パレスチナ独立戦争
Full martial law was not introduced but in a series of Orders in Council and Emergency Regulations, 1936–37 'statutory' martial law, a stage between semi-military rule under civil powers and full martial law under military powers, and one in which the army and not the civil High Commissioner was pre-eminent was put in place. Following the Arab capture of the Old City of Jerusalem in October 1938, the army effectively took over Jerusalem and then all of Palestine.The main form of collective punishment employed by the British forces was destruction of property. Sometimes entire villages were reduced to rubble, as happened to Mi'ar in October 1938; more often several prominent houses were blown up and others were trashed inside.
5479, 1937, p. 97.
↑ 'The Funeral, Palestine Post, Tuesday, 21 April 1936.
↑ 'Funeral of Nine Jewish Dead', Palestine Post, Tuesday, 21 April 1936.
↑ Kayyālī, 1978, p. 193.
↑ Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 100.
↑ C. Townshend, The defence of Palestine: insurrection and public security, 1936–1939. The English Historical Review, Vol. 103 (1988) 917–949.
1 2 3 4 Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 100–102.
↑ Krämer, 2008, p. 274.
1 2 3 Krämer, 2008, p. 291.
1 2 3 4 Kayyālī, 1978, p. 196.
1 2 3 Segev, 2000, p. 423.
1 2 Horne, 2003, p. 213.
↑ Kayyālī, 1978, p. 197.
1 2 Krämer, 2008, p. 278.
↑ Horne, 2003, p. 210; 218.
↑ Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 99;pp. 104–105.
↑ Segev, 2000, p.
He competed for the position of General Commander of the Revolt with Aref Abdul Razzik, and the two served the post in rotation from September 1938 to February 1939, when al-Hajj Muhammad was confirmed as the sole General Commander. Notably, he refused to carry out political assassinations at the behest of political factions, including al-Husayni, once stating "I dont work for Husayniya ('Husanyni-ism'), but for wataniya ('nationalism')." He is still related by Palestinian Arabs as a hero and martyr and is regarded as a metonym "for a national movement that was popular, honourable, religious, and lofty in its aims and actions." He was shot dead in a firefight with British forces outside the village of Sanur on 27 March 1939, after Farid Irsheid's peace band informed the authorities of his location.
As the inevitable war with Germany approached, British policy makers concluded that although they could rely on the support of the Jewish population in Palestine, who had no alternative but to support Britain, the support of Arab governments and populations in an area of great strategic importance for the British Empire was not assured. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain concluded "if we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs."In February 1939 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Malcolm MacDonald called together a conference of Arab and Zionist leaders on the future of Palestine at St.
中でもインド国民会議式ボイコットを主張する「独立党」や、ナシャシビ派の「国民防衛党」、フセイニ派の「パレスチナ人アラブ党」、ハリディ派の「改革党」、ナーブルスを基盤とする「国民議員連合」が有名である。
一方で、武装蜂起を目指す地下軍事組織も少数ながら存在した。ツファット山を中心としたが1931年にイギリスが消滅させた「緑の手」や、ヘブロン市を中心としたアブドゥ・アル・カディー・アル・フサイニが率いる「聖なる抗争の為の組織」(1948年の第2次パレスチナ独立戦争で重要な役割を果たした)や、1935年からトゥルカーム市やカルキルヤー市を中心とする「反抗する若者」が有名である。伝統あるネビ・ムサ祭も政治・民族主義的意味合いを持ち始めた。1917年のバルフォア宣言を祝う11月2日の「バルフォアの日」や、「ヒッティーンの戦い記念日」(1187年6月4日にサラーフッディーン(1137年~1193年)がエルサレムを奪還した)、1930年5月16日から祝うようになった「パレスチナの日」といった国民の記念日が導入・追加された。教育の普及や市民社会・輸送・意思疎通・広報の発展の全てがこれらの変化を生み出した。
パレスチナ独立戦争もしくはパレスチナ・アラブ反乱(英語: 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine、ヘブライ語: המרד הערבי הגדול)は、イギリス委任統治領パレスチナのパレスチナ・アラブ人が大量のユダヤ人入植への反発とイギリス植民地支配に対し独立を求め起こした民族主義反乱である。
反乱は主に2つの期間に分類される。第1期は都市の精鋭であるアラブ高等委員会(HAC)が指揮し、同盟罷業と政治的抗議が主だった。1936年10月までに、この段階はイギリスのパレスチナ・トランスヨルダン高等委員会が政治的合意、外交(イラク、サウジアラビア、トランスヨルダン、イエメンの支配者を含む)、戒厳令を組み合わせて破壊した。
一方、第2期は1937年後半に始まり、暴力的で貧民が率いる抵抗運動がイギリス軍を襲撃した。第2期の間、反乱はイギリス軍やパレスチナ警察軍が野蛮な方法で鎮圧する事で、アラブ人の反乱への援助を削る事を狙った。
In 1931, a Revisionist underground splinter group broke off from Haganah, calling itself the Irgun organisation (or Etzel). The organisation took its orders from Revisionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky who was at bitter loggerheads with the dominant Labour Zionist movement led by David Ben-Gurion. The rift between the two Zionist movements further deteriorated in 1933 when two Revisionists were blamed for the murder of Haim Arlosoroff, who had negotiated the Haavara Agreement between the Jewish Agency and Nazi Germany.