tsar | title | Britannica.com title Alternative Titles: czar, czarina, tsarina, tzar, tzarina Related Topics Peter I Tsar, also spelled tzar or czar, English feminine tsarina, tzarina, or czarina, title associated primarily with rulers of Russia . The term tsar, a form of the ancient Roman imperial title caesar, generated a series of derivatives in Russian: tsaritsa, a tsar’s wife, or tsarina; tsarevich, his son; tsarevna, his daughter; and tsesarevich, his eldest son and heir apparent (a 19th-century term). Tsar Alexis, detail of a portrait by an unknown artist, c. 1670; in the State Historical … Courtesy of the State Historical Museum, Moscow Overview of tsarist rule in Russia. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz In medieval Russia the title tsar referred to a supreme ruler, particularly the Byzantine emperor , who was considered the head of the Orthodox Christian world.

But the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and the Ottoman Turks’ conquest of the Balkans left the grand princes of Moscow as the only remaining Orthodox monarchs in the world, and the Russian Orthodox clergy naturally began to look to them as the defenders and possible supreme heads of Orthodox Christianity. Claims were put forth that Moscow would become the “third Rome” in succession to Constantinople (now Istanbul) and Rome itself. In 1472 Ivan III , grand prince of Moscow, married Sofia (Zoë) Palaeologus, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. Sofia brought with her the traditions of the Byzantine court and its concept of the exalted nature of monarchical power. Ivan III, portrait from A. Thenet, La Cosmographie universelle, Paris, 1575 Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd. In 1547 Ivan IV the Terrible, grand prince of Moscow, was officially crowned “tsar of all Russia,” and thus the religious and political ideology of the Russian tsardom took final form.

As tsar, Ivan IV theoretically held absolute power, but in practice he and his successors were limited by the traditional authority of the Orthodox church, the Boyar Council, and the legal codes of 1497, 1550, and 1649. Ivan IV, portrait by Viktor Mikhaylovich Vasnetsov. © Bettmann/Corbis Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar By Maeve Maddox To begin with, “Caesar” was a family name. Now, in various forms, it is a generic term for “ruler” or “emperor.” In Roman naming practice, a newborn child was given three names (tria nomina). The praenomen was a name like Lucius or Marcus. The second name was the name of the tribe, clan, or gens, such as the Julii or Cornelii. The third name was the cognomen, a nickname that distinguished one branch of a gens from another. Sometimes an adult would adopt a fourth name called an agnomen. This was a nickname he had earned himself. Caesar was the cognomen of the family to which the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar was born.

Its origin has been explained in various ways: The cognomen “Caesar” originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarian section (from the Latin verb to cut, caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum).[5] The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair (Latin caesaries); that he had bright grey eyes (Latin oculis caesiis); or that he killed an elephant (caesai in Moorish) in battle.[6] Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favoured this interpretation of his name.[7] (Wikipeda) Julius Caesar himself had a receding hairline so another possible explanation is that his family may have carried the gene of male pattern baldness and the nickname “Caesar” (hairy) was ironic. When Julius Caesar was killed, his nephew, whom he adopted as his heir, took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. The Octavianus was his birth name so he kept it. Later on the Senate gave him the agnomen Augustus. That’s the name by which he is known as the first Emperor of Rome.

Augustus and his first four successors were related by blood so they all more or less had the right to the name Caesar. After the death of Nero, however, the Empire was up for grabs. In the chaotic “year of the four emperors” that followed Nero’s death, the name “Caesar” became a synonym for “ruler.” Galba was the first to assume it as a title. (He got to use it for about seven months.) So famous was the title Caesar that it found its way into all the European languages. It was probably the first Latin word adopted by the Germanic languages to which English belongs. The Romans pronounced the word with a hard c and that’s how it came into the Germanic languages. If it hadn’t been for the immense influence of Norse and French on English during the Middle Ages, the modern English word for “caesar” would have developed into something like “coser.” During the time of the close relationship between the English and the Danes, however, the English replaced their own word with the Norse keiser (cayser, kaiser).

Then, after the Norman Conquest, when French became the language of the ruling classes in Engand, the French word, with its soft c pronunciation, became the preferred form. Later on, the word Kaiser came into English again, this time as the title of the German rulers. The word Czar, which English speakers use to refer to the Russian emperors, entered the Russian language as Tsar, the Old Slavic version of Caesar: tsesari. The spelling Czar is a respelling of the Russian word with the letters of the Latin alphabet. The spelling with cz was common in European languages because that was how it was spelled the first time it appeared in a European book in 1549, but the French adopted the spelling tsar in the 19th century and the London Times prefers it. In German it is spelled Zar. In the U.S. the word czar is now used to refer to anyone who is in a position of some kind of control. Ex. “Drug Czar” (either a powerful drug dealer OR a government official supposed to combat drug trafficking); “Education Czar.” Little Caesar (1931) is the title of an historically significant film in which Edward G.

