History and Careers of Photography From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers. By: Sheila Boester and. - ppt download Download Presentation is loading. Please wait. History and Careers of Photography From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers. By: Sheila Boester and. Published by Poppy White Modified about 1 year ago Embed Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "History and Careers of Photography From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers. By: Sheila Boester and."— Presentation transcript: 1 History and Careers of Photography From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers. By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard MVHS Photography By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard MVHS Photography 2 Photography… Is a science and an art. It combines the sciences of physics, chemistry, and optics with the craftsmanship of printmaking and the aesthetic values of drawing and painting. 3 What is photography?

The name or term photography was coined by Sir John Herschel in He also coined the terms “negative” and “positive” to photographic images, and the word “snap-shot” Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing~ writing with light (Sir John Herschel) 4 Camera Obscura Latin for “dark chamber” The Camera Obscura, first camera, with a pin hole for viewing scenes was invented in First drawing of Camera Obscura was made by Leonardo da Vinci. 5 Camera Obscura Go into a very dark room on a bright day. Make a small hole in a window cover and look at the opposite wall. What do you see? Magic! There in full color and movement will be the world outside the window, upside down! This magic is explained by a simple law of the physical world. Light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through a small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat surface held parallel to the hole. 6 First Successful Photograph First photograph was produced in 1826 by Joseph Niepce. First photograph used silver halide salts on a metal sheet instead of film.

Took 8 hours to expose! World’s first camera image by Joseph Niepce. Photo from an apartment building window. 7 Photographic Chemicals Procedure for chemical photo development was developed by Schulze in Etched plates were first shown in public by Daguerre in Daguerre's prints called daguerreotypes. Daguerre was the first to widely use chemical photo development. 8 Daguerreotypes were positive images, one of a kind Gold rush daguerreotype 9 Photographic Paper Process to produce negative pictures on paper developed in 1840 by William Fox Talbot. A positive was made on another sheet of paper chemically sensitized with silver salts. Talbot’s negative/positive approach formed the basis for all the photographic processes that followed. He called it the Calotype. A woodcut showing Henery Talbot Talbot’s first photograph on paper 10 Photographic Paper Calotype- Latin for “good paper” Make multiple copies of a single image The paper was washed over with a solution of silver nitrate and dried by gentle heat. When nearly dry, it was soaked in a solution of potassium iodide for two or three minutes, rinsed and again dried.

11 Collodion Process 1851 Fredrick Scott Archer- improves photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in alcohol) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented. Wet-plate featuring President Theodore Roosevelt 12 Carte de Visite Adolphe Disderi – introduced a rotating camera which could reproduce eight exposed images on a single negative. After printing on Albumen paper, the images were cut apart and glued to business card sized mounts. These tiny portraits were traded between friends. Thus began the worldwide boom (Cardomania) in portrait studios for the next decade. 13 Albumen paper The albumen print was the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative. It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the turn of the century, with a peak in the period.

14 Ambrotypes and tintypes : Direct positive images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US. Compared with other processes the tintype tones seem uninteresting. They were often made by unskilled photographers, and their quality was variable. However, they are significant in that they made photography available to working classes, not just to the more well-to-do. Until then the taking of a portrait had been more of a special event. After the introduction of tintypes, we see more relaxed, spontaneous poses. 15 War popularizes photography The Civil War( ) was the first war recorded with photography by Matthew Brady. He became one of the first photographers to use photography to chronicle national history. He brought “home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war.” His war scenes demonstrated that photographs could be more than posed portraits, and his efforts represent the first instance of the comprehensive photo-documentation of a war. Photo of Matthew Brady taken in 1864. 16 Motion Pictures Zoopraziscope- produced a series of still images that make a subject move.

Eadweard Muybridge took the first sequence of photos of action in It was to settle a bet as to whether or not running horses lifted all four hooves off the ground at one time. Leads to motion picture industry. 17 Photography for the masses George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak. Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures. Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company. “You press the button, we do the rest.” 18 Photography for the masses George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak. Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures. Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company. “You press the button, we do the rest.” 19 Color Photography Autochrome – The first color process marketed Invented in France by the Lumiere brothers in 1907 Color photography not widely available until the 1950s due to cost of film development.

Autochrome of WW I biplane 20 The SLR Camera SLR- single lens reflex 1924 : The "Leica", the first high quality 35mm camera introduced. Uses and automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film Non-SLR cameras- the view through the viewfinder could be significantly different from what was captured on film Kodacolor, Kodak’s first print film Old school SLR Camera with a zoom telephoto lens 21 Polaroid Camera 1947, Edwin Land- invention of first instant camera Founds Polaroid Corporation 1957 Utilized “pack film,” which required the photographer to pull the film out of the camera for development, then peel apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process. February no longer making Polaroid cameras The Polaroid Land Camera model J66 The Polaroid SX-70 Model 2 22 Careers during the early years War Photographer- documentary Photojournalist- newspaper, magazine Portrait Photographer- family, weddings Freelance- product photography, fashion Architecture Photographer Landscape Photographer 23 Photography as Social Change People who wanted to bring about social change began to use photography for their causes.

Jacob Riis- New York newspaper reporter- wrote and photographed desperate living conditions of immigrants in slums. Book- How the Other Half Lives 24 Photography as Social Change Lewis Hines- used Photography to change child labor laws in the U.S. Produced images of the many dangers of working in mines and factories. Because of his photography, the laws were changed. 25 FSA Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years.

26 Photojournalists of the 20th Century… Walker Evans- Great Depression 1935 Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother 1936 27 Photojournalist of the 20th Century Robert Capa- Falling Soldier, 1936 Margaret Bourke-White War Photographer Concentration Camp- Buchenwald, Germany Life Magazine, the most prestigous for photographers at the time 28 Portrait Photography Nadar- first great portrait photographer Produced formal, eloquent portraits of the artists, writers, and actors of the time patented the idea of using aerial photographs in mapmaking and and surveying Nadar 29 Portrait Photography Photography would replace painting as the primary medium of portraits.

Photography was inexpensive and became common place portrait of Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in the history of the world.- Nadar 30 Landscape Photographers Ansel Adams: Tetons and the Snake River Brett Weston: Dunes 1946 31 Recent advances 1985: Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the US 1987: The popular Canon EOS system introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount 32 History of Digital Photography Two inventions made the miniaturization of computers a reality: transistors integrated circuits These advances paved the way for computers to become smaller. 33 History of Digital Photography Invention of the imaging chip CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) invented by George Smith and Willard Boyle at Bell Laboratories. They were trying to invent a solid-state camera phone Their invention became the basis for all video cameras and eventually digital cameras, copiers, fax machines, and scanners.

34 First film-less cameras Were electronic Video cameras that captured still images Sony Mavica Cannon RC-701 35 First film-less cameras first black and white only digital camera with a small, one-tenth of a mega pixel (MP) sensor. Also first year Photoshop was released. Logitech Photoman Logitech Dycam Model 1 36 Consumer oriented cameras Apple QuickTake 100 Could record up to eight color images (640 X 480 pixels) in its internal memory. At the time, over 12 billon was spent on photography in the U.S. Logitech Photoman 37 Digital SLR’s Nikon came out with the first totally original digital SLR (DSLR) Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixel for $6000, 2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras 2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer- priced full-frame digital SLR, for $3000 Nikon D1 38 And the rest is History!

39 Careers Related to Photography Today Editorial Photographer Camera Equipment Repairers Film editing Photo Imaging careers Photographic Equipment Technicians Photographic Processor Photojournalist Professional Photographer Scientific Photographer Special Effects Technician Fashion Photographer Wedding Photographer … and much, much more. Follow the link… A Caledonian Journey: The Portmeirion Camera Obscura Observations, digressions, enthusiasms, fictions, and opinions. Monday, April 18, 2011 The Portmeirion Camera Obscura One of those interesting things I stumbled across while wandering the grid: a replica of the Portmeirion Camera Obscura : In the immortal words of Wikipedia : The camera obscura (Latin; "camera" is a "vaulted chamber/room" + "obscura" means "dark"= "darkened chamber/room") is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, upside-down, but with color and perspective preserved.

The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation. The real life building includes "a small structure which features a lens, a mirror and a projection table in a dark room, all which can be used to view objects toward which the lens is rotated, including the hillside village." Hence the name. The Second Life version includes a scripted house number that displays the total number of sims, mainland sims, mature-rated sims, adult-rated sims, and estates: The builder, Miss Tyche Shepherd, notes that "This building is loosely based on the Portmeirion Camera Obscura, found in the Welsh village where the 1960s cult TV series The Prisoner was filmed." Miss Shepherd's version of the camera obscura is a device that projects any sim: one need only use channel 87 to speak the name of the sim. Below, Caledon Downs: HISTORY OF CAMERAS PHOTOGRAPHY FILM AND VIDEO CAMCORDERS A camera is a device used to capture images, as still photographs or as sequences of moving images (movies or videos).

The term as well as the modern-day camera evolved from the camera obscura, Latin for "dark chamber", an early mechanism for projecting images, in which an entire room functioned as a real-time imaging system. The camera obscura was first invented by the Iraqi scientist Alhazen and described in his Book of Optics (1011-1021). English scientists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke later invented a portable camera obscura in 1665-1666. Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A camera generally consists of some kind of enclosed hollow, with an opening or aperture at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. Most cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and to focus the image, or part of the image, on the recording surface. The diameter of the aperture is often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture. "Photography" is derived from the Greek words photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw") The word was first used by the scientist Sir John F.W.

Herschel in 1839. It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material. On a summer day in 1827, it took eight hours for Joseph Nicï¿½phore Niï¿½pce to obtain the first fixed image. About the same time a fellow Frenchman, Louis Jacques Mandï¿½ Daguerre was experimenting to find a way to capture an image, but it would take another dozen years before he was able to reduce the exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep the image from disappearingï¿½ ushering in the age of modern photography. Louis-Jacques-Mandï¿½ Daguerre, inventor of the first practical process of photography, was born near Paris, France on November 18, 1789. A professional scene painter for the opera, Daguerre began experimenting with the effects of light upon translucent paintings in the 1820s.

In 1829, he formed a partnership with Joseph Nicï¿½phore Niï¿½pce to improve the process Niï¿½pce had developed to take the first permanent photograph in 1826-1827. Niï¿½pce died in 1833. After several years of experimentation, Daguerre developed a more convenient and effective method of photography, naming it after himself -- the daguerreotype. In 1839, he and Niï¿½pce's son sold the rights for the daguerreotype to the French government and published a booklet describing the process. The daguerreotype gained popularity quickly; by 1850, there were over seventy daguerreotype studios in New York City alone. Pinhole Camera and Camera Obscura Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham), a great authority on optics in the Middle Ages and lived around 1000 on the Gregorian calendar, invented the pinhole camera, and explained why the image was upside down. Around 1600, Della Porta reinvented the pinhole camera.

Apparently he was the first European to publish any information on the pinhole camera and is sometimes incorrectly credited with its invention. The Camera Obscura : Aristotle to Zahn The camera obscura was the direct forerunner of the camera. The first casual reference [to the Camera Obscura] is by Aristotle (Problems, ca 330 BC), who questions how the sun can make a circular image when it shines through a square hole. Johannes Kepler was the first person to coin the phrase Camera Obscura in 1604, and in 1609, Kepler further suggested the use of a lens to improve the image projected by a Camera Obscura. The Magic Lantern was the forerunner of the modern slide projector. Flashlight Powder Blitzlichtpulver or flashlight powder was invented in Germany in 1887 by Adolf Miethe and Johannes Gaedicke. Lycopodium powder (the waxy spores from club moss) was used in early flash powder. Flashbulbs The first modern photoflash bulb or flashbulb was invented by Austrian, Paul Vierkotter. Vierkotter used magnesium-coated wire in an evacuated glass globe.

Magnesium-coated wire was soon replaced by aluminum foil in oxygen. On September 23, 1930, the first commercially available photoflash bulb was patented by German, Johannes Ostermeier. These flashbulbs were named the Vacublitz. General Electric produded a flashbulb called the Sashalite. Polaroid or Instant Photos Polaroid photography was invented by Edwin Herbert Land. Land was the American inventor and physicist whose one-step process for developing and printing photos created instant photography. Disposable Camera Fuji introduced the disposable camera in 1986. We call them disposables but the people who make these cameras want you to know that they're committed to recycling the parts, a message they've attempted to convey by calling their products "single-use cameras." Frederick Charles Luther Wratten (1840-1926) English inventor and manufacturer, Frederick Wratten founded one of the first photographic supply businesses, Wratten and Wainwright in 1878. Wratten and Wainwright manufactured and sold collodion glass plates and gelatin dry plates.

In 1878, Wratten invented the "noodling process" of silver-bromide gelatin emulsions before washing. In 1906, Wratten with the assistance of Dr. C.E. Kenneth Mees (E.C.K Mees) invented and produced the first panchromatic plates in England. Wratten is best known for the photographic filters that he invented and are still named after him - Wratten Filters. Eastman Kodak purchased his company in 1912. Camera Exposure control The size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene control the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface. Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down. Focus Due to the optical properties of photographic lenses, only objects within a certain range of distances from the camera will be reproduced clearly. The process of adjusting this range is known as changing the camera's focus. There are various ways of focusing a camera accurately.

The simplest cameras have fixed focus and use a small aperture and wide-angle lens to ensure that everything within a certain range of distance from the lens, usually around 3 metres (10 ft) to infinity, is in reasonable focus. Fixed focus cameras are usually inexpensive types, such as single-use cameras. The camera can also have a limited focusing range or scale-focus that is indicated on the camera body. The user will guess or calculate the distance to the subject and adjust the focus accordingly. On some cameras this is indicated by symbols (head-and-shoulders; two people standing upright; one tree; mountains). Rangefinder cameras allow the distance to objects to be measured by means of a coupled parallax unit on top of the camera, allowing the focus to be set with accuracy. Single-lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to determine the focus and composition visually using the objective lens and a moving mirror to project the image onto a ground glass or plastic micro-prism screen. Twin-lens reflex cameras use an objective lens and a focusing lens unit (usually identical to the objective lens) in a parallel body for composition and focusing. View cameras use a ground glass screen which is removed and replaced by either a photographic plate or a reusable holder containing sheet film before exposure.

Modern cameras often offer "auto-focus" systems to focus the camera automatically by a variety of methods. 19th century studio camera, with bellows for focusing Image capture Traditional cameras capture light onto photographic film or photographic plate. Video and digital cameras use electronics, usually a charge coupled device (CCD) or sometimes a CMOS sensor to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape or computer memory inside the camera for later playback or processing. Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as cinï¿½ cameras in Europe ; those designed for single images are still cameras. However these categories overlap, as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in special effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between still and motion recording modes. A video camera is a category of movie camera which captures images electronically (either using analogue or digital technology). Stereo camera can take photographs that appear "three-dimensional" by taking two different photographs which are combined to create the illusion of depth in the composite image. Stereo cameras for making 3D prints or slides have two lenses side by side. Stereo cameras for making lenticular prints have 3, 4, 5, or even more lenses.

