yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Catalan_language

In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What is the exception to this reduction?
Answer: Majorcan

Question: Which vowel remains distinct?
Answer: /i/
Catalan_language

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
Answer: Central Catalan
Catalan_language

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
Answer: Balearic
Catalan_language

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
Answer: Barcelona province

Question: Where are the most speakers found?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
Answer: eastern half
Catalan_language

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
Answer: higher incidence

Question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
Answer: /e/
Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: What differs in vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects

Question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
Answer: Spanish

Question: How many stressed phenoms are there?
Answer: seven

Question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: Where is this a common feature?
Answer: Western Romance
Catalan_language

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
Answer: treatment of unstressed a and e

Question: How are a and e in western dialects?
Answer: distinct

Question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
Answer: merged
Catalan_language

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula
Catalan_language

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
Answer: 87%
Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: What letter remains distinct?
Answer: /u/
Catalan_language

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
Answer: 85%

Question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
Answer: 76%

Question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
Answer: 75%
Catalan_language

Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Question: What is Standard based on?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What form is excepted by most speakers?
Answer: Standard Catalan
Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
Answer: Majorcan
Catalan_language

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
Answer: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian

Question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
Answer: four

Question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
Answer: Eastern block

Question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
Answer: subdialects

Question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
Answer: Western Catalan
Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
Answer: Western Catalan
Catalan_language

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
Answer: 80%
Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: What language is the exception?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects

Question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
Answer: seven

Question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
Answer: Vulgar Latin
Catalan_language

In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
Answer: 2011

Question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
Answer: La Franja
Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: Where is this system common?
Answer: Western Romance
Catalan_language

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: How is Valencian classified?
Answer: Western dialect
Catalan_language

Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
Answer: traditional ones
Catalan_language

In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Where is the language to be regulated located?
Answer: La Franja
Catalan_language

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language

Question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
Answer: the Valencian Academy of Language

Question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language
Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
Answer: Eastern Catalan
Catalan_language

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
Answer: Western Catalonia

Question: What forms are mutually intelligible?
Answer: Catalan and Valencian
Catalan_language

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: Valencian Academy of Language
Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
Answer: Western Catalan
Catalan_language

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
Answer: Occitan
Catalan_language

Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

Question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
Answer: Greek and Latin

Question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
Answer: very early
Catalan_language

The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Question: Who uses this standard?
Answer: everyone who writes
Catalan_language

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
Answer: northwestern varieties
Catalan_language

Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

Question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
Answer: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
Catalan_language

The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Question: What is the AVL standard based on?
Answer: Norms of Castelló
Catalan_language

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: 90% to 95%
Catalan_language

The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Question: Who established the AVL?
Answer: Valencian parliament

Question: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
Answer: use of Valencian

Question: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Catalan_language

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Question: What is common in Romance languages?
Answer: agglutination
Catalan_language

In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

Question: Where is IEC's standard used?
Answer: the Balearic Islands

Question: How is the standard used there?
Answer: adapted for the Balearic dialect

Question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
Answer: non-ending
Catalan_language

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
Answer: morphological

Question: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
Answer: sound alternations

Question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
Answer: Prefixes
Catalan_language

Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

Question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
Answer: Ramon Llull

Question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
Answer: Roís de Corella
Catalan_language

In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").

Question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
Answer: first

Question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
Answer: in
Catalan_language

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
Answer: different
Catalan_language

This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

Question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
Answer: clash of opinions
Catalan_language

The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

Question: What system is common to Western Romance?
Answer: Catalan verbal system

Question: What have many dialects replaced?
Answer: synthetic indicative perfect
Catalan_language

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
Answer: between 2001 and 2004
Catalan_language

The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

Question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
Answer: all Western Romance
Catalan_language

This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

Question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
Answer: 2004

Question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
Answer: Spanish government
Catalan_language

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
Answer: affixes
Catalan_language

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Question: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
Answer: younger generations

Question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture

Question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
Answer: A minority