《麻醉品單一公約》（英語：Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs）是反對違法麻醉藥物製造和走私的國際條約，它形成全球藥品控制制度的基礎。以前的條約只控制鴉片、古柯和衍生物（如海洛因和古柯鹼）。1961 年採用的這一單一公約拓寬了範圍（比如加入了以前不包括在內的大麻，成為世界上第一個禁止大麻的國際條約。但 2020 年 12 月 7 日。大麻從該條約中被移除。），允許控制具有與條約中指定藥品相似影響的任何藥品。麻醉藥品委員會和世界衛生組織得到授權，可以在四個控制物質日程中增加、刪除和移動藥品。國際麻醉藥管制委員會（INCB）負責控制藥品生產、貿易和分配。聯合國藥物管制與預防犯罪辦事廳代表 INCB 進行日常工作，監督每個國家的狀況，與國家當局協作，保證與該單一公約的一致性。這一條約已由《精神藥物公約》（控制 LSD、MDMA 和其它改變思維的藥物）和《聯合國禁止非法販運麻醉藥品和精神藥物公約》（加強打擊洗錢和其它與藥品有關的違法行為）做了補充。



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