プログラム細胞死
↑ Schwartz, L.M., S.W. Smith, M.E. Jones, and B.A. Osborne(1993). "Do all programmed cell deaths occur via apoptosis?" PNAS 90(3): 980-984.
↑ Bursch W, Ellinger A, Gerner C, Fröhwein U, Schulte-Hermann R.(2000). "Programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis, autophagic PCD, or others?" Ann N Y Acad Sci 926:1-12.
↑ Ito, J. and H. Fukuda(2002). "ZEN1 is a key enzyme in the degradation of nuclear DNA during programmed cell death of tracheary elements" Plant Cell 14: 3201-3211.
↑ Balk, J. and C.J. Leaver(2001). "The PET1-CMS mitochondrial mutation in sunflower is associated with premature programmed cell death and cytochrome c release" Plant Cell 13: 1803-1818.
アポトーシスによるもの。クロマチンが凝縮(核濃縮)して細胞核が断片化する(核崩壊)という形態上の特徴を示す。動物におけるPCDの重要な一形式である。