キャリア生成と再結合
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↑ Shockley, W.; Read, W. T. (1 September 1952). “Statistics of the Recombinations of Holes and Electrons”. Physical Review 87 (5): 835–842. Bibcode: 1952PhRv...87..835S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.87.835.
↑ Hall, R.N. (1951). “Germanium rectifier characteristics”. Physical Review 83 (1): 228.