History of Jazz -instrument match - Music History And Literature 143 with Navidad at Orange Coast College - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. History of Jazz -instrument match History of Jazz -instrument match Jessica M. -played drums for Benny Goodman -brought drums to the forefront -great entertainer and performer Earl "Fatha" Hines Piano created a style based on ragtime and stride, but goes further and demonstrates that the piano can be a strong solo instrument. Made it sound like a trumpet.

Also took out webbing between fingers Advertisement ) attended churches and took spirituals as his inspiration uptown African American had a lot of energy and volume quick minded: improv Deep, rich sonorous sound Johnny Hodges alto saxophonist; joined Ellington’s band in 1928; took Bechet as his model; became one of Ellington’s main soloists; sometimes he used a bluesy toughness and other times he used a gentle lyricism Benny Goodman -appliedjazz arrangements to current pop songs--brought dance music into mainstreasm -advocate of integration in jazz launced a number of small groups Art Tatum -Amazing technique and veolicty at the piano -Reharmonization -Blind in one eye and half blind in the other one -"Willow Weep for Me" and "Tiger Rag" -Transition to Be Bop He was the first to record bass solos that departed from standard walking lines Jo Jones drummer; in the Count Basie band; a veteran of the Blue Devils; played with extraordinary lightness and a keen sense of ensemble Freddie Green close coordination with bass and drums Lewis, Meade "Lux" jazz pianist known for promoting the booie-woogie style in late 

1930's Charlie Christian Jazz guitar with Benny Goodman - Electric guitar Influence bebop Helped connect jazz to rock n roll Advertisement ragtime pianist Freddie Keppard Cornet player known for use of mutes.

Left with the Creole Jazz Band. He refused to record in 1916 b/c he though it would allow others to copy his sound/technique. Thus, the first band to record was the Original Dixie Land Jazz Band who were 5 white guys. >:( Kid Ory -recorded with Hot Five and Seven groups King Oliver Prominent cornet play. First black musician with a creole band to get work outside of NOLA. Taught Louis Armstrong and that generation of jazz musicians Thomas "Fats" Walter Studied with James P.

Johnson benny golson bandleader and drummer, The Jazz Messengers, roots of music in church and blues, virtuosic HARD BOP Horace Silver -Pianist -During his time spent in Art Blakey's band he composed many of the tunes that incarnated the Hard Bop esthetic -One of the top played jazz composers -Brought the funky into jazz with his "comping" sonny rollins -THE leading tenor sax player in jazz for past 60 years -mentored by thelonious monk -worked with bud powell and JJ johnson at 19 -shares career with miles davis -still performs today at 84 Ray Brown original bass player in modern jazz quartet bebob Shelly Manne NY drummer who flourished on the west coast (cool jazz flourished there in general). Worked with Charlie Parker and involved with Lennie Tristano in NY. His west coast groups focused on sophisticated arrangements and modern compositions.

Joan Gilberto saxophonist who made biggest hit of Bossa Nova era Charlie Parker Charles Parker, Jr., also known as "Yardbird" and "Bird", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer Miles Davis Led one of the greatest bands of all time Trumpet style: cool, mello, lyrical use of space emphasized playing as if he were singing. Jazz Fusion -Formed the Modern Jazz Quartet -Collaborated with Gunther Schuller on Third Stream Max Roach American jazz drummer; pioneer of bebop and considered one of the most important drummers in history; made numerous musical statements relating to the civil rights movement; sided with Malcolm X in his political views Cannonball Adderly -hard bop John Coltrane Tenor Sax player. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz.

Red Garland piano player for Classic Miles Davis Quintet Paul Chambers Bass player that played for Miles davis at Newport jazz festival "Philly Joe" Jones drummer for Classic Miles Davis Quintet Bill Evans not always a steady baseline hornless trio · Played with Blakey’s Jazz messengers · Part of Miles Davis’s “second great quintet” · Hardbop, modal, and fusion played with John Lewis in a group led by Dizzy Gillespie John Lewis Pianist of modern jazz quartet percy heath moved beat from bass drum to ride cymbal intermittent "punches" aka "dropping bombs" Mintons - term coined 1957 by Gunther Schuller - describes a synthesis of classical music and jazz, incorporating improvisation - collaboration between Schuller (French horn virtuoso) and John Lewis (jazz pianist) as Modern Jazz Quartet - part of breaking down of boundaries and mixture of styles/periods/genres that came to be viewed as musical Postmodernism Three vocal jazz techniques? Born 1915 In Philadelphia.

(eleanora fagen) · Nicknamed “Lady Day” · 1930 begins singing in harlem · discovered by John Hammond · Popular jazz singer/composer who wrote the Christmas song · Nicknamed “the velvet fog” genre of music that combines cuban rhythm and jazz improve and jazz arangments Hard Bop -Associated with Silver, Blakey, and Adderly -darker and more aggressive -driving feeling -more diverse piano compling an bebop * The material on this site is created by StudyBlue users. StudyBlue is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by the academic institution or instructor. Words From Our Students "StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!" Alice , Arizona State University "I'm a student using StudyBlue, and I can 100% say that it helps me so much. Study materials for almost every subject in school are available in StudyBlue. It is so helpful for my education!" Tim , University of Florida "StudyBlue provides way more features than other studying apps, and thus allows me to learn very quickly!??I actually feel much more comfortable taking my exams after I study with this app.

It's amazing!" Jennifer , Rutgers University "I love flashcards but carrying around physical flashcards is cumbersome and simply outdated. StudyBlue is exactly what I was looking for!" Justin , LSU BBC - Radio 3 Jazz Profiles - Art Tatum Art Tatum 1909 - 1956 Pianist. The most prodigiously gifted pianist in the history of jazz, Art Tatum also lived the jazz life - crammed with after hours jam sessions, cutting contests, and plenty of nights spent drinking and playing until dawn. Despite a robust constitution (although he was partially blind) Tatum's lifestyle caught up with him in the end, and he died prematurely from kidney failure, although he was still playing at a formidably high level until shortly before his death. His basic style was developed from that of Fats Waller, but his brilliant rapid runs from one extreme of the keyboard to another, and his ability to vary tempo, key, passing harmonies, and the underlying beat, made him the complete solo pianist. His skill was such that at times it sounded almost as if two pianists were playing on his recordings.

He grew up in Toledo, Ohio, and by his late teens was playing all around town, as well as broadcasting on a local network. In the early 1930s he worked as part of an accompanying piano duet for singer Adelaide Hall, but by 1933 had launched his solo career both in live performance and on disc. Thereafter he mainly split his time between the East and West coasts of the United States, often working on 52nd Street in New York at the Three Deuces, the Downbeat or the Famous Door, or at various clubs in the Central Avenue or Hollywood areas of Los Angeles. From time to time he toured or recorded with a trio, using guitar and bass as the other instruments. Tatum never fully embraced bebop himself, but his use of passing harmonies and the speed of his playing were major influences on the development of modern jazz. His remarkable body of final recordings, both as a soloist and in group settings, were the result of his association with the producer Norman Granz, who released the results on his Verve label, and did much to preserve Tatum's legacy for posterity.

Further Reading: James Lester: Too Marvelous For Words: The Life and Genius of Art Tatum. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994) Recommended CD: Jazz History Final - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Jazz History Final Was in Duke Ellington’s band. “Concerto for Cootie” was written for Cootie Williams. Scott LaFaro Revolutionized the technical approach to the double bass. In the Bill Evans trio. Advertisement ) Bass (electric) with Weather Report Jazz Fusion He was a troubled genius who had lots of drug and health problems… greatly imitated Beaten to death by a bouncer (Luc Havan) in a South Florida nightclub Chet Baker Trumpeter and singer In Gerry Mulligan Quartet… had no piano, no harmonic instrument. “Walkin Shoes” Counterpoint/contrapuntal - relationship between 2 or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm, and interdependent in harmony Success hampered by drug addiction and was eventually imprisoned in the 60’s. Died from falling through a hotel window.

Django Rheinhart (1910-1953) First important European Jazz musician Lost 2 fingers in a fire accident and had to compensate with a new technique. Paul Chambers Bass Was featured in the album “Kind of Blue” by Miles Davis and was also in Miles’ band from 1959-63. Art Blakey Used loud intrusions and epitomized the loosening of jazz drumming styles. Stan Getz Made Brazilian Jazz (Jobim) famous. Art Tatum (1909-1956) Re-harmonization, severely limited vision. “Willow Weep For Me” and “Tiger Rag” John Coltrane Tenor and Soprano Sax After Charlie Parker, he is the most influential Sax player. Addiction to drugs and alcohol disrupted his career  A Love Supreme is his song that celebrates him overcoming his addictions. Believed in a universal musical structure which transcended ethnic distinctions (Musica universalis). He re-established soprano sax as a modern jazz instrument. One of his main objectives was to elaborate the full implications of bop chord progressions. He improvised from formulae. His Pattern oriented, rigid eighth note repetitions.

Clifford Brown (1930-1956) Long fluid lines, reminiscent of bebop He worked with Sonny Rollins (Sax) and Max Roach (Drums). Sonny Rollins Tenor Sax Worked with Brown. Rollins' long, prolific career began at the age of 11, and he was playing with piano legend Thelonious Monk before reaching the age of 20. Rollins is still touring and recording today, having outlived most of his contemporaries such as John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Max Roach, and Art Blakey, all performers with whom he recorded. Dave Brubeck Supermetric used in Blue Rondo A La Turk. International fame  On the cover of Time. He worked with Paul Desmond (Sax) and the master of “odd” meters. Herbie Hancock Piano Jazz Fusion Headhunters (’73) wanted to hire not jazz musicians who could play funk but funk musicians who could play jazz. It was a platinum selling album. He was also in Miles’ band from ’63-’68.

Miles Davis Trumpet, band leader, and composer 1949 – “Birth Of Cool” it was as influential as Armstrong’s Hot Five. The band was a nonet. It included a French horn and a tuba. Influential on Four Decades of Jazz: West Coast (Gil Evans), Hard Bop/Modal (Kind of Blue), Post Bop (63-68), Jazz Fusion (Bitches Brew) During Hard Bop he used a sextet rather then a quintet. He used Cannonball Adderly on tenor sax – “Stella by starlight”. Kind of Blue recorded in 1959 and it is the most important and pivotal album in the modern jazz era. It introduced the form of “Modal Jazz” (Affected the Harmonic Rhythm, the speed of the change in harmony, but the harmonies of a single chord or scale remain in effect for several measures). The song “So What” was based on one mode, Dorian. It is in AABA and Miles only leaves the mode twice during his solo. Featured an all-star band: 1959-1963 Unorthodox composer, his work seriously challenged improvisers.

