medicinal herbs: LARCH - Larix decidua medicinal herbs Family: Pinaceae (Pine Family) Medicinal use of Larch: The bark, stripped of its outer layer, is astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary. Its main application is as an expectorant in chronic bronchitis and has also been given internally in the treatment of haemorrhage and cystitis. A cold extract of the bark is used as a laxative. As an external application, it is useful in the treatment of chronic eczema and psoriasis. The powdered bark can be used on purulent and difficult wounds to promote their healing. The bark is harvested in the spring and should be dried rapidly. The turpentine obtained from the resin is antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge. It is a valuable remedy in the treatment of kidney, bladder and rheumatic affections, and also in diseases of the mucous membranes and the treatment of respiratory complaints. Other reports say that it is contraindicated for anyone with a kidney complaint.

Externally, the turpentine is used in the form of liniment plasters and inhalers. It has also been suggested for combating poisoning by cyanide or opium. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are "Lack of confidence", "Anticipation of failure" and "Despondency". Description of the plant: Forms extensive open forests at high altitudes. Edible parts of Larch: Inner bark - it can be eaten raw or can be dried, ground into a powder and used with cereal flours in making bread etc. A sweet-tasting manna is obtained from the trunk, it can be eaten raw but is mainly used medicinally. Another report says that "Briancon manna" is exuded from the leaves in the summer. It is white, sweet and almost odourless. Other uses of the herb: Large quantities of resin are obtained by tapping the trunk. Small holes are bored into the trunk, most resin being obtained from near the centre of the trunk. When properly made, the same borehole can be used for 20 - 30 years. The resin has a wide range of uses including wood preservatives, varnish, medicinal etc.

It needs no preparation other than straining through a cloth to remove plant debris etc. The hole is made in the spring and the resin extracted in the autumn. Resin can be extracted from May to October. The yield is about 40 grams per tree. A fast-growing tree that establishes itself rapidly and is also said to improve the quality of the soil, the larch can be used as a pioneer species on cleared and exposed land in order to assist the establishment of other woodland trees. The bark contains tannin. This is much utilized in N. Europe, though in Britain the oak is considered to be a better source. On a 10% moisture basis, the bark contains 11.6% tannin. Wood - durable, tough, elastic, easy to split, takes a good polish. Larch produces one of the toughest woods obtained from conifers and is also resistant to woodworm. It is widely used in construction, for railway sleepers, cabinet work etc. Propagation of Larch: Seed - sow late winter in pots in a cold frame. One months cold stratification helps germination. It is best to give the seedlings light shade for the first year.

As soon as they are large enough to handle, prick out the seedlings into individual pots. Although only a few centimetres tall, they can be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer providing you give them an effective weed-excluding mulch and preferably some winter protection for their first year. Otherwise grow them on in the cold frame for their first winter and plant them out in early summer of the following year. The seed remains viable for 3 years If you are growing larger quantities of plants, you can sow the seed in an outdoor seedbed in late winter. Grow on the seedlings in the seedbed for a couple of years until they are ready to go into their permanent positions then plant them out during the winter. Cultivation of the herb: Forms extensive open forests at high altitudes. Known hazards of Larix decidua: None known Larix decidua Larch, European Larch, Common Larch PFAF Plant Database Physical Characteristics Larix decidua is a deciduous Tree growing to 45 m (147ft) by 15 m (49ft) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 4 and is not frost tender.

It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen from Oct to November. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind.Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. It cannot tolerate atmospheric pollution. Synonyms Larix europaea. Larix communis. Abies larix. Pinus larix. Habitats Edible Parts: Inner bark ; Manna . Edible Uses: Inner bark - it can be eaten raw or can be dried, ground into a powder and used with cereal flours in making bread etc[2, 177]. A sweet-tasting manna is obtained from the trunk, it can be eaten raw but is mainly used medicinally[2, 7, 46, 61, 105].

Another report says that 'Briancon manna' is exuded from the leaves in the summer[4]. It is white, sweet and almost odourless[4]. Medicinal Uses Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. Expectorant ; Haemostatic ; Laxative ; Rubefacient ; Stimulant ; Vermifuge ; Vulnerary . The bark, stripped of its outer layer, is astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary[4, 21]. Its main application is as an expectorant in chronic bronchitis and has also been given internally in the treatment of haemorrhage and cystitis[4, 238]. A cold extract of the bark is used as a laxative[9]. As an external application, it is useful in the treatment of chronic eczema and psoriasis[4]. The powdered bark can be used on purulent and difficult wounds to promote their healing[21]. The bark is harvested in the spring and should be dried rapidly[4].