Robinson played a gangster and defined the cinematic crime genre. Such is the continuing charisma of the word that it continues to be used to suggest power and grandeur. The word’s association with food is probably owing to its Italian origin. (Ex. Little Caesar’s Pizza.) A Caesar’s Salad, however, has nothing to do with the late dictator. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the salad is named for Cesar Cardini, a restaurant owner in Tijuana, Mexico who is said to have served the first one in about 1924. Subscribe to Receive our Articles and Exercises via Email You will improve your English in only 5 minutes per day, guaranteed! Subscribers get access to our exercise archives, writing courses, writing jobs and much more! You'll also get three bonus ebooks completely free! 12 Responses to “Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar” Sharon on January 25, 2008 12:17 pm Absolutely fascinating, Maeve. This is just the kind of info that I love, so thanks for this post. Maeve on January 25, 2008 2:47 pm Thank you, Sharon.

Coming from you that’s a special compliment. Deborah on January 25, 2008 4:48 pm Wow! Everything I hoped for and so much more. Thank you! Maeve on January 25, 2008 4:56 pm Deborah, on January 25, 2008 8:28 pm Fascinating history, well told. Thanks very much. Farhat on January 28, 2008 3:57 am Excellent info… hope you keep up the good work.. enlightining indeed.. all the best Cory on January 29, 2008 7:41 am You are the Kaiser of Knowledge Heh on January 30, 2008 4:40 pm I saw also a variation – Tzar. BTW, in Polish it’s spelled “car” 🙂 Tania on February 27, 2008 11:30 am Loved it!

Sorry to be pedantic, but here’s a thought on the origin of the Ceasar nickname – since the gene for male pattern baldness runs through the mother’s line, it seems unlikely that it could be linked to hereditary baldness traced to a distant male ancestor. (Incestuous unions in Roman times notwithstanding 😉 I like Pliny’s explanation. CZARISBULGARIANNOTRUSSIAN on June 09, 2010 11:42 am The word czar was invented by the bulgarians in 9 century and the first czar was Simeon The Great the first slavic emperor jen on January 18, 2011 11:30 pm I love etymology! Thanks for this. Frank on October 08, 2015 8:12 am I believe the Iranian word Shah also derives from Caesar. Who Were Those Leaders Called Tsars? - WorldAtlas.com Society Who Were Those Leaders Called Tsars? A Czar (a.k.a. Tsar or Tzar) was a title used by several Slavic Empires through the ages, and has taken on new meanings in contemporary times.

Statue honoring Peter the Great, who preferred the title of "Emperor of all of Russia" over that of "Tsar". Who is a Czar? The term Czar, tsar or czar, is derived from the Latin word Caesar (referring to a ruler, equivalent in rank to the Roman Emperor, who holds the title by virtue of approval by another Emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official such as the Pope). The title is usually associated with European Slavic monarchs, especially the supreme rulers of the Russian Empire. Derivatives of tsar, like “tsarina”, referring to the tsar’s wife, tsesarevich, referring to the heir apparent, tsarevich and tsarevna, the son and daughter of the tsar, resepectively, are also used. The Czars of the Bulgarian Empire The first ruler to officially adopt the title of “tsar”, doing so in 913, was Simeon I, the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon I reigned between 893 and 927.

In 924 and again in 927, the Byzantine Empire also recognized the “tsar” title proclaimed by Simeon I. All of Simeon’s successors adopted this title thereafter until the defeat of the Bulgarian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in 1422. For the next five centuries, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire was often popularly referred to as the “tsar”, though this title was not formally adopted by the Ottomans. The formal use of the title of “tsar” was again revived following Bulgaria’s liberation from the Ottomans, and held as late as the World Wars, during the rules of Ferdinand I, Bois III, and Simeon II of Bulgaria Tsars of Kievan Rus' and Serbia The “Tsar” title was occasionally used to denote the kings of Kievan Rus', a group of states of East Slavic tribes under the rule of the Rurik dynasty. Yarsolav the Wise, a ruler of Kiev Rus', was entitled “tsar” by the Church officials of Kievan Rus'. However, in later years, the title was not popular among the other princes of the region.

