William III Landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688 - National Maritime Museum Please contact the Picture Library if you would like to use this record and image under licence. William III Landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688 BHC3095 BHC3095 Description A full-length portrait to left, facing to right on a rearing white horse. Prince William of Orange (as he then was) wears a buff coat which is perhaps of leather, embroidered with gold and lined with pink silk. A black hat with a white feather surmounts a black full-bottomed wig and his legs are encased in black boots. Around his waist is a heavily gold-fringed red sash and he wears the ribbon and Star of the Garter. The horse is wearing a blue shabracque, or blanket, with the Orange arms in gold, and stands on a rise in the land looking over towards Torbay. The portrait dominates an image showing William's landing in Torbay on 5 November 1688 with 14,000 troops for the invasion of England.

In the background is the Anglo-Dutch fleet, with ships on the far left at anchor flying the Dutch flag. Boats with men are coming ashore near Brixham and horses are swimming ashore onto the shelving beach, having been put over the sides of the ships to land this way. The figures of men and horses on the beach on the left show them being taken in hand. The son of Charles I's daughter Mary, Prince William (1650-1702) had married Mary, daughter of his cousin James, Duke of York, in 1677. James had then already converted to Roman Catholicism, which produced a series of political crises after he succeeded to the throne as James II on the death of his elder brother, Charles II, in 1685. These eventually led to a cabal of powerful English Protestant figures inviting William to usurp the British throne, based on the right of succession of his wife, Mary. Although initially unwilling to do so, the threat to the Protestant Netherlands from Louis XIV of France provided a strong incentive for William to accept. He thereby secured Britain as a close ally, rather than as a divided neighbour at best through James's French sympathies.

In 1688 he agreed and on 5 November landed unopposed at Brixham, Torbay. He was welcomed in south-west England - which had suffered the retribution of James's 'Bloody Assize' following the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion at Sedgemoor, Somerset, in 1685 - and was only briefly resisted by a few of James's Irish Catholic troops at Reading, west of London. These were routed when the citizens of Reading also turned on them and William arrived at St James's, London, on 18 December 1688. On James II's flight (which he abetted) William refused to accept the throne by right of conquest. On his assumption of executive power he and Princess Mary were made jointly king and queen by declaration of right, drawn up by committee of the Convention Parliament, and were crowned on 11 April 1689. It is the only example in modern British history of a joint monarchy, in which William took precedence when in England and Mary (d. 1694) ruled in her own superior right by birth during his frequent absence in the Netherlands.

Although William was never personally popular, his reign became symbolic of the Protestant succession, the revolutionary Act of Settlement of 1701 and resistance to French domination in Europe. He was also highly intelligent, well-educated and an able statesman of European reputation. Dutch influences which followed him to England -especially in finance and civil engineering - made his reign one of considerable practical advance, as well as re-forging Anglo-Dutch links after the three Anglo-Dutch wars of 1652-74. The painting is dominated by the image of William astride his white horse, although he is not thought to have owned a white horse - his death in 1702 resulting from a fall from the roan he usually seems to have ridden. White horses symbolize the heavens, justice and holiness endowed with sacred status. In this context, white is used to signify kingship. The bay can be seen below the belly of the horse and the positioning of the rider symbolizes his domination over the kingdom, reinforced by the boot and spur. He is intentionally out of scale with the rest of the painting, the figures in the background and shipping in the bay, to make the point that this is a statement about domination.

The Dutch artist was son of the marine, landscape and subject painter Thomas Wyck (1616-82) and came with him to settle in England in 1660. Jan specialized in hunting and battle scenes, and there are a number of the latter featuring King William at Blenheim Palace. He was also celebrated for his equestrian portraits, this well-known example being inscribed 'J Wyck Ao 1688'. Date made brixham Brixham and William Prince Of Orange Portrait of William III by Jan Wyck, William III landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688 A full-length portrait above, facing to left on a rearing white horse. Prince William of Orange (as he then was) wears a buff coat which is perhaps of leather, embroidered with gold and lined with pink silk. A black hat with a white feather surmounts a black full-bottomed wig and his legs are encased in black boots. Around his waist is a heavily gold-fringed red sash and he wears the ribbon and Star of the Garter.

The horse is wearing a blue shabracque, or blanket, with the Orange arms in gold, and stands on a rise in the land looking over towards Torbay This painting is dominated by the image of William astride his white horse, although he is not thought to have owned a white horse - his death in 1702 resulting from a fall from the roan he usually seems to have ridden. White horses symbolise the heavens, justice and holiness endowed with sacred status. In this context, white is used to signify kingship. The bay can be seen below the belly of the horse and the positioning of the rider symbolises his domination over the kingdom, reinforced by the boot and spur. He is intentionally out of scale with the rest of the painting, the figures in the background and shipping in the bay make the point that this is a statement about domination. This portrait is in the custody of the National Maritime Museum, London. Regrettably not on display but prints can be purchased from the National Maritime Museum London. The son of Charles I's daughter Mary, Prince William (1650-1702) had married Mary, daughter of his cousin James, Duke of York, in 1677.

James had then already converted to Roman Catholicism, which produced a series of political crises after he succeeded to the throne as James II on the death of his elder brother, Charles II, in 1685. These eventually led to a cabal of powerful English Protestant figures inviting William to usurp the British throne, based on the right of succession of his wife, Mary. Although initially unwilling to do so, the threat to the Protestant Netherlands from Louis XIV of France provided a strong incentive for William to accept. He thereby secured Britain as a close ally, rather than as a divided neighbour at best through James's French sympathies. The Landing at Torbay Come brethren of the Orange bond, a bond ne'er to be riven, When e'er we give great William's name, a bumper must be given, For if you fire a feu-de-joie, to him who victory won, Come prime and load, and see you give a good charge to your gun; The eloquence of bumpers full, there's nothing can surpass, There's nought expresses kindred souls, like friendship's social glass, And thus we give our song and toast with three time three, huzza, The memory of King William and his landing at Torbay.

In 1688 he agreed and on 5 November landed unopposed at Brixham, Torbay. He was welcomed in south-west England - which had suffered the retribution of James's 'Bloody Assize' following the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion at Sedgemoor, Somerset, in 1685 - and was only briefly resisted by a few of James's Irish Catholic troops at Reading, west of London. These were routed when the citizens of Reading also turned on them and William arrived at St James's, London, on 18 December 1688. On James II's flight (which he abetted) William refused to accept the throne by right of conquest. De Hoogheï¿½s image of the landing at Brixham On his assumption of executive power he (William) and Princess Mary were made jointly king and queen by declaration of right , drawn up by committee of the Convention Parliament, and were crowned on 11 April 1689. It is the only example in modern British history of a joint monarchy, in which William took precedence when in England and Mary (d.

1694) ruled in her own superior right, by birth, during his frequent absences to the Netherlands. Although William was never personally popular, his reign became symbolic of the Protestant succession, the revolutionary Act of Settlement of 1701 and resistance to French domination in Europe. He was also highly intelligent, well-educated and an able statesman of European reputation. Dutch influences which followed him to England - especially in finance and civil engineering - made his reign one of considerable practical advance, as well as re-forging Anglo-Dutch links after the three Anglo-Dutch wars of 1652-74. For some of the regiments raised in the cause of William of Orange click HERE Plymouth District LOL 64, Annual Brixham Commemoration parade 2004 The picturesque town of Brixham, Devon again played host to an invasion of protestants on 5 November 2004. It was the setting for a peaceful Orange Institution parade and Divine Service to commemorate the landing of William of Orange on these shores. Orange Sisters and Brethren had travelled from all over the United Kingdom to attend this important event in the Orange calendar. The Provincial Grand Master of the Metropolitan Province, Rt. Wor.

Bro. Garry Mills, District Master of Plymouth District, welcomed the Sisters and Brethren and gave an address ( Click here for the address ). All present participated in a rousing Service of Praise and Commemoration conducted by Rt. Wor. Bro. Tom Jackson, HDGC. Joseph Mallord William Turner, 'Torbay from Brixham' 1811 (J.M.W.

Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours) | Tate Joseph Mallord William Turner, Torbay from Brixham 1811 Joseph Mallord William Turner, Torbay from Brixham 1811 (Enhanced image) Enhanced image Joseph Mallord William Turner, Torbay from Brixham 1811 Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775–1851 Folio 48 Recto: Pencil on white wove paper, 170 x 209 mm Inscribed by Turner in pencil ‘Torbay’ bottom left Blind-stamped with Turner Bequest monogram bottom right Stamped in black ‘CXXIV – 48’ bottom right Accepted by the nation as part of the Turner Bequest 1856 References 1909 A.J. Finberg, A Complete Inventory of the Drawings of the Turner Bequest, London 1909, vol.I, p.354, CXXIV 48, as ‘“Torbay” from Brixham’. 1975 Malcolm Cormack, J.M.W. Turner, R.A.

1775–1851: A Catalogue of Drawings and Watercolours in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Cambridge 1975, pp.40, 41 note 2 under no.13. 1979 Andrew Wilton, J.M.W. Turner: His Life and Work, Fribourg 1979, p.353 under no.468. 1981 Eric Shanes, Turner’s Rivers, Harbours and Coasts, London 1981, pp.26 under no.34, 152. 1990 Eric Shanes, Turner’s England 1810–38, London 1990, p.59 under no.35. 2005 Arthur Ebdon, Turner in Teignmouth, Toby Thorne (ed.), Teignmouth 2005, p.16.

Turner’s view is from above King’s Quay on the south-east side of Brixham Harbour, at about the point where King Street becomes Berry Head Road; 1 for Berry Head itself, see the Devonshire Coast, No.1 sketchbook (Tate D08557 ; Turner Bequest CXXIII 99a). Today the best equivalent for the viewpoint is the east end of North View Road, set back above King Street, looking north-west along the curving coast of Torbay, with Paignton on the west side and Torquay on the north, terminating at Hope’s Nose about five miles across the water. Presumably as preparation for his West Country tour, Turner had noted in the Vale of Heathfield sketchbook: ‘Torbay 12 miles from Hopes nose to Berry head | Brixham where William 3 landed 5 Novr 1688’ (Tate D40864 ; Turner Bequest CXXXVII inside front cover). These facts come from John Feltham’s Guide to All the Watering and Sea-Bathing Places (revised edition, London 1810, p.427).

The recently built New Pier is seen below, running eastwards from the Quay. It was later extended with an arm northwards at right-angles from its end and an additional pier was added beyond, effectively forming a self-contained second harbour. Other significant changes include the building of a breakwater over half a mile in length, 2 which, superimposed on Turner’s composition, would end at about the centre and run in a shallow diagonal towards the bottom right. Finberg notes that this sketch is the basis for the watercolour Tor Bay, from Brixham of about 1816–17 (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge), 3 engraved in 1821 for Picturesque Views on the Southern Coast of England 4 (see the concordance of the series in the 1811 tour introduction). There are also two small sketches of Brixham in Devonshire Coast, No.1 (Tate D08466 , D08470 ; Turner Bequest CXXIII 53a and 55a).

The first of these shows only a profile of the distant coast, but also includes a note apparently reading ‘Cloathn dry’ in the foreground, prompting the addition of women with laundry at that point in the watercolour. The second is a superficially similar study of the harbour, actually made from further west and including the Eastern Quay, an older, shorter pier within the harbour south of the King’s Quay; William Daniell’s aquatint of Brixham for A Voyage Round Great Britain, published in 1825 (Tate impression: T02994 ), shows the same view. The Eastern Quay is not visible in the present drawing, as it stands just beyond the left-hand edge of the composition. Although the future King William III landed at Brixham during the ‘Glorious Revolution’, Turner’s oil painting The Prince of Orange, William III, Embarked from Holland, and Landed at Torbay, November 4th, 1688, after a Stormy Passage, exhibited in 1832 (Tate N00369 ) 5 is a sea piece, with no indication of the coast. Turner labelled this sketchbook ‘Corfe to Dartmouth’.

