BBC ON THIS DAY | 22 | 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned Scientists in Scotland have announced the birth of the world's first successfully cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep. Dolly, who was created at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, was actually born on 5 July 1996 although her arrival has only just been revealed. Dolly is the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell. Previous clonings have been from embryo cells. The sheep's birth has been heralded as one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the decade although it is likely to spark ethical controversy. Scientists in Scotland cloned a ewe by inserting DNA from a single sheep cell into an egg and implanted it in a surrogate mother. They now have a healthy seven-month-old sheep - Dolly - who is an exact genetic duplicate of the animal from which the single cell was taken. DNA tests have revealed that Dolly is identical to the ewe who donated the udder cell and is unrelated to the surrogate mother.

It will enable us to study genetic diseases for which there is presently no cure Dr Ian Wilmut, embryologist Embryologist Dr Ian Wilmut, from the Roslin Institute, said: "It will enable us to study genetic diseases for which there is presently no cure and track down the mechanisms that are involved." The research, published in Nature magazine, follows the Edinburgh team's success in cloning sheep embryos. Last year they produced two identical sheep, which were clones of an original embryo. The company which has bought the rights to the research, PPL Therapeutics, said Dolly would help to improve understanding of ageing and genetics and lead to the production of cheaper medicines. US President Bill Clinton has set up a special task force to investigate cloning in order to examine the legal and ethical implications. First successful cloning of a mammal - Jul 05, 1996 - HISTORY.com First successful cloning of a mammal Share this: First successful cloning of a mammal Author First successful cloning of a mammal URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1996, Dolly the sheep–the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell–is born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.

Originally code-named “6LL3,” the cloned lamb was named after the buxom singer and actress Dolly Parton. The name was reportedly suggested by one of the stockmen who assisted with her birth, after he learned that the animal was cloned from a mammary cell. The cells had been taken from the udder of a six-year-old ewe and cultured in a lab using microscopic needles, in a method first used in human fertility treatments in the 1970s. After producing a number of normal eggs, scientists implanted them into surrogate ewes; 148 days later one of them gave birth to Dolly. Dolly’s birth was announced publicly in February 1997 to a storm of controversy. On one hand, supporters argued that cloning technology can lead to crucial advances in medicine, citing the production of genetically modified animals to be organ donors for humans as well as “therapeutic” cloning, or the process of cloning embryos in order to collect stem cells for use in the development of treatments for degenerative nerve diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Some scientists also looked at animal cloning as a possible way to preserve endangered species.

On the other hand, detractors saw the new cloning technology as potentially unsafe and unethical, especially when it was applied to what many saw as the logical next step: human cloning. Over the course of her short life, Dolly was mated to a male sheep named David and eventually gave birth to four lambs. In January 2002 she was found to have arthritis in her hind legs, a diagnosis that raised questions about genetic abnormalities that may have been caused in the cloning process. After suffering from a progressive lung disease, Dolly was put down on February 14, 2003, at the age of six. Her early death raised more questions about the safety of cloning, both animal and human. Though Ian Wilmut, the lead scientist on the team that produced Dolly, has spoken out publicly against human cloning, its supporters are unlikely to be dissuaded. As for Dolly, the historic sheep was stuffed and is now on display at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Related Videos The first mammal to be cloned , Dolly - YouTube The first mammal to be cloned , Dolly Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video?

Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 24, 2014 Born on July 5, 1996, Dolly the Sheep was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell. Dolly the first cloned mammal in scottish science festival. hello, 1M3. Here's a vid from Ma'am Garcia's folder. :) Part İ - Mutation. Dolly the cloned sheep at The National Museum of Scotland visited by Theresa Irene Wolowski and Ryan Janek Wolowski, Dolly (5 July 1996 -- 14 February 2003) . A video on how they cloned dolly the sheep and her life (i reccomend viewing in fullscreen and 480p (high Quality) because the text may be too small. (sorry . The ability to create a clone used to be science fiction. Dr. Ian Wilmut's group changed that in 1997 with the creation of Dolly the sheep. Since then the de.