Played as if he could “bend” notes… used melodic, cell development. (Straight, No Chaser) He was called “High Priest of Bop”. Charlie Christian Guitar First example of amplified electric guitar Breakfast Feud – Charlie Christian with Goodman sextet. Blues form. This is a compilation of several solos. Each solo is introduced by a 4 bar phrase. Antonio Carlos Jobim Main composer of Brazilian music. Billy Strayhorn Pianist, composer, and arranger Ellington’s “Alter Ego”. Co-wrote most of his music in this period –Take the A Train and Lush Life Liked to compose is “dark” keys Benny Goodman “The King of Swing”… as a soloist he defined jazz clarinet as no other. He popularized swing and became a pop icon. Born Chicago, 1909, 8th of 11 children, his parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. Benny grew up in a ghetto. At the age of 14, he meets & plays with Bix. He joined Ben Pollack’s band at 16. He had extensive classical training. Goodman Quartet was the first racially mixed band.

His nationwide tour met with a negative reaction until Palomar Ballroom in La because of the radio. Duke Ellington (1899-1974) Played with Dizzy (afro Cuban) The Big 6 Armstrong, Ellington, Parker, Davis, Coltrane, and Evans Congo Square An open space in Louis Armstrong Park where the slaves use to dance. Vocalese a style or genre of jazz singing wherein lyrics are written for melodies that were originally part of an all-instrumental composition or improvisation. Jon Hendricks, Freedie Freeloader, is an example. Weather Report Jaco Pastorious… Very significant in jazz history. Used collective improvisation. Little distinction between soloist and accompanist. Chet Baker-Mulligan – “pianoless” quartet… no harmonic instrument was presented – counterpoint was the main focus of the songs – Bernie’s Tunes and Walkin Shoes Counterpoint  the relationship between 2 or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm, and interdependent in harmony. Trumpet? Sax? WCJ?

Common format (instrumentation) of hard bop group – Standard group was the quintet- piano, bass, drums, trumpet, and tenor sax. Common format (instrumentation) of swing period group Big Band  5 saxophones, 3-4 trumpets, 3-4 trombones, piano, bass, guitar, and drums Nicholas Slonimsky Thesaurus of musical scales - influenced many jazz musicians and composers including John Coltrane Smooth Jazz Just as easy to hear as it is to ignore. definition–Instrumental pop music. Fuzak combination of fusion and muzak Chromatics (color) Notes that are "foreign" to a given key, and the free utilization of altered notes. Notes that lend color to the sound of a chord or scale. Bill Evans. Forms AABBACCDD – Ragtime AABA – Pretty Eyes (64 measure not 32) Form of many standard tunes. 32 bars long. 4 sections of 8 bars each. Includes a BRIDGE Blues – ? Written by Strayhorn and Ellington. Star Crossed Lovers Written by Strayhorn and Ellington. Jazz vocalists – vibrato added at the end of a note to achieve warmth.

Vocalists were originally copied by the instrumentalists… used in Swing by Bechet Brazilian style Bossa Nova, Samba - Dance Rhythms. Bass notes are almost always on the beat. Very light and airy. Others capitalized on success of the bossa nova. Main composer - Antonio Carlos Jobim Made famous by jazz tenor player Stan Getz Afro-Cuban style Bass notes are seldom on the beat. Salsa, mambo, merengue. Combination on duple and triple rhythms Augmentation Lengthening or widening of rhythms, melodies, intervals, or chords Lester Young influenced who Influenced by F. Traumbauer. Influenced the West Coast Jazz Sax players. Fusion a combination (borrowing) of the popular rock idiom of the 1960's with the jazz idiom… almost always straight 8th music, electronic Funk Comes from Hard bop… reaction to the anemic, cool jazz, records that exploited the superficial elements of West Coast Jazz Supermetric Dave Brubeck – Blue Rondo A La Turk, Small meter over the big meter Cotton Club Ellington and the Washingtonians played here in NYC with Buber Miley (Jungle Sounds) Bebop characteristics - Bill Evans Trio.

No piano soloist, bass, drums and piano were all equal. Headhunters Hencock  he wanted to hire not jazz musicians who could play funk but funk musicians who could play jazz. It was a platinum selling album. He was also in Miles’ band from ’63-’68. Miles Davis band members First — Davis, Chambers, Evans, Cobb, Coltrane, Adderley Second — Shorter, Hancock, Williams, Carter A song with lyrics that don’t rhyme “Moonlight in Vermont” Moaning and singing while playing Keith Jamett Harmolodic coined by Ornette Coleman meaning using physical and mental logic to make an expression of sound to bring about music sensation of unison by a single person or group Finale MIDI – enables musical instruments such as keyboard controllers, computers and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other Sine Qua Non Latin term meaning “without which (there is) nothing”… something absolutely indispensable or essential. It applies to the jazz idiom.

Anatomy of a Murder film score by Ellington Nonet instrumentation 9 instruments… Miles Davis used it when Gil Evans helped with “Birth of Cool”… French horn and tuba were added Sheets of sound Art Tatum facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Art Tatum Sources Much about the life of legendary pianist Art Tatum remains ambiguous: his birth date; the cause of his blindness; the musicality of his parents; his exact niche as a musician; his association with classical musicians; and his ability to play as a group member. However, upon listening to the recorded artistry of this genius, it seems clear that his immense talent has made him one of the greatest pianists ever heard. Virtually every jazz pianist active today, whether knowingly or innocently, owes some debttoTatum who, in the 1930s, transformed jazz piano’s lexicon for all time. Indeed, major players of other instruments trace their development to having listened to the new concepts Tatum brought to the keyboard.