The present sketch is the last in it, although Dartmouth is further south (see folios 46 recto, 47 recto; D08861 , D08862 ); he appears to have turned north-east to Brixham before heading west and beginning afresh in the Ivy Bridge to Penzance sketchbook (Tate; Turner Bequest CXXV). King William III | Britroyals Father: William II of Orange Mother: Mary Stuart Born: November 14, 1650 at The Hague, Netherlands; Ascended to the throne: February 13, 1689 aged 38 years Crowned: April 11, 1689 at Westminster Abbey, when William was 38 and Mary was 26 Married: Mary, daughter of James II, on November 4, 1677 Children: Three stillborn Died: March 8, 1702 at Kensington Palace, aged 51 years, 3 months, and 21 days Buried at: Westminster Abbey William was born in The Hague in the Netherlands.

He was an only child and never knew his father William II who died of smallpox before his birth. His mother was Mary eldest daughter of Charles I of England. William was appointed Stadtholder (chief magistrate) and captain-general of the Dutch forces in 1672 to resist the French invasion of the Netherlands. He forced Louis XIV to make peace in 1678 and then concentrated on building up a European alliance against France. In 1677 he married his cousin Mary, eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, the future James II. The marriage was intended to repair relations between England and The Netherlands following the Anglo-Dutch wars. William was a successful soldier, but had several male favourites, was dour, asthmatic, 12 years older and several inches shorter than his English wife Mary who was a reluctant bride. In 1688 they were invited by the parliamentary opposition to Mary�s father James II to take the crown on England and were assured of English support.

William landed at Torbay on 5 November 1688, in 463 ships unopposed by the Royal Navy, and with an army of 14,000 troops which gathering local support grew to over 20,000 and advanced on London in what became known as �The Glorious Revolution�. James fled to France, and in February 1689 William and his wife were crowned King William III and Queen Mary II. Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which prevented Catholics for succeeding to the throne ensuring that Mary�s sister Anne would become the next queen, and after the autocratic rules of Kings Charles II and his brother James II limited the powers of monarchs so that they could neither pass laws nor levy taxes without parliamentary consent. William and Mary were faced in 1689 with two Jacobite attempts to regain the throne. In Scotland government troops were defeated at Killiekrankie by Scottish Jacobites but won shortly afterwards at Dunkeld, and James II landed in Ireland with French troops and laid siege to Londonderrry. William�s navy relieved the siege and he led is army to victory at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690.

James fled back to France. William returned several times to the Netherlands but found the English parliament reluctant to support his continuing war with France. The Bank of England was founded in 1694 to control public expenditure. Williamsburg and the college of William and Mary in Virginia, were named after the King and Queen in 1693. Mary died of smallpox in 1694 and had no surviving children. William now ruled alone. The Peace of Rijswijk in 1697 marked the end of the war with in Flanders with Louis XIV. William formed an alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns. This became known as the �War of Spanish Succession�. In 1701 following death of Prince William, the only surviving son of Mary�s sister Anne, the Act of Settlement was passed ensuring succession of Protestant heirs of Sophie of Hanover instead of the Catholic heirs of James. William died on 1702 of pneumonia following a broken collar bone after a fall from his horse.

Because his horse had reputedly stumbled on a mole�s burrow Jacobites toasted 'the little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat.' King William III's Signature Landing of William III at Torbay, 5 November 1688 - National Maritime Museum Please contact the Picture Library if you would like to use this record and image under licence. Landing of William III at Torbay, 5 November 1688 BHC0326 BHC0326 Description This oil painting by an unknown English artist shows William III’s landing in Torbay on 5 November 1688 leading 14,000 troops for the invasion of England. On the left of the composition the large Anglo-Dutch fleet seems to be closing in onto the beach and rocky coastline on the right. Boats with men are already coming ashore near Brixham and numerous horses are swimming ashore onto the shelving beach, having been put over the sides of the ships to land this way. The style and colouring of the scene betray a strong influence of early 17th-century Dutch landscape painting.