Sir Ian Wilmut is a world-renowned embryologist and specialist in regenerative medicine. He is best known as the man who led the team that in 1996 first clon. READ DESCRIPTION------ This is a video for YouGenerations vlogging competition! But I actually have not told my Suscribers about how I got My Clon. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut. A doctor says human cloning will be possible in 50 years. The doctor who pioneered research into cloning animals back in the 1950s and 60s with his work, clo. Nuclear Transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte and while(unfertilized egg), and injecting the nucleus which contain. Sheep are generally too large and reproduce too slowly to make ideal research subjects, and thus are not a common model organism.[114] They have, however, pl. The first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. We're celebrating #1YearOnMars ! What's the recipe for making a mammoth? Could a 3D printer actually save you money?

And getting in synch on today's Daily Orb. Britain: Images of the cloned sheep Dolly scientist performing new experiments at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. Today in 1996, the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, was born. Every day, videos from deliver a fact and a funny, in under a mi. A video I made in the National Museum of Scotland today. Featuring Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. I do not own th. You're learnin' Bio, I'm gonna teach you All of the things that you don't know Where has the year gone? It did not seem long Cuz we've been having so much fu. Moravian Brethren rule Britain since 1840, and Norway since 1905 | -- Maud's mysterious 20 November 1938 death, one week after the Kristallnacht, and the 14 . US scientists Dr Shoukhrat Mitalipov is an ( ethnic Uyghur ) . French-funded programme leads to first harvesting of stem cells from skin of human embryos in .

A big white, Dorset is shown contending for and mating with ewes. Boris, the Russian Romanov buck (has black shoulders), became very jealous. However he coul. Video shows a big Romanov buck, Boris, mating. This is a continuation of video, which showed Boris challenging a big dorset buck for mating privileges: http:. History of 5th july. आज के कल पर नज़र..अहम एतिहासिक घटनाओं का एक सफ़र. An Initiative by ITV Promo Cell. (India News) 5 जुलाई दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी रेडियो औ. In the first of our series of DNA cloning episodes, embryo splitting is examined. Dr. Sutton explores this process using the most advanced visual aids. Even . Category How Dolly Kicked Off Cloning Research | Inverse Biology July 5, 2016 Twenty years ago on July 5, 1996, the world’s most famous sheep was born.

Brought into existence by a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer, she became the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell. Named Dolly after Dolly Parton, she was named so because she originated from a cloned mammary cell and even scientists love boob jokes. Dolly began her life in a test tube, was transferred as an embryo into a surrogate sheep mom, and was born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. The whole affair captured the attention of people around the world when it was announced almost a year later , shocking leading researchers who had previously thought it couldn’t work . “It’s unbelievable,” Dr. Lee Silver, a biology professor at Princeton University, told the New York Times in 1997. “It basically means that there are no limits. It means all of science fiction is true. They said it could never be done and now here it is, done before the year 2000.” Okay, maybe not all of science fiction became true but it was undeniably cool. Dolly was at the time a unique drop of cells in a world of biodiversity: Of 277 attempts at cloning, Dolly came from the only embryo that was carried to term.

Unfortunately, she had to be put down at the age of 6 due to a progressive lung disease — a death that’s about 5 years short from the average life span of a sheep. Today, Dolly’s body is on display at the National Museum of Scotland. A member of the National Museum of Scotland staff views Dolly the Sheep . Where are we now twenty years after Dolly broke into the cloning scene? Here’s a timeline demonstrating what scientists have achieved since 1996, effectively turning the once fantastical into scientific milestones. 1998: Mice Clones Revealed While tests showed that Dolly’s DNA matched that of the adult ewe that supplied her DNA, some researchers still had doubts that somatic cell nuclear transfer meant she was really a clone. Those doubts were set aside two years later in 1998, when clones of mice were created using the same technique. Dr. Ryuzo Yanagimachi and his then-postdoctoral student, Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama of the University of Hawaii, created a total of 50 mouse clones — 22 that were clones created from adult mammal cells, seven of which were clones of clones.

This discovery meant that Dolly wasn’t a fluke , and heralded a new era of an unprecedented cloning process. Within ten years, somatic cell cloning was applied to a myriad of other animals, including cats, deer, horses, and rats. It only took a few months for scientists to create dozens of mouse clones. 2001: Scientists Claim to Clone Human Embryo Researchers from the privately financed biotechnology company Advanced Cell Technology announced in 2001 that they had created the first human embryos produced by cloning. These researchers used a technique called nuclear transplantation and believe their discovery represented, as said to Scientific American, “the dawn of a new age in medicine.” But the experiment was, by most accounts, unsuccessful. While three of the cloned embryos divided to the four- to six cell stage, all died before they reached eight cells. While the experiment was never intended to result in a baby (the goal was to create a new way to make embryonic stem cells that could be matched to medical patients) it did add to the debate over the ethical boundary of human cloning. At the time of this experiment, then President George W. Bush planned to outlaw human cloning.