When the Mongols invaded Kievan Rus', the Mongol overlords were often denoted as “tsars” by the public of Kiev Rus’. In 1346, Stefan Dušan, ruler of Serbian Empire, formally adopted the title of tsar, which was then passed down to his successor. However, with the dissolution of the Nemanjić dynasty in 1371, though several other Serbian rulers were popularly referred by the title, official usage of the term became obsolete. Tsars of Russia The usage of the royal title of “tsar” reached its zenith during the rule of the Russian Empire. After his marriage to Sofia (Zoë) Palaeologus, an heiress of the Byzantine Empire, in 1472 Ivan III of Muscovy started referring to himself as the “tsar”. In his diplomatic correspondences, he often used the titles “imperator” (the Latin equivalent of tsar) and “kaiser” (the German equivalent of tsar). In 1547, the title of tsar was first officially adopted by Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible.

Though theoretically Ivan IV wielded absolute power, in reality, the Orthodox Church and the Boyar Council had the power to greatly influence his decisions. To get rid of the church influence and achieve greater modernization and secularism for his empire, in 1721 the then-Russian Tsar, Peter I, discarded his official title of tsar and adopted the title of “Emperor of All of Russia” instead. Though emperor remained as the official title of the Russian rulers succeeding Peter I, the public of Russia still continued to use the term “tsar” to refer to these rulers. Finally, with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and subsequent the execution of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, by the Soviet Government in 1918, there was brought an end to the "Age of the Tsars" in Russia. Modern Usage of The Title In modern times, the term Czar or tsar has often been metaphorically used to designate world leaders or those with powerful positions of dictatorial natures. For example, the Speaker of the U.S.

House of Representatives near the end of the 19th Century, Republican Thomas Brackett Reed, was often referred to as “Czar Reed” for his absolute control of the House of Representatives. Many high level civil servants in the U.S.A. and United Kingdom are also often, though obviously unofficially, designated as “Czars” for their dominant roles in their respective sectors of work. This page was last modified on September 19, 2016. On WorldAtlas.com Difference between titles "tsar" and "emperor" - Historum - History Forums Difference between titles "tsar" and "emperor" User Name Need help with the website? Contact Us anytime. General History General History Forum - General history questions and discussions Page 1 of 4 Difference between titles "tsar" and "emperor" Is there a significant difference between these two titles, apart from the geographical one? In Serbian language, we use the same word ("car" derived from the latin word "caesar") for both titles, so I might not be seeing something obvious (?) The title of emperor was used for the rulers of Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Great Britain, even Japan...

but not for rulers of Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia etc, who also proclaimed empire out of their kingdoms. Was "tsar" only designed for Eastern European emperors? If that is the case, why are we not saying (in English) Tsardom of Russia (for example) but Russian Empire? And why was the title of emperor extended to Asiatic rulers, but no to orthodox christian ones? From: Duchy of the Archipelago Posts: 256 Quote: Originally Posted by Glowin but not for rulers of Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia etc, who also proclaimed empire out of their kingdoms. [ame=""]Samuel[/ame]'s title was czar. As for Serbia, wasn't Stephen Uroš IV Dušan called a czar when he crowned himself emperor of the Serbs? Quote: Originally Posted by Glowin And why was the title of emperor extended to Asiatic rulers, but no to orthodox christian ones?

The title of all orthodox christian byzantine rulers was Emperor of the Romans (Αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμαίων) Last edited by Strategos; January 5th, 2013 at 02:58 PM. From: ♪♬ ♫♪♩ Posts: 13,678 I don't think there is a significant difference between meaning of the terms. In so far as the word emperor itself can have varying meanings. It's interesting that in the romance world and in England the derivations of imperator are more common (emperor, empereur, imperatore, imperator) whereas in the germanic and slavic world the derivations of Caesar are more common (Czar, Kaiser, Keizer, Kejsare). I suppose if people were familiar enough with the title in its native tongue, they used that. So a Czar remained a Czar and a Sultan a Sultan, but a Chinese "sovereign overlord" became an emperor as did a Japanese "ruler of all under the heaven". Last edited by Zeno; January 5th, 2013 at 03:26 PM.

ï¿½ Member of the Year ï¿½ From: Perambulating in St James' Park Posts: 12,971 a. (in imperial Rome) a title of the emperor b. (in republican Rome) a temporary title of honour bestowed upon a victorious general 2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a less common word for emperor caeï¿½sar also Caeï¿½sar (szr) n. 1. Used as a title and form of address for Roman emperors. 2. A dictator or autocrat. Idiot of the year 2013 Blog Entries: 2 In modern English, we write "Tsar". Older books often write "Czar". The German "Kaiser" is from the same root, "Caesar". From: Duchy of the Archipelago Posts: 256 It didn't skip Mehmed II the Conqueror's attention, either. After the conquest of Constantinople, he called himself Kaiser-i-Rum, Caesar of the Romans. Posts: 10 Quote: The title of emperor was used for the rulers of Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Great Britain, even Japan...

but not for rulers of Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia etc, who also proclaimed empire out of their kingdoms. Was "tsar" only designed for Eastern European emperors? The rulers of the HRE, Germany and Austria are also known by the German version of "Caesar", as "Kaiser" Quote: If that is the case, why are we not saying (in English) Tsardom of Russia (for example) but Russian Empire? The word "Empire" is used more to designate a state with certain perceived characteristics, rather than as a formal title.So Tsardoms, Sultanates, Khanates, even republics can be called "Empires" if they fit the criteria. Quote: And why was the title of emperor extended to Asiatic rulers, but no to orthodox christian ones? What do you mean? Byzantine, Bulgarian and Russian rulers are all known as "Emperors" in modern historiography. The Title of Emperor The Title of Emperor Introduction An emperor is a particular kind of monarch, often (but not always) hereditary. The most common term for a monarch is king, but the word emperor has also been used frequently. This page presents when, where and why.

A common, but vague notion is that an emperor is the ruler of an empire, and that an empire is a multi-national or multi-ethnic political entity, significant in size and population. In that sense, emperor is seen as higher-ranking than king. There is some truth to the notion, but it is inaccurate and the historical reality is more complex. This note describes the history of the title emperor. An immediate difficulty is one of language and translation. The focus here is on the word as it appears in English <emperor> and in the Romance languages (French <empereur>, Spanish <imperador>, Italian <imperatore>, etc). The focus is therefore Western European. The common root is the Latin word imperator. The history of the term is closely tied to the history of a title originating in the Roman Empire of antiquity, and its recycling over the centuries. Rome The history of Ancient Rome is usually divided into three phases: the monarchy, from the (mythical) foundation of the city in 753BC to the expulsion of the Etruscan dynasty in 509BC, followed by the Republic until 27BC, at which point the Principate or Empire begins with Augustus.

The Empire split into a western and an eastern half in the late 4th c. AD, and the last Emperor in the West was deposed in 476AD. Under the Republic, the executive power was held by two consuls appointed every year ever since the abolition of the monarchy in 509 BC. The consuls continued to exist into the 6th century AD, even after the end of the Empire. In times of crisis, all powers were vested by the Senate in a dictator. The word imperator was a military title, and meant commander-in-chief. More particularly, it was a title bestowed by acclamation by the troops on their victorious general, a choice later ratified by the Senate and made official during the triumphal ceremony. When Gaius Julius Casear's nephew Octavus emerged sole victor of the civil war that followed his uncle's assassination, he appeared to restore the republican institutions.

It just happened that he was given a variety of existing positions the sum of which represented an unprecedented concentration of power (consul 13 times, pontifex maximus in 12BC, tribune for life in 22BC, imperator or commander-in-chief, etc.; read Augustus's own description of his achievements , the Res Gestae Divi Augusti). In terms of official titles, however, the Senate only bestowed on him in 27BC two titles: Princeps (or princeps senatus), an honorific literally meaning first on the censor's list of members of the Senate, indicating his primacy of precedence over all senators; this style long predated Augustus, and had been born by various people (P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, appointed in 199BC; M. Aemilius Lepidus, who was also pontifex maximus, in 179BC; P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica in 147BC; Appius Claudius Pulcher in 137BC; M. Aemilius Scaurus ca 104BC; L.

Valerius Flaccus ca 86BC) Augustus , a term with religious connotations meaning "venerable" (and the name by which he is known in history). Since Octavus had been adopted by his uncle, he also bore the name of Caesar: this was not a title, but a patronymic or family name. The "Principate", as Augustus's political system of permanent dictatorship became known, was not formally a break with republican traditions and institutions. Nevertheless, Augustus stayed in power 40 years, enough to consolidate it and ensure that it remained in the hands of his extended family for the next 50 years. The word imperium meant power, command, dominion, and was used in both military and judicial contexts to denote the authority of a magistrate or official over an area or a jurisdiction. In the imperial period it also came to mean the Roman Empire. An early experiment in splitting the Empire occurred under Diocletian, in the late 3d c. AD. That Emperor instituted a "tetrarchy" composed of two Augusti or ruling emperors, one for each half, and two Caesares or designated successors.

