yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?
Answer: the grant of the royal charter

Question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: the reference to London
Daylight_saving_time

In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Question: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
Answer: solar time
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: 1892
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
Answer: 1834
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: Portland Place

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
Answer: King George V and Queen Mary
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?
Answer: 1837
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: What was Riba's first name?
Answer: Institute of British Architects in London
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?
Answer: King William IV

Question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?
Answer: 1971

Question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?
Answer: 1887, 1909 and 1925

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
Answer: minor amendments
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: London

Question: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
Answer: Architects
Daylight_saving_time

A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Question: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
Answer: permanent daylight saving time
Daylight_saving_time

Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?
Answer: three
Daylight_saving_time

A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Question: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
Answer: time shifts

Question: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
Answer: 2011 to 2014

Question: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
Answer: late

Question: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
Answer: winter
Daylight_saving_time

Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?
Answer: Double Summer Time

Question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
Answer: Central European Midsummer Time
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Question: When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?
Answer: 2011

Question: What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?
Answer: to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture
Daylight_saving_time

Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?
Answer: an extra hour
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Question: What does ARB stand for?
Answer: Architects Registration Board
Daylight_saving_time

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
Answer: westward
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?
Answer: 1934
Daylight_saving_time

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?
Answer: 67
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?
Answer: 80 per cent

Question: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?
Answer: Harry Barnes
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Question: What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?
Answer: RIBA also validates courses outside the UK
Daylight_saving_time

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
Answer: negative DST

Question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
Answer: 1971

Question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
Answer: Central Standard Time
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Question: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?
Answer: 44,000

Question: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?
Answer: RIBA
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?
Answer: architectural associations
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Question: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?
Answer: Student Members

Question: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?
Answer: fellowships

Question: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?
Answer: FRIBA
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?
Answer: ARCUK
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

Question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?
Answer: the Liverpool University School of Architecture

Question: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?
Answer: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

Question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?
Answer: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

Question: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?
Answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

Question: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?
Answer: twenty
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

Question: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?
Answer: 1904

Question: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?
Answer: syllabus

Question: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?
Answer: an approved external examiner

Question: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?
Answer: Visiting Board
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Question: What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?
Answer: 66 Portland Place
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Question: How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?
Answer: a dozen
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

Question: Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?
Answer: RIBA
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Question: When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?
Answer: 1966

Question: In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?
Answer: Cambridge
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

Question: What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?
Answer: course validation

Question: What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?
Answer: international courses
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Question: What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?
Answer: the East of England
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Question: What was the RIBA Library's first address?
Answer: 9 Conduit Street
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Question: What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?
Answer: the Library
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Question: Where did RIBA move its library?
Answer: 66 Portland Place