扎格柔斯或譯為扎格列歐斯、扎格留斯（Zagreus，希臘語：Ζαγρεύς），有時祂被認定為奧菲斯教信徒所膜拜的神祇，是最初的酒神，乃宙斯與珀耳塞福涅所生之子，曾遭受泰坦的支解並且又獲重生。最早提及扎格柔斯的神話中，祂與大地女神蓋亞是婚配關係並被尊為「至高」之神，不過有可能僅僅在指祂是冥界神祇中地位崇高者。然而埃斯庫羅斯卻把黑帝斯與扎格柔斯關係作了聯繫，認為祂可能為黑帝斯之子，亦或與黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。值得注意的是「_黑帝斯被認定成宙斯在陰間的另一神格_（_Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios alter ego_）」，有「陰間宙斯」稱號，提摩西・甘茨（Timothy Gantz）則假設最初扎格柔斯可能是黑帝斯與珀耳塞福涅之子，後來與奧菲斯教神祇狄俄倪索斯（本身為宙斯和珀耳塞福涅之子）身分等同。



詞源

有關扎格柔斯原文──Zagreus 的來源，正如同卡爾・克雷尼（Karl Kerényi）根據_赫西丘斯訓詁（the Hesychian gloss）_ 所解釋的那樣：愛奧尼亞希臘語中捕捉活獵物的獵人被稱為 _zagreus_，而 _zagre_ 這字根其意思是「_捕捉活獵物的坑_（_pit for the capture of live animals_）」。克雷尼這麼說道「_我們可以合理來質問，為何如此神話般偉大獵人，乃野生動物捕捉者而非屠殺者，到希臘卻轉變成冥界的神秘神靈呢？_（_We may justifiably ask, why was this great mythical hunter, who in Greece became a mysterious god of the underworld, a capturer of wild animals and not a killer?_）」克雷尼也將扎格柔斯形象與古老酒神儀式聯繫起來，認為小動物遭肢解被生啖其肉，「_此非希臘酒神教派作風，而是史前宗教儀式轉化或遺留之習俗_（_not as an emanation of the Greek Dionysian religion, but rather as a migration or survival of a prehistoric rite_）」。



古希臘宗教觀的冥界

早期僅於亡佚作品的片段中有提及扎格柔斯，當中已將希臘冥界與扎格柔斯做了連結。最早是出現於《阿爾克邁翁詩》（_Alcmeonis_，西元前六世紀？）單獨引述的詩句：

> 中譯：_大地之母〔蓋亞〕，以及諸神中至尊扎格柔斯。_ 
> 原文英譯：_Mistress Earth [Gaia], and Zagreus highest of all the gods._
> 
> 

也許此處是指祂乃冥界最高神。

顯然地，對於埃斯庫羅斯而言扎格柔斯實質上就是冥界神靈。在埃斯庫羅斯失傳劇作《西西弗斯》（_Sisyphus_，約西元前五世紀）當中的一段詩句談到，扎格柔斯似乎是黑帝斯之子，但在埃斯庫羅另一作品《埃及人》（_Aigyptioi_）裡，扎格柔斯看來又被認為與黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。從歐里庇得斯遺佚劇作《克里特人》（_Cretan Men_ or _Kretes_）片段中，歌隊將他們自己描述為伊達山宙斯（希臘神話中，伊達山有一處宙斯出生的穴窟──伊達洞府〔Idaean Cave〕，此山被視作祂母親泰坦既時光女神──雷亞聖地）啟蒙者以及「_夜遊扎格柔斯，執行祂生肉盛宴_（_night-ranging Zagreus, performing his feasts of raw flesh_）」儀式的司祭。



奧菲斯教的狄俄倪索斯・扎格柔斯

在歐里庇得斯斷章殘篇中所述的扎格柔斯讓人聯想到宙斯和塞墨勒（Semele）之子──酒神狄俄倪索斯，事實上，儘管「扎格柔斯」並沒有出現在奧菲斯教發源地（色雷斯）的任何一處，但此名號在其他地方已被認定就是奧菲斯教的狄俄倪索斯（同體異名），而且其神話傳說與其他普遍流傳的版本截然不同。此尊狄俄倪索斯乃宙斯與珀耳塞福涅之子，在嬰兒時期，祂慘遭泰坦迫害及肢解，而後又重生成為宙斯和塞墨勒之子。



大眾文化

2020 年由超級巨人遊戲工作室發行的電玩《黑帝斯》遊戲內容，扎格柔斯被設定成本作主角。遊戲中，作為黑帝斯之子的扎格柔斯（遊戲中文版翻譯為扎格列歐斯）試圖逃出冥界去尋找母親珀耳塞福涅，並了解其母離開的原因。



註釋



相關條目


* 奧菲斯教

* 奧菲斯蛋

* 輪迴 (古希臘)

* 法涅斯

* 狄俄倪索斯

* 冥界 (希臘神話)

* 至福樂土

* 水仙平原

* 狄俄倪索斯秘儀

* 宇宙蛋

* 亡魂路引（或譯為亡魂通行證、亡魂通行金片）

* 希臘羅馬密教

* 珀耳塞福涅



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延伸閱讀


* Ménard, Jacques E. "Le mythe de Dionysos Zagreus chez Philon". In: _Revue des Sciences Religieuses_, tome 42, fascicule 4, 1968. pp. 339–345. doi:10.3406/rscir.1968.2519.

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* Verhelst, Berenice. "As Multiform as Dionysus: New Perspectives on Nonnus』 Dionysiaca". In: _L'antiquité classique_, Tome 82, 2013. pp. 267–278. doi:10.3406/antiq.2013.3840.



外部連結


* 研究古希臘眾神專網中關於扎格柔斯的條目 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）