yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Catalan_language

Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

Question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
Answer: in public life and education

Question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
Answer: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales

Question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Question: In what area did Catalan develop?
Answer: eastern Pyrenees

Question: From what language did Catalan come?
Answer: Vulgar Latin
Catalan_language

During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

Question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
Answer: 11th and 12th centuries
Catalan_language

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?
Answer: Andorra

Question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
Answer: Andorranization policies
Catalan_language

Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
Answer: 1479
Catalan_language

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: What is an Andorran school policy?
Answer: Catalan medium education
Catalan_language

The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
Answer: War of Spanish Succession
Catalan_language

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: What is the only language of Andorra?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
Answer: 1714

Question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Question: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
Answer: 9th century
Catalan_language

Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Question: When did France outlaw Catalan?
Answer: 1789
Catalan_language

The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
Answer: in all schools
Catalan_language

Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
Answer: French Revolution

Question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?
Answer: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque
Catalan_language

Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Question: Since the transition, what is the official language?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
Answer: mass media
Catalan_language

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
Answer: 1993
Catalan_language

Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Question: What are French non standard languages called?
Answer: patois
Catalan_language

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Question: What is Catalan a variety of?
Answer: Occitan language

Question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
Answer: varying degrees
Catalan_language

During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

Question: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?
Answer: 13th century

Question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?
Answer: 14th century
Catalan_language

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
Answer: differences

Question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
Answer: many traits

Question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
Answer: closely related
Catalan_language

During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

Question: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?
Answer: Murcia

Question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
Answer: 15th century
Catalan_language

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Question: What are the Paisos Catalans
Answer: Catalan Countries

Question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
Answer: Països Catalans
Catalan_language

The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

Question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?
Answer: Occitano-Romance

Question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
Answer: linguists

Question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
Answer: Spanish ones
Catalan_language

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Question: What is that determination based on?
Answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

Question: What status does Catalan Countries have?
Answer: no official status

Question: What is the interpretation of the term?
Answer: Various interpretations
Catalan_language

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
Answer: 2004

Question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
Answer: 30%

Question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
Answer: Catalan

Question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
Answer: language shift processes

Question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
Answer: 60 or older
Catalan_language

In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
Answer: revival

Question: What is Renaixenca?
Answer: Catalan literary revival
Catalan_language

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
Answer: Spanish
Catalan_language

In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
Answer: 1833

Question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
Answer: early 20th

Question: When did this revival period begin?
Answer: 1833
Catalan_language

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
Answer: Italian

Question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
Answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes

Question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
Answer: diglossic attitudes
Catalan_language

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics
Catalan_language

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

Question: What is this a subdiscipline of?
Answer: Catalan philology

Question: What outside affects does this study include?
Answer: other languages in contact

Question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
Answer: analyse the relation
Catalan_language

In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

Question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
Answer: city of Valencia

Question: When was the golden age of Catalan?
Answer: Low Middle Ages

Question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
Answer: 17th

Question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
Answer: Costa Carreras
Catalan_language

Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Question: When did the French obtain Algeria?
Answer: 1833
Catalan_language

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Question: What has Catalan often been considered?
Answer: dialect of Spanish
Catalan_language

Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?
Answer: Northern Catalonia and Minorca

Question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?
Answer: patuet
Catalan_language

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
Answer: Francoist
Catalan_language

Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?
Answer: around 100,000

Question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
Answer: 1962
Catalan_language

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
Answer: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance

Question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
Answer: lexical

Question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
Answer: unique

Question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
Answer: enyorar
Catalan_language

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
Answer: other Romance languages

Question: What is high among dialects?
Answer: intelligibility

Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
Answer: 90% to 95%

Question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
Answer: Alguerese

Question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
Answer: uniformity
Catalan_language

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
Answer: rest of Roman Hispania
Catalan_language

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
Answer: three
Catalan_language

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Question: What is Occitan a branch of?
Answer: Western Romance