Today there are no federal laws specifically regarding human cloning, but the Food and Drug Administration does have the authority to veto any experiments to explicitly create a cloned human baby. 2009: First Extinct Animal Cloned Moving on to 2009, when a team of French and Spanish scientists successfully birthed the first extinct animal created from cloning techniques, the bucardo, a subspecies of the Pyrenean ibex. Unfortunately the clone only survived ten minutes after birth due to a large extra lobe that had grown attached to its lung. Still, with the baby’s DNA taken from the frozen skin of an extinct animal, this animal was (and still is) the closest thing scientists have gotten to maybe reversing extinction. That certainly doesn’t mean that scientists aren’t trying. In March 2016, a team of South Korean researchers announced their plans to bring back an ancient cat species known colloquially as Cave Lions, by using the tissue from 10,000 year old cubs found frozen in Russian permafrost.

The woolly mammoth has been a particular focus for researchers hoping to bring back extinct species; biologists at the University of Chicago, Harvard, South Korea’s Sooam Biotech, and Russia’s North-Eastern Federal University are all racing to clone the ancient beast. The first (and only) extinct clone was a Pyrenean ibex. 2013: Human Embryonic Stem Cells Are Created From Cloning Techniques The cloning technique used to create Dolly the sheep led to the first successful creation of human embryonic stem cells in 2013. Reproductive biology specialist Shoukhrat Mitalipov and his team were the first to create patient-specific human embryonic stem cells through cloning techniques, although a South Korean research claimed to do the same in 2005 (those claims turned out to be false . This advancement is specified as therapeutic cloning, where the goal is to create stem cells for patients in need, not to create an actual living being. Mitalipov actually was able to derive embryonic stem cells from a monkey in 2007, but had to spend years working through United States medical regulations before he was able to achieve the same results with human cells.

2016: Massive Clone Projects Are Coming While the exact date is still a mystery, the Chinese company BoyaLife announced in 2015 plans to open the “ world’s largest ” cloning facility by the end of 2016. Their first goal is to use cloning techniques to produce one million cows by 2020. The objective here has moved beyond scientific exploration — they want to create thousands of cows to satisfy the meat demand of 1.4 billion Chinese people. The facility will be a bit of a tourist attraction as well, with a gene bank, cloned animal center, and science education exhibit hall in the works. Cows won’t be the only focus of the facility, though. According to The Guardian, BoyaLife also intends to clone “ champion racehorses and sniffer dogs ” — a far cry from one little lamb born from a common ewe in Scotland.

Cloning Mammals The Cloning of Dolly, 'Cc', and other Mammals February 25 and Feb 27, 2002 Note: This is a long one..but we will take two days to discuss the material Optional Readings: Announcing Dolly : Scientific American, March 1997 Cloning Noah's Ark Scientific American, November 2000 Slouching Towards Creation (A weird but fun site; don't look at it late at night) I. What is meant by the term 'cloning'? Cloning refers to making an exact copy of an original form. The root of the word comes from the greek word for 'twin' or 'breaking in two' - klon. Computers or electronic devices that look like an original are said to be 'clones'. In science fiction books and movies, 'clones' implied replicated copies of an individual, usually resulting in some sort of 'slave army' working for an evil genius, or an evil scientist.... ; ) See this week's Warm Up to cast a vote for the cloning academy awards! !

In science, the term was originally used to refer to organisms that reproduced by asexual reproduction (like bacteria) Once biotechnology took off in the 1980s, scientists learned how to splice genes from humans or other organisms into bacteria and started to refer to 'cloned genes' - genes placed into bacteria to be replicated - 'cloning' simply meant making multiple, identical copies of a gene (or protein) in bacteria. In 1996, cloning took on a new meaning: an new individual grown from a single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it... This technique is also called somatic cell nuclear transfer.... II. Hello Dolly: Cloning Mammals... July 5, 1996: First mammal cloned from adult cells: A surrogate mother sheep gives birth to Dolly, a lamb cloned from an udder cell of an adult sheep born 6 years earlier. Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the PPL Theraputics and the Roslin Institute in Scotland quietly announce the birth of Dolly in February, 1997 in the journal Nature ( Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells.