The system, often called the Dominate, soon fell apart and Constantine restored the monarchy by defeating all his rivals (313 AD). Later, however, the Empire was permanently split between the two sons of Theodosius, in 395 AD. The Eastern half, with its capital in Constantinople, is also known as the Byzantine Empire. From Constantine on, emperors both in the East and the West used the same style: dominus noster N. imperator pius felix augustus (our lord N. emperor, pious, happy, august). Byzantium (Source: George Ostrogorsky: History of the Byzantine State. 1969, Rutgers University Press. Peter Classen, 'Romanum gubernans Imperium: Zur Vorgeschichte der Kaisertitulatur Karls des Groï¿½en,' Deutsches Archiv fï¿½r Erforschung des Mittelalters 1952, 9:103-21) The Emperors in Constantinople retained the Latin titles imperator, Caesar, Augustus in Greek translation: autokratôr , kaisar , augoustos .

The first term is a pre-existing Greek word meaning literally "ruler of one's self" hence "plenipotentiary" (for an ambassador) or "absolute" (for a ruler). The other two terms are simply transliterations of the Latin terms into Greek (one also finds Augustus translated as sebastos , which corresponds to the common word augustus in the religious sense. On coins and in documents the style was usually Dominus noster N. imperator perpetuus/semper augustus (Leo I had replaced the phrase pius felix with perpetuus). In 629, Heraclius replaced them with the style pistos en Christôi Basileus, "king faithful in Christ." The word basileus meant king in Greek, and had been commonly used to designate foreign rulers such as the king of the Persians, or even Attila. Afterwards, however, basileus meant more specifically the ruler of the Byzantine empire, and corresponded to the term of emperor. Heraclius also instituted a system of co-Emperors, allowing the Emperor to appoint a successor in his lifetime.

The senior Emperor, or only Emperor in the absence of a co-Emperor, became known as the autokratôr (starting with Heraclonas, son and successor of Heraclius in 641); but under the Paleologoi, in the 14th c., it was also conferred on the first co-Emperor. \ See also the page on the Holy Roman Empire . The Western half of the Roman empire was based in Rome. The last emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by Odoacer, who proclaimed himself king of Italy and had the regalia of the last emperor shipped back to Constantinople. The territory of the Western empire broke up into kingdoms ruled by various conquering Germanic tribes (Wisigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Burgunds, Lombards, etc). Over time, the Franks emerged as the dominant kingdom of Western Europe. When their king Charles destroyed the Lombard kingdom of Northern Italy in 774, he was the sole ruler of modern-day France, Belgium and Netherlands, western Germany and northern Italy. In 800, while visiting Rome at Christmas time, he entered the basilica of St.

Peter in the Vatican, where the pope Leo III bestowed on him the title of Imperator, much to his surprise and displeasure (according to his biographer Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, par. 28 ), not least because it would complicate his relations with Byzantium. At the time, a woman was ruling in Constantinople, Irene (with the title of Basileus rather than the feminine equivalent Basilissa), an unusual and ambiguous situation which may have made it easier for the pope to think that he was appointing Charles to the imperial dignity rather than creating a second imperial title. Later, however, the Byzantine emperor Michael I Rungabe recognized Charles's title, and in 812 his legates at Charles' court in Aachen addressed him as Imperator and Basileus (Annales Regni Francorum). This recognition was renewed by the next Byzantine emperor Leo V in 814 for Charles and in 815 for his son and successor Louis the Pious. (Ostrogorsky: op.cit., p. 198).

The title of Charles in his own documents was Imperator Augustus Romanum gubernans Imperium (emperor Augustus governing the Roman empire) or serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus, magnus pacificus Imperator Romanorum gubernans Imperium (most serene Augustus crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the empire of the Romans; see more examples ). These styles tactfully left open the interpretation that Charles was simply a co-Emperor of the Byzantine emperor. At the same time, the Byzantine emperor assumed the title of "Emperor of the Romans" to make clear his precedence. Charlemagne's empire quickly fragmented. He had himself foreseen to divide it between his sons, but, as only Louis the Pious survived him, the latter inherited the whole empire (814). At Louis' death the inheritance was split between Lothar, who received the imperial title and the largest share, Charles and Louis. The last two allied themselves against Lothar and defeated him. As a result, Charles received the western part of the kingdom of the Franks, which became the kingdom of France, while Louis received the eastern half, or kingdom of Germany.

The split between the two was consummated in 888 when the Carolingian Charles the Fat, who had reunited the inheritance, was deposed and separate kings were elected in France and Germany. Carolingians ceased to rule Germany in 911, France in 987. Meanwhile, Lothar's share became Lotharingia, the northern half of which turned into the duchy of Brabant, the southern part into the duchy of Lorraine, both nominally part of the Empire. The kingdom of Italy had been taken over by local dynasts (the marquis of Friul). Also, Burgundy had broken off into a separate kingdom (also called the kingdom of Arles) stretching from present-day Burgundy to Provence and Savoie. Finally, the imperial title, held by Carolingians until 899, became an empty title handed out by the pope to various Italian magnates. In Germany, the dukes of Saxony came to the throne with Henry I. His son Otto I reconquered Italy and, in Rome, was crowned emperor by the pope (962).

This marks the proper beginning of the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806). The style Otto assumed was imperator augustus (he briefly used imperator augustus Romanorum ac Francorum in 966). The relative simplicity of the style, and, again, the absence of any mention of "Romans", may be in deference to Byzantium, which would soon reach the medieval apex of its power. Indeed, Otto was anxious to receive recognition of the emperor in Constantinople. Nicephore Phocas treated him as an interloper, but his successor John Tzimisces sent his kinswoman Theophano to marry Otto II in Rome in 972. Over time, however, the opinion of Byzantium became less a concern. By 1040 the emperor called himself Rex Romanorum, and by the 12th century the standard style of the Emperor in the west was Dei gratia Romanorum imperator semper augustus (in German: Von Gottes Gnaden Römischer Kaiser, zur aller Zeit Mehrer des Reichs). The phrase "Holy Roman Empire" appears in official documents in 1254.

From Otto I onward, the kingdom of Germany and that of Italy became bound with the imperial dignity. Within Catholic Europe, the Emperor was seen as successor and heir of the Roman emperors, just as within Ortohodox Europe the Emperor in Constantinople was seen in the same way. With the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Holy Roman Emperor was the sole remaining emperor in Europe. In Europe, then, the title of "Emperor" was exceptional, and bound to a particular historical legacy, that of the Roman Empire. The Emperor had precedence over all other sovereigns. His empire was the largest in medieval Europe, and even included several kingdoms: Germany, Italy, Bohemia, many ethnic groups and languages. Over time, however, the notion that the Empire was the one that happened to be located (mainly) in Germany gave way to the notion that Germany happened to constitute an Empire. In the late 15th c., the phrase das heilige Römische Reich Teutscher Nation (the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation) makes its appearance and becomes standard by the mid-16th c.

Jurists thereafter long debated the meaning of the phrase, but their own increasing use of the short-hand imperium Romano-Germanicum shows that they ceased to see the HRE as the continuation of the Roman Empire, but rather as a particular political entity that developed in Germany, and was called "empire" for historical reasons. About the same time (16th-17th c.), the term "emperor" came into use to designate rulers of other political entities than the Holy Roman Empire. The Spanish "Emperors" From the mid-11th c. to the mid-12th c., the kings of Castile and Leon used the title imperator Hispaniae. The term appeared to designate the territories conquered on the Arabs, which the king owed to his sword only (see more details ). Other Empires (17th-18th c.) Once it was accepted in Western Europe that Germany was not "the" Empire but "an" empire, it was possible to extend the use of the term to other rulers outside of Western Europe.

And, since the Holy Roman Emperor had always been seen as a pre-eminent ruler, with precedence over kings, ruling over a vast composite empire, it seemed appropriate to use the term for similar rulers abroad. There are two ways to trace the use of the term "emperor" for other rulers. One is through literary sources, another is through diplomatic documents. Literary sources In French literary sources, the term "emperor" is used to designate the Ottoman Sultan as early as 1610 ("empereur des Turcs", in Beroalde de Verville; "empereur de Turquie" 1615, Traité d'OEconomie politique, Montchrestien). It is used for China in the 1680s (Bernier, Bayle) and for Japan at the same time (Journal du Voyage de Siam, 1687). Finally, it is used for Persia and Russia in the mid-18th century (Histoire Générale, Voltaire). Diderot's Encyclopï¿½die (c.

1760) has entries for: the "empire of Morocco" composed of the kingdoms of Morocco, Fez, Tafilet, Sus and the province of Dara the "empire of Mexico" ruled by the king of Mexico until the arrival of Hernan Cortes in 1521 the "empire of the Moghul" in Northern India the "empire of Macedonia", that is, Alexander the Great's conquests In the context of Ancient history, it lists four empires: the Assyrian Empire, the Medan-Persian Empire, the Greek Empire (of Alexander the Great) and the Roman Empire. Although the Empire is par excellence the Holy Roman Empire, the Dictionnaire de l'Acadï¿½mie (1798 ed.) also defines "empire" as the collection of countries under the authority of an emperor ("emperor", of course, is defined as "the ruler of an empire"!), but also states that it is used for all countries under the rule of a great king and gives as example "L'Empire Franï¿½ois".

That same phrase is used in the text of the decree of 30 Nov 1789 uniting Corsica to France: L'Assemblï¿½e Nationale dï¿½crï¿½te que l'ï¿½le de Corse fait partie de l'Empire franï¿½ais: ses habitans seront rï¿½gis par la mï¿½me Constitution que les autres Franï¿½ais. The phrase was common enough that a patriotic song composed in 1791 (when France was still a monarchy) is called Veillons au salut de l'empire. The pattern is the same in English. According to the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed., s.v. Emperor), " In wider sense, as a title of sovereignty considered superior in dignity to that of `king'. In the Middle Ages, and subsequently, the title was often applied to extra-European monarchs ruling over wide territories. We still speak of the Emperors of China, Japan, Morocco, and historically of the Mogul Emperors of India and the Emperor of the Aztecs. Since the early part of the 16th c.

the title has been used as the equivalent of the Russian Tsar (or czar). The Sultans of Turkey (who assumed the style of Keisar-i-Rum, `Cï¿½sar of Rome', as successors of the Byzantine emperors) were occasionally spoken of as emperors. Until the present century [i.e., the 19th] `the Emperor' always, unless otherwise interpreted by the context, denoted the `emperor of Germany'." The examples quoted include Mandeville (c.1400) calling the Great Khan "the gretteste Emperour..of alle the parties beyonde" and a quote of Shakespeare with "the Emperor of Russia." The use of "Empire" to denote England or Great Britain is also attested: Matthew Carter: Honor Redivivus (1660, p. 70) writes: "Yet our Kings have been styled Emperors, and this Realm of England called an Empire." Diplomatic sources The other source on the use of the word consists of treaties: this is probably most interesting as it shows us, not what rulers called themselves, but what others were willing to call themselves.

All texts are found in the Comprehensive Treaty Series (the Moroccan examples are from Rouard de Card, Edgard: _Traitï¿½s de la France avec les pays de l'Afrique du Nord_ (Paris, 1906) . By the 18th century, it appears well accepted that the term "emperor" is appropriate for a certain number of rulers other than the Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor himself has used that style for the Ottoman Sultan since the 17th century. Grugdingly, it conceded the "Majesty" to the Czar of Russia in 1675. Peter the Great's assumption of the title "imperator" became gradually accepted in the course of the 18th c. In the literature, if not yet in formal treaties, the term appears acceptable for China, Japan, Morocco, and probably Persia too. It is notable, however, that in 17th or 18th c.

treatises where a European king calls a non-European ruler "emperor", he frequently calls himself "emperor"; in other words, the fact that the king of France called the rulers of Siam or Morocco "emperor" does not mean that they had equal status with the Holy Roman Emperor. Turkey Austria, 1664: serenissimus ac potentissimus Turcarum Imperator France, 1673: Empereur des Empereurs (note: king of France as "empereur de France") Great Britain, 1675: "Lord of Lords...

Sultan" Holy Roman Empire, 1681: serenissimus et Potentissimus princeps dominus Sultanus Ahmed Han, Turcarum, Asiae et Graecia Imperator Holy Roman Empire, 1718: serenissimus et Potentissimus princeps dominus Sultanus Ahmed Han, Ottomannorum, Asiae et Graecia Imperator emperor | title | Britannica.com Emperor imperialism Emperor, feminine empress, title designating the sovereigns of the ancient Roman Empire and, by derivation, various later European rulers; it is also applied loosely to certain non-European monarchs. In republican Rome (c. 509–27 bc), imperator denoted a victorious general, so named by his troops or by the Senate. Under the empire (after 27 bc), it was regularly adopted by the ruler as a forename and gradually came to apply to his office. In medieval times, Charlemagne , king of the Franks and of the Lombards, was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, 800.

Thenceforward until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 there were two emperors in the Christian world, the Byzantine and the Western. The term “Holy Roman emperor” is now generally used, for convenience, to designate the Western sovereigns, though the title was at first simply “emperor” (imperator; the German form kaiser being derived from the Roman caesar), then “august emperor,” then, from 971, “Roman emperor.” The addition of “Holy” to the designation of the emperor, in historical writing, follows from its having been added to that of the empire (sacrum imperium, 1157). The dissolution of Frankish Europe into separate kingdoms led eventually to the imperial title’s passing in 962 to the East Frankish or German king Otto I , who was also king of Italy (the kingdom of Burgundy was further acquired by Conrad II in 1032).

