Franklin W. Dixon | The Hardy Boys Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Franklin W. Dixon , is the pen name or house name that has been used for all Hardy Boys books, except for the graphic novels and Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys SuperMystery . For the Nancy Drew crossover books the Nancy Drew house name, Carolyn Keene , was used. Franklin W. Dixon . A 1995 edition of Boy's Life magazine, known for its review of Boy Scouts, told of the pen name of Franklin W. Dixon, and conducted a phone interview with two authors who were currently writing under the name of Dixon. Both authors referred to themselves as Mr. X and Mr. Y, stating that they were sworn to secrecy to protect the pen name. A tribute to Franklin W. Dixon was found in the second-person narrative "Choose Your Own Adventure" book Longhorn Territory, where the reader is given the option to work as a rider for the Pony Express. One of the station masters is named Frank Dixon. Contents Hardy Boys Online | History Home > History A brief history of the Hardy Boys The Hardy Boys series is one of the most popular juvenile book series of all time.

Its timeless plots, endearing characters, and exciting writing have helped keep the series alive for seventy-five years, while spawning and inspiring numerous spin-off series, nonfiction books, board games, TV shows, and internet sites. But how did it all begin? The Stratemeyer Syndicate Although he is said to be the author of every Hardy Boys book, there is actually no writer named Franklin W. Dixon. There never has been. For that matter, neither was there ever a Carolyn Keene, nor a Victor Appleton. These are all pen names for a group of writers established by a man named Edward Stratemeyer. Since just before the turn of the century, hundreds of children's series books have sprung from Stratemeyer's fertile mind. His first major series was the Rover Boys, published from 1899 to 1926 under the pseudonym Arthur M. Winfield. Stratemeyer soon found that he had far more ideas for stories and series than he could write on his own. He established a group of writers known as the Stratemeyer Syndicate.

Stratemeyer would outline the basic plot of each book to be written, and one of the Syndicate writers (known as "ghosts") would write the book, being paid a flat fee and no further royalties. It was a system that seemed to work. Most of the early Stratemeyer books were adventure tales. But in the mid-twenties, adult detective novels became popular, and the Stratemeyer Syndicate began to follow this trend. The early years The Hardy Boys Series began in 1927, when three "breeder" volumes (written by Leslie McFarlane under the name Franklin W. Dixon) were released: The Tower Treasure, The House on the Cliff, and The Secret of the Old Mill, published by Grosset & Dunlap. McFarlane, a Canadian journalist, wrote the first fifteen or so volumes of the series. He established the writing style that made the books so successful. Early volumes were published in a cloth hardcover format with colour dust jackets. In 1962, the series switched to a new cover format with the cover art printed directly on the cover (no dust jacket).

Collectors know this format as "picture cover" or "PC." This format was used for the Grosset & Dunlap books until 1987, when it was replaced by a laminated plastic cover. In a process that angered loyal fans, the Syndicate systematically rewrote the Hardy Boys volumes 1-38 between 1959 and 1973. The changes were meant to bring the series more up to date and to eliminate the racial stereotypes that were occasionally found in the earlier volumes. As was said on the copyright page: In this new story, based on the original of the same title, Mr. Dixon has incorporated the most up-to-date methods used by police and private detectives. The books became shorter (225 pages to 180, 25 chapters to 20) and the writing style was streamlined. The degree and type of revisions made varied considerably. Some revised stories were only touched-up versions of the originals, while others were totally new books that bore no resemblance to their predecessor except the title. Many people feel that the revised editions lost much of the charm and character that made the original Hardy Boys books so popular.

The present era In 1979, Simon & Schuster acquired the rights for all new Hardy Boys books written by the Syndicate. The new publisher gave the books (and the Hardys) and all-new look, and paperback editions were published along with hardcovers. Simon & Schuster also published several spin-off books from the series, including The Hardy Boys Ghost Stories and Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys: Super Sleuths. The biggest spin-off series of all was the Hardy Boys Casefiles, which began in 1987. The Casefiles were aimed at an older audience than the other series, and presented readers with many changes from the original series. Joe's girlfriend Iola was killed off in the first volume, and the difference in personality between Frank and Joe became more pronounced. The stories became more "grown-up" as well: in the Casefiles, the Hardys view murder scenes and use guns. (One wonders whether Edward Stratemeyer would approve!) However, the Casefiles proved to be much shorter-lived than the original mystery stories, and in 1998, after just over ten years of publication, the Casefiles series was cancelled. Ironically, the last volume was titled Dead in the Water.

Simon & Schuster announced another new Hardy Boys series in 1997: Frank and Joe Hardy - The Clues Brothers. The series was targeted at readers in grades three and four. However, due to lackluster sales, it was soon cancelled. Despite the failure of Simon & Schuster's attempts to "modernize" the Hardy Boys, the books still remain popular today. In fact, it is the original Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, begun by Edward Stratemeyer in 1927, that have been the most successful. Simon & Schuster publishes several new volumes each year, and the Grosset & Dunlap reprints of the original 58 books (known to collectors as the Hardy Boys "Canon") still sell briskly. Trends may come and go, but it seems certain that the Hardy Boys are firmly rooted in the hearts and minds of readers young and old all over the world. All original content on this website is copyright © 1997-2016 by Will Oxford. The Hardy Boys® is a registered trademark of Simon & Schuster . All Hardy Boys books and artwork are copyright © Simon & Schuster .

The Hardy Boys Online is an unofficial fan website which is not affiliated with Simon & Schuster in any way. AbeBooks: Collecting Children's Series Books Tom Swift by "Victor Appleton" While not the first Statemeyer syndicate series to strike a chord with readers, Tom Swift is far more popular with collectors than the earlier Rover Boys or Bobbsey Twin books. In 1954, the Stratemeyer syndicate updated the series with Tom Swift Jr. books, but they lacked some of the magic of the originals. Pictured is the third Tom Swift adventure, originally published in 1910. The cover shows the seriesï¿½ fascination with the latest technology. Hardy Boys by "Franklin W. Dixon" This iconic boy-detective series has entertained generations of boys since the first three books landed on bookstore shelves in 1927. Revised versions appeared beginning in 1959 and the 58th and last book in the original series was published by Grosset & Dunlap in 1979. Simon & Schuster took over the franchise and has put out two hundred additional books since then.

Original first editions are rare, expensive, and hard to identify without a bibliography. Nancy Drew by "Carolyn Keene" When it was initially published, Nancy Drew outsold the Hardy Boys, dispelling the myth that girls werenï¿½t interested in adventure stories. Mildred Wirt Benson wrote many of the first Nancy Drew books, a fact that became public during legal proceedings in 1980. Like all Stratemeyer authors, she received a flat fee for her work ($125 to $250), and no additional royalties when the books sold millions of copies. Judy Bolton by Margaret Sutton The Judy Bolton series is quite different from others in the genre. Margaret Sutton was a real person and her character, an amateur detective, ages from book to book (most series characters tend to stay the same age) and even marries. Many of the events were based on Suttonï¿½s life. The series has 38 books and ran from 1932 to 1967. Sue Barton by Helen Dore Boylston While only seven books long, the Sue Barton nurse series was very popular with readers and collectors.

Helen Boylston worked as a nurse in France during World War One and had a successful career in the medical field. She wrote her nursing novels from 1936 to 1952 and drew on her professional experiences. In the novels, Barton ages, rises through the ranks at the hospital, and gets marriedï¿½an unusual level of realism for a series. Cherry Ames by "Helen Wells" This 27-book series about a nurse who solves mysteries on the side began in 1943 and the initial novels had patriotic themes related to World War Two. The series ran until 1968, and many nurses who grew up in the 1940s and 1950s were inspired to join the profession because of these books. Rick Brant by "John Blaine" This post-war series, which started in 1947, combines science and espionage plots with exotic locations. While not nearly as popular as Tom Swift, Rick Brant has many devoted fans who pursue the 23 books published up to 1968.

Hal Goodwin, who wrote most of the books, revealed his participation in the series and signed a number of copiesï¿½a real rarity for series-book authors. Chip Hilton by Clair Bee Clair Bee was a popular and successful college basketball coach from the 1930s to the 1950s. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1968. Book collectors remember him best for his 23 sports novels featuring Chip Hilton, which were published from 1948 to 1965. Hilton plays basketball, football, and baseball. He also ages, moving gradually from high school to college sports. Trixie Beldon This 39-book series about a tomboy detective premiered in 1948. The first six novels were written by Julie Campbell. From no. 7 on, Kathryn Kenny is listed as the author, but many different writers contributed to the series. Unlike most series, some of the most-sought-after titles in the series are paperbacks. Numbers 35 to 39 came out in small numbers and the publisher soon dropped the series, making them hard to find.

