English Monarchs - A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England. English Monarchs Links Welcome to English Monarchs This site is designed to bring to life, as vividly as possible, the history of the Kings and Queens of England from Egbert, first King of the English, who reigned 802-839 A.D., through over a thousand years of the rich and varied tapestry of England's history to the throne's present occupant, Elizabeth II. It contains a short biography of each English monarch along with many illustrations, maps (where applicable) and genealogical tables, in an easy to follow format arranged by dynasties. We also take a look at the Tower of London, the Crown Jewels and the royal residences. This history covers all England's early Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings, including Alfred, the only English monarch ever to be called the Great. Our section on the Normans includes the tumultuous events of 1066, which changed the course of English history. The reign of the stark and ruthless William I, the Conqueror and the Civil War which engulfed England as two of his grandchildren, Stephen and Matilda, became locked in a bitter struggle for the crown.

The Plantagenets, who followed the Normans, were a remarkable family, they produced such characters as the energetic Henry II, arguably one of the ablest of English Monarchs and his son, the legendary Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade into the Holy land. The Plantagenets finally destroyed themselves in a bloody dynastic struggle which we know of as the Wars of the Roses. This section also looks at the evidence and historical controversy as to whether England's last Plantagenet monarch, Richard III, actually murdered his nephews, the so-called Princes in the Tower, to gain possession of the crown. Our history of the Tudors includes that best known of English Monarchs, the tyrannical and bloodstained Henry VIII, who is famous for marrying six wives and executing two of them. His great daughter, Elizabeth I, highly astute and wily she survived an appalling childhood and adolescence to emerge as the ablest of the Tudors and led England to victory over the Spanish, the greatest power of the age.

Our history of the Stuarts, that highly romantic but luckless dynasty, who were to rule over the joint kingdoms of England and Scotland includes, amongst much more, the English Civil War, the execution of Charles I by Oliver Cromwell and the Restoration of Charles II, the Merry Monarch, famous for his many mistresses and his long liaison with Nell Gwynne. It also contains a section on the Stuart Pretenders, one of whom was the courageous but impulsive Bonnie Prince Charlie. Our biographies of the German Hanoverian dynasty includes an examination of the madness of George III and puts forward modern claims that he suffered from a metabolic condition, porphyria. This section of our history also covers the long reign of that endearing if stubborn British Monarch, Queen Victoria, which saw Britain rise as a world power. Last but not least our history culminates in the story of Britain's modern day dynasty, the House of Windsor (formerly Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). We take a close look at the large family of Queen Victoria and the eight of her grandchildren who sat on the thrones of Europe. This section also includes a page on the popular Diana, Princess of Wales and the the enquiry into her tragic death.

Kings & Queens | Britroyals Kings & Queens Kings & Queens of England, Scotland, Wales & United Kingdom Kings of England Kings and Rulers of Wales Dates Merfyn Frych (Merfyn the Freckled) Lord of Gwynedd Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great) Lord of Gwynedd Idwal Foel (Idwahl the bald) Lord of Ceredigion Hywel Dda ap Cadell (Hywel the Good) Lord of Ceredigion Hywel ab Ieuaf (Hywel the bad) Lord of Gwynedd Dafydd and Rhodri ap Owain Lord of Gwynedd Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) Lord of Gwynedd Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last) Lord of Gwynedd Kings and Queens of Scotland Dates Kings & Queens of England and Wales Dates Kings & Queens of England, Wales and Ireland Dates Kings & Queens of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland Dates Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland Dates Rhyme to remember Kings & Queens of England since William I (the Conqueror) Willie, Willie, Harry, Steve Harry, Dick, John, Harry Three

.

Edward One, Two, Three, Dick Two Henry Four, Five, Six then who? Edward Four Five, Dick the Bad Harrys twain and Ned, the lad. Mary, Lizzie, James the Vain Charlie, Charlie, James again. William and Mary, Anne o'Gloria, Four Georges, William and Victoria Edward Seven, Georgie Five, Edward, George and Liz (alive). Mnemonic to remember the Royal Houses of England and Great Britain Never A Plan Like Yours To Study Oral History So Wisely = Norman, Angevin, Plantagenet, Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, Orange, Hanover, Saxe-Coburg, Windsor. Y-DNA of the British Monarchy | Surname DNA Journal Y-DNA of the British Monarchy A review on the occasion of the birth of the Prince of Cambridge Published: August 9, 2013 Bradley T Larkin Galveston, Texas, United States. Abstract A review was made of existing genetic genealogy findings that infer characteristics of the Y-DNA of members of the British Monarchy. Nine sustained Y-DNA lineages since the year 927 CE were noted as dynastic groups.

