yz2022/T2P-DownstreamNLP huggingface dataset:
Catalan_language

The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

Question: What common Valencian forms are used?
Answer: many verbal forms

Question: What is jo compro changed to ?
Answer: jo compre

Question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
Answer: verbal forms
Catalan_language

Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

Question: How are Catalan verbs grouped?
Answer: into three conjugations

Question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
Answer: second
Catalan_language

In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: What is -v- used for?
Answer: imperfect tense
Estonian_language

Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.

Question: What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
Answer: vowel
Catalan_language

In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").

Question: How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
Answer: two

Question: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
Answer: joining both surnames
Catalan_language

In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
Answer: Alghero
Catalan_language

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
Answer: suppletive couplets
Estonian_language

The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.

Question: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
Answer: 13th century

Question: Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
Answer: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia

Question: Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
Answer: Originates Livoniae

Question: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
Answer: words and fragments of sentences.
Catalan_language

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
Answer: French
Estonian_language

Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

Question: What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
Answer: Finnic
Catalan_language

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
Answer: Italian and Spanish
Estonian_language

Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

Question: What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
Answer: Finnish, Karelian

Question: What language group is Estonian not a part of?
Answer: Indo-European languages
Catalan_language

The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).

Question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
Answer: 11
Catalan_language

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
Answer: French
Estonian_language

Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

Question: What is the official language of Estonia?
Answer: Estonian

Question: What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to?
Answer: Finnic
Catalan_language

In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: What definite article is found rather than el?
Answer: lo

Question: What dialect employs many archaic words?
Answer: Alguerese
Estonian_language

Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

Question: On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
Answer: Finnic
Catalan_language

In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
Answer: weak pronouns
Estonian_language

Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

Question: What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
Answer: Hungarian and to the Sami languages
Estonian_language

Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

Question: How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian?
Answer: tens of thousands

Question: How many people in Estonia speak Estonian?
Answer: about 1.1 million

Question: What language family does Estonian belong to?
Answer: Uralic
Catalan_language

Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

Question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
Answer: 700
Estonian_language

Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

Question: What country has Estonian as its official language?
Answer: Estonian

Question: In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
Answer: 1.1 million

Question: Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
Answer: Uralic

Question: How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
Answer: tens of thousands
Estonian_language

The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

Question: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
Answer: a Lutheran manuscript
Estonian_language

Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

Question: Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
Answer: Baltic Germans
Estonian_language

The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

Question: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
Answer: 1524 and 1528

Question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
Answer: immediately after publication
Estonian_language

Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

Question: Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
Answer: Middle Low German
Estonian_language

The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

Question: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
Answer: destroyed
Estonian_language

The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

Question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
Answer: 13th century to 1918

Question: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
Answer: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia

Question: Following the crusades which country was dominated?
Answer: Estonia

Question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
Answer: indigenous literacy
Estonian_language

The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.

Question: What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
Answer: North and South Estonian languages

Question: What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
Answer: two
Estonian_language

From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

Question: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
Answer: 14,503

Question: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
Answer: 23,868

Question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
Answer: Estonian
Catalan_language

Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

Question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
Answer: first conjugation
Estonian_language

The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

Question: When was Peterson born?
Answer: March 14

Question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
Answer: patriotic and philosophical

Question: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?
Answer: Mother Tongue Day

Question: What university did Peterson attend?
Answer: German-language University of Dorpat
Estonian_language

After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

Question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?
Answer: 97.3%

Question: What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?
Answer: 1919
Estonian_language

The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

Question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
Answer: Kristjan Jaak Peterson
Estonian_language

After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

Question: After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?
Answer: Estonian

Question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
Answer: Estonian
Estonian_language

During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.

Question: Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?
Answer: Estonian

Question: What came into being in January 1989?
Answer: The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language
Catalan_language

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
Answer: many traits
Estonian_language

During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.

Question: What historical event once again freed Estonia?
Answer: collapse of the Soviet Union

Question: What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?
Answer: Russian
Estonian_language

Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object).

Question: What is the typological form of Estonian?
Answer: transitional
Estonian_language

The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census.

Question: Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?
Answer: above 70%
Estonian_language

When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.

Question: What happened to Estonia during WWII?
Answer: invaded and occupied
Estonian_language

Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object).

Question: What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?
Answer: an agglutinating language
Estonian_language

When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.

Question: After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?
Answer: Russian

Question: Who invaded Estonia?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?
Answer: Latvia

Question: What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?
Answer: pressure of bilingualism
Estonian_language

Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object).

Question: How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?
Answer: subject–verb–object

Question: What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?
Answer: a fusional language
Estonian_language

The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.

Question: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
Answer: two

Question: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
Answer: the northern and southern dialects

Question: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
Answer: the northeastern coast of Estonia

Question: What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?
Answer: Tallinn

Question: What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?
Answer: Tartu