球冠
Journal of Computational Chemistry 15 (5): 507–523. doi:10.1002/jcc.540150504.
Grant, J. A.; Pickup, B. T. (1995). “A Gaussian description of molecular shape”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 99 (11): 3503–3510. doi:10.1021/j100011a016.
Busa, Jan; Dzurina, Jozef; Hayryan, Edik; Hayryan, Shura (2005). “ARVO: A fortran package for computing the solvent accessible surface area and the excluded volume of overlapping spheres via analytic equations”. Computer Physics Communications 165 (1): 59–96. Bibcode: 2005CoPhC.165...59B. doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2004.08.002.