Sikhism: Why do Sikh men have the last name Singh and all women, have the last name Kaur? FAQ > Equality Q: Why do Sikh men have the last name Singh and all women, have the last name Kaur? A: Singh means a lion and Kaur means a princess. In Sikhism these titles eliminate discrimination based on “family name” (which denotes a specific caste) and reinforces that all humans are sovereigns and equal under God. This tradition started because through the last name one could distinguish what caste one belongs to. Just by knowing the last name they would say, “Oh, you are the lowest” or “You are the middle” or “You are from high class”. Thus Sikh Gurus eliminated the last name from all the Sikhs so that no one could distinguish the caste and achieved equality for all Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave Singh as a last name to all the Sikh men and Kaur to all the Sikh women. Women were not treated equally before the time of the Sikh Gurus, and so to ensure equality, a movement for women’s liberation was started five hundred years ago with the Sikh faith. The Guru said, “You are my beloved princesses, my daughters.

You must be respected. How can this world be without you?” He cautioned men for being rude and bad to women. He said, “Without women this world cannot be. So, give them the rights, and give them equal respect they deserve.” Women are humans and all humans deserve equal rights. Normally, when a woman would get married, she would take the last name of the family she gets married into. Since Guru eliminated the last name, he said, “You don’t have to take anybody else's name. You are an individual, you are a princess, and you can keep Kaur as your last name.” It gave women a lot of self-respect. Related Information FAQ - Sikh Coalition Sikh Coalition FAQ WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF A SIKH? The most widely accepted definition of a Sikh comes from the Sikh code of conduct, the Rehat Maryada.

Originally written in Punjabi, it is translated as: “A Sikh is any woman or man whose faith consists of belief in: One God, The ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh, The Guru Granth Sahib, The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus, Who has faith in and aspires to take Amrit, initiation ceremony into the Khalsa, And who does not owe allegiance to any other religion.” As with most religions, however, a devotee cannot be confined to a definition. HOW MANY SIKHS LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES? WHEN DID SIKHS FIRST IMMIGRATE TO AMERICA? There are over 500,000 Sikh Americans, and Sikhs have been in America for over 100 years. WHY DON’T PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT SIKHISM EVEN THOUGH IT IS THE 5TH LARGEST WORLD RELIGION? There are several different reasons. First, Sikhism, compared to other world traditions, is relatively young. The faith first emerged in 1469. Second, since many people are not aware that Sikhism is the fifth largest world religion, it is not referenced when discussing the other world religions.

For example, many school textbooks have incorrect or no information on the faith. IS THERE AN OFFICIAL SIKH GREETING? The tenth Sikh Guru instructed Sikhs to greet each other with “Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh” (“The Khalsa belongs to Waheguru (the Divine) and victory belongs to Waheguru”). Another common Sikh greeting is “Sat Sri Akal” (“Truth reigns eternal”). IS THERE A SIKH EMBLEM OR SYMBOL? WHAT IS THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE KHANDA? ‍The Ik Onkar and the Khanda are some of the symbols of the Sikhs. According to the Sikh scholar Kapur Singh, the Khanda first appeared around the eighteenth century. “The Khanda is the symbol of the Sikhs, as the Cross is to Christians or the Star of David is to Jews. It reflects some of the fundamental concepts of Sikhism. The symbol derives its name from the double-edged sword (also called a Khanda) which appears at the center of the logo. This double-edged sword is a metaphor of divine knowledge, its sharp edges cleaving truth from falsehood.

The circle around the Khanda is the chakar. The chakar being a circle without a beginning or end symbolizes the perfection of God who is eternal. The chakar is surrounded by two curved swords called kirpans. These two swords symbolize the twin concepts of meeri and peeri – temporal and spiritual authority introduced by Guru Hargobind. They emphasize the equal emphasis that a Sikh must place on spiritual aspirations as well as obligations to society.” This information was obtained from . IS THERE A PARTICULAR ‘SIKH COLOR’? SAFFRON? No, there is no particular color for Sikhs or Sikhism. The Sikh flag, which is seen at almost every Gurdwara, is a bright orange/saffron color or dark blue. These represent traditional colors for Sikhs. WHY DO SO MANY SIKHS HAVE A COMMON NAME, SINGH OR KAUR? The tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, created the unique identity of the Sikhs and also gave all Sikh men one last name—Singh and all Sikh women another—Kaur. The reason for doing so is strongly rooted in the culture of South Asia.

In that time period’s caste-ridden society and even today, someone’s last/family name signifies their social status and caste. Guru Gobind Singh wanted to remove these barriers between people, and create an egalitarian society. The word Singh means Lion and the word Kaur denotes Princess. DO SOME SIKHS KEEP THEIR LAST (CASTE) NAME? WHY? Many Sikh families have kept their family name, but have maintained Singh and Kaur as middle names. DO SIKHS HAVE ANY DIETARY RESTRICTIONS? CAN SIKHS EAT MEAT? Sikh Gurus strongly forbade all rituals and superstitions. Sikhs are thus not allowed to eat any food prepared through a ritualistic process (e.g., Sikhs are not meant to eat Kosher or Halal). There is no mandate allowing or disallowing Sikhs to eat meat. Sikhs are also not supposed to drink alcohol or consume any other intoxicants. IS THERE A SIKH CEREMONY OF INITIATION? Yes. Initiated Sikhs are said to have joined the “Khalsa.” Joining the Khalsa is an important step in one’s life.

You are pledging your commitment to this faith and agreeing to live your life as a Sikh. This means that you must wear the five articles of faith, and carry Singh or Kaur as your last name. HOW OLD DO YOU HAVE TO BE TO BE INITIATED? There is no prescribed age at which a Sikh should be initiated and can choose to do so whenever he or she is ready. According to the Rehat Maryada, only those who understand the significance of the ceremony and carry its discipline with sincerity should be initiated. It is important that once you are initiated you are committed to that lifestyle. WHY DON’T SIKHS CUT OR SHAVE THEIR HAIR? The founders of the Sikh faith started the practice of keeping hair unshorn. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, gave the Sikhs 5 articles of faith (including unshorn hair), which as a whole comprise the daily uniform of a Sikh. In other words, keeping your hair (kesh) and wearing a turban form an external identity for a Sikh. HOW ABOUT PEOPLE WITH CUT HAIR WHO IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS SIKH? All Sikhs are supposed to have uncut/untrimmed hair.

But like in every religion, there are people who closely follow the religion and others who may not. Some people may cut their hair, but that does not exclude them from the Sikh community. DO WOMEN SHAVE? Sikhs are not supposed to cut hair from any part of their body. All Sikhs are thus supposed to have unshorn hair, and Sikh women are to maintain a separate identity and not shave. CAN I TOUCH SOMEONE’S TURBAN OR HAIR? Do not touch someone’s turban or hair without asking, as it may make him/her uncomfortable. WHAT IS UNDER YOUR TURBAN? Hair. Sikhs keep their hair unshorn and tie it in a bun or top knot on top of his/her head. WHAT DOES THE COLOR OF THE TURBAN MEAN? DO ALL SIKHS WEAR THE SAME COLOR? WHY OR WHY NOT? Sikhs can wear any color or style of turban, and there are no significant colors. Some Sikhs wear very few colors and others have a broad color palette. HOW CAN I TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIKH TURBANS AND OTHER TURBANS? Ever Sikh ties his or her turban slightly differently.

Remember that in America, 99% of the people you see wearing a turban will be Sikh. If you see someone wearing a turban and you are not sure if they are Sikh or not, ask them! The Sikh turban is thus an article of faith. People of many other cultures and religions wear turbans, but none are required to do so by their religion. Sikhs tie their turbans anew each day. Sikh turbans become a part of a Sikh’s body and are usually removed only in the privacy of the house. DO WOMEN WEAR TURBANS? Just like Sikh men, Sikh women are not supposed to cut their hair. In the Rehat Maryada, it is explicitly written that Sikh men wear a turban. There is nothing explicitly written about women, except that the turban is optional. Traditionally, women have always covered their head, but we’ve seen in the last 50 years, that women have deviated from this. There are many reasons for this change: globalization, cultural trends, and a lack of clarity in the Rehat Maryada.

For Sikh women who tie a turban, the turban is just as much a part of their body and identity as it is for Sikh men! WHY DO SIKHS WEAR A KIRPAN? WHAT SIZE KIRPAN DOES A SIKH CARRY? A kirpan does not have a prescribed length. In most cases it is about 3-9 inches long. The kirpan serves as a reminder to fight against injustice and oppression. A Sikh understands that carrying a kirpan is a great responsibility. It is only intended to protect themselves or others. DO KIDS IN SCHOOL CARRY A KIRPAN? Some Sikhs that are younger have made the choice to become initiated, and as such, do wear a kirpan. Oftentimes, school personnel are aware that the Sikh student wears a kirpan, and both parties have come to an understanding as to how the student may wear his/her kirpan. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A SIKH GOES ON AN AIRPLANE? DO YOU HAVE TO TAKE THE KIRPAN OFF? At the present time, Sikhs put their kirpans into check-in luggage and do not carry it with them on an airplane.

CAN I VISIT A GURDWARA? Everyone is welcome at a Gurdwara regardless of their race, religion, color or class. If you are interested in visiting a Gurdwara, feel free to reach out to Sikhs you know or contact community@sikhcoalition.org for additional suggestions and ideas. DO YOU HAVE TO BE A SIKH TO READ THE GURU GRANTH SAHIB? Anyone who wishes to can read the Guru Granth Sahib. DO SIKHS HAVE A CLERGY? WHAT ABOUT GRANTHIS/GIANIS? No. Sikh gurus were very clear about each Sikh making her or his own journey and not depending on a clergy to show them the way. Sikhs do have Granthis/Gianis. These are people who have studied the Sikh scriptures extensively, and are available in the Gurdwaras as teachers. They often lead a congregation, but any members from the congregations—both men and women—can also perform the same ceremonies. CAN WOMEN EXECUTE DUTIES IN A GURDWARA OR CONGREGATION? Yes. Sikhism does not delineate/define certain tasks to only men or only women.

A woman can lead or take part in any service or ceremony just as a man would. WHY ARE MEN AND WOMEN DIVIDED INTO SEPARATE SECTIONS WHILE SITTING IN THE GURDWARA? Sikh Gurus always taught equality between men and women. For instance, the Gurus decried the cultural climate that denied women access to religion and gave women equal rights as men in all spheres. In Sikh congregations, men and women are asked to sit side by side—women on one side of the Guru Granth Sahib, and men on the other. There are both practical and cultural reasons for this practice. Since everyone sits on the floor, often unintentionally touching the person next to them when there is a large congregation, having such interaction with the member of the opposite gender is frequently inappropriate in the cultural context in which Sikhism arose. However, in some smaller Gurdwaras, men and women may be seen sitting mixed in the congregation. WHAT IS LANGAR? The Sikh Gurus instituted the unique practice of Langar. Langar is food that is cooked by the members of the community and served by members of the community, to all people at the Gurdwara.

All Gurdwaras have a common kitchen, where Langar is cooked by volunteers and open to all. Langar is communal cooking, eating and sharing. Langar is eaten while sitting on the ground. The idea is to demonstrate equality of all people, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, race or sex. When Sikhism was sprouting in the South Asian subcontinent, the caste system stratified society. Higher castes would sit on stools and chairs and eat, while the lowest caste were not allowed to eat even in the same room, and usually on the floor, away from sight. The Gurus wanted Sikhs to always practice egalitarianism and communal responsibility. Langar represents one of the institutions the Gurus founded to break down caste barriers. WHAT IS THE SIKH WEDDING CEREMONY? The Sikh marriage ceremony is called Anand Karaj. It is performed in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh scripture. In a Sikh wedding, scripture is read from the Guru Granth Sahib, and after each section the couple walks around the Guru Granth Sahib, showing their commitment to the teachings being read. This is done four times.

Following this, a communal prayer is said for the couple and religious hymns are sung. The ceremony may be performed by any initiated member of the Sikh faith. The prayers being read indicate that the couple pledge allegiance to each other as well as the Sikh way of life and make a commitment to working together to help each other realize the Divine Presence. DO YOU BELIEVE IN AN AFTERLIFE? DO YOU BELIEVE IN HEAVEN/HELL, SALVATION? Sikh focus is on this lifetime. The Sikh Scripture ask Sikhs to make the best of their time on this earth, for this is one’s opportunity to accomplish her or his best and to make a connection with Waheguru—the One, Omnipotent Power. Sikhs are asked not to partake in rituals and superstitions and not to concentrate on what occurred before birth or after death. Sikh scripture repudiates a belief in a physical place called Heaven or Hell. Similarly, Sikhism rejects the notion of a Judgment Day. Sikhs believe in the doctrine of karma, which is a cosmic law that takes into account a person’s good and bad actions during his or her lifetime. The person then is rewarded or must endure suffering based on his deeds.

The Sikh scripture supports the idea of reincarnation. FUNERALS — WHERE, WHAT, HOW? According to the Sikh Rehat, Sikhs may dispose the body of the dead in any way they like. Sikhs generally cremate their dead because it is clean, simple and environmentally friendly. The body is bathed and clothed in fresh clothes by family members, and community members say collective prayers. The ashes are usually gathered afterwards, and put afloat in a flowing body of water—returning the person’s last physical remains to nature. WHAT DOES SIKHISM TEACH ABOUT OTHER RELIGIONS? The Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, is the only major religious text which contains writings by teachers of other faiths. This is because Sikh gurus taught that there are many different ways of achieving a connection with the God. The Sikh way is one of these ways. If you are following the Sikh way, you must follow it to the best of your abilities, and with absolute devotion. DOES SIKHISM TRY TO CONVERT OTHERS? No. Sikhism forbids proselytization or forced conversions. Sikhism believes that there are many paths to achieving attunement with the Divine.

However, Sikhism welcomes those interested in learning about the religion. Thus, people might learn about Sikh faith and then even be initiated as Sikhs. There are Chinese Sikhs, African Sikhs etc. However, once someone is initiated as a Sikh, she or he must follow the Sikh path to the best of her or his ability. Female With Singh As A Name? Female With Singh As A Name? Category: Friday, 3/29/2002 1:26 AM MDT vaheguru ji ka khalsa, vaheguru ji ki fateh i have seen many sikh women with the last name Singh, and I heard that some Sikh women actually use Singh as their middle name rather than Kaur. This is all somewhat confusing to me Someone told me that instead of Princess, Kaur actually means PRINCE, because the Guru wanted to get rid of the inequalities amongst the genders and propose that women are no lower than men... However, would it be wrong for me to make my last name Singh? Or my middle name? I haven't taken amrit yet but what about when I do - or when I'm closer to it?

I'm on that path and I've really been thinking about it, does it matter whether I use Singh or Kaur? I know Guru Ji intended Kaur for females....... But I want to have "Singh" in my name too!!! Being a prince is okay, being a ilon is another thing.. I don't care if I'm a female.. I can still be a lion.. & I wouldn't mind if someone misunderstood me to be a guy if they saw my name - none of this matters to me.... Do you think it'd be okay if I used Singh though? Or possibly both Singh and Kaur? Do you have any other suggestions because although Sikhism is equal, I still feel a bit weird about some things. When I mention anything about gender inequalities in Sikhi, people usually give me very practical responses that are backed up with some new reason.... But if I asked those same people this question, they would probably say I should just stick to Kaur. FOr some strange reason however, Kaur still makes me feel just a slight bit inferior, oh how i wish i could be a Singh.... *sigh* Thanks for any advice you can supply me with! Chardee Kalaa!