The turpentine obtained from the resin is antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge[4, 238]. It is a valuable remedy in the treatment of kidney, bladder and rheumatic affections, and also in diseases of the mucous membranes and the treatment of respiratory complaints[4]. Other reports say that it is contraindicated for anyone with a kidney complaint[7, 238]. Externally, the turpentine is used in the form of liniment plasters and inhalers[4]. It has also been suggested for combating poisoning by cyanide or opium[4]. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are 'Lack of confidence', 'Anticipation of failure' and 'Despondency'[209]. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Larix decidua for fevers & colds, coughs/bronchitis, tendency to infection, blood pressure problems, inflammation of mouth and pharynx, common cold (see [302] for critics of commission E). Other Uses Pioneer ; Resin ; Tannin ; Wood .

Large quantities of resin are obtained by tapping the trunk[4]. Small holes are bored into the trunk, most resin being obtained from near the centre of the trunk[171]. When properly made, the same borehole can be used for 20 - 30 years[64]. The resin has a wide range of uses including wood preservatives, varnish, medicinal etc[4, 64]. It needs no preparation other than straining through a cloth to remove plant debris etc[4]. The hole is made in the spring and the resin extracted in the autumn[64]. Resin can be extracted from May to October[4]. The yield is about 40 grams per tree[64]. A fast-growing tree that establishes itself rapidly and is also said to improve the quality of the soil, the larch can be used as a pioneer species on cleared and exposed land in order to assist the establishment of other woodland trees[4]. The bark contains tannin[171]. This is much utilized in N. Europe[223], though in Britain the oak is considered to be a better source[4].

On a 10% moisture basis, the bark contains 11.6% tannin[223]. Wood - durable, tough, elastic, easy to split, takes a good polish[4, 46, 61, 81]. Larch produces one of the toughest woods obtained from conifers and is also resistant to woodworm[4]. It is widely used in construction, for railway sleepers, cabinet work etc[4, 46, 61, 81]. Cultivation details Landscape Uses:Specimen. Prefers an open airy position in a light or gravelly well-drained soil[11, 200]. It tolerates acid and infertile soils, though it dislikes very peaty or very chalky soils[11]. Another report says that it tolerates chalky soils[200]. Succeeds on rocky hill or mountain sides and slopes[200]. Tolerates salt-laden gales according to one report[75] whilst another says that it dislikes exposed positions[11]. The larch dislikes atmospheric pollution and so does not grow well in towns[185].

A north or east aspect is more suitable than west or south[11]. It dislikes growing in wet ground or frost pockets[11, 81], and grows best in areas with abundant rainfall[11]. The larch is a very ornamental tree that is widely grown for forestry[11, 81]. It is very fast growing with new annual growth of 1.5 metres often found and trees can average 60cm or more for many years[185]. The dormant trees are very cold hardy, but they are often excited into premature growth in Britain by mild spells during the winter, the plants are then subject to damage by late frosts and cold winds[1, 185]. The young shoots have a delicate mossy fragrance as the leaves unfold[245]. Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus. Open ground plants, 1 year x 1 year are the best for planting out, do not use container grown plants with spiralled roots[200]. Plants transplant well, even when coming into growth in the spring[200]. Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus[81, 200].

Special Features:Not North American native, Attractive flowers or blooms. Propagation Seed - sow late winter in pots in a cold frame. One months cold stratification helps germination[113]. It is best to give the seedlings light shade for the first year[78]. As soon as they are large enough to handle, prick out the seedlings into individual pots. Although only a few centimetres tall, they can be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer providing you give them an effective weed-excluding mulch and preferably some winter protection for their first year. Otherwise grow them on in the cold frame for their first winter and plant them out in early summer of the following year. The seed remains viable for 3 years[113] If you are growing larger quantities of plants, you can sow the seed in an outdoor seedbed in late winter. Grow on the seedlings in the seedbed for a couple of years until they are ready to go into their permanent positions then plant them out during the winter. Other Names Found In Weed Potential Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking.

