electrolysis - definition of electrolysis in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of electrolysis in English: electrolysis Chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or solution containing ions. Example sentences ‘The free element sodium was first produced in 1807 by the English chemist Humphry Davy by electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide.’ ‘During electrolysis an anion is attracted to the anode (positive electrode).’ ‘The technique that he developed, electrolysis of potassium fluoride in anhydrous liquid hydrogen fluoride, is still used today, with some modifications.’ ‘Perhaps the best known example of electrolysis is the electrolytic decomposition of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.’ ‘This is related to their behavior during electrolysis where the ions move to the two opposite electrodes.’ 2The removal of hair roots or small blemishes on the skin by the application of heat using an electric current.

Example sentences ‘However, electrolysis is considered to be a permanent method of hair removal.’ ‘It is appropriate to institute permanent methods of hair removal by way of electrolysis or laser ablation after suppression of hyperandrogenism has been achieved.’ ‘It's relatively cheap compared to electrolysis and laser hair removal.’ ‘We also refer patients for mechanical control measures of hair growth including electrolysis and laser therapy.’ ‘They don't get rid of hair forever; you'd need to get electrolysis or laser hair removal for that.’ Pronunciation Which of the following does a jazzbo like? boxing Which of the following does a gricer like? gardening Which of the following does a philatelist like? stamps Which of the following does a turfman like? horse racing Which of the following does a cruciverbalist like? crosswords Which of the following does a coleopterist like? daisies Which of the following does an epicurean like? money Which of the following does an arctophile like? teddy bears Which of the following does a shutterbug like? beetles Which of the following does a cineaste like? white wine You scored /10 practise again?

Retry Most popular in the world Australia Hair Removal in Las Vegas Hair Removal in Las Vegas Hair Removal for all types Electrolysis is not just for women. Men make up a fast-growing segment of the clientele. More and more men are opting for electrolysis on the back, face and other body areas to achieve a well-groomed, tailored appearance. Many athletes are also using electrolysis to streamline their bodies for maximum performance. Teens are taking advantage of electrolysis too, for hair removal needs as they enter young adulthood. Posted 18th October 2014 by Jamison Glenn 0 This is one of my favorite clients....seems like yesterday that I just started him fave and now we are almost done. New Finish Electrolysis is the hair terminator! Posted 13th October 2014 by Jamison Glenn Back Hair Removal (Electrolysis) New Finish Electrolysis Here is an example of back hair removal performed by electrolysis. I've come across many male clients that have had laser hair removal and it didn't work for them at all. So as a last resort they come to experience electrolysis. By the time they are done they are totally satisfied.

Permanent Hair Removal New Finish Electrolysis Permanent Underarm Hair Removal Posted 11th September 2014 by Jamison Glenn Here's one of my clients with a few hairs on her new and jawline. Before and after treatment. The redness will go away and the hair is permanently removed! Posted 11th September 2014 by Jamison Glenn Here's on of my clients that I work on. She's in the process of getting her arms done. Electrolysis is Permanent Posted 11th September 2014 by Jamison Glenn Permanent Hair Removal Las Vegas (Electrolysis) Here is a before and after photo of an electrolysis treatment I did on one of my clients. This is one of my clients that wants his whole beard removed. I love working on new faces because for me it's a challenge to do the best job I can and get rid of all the hair. Posted 9th September 2014 by Jamison Glenn What exactly is Electrolysis? Electrolysis is….the removal of hair roots or small blemishes on the skin by the application of heat using an electric current.

Many areas of the body can be treated with electrolysis including the face, legs, breast, eyebrows, and ears. There are no permanent side effects beside the hair being permanently removed. The photo above depicts what the hair follicle looks like under the skin. There is a blood supply that supplies the root of the hair and makes it grow. This good supply is what I permanently destroy. Im one of the proud few Electrologist in Las Vegas that serve the local community. Destroying hair follicles is what I proudly do for you as the client and leave you hair free for life. Hair Removal Las Vegas So I've decided to start a blog on Hair Removal in Las Vegas to clear up a few myths about electrolysis. During the course of these blogs I will be reviewing other popular methods of hair removal as well. By default I am a licensed electrologist and I practice electrolysis here in the state of Nevada. Im very proud of this profession and I stand by it 100%. Through the course of these blogs I will be posting videos and pictures so please enjoy! I've uploaded a video of permanent Hair Removal on hands as a test run Some people think electrolysis is old fashioned because laser hair removal seems to be the new craze.

