Copper and Copper Alloys | Evans Findings Copper and Copper Alloys These sprinkler activators are copper with a tin plating. Copper and its alloys are widely used in deep draw and flat stamped products because they have excellent electrical and thermal performance, good resistance to corrosion, high ductility and relatively low cost. Copper is non-magnetic, non-sparking and non-bacterial. Because it is low in the reactivity series, it is slow to corrode. With medium strength and high fatigue resistance, copper and its alloys are primary metals for electrical applications. Copper has a density of 8.94 g/cm3 , or .323 lb/cu.in., elastic modulus of 115 GPa, or 17x 10^6 psi, and melting temperature 1083°C, or 1981°F. With a thermal conductivity of about 231 BTU/ (hr-ft- deg F), it is 30 times more conductive than steel.

Copper Alloys – Brass, Bronze, ComBro, Phos Bronze, BeCu, Cupro Nickel While copper, used for 10,000 years, is one of mankind’s first metals, bronze, in use for over 5,000 years, is no youngster. It is considered the world’s first alloy, predating brass by three millenia. Brass objects have been found in the homes of ancient Rome, dating back to 100 B.C. but not before. Bronze is copper alloyed with tin or zinc – usually 90%, or more, copper. Brass is copper alloyed with zinc – most commonly with 30 percent zinc. Red brass is most commonly 15 percent zinc. CuproNickel — Cu + Ni — may be 69.4% to 96% copper. Standard CuproNickelTin C70260 is 97% copper, 2% tin, 0.5% silicon. Brass, Bronze, and Phos Bronze (Cu-Sn-P) are commonly used in both deep drawn and flat stamped components.

Commercial bronze, “combro”, is most commonly 90% Copper- 10% zinc alloy and has good applications as a connector. BeCu — a Copper Beryllium alloy known as Beryllium Bronze, is commonly used in hermetic seals because the alloy has nearly the same thermal expansion as the glass used in those seals. As the glass expands and contracts, the metal expands and contracts equally so the glass does not crack. Of the roughly 16 basic types of wrought copper alloys, fewer than half are commonly used for making small stamped and drawn parts, especially for electrical and electronic conductors and contacts. In some cases we have these products heat treated and/or plated with coatings, like tin, after forming. Markets Copper-Nickel Alloys Nickel Aluminum Bronze Copper-Nickel Alloys Copper-nickel (also known as cupronickel) alloys are widely used for marine applications due to their excellent resistance to seawater corrosion , low macrofouling rates, and good fabricability . They have provided reliable service for decades while offering effective solutions to today’s technological challenges. Heat exchanger TIG welding Splash zone sheathing The addition of nickel to copper improves strength and corrosion resistance while allowing the alloy to remain ductile.

Other elements can be added to copper-nickel to increase strength, corrosion resistance, hardening, weldability and castability. 90-10 copper-nickel (C70600, CW352H), an alloy with 90% copper and 10% nickel, is the most commonly used alloy. It can be found in naval and commercial shipping, offshore oil and gas production as well as desalination and power generation. Alloys with 30% nickel content (C71500, C71640) and those which are more highly alloyed with aluminum, chromium or tin are used where greater resistance to seawater flow, sand abrasion, wear and galling, as well as higher mechanical properties, are required. Piping systems Power stations MSF desalination Non-marine applications for copper-nickel include cryogenic applications , brake tubing and silver-colored coins , such as the 1- and 2-euro denominations and the 5-cent U.S. nickel. Since copper-nickel alloys have strong antimicrobial properties , they are marketed as hygienic "touch materials" to reduce cross-contamination and infections, particularly in hospital intensive care units.

Contents This section offers a broad technical overview of copper-nickel alloys and a wealth of information/data useful for good practices in design, fabrication and application. It is organized as follows: Top 10 Alloys Top 10 Alloys Jan 3, 2008 11:12 GMT · By Stefan Anitei · Share: Most of the metals we use are alloys, combinations in which one chemical is a metal. That's because pure metals rarely have the ideal properties for a certain task, but they can be improved by adding other metals. Resistance, hardness, melting point and electric conductivity are properties linked to the crystalline structure of the metal. All these modify when mixed with another chemical. Alloys can contain non-metal elements, like silicon, carbon or phosphorus, but most alloys are made entirely from metals. Steel, for example, is an alloy of iron and carbon, but allied steels contain also nickel, silicon, manganese or chromium. Alloys can be "solid substitutional solution", with elements dissolved in one another. The crystalline network of one element contains the atoms of the other element in positions that would be normally occupied by the atoms of the first element. The second case is of "solid interstitial solution".

The atoms of the second element occupy spaces between the atoms of the crystalline network of the first element. The third case is the formation of intermetal compounds. Two metals combine chemically for forming a crystalline compound with a reticulate structure. This structure contains atoms of the both metals arranged in a regular pattern. In some alloys, the structure changes in time, and with this their properties. This is called aging. 1.Allied steels have a modified base structure, which makes them harder, softer, more elastic or more resistant, depending on the necessity of the application. Manganese steel contains 1 % carbon and 11-14 % manganese, being employed for components experiencing high degree of intense abrasion, like excavator bins. Common stainless steel, called 18-8, is made of iron allied with 18 % chromium, 8 % nickel, and 0.08 % carbon. Other stainless steels contain 12-30 % chromium, with smaller amounts of other metals, like nickel, molybdenum and copper. These steels are used for making bearings' balls, chemical plants' machinery, turbine palettes, washbasins, and cutlery.

2.Coin alloys are resistant to wear and tear. For example, the British one pound coin is made of 70 % copper, 24.5 % zinc and 5.5 % nickel. The 50 pence, 10 pence, and 5 pence coins are made of 75 % copper and 25 % nickel. The 20 pence is made of 84 % copper and 16 % nickel. Two pence and one penny coins are made of 97 % copper, 2.5 % zinc and 0.5 stannum (tin). 3.The oldest alloy made by humans is the bronze, 6,000 years ago. It contains about 75 % copper and 25 % tin. Modern bronzes may not contain tin at all, but a wide array of other metals. 4.Phosphorous bronzes are made by adding 0.5 % phosphorus to a copper-tin bronze, containing 85-90 % copper. With less than 0.3 % phosphorus, the alloy is elastic and non-conductive.

This alloy is used for making contact reinforcement for relays, switches acted by electromagnets. The reinforcements are slightly joined for making contact. They do not magnetize, so that they detach easily at switching off the current. When the phosphorus level is higher, the alloy turns harder, because it forms a chemical called copper phosphore. This alloy is common in machines and engines casings. 5.Lead bronzes are used for casings that must resist to high speeds and pressures. It contains 3.5 % lead added to the phosphorous bronze. There are also bronzes made of copper, tin and lead (just 0.5 %). They are used for making the sets for vapor conducts and ornamental works. Tin bronzes with 20 % lead are used for high performance casings. 6.Red bronze contains zinc. Traditionally, they contain 88 % copper, 8-10 % tin and 2-4 % zinc. Nickel red bronzes contain 5 % lead. In other times, they were used for making the riffle pipes, now they are used for making machines and bearings. 7.Aluminium bronzes.

They do not contain tin at all, but besides aluminium, there may be included nickel, iron or manganese. They are as hard as soft steel and very resistant to corrosion, including of diluted acids. They are used for ships' propellers, heavy hydraulic and chemical machines, reservoirs and acid-resistant pumps. 8.Brass is made of copper and zinc (up to 30 %), and it can include tin, lead or aluminium. It is very ductile (it can be easily stretched for making wires). Initially, it was developed for making bullet tubes (and it is still used for this purpose), but it is also used for making valves and sets for pipes, and also the basements of the light bulbs. Special brass, harder and more resistant than bullet brass, is obtained by allying copper and zinc with manganese, iron, tin, lead and aluminium. It is easy to process and ship propellers can be made of this. Argentan is made of copper (65 %), allied with zinc (17 %) and nickel (18 %). It looks like silver (that's why it is also called German silver) and it is used for making cutlery.

Usually it is plated with silver, and traded as galvanized argetan (EPNS). 9.Most jewels made of "pure gold" are an alloy containing a standard proportion of gold and other metals for increasing hardness. The number of carats (K) defines how many mass parts of pure gold are found in 24 parts of the alloy. 10.Aluminium alloys contain up to 15 % silicon, plus small amounts of other metals like copper, iron, nickel, manganese and zinc. From these alloys are made cylindric blocks of the engines and pieces for engines and plane fuselage. Alluminium alloys proper for forging, laminating, and other processes contain up to 7 % magnesium and about 1 % manganese. Extremely strong alloys, largely used in aviation, contain about 5 % zinc and small amounts of copper, magnesium and manganese. Duralumin contains 3.5-4.5 % copper, 0.4-0.7 % magnesium and manganese and up to 0.7 % silicon. It turns harder by heating till 500o C and sudden cooling in water. In a few days, the alloy turns much harder.

It is used for planes, dirigible balons and space ships. Brass Alloys and Their Chemical Composition and Uses 30% zinc and 1% tin, used to inhibit dezincification Aich's alloy 60.66% copper, 36.58% zinc, 1.02% tin, and 1.74% iron. Corrosion resistance, hardness and toughness make it useful for marine applications. Alpha brass Less than 35% zinc, malleable, can be worked cold, used in pressing, forging, or similar applications. Alpha brasses have only one phase, with face-centered cubic crystal structure. Prince's metal or Prince Rupert's metal alpha brass containing 75% copper and 25% zinc. Named for Prince Rupert of the Rhine and used to imitate gold. Alpha-beta brass or Muntz metal or duplex brass 35–45% zinc and is suited for hot working. It contains both α and β' phase; the β'-phase is body-centered cubic and is harder and stronger than α. Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot. Aluminium brass contains aluminium, which improves its corrosion resistance.

Used for seawater service and in Euro coins (Nordic gold). Arsenical brass contains an addition of arsenic and frequently aluminium and is used for boiler fireboxes. Beta brass 45–50% zinc content. Can only be worked hot producing a hard strong metal that is suitable for casting. Cartridge brass 30% zinc brass with good cold working properties. Used for ammunition cases.

Common brass, or rivet brass 37% zinc brass, standard for cold working DZR brass dezincification resistant brass with a small percentage of arsenic Gilding metal 95% copper and 5% zinc, softest type of common brass, used for ammunition jackets High brass 65% copper and 35% zinc, has a high tensile strength and is used for springs, rivets, screws Leaded brass alpha-beta brass with an addition of lead, easily machined Lead-free brass as defined by California Assembly Bill AB 1953 contains "not more than 0.25 percent lead content" Low brass copper-zinc alloy containing 20% zinc, ductile brass used for flexible metal hoses and bellows Manganese brass 70% copper, 29% zinc, and 1.3% manganese, used in making golden dollar coins in the United States Muntz metal 60% copper, 40% zinc and a trace of iron, used as a lining on boats Naval brass 40% zinc and 1% tin, similar to admiralty brass Nickel brass 70% copper, 24.5% zinc and 5.5%

 nickel used to make pound coins in the pound sterling currency Nordic gold 89% copper, 5% aluminium, 5% zinc, and 1% tin, used in 10, 20 and 50 cts euro coins Red brass an American term for the copper-zinc-tin alloy known as gunmetal, and an alloy which is considered both a brass and a bronze.

Red brass usually contains 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Red brass may be copper alloy C23000, which is 14–16% zinc, 0.05% iron and lead, and the remainder copper. Red brass also may also refer to ounce metal, another copper-zinc-tin alloy. Rich low brass (Tombac) 15% zinc, often used for jewelry Tonval brass (also called CW617N or CZ122 or OT58) copper-lead-zinc alloy White brass brittle metal containing more than 50% zinc. White brass may also refer to certain nickel silver alloys as well as Cu-Zn-Sn alloys with high proportions (typically 40%+) of tin and/or zinc, as well as predominantly zinc casting alloys with copper additive. Yellow brass History of Common Metals: Copper, Lead, Iron, Tin, Aluminum Community History of Metals Such as Copper, Lead, Iron, Tin, & Aluminum Throughout history, man has harnessed the power of metals to make tools, steel buildings, instruments of war, aid in medicine and create innovations that have advanced humankind.

The common metals copper, lead, iron, tin and aluminum have been central to these innovations. Each with their own unique history, these five common metals changed civilizations, funded empires and have become a part of our everyday lives. Copper Copper, a soft and malleable metal, has been used for at least 10,000 years. First discovered around 9000 BC in the Middle East, knowledge of copper smelting spread around the world to China around 2800 BC, Latin America before 600 AD and in Sub-Saharan Africa around 900 AD. The extraction of copper was essential to the discovery of other metals, such as iron and bronze. As early as 3000 BC, Sumerians and Egyptians were using copper alloyed with tin to create bronze. The metal was a vital resource for both Greeks and Romans. Known by the Romans as "cyprium," the metal was named after the island of Cyprus, where the majority of Roman copper was mined.