Some film cameras feature date imprinting devices that can print a date on the negative itself. History The forerunner to the camera was the camera obscura. The camera obscura is an instrument consisting of a darkened chamber or box, into which light is admitted through a double convex lens, forming an image of external objects on a surface of paper or glass, etc., placed at the focus of the lens. The camera obscura was first invented by the Iraqi scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) as described in his Book of Optics (1015-1021). English scientist Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke later developed a portable camera obscura in the 1660s. The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was possible. Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding boxes for focusing. Before each exposure, a sensitized plate would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record the image.

Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process invented by William Fox Talbot recorded images on paper. The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicï¿½phore Niï¿½pce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris . Niï¿½pce built on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further. Before the invention of photography, there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The development of the collodion wet plate process by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times dramatically, but required photographers to prepare and develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a mobile darkroom. Despite their complexity, the wet-plate ambrotype and tintype processes were in widespread use in the latter half of the 19th century.

Wet plate cameras were little different from previous designs, though there were some models, such as the sophisticated Dubroni of 1864, where the sensitizing and developing of the plates could be carried out inside the camera itself rather than in a separate darkroom. Other cameras were fitted with multiple lenses for making cartes de visite. It was during the wet plate era that the use of bellows for focusing became widespread. The first color photograph was made by James Clerk Maxwell, with the help of Thomas Sutton, in 1861. FILM IMPROVEMENTS The first true photographs were exposed on metal that had been sensitized to accept an image. Daguerrï¿½otypes, named for their French inventor L.J.M. Daguerre in 1837, were metal sheets upon which a positive silver image was affixed. The inventor of the first process which used a negative from which multiple prints were made was William Henry Fox Talbot, a contemporary of Daguerre. Tintypes, patented in 1856 by Hamilton Smith, were another medium that heralded the birth of photography.

A thin sheet of iron was used to provide a base for light-sensitive material, yielding a positive image. Photography advanced considerably when sensitized materials could be coated on plate glass. The first glass negatives were wet plate. They had to be developed quickly before the emulsion dried. (In the field this meant carrying along a portable process had been invented and patented which freed the photographer from the necessity of developing each print immediately.) In 1889, George Eastman, realizing the potential of the mass market, used a newly invented film with a base that was flexible, unbreakable, and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base, such as Eastman's, made the mass-produced box camera a reality. Using box cameras, amateur photographers began to document everyday life in America. Eastman's first simple camera in 1888 was a wooden, light-tight box with a simple lens and shutter that was factory-filled with film. The photographer pushed a button to produce a negative. Once the film was used up, the photographer mailed the camera with the film still in it to the Kodak factory where the film was removed from the camera, processed, and printed.

The camera was then reloaded with film and returned. In the early 1940s, commercially viable color films (except Kodachrome, introduced in 1935) were brought to the market. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colors in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color image. This system is still used for color. Photographic Films Black and white film is long lasting and more permanent than color film. The first flexible films, dating to 1889, were made of cellulose nitrate, which is chemically similar to guncotton. A nitrate-based film will deteriorate over time, releasing oxidants and acidic gasses. It is also highly flammable. Special storage for this film is required. It is highly explosive and should be kept at low temperatures, in sealed bags, in fireproof vaults. Nitrate film is historically important because it allowed for the development of roll films. The first flexible movie films measured 35-mm wide and came in long rolls on a spool. In the mid-1920s, using this technology, 35-mm roll film was developed for the camera.

By the late 1920s, medium-format roll film was created. It measured six centimeters wide and had a paper backing making it easy to handle in daylight. This led to the development of the twin-lens-reflex camera in 1929. Nitrate film was produced in sheets (4 x 5-inches) ending the need for fragile glass plates. Triacetate film came later and was more stable, flexible, and fireproof. Most films produced up to the 1970s were based on this technology. Since the 1960s, polyester polymers have been used for gelatin base films. The plastic film base is far more stable than cellulose and is not a fire hazard. In the past decade, film has become far less grainy and is greatly reduced in contrast. New technology has produced film with T-grain emulsions. These films use light-sensitive silver halides (grains) that are T-shaped, thus rendering a much finer grain pattern. Films like this offer greater detail and higher resolution, meaning sharper images. The traditional rule that slower film produces finer grain is no longer true.

