松屬（學名：_Pinus_）為松柏目松科的一屬，多為常綠喬木，但有些種卻是灌木。是裸子植物中最大的屬，約有 110 餘種，廣泛分布於北半球，僅蘇門答臘松分布在赤道以南。松樹的木質輕，木紋獨特，經常用於家具製作。



特徵

松樹都是常綠植物，高 3－80 公尺（9.8－262.5 英尺），但大部分在 15－45 公尺（49－148 英尺）之間。最矮的是偃松和波托西果松，最高的是西黃松、糖松。

松樹嫩枝上長有針葉。而每條嫩枝上的針葉數（兩，三，四或五）是判斷該樹種的特徵之一，例如：


* 五針松樹：
  
* 北美喬松 (_P. strobus_)
  
* 華山松 (_P. armandii_)
  
* 瑞士五葉松 (_P. cembra_)

* 三針松樹：
  
* 剛松 (_P. rigida_)

* 兩針松樹：
  
* 歐洲黑松 (_P. nigra_)
  
* 歐洲赤松 (_P. sylvestris_)
  
* 歐洲山松 (_P. mugo_)
  
* 班克松 (_P. banksiana_)
  
* 扭葉松 (_P. contorta_)



分類

松屬分為 2 個亞屬： 松亞屬 (Subg. _Pinus_) 和白松亞屬 (Subg. _Strobus_)。兩個亞屬的物種針葉內分別具有兩個和一個維管束，因此又稱雙維管束亞屬和單維管束亞屬。

本屬包括以下物種：


* _Pinus abies_ Siev.

* _Pinus acapulcensis_ G.Don, 1839

* _Pinus adunca_ Bosc ex Desf., 1815

* _Pinus ajanensis_ Berk.

* _Pinus albicaulis_ Engelm.

* _Pinus altamirani_ Shaw

* _Pinus altissima_ Ledeb. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus amamiana_ Koidz.

* _Pinus americana_ Steud., 1821

* _Pinus andraei_ Coemans, 1867

* _Pinus anthraciticus_ Dawson, 1892

* _Pinus aristata_ Engelm.

* _Pinus arizonica_ Engelm.

* _Pinus armandii_ Franch.

* _Pinus armstrongi_ Heer, 1868

* _Pinus attenuata_ Lemmon

* _Pinus australis_ Dum.Cours., 1811

* _Pinus australis_ Hort.Berol. ex Steud.

* _Pinus ayacahuite_ Ehrenb. ex Schltdl.

* _Pinus ayacahuite_ Ehrend.

* _Pinus balfouriana_ A.Murray bis et al.

* _Pinus balfouriana_ Balf.

* _Pinus banksiana_ Lamb.

* _Pinus bathursti_ Heer, 1868

* _Pinus benthamii_ Endl.

* _Pinus bhutanica_ Grierson et al.

* _Pinus boothiana_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862

* _Pinus brutia_ Ten.

* _Pinus bungeana_ Zucc. ex Endl.

* _Pinus cairica_ D.Don ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus canariensis_ C.Sm.

* _Pinus canariensis_ C.Sm. ex DC.

* _Pinus caramanica_ Bosc, 1809

* _Pinus caramaniensis_

* _Pinus caribaea_ Morelet

* _Pinus carpathica_ Ungrisches

* _Pinus caucasica_ Fisch. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus cavendishiana_ hort. ex Carrière, 1867

* _Pinus cedrus_ Uspensk.

* _Pinus cembra_ L.

* _Pinus cembroides_ Gord.

* _Pinus cembroides_ Zucc.

* _Pinus cernua_ P.K.Lôc ex Aver., K.S.Nguyen & T.H.Nguyên

* _Pinus chinensis_ Knight ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus clausa_ (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Sarg.

* _Pinus clausa_ (Chapm.) Vasey

* _Pinus columbiana_ Penhallow, 1907

* _Pinus concolor_ Engelm. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus conoides_ Perkins, 1904

* _Pinus contorta_ Bol., 1866

* _Pinus contorta_ Douglas ex Loudon

* _Pinus coulteri_ D.Don

* _Pinus craigana_ 1855

* _Pinus cubensis_ Griseb.

* _Pinus cubensis_ hort. ex Gord.Pinet., 1858

* _Pinus culminicola_ Andresen & Beaman

* _Pinus cuneatus_ Perkins, 1904

* _Pinus dalatensis_ Ferré

* _Pinus damarra_ Steud., 1821

* _Pinus davurica_ Ledeb., 1850

* _Pinus delicatulus_ Berry, 1904

* 高山松 _Pinus densata_ Mast.

* 赤松 _Pinus densiflora_ Siebold & Zucc.

* _Pinus densithunbergii_ Uyeki

* _Pinus denticulata_ Steud.

* _Pinus devoniana_ Lindl.

* _Pinus divaricata_ hort. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus dixoni_ Gardner, 1890

* _Pinus domestica_ Matthews

* _Pinus douglasiana_ Martínez

* _Pinus durangensis_ Martínez

* 萌芽松 _Pinus echinata_ Mill.

* _Pinus edulis_ Engelm.

* 濕地松 _Pinus elliottii_ Engelm.

* _Pinus engelmannii_ Carrière

* _Pinus eslavae_ Shaw, 1914

* _Pinus fenzeliana_ Hand.-Mazz.

* _Pinus fertilis_ Roezl ex Godr.

* _Pinus fertilis_ Roezl ex Gordon

* _Pinus finlaysoniana_ Wall.

* _Pinus firma_ W.R.McNab

* _Pinus fischeri_ Booth ex Lodd.

* _Pinus flexilis_ E.James

* _Pinus florissanti_ Lesquereux, 1883

* _Pinus fordi_ Chandler, 1978

* _Pinus fremontiana_ Gord.

* _Pinus futilis_ Sarg.

* _Pinus geitneri_ Roezl

* _Pinus genitor_ Ducampopinus

* _Pinus genitor_ Strobus

* _Pinus georginae_ Pérez de la Rosa

* _Pinus gerardiana_ Wall. ex D.Don

* _Pinus ghiesbrechtii_ Carrière

* _Pinus ghiesbreghtii_ Linden ex Seneclanze

* _Pinus gingko_ Royle, 1840

* _Pinus glabra_ Walter

* _Pinus gracilistrobus_ Knowlton, 1899

* _Pinus grandis_ Douglas, 1836

* _Pinus greggii_ Engelm. ex Parl.

* _Pinus haguenensis_ Loud. ex Beissn.

* _Pinus haguenensis_ hort. ex Lavallée, 1877

* _Pinus haguenoviensis_ hort. ex Parl., 1868

* _Pinus hakkodensis_ Makino

* _Pinus halepensis_ M.Bieb., 1808

* _Pinus halepensis_ Mill.

* _Pinus hambachi_ Kirchner, 1898

* _Pinus hartwegii_ Lindl.

* _Pinus heldreichii_ H.Christ

* _Pinus henryi_ Mast.

* _Pinus herrerae_ Martínez

* _Pinus herrerai_ Martínez, 1940

* _Pinus heterophylla_ Small.

* _Pinus hugelii_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862

* _Pinus hwangshanensis_ W.Y.Hsia

* _Pinus iddingsi_ Knowlton, 1899

* _Pinus intermedia_ Lodd.

* _Pinus intermedia_ Wangh.

* _Pinus jaliscana_ Pérez de la Rosa

* _Pinus japonica_ Parl., 1868

* _Pinus japonica_ hort. ex Carrière, 1867

* _Pinus jeffreyi_ A.MurrayBis

* _Pinus jeffreyi_ Balf.

* _Pinus kesiya_ Royle ex Godr.

* _Pinus kesiya_ Royle ex Gordon

* _Pinus khasya_ Royle ex Gord.

* _Pinus khutrow_ Royle, 1839

* _Pinus koraiensis_ Siebold & Zucc.

* _Pinus krempfii_ Lecomte

* _Pinus kwangshanensis_ W.Y.Hsia

* _Pinus lambertiana_ Douglas

* _Pinus lambertiana_ Douglas ex R.Taylor & R.Phillips, 1827

* _Pinus lardyana_ Heer, 1855

* _Pinus laricio_ L.

* _Pinus larix_ Douglas, 1836

* _Pinus larix_ Siev.

* _Pinus latifolia_ H.Mayr.

* _Pinus latteri_ Mason

* _Pinus lawsonii_ Roezl ex Godr.

* _Pinus lawsonii_ Roezl ex Gordon

* _Pinus leiophylla_ Schiede & Deppe

* _Pinus leiophylla_ Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.

* _Pinus lindgreni_ Knowlton, 1901

* _Pinus lindleyi_ Carrière

* _Pinus llaveana_ Schiede, 1838

* _Pinus longaeva_ D.K.Bailey

* _Pinus longifolia_ Roezl ex Hemsl.

* _Pinus longifolia_ Roxb.

* _Pinus luchuensis_ Mayr

* _Pinus lumholtzii_ B.L.Rob & Fernald

* _Pinus lundgreni_ (Nathorst, 1878)

* _Pinus luzmariae_ Pérez de la Rosa

* _Pinus macclurii_ Heer, 1868

* _Pinus macrolepis_ Knowlton, 1899

* _Pinus massoniana_ D.Don

* _Pinus massoniana_ Lamb.

* _Pinus mattewanensis_ Berry, 1903

* _Pinus maximartinezii_ Rzed.

* _Pinus maximinoi_ H.E.Moore

* _Pinus maximowiczii_ Parl., 1868

* _Pinus mcvaughii_ Carvajal, 1985

* _Pinus merkiana_ Gurd., 1875

* _Pinus merkusii_ Jungh. & de Vriese

* _Pinus miocenica_ Tanai, 1961

* _Pinus monophylla_ Torr. & Frém.

* _Pinus monophylla_ hort. ex Parl., 1868

* _Pinus monspeliensis_ Salzm. ex Dunal

* _Pinus montana_ Du Roi

* _Pinus montana_ Schur, 1866

* _Pinus monteragensis_ Godefr. ex Carrière, 1855

* _Pinus montezumae_ D.Don, 1832

* _Pinus montezumae_ Lamb.

* _Pinus montialleggrii_ Roezl

* _Pinus monticola_ Douglas ex D.Don

* _Pinus monticola_ Douglas ex Lamb

* _Pinus morrisonicola_ Hayata

* _Pinus mugo_ Turra

* _Pinus mugo × sylvestris_

* _Pinus mukdensis_ Ueki, 1919

* _Pinus muricata_ D.Don

* _Pinus nanfengensis_ Wang et al., 2017

* _Pinus neilreichiana_ Reichardt

* _Pinus nelsonii_ Shaw

* _Pinus nepalensis_ Royle ex Lindl. & Gord.

* 歐洲黑松 _Pinus nigra_ J.F.Arnold

* _Pinus nobilis_ Douglas ex Loudon

* _Pinus nordenskioeldi_ Heer, 1876

* _Pinus nova-hollandica_ Lodd. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus novae-hollandiae_ Lodd. ex Carrière

* _Pinus obovata_ Antoine

* _Pinus occidentalis_ Sw.

* _Pinus oocarpa_ Schiede

* _Pinus oocarpa_ Schiede ex Schltdl.

* _Pinus otteana_ Roezl ex Vilm.

* _Pinus padufia_ Ledeb. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus pallasiana_ D.Don

* _Pinus pallasii_ Parol.

* _Pinus palmiensis_ hort. ex Gordon, 1862

* 長葉松 _Pinus palustris_ Mill.

* 日本五針松 _Pinus parviflora_ Siebold & Zucc.

* _Pinus parvifolia_ hort. ex Carr, 1867

* _Pinus patula_ Schiede & Deppe ex Schiede.

* _Pinus patula_ Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.

* _Pinus peloponnesiaca_ hort. ex Beissn.

* _Pinus pentaphylla_ Carrière, 1867

* _Pinus peregrinus_ Hickey, 1977

* _Pinus pescatarei_ Roezl ex Vilm.

* _Pinus peuce_ Griseb.

* _Pinus picea_ Hablitz

* _Pinus pinaster_ Aiton

* _Pinus pinaster_ Besser, 1809

* _Pinus pinaster_ Loudon, 1838

* _Pinus pinaster_ Soland.

* _Pinus pinceana_ Godr.

* _Pinus pinceana_ Gordon

* _Pinus pindrow_ Royle, 1839

* _Pinus pinea_ Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus pinea_ Hablitz

* _Pinus pinea_ L.

* _Pinus pinsapo_ Boiss., 1842

* _Pinus pithyusa_ Strangw. ex Gord.

