伊朗崇高國（波斯語：دولت علیّه اوران‎ _Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân_）是伊朗卡扎爾王朝統治時期的正式國號，這一時代亦有史稱愷加波斯、愷加帝國（波斯語：شاهنشاهی قاجار‎ _Šāhanšāhi-ye Qājār_），由阿迦・穆罕默德汗沙阿所建立。



歷史

卡扎爾王朝來自一支名為愷加的突厥部落。1794 年，突厥人的卡札爾族支控制伊朗全境政局，廢黜桑德王朝末代沙阿盧圖夫・阿里汗，並重新確立了伊朗對高加索大部分地區的主權。1796 年，阿迦・穆罕默德・汗・卡扎爾攻佔馬什哈德，正式結束了阿夫沙爾王朝，隨後加冕為沙阿。

19 世紀，波斯遭遇俄國侵略，將大片高加索地區的領土割讓予俄國，包括今日的喬治亞東部、達吉斯坦、亞塞拜然和亞美尼亞。然而波斯的王權統治仍然在卡扎爾王朝時期得到重振，面對英國和俄國的壓力而維持政治獨立，惟外籍顧問在宮廷和軍隊中掌握較大權力。波斯亦成為英俄大博弈的一部分，兩國還藉由《英俄條約》劃定了在波斯的勢力範圍。

20 世紀初，波斯各界不滿卡扎爾王朝君主專制，而掀起波斯立憲革命，建立立憲議會。穆罕默德・阿里沙阿遭罷黜，而即位的艾哈邁德沙阿未能捍衛新生的立憲政治，在俄國干涉下叫停部分改革，其王權更是在第一次世界大戰波斯戰役期間一落千丈，這時波斯淪為英軍、俄軍和土軍的角力場。最終，軍人李查・巴勒維發動政變推翻愷加王室，開啟巴勒維王朝及波斯王國的統治。



歷代沙阿



參考文獻

書目


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* Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. 2017: 1–992. ISBN 978-0300112542.

* Bournoutian, George A. The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 1980.

* Bosworth, Edmund. Hillenbrand, Carole , 編. Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800–1925. Edinburgh University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-085-224-459-3.

* Bournoutian, George A. A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present) 2. Mazda Publishers. 2002. ISBN 978-1568591414.

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* Floor, Willem M. Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800–1925). Mazda Publishers. 2003. ISBN 978-156-859-147-6.

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* Hitchins, Keith. EREKLE II – Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica. VIII, Fasc. 5: 541–542. 1998 [2022-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於 2019-05-17）.

* Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977. ISBN 978-0521291361.

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* Mikaberidze, Alexander. Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. ISBN 978-1442241466.

* Gvosdev, Nikolas K.: _Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819_, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, ISBN 0-312-22990-9

* Lang, David M.: _The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832_, Columbia University Press, New York 1957

* Paidar, Parvin. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780521595728.

* Perry, John. The Zand dynasty. The Cambridge History of Iran Volume=7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991: 63–104. ISBN 9780521200950.

* Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0253209153.



外部連結


* The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages

* The International Qajar Studies Association

* Dar ol-Qajar

* Qajar Family Website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

* Some Photos of Qajar Family Members

* Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Digital Archive by Harvard University

* Qajar Documentation Fund Collection at the International Institute of Social History