The finer grained films are still slower, that is, the ISO rating is lower, but they are much less grainy and have much less contrast. A recent development in black and white film is a process that uses color film technology to develop and print black and white films. It is easy to take a roll of this film to a one-hour processor to get back prints quickly. However, the film has a purple tint to it, as do the prints. Additionally, because of the color processing, the life of the film or prints is highly suspect. Photographic Prints Traditionally, linen rag papers were used as the base for making photographic prints. Prints on this fiber-base paper coated with a gelatin emulsion are quite stable when properly processed. Their stability is enhanced if the print is toned with either sepia (brown tone) or selenium (light, silvery tone). Paper will dry out and crack under poor archival conditions. Loss of the image can also be due to high humidity, but the real enemy of paper is chemical residue left by photographic fixer. In addition, contaminants in the water used for processing and washing can cause damage.

If a print is not fully washed to remove all traces of fixer, the result will be discoloration and image loss. Staining also can occur on improperly processed negatives. The accepted current standard for adequate washing to remove the fixer is a minimum of 30 minutes with a total change of water every five minutes. (Commercial chemical preparations may be added to the bath to speed up the process.) A recent innovation in papers is the resin-coated, or water-resistant, paper. The idea is to use normal linen fiber-base paper and coat it with a plastic (polyethylene) material, making the paper water-resistant. The emulsion is placed on a plastic covered base paper. The problem with resin-coated papers is that the image rides on the plastic coating, and is susceptible to loss. Because resin-coated paper is considered unstable. Only fiber-base paper, specially processed to archival standards, is acceptable for archival purposes. Most of today's commercially made prints are on resin-coated paper. Whether the print is from the corner drug store or a professional laboratory, it is almost certain to be made on resin-coated paper. Drug store prints are machine processed prints and are not as durable because the chemicals have not been completely washed out as in fine art printing.

Another film medium that is not suitable for photographic permanence is color. Color film and prints are not stable because organic dyes are used to make the color image. The image will quite literally disappear from the film or paper base as the dyes deteriorate. Kodachrome, dating to the first third of the 20th century, appears most stable and examples exist that are half a century old. Color transparency films by Fuji of Japan are proving to be stable, but only age (not accelerated aging tests) will reveal the truth. Most recently, new techniques, along with some old ones, are creating what is called permanent color prints. The old fashioned dye transfer process has been reintroduced by two small companies. New printing methods using computer-generated thermal dye prints, digital images, supposedly highly stable pigments, and other technology claim to offer permanency for color media. It remains to be seen whether these claims can be substantiated. Other printing methods such as dye sublimation (a process for making paper prints that is created on a computer as a digital image), color Xerox, color laser, ink jet color, and other computer printers are so new that there is no data on how long these media will survive. LINKS and REFERENCE Nicholas J.

Wade, Stanley Finger (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception 30 (10), p. 1157 ï¿½ 1177. Explanatory Notes (section) of David Constantine's 1994 translation of Goethe's Elective Affinities, Oxford University Press. ....... The World in Your Hands SolarNavigator began life in 1990s as an attempt to prove that the world could be navigated on solar power alone in a SWATH boat. Since then the hull design has been refined to a SWASSH configuration - and electronics have developed to the stage where this vessel could be the first true fully autonomous Robot Ship - ideal for extended 365 day a year hydrographic surveying and other persistent ocean monitoring and surveillance. This web s ite is Copyright ï¿½ 1999 & 2013 NJK. The bird logo and name Solar Navigator are trademarks. All rights reserved. All other trademarks are hereby acknowledged. Max Energy Limited is an educational charity.