I've met plenty of customers that have done laser hair removal in las vegas for years with unsuccessful results. Electrolysis permanently gets rid of your unwanted hair. Modification of Pubic Hair | SexInfo Online Modification of Pubic Hair Cultural Views on Pubic Hair Since the beginning of the 20th century, societal norms have caused a significant shift in the views toward pubic hair and pubic hair modification. In the early 1990s, people rarely altered their pubic hair. This changed with the Women's Movement in the 1960s and with the publication of media sources like Playboy Magazine. As revealing bathing suits and underwear were made popular, women felt increasing pressure to have their pubic hair groomed or completely removed. Pubic hair has since become a topic of concern for many women, men, and even adolescents. The increasing popularity of oral sex has also sparked an increase of pubic hair grooming. Societal pressure may cause many people to feel like their pubic hair needs to be altered. In reality, the appearance and texture of pubic hair differs among all people. For some people, pubic hair is thick and coarse, while for other individuals it may be sparse and/or very fine.

The color of pubic hair also tends to vary. Pubic hair and armpit hair can even differ from the hair of the scalp. For most individuals the pubic hair is darker, but in some cases this is not true. For most women, the pubic hair patch is somewhat triangular, with the top zone lying over the mons and extending down towards the anus; for most men, the pubic patch tapers upward to a line of hair pointing up towards the navel (commonly referred to as the “happy trail”). In general, attitudes toward pubic hair are similar to those regarding underarm hair: cultural and personal norms are reflected by reactions that range from disgust to admiration. Some people feel their pubic hair makes them feel more masculine or feminine , while others may view their pubic hair with contempt. Slang words for pubic hair include the following terms: pubes, bush, curlies, carpet. What is the Purpose of Pubic Hair? There is no definite answer as to why human beings have pubic hair, but theories do exist.

The prevailing hypothesis relates to pheromones, which are the odors that the body produces that may be sexually stimulating to others.1 The hair that grows in both the genital area and under the armpits wicks away erotic scents that are then evaporated into the air and smelled by others. A more evolutionary-based theory is that a female’s pubic hair keeps her genitals warm, making her more likely to take their clothes off, ensuring a male’s penile erection .2 Another theory is that pubic hair prevents foreign particles from entering the vagina and prevents chaffing. Because this explanation does not address male pubic hair, a third theory suggests that pubic hair serves to absorb odors of the genital region. Modification of Pubic Hair Trimming or removing pubic hair has become quite common in many cultures. Removing the hair above the skin is referred to as depilation, whereas removing the entire hair follicle (including the root) is called epilation. The removal/trimming of body hair on a man is sometimes referred to as “manscaping”.

Reasons for why some people modify or remove their pubic hair include the following: • Hygiene (especially during menstruation) • Sexual practices (i.e., oral sex, penile/vaginal sex , etc.) • Comfort Preferences Removal/Modification Methods There are a wide variety of methods used to remove or alter pubic hair. The most common short-term method for reducing or removing pubic hair is shaving, while the most common long-term methods include waxing or laser-hair removal. Below are descriptions of the various methods for pubic hair modification. 1. Shaving A razor (straight razor, safety razor, or electric razor) is used to cut the hair at the level of the skin or relatively close to it. Contrary to popular belief, shaving with a razor does not make hair grow back faster, thicker, or darker. Shaving with a razor creates a flat end to the hair, giving it more sharp edges than naturally pointed hair. Prior to shaving, it is recommended that the first wets the area to be shaved and then applies shaving cream, soap, or body wash. This will help to prevent nicks (cuts), bumps, blisters, ingrown hairs, and general irritation.

Shave in the direction of the hair growth (with the grain) to avoid ingrown hairs and irritation. Shaving against the grain of hair can cause nicks, bumps, blisters, etc. The effectiveness of this method may deteriorate when the blades begin to rust (they are not necessarily getting dull!). Try soaking the razor in white distilled vinegar or another preferred cleanser to remove the rust. It may be necessary to shave down lengthy hairs with an electric razor before using a regular razor. 2. Bikini Waxing Waxing is a procedure that involves pulling out sections of hair using various types of waxes. To perform a bikini wax, a licensed esthetician or cosmetologist applies warm wax to a female's bikini line (inner thigh area), places cloth strips atop the wax, and then removes them by pulling the material off the skin. Oftentimes a small thatch of hair is left above the vagina, sometimes in the shape of a heart or triangle. Certain websites and magazines offer printout stencils for pubic hair designs. Since this method can be very painful, pain-reducing gel is often recommended before applying the wax.