The son of Charles I's daughter Mary, Prince William (1650-1702) married Mary, daughter of his cousin James, Duke of York, in 1677. James had by then already converted to Catholicism, which produced a series of political crises after he succeeded to the throne as James II on the death of his elder brother, Charles II, in 1685. These eventually led to a cabal of powerful English Protestant figures inviting William to usurp the British throne, based on the right of succession of his wife, Mary. In 1688 he agreed and on 5 November landed unopposed at Brixham, Torbay. He was welcomed in south-west England – which had suffered the retribution of James's 'Bloody Assize' following the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion at Sedgemoor, Somerset, in 1685 – and was only briefly resisted by a few of James's Irish Catholic troops at Reading, west of London. Date made Great Britain GREAT BRITAIN Where We Come From...

The Battle of Hastings, 1066 In the Battle of Hastings in the year 1066 the Norman cavalry under William the Conqueror defeated an army of Anglo-Saxons fighting on foot. The English king Harold II was killed in the battle and the crown was awarded to William. In British history the battle is seen as the last successful conquest of Britain. In the 19th century the year 1066 (together with the Magna Charta ) marks the beginning of British national history. The emphasis lay not primarily on the loss of Anglo-Saxon pre-eminence, but rather on a continuity in the historical development of England. Alongside depictions of the Battle of Hastings, the coronation of William I was a popular motif in the history painting of the 19th century. Benjamin West shows the scene in which the citizens of London offered the crown to William. They were thus expressing their acceptance of a ruler who had conquered their country in war, but had nonetheless respected the institutions of the land.

The Magna Charta of 1215 The Landing of William III of Orange at Torbay in 1688 The years 1215 and 1688/89 are two key dates in British history. They stand for the English liberties that became proverbial in the 18th century and for the parliamentary system. In tough negotiations the barons and bishops extorted the Magna Charta from King John I, a charter that curtailed the royal privileges. As the great English historian Thomas Babington Macaulay phrased it, �Here commences the history of the English nation"; it was then that the �national character began to exhibit those peculiarities which it has ever since retained�, and �then first appeared with distinctness that constitution which has ever since, through all changes, preserved its identity.� In this sense the Magna Charta was celebrated in 19th century England (and beyond that time) as the starting point of civil liberties. Like the Magna Charta, the landing of William of Orange at Torbay on 5th November 1688 was remembered as a further milestone in English history.

Crowned William III at the beginning of 1689 , the monarch was styled the saviour of England, the protector of the faith and the generator of British fame. For when the Protestant stadholder and captain general of the Dutch United Provinces was called to England by influential Whig and Tory leaders of the Upper House, it brought the despotic rule of the Catholic king James II to an end and at the same time ended the decades-old struggle between the crown and Parliament. The Glorious Revolution, as the conflict was called, increased the powers of Parliament. The Bill of Rights of 1689 limited the powers of the king in favour of Parliament and established the constitutional monarchy, which brought to a conclusion, as was written in a patriotic Victorian textbook, what �the Magna Charta had begun�. Joseph Mallord William Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1832. It shows the future king, William III, immediately prior to his triumphant arrival in Torbay. The painting has been accused of containing a number of historical inconsistencies. Contrary to Turner's depiction, the landing went smoothly, for example.

But the "stormy crossing" portrayed by the artist fulfils the function of a political allegory. William of Orange, summoned from Holland, appears here as the ruler of the seas who braves the strom. Turner thus refers to the role in which England saw itself after defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588 and which was summed up in the motto "Britannia Rules the Waves". Glorious Revolution facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Glorious Revolution GLORIOUS REVOLUTION ( BRITAIN ) GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (BRITAIN). The Glorious Revolution was the term contemporaries coined to refer to the events of 1688–1689 that led to the overthrow of the Catholic James II (ruled 1685–1688) in England (and thereby also in Ireland and Scotland ) and his replacement by the Protestant William III and Mary II (ruled 1689–1702).

