アインシュタイン係数
ISBN 0-935702-64-4
Robert C. Hilborn (2002). "Einstein coefficients, cross sections, f values, dipole moments, and all that". arXiv:physics/0202029。
Taylor, M. A.; Vilchez, J. M. (2009). “Tutorial: Exact solutions for the populations of the n-level ion”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 (885): 1257–1266. arXiv:0709.3473. Bibcode: 2009PASP..121.1257T. doi:10.1086/648121.