It is possible that some skin irritation, bleeding, and inflammation of the hair follicles can occur as a result of removing the wax, so do not be alarmed if this occurs. Wax should not be put on skin that is chapped or sunburned or on the face of a person using facial products like Retin-A or Differin (these weaken the skin and could result in skin tearing when the wax is pulled off). If a licensed esthetician or cosmetologist performs the waxing, treatment costs typically range from $25 to $50. Do-it-yourself waxing products can also be purchased and used in the comfort of your own home. Hair needs to be at least 1/8 inch long for waxing to be effective, so do not shave in the days or weeks leading up to your appointment. Results typially last 3-8 weeks.3 3. Brazilian Waxing The "Brazilian wax" is similar to a bikini wax, but it involves complete removal of hair from the vulva (the external female genitals ), perineum, anus, buttocks, and mons, using a wax mixture made from natural beeswax, tall oil, and sometimes botanicals.

This wax mixture is stronger and more effective at removing the thicker pubic hairs compared to the synthetic waxes frequently used for leg waxing. While the Brazilian wax has long been associated with women, there are a growing number of men getting the male equivalent of the Brazilian wax. The procedure is performed by licensed cosmetologists or estheticians at numerous spas and salons.4 The Origin of Brazilian Waxing Though genital waxing has grown in popularity over the past 20 years, the practice is not new. Waxing of the genital areas has been prevalent for centuries in Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, Arabia, Turkey and Persia. In the past, however, the waxes were sugar-based and made with lemon. The Brazilian wax specifically started on the beaches of Rio de Janeiro, where many young women wear gossamer bikinis called fila dental (as in dental floss). The Brazilian wax was introduced to the United States in 1987 when seven Brazilian sisters, Jocely, Jonie, Joyce, Janea, Jussara, Juracy and Judseia Padilha, opened a hair removal salon called J.

Sisters International Salon in Manhattan, New York.4 Typical Waxing Procedure • Females may or may not be provided with a paper G-string. The client will then be asked to disrobe from the waist down and lie down on a waxing table. • Talcum powder is sometimes spread over the area to be waxed, which prevents the hot wax from sticking to the skin. • Hot wax is applied with a wax strip and given a short amount of time to harden. The wax strip is then pulled off in the opposite direction of hair growth (against the grain) with a cloth strip. • This process is repeated until all of the hair on the vulva, mons, perineum, and anus is removed. The application and removal of the wax is done in sections as the cosmetologist works around the client's body. • Once the waxing is complete, tweezers are used to remove any remaining stray hairs that were not removed during the waxing. • The remaining strip of pubic hair on the mons verenis (often called a "landing strip") is trimmed or waxed depending on the client's request.

If the remaining hair is trimmed, it may be dyed or shaped into various patterns, including triangles, hearts or squares. If the remaining hair is removed, the procedure is called a full Brazilian wax or Hollywood wax. Men and women who want to take the risk of dyeing their pubic hair should avoid hair covering the genitals and only dye the hair that covers the pubic bone (the mons). The dye can cause irritation if applied to the labia—both inner and outer lips of the vulva. For males, it is important to avoid the penile shaft and the scrotum because they both tend to be sensitive. Many people experience irritation or allergic reactions, including burning of the vaginal area, itching, blisters, redness, or complete loss of hair. It is important to test for sensitivity first by doing a skin patch test 48 hours before attempting to tint hair. The entire Brazilian waxing session performed by a licensed cosmetologist or esthetician at a salon will typically last 15-30 minutes.4 The Results The results from a Brazilian bikini wax typically last from three to six weeks, depending on the individual's hair regrowth rate.

Regrowth of pubic hair is generally minimal during the first two weeks and increases by the third. Heat stimulates hair growth, so regrowth may be quicker in the summer months. With regular waxing, hair regrowth will generally slow down, and the time between waxing sessions will increase. Pain It is normal to feel pain during a Brazilian or bikini wax; however, the severity of pain varies greatly among women. The most painful area is usually the mons verenis (the area above the clitoris), whereas the least painful area is behind the genitals and around the anus. The best time to have your pubic hair waxed is a week after menstruation , since the genital area is least sensitive during this time. In contrast, the pain is likely to be greatest immediately before and during menstruation, when the area is most tender. Typically the first Brazilian wax is the most painful. The pain should gradually decrease in subsequent waxing sessions when the hair is thinner and easier to pull out. 4. Tweezing Tweezing is a laborious method that involves plucking each individual pubic hair. There may be pain, skin irritation, and inflammation of the hair follicle as a result of tweezing.

