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(with κ and κ' being the synchrony vectors in frames S and S', respectively). This transformation indicates the one-way speed of light is conventional in all frames, leaving the two-way speed invariant. κ=0 means Einstein synchronization which results in the standard Lorentz transformation.
In such experiments the clocks may be synchronized in any convenient way, since it is only a change of speed that is being measured.
Observations of the arrival of radiation from distant astronomical events have shown that the one-way speed of light does not vary with frequency, that is, there is no vacuum dispersion of light. Similarly, differences in the one-way propagation between left- and right-handed photons, leading to vacuum birefringence, were excluded by observation of the simultaneous arrival of distant star light. For current limits on both effects, often analyzed with the Standard-Model Extension, see Vacuum dispersion and Vacuum birefringence.
3616, Bibcode: 2009arXiv0911.3616F, doi:10.1119/1.3364868
↑ Md. F. Ahmed; Brendan M. Quine; Stoyan Sargoytchev; A. D. Stauffer (2012), “A Review of One-Way and Two-Way Experiments to Test the Isotropy of the Speed of Light”, Indian Journal of Physics 86 (9): 835–848, arXiv:1011.1318v2, Bibcode: 2012InJPh..86..835A, doi:10.1007/s12648-012-0112-4
↑ Roberts, Schleif (2006): Relativity FAQ, One-Way Tests of Light-Speed Isotropy
↑ Krisher (1990). “Test of the isotropy of the one-way speed of light using hydrogen-maser frequency standards”. Physical Review D 42 (2): 731–734. Bibcode: 1990PhRvD..42..731K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.42.731.
↑ Zhang (1997), pp. 148–150
↑ Zhang (1997), pp. 91-94
↑ Karlov L (1970).
κ ~ o + {\displaystyle {\tilde {\kappa }}_{o+}} representing anisotropic differences in the one-way speed of counterpropagating beams along an axis,
κ ~ t r {\displaystyle {\tilde {\kappa }}_{tr}} representing isotropic (orientation independent) shifts in the one-way phase velocity of light.
A series of experiments have been (and still are) performed since 2002 testing all of those coefficients using, for instance, symmetric and asymmetric optical resonators. No Lorentz violations have been observed as of 2013, providing current upper limits for Lorentz violations: κ ~ e − = ( − 0.
http://www.pttimeeting.org/archivemeetings/1992papers/Vol%2024_10.pdf.
↑ Wolf, Peter; Petit, Gérard (1997). “Satellite test of special relativity using the global positioning system”. Physical Review A 56 (6): 4405–4409. Bibcode: 1997PhRvA..56.4405W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.56.4405.
↑ Brecher, K. (1977), “Is the speed of light independent of the velocity of the source”, Physical Review Letters 39 (17): 1051–1054, Bibcode: 1977PhRvL..39.1051B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1051.
↑ Alväger, T.; Nilsson, A.; Kjellman, J. (1963), “A Direct Terrestrial Test of the Second Postulate of Special Relativity”, Nature 197 (4873): 1191, Bibcode: 1963Natur.197.1191A, doi:10.1038/1971191a0
↑ Amelino-Camelia, G (2009).
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↑ Debs, Talal A.; Redhead, Michael L. G. (1996). “The twin "paradox" and the conventionality of simultaneity”. American Journal of Physics 64 (4): 384–392. Bibcode: 1996AmJPh..64..384D. doi:10.1119/1.18252.
↑ Bailey (1977). “Measurements of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit”. Nature 268 (5618): 301–305. Bibcode: 1977Natur.268..301B. doi:10.1038/268301a0.
1 2 Wesley C. Salmon (1977). “The Philosophical Significance of the One-Way Speed of Light”. Noûs 11 (3): 253–292. doi:10.2307/2214765. JSTOR 221476.
↑ Ohanian, Hans C. (2004). “The role of dynamics in the synchronization problem”.