Conservation Status IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : Related Plants European Larch | Larix decidua - Alba Trees European Larch Larix decidua A quick growing tree, capable of reaching 130ft( 40m). On the continent the larch is a mountian species adapted to long winters and short growing seasons; in Britain it has a longer growing season and grows quickly in dry areas. It can be vulnerable to late spring frosts and is susceptible to larch canker. Being deciduous it is often treated as a "honorary broadleaf" to provide diversity in conifer plantations. The rot resistant heartwood makes the timber a popular source of fencing material as well as light furniture timber. Product details Larix decidua (European Larch) European Larch Synonym(s): Pinus larix L. Taxonomic Source(s): Farjon, A. 2010. A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden. Taxonomic Notes: Three varieties are recognized: the typical variety (var. decidua) from the Alps, West Carpathians, Slovenian Mts, var. carpatica Domin from central and eastern Europe and var.

polonica (Racib. ex Wóycicki) Ostenf. & Syrach from Poland. This last variety has been assessed separately as Endangered while the other two are both considered Least Concern but have not been assessed. Thomas, P., Chadburn, H., Leaman, D.J. & Allen, D.J. Contributor(s): Allen, D.J., Chadburn, H. & Luscombe, D Justification: Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread and common to abundant in much of its range; the European Larch is in fact expanding (northwards) with the abandonment of alpine cattle grazing in many parts of high altitude Europe. Larix decidua var. polonica has been assessed separately as it is Endangered. As this variety represents only a very small part of the European population and range, that assessment does not affect the overall assessment of the species.

Previously published Red List assessments: 2013 – Least Concern (LC) Geographic Range [top] Range Description: The species is endemic to Europe, occurring naturally across central Europe from the Alps in eastern France, through the Carpathians, Slovenian mountains, to southern Poland and western Ukraine and northern Romania (Farjon 2010). It has been naturalised widely, for example in Great Britain and Scandinavia. Countries occurrence: Austria; Czech Republic; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Italy; Liechtenstein; Poland; Romania; Slovenia; Switzerland; Ukraine Additional data: The overall population is thought to be stable. Current Population Trend: ♦ Continuing decline of mature individuals: No Habitat and Ecology [top] Habitat and Ecology: The species occurs in the high mountains of central Europe, at altitudes between (600-)1,000 to 2,200(2,500) m a.s.l.; in the Central Alps it usually forms the tree limit. The soils are neutral to acidic, mostly on granitic rock. The climate has cool, moist summers and cold, snowy winters, but annual precipitation rarely exceeds 1,000 mm.

Pure stands are uncommon, more often it is mixed with Pinus cembra in the Alps, below 1,800 m also with Picea abies. Systems: Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: No Use and Trade [top] Use and Trade: The wood of European Larch is valued for its durability and has been used for centuries in the Alps and Carpathians to build houses; traditional style houses still use well seasoned wood of this species. Other traditional uses are fences, gates, feeding racks, and water troughs for animals. Due to its durability, the wood of European Larch has been used extensively for railway sleepers, until these were replaced by concrete and iron structures in modern times. Trees with a curved base were split and hollowed and the two halves joined to make 'Alphorns', large wind instruments with a far carrying low tone; competitions to blow the horn are still held in some regions of the Alps. This species has been introduced in the lowlands of Europe for plantation forestry as well as an amenity tree. In horticulture for gardens it is not so common, although a modest number of cultivars are known, most with various branching habits.

The tree also has numerous recorded medicinal uses. Bark has been used as an astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and to treat wounds, and to treat eczema and psoriasis (PFAF 2014). Resin is extracted and used directly (dried and powdered), and also used to produce turpentine (PFAF 2014). The resin (and the turpentine extracted) has a wide range of non-medicinal uses in wood preservatives and varnishes, and tannin extracted from the bark is also used (PFAF 2014). | The Wildlife Trusts The Wildlife Trusts northeastwildlife.co.uk About The European Larch is an unusual conifer as it is deciduous. It has small cones on brittle twigs which start of as green and red, but turn brown as they mature, eventually opening their 'scales' to release the seeds inside. In spring, the needles are bright green but they turn golden yellow in the autumn, before they drop.

