パレスチナ独立戦争
He was later to win fame as the field commander for Operation Compass in World War II, in which his forces completely destroyed a much larger Italian army—a victory which nearly drove the Axis from Africa, and in turn, led Adolf Hitler to send the German Africa Corps under Erwin Rommel to try to reverse the situation.Towards the end of the revolt in May 1939 the authorities dissolved the peace bands and confiscated their arms. However, because members of the bands had become tainted in the eyes of the Palestinian Arabs, and some were under sentence of death, they had little choice but to continue the battle against the national movement's leadership, which they did with the continuing help of the Zionist movement.
From December 1937 the main opposition figures among the Arabs approached the Jewish Agency for funding and assistance, motivated by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership. In October 1937, shortly after Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the leader of the Arab Higher Committee, had fled from Palestine to escape British retribution, Raghib al-Nashashibi had written to Moshe Shertok stating his full willingness to co-operate with the Jewish Agency and to agree with whatever policy it proposed. From early in 1938 the Nashashibis received funding specifically to conduct anti-rebel operations, with Raghib al-Nashashibi himself receiving £5,000. The British also supplied funding to the peace bands and sometimes directed their operations.
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Yusuf Said Abu Durra, a Qassamite leader in the Jenin area, was born in Silat al-Harithiya and before becoming a rebel worked as a Gazoz vendor. He was said to be a narrow-minded man who thrived on extortion and cruelty and thus became greatly feared. Yusuf Hamdan was Durra's more respected lieutenant and later a leader of his own unit; he was killed by an army patrol in 1939 and buried in Lajjun. Durra himself was apprehended by the Arab Legion in Transjordan on 25 July 1939 and subsequently hanged.Fakhri Abdul Hadi (Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi) of the village of Arrabah worked closely with Fawzi al-Qawukji during 1936 but later defected to the British authorities. He bargained for a pardon by offering to collaborate with the British on countering rebel propaganda.
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↑ Krämer, 2008, p. 273.
1 2 3 Krämer, 2008, p. 239.
1 2 3 Krämer, 2008, p. 254.
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↑ Khalidi, 2001, p. 25.
1 2 3 Krämer, 2008, pp. 256–259.
↑ Krämer, 2008, pp. 2656–266.
↑ Krämer, 2008, p. 264.
↑ Commins, 2004, p. 113.
↑ Thomas, 2007, p. 295.
↑ “Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936” (PDF). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2010年5月29日閲覧。
↑ Morewood, 2004, pp. 86–96.
↑ Tripp, 2002, pp. 71–75.
↑ Morris, 1999, p. 129.
↑ Horne, 2003, p. 208.
1 2 3 4 Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 96.
↑ Krämer, 2008, p. 272.
↑ Peel Commission Report Cmd.
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経済要因も独立戦争の開始に大きな影響を与えた 。パレスチナのファッラーヒーン(貧農)はアラブ人人口の2/3を占め、1920年代から都市に大量に移住したが、そこでも貧困と社会的限界にぶつかるだけだった。
多くはヤッファとハイファのあばら家に住み、そこで貧者の中で働くカリスマ的伝道者のカッサムの援助と励ましを受けた。カッサムの存在が独立戦争を全土に広めた。第一次世界大戦はパレスチナの特に田舎を深く貧しくした。オスマン帝国と委任統治政府が農作物に重税を課し、更に1920年~30年代に安い輸入品や自然災害によって価格が急落した為貧農の生活は更に苦しくなった。
貧農の地代は人口密度上昇やユダヤ人入植機構(ユダヤ人国立基金)による土地の強奪により鋭く上昇し、地代を払えない為に追い出される貧農が続出した。1931年までに59万人のアラブ人が164km2の低地農地を所有していたのに対し、5万人のユダヤ人が102km2を所有していた。
1931年以降「土地を持たないアラブ人」問題は大きくなり、ワウチョペ高等委員はこの社会的貧困が不満を生み、深刻な混乱に繋がるかも知れないと警告した。