Nature 1997 Feb 27; 385(6619) Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, UK.) Dolly is a later-born genetic twin of the somatic cell she was cloned from(a female Finn Dorset Ewe). Since then, much work has been done to streamline and refine the cloning process in livestock and in laboratory animals like mouse: Hello Polly (1997) The first sheep cloned by nuclear transfer technology bearing a human gene (Factor VIII), by PPL Theraputics / Roslin Institute. 'Gene' the Bull - (August 1997) cloned by ABS Global . (but cloned from fetal, not adult, cells) Cumulina : (October 1997) Three Cloned Mice: Dolly is joined on October 3, 1997 by the cloned mouse "Cumulina" and, shortly afterward, by 22 of her cloned siblings (some of whom were cloned from clones) using the 'Honolulu Technique' of nuclear transfer.

Author Teruhiko Wakayama concludes that "contrary to previous opinion, mammals can be reproducibly cloned from adult somatic cells" [Image] Dolly gives birth to Bonnie : (April 1998) conceived in the good old-fashined way. (ie: Dolly was healthy and fertile). Triplets the year after. Dolly's telomeres are shorter than other 3-year-old sheep, (May 27 1999 Nature) but Dolly seems to be just fine, maybe just a bit more obese that other sheep her age... 1999, Roslin Bio-Med becomes Geron Bio-Med . Geron buys part of the Roslin Institute. Gotta love their patent position: telomerase, hES cells, AND somatic cell nuclear transfer! Mice cloned from ES cells (December 1999), Teruhiko Wakayama and colleagues are at it again - "Our findings demonstrate that ES cell nuclei can be used to produce viable cloned mice and provide a link between the technologies of ES cells and animal cloning. It thus may be possible to clone from a single cell a large number of individuals over an extended period." III.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: (aka cloning). A how-to: Ingredients: 1 somatic (diploid) donor cell, containing the complete genome of that individual + 1 unfertilized recipient egg with its haploid nucleus removed (or 'e-nucleated') + 1 electric shock to get them together... Images from Time Magazine, March 10, 1997 More detail on those Early Steps: Scientific American, November 2000 Quiescence: The state in which all but the most basic functions of a cell or group of cells has stopped. This is usually a response to an unfavourable environment, such as one in which the food supply is low or absent. The cell becomes dormant until its surroundings are more favourable. In this state the genes that define the specialist function of a cell "switch off" making the cell suitable for nuclear transfer. IV. Why do scientists want to clone animals?!?!? 1. The Potential of cloned livestock : (September 1997) Scientific American.

Cloning livestock allow for the genetic replication of animals that are expecially high producers of a desired product, allowing for the creation of animal herds that can be farmed for milk, blood and organs: [Image] * Human therapeutic proteins (hormomes, clotting factors, etc) * Organs and tissues for transplants * 'Humanized' cows milk The Roslin Institute 2. A second reason: Saving endangered species: Cloning Noah's Ark (November 2000) Scientific American. The inspiring (but ultimately sad) story of the cloning of the baby Guar, Noah. See this week's Good For. (Even sadder than NOT being able to clone endangered species? - the daily extinction of species due to the continual, daily habitat destruction for numerous species worldwide....thanks to humans...) Bank your pet's DNA at the Genetic Savings & Clone The Missyplicity Project is a project funded by the Genetic Savings & Clone to produce the first cloned dog. They have invested $2.3 million to produce a clone of a beloved pet dog, Missy, a mixed breed border collie. A team of about 20 researchers is working on the Missyplicity Project.

2/14/02 Operation Copycat First Cloned Cat is born . "Texas A&M announced today the first cloned kitten, appropriately named Cc. 'She is as cute as a button,' said a spokeswoman for Texas A&M, where the work was done using a grant from philanthropist John Sperling's Genetic Savings & Clone . 'The kitten was vigorous at birth and appears to be completely normal,' Mark Westhusin and colleagues write in their report in a letter published in the science journal Nature. The kitten is a calico-and-white shorthair that looks similar to, but not exactly like, her genetic mother. The scientists said her coat coloring was unique because not only genetics contribute to an animal's markings, but also conditions in the womb. Cc, like cumulina, was cloned from a cumulus cell. These cells nurture the developing eggs in a female's ovary and have been used to clone other animals as well, as they seem particularly adaptable to the process." [ Image and quotes ] Wondering what to give that special someone who has everything?? Why not a gift certificate good at any Genetic Savings and Clone? V. Cloning Human Beings...?

