Chemical formula of diamond Diamond A wedding ring of soot? Diamond, graphite and soot are all made of carbon atoms. So on your wedding day why not save money and buy a cheaper wedding ring made from soot? Well, you may need to learn a bit of chemistry to help your marriage survive! The chemical formula of diamond is C which is the chemical symbol for the element carbon. Soot and graphite are also made up of carbon atoms and have the same chemical symbol, C. So what's the difference between soot, graphite and diamond if they are all made up of the same carbon atoms? Carbon atoms can be arranged in many different physical forms called allotropes. An allotrope is a form of an element that has different physical properties (eg. color, crystal shape, hardness, melting points, boiling points, etc.) due to different arrangements of atoms or molecules within the structure. Four allotropes of carbon are diamond, buckminsterfullerene (bucky balls), graphite and soot. Since all are forms of the element carbon, they each have the same chemical symbol C. The allotropes of carbon however, differ greatly in their structure and properties.

In diamond the carbon atoms are covalently bonded to one another producing a three dimensional network solid. Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms throughout the crystal lattice. Diamond has no free electrons because they are all involved in bonding and is therefore a poor conductor of electricity. Diamond is the hardest substance known and is used to cut glass and in industrial drill bits. Diamond is widely sought after because of its rarity and unique crystalline structure and is used in jewelry. Graphite is also made of carbon atoms. Graphite consists of carbon atoms covalently bonded together in a layers made up of hexagons, like chicken wire. Each carbon atom has three bonds and one free electron. The extra electrons are delocalized and can be moved along the layers by applying an external voltage. This is why graphite can conduct an electric current. Graphite unlike diamond is extremely soft. Between the parallel layers of graphite are weak intermolecular bonds, which allow the layers to easily slip over each other. This is what happens when writing or drawing with a graphite pencil on paper. Buckminsterfullerene (a bucky ball for short) is an allotrope of carbon that is produced by firing high powered laser beams at graphite.

Each molecule consists of a large number of carbon atoms covalently bonded to one another forming a sphere (similar to a soccer ball). Soot has no crystalline structure and is amorphous in form. It is a carcinogenic (cancer forming) pollutant produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, particularly gasoline or petrol and diesel fuels. So the key to a successful marriage is to buy the correct allotrope of carbon for a wedding ring. It's not just the atoms that are important. It's how they are arranged! What is the chemical formula of a diamond? | Socratic What is the chemical formula of a diamond? Start with a one sentence answer Then teach the underlying concepts Don't copy without citing sources Write a one sentence answer... Answer: I want someone to double check my answer Describe your changes (optional) 200 Cancel Diamond is one form of carbon; the other is graphite. To distinguish them, we write: diamond: C(s,diamond) graphite: C(s,graphite) The s stands for solid. Both diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. There are other exotic allotropes of carbon (graphenes and fullerenes among them) but they are much less common.

A diamond consists of a giant three-dimensional network of carbon atoms. In effect, a diamond is one giant molecule. All we can do is write its empirical formula, which is #"C"# What is the chemical formula of diamonds? - Quora Quora Written May 10, 2015 The chemical formula of diamond is C which is the chemical symbol for the element carbon. Soot and graphite are also made up of carbon atoms and have the same chemical symbol, C. So what's the difference between soot, graphite and diamond if they are all made up of the same carbon atoms? Carbon atoms can be arranged in many different physical forms called allotropes. An allotrope is a form of an element that has different physical properties (eg. color, crystal shape, hardness, melting points, boiling points, etc.) due to different arrangements of atoms or molecules within the structure. Four allotropes of carbon are diamond, buckminsterfullerene (bucky balls), graphite and soot. Since all are forms of the element carbon, they each have the same chemical symbol C. The allotropes of carbon however, differ greatly in their structure and properties.

Written Sep 12, 2015 The only diamonds that can have a chemical formula are nanodiamonds, produced in an ordinary candle flame at the rate of more than a million per second, and burned up just as quickly. Any diamond large enough to be seen with the naked eye will contain much of the periodic table of elements. In most diamonds nitrogen is distributed periodically. This gives diamonds their characteristic black, brown, or yellow color (except for the rare transparent ones used in jewelry) Diamonds also contain other gemstones within them, most commonly garnets, but also rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and topaz. If you look at a flawless diamond under a powerful microscope, you can see a mass of cracks, rocks, black blobs, garnets, etc. (Flawless just means no flaws visible under 10x magnification.) What is the chemical formula for a diamond? | Reference.com What is the chemical formula for a diamond? A: Quick Answer The chemical formula for a diamond is simply C. Diamonds are carbon atoms arranged in a specific way. Graphite and soot also have chemical formulas of C because they are carbon atoms, like diamonds are, just in different arrangements of molecules.

Full Answer Diamonds, graphite and soot are allotropes of one another. They have the same chemical formula, but they have different physical properties and look different. Diamonds do not conduct electricity well and take on a crystalline form. Graphite, on the other hand, consists of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal layers. An electric current can run through graphite. Soot does not have a structured form. The NFPA Diamond / Description / Symbols 0 - Hazard no greater than ordinary material 1 - May cause irritation; minimal residual injury 2 - Intense or prolonged exposure may cause incapacitation; residual injury may occur if not treated 3 - Exposure could cause serious injury even if treated 4 - Exposure may cause death 0 - Stable 1 - May become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures, may be mildly water reactive 2 - Unstable; may undergo violent decomposition, but will not detonate. May form explosive mixtures with water 3 - Detonates with strong ignition source 4 - Readily detonates Diamond: The mineral Diamond information and pictures Advertising Information The Mineral diamond Diamond has many unequaled qualities and is very unique among minerals.

It is the hardest known substance, it is the greatest conductor of heat, it has the highest melting point of any substance (7362° F or 4090° C), and it has the highest refractive index of any natural mineral. Diamond is number 10 on the Mohs scale , and is 40 times harder than Corundum , which is number 9 on the Moh's scale. It also has the most dense atom ical configuration of any mineral, and is transparent over the greatest number of wavelengths. Because of heat conduction, Diamonds are cold to the feel at or below room temperature. When heated, a Diamond will remain hot long after the heat source is removed. The luster of Diamond is excellent. Diamond exhibits great " fire " and brilliance, which gives it a shiny, freshly polished look. Rough Diamonds exhibit a greasy luster , but proper cutting give them a powerful adamantine luster. Only synthetic substances and a few minor gemstones can reach or excel the refractive index of Diamonds. The hardness and refractive index may slightly vary among Diamond specimens. Bort and Carbonado exhibit a slightly lower hardness than other Diamonds, and lack cleavage .

Lonsdaleite (also known as Hexagonal Diamond), is a type of Diamond found with meteorite s and is of extraterrestrial origin. It is scientifically a different mineral than Diamond, and believed to have formed when meteoric Graphite fell to earth. When this happened, great heat and stress transformed the Graphite into Diamond, but it retained Graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice . For additional information, see the gemstone section on Diamond . Crystal Forms and Aggregates Most often octahedral , frequently with many crystal face s. Dodecahedral and hexoctahedral crystals, although less common, also occur. Cubic crystals are rare. Crystals may often contain complex growth layers or triangular features known as "trigons". Diamond also forms in twinned crystals, and as both clean cleavage fragments and unshaped distorted fragments. Some twinned crystals and cleavage fragments assume a triangular shape, which are known as macle s. Crystals often have curved faces, and in some cases they be almost round. Another crystal habit is ball-shaped agglomerates of radiating crystals. Diamond also occurs fibrous , massive and as severely distorted crystals. 2) Has a cold feel.

Complex Tests Diamond is the most inert and durable material, and is not effected by any chemicals. In Group Native Elements ; Non-Metallic Elements Striking Features Immense hardness, adamantine luster, and specific localities Environment Formed in plutonic rock s in the form of cylindrical plug s known as pipe s, and usually formed deep underground. Also occurs in alluvial placer deposit s. Rock Type Igneous , Sedimentary Popularity (1-4) 1 Prevalence (1-3) 3 Demand (1-3) 1 Diamond ON EBAY USES The most notable use of Diamonds is in the jewelry market. Due to the brilliance, hardness , and rarity of Diamond, it is the most famous of all gemstone s. Colorless Diamonds are most often used in jewelry , although recently yellow and brown gems have picked up in popularity. Colored Diamonds such as blue, red, green, pink, and purple, are known as Fancies, and are extremely rare and command exorbitant prices. Only about 20 percent of Diamonds are fit for gem use.

The other 80 percent mined are used industrially, especially as abrasives and as Diamond saws, which are rotary saws with tiny Diamond studs that can cut almost anything. In fact, the only way to cut and polish a Diamond gem is with a Diamond saw. Diamond is also used in thermal insulators, in optics, and in electronics. NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES Diamond is more common then perceived, although its environment is very limited, and most Diamonds found are not of the gem variety. South Africa was once the largest producer of Diamonds, and has several famous localities. Most notable is Kimberly, specifically the Kimberly Mine (also known as "The Big Hole"). The surrounding area also contains many productive Diamond mines. Two other famous mines in South Africa are the Premier Mine (Cullinan Mine), in Pretoria; and the Finsch mine in Northern Cape province. Namibia (the coastal region), Sierra Leone, and the Congo are also important African producers of Diamond. Russia has several Diamond pipes in Siberia, in and around the town of Mirny (Mir) in Yakutia (now Sakha) Republic. The nearby pipes of Udachnaya and Internationalaya are also of note.

In China, Diamond has been mined in the Chagma Mine, Yimeng Mountains, Shangdong Prefecture. The Argyle mine in Western Australia is the largest diamond producer in the world by volume, and is also especially noted for producing pink and brown Diamonds. Diamantina, in Minas Gerais, Brazil has produced a unique form of Diamond in a conglomerate matrix . In the U.S., the Crater of Diamonds State Park, near Murfreesboro, Pike Co., Arkansas is the only Diamond mine in the world open to the public. On average, about two or three Diamonds are found per day from miners trying their luck. In California, in the Gold producing regions of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, several limited Diamond occurrences have been noted, especially where glaciers left waterworn pebbles in placer deposit s (such as in Trinity County). Kelsey Lake, Larimer Co., Colorado, contains the only commercially operating Diamond mine in the U.S., which was started in 1996. A new Diamond field was also discovered in the 1990's in Lac de Gras in the Northwest Territories, Canada, with the Ekati and Diavik Diamond mines making Canada a new and important Diamond producer.

What is the chemical formula for a diamond? | Socratic What is the chemical formula for a diamond? Start with a one sentence answer Then teach the underlying concepts Don't copy without citing sources Write a one sentence answer... Answer: I want someone to double check my answer Describe your changes (optional) 200 Cancel Prempree D. Share Dec 4, 2014 In a diamond structure composes of so many carbon element connect to each other by four single bond infinitely as shown in the picture.This structure is called covalent network . We can not count the exactly number of C in a diamond structure just shown in short formula (or empirical formula) as C. Was this helpful? Let the contributor know! Yes UCSB Science Line UCSB Science Line What elements are in diamonds, gold, and rust? What is the scientific name for rust? Answer 1: Diamond is 100 % Carbon, atomic number 6 on the periodic table.Gold, symbol Au is atomic number 79 and is like diamond, a pure substance.Rust on the other hand is ferric oxide or Fe2O3. The mineral is called Hematite. It has a blood red streak.

That is if you think you have some hematite, rub the mineral on an unglazed ceramic tile (called a streak plate) and the streak is blood red. Answer 2: The element in diamond is carbon (symbol C). Try and find C in the periodic table. Diamonds, particularly high quality ones, are very pure carbon. Sometimes however, small amounts of carbons neighbors in the periodic table, such as boron (symbol B), and Nitrogen (symbol N) are also found in diamond. These tend to give diamonds different colors. Gold is an element (symbol Au). The element symbol Au comes from the Latin word for gold which is aurum. Pure gold is usually only used to store money in banks. In jewelry (which is the biggest use of gold) the gold is usually mixed with some copper (symbol Cu) to give it more strength. Rust is usually a mixture of iron (symbol Fe) oxygen (symbol O) and some hydrogen (symbol H). Most rust has the chemical formula FeO2H, also written as FeO (OH), and mineral name of this material is lepidocrocite (pronounced lay-pedo-kro-kite) Answer 3: First, gold is an element.

It is very malleable and ductile. Since pure gold is fairly soft, it is often combined with other metals to make alloys to make it a little stronger. The alloys are what you typically find in jewelry, etc. Diamonds are made up of the element carbon. Also, graphite is also made up of carbon. The only difference between the two is the way that the atoms are bonded together. Interestingly, graphite is the more stable form of carbon, so diamonds will eventually turn into graphite (diamonds aren't really forever!). However, this process takes thousands of years. Rust is the common name for iron oxide, which as the name implies, is made up of the elements iron and oxygen. The compound is Fe2O3. Iron combines quickly with oxygen, and the process of turning iron to iron oxide is an example of corrosion. You can see things like steel rust because steel contains iron. Answer 4: The quick answer is: Diamond is a pure element, carbon; gold is a pure element, gold; and rust is a compound, Iron Oxide, of iron and Oxygen. Diamond is pure elemental carbon, compressed to its crystal form, under extreme heat and pressure deep within the Earth. The symbol for carbon is C.

