第三黨（英語：Third party）是一個政治術語，在現今的美國指除共和黨、民主黨兩大政黨外的其它所有政黨。這些政黨也參加各種公職選舉，但在美國現行的兩黨制體制下，勝選機率極其微小。目前，美國主要的第三黨有美國改革黨、自由意志黨、美國綠黨、憲法黨。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。



現在的第三黨列表


* 自由意志黨

* 美國綠黨

* 非洲人民社會黨

* 全非人民革命黨

* 美國黨

* 美國自由黨

* 美國勞工黨

* 美國團結黨

* 黑人騎士解放黨

* 美國公民黨

* 美國共產黨

* 憲法黨

* 美國民主社會主義者

* 自由道路社會主義組織

* 自由社會黨

* 人道黨

* 獨立美國黨

* 公正黨

* 現在合法大麻黨

* 美國大麻黨

* 現代輝格黨

* 國家社會主義運動

* 新非洲黑豹黨

* 新黑豹黨

* 美國海盜黨

* 進步勞工黨

* 禁酒黨

* 美國改革黨

* 革命黑豹黨

* 美國革命共產黨

* 爭取社會主義和解放黨

* 美國社會黨

* 社會主義行動

* 社會主義替代

* 社會主義平等黨

* 社會主義工人黨

* 美國團結黨 (2004 年)

* 工作家庭黨

* 工人世界黨

* 美國世界社會黨

* 前進黨（美國）（2021 年 -）



參見


* 美國選舉人團

* 無黨籍

* 政黨

* 比例代表制

* 第三勢力

* 選舉權



參考文獻



延伸閱讀

調查


* Epstein, David A. (2012). _Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America_. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. ISBN 978-0-578-10654-0

* Gillespie, J. David. _Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics_ (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)

* Green, Donald J. _Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History_ (Praeger, 2010)

* Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. _Multiparty Politics in America_ (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)

* Hesseltine, William B. _Third-Party Movements in the United States_ (1962), Brief survey

* Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." _Mississippi Valley Historical Review_ 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR

* Kruschke, Earl R. _Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States_ (ABC-CLIO, 1991)

* Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. _Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America_ (4 vol. 2006)

* Richardson, Darcy G. _Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party_. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.

* Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. _Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure_ (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)

* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. _History of U.S. Political Parties_ (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources

* Sifry, Micah L. _Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America_ (Routledge, 2002)

學術研究


* Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." _Political Science Quarterly_ 110 (1995): 349–67

* Argersinger, Peter H. _The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics_ (University Press of Kansas, 1995)

* Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in _The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties_ ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28

* Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in _The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties_, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36.

* Brooks, Corey M. _Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics_ (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.

* Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." _American Politics Research_ 33 (2005): 672–99.

* Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. _The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus_ (1994), includes Ross Parot

* Chace, James. _1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country_ (2009)

* Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." _Quarterly Journal of Speech_ 74 (1988): 434–52.

* Gould, Lewis L. _Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics_ (2008)

* Hazlett, Joseph. _The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States_ (McFarland & Company, 1992)

* Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." _Southern Speech Communication Journal_ 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968

* Jelen, Ted G. ed. _Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond_ (State University of New York Press, 2001)

* Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." _Political Research Quarterly_ 51 (1998): 141–53.

* Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," _American Politics Research_ 31 (2003): 48–65.

* Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." _Quarterly Journal of Speech_ (2006): 355–78.

* Mowry, George E. _Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement_ (1946), on 1912

* Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. _Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence_ (University of Michigan Press, 2005)

* Richardson, Darcy G. _Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period_ (2007) 506 pp

* Richardson, Darcy G. _A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness_ 59 pp

* Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." _Southern Communication Journal_ 64 (1999): 316–22.

* Rohler, Lloyd. _George Wallace: Conservative Populist_ (Praeger, 2004)

* Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." _Quarterly Journal of Speech_ 55 (1969): 36–44.

* Ross, Jack. _The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History_ (2015) 824 pp

* Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）



外部連結


* The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger

* Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties

* Free and Equal （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly

* Independent Political Report （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – Frequently updated source for third party news