+ | "STOOIP" | Stock Tank Oil Originally In Place | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | "stb" | stock tank barrel(s) measured at 14.7 psia and | | | 60 Fahrenheit | | "strata" | a layer of rock with internally consistent | | | characteristics which distinguishes it from | | | contiguous layers | This information is provided by RNS The company news service from the London Stock Exchange END

Question: What is the name of a measure that is equal to 42 US gallons, 158.9873 litres, or 34.9723 Imperial (UK) gallons?
Answer: Barrel