Gold is also an element, in and of itself. Its symbol is Au. It does not easily form compounds so it is found by itself, in stream beds (placer deposits) or in veins in rocks. Rust is a compound: Iron Oxide. It is found all over; everywhere iron and oxygen come in contact! Both iron and oxygen form compounds quite easily, so they are not readily found alone. (The oxygen you breathe is O2, not elemental oxygen.) Rust can come in different forms, because iron (symbol Fe) normally gives up 2 or 3 electrons when it forms compounds. We call these "oxidation states." When iron gives up 2 electrons, it gets a +2 charge, and when it gives up 3 electrons, it gets a +3 charge. To make a neutral compound it must then bond with some element in the proper ratio so as to remove its"excess" positive charge (or, replace its deficit negative charge). Oxygen (symbol O) normally takes 2 electrons when bonding with metals (including hydrogen). So, for a balanced compound of iron oxide, you have either FeO or Fe2O3.

Here's what I mean: For FeO, you have one Fe(+2) and one O(-2) = FeO. This compound is also called Iron(II)Oxide. It is one form of rust. The charges balance like this:(+2) + (-2) = 2-2=0. The other form of rust, Fe2O3, is two Fe(+3) and three O(-2), written Fe2O3, and also called Iron(III)Oxide. The charges balance like this:2(+3) + 3(-2) = 6 - 6 = 0. I hope this helps.Best wishes. Answer 5: Diamond is a polymorph of the element carbon (C). To give you an idea of the many uses of carbon, the macromolecules in our bodies, including DNA,proteins,sugars, and lipids, all contain carbon. Also, the soft lead in your pencil,graphite, is also made up of carbon.The element in gold is of course, gold (Au). The most pure form of gold jewelry as you probably know is 24 karats meaning no other elements are present within the stone.

Common impurities in lower karat gold include silver (Ag), copper(Cu), and palladium (Pd). Rust is iron-oxide consisting of the elements iron and oxygen. When water touches an iron surface the water starts reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and forms carbonic acid, a weak acid. The presence of the acid causes the iron to dissolve. At the same time, the water starts breaking apart into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen from the breakdown of water reacts with the dissolved iron forming iron oxide, rust. Answer 6: GOLD Gold is an element, meaning that it consists only of one type of atom that cannot be chemically broken down into smaller parts. The only way to break gold down into smaller components would be through nuclear reactions that change the number of protons and electrons, the positively and negatively charged particles, inside the gold atoms. The element gold is denoted by the symbol Au in the Periodic Table of Elements. Gold is characterized by having79 protons and, in its elemental or uncharged state, also has 79 electrons. In its most common isotope, gold has 118 neutrons.

Gold is typically found in nature in very small quantities mixed into a type of rock called ore, but can also be found in riverbed sediments. The extraction of gold from the earth is explained at the following websites: For more about gold in general:~eps2/wisc/gold.html DIAMONDS Diamonds are composed almost entirely of the element carbon, often with some other impurities in them, such as nitrogen (i.e., pure diamonds are entirely carbon). The element carbon comes in three different natural forms, or allotropes: diamond, graphite, and amorphous. Although each of these forms is composed entirely of carbon, the carbon atoms are organized and bonded differently, creating unique properties for each. Diamonds are formed under extreme pressure and heat, 100-200 kilometers below the Earths surface, by bonding carbon into a three-dimensional crystal network. Diamonds are the hardest natural substance known to us. Graphite differs from diamonds in that the carbon atoms are bonded into flat sheets, creating a black, slippery substance that is one of the softest substances known to man. Graphite is what pencil lead is made out of.