Later, the term was modified to become "cuprum," the basis of the English term "copper." The metal was used as currency throughout the Roman Empire from the 6th through 3rd centuries BC, with the faces of emperors imprinted on each coin. Associated with Venus and Aphrodite, the goddesses of love, copper was revered for its beautiful warm color and luster. Use of copper spread around the world in the following centuries. Brass, an alloy of tin and copper, was discovered in the British Isles during the 3rd century BC and copper extraction began in North America around 800 AD. In 1830, German chemist Gottfried Osann developed a powder metallurgy technique that revolutionized the use of copper in manufacturing. The next major innovation occurred in 1949, when the Finnish company Outokumpu invented a flash smelting process that rapidly accelerated the production of copper. Today, the majority of copper is used in electrical wires, roofing, machinery and plumbing. 5% of the world's copper is currently used in combination with brass or bronze to create a more resilient alloy. Lead Like copper, lead is a malleable metal with a history spanning centuries.

Widely available and simple to extract, the metal was The earliest known lead artifacts, beads found in the Catalhoyuk region of what is today Turkey, date back to 6400 BCE. The Roman Empire was the largest producer of lead in the ancient world. Romans produced nearly 80,000 metric tons of the metal annually through their mining endeavors in Central Europe, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Greece and the British Isles. The mines in Hispania were particularly active, producing nearly 40% of all lead at the time. Lead was used by the Romans in the construction of monuments, statues and buildings. The metal was formed into pins used to secure limestone bricks. Associated with the planet Saturn by alchemists whose main goal was to turn lead into gold, the metal was believed to be the oldest metal and was symbolized by a scythe. Centuries later in 1951, Nobel Laureate chemist Glenn Seaborg succeeded in turning a small quantity of lead into gold. The metal's abbreviation "Pb" stems from the Latin "plumbum," meaning "soft metal." The modern English terms "plumber" and "plumbing" stem from this root as well.

Today, lead is widely used in plumbing, bullets, batteries and in numerous alloys. Iron Iron is the planet's most common element, forming large portions of both the inner and outer core of Earth. Beads dating from 3500 BC found in Egypt contained a relatively large percentage of nickel. The presence of nickel indicates that the iron was of meteoric origin, which was revered because it came from the heavens. Believed to be a blessed metal, this iron was commonly used to create tools use in both religion and war. Weapons made of iron were superior to those made of bronze because of their higher durability and rust resistance. Production of iron was not realized until the Middle Bronze Age and it took hundreds of years for the metal to become prominent throughout the world. Early iron production took place in what is now Syria around 2700 BC when the Hittites began to develop mines. The practice of smelting iron spread from there throughout the Middle East, leading to the dawn of the Iron Age around 1300 BC. The development of iron ore and its resulting innovations gave rise to Celtic expansion in Europe and aided in the growth of the Roman Empire.

Centuries later, British chemist Henry Cort's discovery of the process to create wrought iron and Abraham Darby's invention of a blast furnace which created cast iron helped spark the Industrial Revolution during the late 18th century. Iron is still the most commonly used metal today. Different types of the metal are used to create stainless steel, ammonia, paint, circuit boards and other objects used in modern daily life. Tin Tin's history dates back to the Bronze Age. This common metal was used to create bronze as early as 3000 BC in the Middle East and Balkans. The earliest known use of tin in Europe was in 2500 BC in the Erzegebirge region, which today lies between Germany and the Czech Republic. Knowledge of mining the metal spread from there around 2000 BC to the British Isles and Iberian Peninsula. Deposits throughout the continent were heavily exploited under the Romans. During the Medieval era, British deposits replaced those of the Iberian Peninsula and Germany as main producers of tin. Other large deposits were later discovered in Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Southeast Asia and Australia.

Today, most of the world's tin originates from Bolivia, the Republic of the Congo, China, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. Tin is used in many common objects like cans, kitchen utensils, decor, wrappings, circuits and even toothpaste. Aluminum Aluminum, another common metal, was used by Greeks and Romans as an agent to set dye onto fabrics and as an astringent for cleaning wounds. The metal is still used today as styptic agent, used to stop bleeding. French chemist Guyton de Morveau called the metal "alumni" when he experimented with it in 1761 and British chemist Humphry Davy first coined the term "aluminum" in 1808. Danish chemist Hans Christian Orested built on the work of Moveau and Davy and is credited with isolating aluminum in 1825. Two years later, German chemist Friedrick Wohler was credited with the discovery of aluminum after creating the metal by mixing anhydrous aluminum chloride and potassium. Before improvements made by Charles Martin Hall and Paul Heroult in the late 1880s, aluminum's very difficult extraction process made the metal more costly than gold.