Haplogroup and haplotype characteristics of three of the dynasties were presented with two more dynasties noted as testable but unpublished. Cultural and geographical origins of these dynasties were considered as context for their DNA haplogroups. Specimen candidates for further testing were identified noting that some will require Ancient DNA (aDNA) recovery and analysis. Introduction Genetic genealogy using Y-DNA focuses on the portion of the Y-chromosome which passes from father to son with only rare mutations. While many think of the throne of the British monarchy being passed in the same way, that crown has undergone some ‘non-linear’ transitions over its long history. Counting those transitions which yielded adult heirs to the throne, there have been nine (9) different Y-DNA dynasties in the 1,086 years since Aethelstan became the first King of England in 927 CE. 3 Exclusions. Note that in counting the Y-DNA dynasties, we have ignored disputed claimants with no meaningful rule such as Bonnie Prince Charlie, Lady Jane Grey, and Louis VIII of France.

Also excluded were three (3) potential dynasties which reached the throne but were not sustained with an heir: King William III of Orange (1650-1702), husband of Queen Mary II (1662-1694) King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598), husband of Queen Mary I (1516-1558) King Stephen of Blois (1092-1154) Applicability. Thanks to affordable commercial DNA testing, members of the general public can obtain their own Y-DNA heritage and compare themselves to published findings. While matches to royal lineages may be uncommon, the prospect of making such a fascinating connection can serve as a catalyst for individual testing. Collectively such tests add to the breadth of our understanding of human Y-DNA and benefit the scientific community. aDNA. In addition to commercial DNA tests, the field of Ancient DNA (aDNA) testing of human remains is starting to make significant contributions to genetic genealogy. While MtDNA results are much more easily obtained, Y-DNA extractions from aDNA samples have been performed successfully.

10 Where royal genealogies are concerned, aDNA holds special potential because the location of royal graves are often recorded by history. Further, aDNA extraction from royal mausoleums and cathedral tombs may yield more molecular material than do remains from field graves. Fig. 1: List of British Monarchs and Patriarchs 1603-2013 Mountbatten, Windsor, Hannover, and Stuart dynasties with their monarchs and major patriarchs 1. Mountbatten Heirs Media observers refer to the current royal family as ‘The House of Windsor’ but the three generations of current royal heirs will probably be known in the future as the Mountbatten dynasty: Charles, Prince of Wales and heir apparent (b. 1948) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013) All these Mountbatten heirs trace their Y-DNA from Prince Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1921 Greece). Prince Philip descends maternally from Queen Victoria (1819-1901) and Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854-1921).

Phillip’s Y-DNA lineage, however, is traced to King Christian III of Denmark (1503-1559) and further back to the medieval House of Oldenburg: John II of Oldenburg, Germany (1272-1301). House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg is one of Europe’s most prolific lineages with branches that include: the current King Harald V of Norway (b. 1937) the current Queen Margarethe II of Denmark (b. 1940) Prince George Oldenburg of Denmark (1653-1708), husband of British Queen Anne (1665-1714) Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1918), the last Romanov Tsar 2 Because Prince Philip is also a matrilineal cousin to Tsar Nicholas II’s wife, he should have both Y-DNA and MtDNA matches for members of the last Tsar’s family. When remains thought to belong to that family were discovered in Russia, Philip personally contributed a DNA sample which helped verify their authenticity. 1 Fig.

2: Shared Patrilineal Descent of Romanovs and Mountbattens Both Tsar Nicholas II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh were paternally descended from Frederik I, King of Denmark and Norway 1523-1533. Figure 2 illustrates how Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia are patrilineal 11th cousins, once removed with a known TMRCA of 450 years. 16 In terms of the potential difference in their STR allele values, their relationship is 26 DNA generations apart (26 x 17 alleles = 442 potential mutation events). With an average Y-STR mutation rate of 0.0024, we would expect to see only a single allele difference between the two men over 17 markers. 19 Based on the Y-STR results released in the Romanov studies, the Mountbatten Y-DNA signature can be inferred from the Tsar’s results shown in Figure 3. 18 This Y-DNA signature was classified as part of the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH) cluster within haplogroup R1b.

Unfortunately, with only 17 STR values published, we can only make a low resolution assessment. For this paper, a comparison was made between the Tsar’s results and the latest modal values for R1b-L21 21 and R1b-U106 22 but no clear distinction was found. The precision of the Mountbatten / Oldenburg lineage could be improved with a new round of SNP testing and publication of the existing samples from Prince Philip and living Romanov descendants. Fig. 3: Royal Y-STR Test Results Comparison of Y-STR allele values for the three royal lineages with publically available results plus comparison of Mountbatten with major R1b modals. 2. House of Windsor The Windsor dynasty began with the crowning of King Edward VII (1841-1910) in 1901 and culminates with its fifth monarch, the current Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926). The family surname was changed from ‘Saxe-Coburg and Gotha’ to ‘Windsor’ when King George V (1865-1936) renounced his Germany territories and titles during World War I.