How to identify The European Larch can be recognised by the clusters or 'tufts' of short needles on its twiggy branches, and the small, upright cones that look reddish before hardening. There is usually a thick layer of shed needles beneath the tree as well. Where to find it Common Larch More information about Common Larch may be found here . The Larix Decidua is commonly known as the Common Larch as well as European Larch. The currently accepted scientific name for European larch is Larix decidua Mill. (Pinaceae) . There are four or five geographic races, sometimes given status as subspecies or varieties (Alpen , Sudeten, Tatra, Polen , Rumanian) : L. d. var. decidua L. d. var. pendula Henk and Hochst. L. d. var. polonica Raciborski L. d. var. sudetica L. d. var. tatrensis European larch hybridizes with Japanese larch (L. leptolepis) when they are planted together (they are not sympatric). The hybrid, L. xeurolepis A. Henry, is called the Dunkeld larch .

The native range of European larch is separated into four distinct, closed regions plus several outliers centered in the Alps. It extends from Switzerland south to Italy . European larch been widely planted throughout Europe and Great Britain, and has also been planted in southern Canada and the northeastern United States. It has become naturalized in Maine, Michigan, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island . European larch is a subalpine or montane species, occurring in the Alps with Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) and mountain pine (P. montana). It sometimes occurs naturally in pure stands . At middle elevations its associates include Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European silver fir (Abies alba), and at the lowest elevations it may be found with European beech (Fagus sylvatica) . Some of the information provided here is attributed to:Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Larix decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).

, available at the USDA Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) website Larix decidua Introductory SPECIES: Larix decidua AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Larix decidua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: [ ]. ABBREVIATION : LARDEC SYNONYMS : Larix europaea D. C. [ 12 ] Larix larix Karst. [ 17 ] SCS PLANT CODE : LADE COMMON NAMES : European larch common larch TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name for European larch is Larix decidua Mill. (Pinaceae) [ 12 ]. There are four or five geographic races, sometimes given status as subspecies or varieties (Alpen [Alpine], Sudeten, Tatra, Polen [Polish], Rumanian) [ 17 , 25 ]: Larix decidua var. decidua Larix decidua var. pendula Henk and Hochst. [ 7 ] Larix decidua var.

polonica Raciborski [ 15 ] Larix decidua var. sudetica [ 15 ] Larix decidua var. tatrensis [ 15 ] European larch hybridizes with Japanese larch (L. leptolepis) when they are planted together (they are not sympatric). The hybrid, L. xeurolepis A. Henry, is called the Dunkeld larch [ 3 , 7 ]. LIFE FORM : Tree FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Larix decidua GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : The native range of European larch is separated into four distinct, closed regions plus several outliers centered in the Alps. It extends from Switzerland south to Italy [ 3 , 14 , 15 ]. European larch been widely planted throughout Europe and Great Britain, and has also been planted in southern Canada and the northeastern United States. It has become naturalized in Maine, Michigan, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island [ 12 , 22 , 24 ].

ECOSYSTEMS : FRES10 White - red - jack pine FRES19 Aspen - birch STATES : CT ME MI NH NY RI VT BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : NO-ENTRY KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : NO-ENTRY SAF COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : European larch is a subalpine or montane species, occurring in the Alps with Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) and mountain pine (P. montana). It sometimes occurs naturally in pure stands [ 25 ]. At middle elevations its associates include Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European silver fir (Abies alba), and at the lowest elevations it may be found with European beech (Fagus sylvatica) [ 3 ]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SPECIES: Larix decidua WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : European larch wood is durable and strong [ 3 ], of moderately high density, with excellent toughness and stiffness. It is used for pulp [ 2 ], framing timber, roof tiles, flooring, and log houses.

It is suitable for veneer and other decorative purposes [ 14 ]. Larch (Larix spp.) wood is resistant to rot, and is therefore valuable for posts, poles, railroad ties, mine props, wharves, and pilings [ 3 , 17 ]. IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : NO-ENTRY PALATABILITY : NO-ENTRY NUTRITIONAL VALUE : NO-ENTRY COVER VALUE : NO-ENTRY VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : European larch is listed by Vogel [ 21 ] with other species that are of "limited importance or use" for revegetation of surface mine disturbances. It is primarily used for this purpose in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. It is recommended for rehabilitation of sites at higher elevations in the northern Appalachians [ 21 ]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : European larch is planted as an ornamental and in shelterbelts [ 15 ]. OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : European larch has been used in the eastern United States for reforestation [ 7 ].

