yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Seattle

The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide. After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle.

Question: By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue?
Answer: 2023
Memory

Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate. This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child.

Question: What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?
Answer: the more stressful situations that someone encounters,

Question: What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?
Answer: high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors
Memory

However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards – a computerized version of the card game "Concentration" or "Memory". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.

Question: In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?
Answer: both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.
Memory

Memorization is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim. Rote learning is the method most often used. Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers, such as Cosmos Rossellius using visual alphabets. The spacing effect shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time. In contrast to this is cramming: an intensive memorization in a short period of time. Also relevant is the Zeigarnik effect which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones. The so-called Method of loci uses spatial memory to memorize non-spatial information.

Question: What does memorization mean?
Answer: a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim

Question: What is the Zeigarnik effect?
Answer: states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.
Memory

However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards – a computerized version of the card game "Concentration" or "Memory". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.

Question: What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?
Answer: memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated.
Memory

Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning. In response to stressful situations, the brain releases hormones and neurotransmitters (ex. glucocorticoids and catecholamines) which affect memory encoding processes in the hippocampus. Behavioural research on animals shows that chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats. An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans. In this study, 48 healthy female and male university students participated in either a stress test or a control group. Those randomly assigned to the stress test group had a hand immersed in ice cold water (the reputable SECPT or ‘Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test’) for up to three minutes, while being monitored and videotaped. Both the stress and control groups were then presented with 32 words to memorize. Twenty-four hours later, both groups were tested to see how many words they could remember (free recall) as well as how many they could recognize from a larger list of words (recognition performance). The results showed a clear impairment of memory performance in the stress test group, who recalled 30% fewer words than the control group. The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.

Question: Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?
Answer: L. Schwabe and O. Wolf

Question: What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?
Answer: stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.

Question: What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?
Answer: Stress

Question: Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?
Answer: adrenal hormones
Multiracial_American

By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
Answer: over 75%

Question: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
Answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
Answer: federal assistance

Question: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
Answer: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,

Question: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
Answer: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
Answer: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as

Question: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
Answer: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data

Question: When did laws allow for more immigrants?
Answer: in the 1960s

Question: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
Answer: more than a dozen

Question: Why were there more immigrants in the US?
Answer: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s

Question: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
Answer: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
Answer: assistance to historically underserved groups

Question: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
Answer: 1990
Multiracial_American

In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Question: When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
Answer: 1790

Question: What were the two categories for race in the census?
Answer: white or "other."

Question: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
Answer: Only the heads of households
Multiracial_American

By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
Answer: over 75%
Multiracial_American

In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Question: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
Answer: "Free people of color"

Question: When was the first US federal population census taken?
Answer: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States

Question: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Answer: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."

Question: Was every resident listed by name?
Answer: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.

Question: when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
Answer: until the Civil War and end of slavery.

Question: Were all residents counted together or separately?
Answer: Slaves were counted separately from free persons

Question: When did the US begin to take census?
Answer: 1790

Question: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
Answer: 1850

Question: What does mulatto mean?
Answer: visible European ancestry in addition to African

Question: Who were considered "free people of color"?
Answer: Native Americans

Question: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
Answer: Indian reservations
Seattle

The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The Sounders have not won the MLS Cup but have, however, won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014.

Question: What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?
Answer: New England Patriots
Multiracial_American

After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

Question: When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
Answer: After the American Revolutionary War

Question: How were the laws in New York abolished?
Answer: in programs of gradual emancipation

Question: Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
Answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves

Question: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
Answer: The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.

Question: When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
Answer: After the American Revolutionary War

Question: What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
Answer: Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves
Multiracial_American

Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
Answer: hypodescent

Question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
Answer: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

Question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
Answer: for its social and economic advantages

Question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
Answer: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry
Multiracial_American

After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

Question: What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
Answer: more people are openly forming interracial unions

Question: Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
Answer: Barack Obama

Question: Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
Answer: Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins
Multiracial_American

After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

Question: What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
Answer: Second Great Awakening
Multiracial_American

Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
Answer: black (historically) or African American

Question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Multiracial_American

After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

Question: In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
Answer: nearly 10 percent
Multiracial_American

Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.

Question: Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
Answer: In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.