Peace Award - PEACE AWARD Give out an award certificate recognizing peaceful, constructive actions Each year, Nobel Prizes are awarded for outstanding achievement in five original areas – Peace, Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature – and a sixth area of Economics (the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science was added in 1968). The Nobel Prizes were established in the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist and inventor. He was involved, with his family, in the manufacture of explosives. He also invented dynamite. A man who believed in peace, he was concerned about the potential destructive uses of the explosives he had invented. So, he established a fund to provide the annual awards. Under the terms of Nobel's will, the Peace Prize is judged by a committee of the Norwegian parliament. Each recipient is presented with a gold medal and a monetary award (close to $1 million). The awards were first given in 1901. They are not given every year, and from 1940 to 1942 no awards were made. Sometimes winners are people who work behind the scenes, sometimes they are people who are very well known.

For example, former US President Jimmy Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. The prize was awarded for Carter's "decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development." During his presidency (1977-1981), Carter's mediation was a vital contribution to the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. Through his Carter Center (visit ), which celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2002, Carter has since his presidency undertaken very extensive and persevering conflict resolution on several continents. The Nobel Committee concluded its announcement of the award by stating, "In a situation currently marked by threats of the use of power, Carter has stood by the principles that conflicts must as far as possible be resolved through mediation and international co-operation based on international law, respect for human rights, and economic development." Why not give your own award for peace? A Peace Award is a great way to praise and recognize any age, especially children and teens, for their efforts to act in peaceful ways and build a cooperative, caring, safe community. Families might choose a different family member each month.

Schools might choose a new recipient every week. You can even give out Peace Awards as holiday gifts. Who's in the running to receive the award? A teacher or parent who takes a stand against bullying. A grandparent who takes the time to listen to a troubled teen. Depending on the age of children, someone who has remembered to consistently say "please" and "thank you," who didn't lose control and instead remembered to count to ten, who shared a toy or book, or who helped another person with a problem or mediated a dispute. Recipients can be chosen in a number of ways. You can give out a Peace Award anytime you see worthy behavior. Or give out the award every holiday season. A parent or teacher can choose an individual. Everyone in a group can vote. Or, everyone can drop nominations into a box when they see someone else do something that contributes to a spirit of peace, and then a winner can be pulled from the box. Give and celebrate the gift of peace. We can start building a legacy of peace in the world by building peace within ourselves and in our own families and communities.

© No Nobel Prize for Math : snopes.com - - Claim: No Nobel Prize is awarded for mathematics because a mathematician was carrying on an affair with Alfred Nobel's wife. Status: False. Origins: The renowned Nobel Prize is the legacy of Swedish chemist, inventor, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, whose 1895 will specified that most of his fortune be set aside to establish a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind." The first Nobel Prizes were distributed on 10 December 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death, for achievements in the fields specified by Nobel: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace. (A prize for a sixth category, economics, was added by the Bank of Sweden beginning in 1969.) In the century since the Nobel Foundation was established, many have speculated on the reasons why Alfred Nobel did not provide for a prize to be awarded for achievement in the field of mathematics. Surely an eminent man of science such as Alfred Nobel could not simply have forgotten about mathematics, so he must have had a good reason for omitting it.

With no obvious reason at hand, people invented one, and as usual the invented tale had a bit of salaciousness to it: Alfred Nobel deliberately avoided establishing a prize for mathematics out of vindictiveness because a prominent Swedish mathematician was carrying on an affair with his wife. The "wife" theory is easily discounted, since Nobel was never married. Some variations of the legend claim it was Nobel's fiancée or mistress who was carrying on the affair, with her partner in infidelity identified as the eminent Swedish mathematician Gosta Mittag-Leffler. Nobel reportedly did have a mistress, a Viennese woman named Sophie Hess, but there is no evidence she ever had anything to do with Mittag-Leffler. Another version of the legend maintains that Nobel bore animosity towards Mittag-Leffler for some other reason, and he therefore avoided establishing a mathematics prize because Mittag-Leffler would almost certainly have been one of its first recipients. However, this version also has little factual evidence to support it, as: It is difficult to establish a plausible reason why Nobel would have borne resentment towards Mittag-Leffler, or even to demonstrate that Nobel had much of any contact with the mathematician at all.

