ゾーニング (都市計画)
Regional zoning was the next step in increased geographical size of areas under zoning laws. A major difference between urban zoning and regional zoning was that "regional areas consequently seldom bear direct relationship to arbitrary political boundaries". This form of zoning also included rural areas which was counter-intuitive to the theory that zoning was a result of population density. Finally, zoning also expanded again but back to a political boundary again with state zoning.
ゾーニングの主な目的は、互換性があると考えられる使用を分離することです。実際には、ゾーニングは、新しい開発が既存の用途に干渉するのを防ぎ、街の構造を維持するためにも使用されます。しかし、それを行うための効果的な方法であるとは限りません。 ゾーニングは一般的に都道府県や市区町村などの地方自治体によって管理されていますが、ゾーニング体制の性質は都道府県などによって決定または制限されるか、または法律を有効にすることによって決定される場合があります。オーストラリアでは、連邦政府の管理下にある土地は、州の計画管理の対象ではありません。米国と他の連邦諸国は似ています。フランスとドイツのゾーニングと都市計画は、国または連邦のコードによって規制されています。ドイツの場合、このコードにはゾーニング計画の内容と法的手続きが含まれます
ゾーニングには、特定のロット(オープンスペース、住宅、農業、商業、産業など)で許容される活動の種類、それらの活動を行うことができる密度(低密度住宅から)の規制が含まれる場合があります。
Development involving mining, minerals or waste disposal matters is dealt with by county councils in non-metropolitan areas. Within national parks, it is the national park authority that determines planning applications.
In England, land uses are broadly categorized into 4 Use Order Classes. Class A covers shops and other retail premises such as banks and restaurants, Class B includes workshops, factories and warehouses, Class C are residential uses and Class D are non-residential institutions, assembly and recreational uses. Each class includes subclasses that define uses in greater specificity.
New Zealand's planning system is grounded in effects-based Performance Zoning under the Resource Management Act.
Performance zoning is intended to provide flexibility, rationality, transparency and accountability, avoiding the arbitrariness of the Euclidean approach and better accommodating market principles and private property rights with environmental protection. Difficulties included a requirement for a high level of discretionary activity on the part of the supervising authority. Performance zoning has not been widely adopted in the USA.
First implemented in Chicago and New York City, incentive zoning is intended to provide a reward-based system to encourage development that meets established urban development goals. Typically, the method establishes a base level of limitations and a reward scale to entice developers to incorporate the desired development criteria.