Jazz critic/writer/producer Leonard Feather has called Tatum “the greatest soloist in jazz history, regardless of instrument.” Overcoming Early Handicaps The Tatum family in 1909’s Toledo lived in a small, but tightly-knit black community. Accounts from friends, neighbors and even family members differ as to the degree of musicality of Arthur, Jr.’s parents. Yet, their support of his consuming interest and training is un-doubtable. All agree that at a tender age the oldest Tatum child demonstrated a remarkable ability to listen to tunes heard in church or elsewhere and to pick them out on the well-maintained family piano. In all probability, basic lessons from his mother ensued, closely followed by formal training in specialized schools. The cause of Tatum’s visual handicap has never been clearly established. The pianist’s major biographer, James Lester, in his Too Marvelous for Words, examines the facts and tales that have come from friends and family. Included are stories of normal birth, impairment due to early bouts of measles, scarlet fever and diphtheria, development of thick cataracts, and exposure of his eyes to bright sunlight by his mother.

Lester is persuaded that the cataracts probably developed from the diseases and that, through a long series of operations, limited sight was restored by about age ten. Then, at about age 20, Tatum was mugged on the street, resulting in total loss of sight in one eye and perhaps 75 percent in the other. Tatum, who often joked about his eyes or made up stories of his athletic prowess, refused to allow these conditions to detract from the pursuit of his main interest. Furthermore, throughout his life he maintained an active interest in sports and card playing.

Tatum’s phenomenal ear for melody and pitch served him well as he began his lifelong habit of listening For the Record … Full name, Arthur Tatum, Jr.; born October 13, 1909, in Toledo, OH; died November 5, 1956, in Los Angeles , CA; father was a factory worker/mechanic and played some amateur piano; mother was an amateur pianist, violinist; son, Orlando , born 1933; married Ruby Arnold August 1, 1935; divorced, February, 1955; married Geraldine Williamson, November, 1955. Began with lessons at home, followed by more formal studies at Jefferson School for the Handicapped in Toledo and School for the Blind in Columbus; later at Toledo School of Music and privately with Overton G. Rainey; played at church, neighborhood functions and local clubs, c. 1924-25; formed own small band, 1926; own WSPD radio program c.

1927; jobbed around Toledo, Detroit , Cleveland , 1928-32; went to New York as accompanist to vocalist Adelaide Hall, 1932; first recordings, 1932; established reputation in New York clubs and on recordings, 1932-35; in residence at Chicago ’s Three Deuces, 1935; moved to California , 1936; successful trip to London, 1938; formed famous trio, 1943; continued touring, recording, 1943-1956. Awards: Esquire Gold Award, 1944; Silver, 1945; Metronome poll, 1945; Down Beat Critics poll, 1954, 1955, 1956. intently to all forms of music. Along with his unerring ear, Tatum developed an acute memory that aided him not only in his musical progress, but in many practical ways. He attended Jefferson School in Toledo, where he studied Braille along with regular subjects through eighth grade.

In 1925, instead of enrolling in Toledo’s Woodward High School, he moved to the School for the Blind in Columbus, where he studied violin and guitar as well as piano and probably Braille music reading. Throughout these school experiences the young Tatum performed whenever and wherever he could. Through diligent application, constant listening and playing, at school and neighborhood functions, in local Prohibition era speakeasies and clubs, Tatum’s unusual skills attracted the attention and admiration of a growing number of musicains. Cornetist/writer Rex Stewart, in his Jazz Masters of the Thirties, partly explained Tatum’s dexterity: “Heconstantly manipulated a filbert nutthrough his fingers, so quickly that if you tried to watch him, the vision blurred. He worked with one nut until it became sleek and shiny.” His dazzling speed and touch caused his private teacher, Overton G. Rainey, to urge Tatum to pursue a classical career. But jazz’s sounds, particularly those of pianist Fats Waller, captured Tatum. Moreover, a career on the concert stage for a young black musician was virtually beyond hope in the 1920s.

I n later years, however, Tatum’s playing was much admired by such classical pianists as Leopold Godowski and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Toledo’s WSPD radio gave Tatum’s reputation its major impetus beginning in 1927, when he filled in between bits of shopping information. Impressed with the youngster’s skills, the management scheduled Tatum’s own 15-minute daily broadcast for approximately the next two years. Already his style was becoming formed so that not only the brilliant runs and arpeggios caught listeners’ attention, but Tatum exhibited a fertile cre-ativeness that made full use of his ambidexterity. This allowed him to depart from the popular stride timekeeping or simple chords with his left hand, while introducing far more complex rhythms and harmonies. Abetted by his classical training, his incessant listening to pianists and other players, his near-perfect aural memory, and his constant marathon playing sessions in after-hours clubs, Tatum’s musicianship demanded a wider audience. Welcome to New York Adelaide Hall, a popular vocalist, heard Tatum in 1932, offered him a job as her second accompanist, and brought him to New York.

(Here again we find conflicts in witnesses’ stories of exactly when and how the two met.)The pianist was able to memorize her complicated scores instantly. Though this relationship must have been musically unrewarding for Tatum, he was given an increasing role in her show and remained with Hall for about two years. Having waited to test his skills against the name players in New York, Tatum lost little time in finding the various after-hours clubs where piano challenges became monumental battles. He sought out the best players and, revealing a combative streak and showing no mercy in demonstrating his superiority in session after cutting session. Customarily, he would wait until the other pianists had shown their best, then proceed to outplay them, often quoting what he had just heard then embellishing it with his fast, fresh variations. Biographer Lester tells of the “welcoming committee from hell” that greeted Tatum after his first 1932 New York appearance with Hall. The reigning kings of jazz piano, Fats Waller, Willie “the Lion” Smith and James P. Johnson, “invited” Tatum to a session the following night.