True, they were both members of "Stockholm educated society," but Nobel emigrated from Sweden in 1865 (when Mittag-Leffler was still a student), only returned to Sweden about once a year (for his mother's birthday), and established residence in Paris in the mid-1870s. An earlier will of Nobel's had left 5% of his estate to Stockholm Högskola (later the University of Stockholm), but a revision of the will a few years later eliminated this bequest. Some have speculated that an internal feud between two factions at Stockholm Högskola (one of which was led by Mittag-Leffler) or Nobel's dislike for Mittag-Leffler resulted in Nobel's dropping the school as one of his beneficiaries and passing over mathematics as one of the designated categories for his prize, but the revision to Nobel's will eliminated similar bequests to other educational institutions as well. Most likely Nobel simply changed his mind after refining his ideas about the prizes he wanted to endow and decided to put more of his fortune into that effort instead. There was no guarantee that Mittag-Leffler would have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in mathematics.

He was a gifted mathematician, and he had the advantage of being a man of some influence with the Royal Swedish Academy of Science (the institution designated to confer the prizes for physics and chemistry, and presumably mathematics had there been such a prize), but there were other highly regarded candidates as well, such as Jules Henri Poincaré and David Hilbert . The whole point of Alfred Nobel's benevolent legacy was to encourage and benefit those who "have done mankind the greatest good," an altruistic effort which would have been forever tainted if he had allowed a personal grudge to eradicate any award for an important scientific category. Okay then, so why did Alfred Nobel give mathematics a pass? There is no definitive answer since Nobel didn't explain his reasons, but there are several plausible possibilities: Alfred Nobel established prizes for fields of endeavor that interested him, and mathematics simply wasn't among them.

Nobel had performed some excellent development work in physics and chemistry, he had wide-ranging literary interests, and — most importantly — he was an idealist who wanted to reward those who did "most or best for the fraternization of peoples or abolition or diminishing of standing armies, and for creation or propagation of peace congresses." (In fact, Nobel's original will had provided for only a single prize, which he especially desired would be given to those "who through writing and actions can succeed in fighting the strange prejudices which both nations and governments still have against the creation of a European peace tribunal.") But other than as a necessary foundation for chemistry and physics, mathematics was not a particular interest of Nobel's. Sweden's monarch Oscar II , at the urging of Mittag-Leffler himself, had already endowed a prize for mathematics. As Cooke wrote: As professor ordinarius in Stockholm, Mittag-Leffler began a 30-year career of vigorous mathematical activity. In 1882 he founded the Acta Mathematica, which a century later is still one of the world's leading mathematical journals. Through his influence in Stockholm he persuaded King Oscar II to endow prize competitions and honor various distinguished mathematicians all over Europe.

Hermite, Bertrand, Weierstrass, and Poincare were among those honored by the King. Nobel may have been hesitant to compete with this established prize by creating one of his own. Nobel was interested in development work and specified that his prizes should be awarded for "important discoveries and inventions." Mathematics was a field he may have considered too theoretical to produce the direct practical benefits to mankind whose discoverers he sought to reward. Whenever a man's motivations for a course of action aren't clear, attributing them to something sexual usually creates a tale both plausible and entertaining. Which is what urban legends are about, after all. Sightings: The legend about there being no Nobel prize in mathematics thanks to some hanky panky between a mathematician and Nobel's wife is repeated in an episode of the television series NUMB3RS ("Obsession," original air date 7 October Last updated: 4 October 2013 The Nobel Prize Photo: Dan Hansson/TT The Nobel Prize – awarding great minds Every year in early October, the world turns its gaze towards Sweden and Norway as the Nobel Prize winners are announced. In December, this prestigious award is celebrated in Stockholm and Oslo.

The prestigious award that captures the world’s attention The Nobel Prize is considered the most prestigious award in the world. Prize-winning discoveries include X-rays, radioactivity and penicillin. Peace Laureates include Nelson Mandela and the 14th Dalai Lama. Nobel Laureates in Literature, including Gabriel García Márquez and Doris Lessing, have thrilled readers with works such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and The Grass is Singing. Every year in early October, the world turns its gaze towards Sweden and Norway as the Nobel Laureates are announced in Stockholm and Oslo. Millions of people visit the website of the Nobel Foundation during this time. The Nobel Prize has been awarded to people and organisations every year since 1901 (with a few exceptions such as during World War II) for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. Nobel Day is 10 December. For the prize winners, it is the crowning point of a week of speeches, conferences and receptions. At the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm on that day, the Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature receive a medal from the King of Sweden, as well as a diploma and a cash award.

The ceremony is followed by a gala banquet. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo the same day. Prize in Economic Sciences In 1968, Sweden’s central bank (Sveriges Riksbank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The prize is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from the central bank to mark the bank’s 300th anniversary. The Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, following the same principles as the Nobel Prizes. Legacy of Alfred Nobel The Nobel Prize is the legacy of Sweden’s Alfred Nobel (1833–1896). Prizes are awarded to ‘those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.’ When he signed his last will in 1895, Nobel declared that the bulk of his estate should be converted into a fund and invested in safe securities.

