World's tallest building World's tallest building Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. On 4th of January,2010,Dubai,where there was only wind-blown litter a generation ago, witnessed the opening ceremony of the world's tallest building,"Burj Khalifa". A brilliant work of art with difficult structural problems took 1,325 days to completion since the start of the excavation work in January,2004. "Burj Khalifa" has returned the name of the "World's Tallest Structure" back to the Middle-Eastern structures where the Great Pyramid of Giza claimed that honor for millions of years before the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in England in 1311. It is amazing to know that the triple-lobed foot print is inspired from the desert flower "Hymenocallis" which is common in Dubai. Being located in Dubai,UAE,the tower was influenced by Islamic and middle-eastern architecture.This influence resulted in the tri-axial geometry of Burj Khalifa.

The tower consists of three wings arranged around the a central core in the shape of Y.As the tower rises from the flat desert ground, setbacks occur through the 26 helical levels decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it spirals skywards. The Y-shape plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage maximizing outwards view and inward natural light.Plus,it allows maximum view of the Arabic Gulf. As a super-tall structure, there were many difficult structural problems.To ensure safety and effectiveness of the selected design,a model of the building was subjected to extensive peer program. Designers used the "buttressed core" in "Burj Khalifa" consisting of a hexagonal hub buttressed by three wings bracing each other forming the Y-shape. Not only bracing each other but acting as a tripod base which is more stable than a four-cornered base. The corridor walls of the wings extending from the central core to the end of each wind terminate in a thickened hammer head walls. The main purpose of the Y-shape is to reduce the wind effects as well as keeping the structure simple, safe and foster constructability. The result is a stiff tower that can support itself laterally and overcomes twisting.

Setbacks in each tier occur in a spiral stepping pattern up the building. These setbacks confuse the wind as the wind vortices never get organized because at each tier the building has different shape. The hexagonal core provides the essential torsional resistance like a closed tube .The wing walls and hammer head walls behave as webs and flanges of a beam resisting wind shears and moments. Specific strength of concrete walls ranges from C60 to C80 cube strength using Portland cement and fly ash. The C80 concrete used in the lower portion of the building has a specified Young's Elastic Modulus (E) of 43,800 N/mm2 after 90 days. Wall and column sizes were determined using Virtual work/LaGrange multiplier methodology which results in very efficient structure. Wall thickness and column sizes are adjusted to reduce the effect of concrete creep and shrinkage. To reduce the effect of differential column shortening between perimeter columns and interior walls,the size of perimeter columns were adjusted such that the self-weight gravity stress acting on it is equal to that stress on the interior walls.

As shrinkage in concrete occurs faster in thinner elements ,the perimeter columns had the same thickness of interior corridor walls(600 mm)to ensure that both columns and walls will shorten by the same rate due to concrete shrinkage. That super-structure had foundations consisting of a reinforced concrete raft of thickness 3.7 meters supported by 194 piles. Pouring the raft was divided into four separate pours. Self consolidated concrete (SCC)of C50 cube strength was used. Each pile is 1.5 meters diameter; 43 meter long buried more than 50 meters deep. Piles were designed to support 3,000 tons each and while load tests, they supported over 6,000 tons. Unfortunately,the tower's substructure is constructed in a groundwater having chloride and sulfate concentrations higher than those in sea water! Having these aggressive conditions,a strict program of measures was required to ensure the durability of the foundations.Measures applied specialized waterproof covers, increasing concrete thickness, addition of corrosion inhibitors to the concrete mix and a cathodic protection system using titanium mesh. To get higher strength and lower permeable concrete cover to the steel bars, a controlled permeability formwork was used.

Besides, a special concrete mix was designed to resist the attack from the groundwater. The concrete mix for piles having 25% fly ash,7% silica fume and a water to cement ratio of 0.32,was designed to be fully self consolidating concrete having slump of 675±75 mm to avoid defects during construction. For that unprecedented height of the building, it was essential to compute wind forces and resulting motions in the upper levels as they became dominant factors in the structural design. Wind tunnel tests were undertaken under the direction of Rowan Williams Davies and Irwin Inc'. The wind tunnel program included rigid-model force balance test, a full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model studies, measurements of localized pressures, pedestrian wind environment studies and climatic studies. Models used was of scale 1:500. The wind tunnel data was then combined with the dynamic property of the tower to get the full tower's dynamic response to wind and the overall effective wind force distributions. The tower has six important wind directions. The principal three wind directions are when the wind is blowing into the nose of each of the three wings. The other three directions when the wind is blowing between the wings.