Unfortunate Events The 1980s saw a resurgence in series books, with the R.L. Stineï¿½s Goosebumps books, the Baby-sitters Club (written by Ann Martin and other writers), and Dav Pilkeyï¿½s Captain Underpants attracting millions of young readers, but few collectors are showing interest, at least so far. Lemony Snicketï¿½s (pseudonym of Daniel Handler) macabre and funny Series of Unfortunate Events books, however, has drawn both readers and collectors, with first editions of the early titles in the 13-book series fetching serious money. Hardy Boys: Crisscross Shadow - Exodus Books Hardy Boys: Crisscross Shadow Hardcover, 213 pages Not in stock The Hardy Boys is a popular series of detective/adventure books for boys chronicling the fictional adventures of teenage brothers Frank and Joe Hardy. The original Hardy Boys series was produced between 1927 and 1979 by a group of authors under the pen name Franklin W. Dixon.

The Hardy Boys is a creation of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, the creators of dozens of successful book series such as the Rover Boys, the Bobbsey Twins and Tom Swift, and later, Nancy Drew. Edward Stratemeyer conceived of the Hardy Boys in 1926 with the creation of plot outlines that would become the first volume of the series. Various ghostwriters were employed, under contract of secrecy, to pen the actual stories. The first author was Leslie McFarlane, whose writing defined the literary style of the series, as well as the personalities and nuances of its characters. McFarlane authored volumes 1—16 and 22—24, which are generally regarded as the best works of the series. His 1976 autobiography, Ghost of the Hardy Boys, provides substantial background information on the series, as well as the Stratemeyer Syndicate as a whole. From 1959 to the mid-70s, substantial revisions to the first 38 titles were made. This was done to modernize outdated vernacular, reduce story length, age the characters and remove the ethnic and racial stereotypes prevalent in many of the early books.

The result of this process varied widely, with some books being changed only slightly while others had their entire plot and storyline thrown out. At any rate, the revised versions are those that are commonly found and are available here at Exodus.

The first 58 stories and the 38 revisions, along with the Detective Handbook and its revision, are considered by many collectors to form the Hardy Boys "canon." Below is a list of the entire series: Tower Treasure Secret of the Old Mill Missing Chums Mystery of the Flying Express Clue of the Broken Blade Flickering Torch Mystery Sign of the Crooked Arrow Secret of the Lost Tunnel Wailing Siren Mystery Mystery of the Chinese Junk Mystery of the Desert Giant Clue of the Screeching Owl Viking Symbol Mystery Mystery of the Aztec Warrior The Haunted Fort Mystery of the Spiral Bridge Secret Agent on Flight 101 Mystery of the Whale Tattoo Arctic Patrol Mystery Clue of the Hissing Serpent Mysterious Caravan Carolyn Keene and Franklin Dixon were the same person - snopes.com Carolyn Keene and Franklin Dixon were the same person User Name Join Date: 18 February 2000 Location: California Carolyn Keene and Franklin Dixon were the same person Comment: My daughter recently came home with "news" that I've heard several times before--that the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew series were all written by one person, using the pen names Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene.

A little research seems to indicate this isn't true, but I've heard it enough times to make it an interesting topic for your site (IMHO). And I'd like to know for sure. snopes Join Date: 05 August 2003 Location: London, UK Comment: My daughter recently came home with "news" that I've heard several times before--that the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew series were all written by one person, using the pen names Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene. A little research seems to indicate this isn't true, but I've heard it enough times to make it an interesting topic for your site (IMHO). And I'd like to know for sure. The Nancy Drew and Hardy Boy books (and the Bobbsey Twins and lots of other books) were written by a team of writers who worked for The Stratemeyer Syndicate, who held the copyright, so if you wanted to argue that both Franklin W Dixon and Carolyn Keene were pen-names used by the Stratemeyer Syndicate, you probably could. But "one enormous factory-publishing operation" isn't quite the same as "one writer," is it?

But the first writer to write as "Franklin W Dixon" was a fellow called Leslie McFarlane, and the first writer to write as Carolyn Keene was a woman called Mildred something or other, so they weren't the same people. Probably a single writer may have written individual stories for both series under the pseudonym, but that's hardly the same. Dara bhur gCara Here's a good breakdown of who wrote which Hardy Boys book and here's the equivalent for Nancy Drew. Incidentally, I've seen it claimed that the Hardy Boys were the best selling series of novels in history before the advent of Harry Potter. Does anyone know if that's true? I didn't know they were ever racist. I have one very old edition of a Hardy Boys book where they were travelling by horse (there may have been a cart involved), and I have the one printed in the 60s where they were driving a car. My wife tells me she read an old Mystery of the Flying Express where the "Flying Express" was a train, but my version had it as a hovercraft.

Did it ever strike anyone as odd that these 17- and 18-year-old kids were experts at fencing, sailing, spelunking (back when the term was popular), auto mechanics, detective work, meterology, flying, and whatever else happened to fit the storyline? DadOf3 Quote: Originally Posted by DadOf3 I didn't know they were ever racist. I have one very old edition of a Hardy Boys book where they were travelling by horse (there may have been a cart involved), and I have the one printed in the 60s where they were driving a car. My wife tells me she read an old Mystery of the Flying Express where the "Flying Express" was a train, but my version had it as a hovercraft. Well, a lot of it wouldn't have been considered racist at the time, but would be now. African-American characters were generally servile and childlike, and at least one of the ghost-writers in the original series,(not Leslie McFarlane, possibly a writer called Walter Karig who covered for McFarlane during a salary dispute) had a serious problem with the Chinese.

About three of the early series have properly stereotypical Fu Manchu style Chinese gangsters as villains, with buckteeth and everything. Who even runs a laundry as cover, and says things like "No tickee, no washee." Also, if you come back to them as an adult, the early Hardy Boys books are quite surprisingly homo-erotic. My granddad was obsessed with American pulp fiction, and bought all of the Hardy Boys books for my Dad in the 1940s and 1950s (he also wrote a biography of Zane Grey that I keep meaning to have vanity-published as a present for my Dad,), so the ones I read were the originals, and then I discovered in the 1980s that the Hardy Books that I thought I'd read were in fact completely different from the Hardy Boys Books of the same title that were on the shelves of the library then. Which was very exciting, actually.

Dara bhur gCara Join Date: 18 February 2000 Location: California Posts: 109,595 When I was in junior high school and started reading the Bantam paperback reprints of the Doc Savage pulps, I had no idea that "Kenneth Robeson" was a publisher pseudonym for Lester Dent (who wrote the bulk of the series) and several other authors (with whom Dent sometimes subcontracted to draft Doc Savage adventures when his workload got too heavy). Nonetheless, I recall reading one of the books and thinking to myself, "Hmm, this one seems strangely different in style from the other entries in this series," and sure enough, years later I learned it was one of the adventures that had been penned by someone other than Lester Dent. - snopes Join Date: 28 August 2005 Location: Halifax, NS Posts: 2,150 We certainly had those books in our libraries when I was growing up in Montreal. Both our school library and city library were sources for my Hardy Boys fix. I still got all the books later, but I'd read them as soon as I could get my hands on them.

I remember one Chirstmas day when I got three Hardy Boys books. My best friend came over, and we sat in my room reading one book after another (not at the same time, of course) and by the end of the afternoon we'd read all three books, just passing them back and forth. DadOf3 Quote: Originally Posted by Floater You mean British and/or Irish libraries actually buy such books? That would be totally unheard of in Sweden. Nancy Drew (or Kitty as she for some reason is called in Swedish) is the symbol of crap literature not worthy of spending public money on. What a shame. I grew up reading these, which did a lot to instill a lifelong love of reading. (I actually liked the Nancy Drew stories better than the Hardy Boys; my mother and her sisters kept several of them from their childhood and I checked the rest out from the library.) Crap literature it may be, but it was certainly appealing enough to a pre-adolescent that it meant I spent many hours curled up with a book rather than in front of a television or video game box.

Unfortunately, many kids today don't read for pleasure - their concept of reading is that it's something one must do for a school assignment, and is thus tedious by nature. I know several critics lambasted the Harry Potter series for not being good literature, but the fact of the matter is that it got lots of kids to spend time engaged in book reading. Instill a love of reading early on, and there's plenty of time for catching up on the classics (and contemporary literary works) later in life. musicgeek Join Date: 26 September 2007 Location: Metro Detroit Posts: 2,794 There were also the Nancy Drew/Hardy Boys super mysteries. I remember reading ones that were published in the early/mid 90's. At the time there was also a Nancy Drew series that was more contemporary, I think she was in college and traveling the world. I remember being in algebra class in 8th grade and reading one of the super mysteries in my lap under my desk. My teacher caught me and when he saw what I was reading he berated me in front of the whole class, "Miss G, this is 8th grade.

Nancy Drew?" (I've also always HATED being called "Miss (my last name)" partly because my last name automatically sounds kind of mocking and even before I was conscious of feminism something bothered me about "miss") I still remember how humiliated and frustrated I felt when that happened and I still harbor a good amount of resentment towards that teacher because of it. lyra_silvertongue Quote: Originally Posted by lyra_silvertongue I thought I read somewhere that in the very first Nancy Drew books (published in the early 20's?) Nancy carried a gun and used the N word. I think I read this in an article in Bitch magazine, but I don't remember how long ago. I've read the original Nancy Drew's and I don't remember her carrying a gun - she may have handled a gun for some reason but she certainly wasn't "packing heat" that I can recall! As to the n-word, I am pretty sure the word negro would have been used and I am also sure that they portrayed black's in a pretty stereotypical fashion (they were usually either servants or possibly lackey's to the main bad guy - and none too bright).

