清の兵制
(2001), The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0804746842, https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC .
Elman, Benjamin A. (2005), On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674016858 .
Horowitz, Richard S. (2002), “Beyond the Marble Boat: The Transformation of the Chinese Military, 1850–1911”, in David A. Graff; Robin Higham, A Military History of China, Boulder, Colorado, and Oxford, England: Westview Press, pp. 153–74, ISBN 0813337364 (hardcover), ISBN 0813339901 (paperback).
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds.