名目と実質 (経済学)
W.E. Diewert, "index numbers," ([1987] 2008)The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. Abstract.
R. O'Donnell (1987). "real and nominal quantities," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 97–98 (Adam Smith's early distinction vindicated)
Amartya Sen (1979). "The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, 17(1), p p. 1-45.
D. Usher (1987). "real income," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 104–05