I really don't think Nancy herself ever used the word n****r though. Christie Quote: Originally Posted by musicgeek What a shame. I grew up reading these, which did a lot to instill a lifelong love of reading. (I actually liked the Nancy Drew stories better than the Hardy Boys; my mother and her sisters kept several of them from their childhood and I checked the rest out from the library.) Crap literature it may be, but it was certainly appealing enough to a pre-adolescent that it meant I spent many hours curled up with a book rather than in front of a television or video game box. Unfortunately, many kids today don't read for pleasure - their concept of reading is that it's something one must do for a school assignment, and is thus tedious by nature. I know several critics lambasted the Harry Potter series for not being good literature, but the fact of the matter is that it got lots of kids to spend time engaged in book reading. Instill a love of reading early on, and there's plenty of time for catching up on the classics (and contemporary literary works) later in life. Hear, hear.

I am somewhat ashamed of some of the crap I spent my childhood reading, but the point is, I *did* spend my childhood reading. As a result, I actually enjoyed some of the books I had to read in high school (especially Julius Caesar and To Kill A Mockingbird), and I never had a problem finding books for book reports. It's actually kind of sad that more kids don't read, and that some parents refuse to let their kids read the few book series that actually appeal to them. dungeondragon18 Hardy Boys Online | FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1. Who is Franklin W. Dixon? Is he still alive? If you're a young reader, I should warn you: the answer to this might be very disappointing! There is no Franklin W. Dixon, and there never was. Dixon is a pen name used by a group of writers called the Stratemeyer Syndicate, which was founded in the early 1900s by a man named Edward Stratemeyer. The Syndicate was also responsible for many other successful juvenile series, including Nancy Drew, Tom Swift, and the Bobbsey Twins. Stratemeyer was both an imaginative author and a shrewd businessman.

He would outline the basic plot of each book to be written, and one of the Syndicate writers (known as "ghosts") would write the book, being paid a flat fee and no further royalties. Stratemeyer insisted that the ghosts remain anonymous. The first ghostwriter of the Hardy Boys books was the late Leslie McFarlane, a Canadian journalist who wrote around 15 of the original books. Since McFarlane established the characteristic style of the series, he has the strongest claim to being the "real" Franklin W. Dixon. But, of course, there have been many other Hardy Boys ghostwriters over the years. 2. I have two copies of the same Hardy Boys book -- at least, the title is the same, but actually, the books tell two completely different stories! What's up? The answer to this lies in a giant project undertaken by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter, between 1959 and 1973. Adams felt that the Hardy Boys books, which had then been in print for over 30 years, were getting outdated, so she decided to systematically revise the first 38 books in the series.

Some of the revised stories were simply touched-up versions of the original, but others were completely new stories that weren't related to their predecessor in any way. Since there are still lots of the original books floating around, there are now several pairs of completely different Hardy Boys stories that share the same title. 3. Did Iola really die? What should we believe -- the Casefiles or the digests? Indeed, the Hardy Boys fan does face a dilemma. The Casefiles tell us that Iola Morton was killed by a car bomb, but in the digests, Iola is alive and well. What's the truth? Well, there is more than one way to rationalize this: The events of the Casefiles take place at a later time. Frank and Joe are undeniably more mature in the Casefiles. Witness the evidence: they carry guns, investigate murders, and deal with international crime more than ever before. So, we can argue that within the Hardy Boys universe, the stories told in the Casefiles series all occur after those of the digests. Never mind the publishing dates -- in time, the Casefiles occur after the digests. (By this reasoning, it would seem that Iola really is dead.

She's still alive in the digests because the events in the Casefiles haven't yet happened -- but they will.) The Casfiles and digests take place in different universes. Alternatively, we can conceive of the Casefiles and the digests as two separate continuities -- two different fictional worlds that do not need to be consistent with each other. Events in one continuity would therefore have no bearing on the other. Casefiles Iola is dead, and will remain dead, while Digests Iola is alive, and will remain alive. The Casefiles series is not canonical. From a historical perspective, the Casefiles series was only a tiny blip on the radar, while the digests are direct descendants of the original Hardy Boys books released in 1927. A traditionalist could therefore argue that the digests are the highest authority in today's Hardy Boys universe, due to their pedigree and longevity. On this view, the Casefiles could be considered apocryphal -- i.e. they didn't "really" happen; they were just a short-lived and ill-fated experiment that has no bearing on the "real" Hardy Boys continuity. 4.