The four institutions in Sweden and Norway (the two countries were united between 1814 and 1905) conferring the prizes were to be the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, the Academy in Stockholm and a committee of five people to be elected by the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget). The Nobel Foundation In 1900, the four institutions awarding the prizes agreed to create the Nobel Foundation, a private institution based on Alfred Nobel’s will. The Nobel Foundation would administer Nobel’s estate, totalling SEK 31 million, make public announcements and arrange the prize ceremonies. The total amount awarded each year is based on the most recent return on investment. The capital is currently worth around SEK 4 billion, almost double the value of the original estate when adjusted for inflation. The Nobel Prize in each category is currently worth SEK 8 million. There can be up to three recipients for each prize, who share the sum between them. Organisations affiliated with the prize The Nobel Prize is affiliated with several organisations and institutions entrusted with different tasks related to the prize.

The Nobel Foundation Rights Association was established in 1999 to provide information through a variety of media about the Nobel Laureates and their achievements. This non-profit association serves as an umbrella organisation for four other entities: Nobel Media AB, which develops and manages programmes, productions and media rights of the Nobel Prize within the areas of digital and broadcast media, publishing as well as events; The Nobel Museum AB, housed in the Old Stock Exchange Building (Börshuset) in Stockholm’s Old Town, creates interest and spreads knowledge around the natural sciences and culture, The Nobel Peace Center, at Rådhusplassen in Oslo, Norway, a showcase which presents the Nobel Peace Prize and the work of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates; and The Nobel Prize Education Fund, which supports educational outreach focused on the achievements of Nobel Laureates. Nobel Prize trivia 48 women The Nobel Prize and the Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded to women 49 times from 1901 to 2016. One woman, Marie Curie, has been honoured twice, receiving the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

This means a total of 48 women have received Nobel Prizes to date: 16 have received the Peace Prize, 14 the Prize in Literature, 12 in Physiology/Medicine, 4 in Chemistry (including Curie), 2 in Physics (including Curie) and 1 in Economic Sciences. 90 years old The oldest Laureate to date is Leonid Hurwicz, who was 90 when he was awarded the Prize in Economic Sciences in 2007. 17 years old The youngest Laureate to date is Malala Yousafzai, who was 17 when she was awarded the Peace Prize in 2014. Two have declined Two Nobel Laureates have declined the Nobel Prize. Jean-Paul Sartre, awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the award because he had consistently declined all official honours. Lê Ðức Thọ was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for negotiating the Vietnam peace agreement. Lê Ðức Thọ said he was not in a position to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, due to the situation in Vietnam.

Four forced to decline Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three German Laureates – Richard Kuhn (Chemistry), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry) and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology /Medicine) – from accepting their prizes. The Nazi regime banned all Germans from accepting Nobel Prizes after the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Carl von Ossietzky, a German writer who publicly opposed Hitler and Nazism. The three later received their awards, but not the prize money. Boris Pasternak, the 1958 Nobel Laureate in Literature, initially accepted the prize but was later coerced into declining by Soviet authorities. Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) made a fortune off dynamite – his most known invention. Photo: The Nobel Foundation The father of dynamite Alfred Nobel was a chemist, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, and died on 10 December 1896 in San Remo, Italy.

He was devoted to the study of explosives, and his inventions include a blasting cap, dynamite and smokeless gunpowder. Nobel became famous across the world when the St. Gotthard Tunnel in the Swiss Alps was completed in 1881 and dynamite was used for the first time on a large scale. At the time of his death, Nobel held 355 patents in different countries. There were Nobel companies in more than 20 countries, with explosives of all kinds being manufactured under his patents in around 90 factories worldwide. Nobel lived and worked in many countries, including Sweden, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. He spoke five languages, had a passionate interest in literature, and wrote poetry and drama. He could never have imagined how important his prize would become, or how much media attention future Nobel Laureates would attract. Prize-winning discoveries (clockwise from left): X-rays; AGA lighthouse, a type of automatic lighthouse that runs on acetylene gas; the molecular structure of DNA – the double helix; penicillin.

Photos: Shutterstock; Melker Dahlstrand/ i magebank.sweden.se ; Getty Images A history of culture and science Between 1901, when the first Nobel Prize was awarded, and 2016, a total of 911 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to individuals and organisations. Together, they represent a major contribution to the cultural and scientific history of the world. There have been 885 prizes awarded to individuals and 26 to organisations. Only a few recipients have been honoured more than once, which means that a total of 881 individuals and 23 unique organisations have received prizes to date. The first Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1901, went to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen for his discovery of X-rays, used every day by healthcare providers around the World. In 1903, Marie Curie became the first female Laureate when she was named a joint winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for her research into radioactivity. She received her second prize in 1911 – this time in chemistry – for isolating and studying the new element radium.

