yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?
Answer: July 25, 2015

Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?
Answer: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center

Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?
Answer: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket

Question: What is the Expedition-1?
Answer: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC).

Question: When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
Answer: 17 January 2010
Canon_law

The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
Answer: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Question: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?
Answer: "I" and "Q"
Canon_law

The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?
Answer: process of codification
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China’s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.

Question: In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?
Answer: only be used by its armed forces

Question: When did China join the Galileo project?
Answer: October 2004
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Question: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?
Answer: December 2011

Question: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?
Answer: by 2020

Question: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?
Answer: 16
Canon_law

It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
Answer: lawyers, judges
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Question: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?
Answer: 14
Canon_law

It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What does J.C.B. stand for?
Answer: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus

Question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
Answer: civilly-binding force

Question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
Answer: Bachelor of Canon Law
Canon_law

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?
Answer: Europe
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China’s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.

Question: Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?
Answer: the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post
Canon_law

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?
Answer: modern civil law and common law
Canon_law

It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
Answer: Juris Canonici Licentiatus
Canon_law

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?
Answer: Europe and Latin American

Question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
Answer: contemporary society
Canon_law

In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

Question: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?
Answer: "practice and procedure" or "church order"

Question: What aspect of management is covered by church order?
Answer: government
Canon_law

Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

Question: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?
Answer: principles of canon law

Question: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?
Answer: factually

Question: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? 
Answer: its own legal system

Question: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?
Answer: living

Question: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
Answer: unity
Canon_law

Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?
Answer: Aristotelian-Thomistic

Question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?
Answer: law

Question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
Answer: a rule of conduct
Canon_law

Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?
Answer: the Episcopal Church
Canon_law

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?
Answer: Edson Luiz Sampel
Canon_law

The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?
Answer: Greek

Question: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
Answer: the Ecumenical Councils
Canon_law

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
Answer: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic
Canon_law

Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?
Answer: Aquinas

Question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?
Answer: the common good
Communications_in_Somalia

After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

Question: Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?
Answer: Somali entrepreneurs

Question: China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.
Answer: expertise

Question: What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?
Answer: affordable mobile phone and internet services

Question: Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
Answer: mobile phones

Question: When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?
Answer: infrastructure
Canon_law

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?
Answer: canons
Canon_law

The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?
Answer: bishops
Communications_in_Somalia

Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.

Question: Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?
Answer: telecom industry

Question: What sector provides key communication services?
Answer: telecom
Canon_law

The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
Answer: more diversity in legislation

Question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
Answer: custom

Question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
Answer: 1929

Question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
Answer: 1949 through 1958
Canon_law

Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?
Answer: Roman Law Code of Justinian

Question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
Answer: adversarial
Canon_law

The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?
Answer: canons and commentaries upon them