外人
岩波書店. p. 123. ISBN 4-00-060032-X
↑ A. Matsumura (ed.), 大辞林, (p. 397, 9th ed., vol. 1). (1989). 東京: 三省堂. "がいじん【外人】2 そのことに関係のない人。第三者。「外人もなき所に兵具をととのへ/平家一」"
↑ A. Matsumura (ed.), 大辞泉, (p. 437, 1st ed., vol. 1). (1998). 東京: 小学館. "がいじん。【外人】2 仲間以外の人。他人。「外人もなき所に兵具をととのへ」〈平家・一〉"
↑ M. Yamaguchi et al. (eds.), 新漢語辞典, (p. 282, 2nd ed., vol. 1). (2000). 東京: 岩波書店. "【外人】2 局外者。他人。「源平両家の童形たちのおのおのござ候ふに、かやうの外人は然るべからず候」"
1 2 https://www.sendaicci.or.jp/date/contents/22-04sendaijoka.pdf
↑ 正法眼蔵随聞記 (1235-1238):[...]衆中ニ具眼ノ人アリテ、外國人トシテ大叢林ノ侍者タランコト、國ニ人ナキガ如シト難ズルコトアラン、尤モハヅベシ
↑ 鳩舌或問 (1838): されとこれらの事情は容易に外国人に知らせし事ならねは
1 2 3 Gottlieb, Nanette (2005). Language and Society in Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–8.
id=vag8SDzg4iQC&pg=RA1-PA372&dq=Designated+majority+Brazilians+as+Gaijin
↑ Suzuki, Jiro; Sakamoto, Mickey (1976). “Discrimination against foreigners of Japanese descent in Japan”. In Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Crum Ewing, Winifred. Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Stichting Plurale. pp. 274. ISBN 90-247-1779-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=3up_wO0Hzu8C&pg=PA275&dq=gaijin+prestige&sig=KhFOQR1kzRkVVDmOGrNMyUMLBQw#PPA273,M1
↑ Meredith Stuart, Paul (1987). Nihonsense. Tokyo: The Japan Times, Ltd.. pp. 3–5 "Not all foreigners are gaijin to Japanese and quite a few natives of Japan are gaijin. There is a logic to this mess, but it is hardly logical. It is true that 'American' (Amerikajin) is a synonym for gaijin for many Japanese.
↑ The 13th-century pronunciation of the characters 外人 is debated; it may have been kotobito (ことびと), udokihito (うどきひと) or gwaijin (ぐゎいじん). The spelling gaijin is used here for continuity.