The orientation and setbacks of the tower were selected relative to the most frequent strong wind direction for Dubai. A several round of wind tunnel tests were undertaken during the construction of the tower. After each round of tests, the geometry of the tower as well as the number and spacing of setbacks changed to minimize the effect of the wind forces on the tower by confusing the wind. As the design reached its end, a more accurate aeroelastic model was made. The aeroelastic model is as elastic as the building. The results of testing the aeroelastic model showed that the predicted tower's motion was within the ISO standard recommended values without the need of any auxiliary damping. At the tallest point of the tower, it sways a total of 1.5 meters. Special concrete mix design having compressive strength of 10 MPa at 10 hours for the vertical elements to permit the continuity of construction cycle and a design strength/modulus of 80 MPa/44GPa. The concrete tests indicated that the compressive strength of used concrete used was much higher than the required one. One of the most difficult issues in concrete design is to ensure pumpability of concrete to reach world record heights especially in high summer temperatures.

Four basic separate mixes were developed to enable reduced pressure pumpability when the building gets higher. A horizontal pumping trial was conducted in February 2005 having the same pressure losses equivalent to height of 600 meters to determine the pumpability of these mixes .The concrete mix used contained 13% fly ash and 10% silica fume with maximum aggregate size of 20 mm. The mix is virtually self consolidating concrete having slump of 600 mm and used for pumping pressure exceeding 200 bars. After the level 127,a less strength concrete is required(60 MPa compressive strength) having maximum aggregate size of 10 mm. High quality control was required to ensure pumpability to the highest concrete floor considering the severe conditions of weather which vary from a very cool winter to a very hot summer with temperature exceeding 50&deg;c. Pumping concrete was executed using Putzmeister pumps which are capable to pump concrete up to 350 bars through high pressure 150 mm pipeline. To convert the dream of Burj Khalifa to reality, the latest advancements in construction techniques and material technology were used.

The walls' forms were made using Doka's SKE 100 automatic self-climbing formwork system. Steel forms were used in the circular nose. Columns and the floor slabs are poured on MevaDec formwork. The construction sequence for the structure began with the central core and slabs being cast in the three sections, followed by the wings walls and slabs and then the nose columns and slabs. To ensure the verticality of the structure, a special GPS monitoring system was developed to monitor the verticality of the building as it gets higher. This was due to the limited convential surveying techniques in the site. When completed, Burj Khalifa has become the world's tallest structure. Being a magnificent achievement in using the latest technologies and materials, able to integrate the architectural design concept with the structural design, Burj Khalifa will always be a special case to study.

N.B: Highlighted sentences are from (Engineering the World's Tallest - Burj Dubai) In Pictures: The World’s Tallest Structures Throughout History In Pictures: The World’s Tallest Structures Throughout History Pin it Share The battle for the title of the world’s tallest structure has been furiously fought over throughout history, with engineers engaged in a constant battle of one-upmanship. Since the lofty ambitions of the Great Pyramid of Giza, which was the world’s highest at 146.5 metres when it was built, man-made structures have gone stratospheric – a skyscraper currently under construction in Saudi Arabia is set to be the first building more than a kilometer tall. Unlike a building, by definition a structure doesn’t need to be occupied – towers and monuments count too. The fight for height reached a peak in the early 20th century in the U.S., with forests of skyscrapers shooting up in the country’s major cities, each vying to be the tallest. In the 1930s, the Chrysler Building only managed to hold onto the accolade for a paltry 11 months before the Empire State Building came along to snatch the crown.

