抗体依存性感染増強
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Toll-like receptors are known to recognize extra- and intracellular viral particles and to be a major basis of the cytokines production. In vitro experiments showed that the inflammatory cytokines and type 1 interferon production were reduced when the ADE-dengue virus complex bound to the Fc receptor of THP-1 cells. This can be explained by both a decrease of Toll-like receptor production and a modification of its signaling pathway. On one hand, an unknown protein induced by the stimulated Fc receptor reduces the Toll-like receptor transcription and translation, which reduces the capacity of the cell to detect viral proteins.
The interaction of anti-HIV antibodies with non-neutralizing complement exposed viruses also aid in binding of the virus and the erythrocytes which can lead to more efficient delivery of viruses to the immune-compromised organs.
ADE in HIV has raised questions about the risk of infections to volunteers who have taken sub-neutralizing levels of vaccine just like any other viruses that exhibit ADE. Gilbert et al., in 2005 reported that there was no ADE of infection when they used rgp120 vaccine in phase 1 and 2 trials. It has been emphasized that much research needs to be done in the field of the immune response to HIV-1, information from these studies can be used to produce a more effective vaccine.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 220 (10): 1558–1567. (October 2019). doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz137. PMC 7107499. PMID 30911758. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7107499/.
1 2 3 “Effects of Toll-like receptor stimulation on eosinophilic infiltration in lungs of BALB/c mice immunized with UV-inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus vaccine”. Journal of Virology 88 (15): 8597–614. (August 2014). doi:10.1128/JVI.00983-14. PMC 4135953. PMID 24850731. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135953/.
1 2 3 4 5 “Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus vaccines formulated with delta inulin adjuvants provide enhanced protection while ameliorating lung eosinophilic immunopathology”.
Infection with dengue virus also produces some degree of cross-protective immunity against the other three serotypes. Neutralizing heterotypic (cross-reactive) IgG antibodies are responsible for this cross-protective immunity, which typically persists for a period of several months to a few years. These heterotypic antibody titers decrease over long time periods (4 to 20 years). While heterotypic IgG antibody titers decrease, homotypic IgG antibody titers increase over long time periods. This could be due to the preferential survival of long-lived memory B cells producing homotypic antibodies.
In addition to inducing neutralizing heterotypic antibodies, infection with the dengue virus can also induce heterotypic antibodies that neutralize the virus only partially or not at all.