Hairs often grow back as “ingrown” hairs, meaning that they continue to grow underneath the surface of the skin, can create long spirals, and can often lead to infections. Tweezers cost anywhere from $3 to $30. Results last about three to eight weeks. 5. Laser Hair Removal and Intense Pulsed Light Laser hair removal is FDA approved. Working with small areas of the skin, the laser beam destroys hair follicles and impairs hair regrowth. Redness or pigmentation changes of the skin may result after treatment. Laser treatment works best on people with light skin and dark hair, but may not be effective on deeply-embedded hair follicles. Since this procedure works by targeting the root of the hair, it is recommended that you avoid plucking, waxing, and electrolysis beginning six weeks prior to the procedure so that the root is left intact. Only a doctor or licensed technician should perform laser hair removal. This procedure is very expensive, and multiple treatments are necessary for lasting results. The average cost for one session of laser hair removal is between $200 and $300, but costs may vary depending on the size of the treated area and number of treatments.

This procedure can be used for pubic hair removal, but only for hair along the bikini line. Results are long lasting, but some hair may grow back. If hair does grow back, it is typically more sparse and much finer than pretreated hair.5 6. Hair Removal Creams and Lotions Creams and lotions, also referred to as depilatories, contain chemicals that dissolve the protein structure of hair and cause it to separate from the skin. Some depilatories can increase acne and cause skin irritation or chemical burns if the formula is too strong or the cream is left on too long. These creams and lotions are not intended for use on the labia minora (the inner lips). Depilatories are sold over-the-counter at most drug stores and cost $5- $10. Results last about one week. Side Effects of Hair Removal Please note that hair removal in general may cause irritation of the skin, along with razor burn and/or ingrown hairs. Ingrown hairs form when the hair fails to grow out of the skin and curls over inside the follicles under the skin (just like the "razor bump" hairs curl above the skin).

By curling, the hair creates a painful "foreign body" reaction in the hair follicle. The resulting inflammation in the follicle then creates an unsightly "bump,” oftentimes filled with pus. Products such as Tend Skin® may reduce the occurrence of ingrown hairs and/or razor burn. Methods Not Recommended for Pubic Hair Removal While there are a wide variety of hair removal methods on the market, it’s important to note that not all methods are appropriate for pubic hair removal. Often, these methods are too strong to be used on such a sensitive area. 1. Epilators Mechanical epilators are devices that pull out the entire hair follicle. These should not be used on sensitive skin areas such as face, genitals, or armpits because the soft skin of the bikini area may tear. In addition, the hair must be about a quarter inch or longer to work, and the epilator could still miss some hair. Mechanical epilators cost anywhere from $50 to $100. Results last about one week. 2. Electrolysis Electrolysis is a very laborious method of hair removal because each hair must be treated individually.

During electrolysis, a qualified professional inserts a needle under the skin that passes an electric current through the hair follicle to damage it. Because this process is so time-consuming and requires multiple treatments, it can be very expensive. Electrolysis can also be painful and there is a risk of scarring and infection. This procedure should only be performed on the eyebrows, face, thighs, abdomen, breasts, and legs. Results are long lasting, but some hair may grow back.6 References 1. Everts, Sarah. "The Truth About Pheromones." Smithsonian. Smithsonian, Mar. 2012. Web. 22 May 2014. 2. Streicher, Lauren. "Bare Necessities: What You Should Know Before Grooming Your Pubic Hair." The Dr. Oz Show. N.p., 10 Feb. 2012. Web. 22 May 2014. 3. Siddons, Sarah. "HowStuffWorks "Bikini Wax vs. Brazilian Wax"" HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2014. 4. "Brazilian Rush: Complete Guide to Brazilian Wax." Brazilian Rush.

N.p., 31 May 2008. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. < . 5. Levine, Norman, MD. "Laser Hair Removal: Benefits, Side Effects, and Cost." WebMD. WebMD, 26 June 2012. Web. 20 May 2014. 6. Jailiman, Debra, MD. "Electrolysis Hair Removal: Benefits, How Many Treatments You'll Need, and More." WebMD. WebMD, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 May 2014. Electrolysis Hair Removal: Benefits, How Many Treatments You'll Need, and More How Do I Choose an Electrologist? Electrolysis is a method of removing individual hairs from the face or body. Today's medical electrolysis devices destroy the growth center of the hair with chemical or heat energy. After a very fine probe is inserted into the hair follicle, the hair is removed with tweezers. Most areas of the body can be treated with electrolysis, including the eyebrows, face, abdomen , thighs, breasts , and legs.