Amorphous carbon, otherwise known as soot, forms when a carbon-based material burns, or combusts, without enough oxygen to convert it completely to carbon dioxide. Carbon is characterized by having 6 protons and 6 electrons, and usually 6neutrons. This isotope of carbon is called carbon-12, with the number12referring to the atomic mass, or number of neutrons plus protons. Carbon also exists in the isotope carbon-14, with 8 neutrons, but this form is unstable (a radioactive isotope) and decays into nitrogen-14 over time by releasing an electron and converting a neutron into a proton. For more information about carbon, see this web page: RUST Rust is a molecule that is composed of two elements: iron (Fe, atomic number26) and oxygen (O, atomic number 8). The chemical formula for rust is Fe2O3,which is called iron oxide, but is also known as ferric oxide or hematite,among other names.

The word ferric refers to iron ions with a +3 charge (or with 23 electrons), whereas ferrous refers to iron ions with a +2 charge (or with 24 electrons). I think these words may have a Latin derivation, although I am not certain what their Latin meanings or root is. Rust forms when the oxygen in air or in water combines with iron, which is a major component of steel, for example. Each oxygen atom essentially steals two electrons from the iron, forming oxygen atoms with a 2 charge (O-2 ions), while each iron atom donates three electrons to the oxygen, forming iron atoms with a+3 charge (Fe+3 ions, also known as ferric). Since the oxygen ions are negatively charged and the iron ions are positively charged, they attract and create an ionic bond that forms rust. This type of reaction is known as a reduction-oxidation reaction, or a red-ox reaction, where oxygen is said to be reduced (hence the reduction, or decrease, in oxygens electric charge) and the iron is said to be oxidized by the oxygen.

The chemical equation for the formation of rust is: 4(Fe) + 3(O2) = 4(Fe+3) + 6(O-2) = 2 (Fe2O3) Click Here to return to the search form. Copyright © 2015 The Regents of the University of California, All Rights Reserved. 2010 Gemstone Chemical Properties Polished rough shapes of Jet Photo by S.W. Aber 2009; Tucson Gem Shows. Jet is a bituminous coal sufficiently durable to be polished and valued as a gemstone. Diamond is another more durable and valuable gemstone known to, and owned by, many more people than jet. Structurally, jet is an amorphous rock, while diamond is crystalline mineral. Chemically, jet and diamond both contain carbon. Jet is a petrified version of biogenic debris or plant remains, collected in water-saturated environments such as swamps or bogs and compressed under the weight of accumulated sand, silt, and clay sediments to form what is considered a rock today. In contrast, diamond is a mineral composed of carbon atoms that formed deep underground underextremely high temperatures and pressures.

Jet or coal is carbon plus additional chemical compounds; diamond is carbon in a native state. The composition of coal varies, specifically in the amount of carbon and volatile materials such as water, carbon dioxide and methane. Bituminous is only one variety of coal. The composition of diamond does not vary in the amount of carbon and, while it may contain trace amounts of other elements which provide color, it does not contain chemical compounds, but rather only the element carbon. Regardless of the organic or inorganic status of gems, all have a chemical story to tell. A mineral is a macroscopically homogeneous solid, that grows in a symmetrical form, as a result of the regular geometrical arrangement of atoms, ions, and molecules. A well-developed mineral showing symmetry through its external form is referred to as a crystal, specifically a euhedral crystal. The crystal has a symmetrical, characteristic grouping of atoms within a mineral coupled with a chemical composition expressed as a chemical formula. The formula can be written as symbols using a shorthand code. For example, the chemical formula of amethyst, a purple variety of quartz, is SiO2. Si is the shorthand abbreviation for silicon and O stands for oxygen.

This chemical formula is derived from quantitative chemical analysis, that shows the amount of each type of atom or element present. The silicon and oxygen come together geometrically to form quartz. Quantitative chemical testing of crystals can be destructive. Today, the composition of a gem is often determined with an electron microscrope or visible, ultraviolet, and infrared spectroscopy. These specialized instruments can detect elements, even in trace amounts. It is important to determine the chemical make-up because it aids in identification and classification, as well as in distinguishing natural from synthetic materials and and in detecting the agent responsible for the color. Atoms and Ions Atoms are the units composing all matter, designated as the smallest subdivisions that retain the characteristics of elements. Atoms, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are arranged in the periodic table according to the number of protons. The atoms with lowest number of protons is on the left and highest on the right across the rows (e.g., ). With some exceptions, the atoms or elements that are found in gemstones are some of the most abundant in Earth's crust, such as silicon and oxygen. Amethyst and rock quartz column. Photo by S.W. Aber 2008; Tucson Gem Shows.