Some historians see the Glorious Revolution as a Whig victory that established limited monarchy in England; others have emphasized the important role of the Tories in bringing down James II and stressed the compromise nature of the revolution settlement; still others have seen it as little more than a foreign invasion, a dynastic coup brought about from outside and from above (within the royal family), not from below. One thing is certain: the Glorious Revolution was not "bloodless," as it was once styled. Not only was there some blood shed in England, but the overthrow of James II provoked bloody wars in both Scotland and Ireland, which left a bitter and longlasting legacy. THE OVERTHROW OF JAMES II James II inherited a strong position when he came to the throne in 1685. The Tory reaction of Charles II's (ruled 1660–1685) last years had not only seen a ruthless campaign against all forms of political and religious dissent (with Whigs being purged from local office and Nonconformist conventiclers harried in the law courts) and an effective bolstering of the powers of the crown, but also witnessed a marked swing in public opinion.

People rallied behind the crown and the legitimate heir against what they saw as a threat to the existing establishment in church and state posed by the Whigs and their Nonconformist allies. James's accession in February 1685 was broadly popular, as evidenced by numerous loyalist demonstrations and addresses, and when he met his first Parliament in May, a mere 57 members of Parliament (out of a total of 513) were known Whigs, thanks in part to Charles II's interference in borough franchises during his final years, but also due to a shift in opinion in favor of the Tories. Although James Scott, the duke of Monmouth, and a few radical Whigs did launch a rebellion that summer to try to overthrow James, it met with very little support. Nevertheless, despite promises at the beginning of his reign that he would respect his subjects' rights and liberties and protect the existing Protestant establishment in the church, James immediately set about advancing the interests of his fellow Catholics through the royal prerogative.

Thus he issued dispensations to Catholics from the provisions of the Test Act of 1673, which restricted political office to communicating members of the Church of England, winning a decisive test case in favor of the dispensing power—Godden v. Hales —in June 1686 (though only after a purge of the judicial bench). He also promoted the public celebration of the Mass; sought to undermine the Anglican monopoly of education by forcing the universities to admit Catholics; issued a Declaration of Indulgence (April 1687), which in one fell swoop suspended all penal laws against Protestant and Catholic nonconformists; and engaged in a campaign to pack Parliament so that he could establish Catholic toleration by law. His initiatives, however, met with considerable obstruction from the Tory–Anglican interest.

His loyalist Parliament of 1685 called for a strict enforcement of the laws against Catholics and condemned the dispensations given to Catholic officers in the army and had to be prorogued before the end of the year; the Anglican clergy began delivering fiery sermons against popery, which led the king to set up an Ecclesiastical Commission to keep them in line; and the Tory–Anglican squierarchy, in response to a poll conducted by the crown, overwhelmingly refused to commit themselves to support a repeal of the penal laws in a forthcoming Parliament. When in April 1688 James tried to make the clergy read a reissue of his Declaration of Indulgence from the pulpit, most refused, and seven bishops petitioned the crown against the Indulgence on the grounds that it was against the law. The crown brought a prosecution against the seven bishops for seditious libel, but in June 1688 they were found not guilty by a King's Bench jury.

In that same month, when James's second wife, Mary of Modena (1658–1718) gave birth to a son, who would take precedence in the succession over James's Protestant daughters by his first marriage, the prospect of a never-ending succession of Catholic kings led a group of seven politicians to invite the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange, husband of James's eldest daughter and fourth in line to the throne in his own right, to come and rescue English political and religious liberties. In the face of William's invasion, James began to backtrack and, following the advice of his bishops, agreed to abandon the dispensing and suspending power and his Ecclesiastical Commission and to restore things to the way they had been at the time of his accession. In short, it was the Tory–Anglican interest who defeated the drift toward popery and arbitrary government under James. Following William's landing at Torbay on 5 November 1688, members of the ruling elite and even sections of the army began to desert James, while anti-Catholic rioting broke out in many parts of the country.

