yuz9yuz/NLPImpact huggingface dataset:
Title: Bayesian Learning of a Tree Substitution Grammar
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: A Unified Single Scan Algorithm for Japanese Base Phrase Chunking and Dependency Parsing
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Comparing the Accuracy of CCG and Penn Treebank Parsers
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: A Framework for Entailed Relation Recognition
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Detecting Compositionality in Multi-Word Expressions.
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Directional Distributional Similarity for Lexical Expansion
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: A Syntactic and Lexical-Based Discourse Segmenter
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: discourse and pragmatics
Title: Realistic Grammar Error Simulation using Markov Logic
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Discriminative Approach to Predicate-Argument Structure Analysis with Zero-Anaphora Resolution
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: Automatic Generation of Information-seeking Questions Using Concept Clusters
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: question answering
Title: Correlating Human and Automatic Evaluation of a German Surface Realiser
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Leveraging Structural Relations for Fluent Compressions at Multiple Compression Rates
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Query-Focused Summaries or Query-Biased Summaries?
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: summarization
Title: Using Generation for Grammar Analysis and Error Detection
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: An Integrated Multi-document Summarization Approach based on Word Hierarchical Representation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: summarization
Title: Co-Feedback Ranking for Query-Focused Summarization
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Reducing SMT Rule Table with Monolingual Key Phrase
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: question answering
Title: A Statistical Machine Translation Model Based on a Synthetic Synchronous Grammar
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: English-Chinese Bi-Directional OOV Translation based on Web Mining and Supervised Learning
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Sub-Sentence Division for Tree-Based Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Asynchronous Binarization for Synchronous Grammars
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: generation
Title: Hidden Markov Tree Model in Dependency-based Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Word to Sentence Level Emotion Tagging for Bengali Blogs
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: Extracting Comparative Sentences from Korean Text Documents Using Comparative Lexical Patterns and Machine Learning Techniques
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Toward finer-grained sentiment identification in product reviews through linguistic and ontological analyses
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: An Ontology-Based Approach for Key Phrase Extraction
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Query Segmentation Based on Eigenspace Similarity
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Learning Semantic Categories from Clickthrough Logs
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: low-resource methods for nlp
Title: Extracting Paraphrases of Technical Terms from Noisy Parallel Software Corpora
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Mining Association Language Patterns for Negative Life Event Classification
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Automatic Compilation of Travel Information from Automatically Identified Travel Blogs
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Chinese Term Extraction Using Different Types of Relevance
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information extraction
Title: A Beam-Search Extraction Algorithm for Comparable Data
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Optimizing Word Alignment Combination For Phrase Table Training
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: low-resource methods for nlp
Title: Bridging Morpho-Syntactic Gap between Source and Target Sentences for English-Korean Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Toward Smaller, Faster, and Better Hierarchical Phrase-based SMT
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: generation
Title: Handling phrase reorderings for machine translation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Syntax is from Mars while Semantics from Venus! Insights from Spectral Analysis of Distributional Similarity Networks
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Introduction of a new paraphrase generation tool based on Monte-Carlo sampling
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Prediction of Thematic Rank for Structured Semantic Role Labeling
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Automatic Story Segmentation using a Bayesian Decision Framework for Statistical Models of Lexical Chain Features
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Investigating Pitch Accent Recognition in Non-native Speech
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: linguistic theories, cognitive modeling and psycholinguistics
Title: A Stochastic Finite-State Morphological Parser for Turkish
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: phonology, morphology, and word segmentation
Title: Parsing Speech Repair without Specialized Grammar Symbols
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: generation
Title: Efficient Inference of CRFs for Large-Scale Natural Language Data
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Iterative Scaling and Coordinate Descent Methods for Maximum Entropy
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine learning for nlp
Title: Automatic Cost Estimation for Tree Edit Distance Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Multi-Document Summarization using Sentence-based Topic Models
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: summarization
Title: Validating the web-based evaluation of NLG systems
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Extending a Surface Realizer to Generate Coherent Discourse
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: discourse and pragmatics
Title: Generalizing Dependency Features for Opinion Mining
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Graph Ranking for Sentiment Transfer
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: The Contribution of Stylistic Information to Content-based Mobile Spam Filtering
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Learning foci for Question Answering over Topic Maps
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: question answering
Title: Do Automatic Annotation Techniques Have Any Impact on Supervised Complex Question Answering?