Silvicultural systems: Group selection is successful with European larch, providing that advance regeneration has not been suppressed for very long; suppressed seedlings do not respond well to release [ 13 ]. Planting in mixtures with more tolerant species works well if the stands are thinned to allow European larch to maintain a dominant crown position; it does not usually suppress its more tolerant neighbors [ 25 ]. European larch planted on slopes are susceptible to stem bending ("saber growth form") and breakage from snow [ 13 ]. European larch grows rapidly and produces heavy litter which forms a thick, tightly packed mat. In Wisconsin, 10-year-old European larch plantantions produced twice as much litter by weight as 10-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa) [ 18 ]. Insects and disease: European larch seeds are vulnerable to seed weevils [ 17 ], adult trees on moist sites are vulneralbe to larch canker [ 25 ]. European larch is host to a number of insect species, none of which have been of economic importance [ 25 ].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SPECIES: Larix decidua GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : European larch is an introduced deciduous conifer. Mature height usually ranges from 30 to 130 feet (9-40 m) in the United States and Canada; larger individuals have occasionally been reported, particularly from Europe (up to 177 feet [54 m]) [ 10 , 17 ]. The needles are spirally arranged in fascicles of 30 to 65 needles, on short shoots. The bark of young trees is thin, smooth, developing fissures as it matures. On older trees the bark is very flaky and heavily ridged with wide fissures [ 14 , 15 ]. In the Alps, the bark at the base of very old trunks is up to 1 foot (30 cm) thick [ 3 ]. The crown of young trees is symmetrical, open, and narrowly conic. Old trees often have large, buttressed low branches that run level for 8 to 10 feet (2.4-3 m) before turning upward [ 10 , 15 ].

European larch is characterized as deep-rooted [ 25 ]. European larch exhibits rapid early growth and occasionally early senescence (at 30 to 40 years of age), particularly in mixed stands. The average age at senescence is between 100 and 150 years of age [ 10 ]; ages of 600 years or more have been reported for European larch in the Alps [ 3 , 25 ]. The oldest European larch on record was 672 years old in 1955. Record height for European larch is reported as 184 feet (56 m) for a specimen in Baden, Germany [ 25 ]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : European larch is monoecious. Minimum age of first reproduction is around 10 years. Large seed crops are produced at 3- to 10-year intervals. The seeds are wind dispersed. Most larch (Larix spp.) seeds germinate without pretreatment. European larch seeds can be stored for 3 to 7 years.

Viable seeds may remain in the cone for 1 to 2 years [ 17 ]. Stored seed germination rates are improved by stratification at 32 to 39 degrees Fahrenheit (0-4 deg C) for 20 to 60 days [ 14 ]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : European larch grows best on uniformly moist, deep, fertile soils. It does not do well on pure sand [ 10 ]. Preferred soil textures include loamy sands, loams, and silty loams. European larch does not occur on poorly drained or very wet sites [ 2 ]. It tolerates soils with a lower pH limit ranging from 4.0 to 5.0 [ 10 , 21 ], and will tolerate pH of up to 7.8 [ 25 ]. In the central Alps, the upper elevational limit of European larch ranges from 6,500 to 8,000 feet (1,981-2,438 m).

The lower elevational limit in the Alps is around 1,400 feet (427 m) [ 3 ]; plantations at lower elevations often suffer from larch canker due to the increased moisture [ 25 ]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : European larch is intolerant of shade at any age [ 10 ]. Its open crown transmits a considerable amount of light so that it does not tend to suppress more tolerant understory species [ 25 ]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : The growing season of European larch in North America is at least 100 days, longer than that of many native conifers. Bud burst occurs in early spring, before the ground has completely thawed. Height growth continues at an appreciable rate until September [ 1 ]. The female cones appear before leaf-out in early spring and pollination occurs from March to May or June [ 14 , 17 ]. The seed cones ripen from September to December of the same year, and the seeds are dispersed from September to spring [ 17 ]. In Great Britain, European larch cones do not open until spring [ 3 ].

European larch needles die and are abscised in early November in the British Isles; some are retained through December [ 15 ]. FIRE ECOLOGY SPECIES: Larix decidua FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Information was not available regarding fire ecology or adaptations of European larch. However, young European larch is probably susceptible to fire because the bark is thin. Thick bark on mature European larch [ 15 ] and the ability to produce new foliage each year may make them somewhat fire resistant. In Europe, European larch commonly occurs in upper-elevation forest zones that rarely burn [ 10 ]. FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : NO-ENTRY FIRE EFFECTS SPECIES: Larix decidua IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : NO-ENTRY DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : NO-ENTRY DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : The thick, tightly packed litter produced by European larch may produce fire behavior that differs from what occurs in natural fuels in North America [ 18 ]. The caloric value of ovendried European larch needles ranged from 4,608 to 4,637 calories per gram. The caloric value of ovendry litter averaged 3,996 calories per gram [ 8 ]. European larch was planted in a fuelbreak on a dry, sandy site in Wexford County, Michigan, in 1967. After 6 years, European larch had the highest survival (45 percent) and growth (60 inches [152 cm]) of the nine species planted [ 23 ]. REFERENCES SPECIES: Larix decidua REFERENCES : 1 . Cook, David B. 1941.

