yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Printed_circuit_board

Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904. Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns.

Question: Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?
Answer: Albert Hanson

Question: Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?
Answer: Charles Ducas
Bacteria

Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death. Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all. Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Chlamydia, another phylum of obligate intracellular parasites, contains species that can cause pneumonia, or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease. Finally, some species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium, are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis.

Question: Can all bacteria in human body  be harmful?
Answer: exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease
Printed_circuit_board

Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

Question: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?
Answer: Moisture absorption

Question: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?
Answer: 4

Question: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?
Answer: Teflon
Printed_circuit_board

Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904. Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns.

Question: What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?
Answer: linen paper

Question: What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?
Answer: 1913

Question: In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?
Answer: a patterned mask
Premier_League

The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership. Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: How many club members are there?
Answer: The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders
Printed_circuit_board

Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.

Question: Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
Answer: drilling holes
Premier_League

The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership. Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: How many matches does each team play?
Answer: Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season.

Question: What days are most games played?
Answer: Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings

Question: Who sponsors the Premier League?
Answer: It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership.

Question: What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?
Answer: Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League?
Answer: 20

Question: When do Premier League seasons run from?
Answer: August to May
Printed_circuit_board

During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.

Question: Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?
Answer: Harry W. Rubinstein
Premier_League

The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership. Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK?
Answer: English Premier League

Question: Who sponsors the Premier League?
Answer: Barclays Bank

Question: How many matches do each team play?
Answer: 38
Premier_League

The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons.

Question: How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?
Answer: broadcast in 212 territories

Question: Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?
Answer: The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,

Question: What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
Answer: a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people

Question: What is the average game attendance for the league?
Answer: the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000

Question: What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season?
Answer: 36,000
Printed_circuit_board

During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.

Question: What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?
Answer: Globe Union
Premier_League

The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons.

Question: What is the Premier League's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank?
Answer: The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues

Question: Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football?
Answer: Bundesliga

Question: To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?
Answer: 212

Question: To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to?
Answer: 643 million

Question: What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
Answer: 4.7 billion
Printed_circuit_board

The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

Question: What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?
Answer: Auto-Sembly
Printed_circuit_board

During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.

Question: Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?
Answer: University of Wisconsin-Madison

Question: What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?
Answer: ceramic

Question: What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?
Answer: Cledo Brunetti Award
Printed_circuit_board

The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

Question: What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?
Answer: a radio set

Question: What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?
Answer: World War II
Premier_League

The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Question: What date was the Premier League formed?
Answer: The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992

Question: Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?
Answer: BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.

Question: How much was the deal worth?
Answer: The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14

Question: How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?
Answer: The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights
Printed_circuit_board

The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

Question: Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?
Answer: Geoffrey Dummer
Premier_League

The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Question: In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?
Answer: In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Question: When was the Premier League originally formed?
Answer: 20 February 1992

Question: When was the Football League originally founded?
Answer: 1888

Question: How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?
Answer: 116

Question: How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?
Answer: 38

Question: How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?
Answer: €2.2 billion
Printed_circuit_board

There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (matte glass and polyester), G-10 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-2 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (non-woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (woven glass and polyester). Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies, and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.

Question: What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?
Answer: Teflon

Question: What pre-preg material is designated by "FR-2"?
Answer: phenolic cotton paper

Question: To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical?
Answer: ball grid array
Premier_League

Television money had also become much more important; the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but when that deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years. The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a "super league", but were eventually persuaded to stay. As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.

Question: Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league?
Answer: to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.
Printed_circuit_board

There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (matte glass and polyester), G-10 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-2 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (non-woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (woven glass and polyester). Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies, and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.

Question: What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?
Answer: glass fiber

Question: What dielectric is matte glass and polyester?
Answer: FR-6
Premier_League

At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.

Question: In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?
Answer: At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled

Question: What did this agreement establish?
Answer: established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.

Question: When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
Answer: The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991

Question: Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?
Answer: The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League