パリの公園と庭園の歴史
The Bois de Boulogne was a scrubby forest to the west of the city, where the German, Russian and British occupation armies had camped after Napoleon's defeat and had cut down most of the older trees.
In 1852 Napoleon III had land transferred from the list of Imperial property to the city of Paris, and bought the plots of private land within the park. He had lived long years in exile in London, and had frequently visited London's Hyde Park, with its serpentine lake and winding paths. It became the model for his first major new park.
It is a simple fantasy, the desire to have an extraordinary garden, a pure amusement, and not a desire to imitate a nation, which, in making "natural" gardens, runs a roller over all the lawns and ruins nature." The park contained dozens of fabriques, or constructions, including an Egyptian pyramid, antique sculptures, a Gothic ruin, a Tatar tent, a Dutch windmill, a minaret, a Roman temple, and an enchanted grotto,. Visitors to the garden were instructed to follow a certain path, from site to site. The experience was enhanced by park employees in exotic costumes, and camels and other rare animals.
Beginning in 1781, most of the fabriques were removed, and Parc Monceau was remade into a more traditional English landscape garden.
After the Restoration, the new Duke of Orleans, Louis-Philippe recovered his property, and returned it to respectability. He expelled the gambling salons and prostitutes, and had the garden and arcade rebuilt into roughly the way they look today. The Palais-Royale was burned by the Communards in May 1871, along with the Tuileries Palace and other symbols of royalty, and were rebuilt. During the 20th century, the residences overlooking the garden were the home of many French celebrities, including André Malraux, Jean Cocteau and Colette. and Two works of modern sculpture were added in 1986; an arrangement of columns, by Daniel Buren, and a fountain-sculpture of steel balls, by Pol Bury.
The Jardin des Plantes, originally called the Jardin royal des herbes médicinales, was opened in 1626, under the supervision of Guy de La Brosse, the physician of King Louis XIII. Its original purpose was to provide medicines for the court. It was built on land purchased from the neighboring Abbey of Saint Victor. A labyrinth and belvedere from 1840 can still be seen in the northwest section of the garden. In 1640, it became the first Paris garden to open to the public.
12区のプロムナード・プランテは、パリの公園の中で最も独創的な場所で1859年にナポレオン3世の下に建てられたヴァンセンヌ鉄道が放棄された高架道の10メートル上に、ランドスケープアーキテクトのジャック・ヴェルジェリーと建築家フィリップ・マシューが手掛ける。鉄道のバスティーユ駅、バスティーユ広場の近く、 ヴェルヌイユ・レタン、市の外縁の高速道路周囲を囲まれている。この公園では、竹林から絵のように美しい花の庭園まで、さまざまな景色が楽しめ、街の素晴らしい景色も楽しめる。ルートに沿って多くの階段でアクセスでき、散歩をする人が優先されるが、ジョギングはプロムナードを妨げない限り許可されているが遊歩道の幅が狭いため、自転車は許可されていない。
プロムナードプランテは、他の都市の同様の公園に影響を与えた。類似のものに2009年にオープンしたニューヨーク市のチェルシー地区のハイライン、シカゴの3マイルのブルーミングデールトレイル などがみられる。
In the eighteenth century, under the French natural scientist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, who directed it from 1739 to 1788, the garden was doubled in size by an exchange of land with the Abbey, extending down to the banks of the Seine, and was greatly expanded with the addition of trees and plants brought by French explorers from around the world. One can see today a Robinia tree planted in 1636, and a sophora from 1747.
In 1793, after the Revolution, the royal garden became the National Museum of Natural History, and a zoo was added.