There are generally no permanent side effects, but sometimes a temporary, slight reddening of the skin may occur. What Causes Unwanted Hair Growth? Hair growth is the result of heredity and hormone levels. Also, some drugs , temporary methods of hair removal, and illnesses can stimulate hair growth. Electrolysis may be an option when hair growth is in an area of the body where it may not be desired such as on a woman's upper lip, chin, or bikini line. How Many Electrolysis Treatments Will I Need? Many factors influence hair growth, so you will need to return for several electrolysis visits. The total number of sessions needed to remove hair permanently from a particular area will vary from person to person. Most clients return once a week or every other week as needed. But the unwanted hair will be gone forever once the series of treatments is complete. Each treatment lasts between 15 minutes and one hour. Myths About Electrolysis Myth: Electrolysis is painful. In most cases, electrolysis actually does not cause much discomfort. Modern electrolysis methods have reduced the discomfort to a mere tingling. A topical anesthetic cream may be used in some cases. Myth: The electric tweezer method is permanent.

The FDA and the American Medical Association recognize only electrolysis as a permanent method of removing hair. Some states prohibit those using or selling the electric tweezer from claiming it provides permanent hair removal. Myth: Temporary methods of hair removal can be better. Chemical depilatories (liquids or creams) are often used to remove body hair. These products contain irritating chemicals and can be time-consuming and messy. Likewise, bleaches contain harsh chemicals and do little to disguise dark hair. They may also discolor skin. Waxing is another temporary method of hair removal and is usually done in salons. A hot wax is applied to the skin and removed once it has dried over the hair. The hair is stripped off when the wax is removed. Waxing can be painful and costly. Home waxing kits are available, but they can be messy and difficult to use. There are electrolysis devices available for home use, but they are often unsafe for use by anyone who is not trained in electrolysis. Continued How Do I Choose an Electrologist? Electrologists are people who have special training to perform electrolysis. If you are considering electrolysis, it is important that you do your research before committing to sessions.

The wrong decision can mean extra sessions and cost along with unnecessary discomfort and scarring. Know the professional's qualifications. Many states require electrologists to be licensed or certified within the state to practice. If you live in one of those states, be sure the practitioner's certificate is current and on display. For states that do not regulate electrolysis, look for electrologists who have certification from an accredited electrology school. Ask around. One of the best ways to find good services is to ask friends and family as well as your doctor for recommendations. If you know anybody who has undergone electrolysis, ask for his or her input. Get a consultation. Many places will give you a free consultation. During the consultation, be sure all of your questions are answered. Some things you may want to ask about include: how the procedure will feel; how many visits you will likely need; how much each visit costs; how long each session lasts; how long the practitioner has been in business; and the number of clients he or she has treated. Make sure the electrologist uses the right technique. The practitioner should use needle electrolysis, which is the only permanent form of hair removal.

Some places may advertise electrolysis but use electronic tweezers or photoepilators instead. These are not permanent hair removal procedures. Use common sense. When you go to your consultation, look around. Does the place look clean? Do the workers look clean? Do they use disposable gloves or needles? Ask to meet the person who will be performing the electrolysis. Does he or she strike you as professional? If you are not comfortable with somebody, look for someone else to do the procedure. Personal comfort is essential to knowing you have made the right choice. WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Debra Jaliman, MD on June 11, 2015 Sources Removing Hair Safely Removing Hair Safely Print From creams to high-tech lasers, FDA regulates a host of hair removal options, each with its own risks and benefits. Shaving hair only when it's wet, and shaving in the direction in which the hairs lie, can help lessen skin irritation and cuts. Shaving FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health regulates electrolysis equipment and lasers. Chemical depilatories, waxes, and shaving creams and gels fall under the jurisdiction of FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors in the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.

The practice of professional hair removal is generally regulated by state and local authorities. Here are some tips related to common methods of hair removal. Laser Hair Removal In this method, a laser destroys hair follicles with heat. Sometimes it is recommended that a topical anesthetic product be used before a laser hair removal procedure, to minimize pain. In these cases, FDA recommends that consumers discuss with a medical professional the circumstances under which the cream should be used, and whether the use is appropriate. Those who decide to use a skin-numbing product should follow the directions of a health care provider and consider using a product that contains the lowest amount of anesthetic drugs possible. FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has received reports of serious and life-threatening side effects after use of large amounts of skin-numbing products for laser hair removal. Side effects of laser hair removal can include blistering, discoloration after treatment, swelling, redness, and scarring. Sunlight should be avoided during healing after the procedure. back to top Epilators: Needle, Electrolysis, and Tweezers Needle epilators introduce a fine wire close to the hair shaft, under the skin, and into the hair follicle.