I've noticed that Grosset & Dunlap has used several different cover formats for the Hardy Boys books they published. Has anyone tried to classify these formats? Well, I have. I've always been keenly interested in the graphic design of the books. If you're interested, too, go to the cover design page. 5. On the inside front and back covers of a lot of the Grosset & Dunlap books, there are a bunch of small scenes. Where did each scene come from? The inside front and back covers are known as "endsheets" or "endpapers." On the multi-scene endsheets, which were used during the 1960s and 1970s, all of the small scenes do indeed come from Hardy Boys covers. For identification of the individual scenes, go to the endsheets page. If you have a question that I haven't answered, don't hesitate to ask! Email me at woxford at mun dot ca. All original content on this website is copyright © 1997-2016 by Will Oxford. The Hardy Boys® is a registered trademark of Simon & Schuster . All Hardy Boys books and artwork are copyright © Simon & Schuster .

The Hardy Boys Online is an unofficial fan website which is not affiliated with Simon & Schuster in any way. Hardy Boys #21 - Exodus Books Hardy Boys #21 Current Retail Price: $6.99 Not in stock Frank and Joe Hardy become involved in an intriguing mystery which revolves around their fencing master, Ettore Russo. Proof that Russo is the rightful heir to his grandfather’s estate hinges on retrieving the guard end of a broken saber lost many years ago in California. The young investigators’ quest is complicated by a bank robbery during which some of their father’s important records are stolen. A chase ensues in the grape-growing region of California as the boys engage in a dangerous game of hide-and-seek with the bank robbery gang. Did you find this review helpful? Series Description Pen name P Pen name A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a pseudonym adopted by an author . A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise his or her gender, to distance an author from some or all of his or her works, to protect the author from retribution for his or her writings, or for any of a number of reasons related to the marketing or aesthetic presentation of the work.

The author's name may be known only to the publisher, or may come to be common knowledge. Western literature An author may use a pen name if his or her real name is likely to be confused with that of another author or notable individual. Some authors who regularly write in several genres use different pen names for each genre. Romance writer Nora Roberts writes erotic thrillers under the pen name J.D. Robb, and Samuel Langhorne Clemens used the aliases "Mark Twain" and "Sieur Louis de Conte" for different works. Similarly, an author who writes both fiction and non-fiction (such as the mathematician and fantasy writer Charles Dodgson, who wrote as Lewis Carroll , or the American television commentator Bill O'Reilly, who wrote a thriller under a pen name) may use a pseudonym for fiction writing. Occasionally a pen name is employed to avoid overexposure. Prolific authors for pulp magazines often had two and sometimes three short stories appearing in one issue of a magazine; the editor would create several fictitious author names to hide this from readers. Robert A. Heinlein wrote stories under pseudonyms so that more of his works could be published in a single magazine.

Stephen King published four novels under the name Richard Bachman because publishers didn't feel the public would buy more than one novel per year from a single author. Eventually, after critics found a large number of style similarities, publishers revealed Bachman's true identity. Sometimes a pen name is used because an author believes that his name does not suit the genre he is writing in. Western novelist Pearl Gray dropped his first name and changed the spelling of his last name to become Zane Grey , because he believed that his real name did not suit the Western genre. Romance novelist Angela Knight writes under that name instead of her actual name (Julie Woodcock) because she felt that her real name was a little too fitting for the genre. Edward Gorey had dozens of pseudonyms, apparently for his own amusement, each one an anagram of his real name. C. S. Lewis used two different pseudonyms for different reasons. Before his conversion to Christianity , he published a collection of poems (Spirits in Bondage) and a narrative poem (Dymer) under the pen name "Clive Hamilton", to avoid harming his reputation as a don at Oxford University .

His book entitled A Grief Observed, which describes his experience of bereavement, was originally released under the pseudonym "N. W. Clerk". Eric Blair also adopted the pseudonym George Orwell for several books, including Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty Four. Female authors Some female authors have used pen names to ensure that their works were accepted by publishers and/or the public. Such is the case of Peru's famous Clarinda, whose work with published in the early 17th Century. More often, women have adopted masculine pen names. This was common in the 19th century, when women were beginning to make inroads into literature but, it was felt, would not be taken as seriously by readers as male authors. Mary Ann Evans wrote under the pen name George Eliot , and Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, Baronne Dudevant, used the pseudonym George Sand . Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë published under the names Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell respectively. Karen Blixen 's very successful Out of Africa was originally published under the pen name Isak Dinesen.

Victoria Benedictsson, one of the most famous Swedish authors of the 19th century, wrote under the name Ernst Ahlgren. More recently, women who write in genres normally written by men sometimes choose to use initials or a neutral pen name, such as D. C. Fontana, J. K. Rowling, K. A. Applegate, and S. E. Hinton. Author Robin Hobb chose that unisex pen name when she set out to write a fantasy trilogy featuring a male leading character. An example of the opposite situation is Ian Fleming 's experimental James Bond novel The Spy Who Loved Me, which is written in the first person from the perspective of the female protagonist, Vivienne Michel, and purports to be written by her and merely presented by Fleming who 'found' the manuscript. Even at the time of publication the reality of the situation was clear, however. Collective names In some forms of fiction, the pen name adopted is the name of the lead character, to suggest to the reader that the book is a (fictional) autobiography. Daniel Handler used the pseudonym Lemony Snicket to present his A Series of Unfortunate Events books as memoirs by an acquaintance of the main characters.

Some series fiction is published under one pen name even though more than one author may have contributed to the series. In some cases the first books in the series were written by one writer, but subsequent books were written by ghost writers. For instance, many of the later books in the The Saint adventure series were not written by Leslie Charteris, the originator of the series. Similarly, Nancy Drew mystery books are published as though they were written by Carolyn Keene, The Hardy Boys books are published as the work of Franklin W. Dixon, and The Bobbsey Twins series are credited to Laura Lee Hope, although several authors have been involved in each series. Collaborative authors may have their works published under a single pen name. Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee published their mystery novels and stories under the pen name Ellery Queen (as well as publishing the work of ghost-writers under the same name). Cheryth Baldry, Kate Gary, and Victoria Holmes wrote the Warriors series under the pseudonym of Erin Hunter to keep their readers from searching all over the library for their books. The writers of Atlanta Nights, a deliberately bad book intended to embarrass the publishing firm PublishAmerica, used the pen name Travis Tea.

Sometimes multiple authors will write related books under the same pseudonym; examples include Nicolas Bourbaki in non-fiction and T. H. Lain in fiction. Nicolas Bourbaki is the collective pseudonym under which a group of (mainly French ) 20th-century mathematicians wrote a series of books presenting an exposition of modern advanced mathematics , beginning in 1935. With the goal of founding all of mathematics on set theory , the group strove for utmost rigour and generality, creating some new terminology and concepts along the way.In 2007 three Slovenian artists legally changed their names to Janez Janša the Slovenia’s economic-liberal, conservative prime minister at the time. When publicly asked whether this gesture was of an affirmative or subversive nature, they claimed they did it for "personal reasons". All their works, including art exhibitions, theatrical pieces, and publications, have been signed under this name ever since. With this gesture they introduced the concept of namesake as a collective name. The three artists now occasionally use their original names as a pen name. Concealment of identity A pseudonym may also be used to protect the writer for exposé books about espionage or crime.

Andy McNab, a former SAS soldier used a pseudonym for his book about a failed SAS mission titled Bravo Two Zero. Ibn Warraq has been used by dissident Muslim authors. Author Brian O'Nolan used the pen names "Flann O'Brien" and "Myles na gCopaleen" for his novels and journalistic writing from the 1940s to the 1960s because Irish civil servants were not allowed at that time to publish works under their own names. The identity of the enigmatic twentieth century novelist B. Traven has never been revealed, in spite of thorough research. The Histoire d'O (The Story of O), an erotic novel of sadomasochism and sexual slavery, was written by an editorial secretary with a reputation of near-prudery who used the pseudonym Pauline Réage.

Alice Bradley Sheldon had a multiplicity of reasons to write under the pen name of James Tiptree, Jr.: she was a woman writing in the heavily male-dominated genre of science fiction ; she was a bisexual woman who may have wanted to avoid the inherent biases of her readers; and she was a career intelligence officer, first in the Army Air Corps and then in the early years of the CIA , for whom concealment was a way of life.'' Eastern cultures Persian and Urdu poetry Note: List of Urdu language poets provides pen names for a range of Urdu poets. A shâ'er (a poet who writes she'rs in Urdu or Persian) almost always has a takhallus, a pen name, traditionally placed at the end of the name when referring to the poet by his full name. For example Hafez is a pen-name for Shams al-Din, and thus the usual way to refer to him would be Shams al-Din Hafez or just Hafez. Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan (his official name and title) is referred to as Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, or just Mirza Ghalib.