Aluminum was still more valuable than silver when it was chosen to top the Washington Monument in 1884. Thanks to additional innovations in processing, aluminum is more affordable and very common. The metal is now used in a variety of ways, such as in consumer products, glass, packaging, transportation, windows, gutters, kitchen utensils and outdoor furniture. These five common metals have revolutionized the way people work, travel, build homes, and spend their leisure time. Their long histories from simple ores to complex machines and objects are a testament to mankind's innovative spirit. Category: Tin TIN Solar System: 100 (rel.

to [H]=1x1012) Atomic Mass: 118.71 Electron Affinity: 116 kJ mol-1 Polarizability: 7.7 ï¿½3 Radius: Common Ions : Sn 2 +, Sn 4 +, Sn 4 - Most Common Elementary Substance : Sn Elementary Substance Class : Metal Density [298K] : 7310 kg m-3 Crystal Lattice : tetragonal Electrical Conductivity [298K] : 9.09x106 Ohm-1m-1 Thermal Conductivity [300K] : 66.6 W m-1K-1 Heat of: Atomization: 302 kJ mol-1 HISTORY: Tin is one of the oldest metals known by man. There are domestic utensils and arms made of brass (copper with about 15% of tin), dating from 3500 B.C.. The Phoenicians had a very important role in the spread of brass utensils due to its commercial trades with Britain, Spain and the Middle East.

Pliny referred, in 49 A.D., to the existence of tin and lead alloys, what we now know as solder, as well as recipients of tinned copper. Tinned iron was only developed in the 14th century in Bohemia, and tinned steel appeared only in the 17th century. Originally confined to Britain and Spain, the tin extraction spread throughout to other countries of the Southern Asia and to Congo, Nigeria and Bolivia. SOURCE: Tin is found mainly in the ore cassiterite, which is found in Malaysia, Bolivia, Indonesia, Thailand and Nigeria. It is obtained commercially by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. OCCURRENCE: The major producers of tin are Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Bolivia, Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and China. Although in a smaller scale there are also tin deposits in Australia, England, Burma, Japan, Canada, Portugal and Spain. The only tin mineral with commercial importance is the cassiterite (SnO2). This ore does not occur in mineral veins but in extensive alluvial deposits where the concentration does not surpass 4%. USES: Tin has many uses. Electro-plating is an important application of tin.

It can be done through the electroplating of a small coat of tin around objects of steel, copper, aluminum etc. The tinned pieces have countless applications such as in kitchen utensils, spray recipients and shaving foam, ink cans, electronic components, integrated circuits, clips, pins and many other. Tinned objects can also be used with ornamental purposes. As a pure metal,. It can still be used in storage tanks for pharmaceutical chemical solutions, in capacitors electrodes, fuse-wires, ammunitions, tinned iron sheets to protect victuals, sweets or tobacco etc. Some of the tin organic compounds have several application as fungicides and insecticides for the agriculture and still as wood, textile and paper preservers. Alloys of tin are also important, such as soft solder, pewter, bronze and phosphor bronze. The most important tin salt used is tin (II) chloride which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. Most window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten tin to produce a flat surface. Recently, a tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures has attracted interest.

The more important tin compound is the tin dioxide (SnO2), used in electric resistors and dielectrics, and the tin monoxide that it is used in the production of tin salts for electroplating and as chemical reagents. The tin compounds that contain lead, barium, calcium and copper are indispensable in the production of electric capacitors. The tin fluoride is used as addictive in toothpastes. BIOLOGICAL INFO: Only a small tin amount is transmitted onto food from using of tin utensils. The maximum allowed amount is about 300 mg per kilogram, but in spite of this, higher concentrations are not generally harmful. Tin can be considered as a non toxicant element. However, some of its compounds have toxicant properties and should be handled with extreme care. GENERAL INFO: Tin is unreactive to water and oxygen, as it is protected by an oxide film. It dissolves in acids and bases. When heated in air tin forms tin (IV) oxide which is feebly acidic. Tin has two allotropic forms. On warming, gray tin, with a cubic structure, changes into white tin, the ordinary form of the metal.

