yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Question: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
Answer: Shunzhi
IPod

Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

Question: On what devices can video games be used?
Answer: iPods

Question: What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?
Answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

Question: Who created Brick?
Answer: Steve Wozniak
IPod

Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.

Question: In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?
Answer: 2007
IPod

Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.

Question: What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?
Answer: JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
IPod

Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.

Question: What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?
Answer: iTunes Store
IPod

Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.

Question: What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?
Answer: audio input jacks

Question: Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?
Answer: FM transmitters

Question: What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?
Answer: audio input jacks

Question: What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?
Answer: FM
IPod

Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

Question: What was included on the first iPod?
Answer: Brick

Question: What other games were later added to the original iPod?
Answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

Question: What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?
Answer: easter egg
IPod

BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

Question: What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?
Answer: BMW

Question: Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?
Answer: Scion

Question: In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?
Answer: 2005

Question: Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?
Answer: BMW

Question: Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?
Answer: Scion
IPod

Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On...". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.

Question: What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?
Answer: The Beat Goes On...

Question: In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?
Answer: 2007

Question: Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?
Answer: iPhone
IPod

At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

Question: When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?
Answer: January 6, 2009

Question: How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?
Answer: five
IPod

Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On...". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.

Question: On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?
Answer: September 5, 2007
IPod

At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

Question: By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?
Answer: April 2009

Question: What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?
Answer: FairPlay

Question: In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?
Answer: iTunes Plus

Question: What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?
Answer: AAC
IPod

On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.

Question: When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?
Answer: August 24, 2006

Question: How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?
Answer: $100 million

Question: What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?
Answer: Made for iPod
IPod

Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.

Question: What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?
Answer: Nike+iPod pedometer

Question: Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?
Answer: Nike
IPod

On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.

Question: How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?
Answer: $100 million
IPod

At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

Question: When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?
Answer: AAC

Question: In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?
Answer: 2009
IPod

Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.

Question: What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?
Answer: TV

Question: What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?
Answer: Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation

Question: Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?
Answer: Apple
IPod

At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

Question: What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?
Answer: iTunes Plus
IPod

Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.

Question: What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?
Answer: iPod Hi-Fi
IPod

On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.

Question: What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?
Answer: the Made for iPod program
IPod

In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.

Question: In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?
Answer: 2005
IPod

On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.

Question: When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?
Answer: January 8, 2004

Question: What does HP stand for?
Answer: Hewlett-Packard

Question: What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?
Answer: Wal-Mart

Question: HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?
Answer: 5%

Question: Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?
Answer: HP

Question: What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?
Answer: unfavorable
IPod

In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.

Question: What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?
Answer: Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch

Question: On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?
Answer: Ho Keung Tse

Question: What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?
Answer: patent infringement

Question: Which company sued Apple for breach of a "music jukebox" patent in 2005?
Answer: Advanced Audio Devices

Question: Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?
Answer: FairPlay
IPod

Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.

Question: What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?
Answer: rotational user inputs

Question: When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?
Answer: August 2005

Question: From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?
Answer: United States International Trade Commission

Question: Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?
Answer: Creative Technology

Question: What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?
Answer: Zen Patent
IPod

On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.

Question: How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?
Answer: hundred million

Question: How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?
Answer: 32%

Question: How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?
Answer: $5.2 billion
IPod

Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.

Question: Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?
Answer: Creative Technology
IPod

On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.

Question: In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?
Answer: 2007

Question: What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?
Answer: Mac computers
IPod

Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.

Question: What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?
Answer: communication and training
IPod

On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.

Question: As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?
Answer: 32%
IPod

Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.

Question: What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?
Answer: rotational user inputs