This Y-DNA lineage came from Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819-1861) who was the husband of Queen Victoria (1819-1901). The paternal Windsor DNA line continues back to Franz Josias (Germany 1697-1764); John, Elector of Saxony (1468-1532); and further to Dietrich I of Wettin, Germany (916-976). 16 House of Wettin. There are numerous royal lineages from the House of Wettin. The Y-DNA signature for the House of Wettin is characterized as Haplogroup R1b-U106 with the additional SNP Z305+ (Figure 5). This finding comes from tests of two descendants of Prince Franz Herzong von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld (1750-1806). 8 Figure 4 illustrates the genealogy connection between a Coburg Prince and the Windsor Monarchs.

The test participant is a second cousin, twice removed to King George VI (1895-1952) with a known TMRCA of 166 years. Fig. 4: Shared Patrilineal Descent of Coburg Princes with Windsor Monarchs Illustration of the genealogical relationship between a Coburg Prince who has taken a Y-DNA test and the Windsor line of monarchs. 3. House of Hannover The Hannoverians are best known to Americans for King George III (1738-1820) on whom much of the Declaration of Independence (1776) was focused. This lineage came to the throne when Parliament searched far and wide for a new monarch based on religious preference. They found a German-speaking grandson of King James I (1566-1625) through two maternal lines who was dubbed King George I (1660-1727). This dynasty put five (5) members on the throne and traces back to George of Brunswick, Germany (1582-1641). There is not a Y-DNA signature publically identified for the Hannoverian lineage.

However, there are a number of living persons whose genealogies link them to this lineage. For instance, the living male descendants of Ernst August von Hannover (1914-1987) are good candidates for testing. 16 Fig. 5: Notional Phylogenetic SNP Tree A phylogenetic tree of the key SNP differences identified with British Y-DNA lineages based on currently available information. 4. Stuart The Stuart line of monarchs were among the most controversial in their own time. Although their matriarch, Mary Queen of Scots (1542-1567), was beheaded, her son King James I (1566-1625) unified the Scottish and English crowns in 1603. Despite the English Civil War and a twelve-year interregnum, a total of six (6) monarchs were crowned from the paternity of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley of Scotland (1545-1567).

This Y-DNA linage can be traced further back to Robert II of Scotland (1316-1390), Walter FitzAlan (1106-1177) and Alan FitzFlaad (1070-1114) who came from Brittany, France as a knight in Norman service. Because Brittany was settled (and named) by displaced Celts from Britain in the 5th century, this lineage is thought to be anciently Celtic. Although the Stuart line of British monarchs ended with the death of Queen Anne in 1714, there are several living Dukes and other Peers who are patrilinealy descended from King Charles II (1630-1685). 12 Thus, the Stuarts could easily return to the throne if a female Mountbatten heiress were to marry a Stuart male in the future. The recent birth of a male Prince Cambridge, however, makes the possibility of returning a Stuart to the throne unlikely for the 21st century. Thanks to an energetic DNA project 12 and the participation of many Stuart / Stewart descendants, the Stuart Y-DNA signature is the best-studied of all the British monarchs.

Figures 3 and 5 include test result highlights for the Stuarts based on an identified ducal descendant of King Charles II. 20 Their Y-DNA is characterized as part of haplogroup R1b-L21 with the key SNP mutation L745. This R1b-L21 result is consistent with the Celtic attribution of the Stuart’s 11th century patriarch. Fig. 6: List of British Monarchs and Patriarchs 1154-1603 Tudor and Plantagenet dynasties with their monarchs and major patriarchs 5. The Tudors The Tudors are best known for King Henry VIII (1491-1547) and his daughter, Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603). This dynasty provided five (5) English monarchs and is the only royal male line attributed to Celtic Wales. Henry VIII’s father, Henry Tudor (1457-1509), began the dynasty in 1485 by winning the crown in battle for the Lancastrians and closing the War of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York (1465-1503).

Henry Tudor’s paternal ancestors are believed to descend from Ednyfed Fychan (1170-1246) of Wales. 16 A Tudor Y-DNA signature has not been identified and there are no documented descendants after the 17th century. If a signature can be identified, however, there may be numerous living matches because the ‘Tudor’ surname is still common where the royal Tudors originated on the Isle of Angelsey in Wales. There is at least one person of Welsh descent and surname who claims paternal descent from Henry VIII’s ancestor, Ednyfed Fychan. It is also reputed that Mary Boleyn’s first son, Henry Carey (1526-1596), was an illegitimate son of Henry VIII and may have had descendants that survived but faded from historical records. Carey’s remains lie in Westminster Abbey while Henry VIII’s remains lie in St George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle so the potential for aDNA to reveal this Y-DNA signature is tantalizing. 6.

Plantagenets The Plantagenets are perhaps best known for King Edward I [Longshanks] (1239-1307) as portrayed in the movie Braveheart (1995). The Plantagenets are sometimes subdivided into the Lancastrian and Yorkist factions who fought the bloody War of the Roses over succession. But all of the fourteen (14) monarchs of this group were paternally descended from King Henry II (1133-1189) who was born in France and brought Ireland and England under the same crown. Although his mother was a granddaughter of William the Conqueror (1028-1087) and daughter of English King Henry I (1068-1135), Henry II’s Y-DNA came from his father Count Geoffrey V of Anjou (1113-1151) and further back from Geoffrey Ferole II, Count of Gastinois, France (1000-1046).

