Westminster Abbey » Rudyard Kipling Burial Date: 23 Jan, 1936 Field: Writer; poet Location in the Abbey: South transept, poets corner Type of memorial: Grave The ashes of Rudyard Kipling, poet and writer, were buried in Poets' Corner at noon on 23 January 1936, next to the graves of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy. The inscription on the stone reads: RUDYARD KIPLING. BORN 30th DEC. 1865 DIED 18th JAN. 1936. Order of Service for the Burial of Rudyard Kipling 1936 (PDF, 423 KB) The original gravestone (now at Kipling's house in Sussex) was replaced by the present Belgian marble stone in 1966. The pallbearers at the funeral included Kipling's cousin the Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin and the marble casket was covered by a Union flag. Joseph Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, son of Professor John Kipling and his wife Alice (Macdonald).

His parents came to England on leave but did not take Rudyard and his sister Alice back with them and they were left in the charge of paid guardians. After attending the United Services College he did not attend university due to lack of means and he went to India to work as a journalist. His books Plain Tales from the Hills, Soldiers Three and Wee Willie Winkie were a success and he returned to England in 1889. The Jungle Book, Kim and many other works followed. His poems Mandalay, A Smuggler's Song and If are still well known. In 1892 he married American Caroline Balestier and they lived in the USA for several years. Their son John was killed in the war in 1915 and daughter Josephine died young. Their other daughter Elsie married George Bambridge. In 1907 Kipling was the first English writer to receive the Nobel Prize for literature but he declined many other honours. He was one of the first members of the Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission and advised on the inscriptions for the headstones in British war cemeteries.

He died on 18 January 1936 after an operation for a perforated ulcer. A photo of the gravestone can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library. Further reading: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004. Kipling's home, Batemans, at Burwash in Sussex is open to the public BBC - History - Stanley Baldwin z Stanley Baldwin © Baldwin was British prime minister three times in the 1920s and 1930s . Stanley Baldwin was born on 3 August 1867 in Bewdley, Worcestershire, the only son of a wealthy industrialist and member of parliament. The author Rudyard Kipling was Baldwin's cousin on his mother's side of the family. After graduating from Cambridge University, Baldwin joined the family iron-mongering business. He became Conservative MP for Bewdley in 1908, a seat his father had held. Following various ministerial appointments, in 1922 he was appointed chancellor of the exchequer. The following year he became prime minister when ill health forced Andrew Bonar Law to retire.

He soon called a general election to seek approval for the government's plans to introduce protective tariffs, but failed to gain a majority. Ramsay MacDonald's first Labour government came to power, backed by Liberal support. It was short-lived. By November 1924, the Conservatives were back in power with a landslide majority and Baldwin as prime minister. In the General Strike of 1926, Baldwin proclaimed a state of emergency and refused to negotiate further until the strike was over. The following year he passed the Trade Disputes Act, which declared general strikes to be revolutionary and illegal. The Conservatives lost the general election of 1929 and Labour came back to power. Baldwin considered leaving politics, and spent much of the next two years fighting elements within his own party. But in 1931 he returned to government as a member of Ramsay MacDonald's National Coalition and in June 1935 he became prime minister again when MacDonald resigned. This term of office was dominated by rising tension in Europe and the abdication crisis. Baldwin believed that Edward VIII's wish to marry the divorcee Wallis Simpson was unacceptable.

The king was given the choice of renouncing her or abdicating, and chose to abdicate in December 1936. Baldwin resisted calls for re-armament and took a conciliatory approach towards Nazi Germany. Baldwin retired in May 1937 and was made Earl Baldwin of Bewdley. He died on 14 September 1947. Michigan’s Upper Peninsula: The British Connection [Mackinac Center] By Lawrence W. Reed , published on March 18, 2003 Just seven miles north of Escanaba in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula sits a little town with a very big name. More than a hundred years after the death of British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, the town’s namesake, it’s unlikely that many of Gladstone, Michigan’s 5,000 residents could tell you much about the man. But he is widely considered to be one of the greatest statesmen of the 19th century. The town of Gladstone was originally christened “Minnewasca,” the Sioux Indian word for “white water,” in 1887. But local businessman William D.

Washburn pushed to rename the town after Gladstone because a nearby railroad was partially funded by British capital. Area residents wanted to show their appreciation for the resulting economic development. Stay Engaged Receive our weekly emails! email address It should be noted that the Upper Peninsula, or “UP” as we Michiganians affectionally call this northern, thickly-forested portion of our state, was an important battleground in the 18th century wars between Britain and France. Parts of the territory changed hands between the French and British more than once, and local history is rich with remnants of decades of rivalry between these two European powers. Just what kind of man was William Ewart Gladstone? We are told that he read 20,000 books in his lifetime and could speak Greek, Latin, Italian, and French as well as English. Biographer Philip Magnus wrote that “at the time of his death [in 1898] he was . . .

the most venerated and influential statesman in the world.” Another biographer, who currently sits in Britain’s House of Lords, Roy Jenkins, declares that Gladstone “stamped the Victorian age even more than did [Queen] Victoria herself, and represented it almost as much.” No individual in history had a longer or more distinguished career in the British government. Gladstone served 61 years in the House of Commons, was in charge of the nation’s finances as Chancellor of the Exchequer for 14 budgets in four administrations, and was also leader of a major political party for almost 40 years. Four times he was elected Prime Minister, serving in this capacity for a total of 12 years. He was 84 when he retired as Prime Minister in 1894, the oldest PM in British history. Hailed affectionately as the “Grand Old Man” for his influence and stature, Gladstone also was known as “England’s Great Commoner” because he had not a drop of royal blood and refused to accept any titles of nobility. When he died, a quarter of a million citizens attended his funeral.

What made this son of Scottish parents both great and memorable, however, was not simply a long career in government. Indeed, as a devoutly religious man he always put service to God ahead of service to country and felt that what he did as a politician should be unequivocally faithful to both. What made Gladstone great and memorable was what he actually accomplished while he served in government. Biographer Magnus says Gladstone “achieved unparalleled success in his policy of setting the individual free from a multitude of obsolete restrictions.” Today, when a citizen is elected with a mandate to cut the government down to size, but ends up moderating his positions while in power, conventional wisdom credits him with having “grown in office.” Gladstone “grew” but in precisely the opposite direction. When he entered Parliament at age 22 in 1832, Gladstone was a protectionist on trade, a defender of the state-subsidized Church of England, an opponent of reform and a protector of the status quo. By 1850, he had become an ardent advocate of free trade and by 1890 had reduced Britain’s tariffs from 1,200 to just 12.

Gladstone slashed government spending, taxes, and regulations. He ended state subsidies for the Church of England in Ireland. He pushed through reforms that allowed Jews and Catholics to serve in Parliament and that extended the vote to millions of taxpaying workers who had previously been denied the franchise. He extolled the virtues of self-help and private charity. And he lived what he preached. Even as prime minister, Gladstone was so moved by the degraded plight of London prostitutes that he would search the streets of London to talk them out of their destructive occupation. Gladstone even urged the British people to look to the ideas of America’s Founding Fathers for inspiration. “I was brought up to distrust and dislike liberty; I learned to believe in it,” he told a friend in 1891. Today, a portrait of Gladstone hangs in the town’s city hall. The residents there should be proud that their town pays tribute to the Grand Old Man. Meanwhile, Michigan’s British connection involves more than just Gladstone. Two other Upper Peninsula towns with different names a hundred miles apart are both named for another famous Brit—though he never set foot in either one. The towns are Kipling and Rudyard, and the man was Rudyard Kipling.

(The town of Kipling, believe it or not, is a “suburb” of adjacent Gladstone). Born a British subject in Bombay, India, in 1865, Rudyard Kipling is remembered mainly for his significant contributions to English literature. His novels, short stories and poetry earned him an immense following and in 1907, a Nobel Prize in Literature. Before the age of 40, he was acclaimed the world over for his Jungle Books, poems like Recessional and Barracks Room Ballads, and his masterpiece novel about life in India, Kim. He was an unofficial Poet Laureate of Great Britain—unofficial only because he could have had the title but declined it. His professional writing spanned 50 years until his death in 1936. It was in the 1890s, before Kipling was even 30 years of age, when his fame was enough to prompt one Frederick D. Underwood to name two stations on a railroad route through the U.P. after his favorite author. As General Manager of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste.

Marie Railroad (known as the “Soo Line”), Underwood certainly had that right, but local townspeople enthusiastically approved. The tiny settlement at the head of Green Bay on the northern end of Lake Michigan became the town of Kipling. About 30 miles south of America’s third oldest city, Sault Ste, Marie, the hamlet of Pine River was changed to Rudyard. When the esteemed author learned of the honor, he immediately wrote to Underwood to thank him. In his letter, he said “. . . I write to beg you to send me a photograph if possible, of either Rudyard or Kipling or preferentially both. I shall take a deep interest in their little welfares.” He may have appreciated the irony of the town of Kipling being situated next to the larger city of Gladstone, named for a famous British Prime Minister of the late 19th Century. Kipling the author didn’t much care for Gladstone the politician. The former was an unabashed advocate of British imperialism while the latter worked to scale back the costly reaches of the British empire.

Rudyard Kipling’s outspoken views on the foreign and domestic policies of his day made him some powerful enemies and sometimes rattled his friends. He coined the phrase, “white man’s burden,” when he urged the U.S. to take a more active role in civilizing backward regions of the world. He so vehemently criticized America’s “belated” entry into World War I that the governments of Britain and France publicly disavowed his remarks. He opposed compulsory military service but argued that a man who had never enlisted should lose the right to vote. When his beloved cousin Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister of Great Britain, Kipling chastised him as “a socialist at heart.” His views on labor unions were forever colored by an experience he had while on a visit to Australia. The purchase of superior lifeboats made in Britain was rejected there in favor of buying inferior ones made in Australia. Kipling saw this as unions sacrificing the safety of the larger community. Thereafter, he regarded the well-paid leadership of organized labor as self-serving and irresponsible. Both towns of Rudyard and Kipling remain small today, with a few hundred residents in each.

But named as they are for a man of large stature and notable accomplishments, they should be proud their very existence helps keep his memory alive. British roots in Michigan run deep, but perhaps the most public evidence of them are these three towns that bear the names of two very illustrious British subjects. # # # Lawrence W. Reed is president of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a research and educational institute headquartered in Midland, Michigan. History of Stanley Baldwin - GOV.UK GOV.UK Stanley Baldwin Conservative 1935 to 1937, 1924 to 1929, 1923 to 1924 Born 3 August 1867, Bewdley, Worcesterhire Died 14 December 1947, Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire Dates in office 1935 to 1937, 1924 to 1929, 1923 to 1924 Political party Conservative Major acts Trade Disputes Act 1927: following General Strike, introduced to limit powers and of trade union movement. Affected funding of Labour party too.

Government of India Act 1935: gave limited powers of self-government. Heavily opposed by Winston Churchill. Public Order Act 1936: introduced to deal with street disturbances following marches by supporters of British Union Fascists and their opponents. Interesting facts He served under 3 monarchs. “There is no country … where there are not somewhere lovers of freedom who look to this country to carry the torch and keep it burning bright until such time as they may again be able to light their extinguished torches at our flame. We owe it not only to our own people but to the world to preserve our soul for that.” Stanley Baldwin had a double inheritance. His father’s family were wealthy industrialists and he helped his father create what was, from 1902, one of Britain’s largest iron and steel firms, Baldwins Ltd. His mother’s family had artistic and literary interests: his uncles included the artists Sir Edward Burne-Jones and Sir Edward Poynter, and Rudyard Kipling was a cousin. His father, Alfred Baldwin, was also Conservative MP for West Worcestershire (Bewdley) from 1892.

On Alfred’s death in 1908, Stanley succeeded him as MP. His business experience helped his appointment as Financial Secretary of the Treasury in 1917, in David Lloyd George ’s wartime coalition government. Concerned at the financial costs of the war, under the false name of ‘FST’ in a 1919 letter in The Times he appealed for voluntary donations by the rich to help reduce the war debt. He himself gave a fifth of his own wealth. In 1921 he entered the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade, but in October 1922 he played a leading part in a Conservative rebellion that overthrew the coalition government and the premiership of Lloyd George. In Andrew Bonar Law ’s Conservative government he became Chancellor of the Exchequer. When Bonar Law retired through illness in May 1923, Baldwin became Prime Minister. Determined to help reduce unemployment, he called a general election in November to seek support for a policy of trade protection. Failing to retain a majority, his government resigned in January 1924.

Its replacement, the first Labour government also lacked an overall majority and, after it was defeated in another general election in October 1924, he returned as Prime Minister. His second Conservative government was responsible for several notable achievements: the Locarno non-aggression pact, expansion of pensions and house building, local government reform and extending the right to vote to women aged over 21. Baldwin’s particular concern was to reduce social tensions and secure industrial peace. Although faced by the General Strike in May 1926, his combination of firmness and conciliation guaranteed its defeat. After the Conservatives lost the May 1929 election, Baldwin endured a severe party crisis, with attempts to force his resignation as party leader. Against considerable criticism from the main popular newspapers, he successfully fought back with a still-famous condemnation of the great ‘press lords’. During the 1931 financial and political crisis, he contributed to the formation of a coalition government, led by the former Labour Prime Minister, James Ramsay MacDonald . As Lord President of the Council, Baldwin at first sought to promote international disarmament, warning of the difficulty of defence against air attack: “the bomber will always get through”.

However, as the threat from Nazi Germany became obvious, he accepted the need to arm again and introduced new defence programmes each year from 1934 to 1937, against Labour and Liberal opposition. He became Prime Minister of the national government in June 1935 and in the autumn he won a general election, promising to continue to improve national defences. When seeking to avoid war with Mussolini’s Italy over Abyssinia, in order to focus effort against Hitler’s Germany, his Cabinet was embarrassed by an early disclosure of a compromise settlement (the Hore-Laval pact). In retrospect, the national government’s policy of combining armed deterrence with efforts to bind Hitler and Mussolini into a general European settlement seemed not enough. After the Second World War broke out in 1939, Baldwin became a leading target for those – especially Winston Churchill – who thought more could have been done to speed up rearmament and prevent war. Faced in late 1936 with King Edward VIII’s proposed marriage to the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson, which met widespread disapproval, he took the lead in making it plain that if the king persisted he should give up the throne.

His management of this abdication crisis was highly praised. Baldwin’s most notable position was his support of parliamentary democracy during times when revolution and dictatorship were common European experiences. In the 1920s he sought to prevent class conflict and mix the Labour movement into the party system and, in the 1930s, he became an international figure in the defence of democratic and Christian values. From 1938 to 1939 he led a major appeal to provide financial assistance for Jewish refugees from Nazi brutality. His post-1939 reputation as a guilty man who failed to resist Hitler or to rearm persists as a popular myth, but has been overtaken by modern historical scholarship. On his retirement from government and party politics in May 1937, he was created Earl Baldwin of Bewdley. Help us improve GOV.UK Andrew Hamilton on Rudyard Kipling's "The Burden of Jerusalem" | Counter-Currents Publishing Andrew Hamilton 2,469 words Rudyard Kipling is out of favor, in large part because his work was so politically and racially incorrect.

One of his suppressed poems is “The Burden of Jerusalem,” which is considered “anti-Semitic.” Indeed, several of his poems have social or racial themes that render them verboten. His books even had swastikas—Aryan Indian symbols—in both right- and left-facing orientations on their covers or title pages. In “Mr. Eliot’s Kipling,” a review of T. S. Eliot’s edition of A Choice of Kipling’s Verse in the Left-wing Nation magazine in 1943 , Jewish chauvinist Lionel Trilling expressed disdain for Eliot’s admiration for Kipling, and drew analogies between the two poets. He also accused Eliot of anti-Semitism. In a letter written from Jerusalem to his only surviving child, Elsie, Kipling reportedly observed that “many races are vile but the Jew in bulk on his native heath is the Vilest of them all.” “The Burden of Jerusalem” exhibits the same non-sycophantic attitude. Consequently, it was suppressed for many years. Kipling’s widow made the decision to withhold the poem from publication.

(The fact that it disparages Muslims did not bother anyone.) English poet, novelist, and short story writer Rudyard Kipling was born to English parents in Bombay (due to the demographic and psychological implosion of the white race, it is now called “Mumbai”) in 1865. (His mother was of Scottish descent.) In addition to his high literary reputation during his lifetime, he was one of the most popular writers in England in both prose and verse. Buried in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey next to Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy, Kipling’s cousin, Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, was a pallbearer at his funeral. Over the course of his life, Kipling lived in India, England, and, for four years, Brattleboro, Vermont. (His wife was American.) He won the Nobel Prize in 1907 at 42, and remains the youngest recipient of the Literature Prize. He was sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship, the Order of Merit, and a knighthood, but declined all those honors.

Kipling used swastikas in the published versions of his books In the early 1940s copies of “The Burden of Jerusalem” were circulated among Anglo-American elites through the auspices of Sir Alfred Webb-Johnson, a physician who attended Kipling during his final illness. Kipling’s widow entrusted copies of two unpublished poems to Webb-Johnson, “Burden” and “A Chapter of Proverbs” (which contains no discernible censor-worthy material). Webb-Johnson deposited copies of the poems in the British Museum and gave others to Prime Minister Winston Churchill (which was placed in the Churchill Library, Cambridge), President Franklin Roosevelt (placed in the Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York), and Queen Mary (placed in the Library at WindsorCastle). ( Source .) Churchill also sent a copy of “Burden” to President Roosevelt, bound between blue-and-gold covers. In his October 17, 1943 cover letter , Churchill wrote, “I understand that Mrs.

Kipling decided not to publish them in case they should lead to controversy and it is therefore important that their existence should not become known and there should be no public reference to the gift.” Again, a reading of the two poems proves that “Burden,” not “Proverbs,” was what frightened everyone. The late Christopher Hitchens published the two poems in an anti-white book he wrote, Blood, Class, and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies (1990), pp. 86–93, which is where I first read them. He reissued the book with a new preface in 2004 as Blood, Class and Empire: The Enduring Anglo-American Relationship. Hitchens said he unearthed the poems and correspondence at the Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park in 1988. About Churchill’s October 17, 1943 letter to FDR Hitchens wrote, “This is practically the only communication from Churchill, in an entire file of correspondence which extends in print over three volumes, to which Roosevelt made no reply or acknowledgement of any sort.” (p. 93) This is untrue. FDR wrote letters to both Churchill and Dr.

Alfred Webb-Johnson dated October 25, 1943. In the letter to Webb-Johnson FDR said , “I had read ‘The Burden of Jerusalem’ before and I could understand why Mrs. Kipling thought it would be best not to publish it. Nevertheless, it is a gem.” To Churchill he wrote , “Dear Winston: Those two little books are gems—and I can well understand why they should not be made public at this time. Perhaps ‘The Burden of Jerusalem’ should wait until you and I are strong enough to carry Ibn Saud to Jerusalem and Dr. Weizman [sic] to Meca [sic].” Again, this was 1943. How ultra-sensitive the “leaders of the Western world” were! Compare Kipling’s mild, inoffensive poem to the inexpressibly vile anti-white messages that pour daily into the impressionable minds of hundreds of millions of people the world over—including elites, alien and native—through television, motion pictures, songs, and video games—not to mention books and poems! Be honest. Who really rules?

Swastika on Kipling book cover, 1929–1930 It should be noted that despite the frequent invocation of Biblical motifs (primarily Old Testament?) in Kipling’s work, he apparently was not a Christian . The Bible and its cadences were a literary, not a sacred resource for him. Moreover, he was a Freemason, and Freemasonry is incompatible with orthodox Christian belief, Protestant or Catholic. Since most of us are no longer versed in our Christian heritage, it is necessary to explain the Old Testament background of the narrative, which traces Jewish and Muslim myth/history from the Hebrew patriarch Abraham to the present day. Abraham or Abram is mythically regarded as the founder of Judaism, the progenitor of the Hebrew race through his son Isaac, and of Arabs through his son Ishmael, Isaac’s half-brother. As recounted in Genesis, Isaac (later the father of Jacob and Esau) was the only son of Abraham and Sarah. He was born after Sarah was too old to conceive.

Following Isaac’s birth, Sarah grew jealous of her servant Hagar, Abraham’s concubine, and cruelly drove Hagar and Ishmael (Hagar’s son by Abraham), into the desert to die. However, through God’s grace they survived. Today, Ishmael is honored as the forefather of the Arabs by Muslims who esteem him as Jews do Isaac. Consequently, the use of the name “Ishmael” to mark a social outcast, common in Judaism and Christianity (e.g., the famous opening line of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick: “Call me Ishmael”), is unknown in Islam. In the final stanza of the poem, the narrator blames Abraham for the age-old strife between Arabs and Jews: Yet he who bred the unending strife, And was not brave enough to save The Bondsmaid from the furious wife, He wrought thy woe, Jerusalem. Immediately following the poem I’ve provided brief, conventional definitions of terms within it, in the order of their appearance, which might be unfamiliar. With such background, the meaning of Kipling’s text is self-explanatory. To be clear, I don’t take most Old Testament “history” of this kind literally.

I lean heavily toward Old Testament minimalism . (More detailed summary here .) THE BURDEN OF JERUSALEM But Abram said unto Sarai, “Behold thy maid is in thy hand. Do to her as it pleaseth thee.” And when Sarai dealt hardly with her she fled from her face. Genesis 16:6 In ancient days and deserts wild There rose a feud—still unsubdued— Twixt Sarah’s son and Hagar’s child That centred round Jerusalem (While underneath the timeless boughs Of Mamre’s oak ‘mid stranger-folk The Patriarch slumbered and his spouse Nor dreamed about Jerusalem.) But Ishmael lived where he was born, And pastured there in tents of hair Among the Camel and the Thorn— Beersheba, South Jerusalem But Israel sought employ and food At Pharaoh’s knees, till Rameses Dismissed his plaguey multitude, Across the wilderness they came And launched their horde o’er Jordan’s ford, And blazed the road by sack and flame To Jebusite Jerusalem. Then Kings and Judges ruled the land, And did not well by Israel, Till Babylonia took a hand And drove them from Jerusalem.

And Cyrus sent them back anew, To carry on as they had done, Till angry Titus overthrew Then they were scattered North and West, While each Crusade more certain made That Hagar’s vengeful son possessed Mohammedan Jerusalem. Where Ishmael held his desert state And framed a creed to serve his need— “Allah-hu-Akbar! God is Great!” He preached it in Jerusalem. And every realm they wandered through Rose, far or near, in hate and fear, And robbed and tortured, chased and slew, The outcasts of Jerusalem. So ran their doom—half seer, half slave— And ages passed, and at the last They stood beside each tyrant’s grave, And whispered of Jerusalem. We do not know what God attends The Unloved Race in every place Where they amass their dividends From Riga to Jerusalem. But all the course of Time makes clear To everyone (except the Hun) It does not pay to interfere With Cohen from Jerusalem. For ‘neath the Rabbi’s curls and fur (Or scents and rings of movie-kings) The aloof, unleavened blood of Ur, Broods steadfast on Jerusalem.

Where Ishmael bides in his own place— A robber bold, as was foretold, To stand before his brother’s face— The wolf without Jerusalem. And burdened Gentile o’er the main, Must bear the weight of Israel’s hate Because he is not brought again In triumph to Jerusalem. Yet he who bred the unending strife, And was not brave enough to save The Bondsmaid from the furious wife, He wrought thy woe, Jerusalem. Mamre’s oak: An oak tree on the West Bank regarded as “Abraham’s tree” since the 16th century. It was situated in a grove where Abraham several times resided. The Patriarch: Abraham Beersheba: Spot where Abraham resided for many years, and from which he sent Hagar and Ishmael into the desert to die. It was the southern limit of Palestine in Biblical times. Thus: “South [of] Jerusalem.” Rameses: Egyptian pharaoh, a reference to the Jews’ expulsion from Egypt as described in Exodus. Jordan‘s ford: The crossing of the Jordan River by the Hebrews, leading to the subjugation of Canaan (Palestine).

Jebusite Jerusalem: The Jebusites were a Canaanite tribe dwelling at Jebus (Jerusalem) before its conquest by the Hebrews. Kings and Judges: The period of Jewish hegemony described in the Old Testament books of Judges, Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles. The kingdom split into Israel and Judah during this period. Babylonia took a hand: The northern Kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians in 722 BC, the southern Kingdom of Judah to the Babylonians in 586 BC. Cyrus sent them back: Following the fall of Babylon to the Aryan-Persian Cyrus the Great in 539 BC, Persia financed the return of Judean exiles to Jerusalem, where a Jewish province was again established. Titus overthrew: Future Roman emperor who destroyed Jerusalem in 70 AD. (In real life, the pagan Titus had a politically powerful Jewish mistress, Berenice!) Scattered North and West: The Jewish diaspora after the fall of Jerusalem to Rome. Each Crusade: The medieval Christian crusades in the Middle East.

“Hagar’s vengeful son,” Ishmael, etc.: At this point in the poem, Arabs and Muslims collectively, not the original man. Hun: Germans The aloof, unleavened blood of Ur: Beneath their modern-seeming exterior, Jews’ ancient, vengeful hatred still burns. This year “The Burden of Jerusalem” was finally published with more than 1,300 other poems in a new book: Thomas Pinney, ed., The Cambridge Edition of The Poems of Rudyard Kipling , 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). “Burden” can be found in Volume III: Uncollected Poems. Cambridge University Press states that this three-volume set is the first complete edition of Kipling’s poems, many of which had never been published before. Every authorized text of the collected poems, from original periodical publication to the final edition in the author’s lifetime, has been collated to produce a full record of the author’s additions, deletions, and alterations. A note to each poem provides a record of publication and, where possible, information about its occasion and context.

Through its completeness, its record of changes, and its notes, the edition provides a new basis for the study and appreciation of Kipling’s poetry. Poetic Structure Readers uninterested in the technical aspects of poetry can skip this section. But whenever I particularly like a poem or, as here, examine it in detail, I like to know something about its formal properties. What is the poet doing? Unfortunately, I couldn’t find an analysis of “The Burden of Jerusalem” online, and so had to do it myself. The first complication is the form of the poem. I’ve used the format presented by Christopher Hitchens. In addition, an American Kipling collector who owns a typescript copy of the poem, and has published a bibliography of Kipling, describes the typescript copy in the British Library as consisting of “seventeen 4-line stanzas,” which is consistent with the pattern I’ve followed. But the structure shown in a Web version of the poem looks very different. Most but not all stanzas are 7 lines long, and are markedly dissimilar, graphically, to the 17-4 version.

It would be nice to know which format was used in the new Cambridge Edition, but I have not seen it. Anyway, “Burden” is a 17-stanza narrative poem consisting of 4 lines each. So each stanza is a quatrain. I would classify “The Burden of Jerusalem” as a variation of the long ballad (hymnal, Horatio) measure. Like most English-language verse that isn’t free verse, it is “accentual-syllabic” in nature. In scansion, an unstressed word or syllable is marked with a small “u” above it, a stressed one with “/”. Each line of a poem is divided also into an appropriate number of “feet.” Here, each line has 4 feet (so, tetrameter), each of which is an iamb —a 2-syllable foot in which an unstressed syllable precedes a stressed syllable. Thus, the poem is written in rhymed iambic tetrameter.

Due to the vagaries of Word and WordPress formatting, it is convenient to illustrate this form by using a scanned line from another poem, Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken.” Iambic tetrameter: the 4th line in the final stanza of Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” If you examine the fourth line in the final stanza (ignore the other lines)—”I took the one less traveled by”—you will see the metric pattern employed by Kipling in “The Burden of Jerusalem.” The small vertical lines divide the phrase into four feet, the stress marks above the syllables mark the accentual pattern. It is an iambic tetrameter line. Kipling’s rhyme scheme (I hope this formats properly on the blog) is: a The first and third lines of each stanza rhyme. The second line of every stanza contains an internal or midline rhyme: “There rose a feud—still unsubdued—” “Of Mamre’s oak ‘mid stranger-folk” Finally, I arbitrarily use “é” to symbolize the repeated word Jerusalem. “Jerusalem” is the last word in the fourth line of every stanza of the poem.

These lines aren’t refrains, nor does Jerusalem rhyme with other words. It is simply repeated. Related Related If you enjoyed this piece, and wish to encourage more like it, give a tip through Paypal . You can earmark your tip directly to the author or translator, or you can put it in a general fund. (Be sure to specify which in the "Add special instructions to seller" box at Paypal .) Rudyard Kipling Biography Rudyard Kipling Biography Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 - January 18, 1936) was a British author and poet. Kipling's Childhood Kipling was born in Bombay, India. His father was John Lockwood Kipling, a teacher at the local Jeejeebhoy School of Art, and his mother was Alice Macdonald. They are said to have met at Rudyard Lake in Staffordshire, England, hence Kipling's name. His mother's sister was married to the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and young Kipling and his sister spent much time with the Burne-Joneses in England from the ages of six to twelve, while his parents remained in India.

Kipling was a cousin of the three-times prime minister Stanley Baldwin. After a spell at boarding school, Kipling returned to India himself, to Lahore (in modern-day Pakistan) where his parents now were, in 1881. He began working as a newspaper editor for a local edition and continued tentative steps into the world of poetry; his first professional sales were in 1883. His Early Travels By the mid-1880s he was travelling around the subcontinent as a correspondent for the Allahabad Pioneer. His fiction sales also began to bloom, and he published six short books of short stories in 1888. One short story dating from this time is "The Man Who Would Be a King", later made famous as a slightly differently named movie featuring Sean Connery and Michael Caine. The next year Kipling began a long journey back to England, going through Burma, China, Japan, and California before crossing the United States and the Atlantic Ocean and settling in London. From then on his fame grew rapidly, and he positioned himself as the literary voice most closely associated with the imperialist tempo of the time in the United Kingdom (and, indeed, the rest of the Western world and Japan).

His first novel, The Light that Failed, was published in 1890. The most famous of his poems of this time is probably "The Ballad of East and West" (which begins "Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet") His Career as a Writer In 1892 he married Caroline Balastier; her brother, an American writer, had been Kipling's friend but had died of typhoid fever the previous year. While on honeymoon Kipling's bank failed and cashing in their travel tickets only let the couple return as far as Vermont (where most of the Balastier family lived). Rudyard and his new bride would live in the United States for the next four years. During this time he turned his hand to writing for children, and he published the work for which he is most remembered today -- The Jungle Book -- and its sequel The Second Jungle Book -- in 1894 and 1895. After a quarrel with his in-laws, he and his wife returned to England, and in 1897 he published Captains Courageous.

The next year he would begin travelling to southern Africa for winter vacations almost every year. There he would meet and befriend another icon of British imperialism, Cecil Rhodes, and begin collecting material for another of his children's classics, Just So Stories for Little Children. That work was published in 1902, and another of his enduring works, the Indian spy novel Kim, first saw the light of day the previous year. In 2001, the novel would be listed as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century by the editorial board of the American Modern Library. Kipling's poetry of the time included "The White Man's Burden". In the non-fiction realm he also became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power, publishing a series of articles collectively entitled A Fleet in Being. During the first decade of the 20th century, Kipling was at the height of his popularity.

In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature; bookending this achievement was the publication of two connected poetry and story collections, 1906's Puck of Pook Hill and 1910's Rewards and Fairies. The latter contained the poem If -. In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted Britain's favourite poem. This exhortation to seize the day is arguably Kipling's single most famous poem. The Effects of World War I Kipling was so closely associated with the expansive, confident attitude of late 19th-century European civilization that it was inevitable that his reputation would suffer in the years of and after World War I; Kipling also knew personal tragedy at the time as his eldest son, John, died in 1915 at the Battle of Loos. Partly in response, he joined Sir Fabian Ware's Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the group responsible for the garden-like British war graves that can be found to this day dotted along the former Western Front.

His most significant contribution to the project was his selection of the biblical phrase "Their Name Liveth For Evermore" found on the Stones of Remembrance in larger war graves. In 1922, Kipling, who had made reference to the work of engineers in some of his poems and writings, was asked by a University of Toronto civil engineering professor for his assistance in developing a dignified obligation and ceremony for graduating engineering students. Kipling was very enthusiastic in his response and shortly produced both an obligation and a ceremony formally entitled "The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer." Today, engineering graduates all across Canada, and even some in the United States, are presented with an iron ring at the ceremony as a reminder of their obligation to society. His Death and Legacy Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with much less success than before. He died of a brain haemorrhage in early 1936. He continued falling into critical eclipse afterwards. Today it is difficult to decide if Kipling has a rightful place in the pantheon of great writers.

As the European colonial empires collapsed in the mid-20th century and the ideas of communism gained influence, Kipling's works fell far out of step with the times. Many who condemn him are really criticizing the imperialist ideal, rather than Kipling himself. His main literary legacy in the period immediately following his death was on American science fiction, as John W. Campbell considered him an ideal to be followed. Many science fiction writers still consciously follow his example. Today, Kipling is most highly regarded for his children's books, while in his own lifetime he was primarily considered a poet, and was even offered the post of British Poet Laureate ï¿½ though he turned it down. There are signs of rehabilitation in Kipling's reputation both as a writer of mature prose and of poetry, as public tastes change once again. Where the pendulum of regard will come to rest remains to be seen. After the death of Kipling's wife in 1939, his house in Sussex was bequeathed to the National Trust and is now a public museum to the author. There is a thriving Kipling Society in the UK.

Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling Location of death: London, England Cause of death: Cerebral Hemorrhage Nationality: England Executive summary: The Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling was a 19th and 20th century writer of great renown, the most widely read British author of his era, and winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born to British parents in Bombay and spent his first six years in India, before being left in the care of an unrelated family in England for what was deemed a more "normal" upbringing (though Kipling said later that he was abused and tortured while in the custody of this foster family). He later attended boarding school at the United Services College in north Devon, and embarked on a career as a journalist and, eventually, a writer of poetry and fiction. His best known work is The Jungle Book, a warmhearted collection of children's stories about a boy named Mowgli, raised by wolves and befriended by other animals in the jungles of India.

Kipling's other noted works include the poems "If," "The Ballad of East and West," "Mandalay," and "The White Man's Burden," the short story "The Man Who Would Be a King," and the novel Captains Courageous. The artists Edward Burne-Jones and Edward Poynter were his uncles, and British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin was his cousin. Science fiction maestro John W. Campbell frequently cited Kipling as a key inspiration. Father: John Lockwood Kipling (museum director, b. 6-Jul-1837, d. 26-Jan-1911) Mother: Alice Broune MacDonald (b. 4-Apr-1837, m. 18-Mar-1865, d. 23-Nov-1910) Sister: Alice MacDonald Kipling Fleming ("Trix", b. 11-Jun-1868, d. 1948) Brother: Baby Kipling (b. 1870, d. 1870) Wife: Caroline Starr Balestier (b. 31-Dec-1862, m.

19-Jan-1892 until his death, d. 19-Dec-1939) Daughter: Josephine Kipling (b. Dec-1892, d. 1899) Daughter: Elsie Kipling Bambridge (b. 2-Feb-1896, m. 23-May-1976) Son: John Kipling (b. 1897, d. 1915 WWI, Battle of Loos) High School: United Services College, North Devon (boarding school)

Question: Rudyard Kipling was the cousin of which British Prime Minister ?
Answer: STANLEY BALDWIN