An electric current travels down the wire and destroys the hair root at the bottom of the follicle, and the loosened hair is removed with tweezers. Medical electrolysis devices destroy hair growth with a shortwave radio frequency after a thin probe is placed in the hair follicle. Risks from these methods include infection from an unsterile needle and scarring from improper technique. Electrolysis is considered a permanent hair removal method, since it destroys the hair follicle. It requires a series of appointments over a period of time. Tweezer epilators also use electric current to remove hair. The tweezers grasp the hair close to the skin, and energy is applied at the tip of the tweezer. There is no body of significant information establishing the effectiveness of the tweezer epilator to permanently remove hair. back to top Depilatories Available in gel, cream, lotion, aerosol, and roll-on forms, depilatories are highly alkaline (or, in some cases, acidic) formulations that affect the protein structure of the hair, causing it to dissolve into a jellylike mass that the user can easily wipe from the skin. Consumers should carefully follow instructions and heed all warnings on the product label.

For example, manufacturers typically recommend conducting a preliminary skin test for allergic reaction and irritation. Depilatories should not be used for eyebrows or around eyes or on inflamed or broken skin. FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors has received reports of burns, blisters, stinging, itchy rashes, and skin peeling associated with depilatories and other types of cosmetic hair removers. back to top Waxing, Sugaring, and Threading Unlike chemical depilatories that remove hair at the skin's surface, these methods pluck hairs out of the follicle, below the surface. With waxing, a layer of melted wax is applied to the skin and allowed to harden. (Cold waxes, which are soft at room temperature, allow the user to skip the steps of melting and hardening.) It is then pulled off quickly in the opposite direction of the hair growth, taking the uprooted hair with it. Labeling of waxes may caution that these products should not be used by people with diabetes and circulatory problems. Waxes should not be used over varicose veins, moles, or warts.

Waxes also shouldn't be used on eyelashes, the nose, ears, or on nipples, genital areas, or on irritated, chapped, or sunburned skin. As with chemical depilatories, it can be a good idea to do a preliminary test on a small area for allergic reaction or irritation. Sugaring is similar to waxing. A heated sugar mixture is spread on the skin, sometimes covered with a strip of fabric, and then lifted off to remove hair. Threading is an ancient technique in which a loop of thread is rotated across the skin to pluck the hair. All of these techniques may cause skin irritation and infection. back to top Shaving Shaving hair only when it's wet, and shaving in the direction in which the hairs lie, can help lessen skin irritation and cuts. It's important to use a clean razor with a sharp blade. Contrary to popular belief, shaving does not change the texture, color, or growth rate of hair. Razors and electric shavers are under the jurisdiction of the Consumer Product Safety Commission. This article appears on FDA's Consumer Update page , which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products.

Updated June 30, 2010 Cosmetics and Skin: Electrolysis Home | Stories | Brands | Timelines | Booklets Electrolysis Nineteenth century physicians knew that hair grew from a ‘pulp’ at the base of the hair follicle, and that eliminating it would permanently remove the hair. However, the methods they had at their disposal to destroy the ‘germinal papilla’ were crude at best and generally accompanied by noticeable scarring. These included, inserting unsterile needles into the hair follicles, hypodermically injecting carbolic acid, twisting barbed needles (Hinkel & Lind, 1986, p. 150), and heating inserted needles with red-hot curling irons (Wagner, Brysk & Tyring, 1997, p. 949). A new treatment Ophthalmologists of the time were also interested in removing hair permanently. Ingrown and other aberrant eyelashes could irritate the eye, resulting in chronic inflammation and even blindness. Dr Charles Michel was one such ophthalmologist trying to remove aberrant eyelashes. He tried heated needles, surgery and twisting needles but found that all produced unsuitable body reactions and scarring.

Eventually, he modified a process which had been previously used in general surgery – chemical decomposition through electricity – known as electrolysis or electrocoagulation. He connected a gilt needle to the negative electrode of a battery, inserted the needle into the hair follicle of the eyelash, applied a current for a few seconds and then removed the hair with a pair of tweezers. The germinal papilla of the eyelash follicle was destroyed because sodium hydroxide (lye/caustic soda) was produced at the negative electrode. The agent employed is electricity, (a constant current battery of 8 to 20 medium sized cells is all-sufficient) the form, electrolysis. I simply pass a fine, gilt needle into the hair follicle and allow the current to produce the electrochemical decomposition of it and its papillae. (Michel, 1897, as reported in Wagner, Brysk & Tyring, 1997, p. 947) After his success with eyelashes Michel also used the technique to permanently remove eyebrow hair. Michel published a report detailing his electrochemical decomposition of hair follicles in the St. Louis Clinical Record in 1875.