A crystal grows in a regular array of atoms, or groups of atoms, coming together in a stacking arrangement built around a unit cell, that defines its crystalline structure. Atoms combine, or are held together, through atomic bonding, of which there are five types. Two of the most important in gem minerals are ionic [electron exchange] and covalent [ electron sharing]. Regardless of bond type, crystals must have a charge balance, which means negative charge shall be compensated with an equal amount of positive charge. When atoms loose or gain electrons they form ions, which become positively or negatively charged particles. These ions are termed cation (+) and anion (-). Thus, in the quartz example above, silicon has an oxidation state of Si4+ that combines with oxygen or O2-, and for a balanced charge two oxygens are needed per one silicon or SiO2.

For more see the compounds - ), the web element essentials - , and the geology - from WebElements; and the Mineralogy Database, , is now listing, as of December 31, 2009, the newest revised number of 4,714 individual mineral species as 4,714 according to the IMA ( ); this is up from the previous count of 4,442 minerals (2010). Characteristic gem properties are tied to chemical compositions. The fast-moving electrons in atoms are in energy levels or orbital shells around the atomic nucleus. The orbital shells farthest from the nucleus are incompletely filled thus electron movement between energy levels accounts for optical properties such as color, fluorescence, and phosphorescence. Electrons in the outermost shell are the valence electrons In the most stable configuration, these shells are filled. The outer shells are filled by gaining or losing electrons, creating positive and negative charges or cations and anions. Some of the symbols for elements found in the most common crystals are shown below. It would be useful to memorize these shorthand symbols [shown in the chemical compositions of gemstones].

In the next section you can see how these atomic symbols come together for the chemical formula of gemstones. Si - silicon What is a Crystal? by Jill Banfield, nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2/wisc/Lect4.html WebElements Periodic Table at from the University of Sheffield. Student Reports on Amber: Scott Smith: Amber Dominican Republic, ; Patty Miles: Amber of Lebanon, ; Erin Grosstephen: Baltic Amber and Its Art during the 20th Century, Student Report on Jet: Stephanie Trump: Jet The Black Gem. Return to the Syllabus or move on to the next lecture . This page originates from the Earth Science department for the use and benefit of students enrolled at Emporia State University . For more information contact the course instructor, S. W. Aber, e-mail: esu.abersusie@gmail.com Thanks for visiting! Webpage created: 1999; last update: August 30, 2012. Carbon»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Element News Carbon: the essentials Carbon is a Group 14 element and is distributed very widely in nature.

It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon is present as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of rocks as carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. The atmosphere of Mars is very thin but what there is contains about 95 % CO2. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number of variety of compounds it can form. Organic chemistry, a 1/112th subset of inorganic chemistry, is the study of carbon and its compounds. While silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of related compounds, it is not possible currently to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Carbon, as microscopic diamonds, is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in ancient volcanic "pipes" such as found in South Africa. Diamonds are also recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope.

CAS Registry ID : 7440-44-0 A diamond ring. More recently, another form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene, C60, was discovered. This form of carbon is the subject of great interest in research laboratories today. Pure carbon is available in a number of different forms (allotropes). The most common form of pure carbon is α-graphite. This is also the thermodynamically most stable form. Diamond is a second form of carbon but is much less common. Other forms of carbon include the fullerenes. Whereas diamond and graphite are infinite lattices, fullerenes such as buckminsterfullerene, C60, is a discrete molecular species. Amorphous forms of carbon such as soot and lampblack are materials consisting of very small particles of graphite. Most graphite is α-graphite and it possesses a layer structure in which each carbon is directly bound to three other carbon atoms at a distance of 141.5 pm. Delocalization in the bonding is evident since the C-C distances are equal and shorter than normal carbon-carbon single bonds (typcally 154 pm).

The distance between the layers of carbon atoms is 335.4 pm. In most graphite (α-graphite), the layers of atoms are arranged in an ABABAB... repeat fashion but the β-form (rhombohedral) the stacking is ABCABCABC... although the carbon-carbon distances and the interlayer spacing remains the same as in the α-form. The enthalpy difference between α- and α-graphite is less than 1 kJ mol-1 (0.59 ± 0.17 kJ mol-1. Forms of the heavier elements corresponding to graphite are not known and the structures of silicon, germanium, and grey tin are related to the diamond structure (below). Atom arrangements in the most common allotrops of carbon: α-graphite. As diamond has a slightly more compact structure its density is greater than that of graphite. The appearance of diamond is well known and it is also one of the hardest materials known. Like graphite, it is relatively unreactive but does burn in air at 600-800°C.

Each carbon atom is bound to four neighbours at a distance of 154.45 pm in a tetrahedral fashion and so each diamond crystal is a single giant lattice structure. In principle (and in practice!) graphite may be converted into diamond by the application of heat and pressure. The unit cell of diamond is cubic with a = 356.68 pm. Nearly all diamonds posses this structure but a very small percentage show a hexagonal structure related to wurtzite and these are called lonsdaleite. Crystal strucutres of diamond. Recently another allotrope of carbon was characterized. Whereas diamond and graphite are infinite lattices, buckminsterfullerene, C60, is a discrete molecular species. The buckminsterfullerene molecule is a net of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons folded into a sphere. The effect is very similar to the patchwork of 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal pieces of leather that sewn together make up an association football (soccer ball). The name buckminsterfullerene (or buckyball was coined because of the relationship between the structure of C60 and R.

Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome designs. Buckminsterfullerene is now commercially available and has also been identified in interstellar space and soot. C60, Buckminsterfullerene. Other fullerenes (closed carbon cages) such as C60 and C84 are known as well, and inded available commercially. The smallest fullerene possible is the dodecahedral C20, consisting of 12 pentagons and no hexagons at all. Nanotubes are related to fullerenes. They are tubes giving the appearance of rolled graphite, although they are made from graphite. They are open ended while fullerenes are closed structures. One interesting feature of fullerenes is their ability to enclose atoms such as potassium and other alkali metals to make endohedral structures denoted as K@C60. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted the isotope 12C as the basis for atomic weights.

Carbon-14, 14C, an isotope with a half-life of 5730 years, is used to date such materials as wood, archeological specimens, etc. Carbon-13, 13C, is particularly useful for isotopic labelling studies since it is not radioactive, but is a spin I = 1/2 nucleus and therefore a good NMR nucleus. Carbon: historical information Carbon was discovered by known since ancient times although not recognised as an element until much later. in unknown at not known. Origin of name : from the Latin word "carbo" meaning "charcoal". Carbon as charcoal, soot and coal has been used since prehistoric times. Carbon as diamond has also been known since very ancient times. The recognition that soot (amorphous carbon), graphite (another form of carbon) and diamond are all forms of carbon. A fourth form, buckminsterfullerene, formula C60, whose framework is reminiscent of the seams in an Association Football ("soccer") ball, is the subject of considerable interest at present and was only discovered a few years ago in work involving Harry Kroto , a Sheffield graduate.

Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for carbon is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.] Carbon around us Read more » Carbon is key to life and by definition is present in all organic compounds. The study of life is known as biological chemistry or biochemistry. Ethene gas (C2H4) helps to ripen tomatoes.

Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Carbon, as microscopic diamonds, is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic "pipes" such as found in South Africa. Diamonds are also recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. Carbon is distributed very widely in nature as calcium carbonate (limestone). Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96% CO2. It is plentiful in the sun, stars, comets, and the atmospheres of most planets. Abundances for carbon in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 2352.6 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : carbon is available in nature as graphite and (to a much lesser extent!) as diamond. Artificial graphite is made by the reaction of coke with silica (SiO2).

SiO2 + 3C (2500°C) → "SiC" → Si (g) + C(graphite) Artificial diamonds are made by the application of heat and pressure (> 125 kBar) in the presence of a catalyst such as iron, chromium or platinum. It seems that the metal melts on the carbon surface, the graphite dissolves in the metal film, and the less soluble diamond precipitates out. The introduction of nitrogen as an impurity gives yellowish diamonds while boron impurities give bluish colours. A new form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene with formula C60 is formed in the treatment of graphite by lasers and is now commercially available in small quantities. Carbon isotopes Read more » Carbon isotopes and mainly C-13 is used extensively in many different applications. C-13 is used for instance in organic chemistry research, studies into molecular structures, metabolism, food labeling, air pollution and climate change. C-13 is also used in breath tests to determine the presence of the helicobacter pylori bacteria which causes stomach ulcer. C-13 can also be used for the production of the radioisotope N-13 which is a PET isotope.

The C-12 atom has been given the atomic weight of exactly 12.000000000 and is used as the basis upon which the atomic weight of other isotopes is determined.

Question: What is the chemical symbol for diamond?
Answer: C