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アメリカ合衆国、カナダ、中華人民共和国、北朝鮮、カザフスタン、キルギス、ブータン、モンゴル、ロシア。メキシコでは絶滅。イタリアに移入。
"A Phylogenetic Comparison of Red Deer and Wapiti Using Mitochondrial DNA ". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22:342-356. Abstract
1 2 Ludt CJ et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) ". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:1064-1083. Abstract, PDF full text(2.58Mb)
↑ Peter Grubb, “Order Artiodactyla,” In Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World, (3rd ed.), Volume 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, Pages 637-722.
↑ Colin Groves and Peter Grubb, “Cervus elaphus group,” Ungulate Taxonomy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, Pages 95-99.
↑ Jacobson, Esther (1993). The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief.