Types of Carcinoma: Basal Cell, Squamous Cell, and Adenocarcinoma Types of Carcinoma Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs, such as the liver or kidneys . Like other types of cancer , carcinomas are abnormal cells that divide without control. They are able to spread to other parts of the body, but don't always. "Carcinoma in situ" stays in the cells where it started. Not all cancers are carcinoma. Other types of cancer that aren't carcinomas invade the body in different ways. Those cancers begin in other types of tissue, such as: Bone Spinal cord Types of Carcinoma Although carcinomas can occur in many parts of the body, you may often hear people talk about these common types of carcinoma: Adenocarcinoma Basal cell carcinoma. This is the most common form of all cancers. It occurs in cells lining the deepest part of the skin's outer layer. You should get quick treatment for basal cell carcinoma to avoid scars. But only in very rare cases does this type of carcinoma spread to other parts of the body.

Basal cell carcinomas often look like: Open sores Pink growths Shiny bumps or scars If you have basal cell carcinoma it's likely that you got it because of too much time in the sun. You may have had a few bad sunburns or else spent a lot of time in the sun during your life. Squamous cell carcinoma. Most people think of skin cancer when they hear the words "squamous cell carcinoma." And it is true that this type of carcinoma often shows up on the skin. But squamous cell carcinoma can also be found in other parts of the body, such as cells lining: Certain organs Digestive tract Respiratory tract When squamous cell carcinoma develops in the skin, you often find it on areas that are exposed to the sun, such as the: Face Squamous cell carcinomas may crust or bleed and can include: Scaly red patches Growth with a depression in the middle Warts Renal cell carcinoma. This is the most common type of kidney cancer . It usually grows as a single tumor within the kidney . Renal cell carcinoma is sometimes discovered when you have a CT scan or an ultrasound for another reason. Sometimes it is detected after it has already become very large or spread to other organs.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This is considered a pre-cancerous condition found in cells inside the ducts of the breast . But in DCIS, the cancer has not fully developed or spread into nearby areas. Nearly all women diagnosed with this can be cured. Invasive ductal carcinoma. This type of breast cancer starts in a milk duct but spreads into the fatty tissue of the breast . It can spread to other parts of the body through the lymph system and bloodstream. It may be discovered as a suspicious mass through a mammogram by your health provider or during a breast self-exam. Other symptoms may include: A to Z List of Cancer Types - National Cancer Institute Learn More About Cancer Types There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form, but they also may be described by the type of cell that formed them. Learn more about cancer and types of cancer. A What Is Cancer? - National Cancer Institute What Is Cancer? A dividing lung cancer cell. Credit: National Institutes of Health A Collection of Related Diseases Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases.

In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however.

When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening. Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping. In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells. Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor—an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.

Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system. Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with the help of certain immune system cells that normally prevent a runaway immune response , cancer cells can actually keep the immune system from killing cancer cells. How Cancer Arises Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. Genetic changes that cause cancer can be inherited from our parents. They can also arise during a person’s lifetime as a result of errors that occur as cells divide or because of damage to DNA caused by certain environmental exposures. Cancer-causing environmental exposures include substances, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke, and radiation, such as ultraviolet rays from the sun. (Our Cancer Causes and Risk Factors page has more information.) Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur.

Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes. In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes, such as mutations in DNA, than normal cells. Some of these changes may have nothing to do with the cancer; they may be the result of the cancer, rather than its cause. "Drivers" of Cancer The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes— proto-oncogenes , tumor suppressor genes , and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer. Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (or oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not. Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner. DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.

As scientists have learned more about the molecular changes that lead to cancer, they have found that certain mutations commonly occur in many types of cancer. Because of this, cancers are sometimes characterized by the types of genetic alterations that are believed to be driving them, not just by where they develop in the body and how the cancer cells look under the microscope. When Cancer Spreads Enlarge In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (primary cancer), travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors (metastatic tumors) in other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. A cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis. Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. For example, breast cancer that spreads to and forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. Under a microscope, metastatic cancer cells generally look the same as cells of the original cancer.

Moreover, metastatic cancer cells and cells of the original cancer usually have some molecular features in common, such as the presence of specific chromosome changes. Treatment may help prolong the lives of some people with metastatic cancer. In general, though, the primary goal of treatments for metastatic cancer is to control the growth of the cancer or to relieve symptoms caused by it. Metastatic tumors can cause severe damage to how the body functions, and most people who die of cancer die of metastatic disease. Tissue Changes that Are Not Cancer Not every change in the body’s tissues is cancer. Some tissue changes may develop into cancer if they are not treated, however. Here are some examples of tissue changes that are not cancer but, in some cases, are monitored: Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster than normal and extra cells build up, or proliferate. However, the cells and the way the tissue is organized look normal under a microscope. Hyperplasia can be caused by several factors or conditions, including chronic irritation. Dysplasia is a more serious condition than hyperplasia. In dysplasia, there is also a buildup of extra cells. But the cells look abnormal and there are changes in how the tissue is organized.

In general, the more abnormal the cells and tissue look, the greater the chance that cancer will form. Some types of dysplasia may need to be monitored or treated. An example of dysplasia is an abnormal mole (called a dysplastic nevus) that forms on the skin. A dysplastic nevus can turn into melanoma, although most do not. An even more serious condition is carcinoma in situ. Although it is sometimes called cancer, carcinoma in situ is not cancer because the abnormal cells do not spread beyond the original tissue. That is, they do not invade nearby tissue the way that cancer cells do. But, because some carcinomas in situ may become cancer, they are usually treated. Normal cells may become cancer cells. Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the cells go through abnormal changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope. In dysplasia, the cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not become cancer.

Credit: Terese Winslow Types of Cancer There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form. For example, lung cancer starts in cells of the lung, and brain cancer starts in cells of the brain. Cancers also may be described by the type of cell that formed them, such as an epithelial cell or a squamous cell. You can search NCI’s website for information on specific types of cancer based on the cancer’s location in the body or by using our A to Z List of Cancers . We also have collections of information on childhood cancers and cancers in adolescents and young adults . Here are some categories of cancers that begin in specific types of cells: Carcinoma Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They are formed by epithelial cells, which are the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body. There are many types of epithelial cells, which often have a column-like shape when viewed under a microscope. Carcinomas that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names: Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells that produce fluids or mucus.

Tissues with this type of epithelial cell are sometimes called glandular tissues. Most cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate are adenocarcinomas. Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower or basal (base) layer of the epidermis, which is a person’s outer layer of skin. Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in squamous cells, which are epithelial cells that lie just beneath the outer surface of the skin. Squamous cells also line many other organs, including the stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, and kidneys. Squamous cells look flat, like fish scales, when viewed under a microscope. Squamous cell carcinomas are sometimes called epidermoid carcinomas. Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in a type of epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium, or urothelium. This tissue, which is made up of many layers of epithelial cells that can get bigger and smaller, is found in the linings of the bladder, ureters, and part of the kidneys (renal pelvis), and a few other organs. Some cancers of the bladder, ureters, and kidneys are transitional cell carcinomas.

Sarcoma Enlarge Soft tissue sarcoma forms in soft tissues of the body, including muscle, tendons, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and tissue around joints. Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels , and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments). Our page on soft tissue sarcoma has more information. Leukemia Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow are called leukemias. These cancers do not form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of abnormal white blood cells (leukemia cells and leukemic blast cells) build up in the blood and bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells. The low level of normal blood cells can make it harder for the body to get oxygen to its tissues, control bleeding, or fight infections. There are four common types of leukemia, which are grouped based on how quickly the disease gets worse (acute or chronic) and on the type of blood cell the cancer starts in (lymphoblastic or myeloid). Our page on leukemia has more information. Lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B cells).

These are disease-fighting white blood cells that are part of the immune system. In lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes build up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other organs of the body. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells usually form from B cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells. Our page on lymphoma has more information. Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is cancer that begins in plasma cells , another type of immune cell. The abnormal plasma cells, called myeloma cells, build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in bones all through the body. Multiple myeloma is also called plasma cell myeloma and Kahler disease. Our page on multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms has more information. Melanoma Melanoma is cancer that begins in cells that become melanocytes, which are specialized cells that make melanin (the pigment that gives skin its color).

Most melanomas form on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye. Our pages on skin cancer and intraocular melanoma have more information. Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors. These tumors are named based on the type of cell in which they formed and where the tumor first formed in the central nervous system. For example, an astrocytic tumor begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes , which help keep nerve cells healthy. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Other Types of Tumors Germ Cell Tumors Germ cell tumors are a type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. These tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. Our page of cancers by body location/system includes a list of germ cell tumors with links to more information. Neuroendocrine Tumors Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. These tumors, which may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, can cause many different symptoms. Neuroendocrine tumors may be benign or malignant.

Our definition of neuroendocrine tumors has more information. Carcinoid Tumors Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor. They are slow-growing tumors that are usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the rectum and small intestine). Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome . Types of cancer | Cancer Research UK The main categories of cancer Our bodies are made up of billions of cells. The cells are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. These cells are grouped together to make up the tissues and organs of our bodies. These cells are basically the same, but they vary in some ways. This is because the body organs do very different things. For example, nerves and muscles do very different things. So nerve and muscle cells have different structures. Cancers can be grouped according to the type of cell they start in. There are 5 main categories Carcinoma – cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

There are a number of subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma Sarcoma – cancer that begins in the connective or supportive tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or blood vessels Leukaemia – cancer that starts in blood forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and go into the blood Lymphoma and myeloma – cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system Brain and spinal cord cancers – these are known as central nervous system cancers Cancers can also be classified according to where they start in the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer. Carcinomas Carcinomas start in epithelial tissues. These cover the outside of the body as the skin. They also cover and line all the organs inside the body, such as the organs of the digestive system. And they line the body cavities, such as the inside of the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity. diagram-of-epithelial-cells.jpg Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They make up about 85 out of every 100 cancers in the UK (85%).

There are different types of epithelial cells and these can develop into different types of carcinoma. These include those below. Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma starts in squamous cells. These are the flat, surface covering cells found in areas such as the skin or the lining of the throat or food pipe (oesophagus). diagram-of-glandular-cells.jpg Transitional cell carcinoma Transitional cells are cells that can stretch as an organ expands, and they make up tissues called transitional epithelium. An example is the lining of the bladder. Cancers that start in these cells are called transitional cell carcinoma. diagram-of-transitional-cells.jpg Basal cell carcinoma Basal cells are found in the deepest layer of skin cells. Cancers that start in these cells are called basal cell carcinomas. They are common. diagram-of-basal-cells.jpg Sarcomas Sarcomas start in connective tissues, which are the supporting tissues of the body. Connective tissues include the bones, cartilage, tendons and fibrous tissue that support the body organs. Sarcomas are much less common than carcinomas. They are usually grouped into two main types – bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma) and soft tissue sarcomas.

Altogether, these make up less than 1 in every 100 cancers diagnosed (1%). Bone sarcomas Lymphomas and myeloma – lymphatic system cancers Lymphatic system cancers include lymphomas and myeloma. Lymphomas Lymphomas start from cells in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a system of tubes and glands in the body that filters body fluid and fights infection. It is made up of the lymph glands, lymphatic vessels and the spleen. Because the lymphatic system runs all through the body, lymphoma can start just about anywhere. Some of the white blood cells (lymphocytes) start to divide abnormally. And they don't naturally die off as they usually do. These cells start to divide before they are fully mature so they can't fight infection. The abnormal lymphocytes start to collect in the lymph nodes or other places such as the bone marrow or spleen. They can then grow into tumours. Lymphomas make up about 5 out of 100 of all cancer cases in the UK (5%). You can find out about lymphomas . Myeloma Myeloma is also known as multiple myeloma.

It is a cancer that starts in plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow. They produce antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, to help fight infection. In myeloma, the plasma cells become abnormal, multiply uncontrollably, and make only one type of antibody that does not work properly to fight infection. Myeloma makes up about 1 out of 100 cases of cancer in the UK (1%). You can find out more about myeloma . Brain and spinal cord cancers Cancer can start in the cells of the brain or spinal cord. The brain controls the body by sending electrical messages along nerve fibres. The fibres run out of the brain and join together to make the spinal cord, which also takes messages from the body to the brain. Together, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. The brain is made up of billions of nerve cells called neurones. It also contains special connective tissue cells called glial cells that support the nerve cells. The most common type of brain tumour develops from glial cells and is called glioma.

Some tumours that start in the brain or spinal cord are non cancerous (benign) and grow very slowly but others are cancerous and are more likely to grow and spread. Common and Rare Types of Cancer Common and Rare Types of Cancer Search the site By Lynne Eldridge, MD - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated August 18, 2016 Cancer isn't a single disease, but rather a collection of over 200 different diseases. As such, it is difficult to talk about cancer without understanding the specific type of cancer someone has developed. There are several ways in which cancers are categorized. Understanding how cancers are named and classified may help you better understand some of the foreign sounding terms used when talking about these concerns. Classification of Cancer Types Some of the ways cancers are separated into different groups include: By the type of cell or tissue where the cancer began By the organ or organ system where the cancer originated Cancers may also be referred to as "solid" or blood-related cancers. Blood-related cancers include leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas, while solid cancers include all other cancers. Other distinguishing characteristics of tumors are discussed below.

Understanding Soft Tissue Sarcomas Primary Cancer and Metastases An often confusing point in discussing cancer types occurs when a cancer spreads ( metastasizes ) to another region of the body. When a cancer spreads, it is named for the type of cancer cell or organ in which it began, not for the region of the body where it spreads. This is the primary cancer . For example, if breast cancer begins in the breast and later spreads to the lung it would not be called lung cancer. Instead, it would be referred to as "primary breast cancer metastatic to the lungs." In this example, breast cancer would be the primary cancer and the lungs would be the site of metastasis. Rarely, doctors are unable to determine where a cancer began but only find evidence of cancer where it has spread. This is referred to as an unknown primary or cancer of unknown origin with metastasis to the location where the cancer is discovered. Benign vs. Malignant Tumors Sometimes it can be difficult to decide if a tumor is benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). There are many differences between benign and malignant tumors , but the key difference is that malignant tumors can spread (metastasize) to other regions of the body.

It is actually this spread of cancer via the bloodstream or lymphatic system that is responsible for most deaths from cancer. To make this more confusing, tumors often contain a mixture of cells including normal cells, precancerous cells , and cancer cells. There are many differences between cancer cells and normal cells that account for the behavior of cancers. Cancer cells lack "sticky" substances called adhesion molecules which hold cells together in the organ where they belong. Signs and Symptoms of Stomach Cancer Cancer cells also fail to follow the "normal" rules of cell growth, multiplying and dividing when they should not, and failing to die off when they should. A rule of thumb (with exceptions) for knowing if a tumor is benign or malignant based on its name is that malignant tumors usually include the name of the particular cell type in which it began. For example, a benign bone tumor might be called an osteoma, but a malignant tumor, an osteosarcoma. Likewise, an angioma refers to a benign tumor of blood vessels, whereas an angiosarcoma signifies a cancer of blood vessel tissue. One of the exceptions is melanoma, which is a cancerous tumor of cells called melanocytes. More on this next.

Cancers by Cell or Tissue Type The name for many cancers derives from the type of cells in which cancer begins. Understanding these basic cell types can be very helpful if you have been diagnosed with cancer. For example, you may have been told you have kidney cancer, but kidney cancers can differ significantly based on the type of kidney cell in which these tumors start. There are six major types of cancer based on cell type: Carcinomas Mixed types (including blastomas) Carcinomas Carcinomas are the most common cell type of cancer, accounting for 80 percent to 90 percent of cancers. These cancers arise in cells called epithelial cells. Epithelial cells include the cells of the skin and those that line body cavities and cover organs. Carcinomas may be further broken down into: Adenocarcinomas: Adenocarcinomas begin in glandular cells that manufacture fluids, such as breast milk. Squamous cell carcinomas: Examples of squamous cells include those in the top layer of the skin, the upper portion of the esophagus and airways, and the lower portion of the cervix and vagina.

Basal cell carcinomas: Basal cells are only present in the skin and are the deepest layer of skin cells. Transitional cell carcinomas: Transitional cells are epithelial cells that are "stretchy" and are present in the bladder and parts of the kidney. In addition to these more specific cell types, carcinomas may be named based on their location. Will You Be Having a Cystoscopy? Here's What to Expect For example, breast carcinomas that arise in the mild ducts would be referred to as ductal carcinomas, whereas those that arise in the lobules are considered lobular carcinomas. Carcinomas are the only cancer cell type that have a noninvasive phase, and therefore are the only cancers for which screening is routinely done. Cancers that are still "contained" and have not spread through the basement membrane are referred to as carcinoma in situ or CIN. Cancer detected at this early, pre-invasive stage should, theoretically, be completely cured with removal. Sarcomas Sarcomas are cancers of the bone and soft tissues of the body that are made up of cells called mesenchymal cells.

These include cancers of the bone, muscles (both skeletal and smooth muscle), tendons, ligaments, cartilage, blood vessels, nerves, synovial tissues (joint tissues), and fatty tissues. Examples of sarcomas include: Osteosarcoma (bone cancers): Osteocytes are bone cells. Chondrosarcoma (cartilage cancers): Cartilage cells are called chondroblasts. Liposarcoma (fatty tissue cancers) Mesothelioma (cancers of the mesothelium, the tissues that line the chest and abdominal cavities) Fibrosarcoma (cancers of fibrous tissues) Glioma and astrocytoma (cells of the connective tissue in the brain) Myelomas Myeloma, also called multiple myeloma, is a cancer of cells in the immune system known as plasma cells. Plasma cells are the cells that manufacture antibodies. Leukemias Leukemias are cancers of the blood cells, and they originate in the bone marrow. Among blood-related cancers, leukemias are considered "liquid cancers" in contrast to myelomas and lymphomas.

Since these cancers involve cells that circulate in the blood stream, they are often treated like solid cancers that have spread Examples include: Acute lymphocytic leukemias (ALL): These are cancers of white blood cells known as lymphocytes . Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Acute myelocytic leukemias (AML): These are cancers of mature or immature cells known as myelocytes, such as neutrophils . Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) Lymphomas Lymphomas are cancers that arise from cells of the immune system. These cancers may arise in lymph nodes or from extranodal sites such as the spleen, stomach, or testicles. These are broken down into: Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Mixed Types It's not uncommon for a cancer to have characteristics of more than one type of tissue. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways, one of which is referred to as differentiation. Some cancers can look very much like the normal cells in which they originate (these are called "well-differentiated tumors"), yet others may bear little resemblance to them (you may see the term "undifferentiated" on a pathology report).

In addition to this, most tumors are "heterogeneous." This means that the cells in one part of a tumor may look very different from cells in another part of a tumor. For example, a lung cancer may have some cells that look like adenocarcinoma and others that appear to be squamous cell carcinoma. This would be described in a pathology report as having "adenosquamous" features. A tissue type of cancer that is sometimes separated out is blastomas. These are cancers that occur in embryonic cells—cells that have not yet chosen a path to become epithelial cells or mesenchymal cells. Cancers by Organ Systems From Head to Toe Cancers are also often separated by the organs or organ systems in which they arise. Categorized in this way, some cancer include: Central Nervous System Cancers Central nervous system cancers include those that originate in tissues of either the brain or the spinal cord. Cancers that spread to the brain are not considered brain cancers, but rather brain metastases, and are seven times more common than primary brain cancers. Unlike tumors in other regions of the body, brain cancers do not often spread outside of the brain.

Cancers that commonly spread to the brain include lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Overall, the incidence of brain cancer has been increasing in recent years. Gliomas and Brain Cancer Head and Neck Cancers Head and neck cancers can affect any region of the head and neck from the tongue to the vocal cords. In the past, these cancers were most commonly seen in people who were both heavy drinkers and smokers. In recent years, however, human papillomavirus (HPV) has become an important cause of these cancers, with close to 10,000 people developing HPV-related head and neck cancers each year in the United States alone. Two such cancers are: Oral cancer : Roughly 85 percent of head and neck cancers are oral cancers. These cancers may involve the mouth, the tongue, the tonsils, the throat (the pharynx), and the nasal passageways. Laryngeal cancer : (cancer of the vocal cords) Breast Cancers Many people are aware that breast cancer is an all-too-common cancer in women, but it's important to point out that men get breast cancer also. Approximately 1 in 100 breast cancers occur in men.

The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma. Since most breast cancers are carcinomas, they may sometimes be detected before they have become invasive. This is considered "carcinoma in situ" or stage 0 breast cancer. Breast cancer stages 1 through 4 are invasive stages of the disease. You may hear these more specific names: Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and lobular carcinoma in situ : Carcinoma in situ is the earliest stage at which breast cancer can be detected and is considered stage 0. These cancers have not yet penetrated through the basement membrane and are considered non-invasive. They are most often detected when a biopsy is done for an abnormality on a screening mammogram. Invasive (infiltrating) breast cancer (both ductal and lobular): Once a breast cancer penetrates through the basement membrane, it is considered invasive. It can be frightening to hear that you have an "invasive" cancer, but this does not mean that your cancer has spread. As noted above, even stage 1 is referred to as "invasive" breast cancer based on the appearance of the tumor under a microscope.

Inflammatory breast cancer : Inflammatory breast cancer, in contrast to other breast cancers, does not usually present as a lump. Rather, the early stages of the disease look like a redness and rash on the breast. Male breast cancer : Again, breast cancer does occur in men. When it does, it is more likely that there is a genetic component, and a family history of breast cancer in men in your family should prompt a discussion with your doctor. Respiratory Cancers View the stages of lung cancer. Cancers of the lung and bronchial tubes are the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women in the United States. While smoking is a risk factor for these diseases, lung cancer occurs in never-smokers as well. In fact, lung cancer in these individuals is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer is decreasing overall, likely related to a decrease in smoking, but is increasing in young adults, especially young, never-smoking woman. The reason is not understood at this time.

Types you may hear about: Non-small cell lung cancer : Subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (responsible for around 85 percent of lung cancers) include lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs, and large cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer : Small cell lung cancer accounts for around 15 percent of lung cancers and is more likely to occur in people who have smoked. Mesothelioma : Mesothelioma is a cancer of the pleural mesothelium—the lining surrounding the lungs. It is strongly linked with exposure to asbestos. Digestive System Cancers Digestive tract cancers may occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus. Most of these cancers are adenocarcinomas, with squamous cell carcinomas occurring in the upper esophagus and most distant portion of the anus. Types include: Esophageal cancer : The most common form of esophageal cancer has changed in recent years. Whereas squamous cell esophageal cancer (often related to smoking and drinking) was once the most common form of the disease, esophageal adenocarcinoma (often related to long-standing acid reflux) is the most common type today.

Stomach cancer : Stomach cancer is uncommon in the United States, but is a common type of cancer worldwide. Pancreatic cancer : Pancreatic cancer is less common than some other cancers, but is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. It is most often diagnosed in the later stages of the disease when surgery is no longer possible. Liver cancer : Primary liver cancer is fairly uncommon, with cancer metastatic to the liver being much more common. Risk factors for liver cancer include alcohol abuse and chronic infections with hepatitis B or C. Colon cancer : Colon cancer is often referred to as colorectal cancer and includes both cancers of the rectum and the upper colon. It is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women. Anal cancer : Anal cancer differs from colon cancer both in treatments and causes. Infection with HPV now causes the majority of anal cancers. Cancers of the Genitourinary System The genitourinary system involves the kidneys, the bladder, the tubes connecting the kidneys and bladder (called the ureters), and the urethra (the passageway out from the bladder). This system also includes structures such as the prostate gland.

Types include: Kidney cancer : The most common types of kidney cancer include renal cell carcinoma (around 90 percent of cases), transitional cell carcinoma, and Wilms' tumor in children. Bladder cancer : Roughly half of bladder cancers are caused by tobacco exposure. Those who work with dyes (ink) are at a higher risk. Prostate cancer : Prostate is the second leading cause of cancer death in men, but now has a very high five-year survival rate. Reproductive System Cancers Reproductive organ cancers may occur in men and women. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths in women, and though curable in the early stages, is often diagnosed when it has already spread. Types include: Cervical cancer Endocrine Cancers Most endocrine cancers, with the exception of thyroid cancer, are fairly rare. The endocrine system is a series of glands that produce hormones and, as such, may have symptoms of an over- or underproduction of these hormones. A combination of different endocrine cancers may run in families and is referred to as MEN, which stands for multiple endocrine neoplasia.

Thyroid cancer : The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing the United States more than any other cancer. Thankfully, the survival rate for many of these cancers is high as well. Bone and Soft Tissue Cancers As noted above, cancers may occur in bones as well as soft tissues of the body such as muscles, ligaments, fibrous tissue, and even blood vessels. In contrast to primary bone and soft tissue cancers, which are uncommon, cancer that is metastatic to bone is common. Bone cancer, either primary or metastatic, often presents with symptoms of pain or of a pathologic fracture —a fracture that occurs in a bone that is weakened by the presence of tumor. Types include: Kaposi's sarcoma : Kaposi's sarcoma is a soft tissue cancer often seen in people with HIV/AIDS. Ewing's sarcoma : Ewing's sarcoma is a bone cancer that primarily affects children. Blood-related cancers Blood-related cancers include both those involving blood cells and those involving solid tissue of the immune system, such as lymph nodes.The risk factors for blood-related cancers differ somewhat from solid cancers in that environmental exposures as well viruses (such as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis) play a significant role.

These are the most common cancers in children. Basal cell carcinoma Other Ways in Which Cancers Are Classified In addition to dividing cancers by cell types and organs, tumors are often classified in other ways as well. By the grade of the tumor: Grade is a measure of the aggressiveness of a tumor. A grade 1 tumor is less aggressive and the cells may closely resemble normal cells in which the cancer began. A grade 3 tumor, in contrast, is usually more aggressive, and the cells look very different than normal cells. By the stage of the tumor: Tumors are staged in different ways, but many are given a number between 1 and 4, with 4 being the most advanced stage of the cancer. Non-hereditary cancer vs hereditary cancer : Some cancers are referred to as hereditary cancers. For example, around 10 percent of breast cancers are referred to as "hereditary breast cancer." There is much overlap, and genetics play a role in many cancers . DNA/molecular profiles: As our understanding of genetics improves, tumors are more frequently being classified as to their particular genetic profile. For example, some lung cancers have EGFR mutations and other have ALK rearrangements.

Most Common Cancers Take a moment to review the 10 most fatal cancers in men as well as the 10 most fatal cancers in women . An awareness of the early signs and symptoms of these diseases is important in order to catch these cancers as early as possible. Make sure to talk to your doctor about any risk factors you have for cancer and your family history of the disease, and discuss any screening tests she would recommend. Rare Cancers There are many cancers that are considered uncommon or rare—some occurring in only a few people each year. These can range from rare types of ovarian cancer to rare skin cancers . It can be lonely if you are diagnosed with these cancers, but it's important to remember that research on the more common cancers is opening up treatments for people with less common cancers as well. We know that experience can make a difference in health care. If you are diagnosed with a rare cancer, it may be worth asking for a second opinion at one of the large National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers. These larger centers are more likely to have oncologists on staff who take a special interest in less common—but no less important—cancers.

Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Different Types of Cancer There are many different causes and risk factors for cancer , and some of these causes are more important with regard to specific types of cancer. For example, exposure to asbestos appears to be the causative factor in the majority of people with mesothelioma. While you may know that breast cancer may have a hereditary component, this can be the case with many other cancers too. For example, over 50 percent of melanomas are considered to have a genetic component. For most cancers, we do not yet have a screening test that can be used to find them in the earliest stages. At the same time, it's thought that cancers are most curable in these earlier stages. What this means is that having an awareness of the most common symptoms of cancer is critically important in taking care of your health. The best treatments for cancer depend on your exact type of cancer and how far it has progressed. Learn more by exploring Verywell's dedicated section: Cancer Treatments . A Word From Verywell There are many cancers in addition to those mentioned here, and, as noted, there is sometimes significant overlap.

With our increased understanding of genetics, it's likely that our classification of cancers will improve significantly in the next several years. It's important to understand that even with the same type and subtype of cancer, it is hard to know exactly how someone will do with treatment. If there were 200 people with breast cancer in a room, they would have 200 unique types of breast cancer from a molecular standpoint. The statistics about cancer can be frightening: one in two men and one in three women are expected to develop cancer during their lifetime, not including skin cancer. While those are scary numbers, educating yourself about cancer raises the chance that you will find a cancer in the earlier more curable stages of the disease. That said, even if a cancer is not curable, it is almost always treatable, and both the treatments for, and survival from, cancer have been improving in recent years. More people are living—and thriving—with cancer than ever before. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Statistics for Different Kinds of Cancer. Updated 06/16/16. Louis, D., Perry, A., Reifenberger, G. et al.

The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary . Acta Neuropathologica. 2016. 131(6):803-20. National Institute of Health. SEER Training Module. Cancer Classification. 2016. Cancer Causes, Types, Symptoms & Signs Medical Author: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications. Medical Editor: Jerry R. Balentine, DO, FACEP Jerry R. Balentine, DO, FACEP Dr. Balentine received his undergraduate degree from McDaniel College in Westminster, Maryland.

He attended medical school at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine graduating in1983. He completed his internship at St. Joseph's Hospital in Philadelphia and his Emergency Medicine residency at Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center in the Bronx, where he served as chief resident. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body. There are over 200 types of cancer . Anything that may cause a normal body cell to develop abnormally potentially can cause cancer; general categories of cancer-related or causative agents are as follows: chemical or toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation , some pathogens, and human genetics. Cancer symptoms and signs depend on the specific type and grade of cancer; although general signs and symptoms are not very specific the following can be found in patients with different cancers: fatigue , weight loss , pain, skin changes, change in bowel or bladder function, unusual bleeding, persistent cough or voice change, fever , lumps, or tissue masses. Although there are many tests to screen and presumptively diagnose cancer, the definite diagnosis is made by examination of a biopsy sample of suspected cancer tissue.

Cancer staging is often determined by biopsy results and helps determine the cancer type and the extent of cancer spread; staging also helps caregivers determine treatment protocols. In general, in most staging methods, the higher the number assigned (usually between 0 to 4), the more aggressive the cancer type or more widespread is the cancer in the body. Staging methods differ from cancer to cancer and need to be individually discussed with your health-care provider. Treatment protocols vary according to the type and stage of the cancer. Most treatment protocols are designed to fit the individual patient's disease. However, most treatments include at least one of the following and may include all: surgery, chemotherapy , and radiation therapy . There are many listed home remedies and alternative treatments for cancers but patients are strongly recommended to discuss these before use with their cancer doctors. The prognosis of cancer can range from excellent to poor. The prognosis depends on the cancer type and its staging with those cancers known to be aggressive and those staged with higher numbers (3 to 4) often have a prognosis that ranges more toward poor. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 12/1/2016 Types of Cancer: Different Cancer Types We Treat | CTCA Don't forget to enter your first name.

Last Name: Don't forget to enter your last name. Email Address Please enter a valid email address so we can respond to your inquiry. Who are you seeking cancer care for? Please enter who you are seeking care for. What type of insurance do you have? Please enter the type of insurance. I have read and understand the disclaimer . Please review the disclaimer. Carcinoma - Carcinoma Types & Treatment Options | CTCA Video Library Carcinoma Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. It begins in the epithelial tissue of the skin , or in the tissue that lines the internal organs, such as the liver or kidneys . Carcinomas may spread to other parts of the body, or be confined to the primary location: Carcinoma in situ : An early stage cancer that is still confined to the layer of tissue from which it started, and has not spread to surrounding tissue or other parts of the body. Invasive carcinoma: The cancer has spread beyond the primary tissue layer to surrounding tissue Metastatic carcinoma: The cancer has spread throughout the body to other tissues and organs. Types of carcinoma Carcinomas can occur in many parts of the body.

Some common types of carcinoma include: Basal cell carcinoma : The most common type of skin cancer. Cancerous cells develop within the basal cell layer of the skin, or the lowest part of the epidermis. Basal cell cancers usually grow slowly, and it is rare for them to spread, or metastasize, to nearby lymph nodes or even more distant parts of the body. Squamous cell carcinoma : The second most common type of skin cancer. Cancerous cells develop from the flat, squamous cells that are the primary cell type making up the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. Squamous cell cancers usually grow slowly, and it is uncommon for them to spread, or metastasize, but they are more likely than basal cell carcinomas to invade fatty tissue beneath the skin or to spread even further. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) : The most common type of kidney cancer. The cancerous cells typically develop in the lining of very small tubes in the kidney, called tubules. Over time, these cells may grow into a mass and cause an obstruction. The cancer may form in one or both of the kidneys.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) : The most common type of breast cancer. Cancerous cells are confined within the lining of the milk ducts, and haven't spread through the duct walls into surrounding breast tissue. Invasive ductal carcinoma : Cancerous cells grow in the duct lining, break through the wall of the duct and invade local breast tissue. From there, the cancer may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Carcinoma treatment & therapy options Treatment for carcinoma varies depending on the type, location and extent of the disease, but may include: Surgery : Depending on the type of cancer, carcinoma may be treated with surgical removal of cancerous tissue, as well as some surrounding tissue. Minimally invasive surgical treatment methods can help to reduce healing time and minimize the risk of infection after surgery. Radiation therapy : Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. Advanced radiation therapies make use of image guidance before and during treatment to target tumors, while sparing healthy tissues and surrounding organs. Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy treats carcinoma with drugs that destroy cancer cells, either throughout the whole body, or in a specific area.

In some cases, chemotherapy may be used in combination with other treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery. Understanding a Breast Cancer Diagnosis Breast Cancer Understanding a Breast Cancer Diagnosis If you’ve been diagnosed with breast cancer, you’ve probably heard a lot of different terms used to describe your cancer. Doctors use information from your breast biopsy to learn a lot of important things about the exact kind of cancer you have. You may also need more tests to get more details, such as the stage of the cancer or how fast it’s growing. Types of Breast Cancer There are several types of breast cancer. The type of breast cancer you have depends on where in the breast it started and other factors. Paget Disease of the Nipple Breast Cancer Grade and Other Tests Doctors use information from your breast biopsy to learn a lot of important things about the exact kind of breast cancer you have. Breast Cancer Gene Expression Stages and Outlook (Prognosis) If you have been diagnosed with breast cancer, tests will be done to find out the extent (stage) of the cancer. The stage of a cancer helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it.

Breast Cancer Survival Rates Questions to ask about your breast cancer You can take an active role in your breast cancer care by learning about your cancer and its treatment and by asking questions. Get a list of key questions here. Please share your thoughts about your cancer.org website experience. If you need immediate cancer-related information or patient program assistance, please call 800-227-2345 any time day or night. Email Address (optional) Dislike Suggestion What made your cancer.org website experience great? What made your cancer.org website experience challenging? [Please provide a link to the page if you experienced a technical issue.] Tell us about your idea to improve our website. Submit Thank you for your feedback! We appreciate you taking the time to provide us with your comments. We review all feedback and work to provide a better experience. If you need immediate assistance, please call 1-800-227-2345, any time day or night. If you would like to unsubscribe/opt out from our communications, please follow this link: Take the Quiz: Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Prevention and Screening Tobacco use is the number one cause of lung cancer, but people who don’t smoke may get lung cancer too.

Learn about the known causes of lung cancer, what you can do to lower your risk, and tests that may help find it early.

Question: Carcinoma is a type of what?
Answer: Cancer