田螺泛指田螺科（學名：Viviparidae）的淡水腹足綱軟體動物。平均只有拇指頭大小，有角質口蓋（螺厴），殼口相對比較大。螺螄是田螺科動物的通稱。很多淡水魚類喜歡吃田螺。田螺體內很容易生長寄生蟲。

根據在 2005 年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科屬主扭舌目的成員。



分佈

This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, with the exception that they are absent from 南美洲.
There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: _Bellamya_ and _Neothauma_.



分類

舊屬前鰓亞綱的中腹足目，田螺科目前是主扭舌類的成員，約有 17 屬百餘種。根據 2005 年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科物種大致可分為三個亞科：


* 田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.)

* 環棱螺亞科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)

* 平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929

屬

田螺科包括下列各屬：


* 田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833)
  
* _Galizgia_ Mikhaylovskiy, 1903
  
* † _Kosovia_ Atanacković, 1959
  
* 河螺屬 _Rivularia_ Heude, 1890
  
* _Trochopaludina_ Starobogatov, 1985
  
* _Tulotoma_ Haldeman, 1840
  
* 田螺屬 _Viviparus_ Montfort, 1810：模式屬，目前只餘下六個現生種。異名有：_Vivipara_（詞性錯誤，不採用）、_Contectiana_ Bourguignat, 1880、_Hazayipaludina_ Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、_Kobeltipaludina_ Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、_Paludina_ Férussac, 1812

* 環棱螺亞科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937
  
* _Amuropaludina_ Moskvicheva, 1979
  
* 角螺屬 _Angulyagra_ Rao, 1931
  
* 環螺螄屬 _Anularya_ L.-J. Zhang & S.-C. Chen, 2015：只見於中國雲南，其物種舊屬螺螄屬
  
* _Anulotaia_ Brandt, 1968
  
* 環棱螺屬 _Bellamya_ Jousseaume, 1886：亞科的模式屬；
  
* _Boganmargarya_ Thach, 2018
  
* Genus _Chlorostracia_ Mabille, 1889
  
* 圓田螺屬 _Cipangopaludina_ Hannibal, 1912
  
* _Eyriesia_ P. Fischer, 1885
  
* _Filopaludina_ Habe, 1964
  
* _Heterogen_ Annandale, 1921：就只有一個物種，就是 _Heterogen longispira_ (E. A. Smith, 1886)；
  
* _Idiopoma_ Pilsbry, 1901
  
* _Larina_ A. Adams, 1851
  
* 螺螄屬 _Margarya_ G. Nevill, 1877：只見於中國雲南，和圓田螺屬關係較近。
  
* 湄公螺屬 _Mekongia_ Crosse & P. Fischer, 1876
  
* _Neclarina_ Iredale, 1943
  
* _Neothauma_ E. A. Smith, 1880
  
* _Notopala_ Cotton, 1935
  
* 石田螺屬 _Sinotaia_ F. Haas, 1939：和石田螺屬關係較近。
  
* _Taia_ Annandale, 1918
  
* 璽螺螄屬 _Tchangmargarya_ He, 2013：只見於中國雲南，有物種兩個，均舊屬螺螄屬。
  
* † _Temnotaia_ Annandale, 1919
  
* _Torotaia_ F. Haas, 1939
  
* 擬小螺屬 _Trochotaia_ Brandt, 1974
  
* Genus Centrapala Cotton, 1935 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855
  
* Genus Dactylochlamys Rao, 1925 accepted as Angulyagra Rao, 1931 (invalid: junior homonym of Dactylochlamys Lauterborn, 1901; Angulyagra is a replacement name)
  
* Genus Eularina Iredale, 1943 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855 (unnecessary replacement name for Larina, by Iredale treated as a junior homonym of Larinus Germar, 1824)
  
* Genus Lecythoconcha Annandale, 1920 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
  
* Genus Notopalena Iredale, 1943 accepted as Notopala Cotton, 1935
  
* Genus Robinsonia G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869 accepted as Neclarina Iredale, 1943 (Invalid: junior homonym of Robinsonia Grote, 1865 [Lepidoptera]; Neclarina is a replacement name)
  
* Genus Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968 accepted as Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) Brandt, 1968 represented as Filopaludina Habe, 1964
  
* Genus Ussuripaludina Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina (Ussuripaludina) Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912

* 平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863：異名有 Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
  
* _Campeloma_ Rafinesque, 1819
  
* 平圓螺屬 _Lioplax_ Troschel, 1856：異名有 _Haldemania_ Tryon, 1862（次異名）

* 亞科地位未定 Subfamily [unassigned] Viviparidae (temporary name)
  
* † _Albianopalin_ Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002：得名於澳大利亞新南威爾斯州的阿爾布（Albian）。
  
* † _Apameaus_ Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006 This Pliocene-Pleistocene genus contains only one species _Apameaus apameae_ Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006
  
* _Fretacaeles_ Hamilton-Bruce & Kear, 2006 †
  
* _Kaya_ Van Damme & Pickford, 1999 †
  
* _Lioplacodes_ Meek, 1864 †
  
* _Macromargarya_ Ying, Fürsich & Schneider, 2013 †
  
  
* _Metohia_ Popović, 1964 † ：次異名，因為已有 _Metohia_ Absolon, 1927（一種介形綱動物）使用了本屬名。
  
  
* _Popovicia_ Neubauer & Harzhauser in Neubauer et al., 2015 †



Life cycle

Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae.



參考資料



延伸閱讀


* Hirano T., Saito T. & Chiba S. (2015). "Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan". _Journal of Molluscan Studies_ 81(4): 435–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv019.

* Qian Z.-X., Fang Y.-F. & He J. (2014). "A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China". _Shell Discoveries_ 1(3): 3-12.



外部連結


* Ju-Guang Wang, Dong Zhang, Ivan Jakovlić, Wei-Min Wang, _Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight freshwater snail species exposes pervasive paraphyly within the Viviparidae family (Caenogastropoda)_; PLOS|One, July 25, 2017 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

* 維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：田螺科