大セルジューク朝
The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. [Before coming to Anatolia,] the Turkmens had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that thev had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. Ala al-Din Kai-Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkmenistan, Iran, and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks.
↑ Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..." Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399 Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79 Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 574.
↑ 一族(ルーム・セルジューク朝)のアナトリア半島の部族と区別するため
Bardaʿa had never revived fully after the Rūs sacking, and is little mentioned in the sources." (C.E. Bsowrth, Arran in Encyclopædia Iranica) According to Fridrik Thordarson: "Iranian influence on Caucasian languages. There is general agreement that Iranian languages predominated in Azerbaijan from the 1st millennium b.c. until the advent of the Turks in a.d. the 11th century (see Menges, pp. 41–42; Camb. Hist. Iran IV, pp. 226–228, and VI, pp. 950–952). The process of Turkicization was essentially complete by the beginning of the 16th century, and today Iranian languages are spoken in only a few scattered settlements in the area."
↑ Wink, Andre, Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 pg.9
アルプ・アルスラーンの後継者マリク・シャーと2人のペルシャ人ワズィールニザームルムルクとタージルムルクの下でセルジューク国はアラブ侵攻以前の嘗てのイラン国境に向けて様々な方面に拡張し、その為に間もなく東は中国と西は東ローマ帝国と国境を接した。マリク・シャーは首都をシャフレ・レイからエスファハーンに遷し、大セルジューク朝が絶頂期を迎えたのは、この時代であった。イクタ軍事組織とバグダードのアルニザミッヤ大学(英語版)がニザームルムルクにより創立され、マリク・シャーの時代は、「大セルジューク朝」の黄金時代と考えられた。アッバース朝カリフは1087年に「東西のスルタン」と名付けた。しかしハサン・サッバーフの暗殺教団(ハシュシャシン)は、この時代に一団となり始め、その指導の下で多くの指導者を暗殺し、多くの出典によると、この犠牲者にニザームルムルクがいた。
1076年、マリク・シャーはグルジアに押し寄せ、多くの入植地を破滅に追い込んだ。1079年から1080年にかけてグルジアは毎年の朝貢という相当な犠牲を払って高価な平和を耐え忍ばせるマリク・シャーに服従するように圧力を受けた。
1 2 3 4 Wink, Andre, Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 pg 9–10
↑ Mikaberidze, Alexander. “'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121”. Armchair General. 2012年10月20日閲覧。
↑ Anatol Khazanov. Nomads in the Sedentary World. https://books.google.com/books?id=AOyJtA0dYVUC&pg=PA47 2012年10月20日閲覧。
↑ Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
↑ Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, 1974, ISBN 0-226-47693-6, p. 260
↑ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press. pp. 199–200.