Vaheguru Jee Ka Khalsa, Vaheguru Jee Kee Fateh! ******* Wahehguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh! Being female does not matter to a Gursikh! When you take amrit, you become a Princess of the Guru. Kaur means princess, pure and simple. Kaur becomes part of your name, period. Many Sikh women have the name _____ Kaur Singh because their husbands are ______ Singh and when they marry, they take the husbands 'last' name. For example, my good friend is Amrit Kaur Singh; she is married to H. Singh. Like that, you see? I once knew of a Sikh woman named Singh Kaur! She wrote beautiful sacred music until she died. There is nothing wrong with adopting Singh in your name. You can be a lioness; the lioness is far fiercer than the lion! She does most of the hunting for the lion and also protects her lion cubs from the father and other male lions. Mai Bhago is but one example of a Kaur who acted like a Singh! The 10 Gurus were very clear that women are equal to men in their eyes.

This has not followed in Sikh practice today, though, if you look at it. It is up to us as women to insist on our rightful place alongside men in our sangats and Gurdwaras. To do this does not mean becoming militant. It means commanding respect by our actions and our seva, and by our devotion. Practice the naam and serve Guru as you choose, and let your lion-heart be a role model for Kaurs everywhere. guru ang sang, Sikhism Here is a link to the site for the textbook REVEALING WORLD RELIGIONS related to which these podcasts were made. ************************************************************ About 2% of India's population are Sikhs. Even so they because of their unique appearance, sometimes stand for India. Traditionally the men keep their hair and do not shave their beard or moustache. They gather their head hair in a turban. Sikhism is comparatively a new religion in India. This religion was established by Guru Nanak. Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in the Punjab region of north India. Guru Nanak was a Hindu and he loved to travel and learn.

He developed a new religion and included in it what he thought were the good beliefs of the two dominant religions in the Punjab region, Hinduism and Islam . And Sikhism indeed has beliefs from these two religions. From Islam it adopted the belief in the existence of one invisible God. From Hinduism it adopted the belief in Karma and reincarnation, meaning your actions in this life will decide your fate in the next incarnation. The Sikhs also cremate their dead ones as is done in Hinduism. The creators of Sikhism tried to abolish some of the Indian customs such as the caste system and Sati - burning of the widow. In Sikhism everyone has equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, color, race, sex or religion. Sikhism rejects pilgrimage, fasting, superstitions and other such rituals. Sikhism does not have a clergy class as it considers this as a gateway to corruption. However they have readers and singers in their temples. A Sikh place of worship is called Gurdwara. Sikhism does not support pilgrimage to holy sites because according to Sikhism, God is everywhere and not in any certain place.

But Sikhism has a few important sites, of which, the Hari Mandir, also known as the 'Golden Temple' in Amritsar in Punjab is the most important site and is considered the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Sikhism emphasis community services and helping the needy. One of the distinct features of Sikhism is the common kitchen called Langar. In every Gurdwara there is a Langar. Every Sikh is supposed to contribute in preparing the meals in the free kitchen. The meals are served to all and are eaten sitting on the floor and this is to emphasis the point that all are equals. Sikhism does not believe in holding fasts for body is God's present to human being and therefore humans must foster, maintain and preserve it in good sound condition, unless fasting is done to foster the human body like healthy diets. Guru Nanak who established Sikhism was its first Guru. After him there were nine more Gurus who were the highest religious authority. The last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, proclaimed that after him the Guru of the Sikhs would be the holy book of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurumukhi script.

It includes the writings of the Sikh Gurus and the writings of Hindu and Muslims saints. But out of humility Guru Gobind Singh did not include his own writings in the book, which he proclaimed as the permanent Guru of the Sikhs. His writings appear in a separate book called Dasam Granth. Guru Gobind Singh is also the Guru behind the unique appearance of Sikh men. During Guru Gobind's term as the Guru of the Sikhs and also before him, the ruling empire of Punjab region was the Moghul Empire. The Moghuls were Muslims. Some of the Moghul emperors, like Aurangazeb were fanatic Muslims who harassed the non- Muslims, including the Sikhs. Some of the Guru Sikhs were even executed by the Moghul emperors. In order to stop their persecutions, Guru Gobind decided to make his followers a community of fighters. He changed his surname to Singh, which means lion. His followers also changed their surname to Singh. Since then a ceremony of baptizing was established among the Sikhs in which the boys were given the title Singh and the girls were titled Kaur meaning princess.

In those days "Singh" as a surname was very popular among a famous warrior caste of north India, the Rajputs. Some of the first Sikhs were also Rajputs. In order to make it easier for his followers to recognize each other, Gobind Singh, chose five marks, some of which even today symbolize the Sikhs. The five signs were, uncut hair; comb; sword or dagger; bracelet on the right wrist and shorts. The religious Sikhs dress according to Guru Gobind Singh's order, carrying a sword. Most of the Sikhs even today have uncut hair and gather it in a turban. But some easygoing Sikhs cut their hair or they do not gather their uncut hair in a turban. The emphasis on militant tradition and community service in Sikhism continues even today and many Sikhs serve in the Indian army or police. Sikhism > Wing Luke Museum Sikh Community Exhibition Sikhism The Sikh tradition is one of justice and equality whether it’s gender equality or the destroying of the caste system. - Jaideep Singh Suddenly I had an epiphany: real Sikhs … live regular lives, and worship in congregations like everyone else.

- Siri Kirpal Kaur Khalsa The Gurdwara [is the] central gathering place, not only for religious prayer and knowledge, but also [for the] community [to] get together. Your kids can go to the Gurdwara and realize there are a lot of Sikhs out there, and we all believe in the same thing. It’s important and religion’s important and prayer is important and community is important. - Sorena Kaur History of Sikhism Sikhs are a people and a religious group sharing a rich culture, tradition, scripture, script and institutions of their own. Twenty-six million people worldwide identify themselves as followers of the Sikh faith, making it the fifth largest world-religion. Sikhism, one of the youngest Asian religions, was revealed to Guru Nanak over 500 years ago in the Punjab (“Punj” = Five + “Aab” = Water, meaning the “Land of Five Rivers”), the Sikh homeland in South Asia. The history of Sikhism is inseparably entwined with the lives of its founders, the Gurus.

The word “Guru” means an enlightened Master who takes people from spiritual darkness to light, and followers of the Gurus became known as Sikhs, meaning “disciples” or “students.” The founder of the Sikh religion was Guru Nanak, who was born in 1469 in Punjab in South Asia. During his life, Guru Nanak Dev Ji witnessed people living in great social and religious oppression. Dominant religions divided people into separate classes and gave higher classes a “justifiable” excuse to treat lower classes as they saw fit. Guru Nanak taught a message of love, understanding and constant remembrance of a One Universal Creator or God, common to all people. Hindus and Muslims, the poor and the rich – all were encouraged to live together peacefully and in unity. He used the language of the common people to share his teachings using metaphors that they could easily relate to, and empowered individuals to speak out for their own basic human rights. Guru Nanak (d. 1539) passed on the enlightened leadership of this new religion to nine successive Gurus. The second Guru, Guru Angad Dev Ji (d.

1552), standardized the script – Gurmukhi, which means “from the mouth of the Guru.” He taught this script to all who wanted to learn. The third Guru, Guru Amar Das Ji (d. 1574), affirmed Sikhism’s principle of equality for women and formalized the practice of Langar, a free community kitchen where all sit together as equals removing all distinctions of class or social status. The fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das Ji (d. 1581), designed one of the most significant Sikh places of worship, the Harmander Sahib, which in turn was constructed by the fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji (d. 1606). Guru Arjan Dev Ji also compiled Sikh sacred texts – Adi Granth – the first Sikh Holy Book. The compilation included hymns from the first five Gurus and saints from other religions. The sixth Guru, Guru Har Gobind Ji (d. 1644), defended Sikhs against the invading Mughal Empire and introduced martial arts and weaponry to the Sikh followers. He wore two swords – Miri, symbol of temporal authority, and Piri, symbol of spiritual authority.

The seventh Guru, Guru Har Rai Ji (d. 1661), and his successor Guru Har Krishan Ji (d. 1664) maintained military efforts. The ninth Guru, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji (d. 1675), sacrificed his life in order to protect Hindus who were being forced to convert to Islam by the Mughal Emperor, an act symbolic of his stand for the individual’s right to practice the religion of their choosing. The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji (d. 1708), would be the last Guru in human form. Guru Gobind Singh Ji furthered the Sikh identity and established the Khalsa Order, which continues to this day. The Khalsa was comprised of individual “saint-soldiers” who participated in an initiation ceremony called the “Khande di pahul.” The primary duty of a Khalsa was to live with honesty and compassion, respect all of God’s creation, and work to abolish injustices in the world. Guru Gobind Singh asked all Sikh men to use “Singh” meaning a lion and women to use “Kaur” meaning a princess as their last names, thus shedding their caste identity.

This symbolized that everyone was born equal. Guru Gobind Singh Ji ended the line of human Gurus. He passed the spiritual authority to Guru Granth Sahib Ji, the Sikh scriptures, and the temporal authority to the Guru Khalsa Panth, collectively all initiated Sikhs worldwide. Written in poetic verse, the Guru Granth Sahib Ji contains the teachings of the Sikh Gurus and writings of saints from other faiths. It serves as the eternal spiritual guide of the Sikhs. Panoramic photograph of the Harmander Sahib taken in 1977. Photo courtesy of Kanwal Inder Singh Neel. The Harmander Sahib, literally the “Temple of God,” is located in Amritsar, Punjab, and is considered to be historically one of the most significant Sikh places of worship in the world. Completed in 1601 by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Harmander Sahib was built around a Sarovar (small lake), a natural lake known for its tranquility and sweet water. It is constructed with a door on each of the four sides of the building, symbolizing acceptance of people from all faiths, classes, communities and creeds.

Directly across from the central building is the Akal Takht, meaning “Throne of the Immortal.” It is the primary seat of Sikh religious authority and central altar for Sikh political assembly. It provides guidance or clarification on any point of Sikh doctrine. The Akal Takht was built slightly lower than the Harmander Sahib, indicating the balance between the religious and the temporal parts of one’s life. Construction of the Harmander Sahib began under the guidance of the fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The foundation stone was laid in 1588 by a Muslim Saint, Hazrat Mian Mir, underlining the Guru’s intention to promote interfaith dialogue and symbolize the universal character of the faith. The structure, sometimes referred to as the Golden Temple, was first plated with gold by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the early 19th century. At the heart of the structure is the Guru Granth Sahib Ji where Kirtan is continuously sung and read 20 hours a day.

Timeline of Sikhism 1469 – The founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak Dev Ji – the word “Guru” meaning an enlightened Master who is able to take others from spiritual darkness to light – was born in Punjab, South Asia. Guru Nanak Dev Ji passed on the leadership of this new religion to nine successive Gurus in human form. 1492 – Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. 1600 – William Shakespeare, the most prolific playwright of the Renaissance, compiled Hamlet. 1601 – The Harmander Sahib, historically one of the most significant Sikh places of worship in the world, was completed near the town of Amritsar, Punjab, South Asia. The Harmander Sahib (literally “House of God”) was constructed with a door on each of the four sides of the building, symbolizing acceptance of people from all faiths, classes, communities and creeds. 1604 – Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Sikh Guru, compiled the Adi Granth – a collection of hymns from the first five Gurus and the saints from other faiths. The Adi Granth was installed by him at Harmander Sahib.

1620 – Pilgrims landed in the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock in the American colonies after escaping religious persecution in Europe. 1640 – Western philosopher Descartes coined the phrase Cogito, Ergo Sum [I think, Therefore I Am], and wrote about the mind as the human connection with God. 1675 – Guru Teg Bahadur Ji, the ninth Sikh Guru, protested the forced conversion of Hindus to Islam by the Mughal Empire in South Asia and was beheaded in New Delhi, sacrificing his life for religious freedom. 1690 – Salem witch trials took place in Massachusetts where people were wrongly accused and unjustly put to death. 1699 – Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru, established the Khalsa Panth, creating a “Fellowship of Saint-Soldiers” who commit to living life with honesty, compassion, respect for all of God’s creation, and working to fight tyranny and injustice in the world. 1708 – Guru Gobind Singh Ji passed away and ended the line of human Gurus. He passed guruship to Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Khalsa Panth.

1710 – Banda Singh Bahadur established the first Sikh republic in Punjab, South Asia. Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah issued a decree, putting a price on every Sikh’s head. 1712 – Banda Singh Bahadur and his compatriots were publicly executed by the colonial Mughal Empire. Sikhs spent the next 50 years fighting against oppression. 1776 – The United States of America was established. The opening of the Constitution reads, “We the people…ensure blessings of liberty.” 1789 – The French Revolution brought the ideology of liberty through the self, unity and brotherhood to the forefront of Western society. 1799 – Maharaja Ranjit Singh entered Lahore marking the ascendancy of Sikh rule in Punjab and beyond. 1842 – The Khalsa Jio signed a treaty with the Dalai Lama, extending the Sikh Kingdom from Afghanistan to Nepal and from Little Tibet to the Sutlej River. 1845 – 1849 – The Anglo-Sikh Wars took place in Punjab and ended with the colonization of the Sikh Kingdom into British India.

1861 – 1865 – The Civil War took place in the United States and ended with the freedom of slaves throughout the country. Basic Beliefs Some basic beliefs of Sikhism include: Monotheism. There is only one God, who is omnipresent and infinite. Human equality. All people are equal, regardless of religion, race, social class or gender. Salvation by virtue, not rituals. A person is saved through devotion to the One God, serving humanity, and honest labor. Positive outlook. Both happy and sad events in life are the will of God, and need to be accepted with a cheerful outlook. No clergy. All people are equal before God. There are no priests to perform religious functions or dictate how people should think or act. The eternal Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The scripture containing the writings of the Gurus and other holy saints is the final spiritual authority and instructor to all Sikhs. Common meal. Langar, the common meal, is a free, vegetarian meal served at all Sikh places of worship, known as Gurdwaras. It is open to everyone, regardless of class, religion, etc., and represents that everyone is equal. It is vegetarian so that people with any dietary restrictions may eat.

Fight for justice. Sikhs have a long and celebrated heritage of speaking out against injustice and fighting for the defenseless. Guru Khalsa Panth. The order of the Khalsa was established by the Guru Gobind Singh - the tenth Sikh Guru. Sikhs who are ready to commit to following the tenants of the faith undergo an initiation ceremony and become a member of the Khalsa. Members of the order of the Khalsa maintain a strict spiritual and moral discipline and can be identified by their five articles of faith, known as the “five K’s.” Wearing the five K’s serves as a reminder of one’s spiritual quest, and is an easily identifiable uniform for others to recognize. The five K’s are: Kes (uncut hair). Sikhs do not cut their hair, both out of deep reverence for the perfection of God’s creation and because it is an expression of acceptance of whatever God has given them. Kangha (comb). Just as a comb helps remove tangles and cleans the hair, Sikhs carry a wooden comb to remind them to make a conscious effort to remain pure and spiritually clean. Kara (metal bracelet).

Worn on the right wrist, the bracelet reminds Sikhs that they are bound to God and have an unbreakable link to the Gurus and other Sikhs. It reminds them to exercise restraint at all times. Kirpan (religious sword). The word kirpan is derived from the words kirpa (act of kindness) and aan (honor, respect, self-respect). It is usually a curved blade with a length no greater than nine inches, though the length can be much smaller. The kirpan is a reminder to Sikhs that it is their spiritual duty to help anyone in need and always be ready to defend the weak and the oppressed. Kachh (shorts). This is a pair of knee-length shorts worn as an undergarment. It is a reminder of self-control and marital chastity. An additional article of faith is the dastaar (turban). Neither cultural paraphernalia nor a fashionable trend, the dastaar represents the Sikh’s commitment to always be recognized and therefore to never be able to shun responsibility. It represents the sacrifices that the Gurus made for the right to freedom of religion and for the rights of the poor and others who cannot freely live out their lives.

Though mandatory for only Sikh men, some Sikh women also choose to wear the dastaar. With the formalization of the Sikh identity, Sikh women started to leave their family’s last name to take the last name Kaur (meaning “princess”), while Sikh men took the last name Singh (meaning “lion”). Photo courtesy of Savraj Singh. Kirtan. Kirtan is the singing of hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Accompanied by traditional South Asian instruments, they are sung in a way that encourages participation from the entire Sangat (congregation). Accompanied by traditional South Asian instruments, they are sung in a way that encourages participation from the entire Sangat (congregation). Photo from The Wing Collection. People Serving Langar. The Langar, or the community kitchen, attached to Sikh Gurdwaras, is a unique institution that is aimed at removing the separations of color, caste and creed. Called the pangat, everyone sits in a line without any distinction to eat vegetarian food cooked and served by persons of any caste. All the work involved in preparing the food, serving it and clearing up afterwards is called “seva,” which means voluntary, selfless service.

Photo courtesy of Jasbir Kaur. Gurmat Camp. Music is an integral part of Sikhism. The Guru Granth Sahib Ji is written in 31 different Ragas, with each hymn written in a particular melodic scale, highlighting a particular emotion. The use of music enables a more heartfelt experience and also encourages involvement from everyone. Here, youth at Gurmat camp – special camps for youth to learn more about Sikhism and connect with others – learn to play the harmonium. Photo courtesy of The Sikh Coalition. Five Kakkar. Sikhs can be easily identifiable by the wearing of the Five Kakkar. These articles of faith strengthen a Sikh’s inner spiritual life and encourage them in the service of others. Kes, or unshorn hair, requires continued deep conviction, especially in today’s society. Sikhs develop great inner strength to be able to constantly accomplish this task, nurturing their spiritual well being, and ultimately helping serve those around them.Kangha, the small wooden comb, is usually attached to a small string, which allows it to be tied with the rest of the hair without risk of falling out.Kara, the metal bracelet, is most commonly made of steel and symbolizes strength, determination and devotion.

Kirpan, the religious sword, by design is symbolic and if ever used, is strictly only for defense. Kachh, the undergarment, can also be worn on its own due to its long length, reaching down to the knees. Kacch can be useful for swimming, sports and other activities. Photo courtesy of Sutinder Kaur. Nagar Kirtan. A Nagar (Public) Kirtan is held on various significant dates in Sikh history. The community gathers together, and with the Guru Granth Sahib Ji on the head float, follows a common parade route, praying along the way in celebration of the event. Owners of houses along the route commonly set up stations where they distribute food and drinks to participants. Photo courtesy of Sutinder Kaur. Hola Mohalla. The festival of Hola Mohalla includes competitions in Gatka – the Sikh martial art form –along with Kirtan and poetry. Hola Mohalla is a time to celebrate Sikh traditions and remember the importance of living life prepared to protect and defend others as well as be spiritually sound.

The Turban Sikhism - Credo Reference Topic Page: Sikhism Definition: Sikhism from The Macquarie Dictionary a monotheistic religion founded in the early 16th century in north-western India by Guru Nanak, with teachings centred on spiritual liberation and social harmony. Summary Article: Sikhism from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide Image from: Nepal in Philip's Encyclopedia Religion professed by 14 million Indians, living mainly in the Punjab. Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak. Sikhs believe in a single God (monotheism) who is the immortal creator of the universe and who has never been incarnate in any form, and in the equality of all human beings; Sikhism is strongly opposed to caste divisions. Their holy book is the Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh instituted the Khanda-di-Pahul, the baptism of the sword, and established the Khalsa (‘pure’), the company of the faithful. The Khalsa wear the Panj Kakas (five Ks): kesh, long hair; kangha, a comb; kirpan, a sword; kachha, short trousers; and kara, a steel bracelet.

Sikh men take the last name ‘Singh’ (‘lion’) and women ‘Kaur’ (‘princess’). Beliefs Human beings can make themselves ready to find God by prayer and meditation but can achieve closeness to God only as a result of God's nadar (grace). Sikhs believe in reincarnation and that the ten human gurus were teachers through whom the spirit of Guru Nanak was passed on to live today in the Guru Granth Sahib and the Khalsa. The Mool Mantra sums up Sikh belief about the nature of God. Equality is central to Sikhism, in particular the equality of all men and women. Guru Nanak taught that all people are equal regardless of caste, race, or gender, and sought to abolish the Hindu caste system. Women are allowed to hold any office in the gurdwara (Sikh temple and meeting place). The gurdwara contains a langar (communal kitchen), where all, male and female, Sikh and non-Sikh, may eat free food together as equals. It was regarded as important that everyone sat together to eat, and all sat on the floor. Together with this belief in equality goes toleration.

Nanak taught acceptance of all faiths, emphasizing that God would judge people not by their outward religion but by their actions. He attacked ‘empty ritual’, preaching compassion, modesty, piety, and faith in God's will. People of all and no faith are welcomed into the gurdwara. However, Sikhs prefer to retain their distinctive identity, and marriage into other religions is frowned upon, especially if it involves conversion. The human body is regarded as God-given, requiring appropriate care and respect. Sikhs believe that it is wrong to change aspects of the body, so they do not cut their hair or shave, and they disapprove of cosmetic surgery. They also disagree with circumcision, and do not allow vasectomy or sterilization as a form of contraception. They refrain from using of non-medicinal drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. Sikhs disapprove of suicide, including the Hindu custom of suttee (ritual suicide of a widow), on the belief that only God has the right to shorten life. Practice Sikhs do not have a specific holy day, but hold their main services on the day of rest of the country in which they are living.

Daily prayer is important in Sikhism, and the gurdwara functions as a social as well as religious centre. Sikh women take the same role as men in religious observances – in reading from the Guru Granth Sahib at the gurdwara, for example. Special worship also takes place at festivals, such as the melas and gurpurbs, and ceremonial occasions, such as a naming ceremony (called Nam Karan), Amrit Sanskar (baptism into the Khalsa), marriage (Anand Karaj), and funerals. Sikhs also celebrate at the time of some of the major Hindu festivals, but their emphasis is on aspects of Sikh belief and the example of the gurus. Worship On entering the gurdwara, worshippers remove their shoes and cover their heads. They then bow low to the Guru Granth Sahib, and make an offering of food, money, or a romalla (silk square). Men will sit on the right and women on the left, but everyone sits on the floor. People may not stay for the whole service but will enter and leave while it is continuing.

The service begins with hymns and prayers; a set of beads (mala) may be used to count repetitive prayers. A section from the Adi Granth is read by the granthi (reader). While reading, the granthi will hold a chauri (ceremonial fan) over it as a sign of respect. A sermon or teaching is followed by the Ardas (communal prayer). On special occasions an Akhand Path, a non-stop reading of the entire Guru Granth Sahib, will be made. A vak (random reading of the scriptures) also forms part of certain ceremonies. At the end of the service the congregation share the karah prashad (blessed food), and then everyone will eat at the langar. Private worship takes place at home. There are set prayers that can be said privately or as a family at different times of the day. Sikhs should rise three hours before dawn to bathe and focus their thoughts on God; thinking about God is known as Nam simaran. Simple prayers include the ‘Nam japan’. At sunrise the ‘Japji’ is recited, in the evening the ‘Rahiras’, and before sleep the ‘Sohila’.

Sikh community Contributing to the community is an important part of Sikhism. Right conduct (kiral karna) is to live a pure, fair, and honest life, at work and at home. Sharing through charitable work (vand chakna) is also essential; members of the Khalsa are expected to give up a tenth of their income. Service should be given selflessly – a concept known as seva. History On Nanak's death he was followed as guru by a succession of leaders who converted the Sikhs (the word means ‘disciple’) into a military confraternity that established itself as a political power. The last of the gurus, Guru Gobind Singh, instituted the Khanda-di-Pahul and established the Khalsa. He was assassinated by a Muslim in 1708, and since then the Guru Granth Sahib has taken the place of a leader. Upon the partition of India many Sikhs migrated from West to East Punjab, and in 1966 the efforts of Sant Fateh Singh (c. 1911–1972) led to the creation of a Sikh state within India by partition of the Punjab.

However, the Akali separatist movement agitates for a completely independent Sikh state, Khalistan, and a revival of fundamentalist belief, and was headed from 1978 by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, killed in the siege of the Golden Temple, Amritsar. In retaliation for this, the Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated in October of the same year by her Sikh bodyguards. Heavy rioting followed, in which 1,000 Sikhs were killed. Mrs Gandhi's successor, Rajiv Gandhi, reached an agreement for the election of a popular government in the Punjab and for state representatives to the Indian parliament with the moderate Sikh leader Sant Harchand Singh Longowal, who was himself killed in 1985 by Sikh extremists. Britain's first Sikh school was opened in January 1993 in Southall, West London. essays Sikhism: Why do some Sikhs still use Gill, Sandhu, Sidhu etc. as their last name? FAQ > Equality Q: Why do some Sikhs still use Gill, Sandhu, Sidhu etc. as their last name? A: Some Sikhs do not completely follow the teaching for Sikh Gurus .

Gurus instructed to use Singh and Kaur as the last name for male and female to eliminate the caste system. Sikhs that use Gill, Sandhu, Sidhu extra as their last name and treat Singh and Kaur as their middle name are much interested in preserving their caste. A real Sikh will only use Singh or Kaur as his or her last name. Related Information

Question: In Sikhism men take the last name Singh – what name do women take?
Answer: Kaur