By all accounts, the Toledo youngster ascended to the pinnacle that evening, never to be dethroned. As writer Robert Doerschuk reported mentor Waller’s words: “That Tatum, he was just too good…. He had too much technique. When that man turns on the powerhouse, don’t no one play him down. He sounds like a brass band.” This craving to play nightly for hours following his regular job, taking on all pretenders, remained a regular part of Tatum’s routine. Invariably, until near the end of his life, this gamesmanship was accompanied by heavy drinking. Many witnesses claim that Tatum’s best playing was done under these conditions, not in the recording studio or on the concert stage. In spite of his combative tendency, however, the lore is replete with tales of Tatum’s generosity in helping younger players and even in his taking much time to work with other professionals who simply observed him or who asked for playing tips. Composer/pianist Mary Lou Williams told Whitney Balliett, “Tatum taught me how to hit my notes, how to control them without using pedals.

And he showed me how to keep my fingers flat on the keys to get that clean tone.” The young Billy Taylor, pianist and renowned jazz educator/writer, was another beneficiary. Hehasstated, “Art Tatum was probably the most lasting influence on my development as a jazz pianist.” California Choo Choo For some months after leaving Hall, Tatum held forth at New York’s famous Onyx Club. In early 1935 Tatum returned to performing in the Cleveland area, then was hired in September, 1935, to play at the Three Deuces club in Chicago for an extended period. Here he had contact with the great pianist Earl Hines and bassist Milt Hinton among others. In 1936 Tatum moved to Los Angeles where his reputation had preceded him. He played at the Paramount, the Trocadero, the Melody Grill and Central Avenue’s Club Alabam, was welcomed by celebrities at private parties, and appeared on Bing Crosby’s radio show. After about a year in California, Tatum again played Chicago’s Three Deuces for about six months, then set up residence at 52nd Street’s Famous Door in New York.

This began an irregular pattern for several years of traveling by train between Los Angeles, Chicago and NewYork. InMarch, 1938, he made his only trip abroad, to England . Much to his dismay, Tatum’s American club audiences were often noisy, whereas those in England behaved like concert listeners, a reception the pianist tried to cultivate wherever he went. For about the next five years, Tatum centered his playing in New York’s better restaurants such as Cafe Society and Kelly’s Stables. These audiences were attuned to Tatum’s wizardry and listened accordingly. In the long term, Tatum sprinkled in visits to a wide variety of cities, sometimes performing in his second favorite venue, the concert stage. The Trio Years, Dry Spells In 1943 the great soloist surprised the jazz world by forming his ground-breaking Art Tatum Trio, with guitarist Tiny Grimes and bassist Slam Stewart. This group began simply by jamming at Lovejoy’s Chicken Shack in Los Angeles then toured and recorded together intermittently for several years with a variety of personnel. Everett Barksdale principally replaced Grimes, and Stewart moved in and out of the group.

The Trio, though preceded by about four years by the Nat King Cole Trio, proved to be a model for the Oscar Peterson and Lenny Tristano trios. Unfortunately, from 1945-1952 Tatum recorded very little in the commercial studios. Moreover, playing opportunities in general were not plentiful. This barren period coincided with the advent of bebop’s popularity. Even though Tatum had long-since pioneered in the utilization the chord substitutions, the long eighth and sixteenth note runs and the harmonies used in bop, he was regarded by the public and some musicians as old hat. However, the leading lights of bebop, such as trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, altoist Charlie Parker and pianist Bud Powell are widely quoted as having had great respect for the master. As Lester quotes Gillespie: “First you speak of Art Tatum, then take a long deep breath, and you speak of the other pianists.” Tatum’s Recorded Legacy From a recently uncovered trial solo pressing of “Tiger Rag” in 1932 to a monumental series produced by Norman Granz, Tatum has left us ample recorded testimony of his greatness.

The first released records with Tatum were those he made with Hall in August, 1932. His first solo recordings, “Tea for Two,” “St. Louis Blues,” “Tiger Rag” and “Sophisticated Lady,” made in March, 1933, were greeted with awe by the music fraternity. From this point on, though with notable time lapses, Tatum was recorded in a wide variety of settings including with his own small combos and all-star groups, but primarily as a soloist. Arnold Laubach and Ray Spencer’s Studies in Jazz, No. 2 lists 629 issued performances on 224 different labels from 19 countries. The most memorable group of these was conceived by recording executive Norman Granz, originator of “Jazz at the Philharmonic” concerts and recordings, which began in December, 1953. Granz sequestered Tatum in a studio with a good piano, and in two days had produced 70 solo tunes, most of them on the first take. I n the ensuing months of 1954-56, leading up to Tatum’s death, the output reached 121 solo cuts.

In addition, Granz arranged for some group sessions that realized 80 tunes by quartets featuring such stars as reedman Benny Carter, vibist Lionel Hampton, clarinetist Buddy DeFranco, tenor saxist Ben Webster, trumpeter Roy Eldridge, and drummers Buddy Rich and Louis Bellson. Of these recordings Schuller observed, “Even the least of these belong to Tatum’s mature work, and the best of them may be numbered amongst his very finest life-long achievements…. These late performances show that Tatum was growing musically to the very end.” In the notes accompanying the issuance of these recordings, Granz wrote, “the most important and satisfying work I ever had was the Tatum project… I think, if I am ever remembered for any meaningful contribution to jazz it was presenting permanently for the future the incredible artistry of the greatest instrumental soloist in the history of jazz, Art Tatum.” Granz was happy to have completed these before Tatum’s death in Los Angeles of uremia, on November 5, 1956. Critics are almost universal in their praise of Tatum through the years. Many have attempted to describe the Tatum style and sound.

