パレスチナ独立戦争
From October 1937 the Irgun instituted a wave of bombings against Arab crowds and buses. For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens. These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population. The first attack was on 11 November 1937, killing two Arabs at the bus depot near Jaffa Street in Jerusalem and then on 14 November, a day later commemorated as the "Day of the Breaking of the Havlagah (restraint)," Arabs were killed in simultaneous attacks around Palestine.
In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant. Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established. Over 50,000 new Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine. In 1936 Jews made up about one-third of the population.The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Development of the economy and infrastructure accelerated.
Fakhri Nashashibi was particularly successful in recruiting peace bands in the Hebron hills, on one occasion in December 1938 gathering 3,000 villagers for a rally in Yata, also attended by the British military commander of the Jerusalem District General Richard O'Connor.Just two months earlier, on 15 October 1938, rebels had seized the Old City and barricaded the gates. O'Connor had planned the operation by which men of the Coldstream Guards, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers and Black Watch recaptured the Old City, killing 19 rebels.
ISBN 978-1-85776-758-2 (First published 1982 by the Palestine Police)
Hughes, Matthew (2009) The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39, English Historical Review Vol. CXXIV No. 507, pp. 314–354.
Hughes, Matthew (2009). The practice and theory of British counterinsurgency: the histories of the atrocities at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul, 1938–1939. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 20 (3&4), September 2009, pp. 528 – 550.
Johnson, Loch K. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537588-6
Kaplan, Eric. 2005. The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy.
↑ Swedenburg, 2003, p. 121.
↑ Fry, MacKereth & Rabinovich, 1985, p. 172.
1 2 3 4 Horne 2003, p. 225; 228–230.
↑ Horne 2003, p. 225.
1 2 Horne 2003, p. 225; 235; 238.
↑ Jewish Spectator, 1937, Volume 3, p. 8.
1 2 3 4 Krämer, 2008, p. 295.
↑ Segev, 2000, p. 388.
↑ Shapira, 1999, p. 250.
↑ Segev, 2000, p. 449.
↑ Segev, 2000, p. 439; 459.
↑ Segev, 2000, pp. 450–451.
↑ Morris, 1999, p. 121.
↑ Hillel Cohen (2008). Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948. University of California Press. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-520-25221-9. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=9-NKm7nTm_IC&pg=PA128&redir_esc=y&hl=ja. ""the silencing of the opposition and humiliation of its leaders continued in the months that followed.
James's Palace in London but the discussions ended without agreement on 27 March. The government's new policy as published in White Paper of 17 May had been determined already and despite Jewish protests and Irgun attacks the British remained resolute.There was a growing feeling among British officials that there was nothing left for them to do in Palestine. Perhaps the ultimate achievement of the Arab Revolt was to make the British sick of Palestine. Major-General Bernard "Monty" Montgomery concluded, "the Jew murders the Arab and the Arab murders the Jew. This is what is going on in Palestine now. And it will go on for the next 50 years in all probability."
Zaslany also worked as interpreter for Patrick Domville, head of RAF Intelligence in Palestine (who was described by Haganah leader Dov Hos as the "best Zionist informer on the English"), until the latter was posted to Iraq in 1938, and through him became acquainted with many of the British intelligence officers.In 1937 the Jewish Agency's intelligence groups were responsible for bugging the Peel Commission hearings in Palestine. Eventually, the Arab Revolt convinced the Agency that a central intelligence service was required and this led to the formation of a counter-intelligence agency known as the Ran (headed by Yehuda Arazi, who also helped to smuggle rifles, machine guns and ammunition from Poland to Palestine) and thereafter in 1940 to the creation of SHAI, the forerunner of Mossad.
Tegart recommended the construction of a frontier road with a barbed wire fence, which became known as Tegart's wall, along the borders with Lebanon and Syria to help prevent the flow of insurgents, goods and weapons. Tegart encouraged close co-operation with the Jewish Agency. It was built by the Histadrut construction company Solel Boneh. The total cost was £2 million. The Army forced the fellahin to work on the roads without pay.
Tegart introduced Arab Investigation Centres where prisoners were subjected to beatings, foot whipping, electric shocks, denailing and what is now known as "waterboarding". Tegart also imported Doberman Pinschers from South Africa and set up a special centre in Jerusalem to train interrogators in torture.
4月19日にアラブ国民委員会創立の地であるナーブルスで同盟罷業が始まり、月末には国民委員会は全ての町や大きな村で設立された。
4月21日、5大主要党の代表はナーブルスで決定に合意し、工場、輸送、小売に関わる全てのアラブ人に4月22日に同盟罷業するよう呼びかけた。同盟罷業は最初は労働者や地方委員が組織していたが、下からの圧力によって政治指導者も組織に協力するようになった。これは1936年4月25日のアラブ高等委員会(AHC)設立に繋がった。委員会は「イギリス政府が現在の政策を根本的に変えるまで総同盟罷業を続ける」事を決議し、要求を以下の3点にまとめた。
ユダヤ人入植の禁止
アラブ人からユダヤ人への土地の受け渡しの禁止
代表議会に責任を持つ国民政府の設立
総同盟罷業開始から約1ヶ月後、指導者集団はユダヤ人入植に対抗して税金支払いを完全に拒否した。田舎では武装反乱が散発的に始まり、時が経つに連れて組織化されていった。反乱の主要標的の1つはイラクの石油企業が数年前に建設したモスル・ハイファ石油輸送網で、ガリラヤ湖の南のヨルダン川地点が狙われた。石油網の様々な場所が何度も爆破された。他の攻撃は線路や電車、ユダヤ人入植地、混住地域でのユダヤ人、ユダヤ教徒等に向けられた。
Despite the intervention of up to 50,000 British troops and 15,000 Haganah men, the uprising continued for over three years. By the time it concluded in September 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, over 300 Jews, and 262 Britons had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.