In 1905, Austrian baroness and author Bertha von Suttner became the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, in recognition of her work with the pacifist movements in Germany and Austria. She was also widely seen as inspiring Alfred Nobel, with whom she corresponded, to create the Peace Prize. In 1912, Swedish inventor and industrialist Gustaf Dalén won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to lighthouse technology. In the early 1900s, he invented the AGA lighthouse, a type of automatic lighthouse that ran on acetylene gas. The gas supply was controlled by a sun valve that shut off the gas in daylight, and a revolving light apparatus that allowed the beacon to flash by switching the gas off and on at brief, regular intervals. The two innovations made it possible to reduce gas consumption by 90 per cent compared with earlier constructions. In the autumn of 1945, the Nobel Assembly of professors at Karolinska Institutet gathered to select a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine.

They chose three Laureates, including Alexander Fleming, for their discovery of penicillin, which saved millions of lives in the second half of the 20th century. In 2016, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos for his efforts to put an end to his country’s more than 50-year-long civil war. The war has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people. Previous Nobel Peace Prize Laureates include Martin Luther King (1964), Mother Teresa (1979) and Barack Obama (2009). Nobel Laureates in Literature include Ernest Hemingway (1954), Toni Morrison (1993), Dario Fo (1997) and Mario Vargas Llosa (2010). The oldest Laureate in literature was Doris Lessing, who won the prize in 2007 at the age of 87. Around 1,300 guests are invited each year to the grand banquet.

Photo: Frederika Berghult/Nobel Media AB The four institutions awarding prizes: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) is an independent organisation that aims to promote the sciences and enhance their influence in society. Founded in 1739, it currently has 615 members. The Swedish Academy (Nobel Prize in Literature) was founded in 1786. It consists of 18 Swedes, all elected for life. The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine). Dating from 1977 in its current form, the assembly consists of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet. The Norwegian Nobel Committee (Nobel Peace Prize) was founded in 1897 and consists of five members appointed by the Norwegian parliament. The banquet of banquets The Nobel Banquet is a magnificent party held in the Blue Hall at Stockholm City Hall. The preparations are meticulous. Hundreds of cooks, waiters and attendants ensure that everything runs smoothly.

Some 1,300 guests are invited, with each Laureate entitled to bring 14 guests beside their spouses. Sweden’s royal family is Always present, as are the prime minister and other members of the government. The Nobel family is always represented. The remainder of the guest list should reflect the cultural and scientific community of Sweden and the world. The Nobel Prize calendar The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is held on 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death. On the same day, the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway. Several other activities take place the same week, with receptions and dinners hosted by the institutions awarding prizes, the Nobel Foundation and the Swedish Royal Family. The Laureates deliver lectures and talk about their work, with panel discussions and other public appearances usually arranged. Traditionally, the Laureates and their spouses sit with the Royal Family at the Nobel Banquet. They are also invited to a more intimate dinner at the Royal Palace, where they meet the Royal Family again. The visit to the Nobel Foundation is a great symbolic event. The Laureates receive a document confirming the prize amount and sign their names in a guestbook, thereby joining hundreds of famous predecessors.

The Nobel week in Stockholm 5 December Nobel Prize History - How the First Nobel Prizes Were Awarded Share By Jennifer Rosenberg A pacifist at heart and an inventor by nature, Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. However, the invention that he thought would end all wars was seen by many others as an extremely deadly product. In 1888, when Alfred's brother Ludvig died, a French newspaper mistakenly ran an obituary for Alfred which called him the "merchant of death." Not wanting to go down in history with such a horrible epitaph, Nobel created a will that soon shocked his relatives and established the now famous Nobel Prizes . Who was Alfred Nobel? Why did Nobel's will make establishing the prizes so difficult? Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1842, when Alfred was nine years old, his mother (Andrietta Ahlsell) and brothers (Robert and Ludvig) moved to St. Petersburg, Russia to join Alfred's father (Immanuel), who had moved there five years earlier. The following year, Alfred's younger brother, Emil, was born.

Immanuel Nobel, an architect, builder, and inventor, opened a machineshop in St. continue reading below our video Profile of Alfred Nobel Petersburg and was soon very successful with contracts from the Russian government to build defense weapons. Because of his father's success, Alfred was tutored at home until the age of 16. Yet, many consider Alfred Nobel a mostly self-educated man. Besides being a trained chemist, Alfred was an avid reader of literature and was fluent in English, German, French, Swedish, and Russian. Alfred also spent two years traveling. He spent much of this time working in a laboratory in Paris, but also traveled to the United States. Upon his return, Alfred worked in his father's factory. He worked there until his father went bankrupt in 1859. Alfred soon began experimenting with nitroglycerine, creating his first explosions in early summer 1862. In only a year (October 1863), Alfred received a Swedish patent for his percussion detonator - the "Nobel lighter." Having moved back to Sweden to help his father with an invention, Alfred established a small factory at Helenborg near Stockholm to manufacture nitroglycerine.

Unfortunately, nitroglycerine is a very difficult and dangerous material to handle. In 1864, Alfred's factory blew up - killing several people, including Alfred's younger brother, Emil. The explosion did not slow down Alfred, and within only a month, he organized other factories to manufacture nitroglycerine. In 1867, Alfred invented a new and safer-to-handle explosive - dynamite . Though Alfred became famous for his invention of dynamite, many people did not intimately know Alfred Nobel. He was a quiet man who did not like a lot of pretense or show. He had very few friends and never married. And though he recognized the destructive power of dynamite, Alfred believed it was a harbinger of peace. Alfred told Bertha von Suttner, an advocate for world peace, My factories may make an end of war sooner than your congresses. The day when two army corps can annihilate each other in one second, all civilized nations, it is to be hoped, will recoil from war and discharge their troops.* Unfortunately, Alfred did not see peace in his time.

Alfred Nobel, chemist and inventor, died alone on December 10, 1896 after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. After several funeral services were held and Alfred Nobel's body was cremated, the will was opened. Everyone was shocked. The Will Alfred Nobel had written several wills during his lifetime, but the last one was dated November 27, 1895 - a little over a year before he died. Nobel's last will left approximately 94 percent of his worth to the establishment of five prizes (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace) to "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind." Though Nobel had proposed a very grandiose plan for the prizes in his will, there were a great many problems with the will. Relatives of Alfred Nobel were so shocked that many wanted the will contested. The format of the will had formal defects which could have caused the will to be contested in France. It was unclear which country Alfred had his legal residence. He was a Swedish citizen until age nine, but after that he had lived in Russia, France, and Italy without becoming a citizen.

Nobel had been making plans for a final home for himself in Sweden when he died. The location of residency would determine what country's laws would govern the will and the estate. If determined to be France, the will could have been contested and French taxes would have been taken. Because Nobel had wanted the Norwegian Storting (parliament) to choose the peace prize winner, many charged Nobel with a lack of patriotism. The "fund" that was to implement the prizes did not yet exist and would have to be created. The organizations that Nobel named in his will to award the prizes had not been asked to take on these duties prior to Nobel's death. Also, there was no plan to compensate these organizations for their work on the prizes. The will did not state what should be done if no prize winners for a year were found. Because of the incompleteness and other obstacles presented by Alfred's will, it took five years of hurdles before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes awarded. The First Nobel Prizes On the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, December 10, 1901, the first set of Nobel Prizes were awarded. Chemistry: Jacobus H. van't Hoff Physics: Wilhelm C.

Röntgen Physiology or Medicine: Emil A. von Behring Literature: Rene F. A. Sully Prudhomme Peace: Jean H. Dunant and Frédéric Passy * As quoted in W. Odelberg (ed.), Nobel: The Man & His Prizes (New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 1972) 12. Bibliography Axelrod, Alan and Charles Phillips. What Everyone Should Know About the 20th Century. Holbrook, Massachusetts: Adams Media Corporation, 1998. Odelberg, W. (ed.). Nobel: The Man & His Prizes. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 1972. Official Website of the Nobel Foundation. Retrieved April 20, 2000 from the World Wide Web: Nobel Prize | Article about Nobel Prize by The Free Dictionary Nobel Prize | Article about Nobel Prize by The Free Dictionary See also: Nobel Prizes (table) Nobel Prizes Year Peace Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature 1901 J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E.

A. von Behring R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme 1902 Élie Ducommun C. A. Gobat Emil Fischer H. A. ..... Click the link for more information. Nobel Prize, award given for outstanding achievement in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, peace, or literature. The awards were established by the will of Alfred Nobel Nobel, Alfred Bernhard , 1833–96, Swedish chemist and inventor. Educated in St. Petersburg, Russia, he traveled as a youth and returned to St. Petersburg in 1852 to assist his father in the development of torpedoes and mines. ..... Click the link for more information. , who left a fund to provide annual prizes in the five areas listed above. These prizes were first given in 1901. The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 from funds provided by the Swedish national bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and was first awarded in 1969. Each prize consists of a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma with the citation of award.