(Will there ever be another 'ewe'?) "There is no clinical reason why you would clone humans. Why would you make another human being? We think it would be ethically unacceptable and certainly would not want to be involved in that project.'' Dr. Ian Wilmut, The Roslin Institute "We will get there, because very simply it's a matter of determination. And I think we are determined to get there," Dr. Panos Zavos, University of Kentucky, who, beginning in November 2001, will attempt to clone the first human, with the help of over 200 volunteer infertile couples. (Check back in 9 months..) One reason to not pursue human cloning: July 16 2001: H.R. 2505, Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001, Introduced by Rep Dave Weldon. Passed by a vote of 265 to 162 in the US House of Representatives a ban on all human cloning, either for reproduction or for therapeutic cloning. The bill, if passed into law, would make cloning a crime punishable by up to 10 years in prison and outlaw the sale of any treatments developed from cloning.

Currently faces uncertain prospects on the Senate Calendar, particularly after September 11 (other things to worry about...). Note: Two dozen countries ban human cloning, but there is no such cloning ban in England and many other countries...and really none now in our country...until this act works its way through Congress and the White House. Two reasons some scientists and physicians want to pursue human cloning: 1. Reproductive cloning: making babies for infertile couples created from a single somatic cell without sexual reproduction. 2. Therapeutic cloning: making immunologically compatible hES cells (tissues and maybe someday organs...) for a person who has disease, a disorder, or an injury (diabetes, leukemia, spinal cord injury, etc. etc.). Some scientists advocate calling this technique " nuclear transplantation " to avoid the negative connotations of cloning. VI. Future Games: Reproductive Cloning: Time Magazine, August 2001 Is Cloning an Inevitability? (Time: moral compass) First human clone bid planned : Despite warnings, on August 7th, 2001 , at a National Academy of Sciences meeting, 3 privately-funded US / European groups vow to contunue their programs on Human Cloning.

Dr. Severino Antinori : of Italy, who became well-known in 1994 when he helped a 63-year-old woman to have a baby by implanting a donor's fertilised egg in her uterus, making her the oldest known women in the world to give birth. Plans to clone babies starting November 2001! - for couples who are infertile because the man is unable to make sperm, using the man's genetic material and the woman's egg (and egg cytoplasm, which contains mitochondria). Dr. Panos Zavos : of Lexington KY, director of the Andrology Institute of America, and the Kentucky Center for Reproductive Medicine. Would like to clone humans by 2003, collaborating with Dr. Antinori to impregnate up to 200 women from infertile couples with cloned embryos in hopes that at least a few of the women will carry a child to term.. (Note from Dr. Marrs: In the immortal words of Buzz Lightyear, from Toy Story (1995) , "I don't believe that man has ever been to medical school".) Dr.

Brigitte Boisselier : scientific director of Clonaid , "The First Human Cloning Company". Founded three years ago by Rael, a spiritual leader of the Raelian Movement, who believes that human life is the result of extraterrestrial genetic experiments. (Note from Dr. Marrs: In the immortal words of Fozzie Bear, from The Muppet Movie (1979) , "We picked up a weirdo...!") Scientist's responses : not good. "Practice, it is said, makes perfect. But is it ethical to practice? And I absolutely think it is not, in the human context," said Alan Colman, a researcher for Scotland's PPL Therapeutics. Jeremy Rifkin, do you have anything to add? (Jeremy Rifkin is a vocal opponent of the Biotechnology industry) VII. Therapeutic Cloning: Teruhiko Wakayama cloned mice from ES cells and other labs have done this with livestock. This provides a link between the technologies of ES cells and animal cloning.

Therapeutic cloning involves the creation of an embryo via somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) from an animal (ie: a person) with a disease, to derive hES cells immunologically identical to donor, in hopes of treating the disease. The cloned embryo would exist only until day 5, when it would be used to isolate hES cells. The nucleus of a somatic cell from the donor (ie: you?) would be removed and placed into an enucleated human egg. "Fertilization" would be simulated with electric shock. The inner cell mass would be removed from the 5-day old blastocyst, which is genetically identical to the donor. hES cells would be cultured into the tissue type needed by the donor. This immunologically identical tissue would be placed back into the donor, hopefully curing the donor's disease Eventually, growing replacement organs (heart, liver, pancreas, skin, etc) MAY be possible - however I think we can conservatively say we are many years away from producing needed tissues, let alone whole organs. A step forward...or back?