Although William invaded with a sizeable and well-trained professional army (estimates vary from between 14,000 and 21,000 men), James was able to send nearly 30,000 men to meet him at Salisbury Plain and had another 8,000–10,000 men ready to bring into action. However, James was not defeated by an invading army; he panicked in the face of desertions by his subjects and opted to flee the country. Although his first attempt, in the early hours of 11 December, was unsuccessful, he did leave on 23 December, after William had already occupied the capital. THE REVOLUTION SETTLEMENT In January 1689, a Convention Parliament, which was evenly balanced between Whigs and Tories, met to settle the state of the nation. Most Tories hoped to preserve the hereditary principle either by keeping James as king with a regent ruling in his name or by settling the throne on his eldest daughter, Mary (taking comfort in the myth that the Prince of Wales had not really been delivered by the queen but had been smuggled into the bedchamber in a warmingpan).

The Convention determined, however, that James, by breaking his contract with the people (a Whig doctrine) and withdrawing himself from the kingdom, had abdicated the government, and proceeded in early February to fill the vacancy by declaring William and Mary king and queen jointly (though with full regal power vested in William alone). The Convention then determined what powers they should give the new monarchs. Twenty-eight Heads of Grievances were drawn up, some of which were articulations of existing rights, others demands for constitutional reform. In the end, the Convention decided to leave out those grievances that would have required fresh legislation, and instead agreed to a Declaration of Rights (12 February) that purported to do no more than vindicate and assert ancient rights and liberties. There has been considerable controversy over whether or not the Declaration of Rights in fact made new law under the guise of proclaiming the old, especially with regard to its declarations that the suspending power, the dispensing power (as exercised under James), the Ecclesiastical Commission, and a standing army in time of peace without parliamentary consent were illegal.

What can be said with confidence is that the framers of the Declaration of Rights genuinely believed that the powers they condemned were illegal, and that the Declaration reflected the concerns of both the Whigs and Tories. William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen in London and Westminster on 13 February and shortly thereafter in the rest of the country; they were crowned on 11 April 1689. The Declaration of Rights was not the totality of the revolution settlement, however.

Several of the reforms in the original Heads of Grievances that did not make it into the Declaration were enacted during William's reign: in April 1689, a Toleration Act secured limited toleration for Protestant nonconformists; in December, the Declaration of Rights was passed into law with the Bill of Rights, which also barred Catholics from the succession and prevented any future king or queen from marrying a Catholic; a Triennial Act of 1694 secured frequent Parliaments (the act stipulated that Parliaments must meet at least once every three years and that no Parliament was to last for more than three years without a dissolution), while the Act of Settlement of 1701, in addition to determining that the succession should pass to the Hanoverians once the Protestant Stuart line became extinct, also ensured the independence of the judiciary. Yet more than anything else, it was the revolution in foreign policy that accompanied the dynastic shift in 1688–1689 that changed the nature of the monarchy in England.

The nation became involved in an expensive war against France , which resulted in the setting up of the Bank of England (1694) and the establishment of a national debt that had to be serviced by regular grants of taxation. This increased the monarchy's dependence on Parliament, while William's repeated absences from England in the 1690s, as he led the war effort on the Continent, led to the emergence of the cabinet system of government. Whereas the revolution in England was a bipartisan affair, the same was not true for the other two kingdoms under Stuart rule. In Scotland, the Whigs and Presbyterians were able to forge a more radical settlement in church and state, overturning episcopacy and stripping the crown of many of the powers it possessed under Charles II and James II. The government did not succeed in putting down Jacobite resistance until May 1690, though Jacobite sentiment in the Highlands and among the Episcopalians of the northeast remained strong, helping to fuel further Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1745.

In Ireland, the Catholic majority declared for James II, who went there in March 1689 with the intention of trying to use the kingdom as base from which to reconquer Scotland and England. An overwhelmingly Catholic Parliament that met in Dublin in the spring of 1689 passed a legislative package restoring political and economic power to the Catholics; but this was undone by Williamite victory in the ensuing war—the turning point coming with William's victory at the Boyne on 1 July 1690 (after which James fled), although Jacobite resistance continued until the final surrender at Limerick on 3 October 1691. Following the peace, successive Protestant Parliaments passed a series of repressive penal laws designed to guarantee the Protestant ascendancy and make it extremely difficult for Catholics to exercise their religion, inherit property, engage in trade or practice a profession. See also Church of England ; England ; Jacobitism ; James II (England) ; Stuart Dynasty (England and Scotland) ; William and Mary . BIBLIOGRAPHY Beddard, Robert, ed. A Kingdom without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688. Oxford, 1988.

——. The Revolutions of 1688: The Andrew Browning Lectures 1988. Oxford, 1988. Cruickshanks, Eveline. The Glorious Revolution. London, 2000. Harris, Tim. "The People, the Law and the Constitution in Scotland and England: A Comparative Approach to the Glorious Revolution." Journal of British Studies 38 (1999): 28–58. ——. Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society 1660–1715. London and New York , 1993. Holmes, Geoffrey, ed. Britain after the Glorious Revolution, 1689–1714. London, 1969. Israel, Jonathan I., ed. The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact. Cambridge, U.K., 1991. Pincus, Steven, "'To Protect English Liberties': The English Nationalist Revolution of 1688–1689." In Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c.

1650–c. 1850. Edited by Tony Claydon and Ian McBride. Cambridge, U.K., 1998, pp. 75–104. Schwoerer, Lois G. The Declaration of Rights, 1689. Baltimore , 1981. Simms, J. G. Jacobite Ireland, 1685–91. London and Toronto , 1969. Speck, W. A. Reluctant Revolutionaries: Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688. Oxford, 1988. Tim Harris Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA Torbay Author: Bob In November 1688, William of Orange and his army of 30,000 men and horse set sail from the Dutch port of Hellevoetsluis bound for the northeast coast of England. However, autumnal gales blew the fleet westward and they landed unexpectedly at Brixham, from where the invited invaders marched on London to depose the highly-unpopular James II.

That geographical connection was further cemented in 1988 when Torbay twinned with Hellevoetsluis, and one of the strongest links since then has involved the Hellevoetsluis Chess Club whose members regularly visit Torbay and play various clubs in the area. The latest visit was last weekend when their team of 4 played Exmouth on Saturday (lost 4-0), then came 3rd in a six team rapidplay tournament at Newton Abbot and on Monday played a match against Teignmouth (drawn 2-2) at Forde House, the same building where the future King William III spent his 2nd night on English soil. There have been a number of Scottish winners of the British Championship, including Robert Combe and Jonathan Rowson. On the other hand, the number of English players who have won the Scottish Championship is rather less, because of the eligibility rules. However, the Cornishman, Andrew Greet, overcame this as he has been living and working in Glasgow for the past two years, and in coming 1st in their 117th Championship last weekend, he is the new Scottish Champion.

The key game came in the last round when he was paired against the confusingly-named Andrew Green, a game that Greet won. Here is a miniature from the Saturday match. White: Bonne Faber. Black: Brian Hewson. Scandinavian Defence [B01] 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qd6 4.d4 a6 5.Be3 Nf6 6.Nf3 b5 7.Bd3 Bb7 8.Qd2 e6 9.0–0–0 it was brave to castle long where Black’s pawns are already advanced. 9…Nbd7 10.h3 Rd8 11.Rhg1 Be7 Black is not tempted to exchange bishop for knight as it would open lines to Black’s kingside. 12.Be2 0–0 13.Bf4?! Qb6 14.g4 each side is poised to attack, but Black’s is the more potent.

14…b4 15.Na4 Qa5 16.b3 Bc6 resigned, in view of 17.Nb2 (or 17.Nc5 Nxc5 and White cannot re-take without losing his queen). 17…Qxa2 18.c4 bxc3 19.Qxc3 Ba3 20.Ng5 Rb8 and Black’s threats cannot all be met. The solution to last week’s problem by Sam Loyd was 1Qa5!, a waiting move that threatens nothing in itself, but whichever rook or bishop moves a mating move will arise. This 2-mover of 1914 was by Godfrey Heathcote (1870-1952), one of Britain’s finest composers. White to mate in 2 moves.

Question: Which future king landed at Torbay in 1688?
Answer: William III