For example, Whitney Balliett describes his technique as “prodigious, even virtuosic … an angelic touch: no pianist has got a better sound out of the instrument … gargantuan arpeggios, oompah stride basses…. No matter how fast he played or how intense and complex his harmonic inventions became, his attack kept its commanding clarity.” But it is his fellow pianists and other musicians who remain his staunchest admirers. These artists include Fats Waller, Jimmy Rowles, Dave Brubeck, Red Norvo, Marian McPartland, Oscar Peterson, DickHyman, Lenny Tristano, Bud Powell, and the elegant pianist Teddy Wilson, who observed, “Maybe this will explain Art Tatum. If you put a piano in a room, just a bare piano. Then you get all the finest jazz pianists in the world and let them play in the presence of Art Tatum. Then let Art Tatum play … everyone there will sound like an amateur.” An Art Tatum Conce/t.Columbia LP, 1949. Giants of Jazz: Art Tatum, Time-Life LP, 1982. Piano Starts Here, Columbia LP, ND.

The Art Tatum Solo Masterpieces; Volumes 1-8, Pablo CD, recorded 1953-55, released 1992. The Tatum Group Masterpieces; Volumes 1-8, Pablo CD, recorded 1954-56, released 1991. Balliett, Whitney, American Musicians: 56 Portraits in Jazz, Oxford University Press, 1986. Chilton, John, Who’s Who of Jazz, Time-Life, 1978. Collier, James Lincoln, Benny Goodman and the Swing Era, Oxford University Press, 1989. Feather, Leonard, The New Edition of the Encyclopedia of Jazz, Bonanza Books, 1965. Laubach, Arnold and Spencer, Ray, Studies in Jazz, No. 2, Scarecrow Press, 1982. Lester, James, Too Marvelous for Words: The Life & Genius of Art Tatum, Oxford University Press, 1994.

Rust, Brian, Jazz Records 1897-1942, 5th Revised and Enlarged Edition, Storyville Publications, 1982. Schuller, Gunther, The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945, Oxford University Press, 1989. Spellman, A. B., Giants of Jazz: Art Tatum, Time-Life, 1982. Stewart, Rex William, Jazz Masters of the Thirties, Macmillan Co., 1972. Periodicals Sources Idolized by jazz instrumentalists and lauded by musicians such as Vladimir Horowitz and composer George Gerschwin, jazz pianist Art Tatum possessed a name synonymous with genius. Like trumpeter Louis Armstrong, Tatum had an impact on the entire strata of jazz instrumentation. As A.B.

Spellman observed in the liner notes to Giants of Jazz, Art Tatum, Tatum was “blessed with fingers that moved almost as fast as his endless stream of ideas.” Tatum’s repertoire consisted primarily of a few original compositions, popular songs, jazz standards, and concert music pieces by such composers as Antonin Dvorak and Jules Massenet. Despite gaining popularity with a trio during the 1940s, Tatum’s numerous solo performances still awe listeners and represent some of the finest music of the twentieth century America. Arthur Tatum Jr. was born partially blind on October 13, 1909, in Toledo, Ohio. Tatum’s father, Art Sr., a mechanic, and his mother, Mildred Hoskins, were members of the Grace Presbyterian Church. Art Sr. played the guitar and Mildred played the piano. Family members later recalled three-year-old Tatum playing melodies on piano. Tatum studied violin and later, around age 13, took up the piano. He learned to read Braille at Toldeo’s Jefferson School. In 1924, 15-year-old Tatum attended The School For the Blind in Columbus.

As Tatum’s biographer, James Lester, asserted in Too Marvelous For Words, “Clearly, the Tatum’s wanted to do everything they could for their son, and the move to Columbus was made easier by the fact that a cousin was there who would keep tabs on him.” In 1925 Tatum enrolled at the Toledo School (Conservatory) of Music where he studied with a classically trained African American instructor, Overton G. Rainey. At home he listened to a wide range of music including jazz piano rolls and recordings of concert pianists. With end of his formal education in 1927, 16-year-old Tatum embarked on a professional music career in the jazz idiom which offered creative and lucrative opportunities. As Lester wrote, “Within jazz [Tatum] could improvise a career, make a career out of improvising, invent a path for himself, take advantage of fast-changing musical developments, and even influence the course of those developments.” He first played in local dance bands, and around 1927 won a local amateur contest which led to his regular appearance on Toledo radio station WSPD. The broadcast was eventually picked up nationally on NBC Blue Network.

At a Glance… Born Arthur Tatum October 13, 1909, in Toledo, Ohio; died November 5, 1956; son of Arthur Sr. (a mechanic) and Mildred Hoskins; married Ruby Arnold, August of 1935; children: Orlando (by Mar-nette Jackson). Education: Toledo School (Conservatory) of Music.

Career: Won amateur contest which led to appearance on WSPD radio, 1927; worked clubs and speakeasies in Toldeo and Cleveland; moved to New York City in 1932 as accompanist for singer Adelaide Hall; Onyx Club, soloist, 1933; recorded for Brunswick label, 1933-34; performed in Cleveland, 1935; appeared on the “Fleischman Hour” radio program, 1935; performed at Three Dueces in Chicago and formed a small band at the club, 1936; played Los Angeles clubs and Hollywood parties, 1936-37; performed and recorded in Los Angeles and New York City; toured England and recorded for Decca, 1938; played Los Angeles and New York, 1939-40; hit record,” Wee Wee Baby Blues/’ formed trio, 1943-45; concert stage debut, 1945; continued to play concert dates until mid-1950s; recorded for Verve records 1953-56.

Awards; Esquire jazz popularity poll 1943; Esquire gold medal, 1945, silver medal, 1947. Tatum’s weekday fifteen minute show sometimes featured his playing duets with another young pianist, Teddy Wilson. In the liner notes to Giants of Jazz, Art Tatum, Wilson recounted that Tatum already employed, “flatted fifths and all the added tones, and improvising these wonderful progressions in the middle of a tune….No other pianist had, even remotely, that conception of playing.” Tatum’s employment in Toledo speakeasies and premiere nightclubs allowed him to work out the music he had formally learned by instruction and by listening to records and radio. Even as a teenager Tatum astounded fellow musicians.

Noting Tatum’s impact on musicians, Benny Green stressed in The Reluctant Art, “Tatum shattered everyone; Tatum caused all other musicians to lose confidence; Tatum terrified those who thought they knew how far jazz could be taken.” In 1929, the “father of the tenor saxophone” Coleman Hawkins, then a member of Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra, heard Tatum at a small Toledo club and immediately incorporated the pianist’s harmonic ideas into his playing. Around this time, Duke Ellington encountered Tatum in Cleveland and encouraged him to move to New York City. Relocated To New York City Tatum went to New York City in 1932 as the accompanist for singer Adelaide Hall. He recorded four sides with Hall and toured with her, until landing jobs as a solo pianist in New York City. “His first visit to New York,” recounted Duke Ellington in his memoir, Music is My Mistress, “stirred up quite a storm. In a matter of hours, it got to all piano players—and musicians who played other instruments, too—that a real Bad Cat had arrived….” Not long after his arrival, Tatum agreed to meet Harlem’s three leading pianists—James P.

Johnson, Willie “The Lion” Smith, and Fats Waller—at Morgan’s, a Harlem bar with a suitable piano. Pitted in a piano battle against these musical giants, Tatum, overwhelmed his challengers. Looking back on that evening Waller confessed, as quoted in Fats Waller,“That Tatum, he was just too good….He had too much technique. When that man turns on the powerhouse don’t know one play him down. He sounds like a brass band.” Tatum had bested his rivals and thus established himself as one of the greatest pianists on the New York City jazz scene. In 1933 Tatum played the Onyx Club on 52nd Street. In March of that same year, he recorded his first official solo session, which included “Tiger Rag,”“Tea For Two,” “St.

Louis Blues,” and Duke Ellington’s “Sophisticated Lady.” In assessing these first sides recorded for the Brunswick label, Leonard Feather, in the liner notes to Art Tatum, Piano Starts Here, observed “The characteristics that were to remain Tatum’s trademarks until the day he died were already evident: the incessantly creative left hand, now striding, now playing four different chords to the bar; the use of substitute chords and unprecedented harmonic subtlety; the sixteenth note runs at tempos that gave most pianists trouble maintaining an even flow of eighth notes.” Traveled Overseas In 1938 Tatum left for England on the Queen Mary, and played a three month engagement in various English clubs and appeared on the BBC. As Lester explained in Too Marvelous For Words, “Art’s appearances in England were not concerts,” but the quiet attentiveness of the audiences “made them something closer to concerts than anything Tatum had experienced at home.” By 1938 Tatum’s music began to be transcribed and notated in publications, and his bookings resulted in residencies at various clubs.

His recordings for Decca included Jules Massenet’s “Elegie” (1938) and eighteen numbers in 1939, including “Get Happy” and Atonin Dvorak’s “Humoresque.” His 1940 output for Decca included a more popular version of “Humoresque,”“Cocktails For Two,” and “Begin the Beguine.” Between 1939 and 1940 Tatum worked in New York City and made frequent trips to Los Angeles where he made seventeen sides for Decca. A recently issued live recording, Art Tatum, California Melodies, captures the pianist in a series of Los Angeles (KHJ) broadcasts that aired from April to July of 1940. Tatum’s recordings from this weekly program “is perhaps the most valuable and historically important addition to [Tatum’s] recorded legacy,” noted Stephen C. La Vere in the liner notes to California Melodies. Art Tatum Trio During January of 1941 Tatum recorded a Decca session under the title Art Tatum and His Band, a small pickup group including blues vocalist Joe Turner.

The session produced four numbers including the big-selling number, “Wee Wee Baby Blues.” The success of “Wee Wee Baby Blues” prompted another recording session with Turner, and in June of 1941, four sides were cut, including “Corrine Corina.” His next commercial recordings did not emerge until 1943, when he won Esquire s first jazz popularity poll. Without steady bookings as a solo artist, Tatum looked to other opportunities to support himself; in 1943 he formed a trio with guitarist Tiny Grimes and bassist Leroy “Slam” Stewart. The trio, observed Lyons in The Great Jazz Pianists, “was celebrated for the inventive communication among the players as well as for Tatum’s blistering speed, as they achieved a unity of sound that was rare at any tempo.” Tatum’s 1944 recordings were entirely made up of his trio work. During 1945 he appeared on the radio, attended only two studio sessions, and finally decided to quit working in a trio format.