The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year. The Nobel Prizes are awarded without regard to nationality; the judges are, by the terms of Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry, as well as economic science), the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute (physiology or medicine), the Swedish Academy (literature), and a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). The awards are made on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Peace Prize being presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm. A prize is sometimes shared; several times the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to an organization. There may be one or more years in which a prize or prizes may not be awarded; this has happened most often with the Peace Prize. See the tables entitled Nobel Prizes Nobel Prizes Year Peace Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature 1901 J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E. A. von Behring R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme 1902 Élie Ducommun C. A. Gobat Emil Fischer H. A. .....

Click the link for more information. and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobelfor lists of persons who have been awarded the prizes. Alfred Nobel - The founder of the Nobel Prize Alfred Nobel Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Alfred Nobel 1833-1896 Established the Nobel Prizes "for the Greatest Benefit to Mankind" Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Known for: The inventor of dynamite and holder of 355 patents. Born: 21 October 1833. Languages: Spoke five languages fluently at the age of 17.

Professions: Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer, entrepreneur, business man, author and pacifist. Fortune: In his will he left 31 million SEK (today about 265 million dollar) to fund the prizes. The Life of Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel's Life When Alfred was five years old his father moved to St. Petersburg in Russia. Alfred joined him a few years later. Early years in St. Petersburg Alfred Nobel's Life - for Grade Schoolers On 21 October 1833 a baby boy was born in Stockholm, Sweden, who was to become the founder of the Nobel Prize. "Home is where I work and I work everywhere." Alfred Nobel and His Work Inventor of Dynamite An entirely new industry grew up, based on Alfred Nobel's patents and with Alfred as the initiator.

The Will Alfred Nobel's Last Will and Testament In his will of November 27, 1895 signed in Paris, Alfred Nobel specified that the bulk of his fortune should be divided into five parts and to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace to "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind." The content in Alfred Nobel's handwritten will Establishment of the Nobel Foundation When the will was settled, the task of achieving unity among all the affected parties on how to put its provisions into practice remained. Read more The Nobel Prize Awarders The awarding of the Nobel Prizes is based on a system of nominations, handled by four prize-awarding institutions Alfred Nobel and His Interest in Literature Private Library After his death Alfred Nobel left a private library of over 1500 volumes, mostly fiction in the original language, works by the great writers of the 19th century, but also the classics and works by philosophers, theologians, historians and other scientists.

List of Nobel Prize Winners for the year 2015 - India.com » Exams & Results List of Nobel Prize Winners for the year 2015 Nobel Prizes 2015 were announced by Nobel Committee in the field of Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economic Sciences from October 5, 2015 to October 12, 2015. Here is the list of Nobel Prize winners for the year 2015 who will receive the Nobel Prize on December 10, 2015 (death ceremony of Swedish Chemist Alfred Nobel). By India.com Education Desk | Published: October 13, 2015 1:56 PM IST Nobel award | Article about Nobel award by The Free Dictionary Nobel award | Article about Nobel award by The Free Dictionary See also: Nobel Prizes (table) Nobel Prizes Year Peace Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature 1901 J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E. A. von Behring R. F. A.

Sully-Prudhomme 1902 Élie Ducommun C. A. Gobat Emil Fischer H. A. ..... Click the link for more information. Nobel Prize, award given for outstanding achievement in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, peace, or literature. The awards were established by the will of Alfred Nobel Nobel, Alfred Bernhard , 1833–96, Swedish chemist and inventor. Educated in St. Petersburg, Russia, he traveled as a youth and returned to St. Petersburg in 1852 to assist his father in the development of torpedoes and mines. ..... Click the link for more information. , who left a fund to provide annual prizes in the five areas listed above. These prizes were first given in 1901. The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 from funds provided by the Swedish national bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and was first awarded in 1969. Each prize consists of a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma with the citation of award. The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year.

The Nobel Prizes are awarded without regard to nationality; the judges are, by the terms of Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry, as well as economic science), the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute (physiology or medicine), the Swedish Academy (literature), and a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). The awards are made on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Peace Prize being presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm. A prize is sometimes shared; several times the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to an organization. There may be one or more years in which a prize or prizes may not be awarded; this has happened most often with the Peace Prize. See the tables entitled Nobel Prizes Nobel Prizes Year Peace Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature 1901 J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E. A. von Behring R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme 1902 Élie Ducommun C. A. Gobat Emil Fischer H. A. ..... Click the link for more information.

