赤方偏移の量子化
After the discovery of Karlsson's formula, a statistic on a large number of quasars and "compact galaxies" allowed a precise computation of Karlsson's constant, the value of which is found by pure, standard spectroscopy. The spectroscopic computation of Karlsson's formula is founded on the generation of shells in which relatively cold atomic hydrogen is either: -a) pumped to excited states, mainly 2P, whose quadrupolar resonances are able to transfer energy from light to background radiation, using a coherent Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering (ISRS). This transfer of energy redshifts light.