yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Canon_law

The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?
Answer: the Latin or Western Church
Canon_law

The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: What does Pēdálion mean in English?
Answer: Rudder
Canon_law

The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?
Answer: 1917

Question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
Answer: the Roman Rite

Question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
Answer: 1962 - 1965

Question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
Answer: the Roman Rite

Question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
Answer: 1990
Canon_law

Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?
Answer: inquisitorial

Question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?
Answer: to enquire
Canon_law

Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Question: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
Answer: the Presbyterians

Question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
Answer: 1572

Question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
Answer: Parliament
Communications_in_Somalia

On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

Question: What year was the national Communications act enacted?
Answer: 2012
Canon_law

Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
Answer: 1500 years

Question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
Answer: bishops
Communications_in_Somalia

On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

Question: What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?
Answer: the National Communications Act

Question: What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?
Answer: academic and civil society

Question: The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?
Answer: investment
Communications_in_Somalia

The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

Question: What is the name of the Somali postal service?
Answer: Somali Post
Communications_in_Somalia

On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

Question: Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?
Answer: service delivery
Communications_in_Somalia

The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

Question: What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?
Answer: Somali Post
Communications_in_Somalia

On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

Question: What year did postal service in Somalia resume?
Answer: 2013

Question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?
Answer: Universal Postal Union

Question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?
Answer: technical

Question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
Answer: basic mail processing equipment
Communications_in_Somalia

Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.

Question: Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?
Answer: private

Question: As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?
Answer: Print media

Question: How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?
Answer: two

Question: What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?
Answer: 2013

Question: Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?
Answer: private

Question: In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?
Answer: National Communications Act

Question: Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?
Answer: private

Question: How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?
Answer: two
Communications_in_Somalia

In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.

Question: What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?
Answer: 2008

Question: STC stands for what?
Answer: Somali Telecommunication Company
Communications_in_Somalia

Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.

Question: What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?
Answer: radio stations and online portals

Question: What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?
Answer: 2013

Question: What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?
Answer: Print media
Communications_in_Somalia

In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.

Question: Where is Somtal network located?
Answer: Hargeisa

Question: Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?
Answer: mobile banking

Question: The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?
Answer: three
Communications_in_Somalia

The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

Question: What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?
Answer: Dubai International
Communications_in_Somalia

According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.

Question: What is the IST?
Answer: Information Support Team
Communications_in_Somalia

Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

Question: Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?
Answer: 2010

Question: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?
Answer: one
Communications_in_Somalia

The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

Question: When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?
Answer: during the civil war
Communications_in_Somalia

After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.

Question: Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?
Answer: multinational corporations

Question: Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?
Answer: Somali telecommunication companies

Question: what is another word for availability of telephone lines?
Answer: tele-density

Question: How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
Answer: $40 million
Communications_in_Somalia

Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.

Question: Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?
Answer: Africa

Question: What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?
Answer: 1999
Communications_in_Somalia

After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.

Question: aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?
Answer: 25
Communications_in_Somalia

Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Question: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?
Answer: three

Question: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?
Answer: ten years
Communications_in_Somalia

Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.

Question: The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?
Answer: internet commerce and telephony

Question: In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?
Answer: 53%
Communications_in_Somalia

Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Question: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?
Answer: 16

Question: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?
Answer: 17
Communications_in_Somalia

According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.

Question: What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?
Answer: content standards online

Question: As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?
Answer: internet blocking or filtering
Communications_in_Somalia

Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Question: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
Answer: 2012
Communications_in_Somalia

The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

Question: What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?
Answer: 2011
Communications_in_Somalia

There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

Question: When was Radio Mogadishu established?
Answer: during the colonial period