Architecture Design Handbook: Copper Alloys - Introduction 2.3. Joining 2.1. Introduction A wide variety of copper alloys are available for use in construction. The variations in color stem primarily from differences in chemical composition. Production and forming methods may affect alloy selection. Additional information is available upon request. The CDA publication Copper Brass Bronze - Architectural Applications (PDF 4MB) covers the selection process in greater detail. Technically, alloys primarily of copper and tin are considered bronzes, while those chiefly of copper and zinc are brasses. In practice, however, the term bronze is commonly used for a variety of copper alloys, including those with little or no tin. This is because they resemble true bronzes in both natural and weathered colors. Table 2.1A lists the characteristics of some of the more popular copper alloys and their common names. A Unified Numbering System has been developed for metals and alloys by ASTM and SAE . CDA administers the section on copper and its alloys. This system is based on wrought alloy numbers ranging from C10000 through C79999. Cast alloy numbers range between C80000 and C99999.

Nickel-silver alloys C74500 and C79600 are usually called "white bronze"; all others are considered "yellow bronze". "Statuary bronze" and "green bronze" do not refer to specific alloys, but to their naturally weathered or chemically induced colors. The former is used to describe brown to black surfaces; the latter is used for patinas. In general, most copper alloys eventually weather to the gray-green patina. There are, however, significant variations in their natural colors and in the rate at which they form a patina. The last two columns in Table 2.1A contain information about the natural and weathered colors of the alloys. Table 2.1B is a color matching table. It depicts which alloys, in various forms, are reasonably well matched in color with the sheet, strip, and plate copper alloys. Back to Top 2.2. Forming Numerous methods can be used to form copper alloys into sheet, plate, rod, wire, and irregular shapes. Table 2.2A indicates forming methods appropriate for use with common alloys. The following is a brief description of each method: Bending: A mechanical forming process performed at room or at elevated temperatures.

Bending is accomplished with the aid of rollers, bending shoes and mandrels. Its primary purpose is to produce curved sections from straight lengths of tube, rod, or extruded shapes. Brake Forming: A mechanical bending operation usually performed on metal sheet, strip, or plate. Castings: These are produced by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool and solidify. This method is used to form irregular shapes. Only specially formulated alloys C80000 through C99999 can be cast. Explosive Forming: A high energy rate forming method by which shapes are produced using only a single die. The energy is supplied by chemical explosives. Large shapes can be formed without the need for heavy equipment. Extrusion: The process of producing a metal shape of constant cross-section by forcing the heated metal through an appropriately shaped die. In general, cross-section diagonals should not exceed six inches. The average thickness of copper alloy extrusions should be about 1/8 inch. The resulting shape can be almost any length, limited mostly by the structural requirements of the final object. Cold Forging: A forming process in which a metal object at room temperature is shaped by repeated hammering.

Hot Forging: A method of forming metal objects in which a heated slug or blank cut from wrought material is pressed into a closed cell impression die. Hydroforming: A forming process in which a sheet alloy is pressed between a male die and a rubber piece subjected to hydraulic pressure. Laminating: Bonding of sheet or strip alloys to various substrates such as steel, plywood, aluminum, or rigid insulating material. The bond is typically achieved with the use of adhesives. The resulting panel can be quite strong, even with thin copper alloy material. Roll Forming: Shapes made from sheet or strip material by passing it between multiple stands of contoured rolls. Generally, the corners are not as sharp as those achieved by extrusion. Spinning: A mechanical forming process in which sheet or strip alloy is shaped under pressure applied by a smooth hand tool or roller while the material is revolved rapidly. Stamping: Shaping sheet or strip alloy by means of a die in a press or power hammer. Back to Top 2.3. Joining Mechanical fasteners, such as screws, bolts, and rivets provide the simplest and most common joining technique. They typically do not require specialized tools for installation, and many can be removed for disassembly.

Table 2.1B lists the companion fasteners for each sheet or plate alloy by simplifying color matching and reducing the risk of material incompatibility. Adhesives can also be used in certain applications. The lamination process of a sheet alloy onto a substrate is dependent on adhesive bonding. Relatively thin sheet alloys can be bonded to steel, plywood, aluminum, or certain types of foam, which act as rigid insulation. The strength and rigidity of the resulting composite panel is often achieved by the combined section acting as one unit. The integrity of the bond is dependent on surface preparation, adhesive selection, bonding procedure, and joint design. Laminated panels for exterior applications should use a thermosetting or high quality thermoplastic adhesive. Edges and joints are the most vulnerable areas on a panel, as they are the most likely entry points for moisture. There are three commonly used metallurgical methods for joining alloys: soldering, brazing, and welding. Table 2.3A summarizes the joining characteristics of each alloy for these methods. Where the joining material is required mostly for watertightness, soldering may be used. Lead or tin-based filler metals with melting temperatures below 500 degrees Fahrenheit are typically used.

Soldered joints typically depend on mechanical fasteners for strength. This method is commonly used for sealing joints in gutter, roofing, and flashing applications. Since the filler material does not match copper alloys in color, soldering should only be used in concealed joints when appearance is critical. Brazing is the preferred metallurgical method for joining pipe and tube copper alloys. Two metal sections are joined with a non-ferrous filler material with a melting point above 800 degrees Fahrenheit, but below the melting point of the base metals. Blind or concealed joints are recommended, since the color match of silver filler material is fair to poor. Where this is not possible, mechanical removal of excess material may be necessary. The final metallurgical joining method, welding, is seldom used with copper alloys because of problems with joint distortion and color matching. Welding uses high temperature or pressure to fuse the base metals together, often with an additional filler metal. Silicon bronzes are the only copper alloys which can be readily welded. Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc About Watch and Favorite Watch Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made.

Favorite Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students. Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc are 3d orbital transition metals with a variety of properties. Learning Objective Recall the characteristics of cobalt, copper, nickel and zinc in their elemental states and when combined in alloys. Key Points Copper is the most heavily used coinage metal due to its electrical properties, its abundance (contrasted to silver and gold), and the attractiveness of its alloys — brass and bronze . Zinc is used in alloys with copper to create a harder metal known as brass. In galvanization, zinc coats iron by oxidizing to form a protective layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) that protects the iron from rust. Cobalt and nickel are trace elements with properties similar to iron. Terms Full Text Copper Copper is a member of a family of metals known as the "coinage metals," which includes copper, silver, gold, and roentgenium. Because of their softness, coinage metals are easily fashioned into coins.

Their comparative rarity and attractiveness, along with their resistance to corrosion , make them compact stores of wealth. However, pure copper is too soft to have structural value, but copper alloys with zinc and tin to form harder brasses and bronzes. Brass and bronze were essential components of the earliest metal tools. Copper is heavily used due in many areas, including copper piping. Copper is the most heavily used of the coinage metals due to its electrical properties, its abundance (compared to silver and gold), and the properties of its brass and bronze alloys. Until aluminum became commonplace, copper was second only to iron in production among the metals. Copper is easy to identify due to its reddish color. Copper oxidizes—with some difficulty—to the +1 state in halides and an oxide, and to the +2 state in salts such as copper sulfate CuSO4. Soluble copper compounds are easily identified by their distinctive blue-green color. Zinc The zinc family consists of zinc, cadmium, mercury, and copernicum. Zinc and cadmium are soft metals that easily oxidize to the +2 oxidation state . Neither of these two metals appears uncombined in nature.

Zinc is used in alloys with copper to create a harder metal known as brass. In galvanization, zinc coats iron by oxidizing to form a protective layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) that protects the iron from oxidation. Zinc oxide is much safer than lead oxide, and it is often used in white paint. Since 1982, zinc has been the main metal used in American pennies. It is now used in new organ pipes. Zinc is an essential trace element for living things and has some germicidal properties, but can be toxic in large quantities. Zinc pennies should never be swallowed. Zinc is an essential trace element for living things. It has some germicidal properties and it is toxic in large quantities. Zinc pennies should never be swallowed. Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Iron, cobalt, and nickel are fairly good reducing agents, so they rarely appear uncombined in nature. Iron is one of the most common elements in the universe. Uncombined iron, cobalt, and nickel can be found in meteors. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron.

The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. The earth itself has a hot, dense core made largely of iron and nickel. At the temperatures characteristic of the Earth's core, iron and nickel form a giant natural magnet which creates the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetic field blocks dangerous radiation that would kill life on the Earth.

Question: What is the most commonly used alloy of copper and tin?
Answer: BRONZE