* _Pinus ponderosa_ Douglas ex C.Lawson

* _Pinus ponderosa_ Douglas ex Loudon, 1838

* _Pinus ponderosoides_ Axelrod, 1987

* _Pinus praetermissa_ Styles & McVaugh

* _Pinus prekesiya_ Xing et al., 2010

* _Pinus premurrayana_ Knowlton, 1899

* _Pinus prestwichi_ Gardner, 1884

* _Pinus pringlei_ Shaw

* _Pinus protoscleropitys_ Holden, 1913

* _Pinus pseudopatula_ hort. ex Bois

* _Pinus pseudopumila_ Beck

* _Pinus pseudostrobus_ Lindl.

* _Pinus pseudotaeda_ Ten.

* 偃松 _Pinus pumila_ (Pall.) Regel

* _Pinus pungens_ Lamb. ex Michx.

* _Pinus pygmaea_ Fisch. ex Endl., 1847

* _Pinus pygmaea_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873

* _Pinus pyramidalis_ Reum. ex Antoine

* _Pinus pyramidalis_ hort. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus quadrifolia_ Parl. ex Sudw.

* _Pinus quadrifolia_ Parry ex Parl., 1868

* _Pinus quenstedti_ Heer, 1869

* _Pinus quinquefolia_ David

* _Pinus quinquefolia_ Hollick & Jeffrey, 1909

* _Pinus radiata_ D.Don

* _Pinus raritanensis_ Berry, 1910

* _Pinus reginae-ameliae_ K.Koch

* _Pinus remota_ (Little) D.K.Bailey & Hawksw.

* 美國赤松 _Pinus resinosa_ Soland，多脂松

* _Pinus rhaetica_ Brügger

* 剛松 _Pinus rigida_ Mill.

* _Pinus romana_ hort. ex Loudon

* _Pinus romania_ hort. ex Steud.

* _Pinus romaniae_ Dum.Cours.

* _Pinus romeniaca_ Cels

* 西藏長葉松 _Pinus roxburghii_ Sarg.

* _Pinus roylei_ Lindl. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus rubra_ Lamb.

* _Pinus rubra_ Miq., 1867

* _Pinus rubra_ Sieber ex Gordon, 1862

* _Pinus rubraeflora_ Loud. ex Gordon, 1858

* _Pinus rudis_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862

* _Pinus rzedowskii_ Madrigal & M.Caball.

* _Pinus sabineana_ Douglas, 1832

* _Pinus sabiniana_ Douglas

* _Pinus sabiniana_ Douglas ex D.Don

* _Pinus saskatchawensis_ Hook. ex Parl., 1868

* _Pinus scariosa_ Lodd.

* _Pinus scituatensiformis_ Bailey, 1911

* _Pinus sebirica_ Du Tour

* _Pinus serotina_ Michx.

* _Pinus shastensis_ Fontaine, 1905

* _Pinus sheppyensis_ Ettinghausen & Gardner, 1879

* 新疆五針松 _Pinus sibirica_ DuTour

* 油松 _Pinus sinensis_ Endl.

* _Pinus sinensis_ Lamb.

* _Pinus skinneri_ hort. ex Carrière, 1855

* _Pinus smithiana_ D.Don ex Lamb.

* 巧家五針松 _Pinus squamata_ X.W.Li

* _Pinus squammosa_ Bosc, 1809

* _Pinus squarrosa_ Kalenicz.

* _Pinus steenstrupiana_ Heer, 1908

* _Pinus strobiformis_ Engelm.

* 北美喬松 _Pinus strobus_ L.

* _Pinus sturgisi_ Cockerell, 1908

* _Pinus subarctica_ Schur, 1866

* _Pinus subgenitor_ Balfouria

* _Pinus subgenitor_ Ducampopinus

* _Pinus subgenitor_ Pinea

* _Pinus subgenitor_ Sabinia

* _Pinus subgenitor_ Strobus

* _Pinus subpatula_ Roezl ex Gordon

* _Pinus suffruticosa_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862

* _Pinus susquaensis_ Dawson, 1882

* 歐洲赤松 _Pinus sylvestris_ L., 1753

  
* 長白松 _Pinus sylvestris_ var. _sylvestriformis_

* 油松 _Pinus tabuliformis_ Carrière

* 火炬松 _Pinus taeda_ L.

* 台灣二葉松 _Pinus taiwanensis_ Hayata

* _Pinus tatarica_ hort. ex Carrière, 1855

* _Pinus tatarica_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873

* _Pinus taurica_ Lodd.

* _Pinus taurina_ Steud.

* _Pinus tecumumani_ Schwerdtfeger

* _Pinus tecunumanii_ Eguiluz & J.P.Perry

* _Pinus teocote_ Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.

* _Pinus tetraphylla_ Jeffrey, 1908

* _Pinus thilemannii_ Roezl, 1857

* 黑松 _Pinus thunbergii_ Parl.

* _Pinus tomacocaensis_ Roezl

* _Pinus torreyana_ Parry ex Carrière

* _Pinus torreyana_ Parry ex Torr., 1859

* _Pinus tortuosa_ Steud.

* _Pinus triphylla_ Hollick & Jeffrey, 1909

* 熱帶松 _Pinus tropicalis_ Morelet

* _Pinus trunculus_ Dawson, 1888

* _Pinus tschugatskoi_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873

* _Pinus tulameenensis_ Penhallow, 1908

* _Pinus uncinata_ Mill. ex Mirb.

* _Pinus uncinata_ Ramond ex DC.

* _Pinus uncinata_ Steud.

* _Pinus uniseriata_ Wang et al., 2017

* _Pinus vallartensis_ Pérez de la Rosa & Gernandt

* _Pinus variegata_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873

* _Pinus vernonensis_ Ward, 1905

* _Pinus verschaffeltii_ Roezl, 1857

* _Pinus vindelica_ Schott

* 矮松 _Pinus virginiana_ Mill.

* _Pinus vulcaniamniensis_ Ellenberger, 1970

* 喬松 _Pinus wallichiana_ A.B.Jacks.

* 毛枝五針松 _Pinus wangii_ H.H.Hu & W.C.Cheng

* _Pinus wardii_ Knowlton, 1899

* _Pinus wateriana_ hort. ex L.H.Bailey, 1933

* _Pinus wheeleri_ Cockerell, 1908

* _Pinus xichangensis_ C.T.Kuan & L.J.Zhou

* 雲南松 _Pinus yunnanensis_ Franch.

* _Pinus zitacuaria_ Gordon, 1858

雜交種：


* _Pinus ×attenuradiata_ Stockw. & Righter

* _Pinus ×cerambycifera_ Businský

* _Pinus ×critchfieldii_ Businský

* _Pinus ×galaiana_ Papaioannou ex Cavadas

* _Pinus ×halepensipinaster_ Saporta

* _Pinus ×holfordiana_ A.B.Jacks.

* _Pinus ×hunnewellii_ Alb.G.Johnson

* _Pinus ×litvinovii_ L.V.Orlova

* _Pinus ×murraybanksiana_ Righter & Stockw.

* _Pinus ×naxiorum_ Businský

* _Pinus ×neilreichiana_ Beck, 1890

* _Pinus ×parapumila_ P.Landry

* _Pinus ×rigitaeda_ S.K.Hyun & Ahn

* _Pinus ×schwerinii_ Fitschen

* _Pinus ×sondereggeri_ H.H.Chapm.

* _Pinus ×sondereggeri_ H.H.Chapm. ex Sudw.

* _Pinus ×spuria_ Domin

* _Pinus ×transamericana_ Businský

* _Pinus ×wettsteinii_ K.Richt., 1890

歸入本屬的物種：


* _Ophioglossum granulatum_ (Heer, 1883)

* _Piceites reucheanus_ Goeppert & Berendt, 1850

* _Pinites bowerbanki_ (Carruthers, 1878)

* _Strobus griffithii_ Moldenke

* _Zamia macrocephala_ (Lindley & Hutton, 1834)



用途

幾十年來松樹被當作快速生長的人工 森林樹種廣為種植，因此它是採伐後林地的代替樹種。松樹對於採礦特別重要，因為它的木材纖維長，在受壓斷裂之前會發出聲響。通常礦工會用松樹木搭建支架，一方面起支撐作用，一方面可以對塌方起到警報的作用。



蟲害疾病


* 藍變（Ceratocystis，由不同的致病源如榆枯萎病菌，藍變真菌等引起）指的是木材的顏色變異

* 銹病（_Cronartium flaccidum_ 或 _Endocronartium pini_）由鏽真菌引起

* 松疱銹病 (_Cronartium ribicola_) 受災樹種：五針松

* 白色雪霉 (_Phacidium infestans_) 受災樹種： 瑞士五針松

* 黑色雪霉 (_Herpotrichia coulteri_) 受災樹種： 歐洲山松

* 松材線蟲（_Bursaphelenchus xylophilus_）

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參考