First Camera Invented First Camera Invented First Camera Invented By Charlotte Gerber Photographer and Camera Collector Alexander Wolcott invented the first camera similar to those used today. He patented his camera design on May 8, 1840. His invention made it possible for candid photos to be taken and not fade away with time. Mr. Wolcott also has the distinction of opening the earliest photography shop (known as a daguerran parlor) in New York. Camera Predecessors The earliest photographs were not taken with Alexander Wolcott's invention. Joseph Nicephore Niepce used a sliding wooden box to take photographs in 1826. Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris created this early predecessor of Mr. Wolcott's invention. This sliding box could capture images by using a mixture of silver and chalk exposed under a light source. Johann Heinrich Schultz discovered this silver and chalk method in 1724. Daguerreotypes Louis Jacque Daguerre and Joseph Nicephore Niepce discovered the daguerreotype process in 1836.

Daguerreotypes are photos created using a particular photographic method, which involves coating a copper plate with silver, then treating it with iodine vapor to create daguerreotype photos. This made the plate sensitive to light. After the photo was taken, exposing it to mercury vapor and ordinary table salt developed the image. Calotypes Henry Fox Talbot discovered the calotype process in 1841. The calotype photo used paper coated with silver iodide. After the paper was exposed to a light source, excess silver iodide is washed away when the pure silver is oxidized with an application of gallo-nitrate. The resulting silver oxide is black, making the image visible. Primitive Cameras Before Mr. Wolcott's invention, there were primitive cameras that could capture images. Problems ranged from images that faded to the length of time it took for the images to develop. The following are some of the inventions that led to the eventual creation of Mr. Wolcott's 1840 camera. Pinhole Camera The concept of the pinhole camera was in use since the 4th century BC. Aristotle and Euclid frequently wrote about naturally occurring pinhole cameras.

The Greeks believed that light was emitted from their eyes, rather than entering them. Once there was a better understanding of how light works, actual pinhole cameras were created. An Arab physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, published his Book of Optics in 1021 AD. He created the first pinhole camera after observing how light traveled through a window shutter. Ibn al-Haytham realized that smaller holes would create sharper images. Camera Obscura Ibn al-Haytham is also credited with inventing the first camera obscura. In Latin, camera obscura means dark chamber. A camera obscura may be a building with small holes used in the same manner as a pinhole camera, or it may be a small box with a hole in it, serving the same purpose. This primitive camera works by having light travel through the hole, strike a reflective surface, and project an image in color, upside down. These cameras were popular as entertainment devices at the time because tracing the projected image could create very accurate drawings or paintings. In the 18th century, similar cameras were created and mirrors were used as the reflective surface. By using mirrors, the reflected image was then projected as right side up, instead of upside down.

Camera obscura buildings still exist and are in use today. One can be found at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Invention of the Modern Camera The first camera invented by Mr. Wolcott in 1841 received U.S. patent number 1,582. This camera could take candid photos, and Mr. Wolcott used the daguerreotype process to reproduce the images on paper. It incorporated all the previous discoveries made with regards to the creation of a box that uses light to reflect images and the development of images on paper. A Continual Evolution Cameras and the photographic process continued to develop in rapid succession. The dry plate process in 1855 made it possible for photographers to take candid photos quickly. In 1885, Kodak developed paper film. Celluloid film followed in 1889. By the turn of the century, the Kodak Brownie camera had been invented, making it possible for the average person to take candid photos of friends and family. This ushered in a new era of photography that continually evolves, even today with digital cameras . Was this page useful? Photography - Art or Science?

| Photography Part I -History of Photography Camera ObscuraReflex MirrorOptical Glass and Lenses Part II -Technology of Photography Light Sensitive MaterialsDaguerreotypesRoll FilmColorDigital Photography Part III -Photography as Art Pictorialism and ImpressionismNaturalismStraight PhotographyNew Vision of the 20th Century Part IV -Photographic Techniques

Question: The name for which Victorian invention is derived from the Latin for 'Darkened Chamber'?
Answer: CAMERA OBSCURA