Thanksgiving weekend, 2001: Sunday, November 25, 2001: The First Cloned Human Embryo "ACT scientists reported that they had used somatic cell nuclear transplantation to create several human embryos. Unfortunately, only one of the embryos progressed to a 6-cell stage, at which point it stopped dividing and died (note from KM: the numbers go: 1 cell, 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells....obviously something was wrong there!) and none were able to get to the 5-day blastocyst stage. E-biomed Rapid Communication: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Humans: Pronuclear and Early Embryonic Development the Journal of Regenerative Medicine 2 (25 - 31) Jose B. Cibelli; Ann A. Kiessling; Kerrianne Cunniff; Charlotte Richards; Robert P. Lanza; Michael D. West Monday, November 26, 2001: Scientific criticism: Experts rip cloning 'story' "Glenn McGee, a University of Pennsylvania bioethicist resigned today from Advanced Cell Technology's ethics advisory board, calling the announcement 'nothing but hype.

They are doing science by press release,' he said." Scientific criticism from every direction directed at ACT, Scientific American, and the Journal of Regenerative Medicinebecause it was not good science. Tuesday, November 27, 2001: Bush denounces ACT WASHINGTON- AP: "President Bush, joined by a chorus of religious and political leaders in the United States and abroad, today condemned the work of a Massachusetts biotechnology company that says it has created human embryos through cloning. The White House called on lawmakers to ban the practice. 'The use of embryos to clone is wrong,' Mr. Bush said this morning at a Rose Garden ceremony 'We should not as a society grow life to destroy it.' "The president's comments, coming on the heels of the company's announcement on Sunday, reignite an intense debate that had been all but extinguished by the Sept. 11 attacks. The Senate is facing increased pressure to consider legislation, similar to a bill passed by the House of Representatives in July, that would prohibit human cloning either for reproduction or to create tissue for treating disease. Hours after Mr. Bush spoke, Senator Sam Brownback, Republican of Kansas, said he would push the Senate to adopt the bill before its Christmas recess.

If lawmakers refuse to do so, Mr. Brownback said, he will press for a six-month moratorium that would temporarily ban the cloning research." [ Quotes and image from the New York TImes ] IV. Safety Issues: Clone Snafu suspected Wired, May 2001 The rate of success of cloning is currently very low - cloned animals rarely make it to adulthood - or sometimes even birth. It took 277 attempts (failed pregnancies) to get 1 cloned sheep - Dolly. It took 188 tries (failed pregnancies) to get just one 'Cc'. Some labs are better at it than others, but typically a hundred or so attempts are made before one 'successful' clone is born alive and well. Many times, the placenta of the animal is abnormal, contributing to a miscarriage. Many animal embryos spontaneously miscarry or the animal dies shortly after birth. Cloned animals often have problems with their immune systems, lungs, and livers, causing death at an early age. They also have problems with obesity.

A recent study in Science and another in Nature in which researchers monitored gene expression in embryo and fetal development showed that mice cloned from ES cells had subtle changes in many of the genes involved in early development of the embryo and of the mouse after birth - changes that may not cause noticible defects in physiology or behavior, but may alter individuals slightly. Often genes are 'imprinted' during development - turned on or off depending on whether they came from the maternal or paternal parent. Changes in imprinting are seen when examining different clones of an organisms, suggesting again that subtle changes in gene expression occur during the cloning process. Although telomeres of cloned animals can be shorter than their non-cloned relatives, the significance of this finding is not yet known. PS. Happy Birthday to ewe, Happy Birthday to ewe...Dolly turned 5 (or is it 11?) on July 5, 2001. The lifespan of a sheep is about 6 years. V. Ethical Issues (we will do some worksheets about this both Monday and Wednesday): What are the benefits of and who benefits from reproductive cloning? What are the potential drawbacks or harmful things that could result from reproductive cloning?

Imagine a child growing up as a 'clone' of an adult from a member of her family. What are some of the 'issues' she might have to deal with (besides the usual issues like "nobody understands me" and "why can't I get my ears pierced?") What are the benefits of and who benefits from therapeutic cloning? What are the potential drawbacks or harmful things that could result from therapeutic cloning? Would you be willing to have rules or decisions about human cloning applied to you or your family members? Read if you are interested: 21 arguments against human cloning and their responses Objectives: 1. Please be able to state 'who' these cloned animals are and why we are discussing them: Dolly, Polly, Cumulina, Noah, and Cc. 2. Who is Ian Wilmut? (no, he is not a cloned mammal!) 3. Define cloning as it relates to mammals. 4. Describe the 'ingredients' needed to make a cloned mammal. What is the purpose of the diploid nucleus? Why is the recipient egg enucleated before the procedure? What is left in the recipient egg after e-nucleation and why is this important for the developing animal?