Five seasons' growth of conifers. Ecology. 22(3): 285-296. [10909] 2 . Einspahr, Dean W.; Wyckoff, Gary W.; Fiscus, Marianne (Harder). 1984. Larch--a fast-growing fiber source for the Lake States and Northeast. Journal of Forestry. 82(2): 104-106. [22389] 3 . Elwes, H. J.; Henry, A. 1907. The trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Edinburgh: privately printed. [Pages unknown]. [22373] 4 . Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 5 . Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.

(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny Series; vol. 2). [14935] 6 . Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 7 . Harlow, William M.; Harrar, Ellwood S. 1937. Textbook of dendrology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. 527 p. [22371] 8 . Hough, Walter A. 1969. Caloric value of some forest fuels of the southern United States. Res. Note SE-120. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 6 p. [10517] 9 . Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980.

A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954] 10 . Kostler, Josef. 1956. Silviculture. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 416 p. [22369] 11 . Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 12 . Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952] 13 . Matthews, J. D. 1989.

Silvicultural systems. Oxford: Clavendon Press. 284 p. [22372] 14 . Miller, J. T.; Knowles, F. B. 1988. Introduced forest trees in New Zealand: recognition, role, and seed source. 3. The larches. Larix decidua Miller - European larch, Larix kaempferi (Lambert) Carr. - Japanese larch, Larix X eurolepis A. Henry - hybrid larch. FRI Bulletin No. 124. Rotorua, New Zealand: Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute. 17 p. [22390] 15 . Mitchell, Alan F. 1972. Conifers in the British Isles: A descriptive handbook. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 33. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 322 p. [20571] 16 . Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 17 .

Rudolf, Paul O. 1974. Larix Mill. larch. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 478-485. [7689] 18 . Sartz, Richard S.; Tolsted, David N. 1974. Larch litter removal has no significant effect on runoff. Res. Note NC-163. St, Paul MI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 2 p. [11223] 19 . Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 20 . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.

National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 21 . Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 190 p. [15575] 22 . Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed. Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke. 611 p. [7604] 23 . Johnson, Von J. 1975. Hardwood fuel-breaks for northeastern United States. Journal of Forestry. 73(9): 588-589. [10921] 24 . Voss, Edward G. 1972. Michigan flora.

Part I. Gymnosperms and monocots. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Herbarium. 488 p. [11471] 25 . McComb, A. L. 1955. The European larch: its races, site requirements and characteristics. Forest Science. 1(4): 298-318. [22642] What Are Deciduous Conifers? What Are Deciduous Conifers? By Vanessa Richins Myers Updated November 01, 2016. Most trees and shrubs fall into one of two categories: deciduous or coniferous. The deciduous trees have leaves that fall off yearly. Coniferous trees have needles or scales that do not fall off. Another common name for these conifers is evergreens , although not all evergreens are actually conifers (i.e. some tropical trees and shrubs). Characteristics of Deciduous Conifers There are about 20 species, however, that straddle both worlds and are dubbed deciduous conifers. These trees form cones and sprout needles like conifer trees.

On the other hand, they change colors in the fall and lose their needles every year like deciduous trees. List of Deciduous Conifers Most of the deciduous conifers belong to the genus Larix and are commonly known as larch trees . They include: Larix decidua (European larch) -This is also sometimes classified as Larix potaninii var. himalaica continue reading below our video To Keep or to Toss? 9 Best Closet Clean-Out Tips Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) Larix olgensis (Olga Bay larch) -This is also sometimes classified as Larix gmelinii var. olgensis Larix potaninii (Potanin's larch) Larix principis-rupprechtii (Prince Rupprecht's larch) Larix sibirica (Siberian larch) -Sometimes named as Larix sukaczewii Larix speciosa (Yunnan larch)

Question: Which tree, common in Britain, has the Latin name Larix Decidua?
Answer: (European) Larch