Plantagenet DNA characterization has been in the news this past year with an announcement of findings (without data) that MtDNA evidence supports the identification of a body discovered in Leicestershire as being the remains King Richard III (1452-1485). 9 Researchers have identified four (4) surviving male descendants of Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort (1744-1803) who should be Y-DNA matches for Richard III and all Plantagenet kings. Unfortunately, those results have not been published and were refused for this paper. 7 There have also been news stories about an Australian man named Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudun (b. 1972), who might have been heir to the British crown from George Plantagent, Duke of Clarence (1449-1478) under an alternative succession. 4 However, that lineage has seven (7) maternal descents and so does not have any Plantagenet Y-DNA preserved.

If a confirming Plantagenet aDNA sample is needed, investigators might consider King Henry III (1312-1377) who was interred in a chest tomb inside Westminster Abbey, London. 15 Or perhaps the royal tomb of King Henry IV (1366-1413) at Canterbury Cathedral should be considered. Unlike many of his kinsmen, Henry IV died of natural causes and was buried with great care by his widow. 5 Fig. 7: List of British Monarchs and Patriarchs 927-1154 Blois, Norman, Wessex, and Knýtlinga dynasties with their monarchs and major patriarchs 7. House of Normandy The House of Normandy was seated with the successful invasion of England in 1066 by William I [the Conqueror] (1028-1087). This dynasty introduced French language and martial skills into the Anglo-Saxon culture of England. To put it in modern terms, these Normans were the high tech gurus of the 11th century with innovations like the Domesday Book, elaborate castles, and combined-arms warfare.

Yet for all the territorial gains of William the Conqueror, his dynasty did not last long – only three (3) monarchs over 69 years. William’s Y-DNA came from his Viking ancestor Robert I [Rollo] (846-931) who was probably born in Denmark and became Duke of Normandy, France in about the year 900. There are no patrilineal descendants of William the Conqueror who survived past the 12th century. 16 Nor are there any modern DNA test results that have been linked to his paternal ancestors. William I and Henry I were both buried in abbeys but their remains were destroyed in subsequent centuries. There may be a chance for an aDNA test, however, as some of the bones of William II (1056-1100) are believed to be in a mortuary chest in Winchester Cathedral. 14 8. House of Wessex Aethelstan (893-939) was the first person since Roman times to unify all of England under one king in the year 927.

While it is common today to refer to persons from the British Isles as ‘Anglo-Saxons’, it has actually been 947 years since the last true Anglo-Saxon king, Harold Godwinson (1022-1066), was defeated by William the Conqueror. From Aethelstan to Godwinson, the ‘West Saxon’ or Wessex dynasty provided a total of ten (10) rulers from the Y-DNA lineage of Egbert, King of Wessex (770 – 839) who was born in what is today Oxfordshire, England. Today’s English language derives principally from Wessex ancestors who came to Britain from northern Germany between the 4th and 8th centuries. Although Harold Godwinson perished, there were likely fourteen (14) or more sons or nephews carrying the Godwinson Y-DNA living in the year 1081. However, these individuals receded from history and we simply don’t know how to identify any Wessex Y-DNA carriers from traditional genealogy.

Since Harold’s body is believed to be buried near the battlefield of Hastings, aDNA may yet enable comparison of the Wessex dynasty with living individuals who have been tested. Bones of earlier Wessex Kings are claimed to be inside Winchester Cathedral as well. There is also a new effort to examine remains that might belong to King Alfred the Great (849-899) at Hyde Abbey, Winchester. 17 9. House of Knýtlinga Viking forces operated in England from 793 to 1075 with frequent battles against the House of Wessex. A Viking-based dynasty called Knýtlinga was established in 1013 and is best known for King Canute (985-1035) who subdued the Anglo-Saxons; coined his own money; and also ruled over Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden. However, Canute’s sons all died within seven years of their father so that power in England was reclaimed by the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex. Canute’s Y-DNA line came from Harthacnu I, King of Denmark (880-936).

Although Harthacnu I’s descendants continued to serve as members of Scandanavian royal families, as far as we can tell, this Y-DNA line ‘daughtered-out‘ with no patrilineal descendants that can be tested today. Thus, aDNA is the only means currently feasible for identifying this Y-DNA lineage. There is one identified source, however, as the bones of Canute himself are said to be preserved in Winchester Cathedral. Summary In the past 1,086 years since Aethelstan became the first King of England, there have been nine (9) sustained Y-DNA dynasties. Three (3) of these lineages have publically available Y-DNA characterizations that anyone can compare themselves to with a commercial genetic genealogy test. Two (2) of the royal dynasties have living Y-DNA descendants but test results have not been published. The remaining four (4) lineages are unlikely to have genealogically-identifiable living descendants. Thus aDNA testing of royal remains will be needed in order to identify their characteristics and draw new genealogical and historical insights.