At end of the Second World War in 1945, observed Lester in Too Marvelous For Words, Tatum’s “standing and reputation were established beyond challenge, but his popularity,” primarily due to the emergence of bebop, “faded seriously in the remainder of the 1940s.” Tatum’s music did not follow this modernist jazz trend, but it did have profound influence on its leading musicians, like Charlie Parker who, for one year, washed dishes in a Harlem restaurant just to listen to Tatum’s playing in the front room, and bebop piano genius Bud Powell idolized the keyboard master from Toledo. In the spring of 1949 Tatum performed at Los Angeles’ Shrine Auditorium. That same year, Tatum signed with Capitol Records and recorded several critically acclaimed numbers. He made his concert stage debut in 1945, and subsequently played a circuit of university and community halls across the country, while continuing to play club and concert dates into the mid 1950s, including San Francisco’s Black Hawk Club in 1955, nd the Hollywood Bowl in August 1956.

Recorded For The Verve Label In 1953 Tatum signed with Norman Granz’s Clef/Verve label, for which he recorded over 120 piano solos. Discussing Tatum’s recorded repertoire that included many of the seme selections, Lyons, noted that, even during the 1950s, he “rarely repeated himself in his treatment of material. His harmonic variations were startling, especially when he soloed. Where another pianist might go directly from one chord to the next, Tatum’s left hand would walk crablike through a cycle of four to six new chords between the original two. Meanwhile, his right hand would spin out a web of interconnecting lines of thirty-second notes.” Apart from his solo wordings the Verve label recorded Tatum in several small group settings with jazzmen such as Benny Carter, clarinetist Buddy DeFranco, vibra-phonist Lionel Hampton, and tenor saxophonist Ben Webster. His session with Webster, recorded in September of 1956, is considered by most critics as the finest of these small group recordings.

In his review of The Art Tatum-Ben Webster Quartet for Jazz Review, critic Dick Katz, stated, as reprinted in the book Jazz Panorama, how “Tatum’s and Webster’s respective conceptions complement each other beautifully….Art Tatum and Ben Webster represent to me a kind of romanticism in jazz which has now itself become classic. Theirs is a an artistry rarely matched in any era of jazz.” But this session would be Tatum’s last. For years Tatum, a heavy beer drinker, had, later in his life, suffered from diabetes. By the mid 1950s he fell ill with uremia. He died in Queens Hospital in Los Angeles, on November 5, 1956. In tribute to the keyboard master, Leonard Feather wrote, in the liner notes to Art Tatum the Piano Starts Here, “How many frustrations Tatum had to suffer during his forty six years, none of us can ever quite know. He was black in a society that awarded honors to white musicians with a tenth of his talent.” But Tatum’s legacy is one of a committed brilliant musician.

Not long ctfter Tatum’s death, Benny Green, wrote in his collected work of essays, The Reluctant Art, that “Tatum has been the only jazz musician to date who has made an attempt to conceive a style based upon all styles, to master the mannerisms of all schools and then synthesize those into something personal.” In the liner notes to Giants of Jazz, Art Tatum, Spellman also emphasized that “Tatum conceived a style based on all styles…No one more than Tatum summarized the art of his generation, and no one more than he pointed the way to the generation of pianists who followed him.” Giants of Jazz, Art Tatum, Time-Life, 1982. Art Tatum, Piano Starts Here, Columbia, 1995. The Complete Brunswick….l931-1941 (box set), Affinity. Art Tatum, Classic Early Sides (1934-1937), Decca, 1991. Art Tatum Solos (1940), Decca, 1990. Art Tatum, California Melodies, (ree 1940) Memphis Archives, 1994.

Art Tatum Solo Masterpieces Vol. I-Vol. 8, Pablo. The Complete Pablo Solo Masterpieces, (box set) Pablo. Art Tatum Group Masterpieces Vol. I-Vol. 8, Pablo. Art Tatum Twentieth Century Genius, Verve, 1996. God is in the House, High Note, 1998. Art Tatum Selected by Hank Jones, Verve, 1999. Art Tatum’s Finest Hour, Verve, 2000. Ellington, Edward Kennedy, Music is My Mistress, Da Capo, 1973. Green, Benny, The Reluctant Art: Five Studies in the Growth of Jazz, Da Capo, 1992. Jazz Panorama: From The Pages of The Jazz Review, Collier Books, 1964. Lester, James, Too Marvelous For Words: The Life and Genius of Art Tatum, Oxford University Press, 1994. Lyons, Len, The Great Jazz Pianists, Da Capo, 1983. Waller, Maurice, with Anthony Calabrese Fats Waller.

Other Additional information for this profile was obtained from the liner notes to Giants of Jazz, Art Tatum, Time-Life Records, 1982; Art Tatum, California Melodies, Memphis Archives, 1994; and Art Tatum, Piano Starts Here, Columbia, 1995; and from the films The Famous Dorsey’s, 1947; and Jazz, (episode four: “A True Welcome” ), 2000. —John Cohassey Evolution of the Instrument: Piano - Revive Music Posted by harmonious assembler 1 comment Evolution of the Instrument: Piano We are continuing our “Evolution Of An Instrument” series this week by taking a look at the evolving nature of jazz piano. The piano, which can be played as both a melodic, rhythmic and improvisational instrument, has been an integral part of jazz since the genre’s inception. In the early years of jazz, as the music migrated from New Orleans to Chicago to New York, each city’s players brought their merging of sounds and influences to the piano; ragtime from New Orleans, stride from Chicago, and swing from New York.

Through swing grew the inventive sounds of bebop and hard bop and the creation of what we now call modern jazz. Pianists, who were also often bandleaders and composers, were at the heart of this transformation and led the way in creating new sounds, chordal ideas and improvisational melodic ideas. We’ve included some of our favorite pianists below, but there are definitely many more that deserve notice. Who else do you think should be included? Scott Joplin (1867 – 1917)

Question: Jazz. With what instrument do you associate Art Tatum, 1909-1956?
Answer: PIANO