The editor, William Hardaway, was a dermatologist and decided to try the technique in his own practice. Using Michel’s procedure, he successfully treated patients with excess body hair and presented his results at the second meeting of the American Dermatological Association. After this, other dermatologists took up the practice and the treatment spread. For example, in 1889 a Detroit physician reported he had treated over fifteen hundred cases of superfluous hair with electrolysis (Herzig, 2008, p. 869). We know nothing of “Miss X” save what her physician, W. A. Hardaway, recorded in 1877. Twenty-two years old when she came under Dr. Hardaway’s care, Miss X was “thoroughly feminine” in character and physique, nicely plump, and robustly healthy. She was also the “unfortunate owner of a beard that for strength and luxuriance rivaled the hirsute appendages of any man.” Previous efforts to remove her beard had not gone well: after the application of depilatory powder the beard grew back “thicker and more profuse” than before.

… Eager to be of service to the young woman, Hardaway decided to tackle the “luxuriant” but unwanted beard with an experimental procedure: electrolysis. … Moving strand by strand in this fashion, Hardaway and a colleague removed the entirety of Miss X’s “appendage.” The two men worked on the young woman's face for an hour or two at each session, as many as nine sessions per week—more than 350 treatments in total. Despite the procedure’s tedium, Hardaway concluded that this “radical cure of hirsuties” is “brilliant in its results”. (Herzig, 2008, p. 867) Early electrolysis machines The electrolysis machines developed by Michel, Hardaway and others were battery operated, generating what medical practitioners of the day called a ‘galvanic current’, named after Luigi Galvani [1737-1798] – known for using electricity to produce muscle contraction in frog’s legs. Many nineteenth century physicians were familiar with galvanic batteries, galvanic induction coils and electro-therapeutics, so it was relatively easy for them to set up working electrolysis machines.

If the necessary parts were not available in their surgery, they could easily obtain them from any one of a number of suppliers. Eventually, manufacturers combined all the required parts of an electrolysis machine into complete kits and advertised them in their catalogues. These machines were made up of battery cells along with all the necessary cords and electrodes. To make them easier to use, detailed instruction manuals were often included which outlined the process involved to remove hair by electrolysis. Schall & Son London No 675. Complete set for epilation, consisting of 9-cell battery with collector inserting the cells one by one bracelet electrode No. 412, needle-holder No. 664, forceps No. 666, a packet of needles and collecting wires £3.0.0 Explicit directions for use are sent with this outfit. (Schall & Son, 1913) Commercial operators Manufacturers were naturally keen to sell as many electrolysis machines as possible; mains electricity was absent from most cities in the early part of the twentieth century but as the equipment was battery powered, and very portable, this was not an issue. In addition, their operation was not regulated so, before long, their use spread outside the medical profession.

Attitudes of some physicians helped. Although some could see the distress that excess hair was causing their patients, many saw electrolysis simply as a beautifying practice – as the correction of a ‘cosmetic defect’ rather than a cure for a ‘serious disease’ – and discounted it as a medical procedure, leaving it to others to provide the service. By the end of the nineteenth century, electrolysis treatments could be readily obtained from non-medical sources including specialist operators, as well some barbers, hairdressers and beauty salons. As physicians discovered other uses for electrolysis, the non-medical operators followed and were soon using their machines to treat other facial blemishes such as moles, warts, spider veins, birthmarks, pimples, blackheads and acne. Newspaper advertising of the time indicates that there were often many operators working in major cities and it is more than likely that some of these branched out and became Beauty Culturists as well. Superfluous hairs on the face can only be really eradicated by electrolysis, and those who wish to undergo this little process should always be most careful to go to a qualified person. I can most thoroughly recommend Mrs.