From the present day right back to more than 4,000 years ago, these are the tallest structures throughout history. View photos 2560 BC - 1311: The Great Pyramid of Giza For thousands of years, The Great Pyramid of Giza towered head and shoulders over the rest of the world’s manmade structures, standing 146.5 metres in the Egyptian desert. One of the seven wonders of the ancient world, it was built in 20 years as a tomb for the Pharaoh Cheops. It’s made of 2.3 million stone blocks, arranged with fanatical accuracy to create the iconic pointed shape. Despite the lack of building machinery in 2560 BC the pyramid was completed in less than 20 years. It is generally agreed that the colossal stones were dragged from a quarry and lifted into place by huge teams of builders using sheer brute strength. (Rex) View photos 1311 - 1549: Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln The UK’s very own Lincoln Cathedral held the title for more than 200 years, ending the 3000-year reign of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

But details about its exact height are a little sketchy. No one is in agreement about how high its three spires, all of which have been destroyed, actually reached. It’s generally agreed that the highest one, which fell victim to a storm in 1549, was 160 metres tall. (ImageBroker/Rex) View photos 1549 - 1647: St Mary’s Church, Stralsund St Mary’s Church in Stralsund, Germany, lost its title as the world’s tallest structure in 1647 when a its steeple was hit by lightning and burnt down. The building has been through its fair share of ups and downs during its history. It was built around 1298, but collapsed in 1382. It was rebuilt in 1478 but the steeple was destroyed 17 years later and had to be remade entirely. Its current incarnation as a baroque dome was completed in 1708 and is 104 metres tall.

(ImageBroker/Rex) View photos 1647 - 1874: Strasbourg Cathedral, Strasbourg Strasbourg Cathedral was the tallest structure on the world for an impressive 227 years, and is still the world’s sixth tallest church. It’s also the tallest surviving structure built entirely in the Middle Ages. The cathedral is home to one of the world’s largest astronomical clocks. Legend has it that the clock’s maker had his eyes gouged out after it was completed so he wouldn’t be able to produce another model. (ImageBroker/Rex) View photos 1874 - 1876: St Nicholas Church, Hamburg This Gothic Revival church had its heyday for two years in the late 19th century, when its tall tower made it the highest structure in the world. It was all but destroyed by bombing during the Second World War with most of the building reduced to rubble. But its spire still stands today at 143 metres tall. (ImageBroker/Rex) View photos 1876 - 1880: Rouen Cathedral, Rouen A church has existed in the spot now occupied by Rouen cathedral since the fourth century.

The place of worship crept steadily skywards, with work on the current gothic building beginning in the 12th century. Thanks to a mixture of architectural ambition and being hit by lightning, the building was constantly tinkered with until 1876, when its huge central spire was completely and it became the highest structure in the world. (WestEnd61/Rex) View photos 1880 - 1884: Cologne Cathedral, Cologne Cologne Cathedral was the tallest structure in the world for four years, but it was a long time coming. Construction started more than 600 years earlier in 1248 and continued until 1473, until work ground to a halt. The cathedral then sat unfinished until the 19th century, when it is finally completed according to the original plans. The catholic cathedral’s two mighty spires then meant it took over from Rouen cathedral in the top spot. (WestEnd61/Rex) View photos 1884 - 1889: The Washington Monument, Washington Built to commemorate U.S.

president George Washington, the marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss obelisk remains the world’s tallest stone tower. It was the tallest structure in the world for five years at 169 metres. The monument was damaged in 2011 by hurricane Irene and had to be closed to the public, but after a lengthy restoration project it reopened in 2014. (MintImages/Rex) View photos 1889 - 1930: The Eiffel Tower, Paris Paris’s most famous monument is 324 metres tall and weighs 10,100 tonnes. It was the world’s tallest structure for 41 years after it was unveiled at the 1889 World’s Fair – a celebration of the centennial of the French revolution. It has been a hugely popular tourist attraction ever since, and is ascended by seven million people a year. Now it’s a symbol of all things romance, but when it was built not everyone was best pleased. 300 Parisian artists and intellectuals signed a petition to stop the ‘useless and monstrous’ tower from being built.

Luckily for the 250 million people who have visited since it was built, they were unsuccessful. (BestShotFactory/Rex) View photos 1930 - 1931: The Chrysler Building, New York The Chrysler Building in New York only managed to cling on to the title of world’s tallest structure for 11 months before its Manhattan neighbour, the Empire State Building, edged it by 124 metres. It’s 319 metres tall, and is another of the Big Apple’s Art Deco masterpieces. Its steel spire – one of its best-known features – was kept a closely guarded secret until the very last minute so that rival builders wouldn’t know how tall the skyscraper would actually be. The addition of the stealthy spire at the last minute meant that it emerged victorious in a furious battle with 40 Wall Street to take become the tallest building in the world. (OliverDixon/Rex) View photos 1931 - 1967: The Empire State Building, New York Manhattan’s 120-floor skyscraper is an iconic feature of the New York skyline, as famous for its art deco design as its impressive height.