What is the purpose of the electric shock? What is quiescence and why does it appear to be crucial to cloning mammals? 5. List three reasons scientists are interested in cloning livestock animals or research animals like mice. 6. List two reasons scientists are interested in cloning animals like guars, and like cats and dogs. 7. What is the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001? What has prevented this Act from progressing through the Senate and George Bush's desk? 8. What is human Reproductive Cloning? Who is pursuing this procedure? 9. What is human Therapeutic Cloning? Why may this procedure be needed to realize the potential of hES cells? 10. List 4 medical and safety issues concerning cloned animals. What is Cloning What is Cloning What is Cloning Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical. Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab. Below, find out how natural identical twins are similar to and different from clones made through modern cloning technologies. How Is Cloning Done?

Many people first heard of cloning when Dolly the Sheep showed up on the scene in 1997. Artificial cloning technologies have been around for much longer than Dolly, though. There are two ways to make an exact genetic copy of an organism in a lab: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. 1. Artificial Embryo Twinning Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to make clones. As the name suggests, this technique mimics the natural process that creates identical twins. In nature, twins form very early in development when the embryo splits in two. Twinning happens in the first days after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number of unspecialized cells. Each half of the embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately developing into separate, complete individuals. Since they developed from the same fertilized egg, the resulting individuals are genetically identical. Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach, but it is carried out in a Petri dish instead of inside the mother. A very early embryo is separated into individual cells, which are allowed to divide and develop for a short time in the Petri dish. The embryos are then placed into a surrogate mother, where they finish developing.

Again, since all the embryos came from the same fertilized egg, they are genetically identical. 2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), also called nuclear transfer, uses a different approach than artificial embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact genetic copy, or clone, of an individual. This was the method used to create Dolly the Sheep. What does SCNT mean? Let's take it apart: Somatic cell: A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than sperm and egg, the two types of reproductive cells. Reproductive cells are also called germ cells. In mammals, every somatic cell has two complete sets of chromosomes, whereas the germ cells have only one complete set. Nuclear: The nucleus is a compartment that holds the cell's DNA. The DNA is divided into packages called chromosomes, and it contains all the information needed to form an organism. It's small differences in our DNA that make each of us unique. Transfer: Moving an object from one place to another. To make Dolly, researchers isolated a somatic cell from an adult female sheep. Next they removed the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell.

Then they transferred the nucleus from the somatic cell to the egg cell. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg cell, with its new nucleus, was behaving just like a freshly fertilized egg. It developed into an embryo, which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. (The transfer step is most often done using an electrical current to fuse the membranes of the egg and the somatic cell.) The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell. She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. Watch these videos of enucleation and nuclear transfer. How does SCNT differ from the natural way of making an embryo? Natural fertilization, where egg and sperm join, and SCNT both make the same thing: a dividing ball of cells, called an embryo. So what exactly is the difference between the two? An embryo's cells all have two complete sets of chromosomes. The difference between fertilization and SCNT lies in where those two sets come from. In fertilization, the sperm and egg have one set of chromosomes each.

When the sperm and egg join, they grow into an embryo with two sets—one from the father's sperm and one from the mother's egg. In SCNT, the egg cell's single set of chromosomes is removed. It is replaced by the nucleus from a somatic cell, which already contains two complete sets of chromosomes. So, in the resulting embryo, both sets of chromosomes come from the somatic cell. Is cloning an organism the same as cloning a gene? You may have heard about researchers cloning, or identifying, genes that are responsible for various medical conditions or traits. What's the difference? When scientists clone an organism, they are making an exact genetic copy of the whole organism, as described above. When scientists clone a gene, they isolate and make exact copies of just one of an organism's genes. Cloning a gene usually involves copying the DNA sequence of that gene into a smaller, more easily manipulated piece of DNA, such as a plasmid. This process makes it easier to study the function of the individual gene in the laboratory.

Question: In 1997, what was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell?
Answer: Dolly the sheep