緑髭効果
Haig, D. (1997) The social gene. In Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (editors) Behavioural Ecology: an Evolutionary Approach, 4th ed. pp. 284-304. Blackwell Publishers, London.
Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-217773-7
Hamilton, W.D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-16 and 17-52. pubmed I pubmed II
Queller, D.