ダルマ (インド発祥の宗教)
Man is born alone, alone he lives, alone he dies, alone he tastes the fruit of his deeds and his ways, it is only his work that bears him company. (...) Our body and spiritual organism is ever changing; what belongs, then, to us? (...) Thus, too, there is really no teacher or leader for anyone, each is his own Guru, and must go along the road to happiness alone. Only the self is the friend of man, only the self is the foe of man; from others nothing comes to him. Therefore what must be done is to honor, to assert one's self..."; Quote – "(in parts of the epic), the most thoroughgoing egoism and individualism is stressed..." Raymond F. Piper (1954), "In Support of Altruism in Hinduism", Journal of Bible and Religion, Vol. 22, No.
インドの世論に対するダルマの重要性は、その旗の中央のモチーフとして法輪(「ダルマの輪」)の描写であるアショカチャクラを含む1947年のインドの決定により説明されている。
Fitzgerald p. 124.
↑ “The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 3”. 2018年12月4日閲覧。
↑ There is considerable amount of literature on dharma-related discussion in Hindu Epics: of Egoism versus Altruism, Individualism versus Social Virtues and Tradition; for examples, see: Johann Jakob Meyer (1989), Sexual life in ancient India, ISBN 8120806387, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 92–93; Quote – "In Indian literature, especially in Mahabharata over and over again is heard the energetic cry – Each is alone. None belongs to anyone else, we are all but strangers to strangers; (...), none knows the other, the self belongs only to self.
3 (Jul., 1954), pp. 178–183 J Ganeri (2010), A Return to the Self: Indians and Greeks on Life as Art and Philosophical Therapy, Royal Institute of Philosophy supplement, 85(66), pp. 119–135.
↑ Daniel H. H. Ingalls, "Dharma and Moksa", Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 44–45; Quote – "(...)In the Epic, free will has the upper hand. Only when a man's effort is frustrated or when he is overcome with grief does he become a predestinarian (believer in destiny)."; Quote – "This association of success with the doctrine of free will or human effort (purusakara) was felt so clearly that among the ways of bringing about a king's downfall is given the following simple advice: 'Belittle free will to him, and emphasise destiny.'" (Mahabharata 12.
↑ Paul Horsch, "From Creation Myth to World Law: the Early History of Dharma", Journal of Indian Philosophy, December 2004, Volume 32, Issue 5-6, pp. 430–431.
↑ P. Thieme, Gedichte aus dem Rig-Veda, Reclam Universal-Bibliothek Nr. 8930, pp. 52.
↑ Paul Horsch, "From Creation Myth to World Law: the Early History of Dharma", Journal of Indian Philosophy, December 2004, Volume 32, Issue 5-6, pp. 430–432.
1 2 Joel Brereton (2004), "Dharman in the RgVeda", Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 32, pp. 449–489. "There are Indo-European parallels to dhárman (cf. Wennerberg 1981: 95f.), but the only Iranian equivalent is Old Persian darmān ‘remedy’, which has little bearing on Indo-Aryan dhárman. There is thus no evidence that IIr. *dharman was a significant culture word during the Indo-Iranian period." (p.
106.20).
1 2 3 Klaus Klostermaier, A survey of Hinduism, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-88706-807-3, Chapter 3: "Hindu dharma".
↑ Jha, Nyayasutras with Vatsyayana Bhasya, 2 vols, Oriental Books (1939).
1 2 The yoga-system of Patanjali The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind, embracing the mnemonic rules, called Yoga-sutras, James Haughton Woods (1914), Harvard University Press
↑ The yoga-system of Patanjali Yoga-sutras, James Haughton Woods (1914), Harvard University Press, pp. 178–180.
↑ The yoga-system of Patanjali Yoga-sutras, James Haughton Woods (1914), Harvard University Press, pp. 180–181.
↑ The yoga-system of Patanjali Yoga-sutras, James Haughton Woods (1914), Harvard University Press, pp.
法の観念としてのダルマがヒンドゥー教に現れるのは、ここである。
ダルマや関連する単語は、後のヴェーダやウパニシャッド、プラナ、叙事詩というヒンドゥー教の最古のヴェーダ文学に見出され、ダルマという単語は、仏教やジャイナ教のように後に創設されたインドの他の宗教でも中心的な役割を演じている。ブレレトンによると、ダルマンはリグ・ヴェーダに63回現れ、加えて例えばdharmakrtとして1回、satyadharmanとして6回、dharmavantとして1回、dharmavantとして1回、dharmanとして4回、dharimanとして2回というようにダルマンに関連する単語もリグ・ヴェーダに現れている。
「ダルマ」にとっての印欧語学的類似点が知られているが、唯一のイラン語の同義語は、「ダルマ」という単語がインド・イラン時代(英語版)に主要な役割を果たさなかったことを示唆する寧ろインド語群のdhármanから除かれることを意味する古代ペルシャ語のdarmān「救済」であり、主にごく最近ヴェーダの伝統の下で発展した。しかし「不変の法」「宗教」をも意味するゾロアスター教のダエーナーがサンスクリットの「ダルマ」と関係していると考えられている。ダルマに重なる部分における思想は、中国語の道やエジプト語のマアト、シュメール語のメーのように他の古代文化に見出される。