Including its huge antenna spire it reaches a lofty 443m, and took over from the Chrysler Building as the world’s tallest structure. As for the rumour that throwing a penny from the top would kill someone on the street below…? Not true. But a pencil or other cylindrical structure could dent the concrete pavement if you tried the same trick. Australian Paul Creek holds the world record for the fastest time running up the steps of the Empire State Building. He scaled 1,576 stairs in an astonishing nine minutes and 33 seconds. (OliverDixon/Rex) View photos 1967 - 1975: Ostankino Tower, Moscow The television and radio tower that dominates the skyline of Moscow was the tallest building in the world for eight years, taking over from the Empire State Building. At the time of its construction it became known worldwide as a masterpiece of Soviet engineering. There was a plan made it 1994 to increase the tower’s height by more than 500 metres by adding an antenna to the top – but funding issues meant the idea was never brought to life.

In the year 2000 a devastating fire ripped through the tower, killing four people and disrupting communications in Russia. Most of the interior was completely gutted and an emergency operation commenced to restore the structural integrity of the building. (APphoto) View photos 1975 - 2007: CN Tower, Toronto Toronto’s CN Tower clung onto the record of the world’s tallest structure for more than 30 years, and measures 553 metres. To complete the building of the tower, 1,537 workers labored for 24 hours a day, five days a week – it took three years to finish. It officially opened in June 1976 and will celebrate its 40th birthday this year. Lightning strikes the tip of the tower an average of 75 times a year but, thankfully, long copper strips conduct the energy safely through the length of the building to the ground. It took over from the Ostankino Tower in Moscow to become the world’s tallest.

(RobertHarding/Rex) View photos 2007 - present: Burj Khalifa, Dubai The current tallest structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which has held onto the record since it was completed in 2007. The giant skyscraper stands at 829.8 metres and has 163 floors, home to apartments, hotels, offices and restaurants. It has 24,348 windows made of a total of 120,000 m2 of glass. It would take 36 workers four months to clean the entire exterior. The megatall building took the crown from the CN Tower in Toronto, pipping it by an impressive 296 metres. (WestEnd61/Rex) Reblog When Lincoln Cathedral was the tallest building in the world When Lincoln Cathedral was the tallest building in the world Twitter 2:52 pm Giza, Paris, New York, Kuala Lumpur and Lincoln: what do all of these places have in common? At one point in time they all contained the tallest building in the world.

While our fair city may not have an Empire State Building or an Eiffel Tower, we do have a majestic cathedral more than capable of giving any building in the world a run for its money. In 1311 it did just that, beating the Great Pyramid of Giza to become the world’s tallest structure. The cathedral itself was begun sometime around 1088 by Regimus de Fecamp, Bishop of Lincoln, possibly on the site of the old Saxon church of St. Mary Magdalene, which now occupies the area just outside Exchequer’s Gate. While Regimus lived to see the completion of the original cathedral (though just as he died later that year) in 1092, the building itself would fail to last a century, being gutted in a fire in 1141. Being extensively rebuilt and expanded in size by Bishop Alexander, this new cathedral also met its end in a natural disaster, being destroyed (with the exemption of a small part of the west end and its towers) by an earthquake on April 15 1185 — the magnitude of which has not been felt in Britain since. The rebuilding of the cathedral, under Hugh of Avalon (later St.

Hugh of Lincoln, for whom the south-western tower is named) began in earnest in 1192 and completed roughly around 1235. While greatly enlarged, the structural integrity of some of the building work was questionable, and in 1237 the central tower collapsed under its own weight. This was to be rebuilt under the orders of Henry III in 1255. A model within Lincoln Cathedral illustrating its former spires. Some 62 years later, work begun to enlarge the central tower, and to top it and the other towers with magnificent wooden spires, capped with lead. When construction work was completed four years later, in 1311, the central spire reached a height of 525 feet (a figure which is agreed upon by a majority of historians). This would have made Lincoln Cathedral the tallest building in the world, and the first to have surpassed the pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, which had held the title for some four millennia. This represented an amazing engineering feat for the time and a source of great pride for the powerful Bishops of Lincoln. This honour, however, would be fairly short-lived.

During 1548, the central spire, under the strain of both its cumbersome weight and a fearsome gale during a storm, collapsed and was never replaced, thus relinquishing the title of tallest building after a near 250 year reign. The other two spires remained intact, though their negative effects upon the structure of the cathedral ensured that sooner or later, they would need to be removed as well. The spires themselves added significant weight to the towers of St. Mary and St. Hugh, the SW and NW, respectively. The strain of this weight was exacerbated by the bells within the tower, particularly Great Tom, the large hour bell, which at this time was positioned in St. Mary’s tower and the quarter bells in St. Hugh’s tower. By the beginning of the 18th century iron braces had to be placed upon the towers due to the force of the bells and the weight of the spires making the towers lean significantly. By 1720, architect John Gibbs consulted with the Dean of the cathedral, and a decision was made to remove the spires and cease the ringing of the bells for the time being.

Locals, misunderstanding that the towers, not just the spires, were to be removed, rioted and demanded that the bells be rung in St. Mary’s tower non-stop. Further disturbances occurred four years later when the spires were again set to be taken down and the plans again scuttled. Finally, in 1807 the spires were removed, alleviating some of the strain upon the towers, though structural repairs have continued unabated for the past 200 years and probably well into the future. While the structural integrity of the cathedral ensures that its magnificent spires are unlikely to return, their absence does little to hinder the beauty of one of the largest cathedrals in Britain, third behind only St. Paul’s and York Minster. A beauty which the John Ruskin, the Victorian thinker, writer and jack-of-all-trades described as “worth any two other cathedrals we have.” It may no longer be the biggest, but in the minds and hearts of many, it certainly remains the best. The Lincolnite welcomes your views. Please stay on topic and be respectful of other readers. See our comments house rules.

Temple Tomb, Mausoleum The Red Pyramid, named for the light crimson hue of its exposed granite surface, is the largest of the three major pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis, and the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest man-made structure in the world. It is also believed to be the world's first successful attempt at constructing a "true" smooth-sided pyramid. The Red Pyramid was not always red. It used to be cased with white Tura limestone, but only a few of these now remain at the pyramid's base on the corner. During the Middle Ages much of white Tura limestone was taken for buildings in Cairo, revealing the reddish pinkish limestone. 2 The Great Pyramid at Giza , Egypt c. 2570 BC Tallest c. 2570 BC-c. AD 1300 146 meters (481 ft) architect Tomb The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens.

The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most well-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'. 3 Lincoln Cathedral , England 1092–1311 Tallest c. 1300-1549 160 meters (525 ft) architect Church Lincoln Cathedral (in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St. Mary's Cathedral) is a historic cathedral in Lincoln in England and seat of the Diocese of Lincoln in the Church of England. It was the tallest building in the world for over 200 years (1300-1549), but the central spire collapsed in the sixteenth century and was not rebuilt. It is highly regarded by architectural scholars; the eminent Victorian writer John Ruskin declared, "I have always held...

that the cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have." 4 St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, Estonia 1438–1519 Tallest 1549-1625 159 meters (522 ft) 5 St. Mary's Church, Stralsund , Germany 1384–1478 Tallest 1625-1647 151 meters (495 ft) architect Church St. Mary’s was first mentioned in 1298 as a parish church in the New Town. It attained its present form between 1384 and 1478. The imposing westwork, built from 1416, is unparalleled in the architecture of the time. Until the 1647 fire, the tower was 151 metres high. The present 104 metre polygonal spire dates from 1708. St. Mary’s Church is the youngest Gothic brick basilica in northern Europe. It has a polygonal ambulatory with radiating chapels.

An unusual feature is the triple nave transept.. The interior dimensions of the building are impressive. It is 96 metres long, 41 metres wide, and the nave is 32.95 metres high. It is thus the second largest brick church in the Hanseatic area after St. Mary’s in Gdansk. Little remains of the original interior elements. The most precious possession of the church is the Baroque organ, the last work of the Lübeck organ builder Friedrich Stellwagen, created in 1659. Under good weather conditions, the viewing deck in the church tower, 366 steps high, affords a unique panorama of the city, that includes the islands of Rügen and Hiddensee, and the Baltic Sea. 6 Strasbourg Cathedral, France 1439 Tallest 1647-1874 142 meters (469 ft) 7 St. Nikolaikirche , Hamburg, Germany 1846–1874 Tallest 1874-1876 147 meters (483 ft) architect Church War memorial The Gothic Revival St.

Nikolai's Church (German: St.-Nikolai-Kirche) was formerly one of the five Lutheran Hauptkirchen (main churches) in the city of Hamburg. It is now in ruins, serving as a memorial and an important architectural landmark. When Hamburgers mention the "Nikolaikirche", it is generally to this church that is referred, and not the new Hauptkirche of St. Nikolai which is located in the Harvestehude district. The church was the tallest building in the world from 1874 to 1876 and is still the second tallest building in Hamburg. 8 Cathédrale Notre Dame, Rouen, France 1202–1876 Tallest 1876-1880 151 meters (495 ft) 9 Cologne Cathedral , Germany 1248–1880 Tallest 1880-1884 157 meters (515 ft) architect Church The Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche St.

Peter und Maria) is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne, under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity, of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is a World Heritage Site, being one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany, and Cologne's most famous landmark, described by UNESCO as an "exceptional work of human creative genius".[1] Cologne Cathedral is one of the world's largest churches, being the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe. For four years, 1880-84, it was the tallest structure in the world, until the completion of the Washington Monument followed by the Eiffel Tower. It has the second-tallest church spires, only surpassed by the single spire of Ulm Cathedral, completed ten years later in 1890. Because of its enormous twin spires, it also presents the largest façade of any church in the world.

10 Washington Monument , United States 1884 Tallest 1884-1889 169 meters (555 ft) architect Monument The Washington Monument is a large, white-colored obelisk at the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It is a United States Presidential Memorial constructed for George Washington. The monument is among the world's tallest masonry structures, standing 555 feet (169.29 m) in height and made of marble, granite, and sandstone. It was designed by Robert Mills, a prominent American architect of the 1840s. The actual construction of the monument began in 1848 but was not completed until 1884, almost 30 years after the architect's death. This hiatus in construction was because of a lack of funds and the intervention of the American Civil War. A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet (45 m) up, clearly delineates the initial construction from its resumption in 1876.

Its cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884, and the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885. It officially opened to the public on October 9, 1888. Upon completion, it became the world's tallest structure, a title it inherited from the Cologne Cathedral and held until 1889, when the Eiffel Tower was finished in Paris, France. The Washington Monument reflection can be seen in the aptly named Reflecting Pool, a rectangular pool extending to the west, towards the Lincoln Memorial. 11 Eiffel Tower , Paris, France 1889 Tallest 1889-1930 300 meters (986 ft) architect Click here for Chrysler Building gallery The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, located on the east side of Manhattan at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue.

Standing at 319 m (1,047 ft) high,[1] it was briefly the world's tallest building before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. However, the Chrysler Building remains the world's tallest brick building.[2][3] After the destruction of the World Trade Center, it was again the second tallest building in New York City until December 2007, when the spire was raised on the 365.8 m (1,200 ft) Bank of America building, pushing the Chrysler Building into third position. In addition, the New York Times Building, which opened in 2007, is exactly tied with the Chrysler Building in height, making the two buildings tied for 3rd position.[4] Despite the change in tallness ranking in New York, the Chrysler Building is still a classic example of Art Deco architecture and considered by many, at least among contemporary architects, to be one of the finest buildings in New York City.

13 Empire State Building , New York, United States 1930–1931 Tallest 1931-1967 381 meters (1,250 ft) architect Click here for an Empire State Building gallery The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, New York at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. Following the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, the Empire State Building became for the second time, the tallest building in New York City. The Empire State Building has been named by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate.[5] It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[3][6][7] In 2007, it was ranked number one on the List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA. The building is owned by Harold Helmsley's company and managed by its management/leasing division Helmsley-Spear.

14 Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia 1963–1967 Tallest 1967-1975 537 meters (1,762 ft) 15 CN Tower, Toronto, Canada 1973–1976 Tallest 1975-2007 553 meters (1,815 ft) 16 Burj Dubai , Dubai, United Arab Emirates 2004–2008 Tallest 2007-present 800 meters (2,625 ft) architect Armani Hotel (the first of its kind) will occupy the lower 37 floors. Floors 45 through 108 will have 700 private apartments Corporate offices and suites will fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 123rd floor lobby and 124th floor (about 440 metres (1,444 ft)) indoor/outdoor observation deck. Burj Dubai (Arabic: برج دبي "Dubai Tower") is a supertall skyscraper currently under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

When it is completed in late 2008, it is predicted to be the tallest man-made structure in the world, as well as the tallest building by any measure. Scheduled for occupancy in September 2009, the building is part of a 2 km² (0.8 sq mi) development called 'Downtown Burj Dubai' and is located at the "First Interchange" (aka "Defence Roundabout") along Sheikh Zayed Road at Doha Street. The building is being built mainly by a South Korean company Samsung, along with the Belgian company Besix and the UAE company Arabtec. It was designed by American Adrian Smith before he left Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM) of Chicago to start his own independent practice, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture in October 2006. However, SOM continues to lead the architectural, structural engineering and mechanical engineering of Burj Dubai. The total budget for the Burj Dubai project is about $4.1 billion US and for the entire new 'Downtown Burj Dubai', $20 billion US.

Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln | 127684 | EMPORIS Lincoln Cathedral fromfaraway-the-cathedral-and-old-town-from-lincoln-castle Paul Micallef fullheightview-front-view-from-the-cathedral-courtyard Paul Micallef fullheightview-central-tower-from-the-southwest Ed Lewis Download Extended Building Profile PDF now! Preview PDF Direct download of the public profile for Lincoln Cathedral See all publicly available data fields Miss out on additional information about building data as well as involved companies and their contact information Direct download of the full building profile for Lincoln Cathedral See additional building data as well as involved companies and their contact information Receive actionable data and start working with new Leads right away Buy now Additional data fields available Building pinpoint * The price includes VAT and shipping costs. No shipping costs apply to the download. When downloading images you may be subject to other costs from your internet service provider. Cathedral Church of St. Mary EBN church Facts The cathedral suffered a major setback in 1237 or 1239 when the central tower collapsed. Work on a new tower began immediately, and by 1255 part of the old town wall had to be demolished to accommodate the expanding cathedral.

An earthquake struck Lincoln in 1185, causing structural damage to the cathedral. This time it was rebuilt by St Hugh in a Gothic style in 1192. Work continued into the 13th Century, after St Hugh's death in 1200. In 1072, the largest diocese in medieval England was based at Dorchester. The Bishop, Remigius, decided to move the Bishopric to Lincoln and in 1092 the new cathedral at Lincoln was consecrated. The two towers over the west front are each 63m (206ft) high. Provided interior shots for the 2006 movie 'The Da Vinci Code' after permission to use the interior of Westminster Abbey was denied on the grounds that the book on which the film was based was deemed "theologically unsound". This was the world's tallest building between c.1311 and 1549. The collapse of the central tower saw the title taken by Old St. Paul's Cathedral in London. In or around 1141 the cathedral was damaged by fire.

Alexander 'the Magnificent', Bishop of Lincoln from 1123 to 1148, was charged with rebuilding the cathedral and, according to sources at the time, did the job so well that the new cathedral was better than the original. Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height, as were the twin western towers between 1370 and 1400. They were also all topped by tremendous spires; that of the central tower, rising to a height of 160m (525ft), blew down in 1549. The spires of the western towers remained in place until they became unsafe and were finally removed in 1807, creating the present form of the cathedral. Do you need more information about this building and its related companies? World's Tallest Structures Quiz - By 115INCH 1876 AD - 1880 AD; France 151m; Took over 670 years to complete construction.

1880 AD - 1884 AD; Germany 157m; Took over 630 years to complete construction. 1884 AD - 1889 AD; USA 169m; Exceeded the maximum height of Lincoln Cathedral. Also the tallest obelisk and stone structure in the world today. 1889 AD - 1930 AD; France 300m; Constructed for the 1889 World Fair in Paris. In 1957 a radio antenna was added for a total height of 324m. 1930 AD - 1931 AD; USA 319m; The first sky scraper to be the world's tallest structure. 1931 AD - 1967 AD; USA 381m; Has 102 stories. With added antennas its height today is 443m. 1967 AD - 1975 AD; Russia 537m; Tallest structure in Europe today. Built to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.

1975 AD - 2007 AD; Canada 553m; Tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere today. Construction took three years. 2007 AD - present; UAE 830m; Tallest structure in the world today. Originally titled Burj Dubai. Construction of the $1.5 billion skyscraper began in 2004. It was open to the public in early 2010. 900 apartments exist in the skyscraper with 163 floors. report this ad Dubai's Burj Khalifa | Architecture review | Art and design | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close Dubai defies logic. Skyscrapers rear up out of the pitiless desert where, a generation ago, there was only wind-blown litter. This city-state confected from subsistence has now witnessed the opening of the world's tallest building – the Burj Khalifa , steel-ribbed, glass-clad and completely unsustainable. The 828m (2,717 foot) skyscraper boasts the world's highest swimming pool and mosque and is said to contain enough glass to cover 17 football pitches.

Not since 1311, when the spire of Lincoln Cathedral first topped the Great Pyramid of Giza, has the tallest structure in the world been located in the Arab world. Some Arabs, not unreasonably, interpret criticism of the building as resentment at Dubai's presumption in setting itself up as a world city. Stunningly designed by the Chicago firm of Skidmore, Owings and Merrell, the Burj Khalifa is inspired not only by minarets and desert flowers, but also by Frank Lloyd Wright's 1956 plans for the Illinois Sky-City in Chicago. Neither the technology nor the money existed then to build such a structure. Now that it does, Dubai would like to see its audacious building as a metaphor for its role in the vanguard of globalisation, as a technocracy capable of yoking Islam and modernity. The symbol, though, is already tarnished. Before and during construction, the building was called the Burj Dubai ( Dubai Tower ); its website still is. The surrounding area was to have been known as Downtown Burj Dubai.

But at Monday night's launch, the name was abruptly changed to Burj Khalifa, in honour of the president of the United Arab Emirates and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan. Last month, Abu Dhabi gave Dubai $10bn to stave off financial collapse. The name-change suggests the bailout may have come with conditions and that Dubai's blander, richer neighbour may now exert some influence over its anything-and-everything-for-sale mentality. In the space of one year, Dubai has gone from having the world's best performing property market to one of the worst. The Burj Khalifa's developers insist that 90% of its 900 apartments are sold and its 300,000 square feet of office space filled. In fact, most of the apartments were bought at the height of the market by speculators. And while a way may be found, for the sake of face, to occupy the office space, elsewhere in Dubai large tracts lie empty. It is impossible to get accurate information about this; Dubai is an opaque place, where the line between government and private enterprise is blurred.

What we do know is that little attention was paid in the boom years to the social or environmental consequences of development. All but 10% of the population of Dubai are expatriates, whose interests really lie elsewhere. The government featherbeds its few citizens but offers its majority of foreign inhabitants little more than a dream of making money, encouraging a short-term approach to the place. Certainly, it wants no political or civic engagement from them. Many of Dubai's construction workers live on starvation wages: £120 a month on average for a six-day week, with shifts of up to 12 hours. Housemaids can endure conditions approaching slavery. Laws exist to regulate working conditions and to prevent employers from seizing workers' passports, but they are not well enforced. Government figures are invariably owners, partners or shareholders in private companies. You only have to travel an hour into the desert to see the construction workers' shanty towns to get a sense of what life is like for those who are building Dubai's skyscrapers, but few do.

Construction workers on the Burj Khalifa have rioted on several occasions, including in March 2006, when 2,500 protested at the site, and again in November 2007. A Human Rights Watch survey found a cover-up of deaths from heat, overwork and suicide in the emirate. The Indian consulate recorded 971 deaths of their nationals in 2005, after which they were asked to stop counting. Meanwhile, the Burj Khalifa's air-conditioning system is said to be the equivalent of melting 12,500 tons of ice a day, in a city that has the world's highest per capita carbon footprint. Dubai relies heavily on CO2-emitting desalination plants. The Tiger Woods golf course alone requires 4m gallons of water a day. Short-term profits have repeatedly been put before sustainability. There remains an outside chance that the emirate may yet become capable of combining development with equity, transparency and environmental sustainability. But at the moment, Dubai is built entirely on a capitalism whose nakedness is clothed only in bling.

And if that continues, the Burj Khalifa will stand as a symbol of a meretricious, credit-fuelled era in which no one with any choice would wish to live. Rising almost a kilometre from the Arabian desert, the Burj Dubai, renamed Burj Khalifa at its official opening ceremony, is the world's tallest building Published: 4 Jan 2010

Question: What became the world’s tallest building in 1311 A.D.?
Answer: Lincoln Cathedral