Pomeroy, 29 Old Bond Street, for the removal of these and other facial blemishes in a skilled and competent manner. (Browning, 1898, pp. 216-217) By the 1940s, the medical profession was retreating from removing hair by electrolysis completely, and in second half of the twentieth century it became increasingly a non-medical procedure (Herzig, 2008, p. 878). Operator skill Despite the helpful literature supplied by manufacturers, practitioners (both medical and commercial) soon realised that using the machines to produce satisfactory results without scarring or pitting the skin was not a simple matter – skill and experience counted. In no operation where human life is not involved does experience count for more than it does in this comparatively simple and easily executed procedure. Whenever it is possible to watch the operation as performed by an experienced cosmetiste, it is advisable that this should be done. There are many little points in the technic of the operation that contribute materially to its success which can be better mastered by observing the operation than reading any description of it.

It is recommended that the beginner attempt the removal of hair on portions of his or her own body rather than the face and that no attempt be made on the face until the student is sure that he understands at least the working principles of electrolysis. Only partial experience can be gained in this manner however. (W. M. Meyer, 1936, p. 349) Concern about the expertise of operators came from a number of areas; legislators, manufacturers, the medical profession and commercial operators were all interested in this area. In France, commercial operators were barred and patients were required to seek medical assistance. In the U.S. and Britain the situation was more open. As commercial operators became more common, some authorities began to regulate the practice; however, this varied from country to country and from state to state. The arrival of professional associations and training schools helped set standards and provide supervised training programs. Manufacturers were also an important source of training. For example, when multiple needle electrolysis machines were introduced, the company set up to manufacture them also trained operators in their use. Limitations of electrolysis Although electrolysis was a significant improvement over previous treatments it had a number of problems.

Some of these were due to the technical limitations of the equipment used, others were inherent to the method. As well as introducing the possibility of infection, the process was very slow, painful, could produce noticeable scars (if rushed or done incorrectly) and/or create pigmentation problems in the treated areas of some clients. Patient forbearance, variation in skin and hair types, operator fatigue, acuity of vision and the cost of treatments were all factors affecting the successful outcome of a treatment regime. The fact that patients endured the drawbacks gives us an idea of the measures they would undergo in order to rid themselves of the hair. Treatment times: The process was inherently slow. Even skilled operators had to wait for the production of sufficient sodium hydroxide to destroy the papilla. The process could be speeded up with a stronger current but then the risk of scarring increased – an ongoing problem. Removing the needle too early would only lead to regrowth. An experienced operator could probably average removing about 60 hairs an hour, although this depended on whether hair was being removed from lip, cheeks, chin or neck. Patients with difficult hairs would have lower removal rates.

One way around this problem was suggested by the father of demabrasion, the German dermatologist Ernst Kromayer [1862-1933] in 1908 – use multiple needles. Usually electrolytic epilation is performed with one needle at a time, but he [Kromayer] sees no reason why several may not be employed simultaneously. He therefore has his needles connected with 15 cm. of the thinnest copper wire, which can be brought in contact with the copper wire of the other needles. Having formed a bundle of such needles,he seizes each one in rotation by artery forceps and inserts it into the hair follicle. When all the needles required are in place the wires are connected with the battery and the current turned on. In applying a number of needles simultaneously it is necessary to adjust the current according to the number of needles acting. It has been found that a current of 5 milliamperes destroys a hair completely in one minute. The complete destruction of the hair can be ascertained by pulling lightly on the hair shaft. The hair will be found to be held tight. On pulling somewhat more strongly, the hair comes away and is found to end sharply, as if cut off.

No trace of the hair bulb may be found,as this should have been destroyed by the electric current. Before the process is complete a hardening around the needle is felt, and soon a definite nodule is seen. If this nodule begins to be transparent, it is time to remove the needle, as there is danger of the cutis becoming involved in the necrosis and of the skin “burning through.” If five needles are applied at one time the current will be divided into fifths, and it will therefore be necessary to allow a 25 milliampere-minute current to act. It is wise to apply the strongest current well tolerated, and the author usually begins with 1 milliampere, and increases this up to 5, 10, 20, and 40. The highest he has used was 50 milliamperes. It must be remembered that the stronger the current the shorter will be the time during which it is necessary to apply the current to destroy the hair bulb. … At times he finds it wiser to use only a few needles, for example five, and to apply them continuously.

After one has done its work on one hair bulb it is withdrawn, and is inserted into another follicle, and so on. In this way there are always five needles acting. (An epitome of current medical literature, 1909, pp. 83-84) This idea was taken up by Professor Paul N. Kree who patented a multiple-needle electrolysis machine in 1918 (US: 1445961) and established a business to manufacture it. However, for individuals with severe problems, treatments could still go on for months or longer.

Question: What is the process in which hair and small blemishes are removed from the body by the application of heat using electric current?
Answer: Electrolysis