Thenceforward to 1806, though not all German kings were emperors (crowned by the pope), there were no emperors who were not German kings, so that election to the German kingship came to be de facto necessary for attainment of the imperial title—with the final result that from 1508 to 1806 the style “emperor elected” or, more briefly, “emperor” was given to the German king in anticipation of his coronation by the pope (only one such coronation, that of Charles V in 1530, actually took place in the period). Similar Topics shogunate Outside the Frankish and German sphere of influence the title emperor was sometimes assumed by princes supreme over more than one kingdom: thus Sancho III the Great of Navarre styled himself “emperor of Spain” on his annexation of Léon (1034); Alfonso VI of Léon and Castile called himself “emperor of the Two Religions,” to show his supremacy over Christians and Muslims alike; and Alfonso VII took the title “emperor of all Spain” (1135).

The Russian tsar Peter I the Great assumed the title imperator on Oct. 22, 1721. From that point on male rulers were conventionally called tsar, whereas female rulers were always called empress; both males and females held both titles, i.e., tsar (or tsaritsa) and imperator (or imperatritsa). After the French Revolution had destroyed the kingdom of France , Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804, having been anointed by Pope Pius VII , crowned himself emperor of the French as Napoleon I. His claim to be the successor not of Louis XIV but of Charlemagne, together with his organization of the Confederation of the Rhine in Germany, was a threat to the Holy Roman Empire of the Habsburg dynasty . Seeing this, Francis II , to retain an imperial title, took that of “hereditary emperor of Austria ” before he dissolved the old empire in 1806. His successors retained it until 1918. Napoleon III was emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870–71 (the French Second Empire).

Between 1871 and 1918 the kings of Prussia —William I, Frederick III , and William II— were German emperors, or kaisers. Victoria of Great Britain took the title empress of India in 1876, but her great-grandson George VI renounced the imperial title when India became independent. Meaning of Kaiser Kaiser Kaiser is a German boy name. The meaning of the name is `Leader` Where is it used? The name Kaiser is mainly used In German.How do they say it elsewhere? Caesar ( In Ancient Roman and In English) See also In Italian: Cesare In French, Spanish and In Portuguese: César In French: Cesaire The name Kaiser doesn`t appear In the US top 1000 most com... Kaiser [Burmese singer] Kaiser (ကိုင်ဇာ, kàiɴzà; also Kaizar; born 18 February 1961) is a Burmese singer-songwriter who was most popular in the late 1970s and mid-1980s.

The ethnic Rakhine singer was arguably the most successful male singer in Myanmar in the early 1980s. His nonthreatening rockabilly songs were popular with the yo... Kaiser [surname] Kaiser is a surname derived from the German imperial title Kaiser (emperor). The title `Kaiser` is in turn derived from the title Caesar, which again is a derivation from the personal name of a branch of the gens (clan) Julia, to which belonged Gaius Julius Caesar, the forebear of the first Roman imperial family. The further etymo... Kaiser [crater] Kaiser Crater is a crater in the Noachis quadrangle of Mars, located at 46.6° S and 340.9° W. It is 207 km wide and was named after Frederik Kaiser, a Dutch astronomer (1808–1872). File:Kaiser crater p111.jpg|Viking Orbiter image of Kaiser Image:Kaiser Crater.jpg|Detail of south wall of Kaiser Crater, daytime infrared, imaged b...

Kaiser [horse] Kaiser is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the New Zealand Derby in 1979. He was trained by Neville Atkins and ridden in the 1979 Derby by Alwin Tweedie. Like Ruling Lad, who won the race the following year, Kaiser was a son of Ruling, who himself was a son of Bold Ruler. His Derby winning time, 2:29.42, was at the time the second-f... Kaiser [lunar crater] The rim of this crater is heavily worn from impact erosion, and the features have been generally softened and rounded. Parts of the southern inner wall has become incised, and the elongated satellite crater Kaiser A lies across the eastern rim. The interior floor of Kaiser is relatively featureless, being marked only by a few... Kaiser [card game] Kaiser, or three-spot, is a trick-taking card game popular in the prairie provinces in Canada, especially Saskatchewan and parts of its neighbouring provinces. It is played with four players in two partnerships with a 32-card deck. ==Origins== The origins of this game are a mystery and there seems to be no historical record (spo...

Question: Tsar and Kaiser were derivatives of what Roman title?
Answer: Caesar