Geographically, only one (1) of these dynasties (Wessex) originates in England before the 10th century and another in Wales. Six (6) of these dynasties converge on Germany and Denmark (and Wessex would make a seventh if one considers its origins prior to the 7th century). Two (2) more of the dynasties originate in France. Culturally, two (2) of these dynasties are Celtic in origin, two (2) French, and five (5) Germanic. Speculative Haplogrouping of Untested Dynasties. Based on the royal test results available, the overall Y-DNA results from Europe, and the geographical convergence of many of these lineages on Denmark and Germany, it is hypothesized that the Normandy, Wessex, and Knýtlinga dynasties will be found to come from the R1b-U106 haplogroup. The Tudor line is likely to resemble the Stuart line and come from haplogroup R1b-L21.

The Plantagenets are a bit more difficult to predict as some speculate that they are related to the Carpetian kings of France and descended from Roman citizens in the haplogroup J2 or G2. However, early sources attribute them as Germanic Franks 13 and thus more likely to be another branch of R1b-U106. Table 1. Summary of Brittish Y-DNA Dynasties Nine Y-DNA dynasties have produced adult heirs to the British throne since the first King of England in 927 CE. Dynasty First Monarch Last Monarch Patriarch Geographic Origin Y-DNA Haplogroup Comments Mountbatten TBD. Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948) heir apparent - John II of Oldenburg (1272-1301) Germany R1b Prince Philip Mountbatten of Greece had to renounce all other titles and any personal claim in order to marry Queen Elizabeth II and have his children reach the throne. Windsor King Edward VII (1841-1910) Queen Elizabeth II (b.

1926) Dietrich I of Wettin (916-976) Germany R1b-U106-Z305 Paternally founded by Queen Victoria’s husband, Prince Albert. Known for ‘The King’s Speech’, the abdication of Edward VIII for love as well as the long-serving Queen Elizabeth II. Hannover King George I (1660-1727) Queen Victoria (1819-1901) George of Brunswick (1582-1641) Germany TBD To find a protestant heir, Parliament went overseas for a great-grandson of King James I through 2 maternal lines. Stuart King James I (1566-1625) Queen Anne (1665-1714) Alan FitzFlaad (1070-1114) France R1b-L21-L745 Norman knights who became Stewards of Scotland and then obtained the throne when no Tudor heirs survived. Removed by Parliament because of religious conflicts.

Tudor King Henry VII (1457-1509) Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Ednyfed Fychan (1170-1246) Wales Need aDNA Took advantage of an unpopular King to settle the War of the Roses and win the throne in battle. Plantagenet King Henry II (1133-1189) King Richard III (1452-1485) Geoffrey Ferole II of Gastinois (1000-1046) France TBD Expanded the kingdom to Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Thought to be related to Capetian Kings of France. Norman King William I [the Conqueror] (1028-1087) King Henry I (1068-1135) Robert I [Rollo], Duke of Normandy (846-931) Denmark Need aDNA Viking group who settled in Normandy, France for several generations and then expanded to Britain.

Wessex King Aethelstan (893-939) Harold Godwinson (1022-1066) Egbert, King of Wessex (770-839) England Need aDNA Wessex emerged as the strongest military kingdom in a violent era. Knýtlinga King Sweyn Forkbeard (960-1014) King Harthacnut II (1018-1042) Harthacnut I, King of Denmark (880-936) Denmark Need aDNA Vikings ruled parts of England for almost 100 years and King Canute briefly subjected all Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Acknowledgements Thanks to the reviewers who contributed feedback on a draft version of this article as well as the DNA project administrators whose conscientiousness, productivity, and publications advance our scientific understanding of genetic genealogy and history.

References Coble, Michael D., Loreille, Odile M., Wadhams, Mark J., Edson, Suni M., Maynard, Kerry, Meyer, Carna E., Niederstätter, Harald, Berger, Cordula, Berger, Burkhard, Falsetti, Anthony B., Gill, Peter, Parson, Walther, Finelli, Louis N.. Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(3):e4838. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838.

The French Royal Family: A Genealogy Isabelle (1292-1357) ~1308 Edward II, king of England Second House of Anjou Charles (1226-85), comte d'Anjou et du Maine 1246: France on a bordure gules castles or (1247), France a label gules (1259), king of Naples and Jerusalem (1265) ~ Béatrice de Provence (1234-67) Louis (1248-48) Charles II (1254-1309), prince of Salerno: Anjou overall a bend (N), 1285 king of Naples and Jerusalem: perpale Anjou and Jerusalem ~1270 Maria (d.1323) dau.of King Stephen V of Hungary Charles I (1271-1295), king of Hungary: quarterly Anjou/France and Hungary (barry of eight gules and argent) (N) ~1281 Klementia of Habsburg (d.1301) Charles II (

1288-1342), king of Hungary: per pale France and Hungary (N) ~1306 Maria (d.

