独立栄養生物
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↑ Odum, Eugene P. (Eugene Pleasants), 1913-2002. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Barrett, Gary W. (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 598. ISBN 0-534-42066-4. OCLC 56476957
↑ Smith, Gilbert M. (2007). A Textbook of General Botany. Read Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4067-7315-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=jmQUgBUaB_wC&pg=PA148
↑ Davies, Peter M.; Bunn, Stuart E.; Hamilton, Stephen K. (2008). “Primary Production in Tropical Streams and Rivers”. Tropical Stream Ecology. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1016/B978-012088449-0.50004-2. ISBN 9780120884490