yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.

Question: What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?
Answer: God's relational nature

Question: Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?
Answer: people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

Question: What was Whitehead's description of God?
Answer: "the brief Galilean vision of humility"
Alfred_North_Whitehead

It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.

Question: Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?
Answer: His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

Question: Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?
Answer: through the work of his students and admirers rather

Question: Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?
Answer: Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine

Question: What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century"?
Answer: Bruno Latour

Question: Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?
Answer: Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

Question: What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
Answer: ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."

Question: What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
Answer: Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

Question: What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
Answer: pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

Question: What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?
Answer: "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").

Question: What is the origin of the word "prehension"?
Answer: comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize."

Question: What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?
Answer: the mind only has private ideas about other entities

Question: What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?
Answer: prehension

Question: What language does the term "prehensio" come from?
Answer: Latin

Question: What entities does the term prehension apply to?
Answer: conscious or unconscious

Question: What does the word "Prehensio" translate into?
Answer: to seize

Question: How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?
Answer: two

Question: What is prehension used to define?
Answer: a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons

Question: What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?
Answer: entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them

Question: What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?
Answer: causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.

Question: Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?
Answer: shadow banking system

Question: What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?
Answer: shadow banking system
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.

Question: How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?
Answer: $500 million
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.

Question: The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?
Answer: investor funds

Question: What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?
Answer: U.S. Treasury Secretary
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.

Question: How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
Answer: $1.55 billion

Question: What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
Answer: 7.5%
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.

Question: In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?
Answer: American progressive theology

Question: What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?
Answer: developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.

Question: What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
Answer: $10.7 billion

Question: Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?
Answer: Charles Schumer
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.

Question: Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?
Answer: Charles Hartshorne

Question: Who are some other distinguished process theologians?
Answer: John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are "likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.

Question: What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?
Answer: the collapse of the shadow banking system
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.

Question: What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
Answer: unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.

Question: How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?
Answer: a little over $7 billion

Question: Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?
Answer: Charles Schumer (D-NY)

Question: What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?
Answer: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are "likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.

Question: How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?
Answer: nearly one-third
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.

Question: Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?
Answer: June 30
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.

Question: What do money market funds frequently invest in?
Answer: commercial paper issued by corporations
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are "likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.

Question: What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?
Answer: some forms of securitization

Question: As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?
Answer: capital
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.

Question: If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?
Answer: 9.27%

Question: When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
Answer: April 2008

Question: What is a well capitalized ratio?
Answer: minimum 10% risk-based

Question: What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
Answer: $160 million

Question: What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
Answer: Moody's