India In Indian Languages, writers put it at the end of their names, like Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'. Sometimes they also write under their pen name without their actual name like Firaq Gorakhpuri. In early Indian literature, we find authors shying away from using any name considering it to be egotistical. Due to this notion, even today it is hard to trace the authorship of many earlier literary works from India. Later, we find that the writers adopted the practice of using the name of their deity of worship or Guru's name as their pen name. In this case, typically the pen name would be included at the end of the prose or poetry. For instance, the famous Lady Saint of India, Meerabai used 'Giridhar' a name of her beloved Lord Krishna. Great Saint and Social reformer Basavanna used the pen name 'Kudalasangamadeva' addressing the Supreme Lord in the memory of the place where he attained his divine communion. It is interesting to see how these authors twain the name of the God in their works. Japan Japanese poets who write haiku often use a haiga or penname.

The famous haiku poet Matsuo Bashō had used fifteen different haiga before he became fond of a banana plant (bashō) that had been given to him by a disciple and started using it as his penname at the age of 38. Similar to a pen name, Japanese artists usually have a gō or art-name, which might change a number of times during their career. In some cases, artists adopted different gō at different stages of their career, usually to mark significant changes in their life. One of the most extreme examples of this is Hokusai , who in the period 1798 to 1806 alone used no fewer than six. Manga artist Ogure Ito uses the pen name 'Oh! great' because his real name Ogure Ito is roughly how the Japanese pronounce "oh great." Etymology Despite the use of French words in the name Nom de plume, the term did not originate in France. H. W. Fowler and F. G.

Fowler, in The King's English state that the term nom de plume "evolved" in Britain, where people wanting a "literary" phrase, failed to understand the term nom de guerre , which already existed in French. Since guerre means war in French, nom de guerre did not make sense to the British, who did not understand the French metaphor. The term was later exported to France (H. W. Fowler's Modern English Usage). See French-language expression, although amongst French speakers pseudonyme is much more common. References and further reading Room, Adrian (editor). Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 11,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins. McFarland, 2004. ISBN 0786416580 (Wikipedia) FREE BOOK "The Hardy Boys by Franklin W. Dixon" value how read without signing portable store eReader : TheSevenSwordsmen FREE BOOK "The Hardy Boys by Franklin W. Dixon" value how read without signing portable store eReader This is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.

0 1 2 [–] [deleted] 0 points1 point2 points 11 months ago . Description book The Hardy Boys by Franklin W. Dixon: The Hardy Boys, Frank and Joe Hardy, are fictional characters who appear in various mystery series for children and teens.The characters were created by Edward Stratemeyer, the founder of the S... . . . . . The Hardy Boys Unofficial Home Page The Hardy Boys Series began in 1927 when three "breeder" volumes (written by Leslie McFarlane under the name Franklin W. Dixon) were released: The Tower Treasure Who was Franklin W. Dixon? All Hardy Boys books list Franklin W. Dixon as the author. There's only one problem.. Franklin W. Dixon never existed! Hardy Boys Books by Franklin W. Dixon from Simon & Schuster Frequently Asked Questions Hardy Boys Online | FAQ Franklin W. Dixon is the pen name used by a variety of different authors (Leslie McFarlane a Canadian author being the first) who wrote The Hardy Boys novels for Franklin W. Dixon Wikipedia the free encyclopedia A brief history of the Hardy Boys Hardy Boys Adventures | By Franklin W. DIxon Franklin W.

Dixon was the pseudonym devised by Edward Stratemeyer for the author of a series of mystery books he was developing which became the Hardy Boys series. Franklin W. Dixon's Biography | Scholastic.com The Tower Treasure (Hardy Boys 1) by Franklin W. Dixon Frequently Asked Questions 1. Who is Franklin W. Dixon? Is he still alive? If you're a young reader I should warn you: the answer to this might be very disappointing! The Hardy Boys Created by Franklin W. Dixon (pseud. of Edward Stratemeyer 1862-1930 and others) W orld-renowned private detective and former ace NYPD sleuth FENTON the hardy boys books by franklin w. dixon Pa: So you finished The Tower Treasure last week after a long long read. How're you feeling about it now? Miloš: Good. Pa: Just good? Miloš: Not exactly. Hardy Boys Books by Franklin W. Dixon Learn about the Hardy Boys Books: New Releases upcoming books video excerpts and special features The Hardy Boys Books by Franklin W. Dixon. Detailed information on the books & cover art TV shows & collectibles.

Sales from Amazon.com. FAQ and social media too. The Hardy Boys Thrilling Detective Who was Franklin W. Dixon? Secret of the Red Arrow On Sale. Hardy Boys Adventures a brand new series is available now. Get started with 1: Secret of the Red Arrow. .

Question: Stories about what fictional heroes were written under the pen name of Franklin W Dixon?
Answer: The Hardy Boys