and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobelfor lists of persons who have been awarded the prizes. Fama, Shiller, Hansen Win Nobel Prize for Asset-Price Work - Bloomberg Fama, Shiller, Hansen Win Nobel Prize for Asset-Price Work Rich Miller, Joshua Zumbrun and Niklas Magnusson Eugene F. Fama, Robert J. Shiller and Lars Peter Hansen shared the 2013 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for at times conflicting research on how financial markets work and assets such as stocks are priced. The three economists, all Americans, “laid the foundation for the current understanding of asset prices,” the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which selects the winner, said today in Stockholm. “It relies in part on fluctuations in risk and risk attitudes, and in part on behavioral biases and market frictions.” Their work spans almost 50 years of research, beginning with the finding by the University of Chicago’s Fama that it’s difficult to predict price movements in the short run. That conclusion forms the basis for the theory that financial markets are efficient and led to the development of stock-index funds.

Later papers by Shiller and the University of Chicago’s Hansen focused on longer-run price swings and the extent to which they could be explained by such fundamental features as dividend payouts on stocks and the risk appetite of investors. Yale University’s Shiller, in particular, took issue with the argument that investors are always logical, using the phrase “irrational exuberance” to explain run-ups in asset prices. The winners represent a “very interesting collection because Fama is the founder of the efficient-market theory and Shiller at least is one of the critics of it,” said Robert Solow, winner of the Nobel economics prize in 1987 and professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. Yankees-Red Sox “It’s like giving a prize to the Yankees and the Red Sox,” he said, comparing the competing theories to the rivalry between the New York and Boston baseball teams. “What it suggests is there really isn’t a settled doctrine” in finance. The award comes five years after a financial crisis that drove the U.S. and world economies into their deepest recession since the Great Depression.

Fama, 74, has dismissed criticism that the turmoil undercut his thesis that markets are efficient, arguing that it was triggered by developments in the economy, including a fall in house prices and the onset of a recession. In the mid-1960s, he propounded theories arguing that stock-price movements are unpredictable and follow a “random walk,” making it impossible for any investor, even a professional, to gain an advantage. He also showed in later work that so-called value and small-cap stocks have higher returns than growth stocks, and he rejected the notion that markets often produced bubbles. Beating Market The most important business stories of the day. Get Bloomberg's daily newsletter. The latest political news, analysis, charts, and dispatches from Washington. You will now receive the Politics newsletter Markets The most important market news of the day. So you can sleep an extra five minutes. You will now receive the Markets newsletter Technology Insights into what you'll be paying for, downloading and plugging in tomorrow and 10 years from now. You will now receive the Technology newsletter Pursuits What to eat, drink, wear and drive – in real life and your dreams.

You will now receive the Pursuits newsletter Game Plan The school, work and life hacks you need to get ahead. You will now receive the Game Plan newsletter “Fama’s research at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s showed how incredibly difficult it is to beat the market, and how incredibly difficult it is to predict how share prices will develop in a day’s or a week’s time,” said Peter Englund, professor in banking at the Stockholm School of Economics and secretary of the committee that awards the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. “That shows that there is no point for the common person to get involved in share analysis. It’s much better to invest in a broadly composed portfolio of shares.” Fama said he learned of the award while preparing for a class on portfolio theory and asset pricing. A native of Boston, Fama earned a bachelor of arts degree at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, in 1960, and went on to the University of Chicago, where he received a master of business administration degree in 1963 and a doctorate in 1964.

Housing Bubbles Since 1981, Shiller has been at the vanguard of economists chipping away at the theory of efficient markets. His research showed that investors can be irrational and that assets from stocks to housing can develop into bubbles. “Shiller found that stock prices were bad ‘weathermen,’” said Nobel laureate George Akerlof, an economics professor at the University of California at Berkeley and husband of Janet Yellen, President Barack Obama’s nominee to be Federal Reserve chairman. “Historically, they have been much more variable than the current value of the dividend streams. “From this evidence, he concluded that rational models of the stock market, in which stock prices reflect rational expectations of future payouts, are in error. This clever combination of logic, statistics, and data implies that stock markets are, instead, prone to irrational exuberance.” Phone Call Born in Detroit in 1946, Shiller earned his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972. He told reporters that he learned of the award while “getting out of the shower this morning.

I wasn’t properly dressed, but I didn’t want to miss the phone call.” Shiller said the 2008 financial crisis “reflected mistakes and imperfections in our financial system that we are already working on correcting. I think there’s much more to be done. I think it will take decades. But we’ve been through financial crises many times in history and we generally learn from them.” The study of housing prices has been a long-standing interest of Shiller’s. Dissatisfied with existing data, he and Karl Case created the S&P/Case-Shiller home price indexes. These captured U.S. home prices doubling from 2000 to mid-2006, then plunging 35 percent amid the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. “Shiller’s research showed episodes when assets were overvalued,” said Englund. When information technology shares rose in the 1990s, Shiller argued “that this is not sustainable in the long-term, which he was right about,” Englund said. “He also warned for many years about a housing bubble in the U.S.