1315) dau.of Duke Casimir II of Silesia-Beuthen ~1318 Beatrix de Luxembourg (1305-1319) dau.of Emperor Heinrich VII ~1320 Elisabeth (1305-1380) dau.of King Ladislas I of Poland ....

(1319-1319) Jeanne (1556-56) Third House of Anjou Louis of France (1339-83), duc d'Anjou: France ancient a bordure gules, adopted 1380 by Queen Giovanna I of Naples, King of Naples, Sicily & Jerusalem 1382: per pale Jerusalem and per pale Naples (France a label gules) and Anjou (France a bordure gules) (N) ~1430 Marie, comtesse de Blois et de Guise (1343-1404) Louis II (1377-1417), duc d'Anjou, King of Naples ~1400 Yolanda of Aragon (1384-1443) Louis III (1403-34), duc d'Anjou, King of Naples (adopted by Queen Giovanna II of Naples 1423) ~1432 Marguerite de Savoie (1416-79) René (1409-80

), adopted by Giovanna II 1434, king of Naples and Jerusalem 1435: quarterly Anjou (France a bordure gules) and Naples (tierced per pale Hungary, France a label gules and Jerusalem) (N), etc; duc de Lorraine 1431-53: quarterly Anjou and Bar overall Lorraine ~1420 Isabelle, duchesse de Lorraine (1400-53) Jean II (1425-70), duc de Lorraine 1453, titular King of Naples, also claimant to Aragon by his grandmother: quarterly of six in two rows Hungary, Naples, Jerusalem, Anjou, Bar, Lorraine, overall Aragon.

(N) ~1444 Marie de Bourbon (�1448) dau.of Duc Charles I de Bourbon René (1446-?) Louise (1812-50), Mademoiselle de Chartres ~ Léopold I, king of the Belgians Marie (1813-39), Mademoiselle de Valois ~ Alexander, duke of Wurtemberg Françoise (1816-18), Mademoiselle de Montpensier Clémentine (1817-1907), Mademoiselle de Beaujolais ~ August, prince of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha House of Orléans-Bragança This branch of the Orléans family became heir to the claims on the throne of Brazil. They are not French citizens and have no claims to the throne of France (see the relevant documents ).

Gaston (1842-1922), comte d'Eu ~ Isabella de Bragança (1846-1921) Pedro de Alcantara d'Orléans-Bragança (1875-1940), prince of Grão Para, renounced his rights 1908 ~ Élisabeth Dobrzensky of Dobrzenicz (1875-1951) Pedro Gastão (b. 1913) Luis Fernando (1888-1945) ~ Marie Say Louis (1867-74) Isabella (1848-94), infanta of Spain ~ Philippe d'Orléans, comte de Paris Amelia (1851-70) Maria de la Mercedes (1860-78) ~ Alfonso XII, king of Spain House of Bourbon-Condé and Bourbon-Conti The title of the head of the house of Condé was "prince de Condé", from the seigneurie of Condé.

After the accession of Henri IV, the prince de Condé was "Premier Prince du Sang", and remained so until the death of Henri III Jules in 1709. The usual manner of referring to him was "Monsieur le Prince" under Louis XIV. After 1709, the duc d'Orléans took the title of Premier Prince du Sang, and the prince de Condé, to whom the title of duc de Bourbon had been given in 1661 by Louis XIV, took it as main title, and was called "Monsieur le Duc". The last two of the line were known as princes de Condé again. The eldest son of the prince de Condé took the title of duc d'Enghien. The eldest son of the prince de Conti took the title of comte de La Marche. The son of the last Condé, the duc d'Enghien, was kidnapped at night in German territory by a French platoon, summarily judged in Paris and executed the same night at Vincennes, all on orders of Napoléon Bonaparte.

Henri (1552-88), prince de Condé, duc d'Enghien 1567 France a baton [couped] gules ~ Marie de Clèves (�1574) Éléonore (1587-1619) ~ Philippe-Guillaume of Nassau, prince of Orange Bastard and Illegitimate Lines Summary information is provided here. The heraldry of illegitimacy is quite interesting, as marks of illegitimacy have been quite varied and imaginative over time (see Woodward's excellent chapter in his Treatise on Heraldry). Kings and princes are known to have had illegitimate offspring since the 11th century, and they even started legitimating their natural children in the 15th c. The first known example is Marguerite, daughter of Charles VI, legitimated 1428; the issuing line of Belleville became extinct in 1587.

Charles VII had three children by Agnès Sorel, the first famous royal mistress: Charlotte (�1477) (killed by her husband Jacques de Brézé when he found her in adultery), Marguerite (�1473) married to Olivier de Coétivy, and Jeanne married to Antoine de Bueil, comte de Sancerre. Louis XI had natural children, of which Jeanne (�1519), dame de Mirebeau, was legitimated in 1465 and married to Louis, bâtard de Bourbon; Marie, married to Aymar de Poitiers and from whom Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri II, is descended. Henri II had Diane de France (1538-1619), legitimated in 1548, duchesse de Châtellerault 1563-82, duchesse d'Étampes 1576, duchesse d'Angoulême 1582, s.p.

He also had Henri de Saint-Rémy, bâtard de Valois (1557-1621), baron de Fontette: Argent on a fess azure three fleurs-de-lys or (PA), whose posterity included Jeanne de La Motte-Valois involved in the Necklace Affair in the late 18th c. Charles IX had by Marie Touchet: Charles de Valois (1573-1650), duc d'Angoulême in 1619: France a baton couped in bend sinister or ~ Charlotte de Montmorency (�1636), comtesse de Fleix Louis (�1653), duc d'Angoulême Gabrielle-Angélique de Bourbon (1603-27), Mademoiselle de Verneuil, leg. 1622, ~ Bernard de La Valette, duc d'Épernon By Jacqueline de Bueil (c.1580-1652), comtesse de Moret 1604 Antoine de Bourbon (1607-32), leg.

1608, comte de Moret By Charlotte des Essarts (c.1580-1651), comtesse de Romorantin Jeanne-Baptiste de Bourbon (1608-70),leg. 1608, abbesse de Fontevrault Marie-Henriette de Bourbon (1608-29), abbesse de Chelles Louis XIV had 13 known illegitimate children. Most of those were by either Louise-Françoise de Le Baume Le Blanc, Mademoiselle de La Vallière, or Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemar, marquise de Montespan, and those who survived infancy were legitimated. By Mademoiselle de La Vallière: Marie-Anne de Bourbon (1666-1739), Mademoiselle de Blois, leg. 1667 ~ Louis-Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti, s.p. Louis de Bourbon (1667-83), comte de Vermandois, leg. 1669 s.p.

By Madame de Montespan: Louis-Auguste (1670-1736), leg. 1673, duc du Maine et duc d'Aumale: France a baton couped in bend sinister gules ~ Anne-Louise de Bourbon-Condé (1676-1753) N. (1748-55), duc de Châteauvillain N. (1750-52), comte de Guingamp N. (1751-53), Mademoiselle de Penthièvre Louise-Adélaïde (1753-1821) ~ Louis-Philippe II d'Orléans Louise-Françoise (1673-1743), Mademoiselle de Nantes, leg. 1673 ~ Louis III de Bourbon, prince de Condé Louise-Marie-Anne (1674-81), Mademoiselle de Tours, leg. 1676 Françoise-Marie (1677-1749), Mademoiselle de Blois, leg.

1681 ~ Philippe II d'Orléans Louis XV had many mistresses, and at least 15 illegitimate children are known. Only one was legitimated: Louis-Aimé de Bourbon (1762-87), called l'abbé de Bourbon, son of Anne Couffier de Romans (1737-1808). His arms, granted in 1783, were: France differenced by an orle and a riband in bend sinister gules. (Michel Antoine, Le Dur Métier de Roi, 1986, p.299). Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois, duc de Berry and younger son of the future Charles X, had a long relationship in London with Amy Brown, during the Bourbons' exile. Two daughters came of it; when the duc was assassinated in February 1820 in Paris, he asked on his deathbed to see his former mistress and his children and entrusted them to the royal family, which treated them well.

The elder, Charlotte-Marie-Augustine (1808-86), was made comtesse d'Issoudun and married to the prince de Faucigny-Lucinge. The younger, Louise-Marie-Charlotte (1809-91), was made comtesse de Vierzon and married to the Athanase-Charles, baron de Charette (the present (1996) French foreign minister Hervé de Charette is her great-great-grandson). In the legitimization letters, Louis XVIII granted to the two young women the following arms: the comtesse d'Issoudun, Azure a pairle couped between three fleurs-de-lys or, on a chief ingrailed of the second three fleurs-de-lys of the first, the comtesse de Vierzon: Azure a tower inclined argent, on a chief ingrailed or three fleurs-de-lys azure. The ingrailed chief recalls the traditional ingrailed border of Berry (although the duke's arms were different), and the charges both recall the arms of the cities. Note that Issoudun and Vierzon are both cities in the province of Berry.

Gaston d'Orléans had an illegitimate son, Louis bâtard d'Orléans (1628-92), comte de Charny. Philippe II d'Orléans had by Mademoiselle Florence, dancer at the Opera: Charles de Saint-Albin, abbé d'Orléans (1698-1764), legitimized 1708, archbishop of Cambrai. By the comtesse d'Argentan: Jean-Philippe d'Orléans (1702-48), le chevalier d'Orléans, grand-prieur de France, leg. 1706: Orléans an orle and a baton couped in bend sinister argent. Louis-Philippe Id'Orléans had by Mme de Villemomble: Louis-Etienne, comte de Saint-Phar (1759-1825) and Louis-Philippe, comte de Saint-Albin (1761-1829), both legitimized 1815. There are numerous bastard sons in the Bourbon family.

Every duc de Bourbon from Louis I to Jean II included has illegitimate sons. Some names of note are: Hector and Perceval, sons of Louis II (Perceval bore on a bend a semy-de-lys, over all three bends sinister PA). Jean I had Jean, abbot of Cluny (�1485, bore France a bend sinister), and Alexandre among others. One interesting line is that of the comtes de Roussillon, Charles I, duc de Bourbon had by Jeanne de Bournan Louis bâtard de Bourbon (�1486), legitimated 1463, comte de Roussillon: France a bend sinister raguly gules, his crest was a fish roasting over flames! (PA). he married Jeanne, bâtarde de France, natural daughter of Louis XI: France a bend sinister argent, and had only Charles (�1507 s.p.). But Louis also had a natural son Renaud bâtard de Bourbon (�1483), archbishop of Narbonne: Argent on a bend azure a semy-de-lys or and a fillet in bend gules.

He in turn had two natural children, Charles bâtard de Bourbon (�1504), bishop of Clermont and Suzanne, both bearing: Argent on a bend sinister azure a semy-de-lys or and a fillet in bend sinister gules, all within a bordure ingrailed of the last (Suzanne obtained permission to bear the same arms from the duc de Bourbon). Another natural child of Louis was Jeanne, legitimated 1492, whose arms granted in 1490 were: Quarterly argent on a bend sinister azure a bendlet sinister gules between six fleurs-de-lys or, and chequy or and sable. Jean II, duc de Bourbon had Mathieu bâtard de Bourbon (�1505), seigneur de Botheon, known as "le grand bâtard de Bourbon", who bore Bourbon a bendlet sinister. From him also came the line of Bourbon-Malause bore Argent on a bend azure a semy-de-lys or and a riband in bend gules. The line of Bourbon-Busset bears France a baton couped in bend gules, on a chief argent a cross potent between four crosslets or.

Originally the Bourbon-Busset arms were Argent on a pale azure a semy-de-lys or and a bend gules, on a chief Jerusalem. Jean II de Bourbon, comte de Vendôme, had Louis (�1510), bishop of Avranches: Bourbon-Vendôme a bend sinister raguly. Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons (�1641) had a son Louis-Henri de Bourbon-Soissons, comte de Dunois: France a baton couped in bend sinister and a bordure gules (D'Hozier) whose only daughter by his wife Angélique-Cunégonde de Montmorency-Luxembourg was Louise-Léontine-Jacqueline, married to Charles-Philippe d'Albert, duc de Luynes. Henri III Jules de Bourbon, prince de Condé, had a daughter Julie de Bourbon (1668-1710), Mademoiselle de Châteaubriant, legitimated, bearing France a baton couped in bend sinister gules; married to Armand de Lesparre de Madaillan (D'Hozier).

The line of Dunois-Longueville comes from Jean (1403-68), comte de Dunois, companion in arms of Jeanne d'Arc, who bore Orléans a bend sinister argent . His son had already changed the arms to Orléans a bend couped argent . It ended with Charles-Paris d'Orléans, duc de Longueville et d'Estouteville (1649-72). An illegitimate line from Longueville is Rothelin, which bore in the 18th c. quarterly or a bend gules (Baden) and or on a pale gules three chevrons of the field (Neuchâtel), overall France a bend sinister couped and a label argent (Orléans-Longueville), although the author of the line, François bâtard de Longueville (�1600) bore Orléans a bend sinister couped argent.

Charles d'Angoulême, father of François I, had Jeanne, legitimated in 1501, married to Jean de Longuevic and mother of Jacqueline married to the duc de Montpensier; Madeleine, and Souveraine legitimated in 1521. References The bulk of the genealogical material comes from Père Anselme, with complements from La Chesnaye-Desbois and the Quid, 1996 edition (see the French bibliography for more details). The coats of arms come from Père Anselme (PA), D'Hozier's Armorial de la Généralité de Paris (DH), Otto Neubecker's Heraldry (N), Pierre Pradel: Catalogue des Jetons des Princes et Princesses de la Maison de France Paris 1936 (CJ); Inventaire des Sceaux (IS); Corpus des Sceaux (CS). For arms of bastards I used Père Anselme and B. Vrignault: Les Légitimés de France de la maison de Bourbon de 1594 à 1820, Paris, 1965.

An 18th century source is Dubuisson's 1757 Armorial. Also, Olivier, Hermal and de Roton, Armorial du Bibliophile (OHR) is a good source on actual practice, since it records arms as they appear on book-bindings. A snapshot of the French court in the early years of the 15th century is provided by Bozzolo: La Cour Amoureuse, Léopard d'Or, 1992 (CA).

Question: Name the only English monarch to belong to the House of Blois.
Answer: STEPHEN