He was right there too.” Dynamic Models Hansen, 60, is one of the co-founders of the Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago, which builds on the legacy of Milton Friedman. His work explores the implications of dynamic economic models in which decision makers face uncertain environments. He is perhaps best known as the developer of a statistical technique called the generalized method of moments, which broadens the assumptions that researchers can count on, allowing them to focus on other suppositions and linkages in their work. “The choice of having Hansen complement the two extremes of efficient markets and inefficient markets is the perfect balance between the two,” said Andrew Lo, a professor finance at MIT’s Sloan School of Management. Hansen’s development of econometric techniques for analyzing data and asset prices allows economists to test the various theories on what drives markets, he said. ‘True Giant’ “Lars is a true giant in both economics and finance,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis President Narayana Kocherlakota said in an e-mail. Hansen was Kocherlakota’s Ph.D. adviser at the University of Chicago.

Hansen’s “remarkably general empirical methods free researchers from the need to make a range of empirically implausible statistical assumptions about the data that they are studying,” Kocherlakota added. “By doing so, Lars’s methods allow economists to assess the core economic implications of their models and theories relative to the data of interest.” Born in Champaign, Illinois, Hansen received his Ph.D. in economics at the University of Minnesota in 1978 and his bachelor’s degree in mathematics and political science from Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Hansen told reporters that he learned of the award after walking his dog and while getting ready to go out and exercise with his personal trainer.

Shows Irony Lo said the Nobel committee’s decision in giving the award to Fama and Shiller “definitely shows a certain flair for irony.” The message, he added is that “financial markets can be efficient most of the time but every once in a while they break down and then we need to develop better analytics to be able to understand them.” James Poterba, president of the National Bureau of Economic Research, which is responsible for dating the beginnings and endings of recessions, praised the committee for recognizing the work being done in the finance field “without waiting in some sense for the complete resolution of these different views.” “It may be a long time before we get there,” said Poterba, who is also a professor of economics at MIT. The Nobel economics prize has in the past helped laureates achieve recognition for their theories outside academic circles, often bringing them closer to policy making. Past winners include Paul Krugman, Amartya Sen and James Tobin. First Woman Last year’s prize was awarded to U.S. economists Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley for their exploration of how to make markets work more efficiently by better matching supply with demand.

In 2009, Elinor Ostrom became the first woman to win when she received the prize together with Oliver Williamson for investigating the limits of markets and how organizations work. Annual prizes for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, peace and literature were established in the will of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite who died in 1896, and the first prizes were handed out in 1901. The economics award was set up by Sweden’s central bank in 1968. The official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The money, 8 million kronor ($1.2 million), a gold medal and a diploma, will be presented to the laureates at a ceremony in Stockholm on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. Today’s announcement of the economics prize marks the final award for this year.

Rich Miller in Washington at +1-202-624-1937 or rmiller28@bloomberg.net ; Joshua Zumbrun in Washington at +1-202-624-1984 or jzumbrun@bloomberg.net Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal. Nobel Prizes - Credo Reference Topic Page: Nobel Prizes Definition: Nobel Prizes from Philip's Encyclopedia Awards given each year for outstanding contributions in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, economics, and world peace. Established in 1901 by the will of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, the prizes are awarded annually on December 10. Committees based in Sweden and Norway select the winners. Summary Article: Nobel Prize from The Columbia Encyclopedia Image from: German chemist Fritz Haber pioneered the... in Science in the Early Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia award given for outstanding achievement in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, peace, or literature. The awards were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, who left a fund to provide annual prizes in the five areas listed above. These prizes were first given in 1901.

The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 from funds provided by the Swedish national bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and was first awarded in 1969. Each prize consists of a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma with the citation of award. The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year. The Nobel Prizes are awarded without regard to nationality; the judges are, by the terms of Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry, as well as economic science), the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute (physiology or medicine), the Swedish Academy (literature), and a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). The awards are made on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Peace Prize being presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm. A prize is sometimes shared; several times the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to an organization. There may be one or more years in which a prize or prizes may not be awarded; this has happened most often with the Peace Prize.

See the tables entitled Nobel Prizes and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for lists of persons who have been awarded the prizes. The Columbia Encyclopedia, © Columbia University Press 2016

Question: Which annual prizes were established by the legacy of a Swedish chemist?
Answer: The Nobel prizes