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: question answering
Title: A Note on the Implementation of Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: language modeling
Title: A Succinct N-gram Language Model
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: language modeling
Title: Modeling Morphologically Rich Languages Using Split Words and Unstructured Dependencies
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: phonology, morphology, and word segmentation
Title: Improved Smoothing for N-gram Language Models Based on Ordinary Counts
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: language modeling
Title: Updating a Name Tagger Using Contemporary Unlabeled Data
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine learning for nlp
Title: The Impact of Query Refinement in the Web People Search Task
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Composite Kernels For Relation Extraction
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Predicting Unknown Time Arguments based on Cross-Event Propagation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: interpretability and analysis of models for nlp
Title: Sense-based Interpretation of Logical Metonymy Using a Statistical Method
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Insights into Non-projectivity in Hindi
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Annotating and Recognising Named Entities in Clinical Notes
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Paraphrase Recognition Using Machine Learning to Combine Similarity Measures
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: low-resource methods for nlp
Title: A System for Semantic Analysis of Chemical Compound Names
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Sentence diagram generation using dependency parsing
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Accurate Learning for Chinese Function Tags from Minimal Features
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Optimizing Language Model Information Retrieval System with Expectation Maximization Algorithm
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Data Cleaning for Word Alignment
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Clustering Technique in Multi-Document Personal Name Disambiguation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Creating a Gold Standard for Sentence Clustering in Multi-Document Summarization
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: summarization
Title: A Tool for Deep Semantic Encoding of Narrative Texts
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: A Web-Based Interactive Computer Aided Translation Tool
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: System for Querying Syntactically Annotated Corpora
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Combining POMDPs trained with User Simulations and Rule-based Dialogue Management in a Spoken Dialogue System
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: speech processing and spoken language understanding
Title: Fundamentals of Chinese Language Processing
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: language modeling
Title: Topics in Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Computational Modeling of Human Language Acquisition
Venue: ACL (2009)
Topic: linguistic theories, cognitive modeling and psycholinguistics
Title: Extracting Social Networks from Literary Fiction
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Comparable Entity Mining from Comparative Questions
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Bucking the Trend: Large-Scale Cost-Focused Active Learning for Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: machine translation
Title: A Rational Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: linguistic theories, cognitive modeling and psycholinguistics
Title: A Unified Graph Model for Sentence-Based Opinion Retrieval
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Combining Orthogonal Monolingual and Multilingual Sources of Evidence for All Words WSD
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: multilinguality and language diversity
Title: Paraphrase Lattice for Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2010)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Learning to Win by Reading Manuals in a Monte-Carlo Framework
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Finding Deceptive Opinion Spam by Any Stretch of the Imagination
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Age Prediction in Blogs: A Study of Style, Content, and Online Behavior in Pre- and Post-Social Media Generations
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Translating from Morphologically Complex Languages: A Paraphrase-Based Approach
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Entrainment in Speech Preceding Backchannels.
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: speech processing and spoken language understanding
Title: Query Snowball: A Co-occurrence-based Approach to Multi-document Summarization for Question Answering
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: summarization
Title: Optimal and Syntactically-Informed Decoding for Monolingual Phrase-Based Alignment
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Putting it Simply: a Context-Aware Approach to Lexical Simplification
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: A Hierarchical Model of Web Summaries
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: summarization
Title: Hindi to Punjabi Machine Translation System
Venue: ACL (2011)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Spectral Learning of Latent-Variable PCFGs
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: machine learning for nlp
Title: Subgroup Detection in Ideological Discussions
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Modeling Sentences in the Latent Space
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: interpretability and analysis of models for nlp
Title: You Had Me at Hello: How Phrasing Affects Memorability
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Ecological Evaluation of Persuasive Messages Using Google AdWords
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: A Cost Sensitive Part-of-Speech Tagging: Differentiating Serious Errors from Minor Errors
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Learning the Latent Semantics of a Concept from its Definition
Venue: ACL (2012)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Improved Bayesian Logistic Supervised Topic Models with Data Augmentation
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: machine learning for nlp
Title: A computational approach to politeness with application to social factors
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: A Multi-Domain Translation Model Framework for Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Integrating Multiple Dependency Corpora for Inducing Wide-coverage Japanese CCG Resources
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Cross-lingual Transfer of Semantic Role Labeling Models
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Dirt Cheap Web-Scale Parallel Text from the Common Crawl
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: generation
Title: A Sentence Compression Based Framework to Query-Focused Multi-Document Summarization
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: summarization
Title: An Empirical Study on Uncertainty Identification in Social Media Context
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: interpretability and analysis of models for nlp
Title: Aggregated Word Pair Features for Implicit Discourse Relation Disambiguation
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: discourse and pragmatics
Title: Sign Language Lexical Recognition With Propositional Dynamic Logic
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Temporal Signals Help Label Temporal Relations
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: discourse and pragmatics
Title: An Open Source Toolkit for Quantitative Historical Linguistics
Venue: ACL (2013)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Learning Ensembles of Structured Prediction Rules
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: low-resource methods for nlp
Title: Representation Learning for Text-level Discourse Parsing
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Text-level Discourse Dependency Parsing
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Discovering Latent Structure in Task-Oriented Dialogues
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: dialogue and interactive systems
Title: Learning Structured Perceptrons for Coreference Resolution with Latent Antecedents and Non-local Features
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: discourse and pragmatics
Title: Multilingual Models for Compositional Distributed Semantics
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Simple Negation Scope Resolution through Deep Parsing: A Semantic Solution to a Semantic Problem
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Logical Inference on Dependency-based Compositional Semantics
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: A practical and linguistically-motivated approach to compositional distributional semantics
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Lattice Desegmentation for Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Bilingually-constrained Phrase Embeddings for Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Learning New Semi-Supervised Deep Auto-encoder Features for Statistical Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: machine translation
Title: Learning Topic Representation for SMT with Neural Networks
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: machine learning for nlp
Title: Tagging The Web: Building A Robust Web Tagger with Neural Network
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Unsupervised Solution Post Identification from Discussion Forums
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: resources and evaluation
Title: Weakly Supervised User Profile Extraction from Twitter
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information extraction
Title: The effect of wording on message propagation: Topic- and author-controlled natural experiments on Twitter
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Inferring User Political Preferences from Streaming Communications
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Steps to Excellence: Simple Inference with Refined Scoring of Dependency Trees
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Sparser, Better, Faster GPU Parsing
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: generation
Title: Shift-Reduce CCG Parsing with a Dependency Model
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Less Grammar, More Features
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: interpretability and analysis of models for nlp
Title: Don’t count, predict! A systematic comparison of context-counting vs. context-predicting semantic vectors
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Metaphor Detection with Cross-Lingual Model Transfer
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Learning Word Sense Distributions, Detecting Unattested Senses and Identifying Novel Senses Using Topic Models
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Learning to Automatically Solve Algebra Word Problems
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Modelling function words improves unsupervised word segmentation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Max-Margin Tensor Neural Network for Chinese Word Segmentation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: An Empirical Study on the Effect of Negation Words on Sentiment
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: Extracting Opinion Targets and Opinion Words from Online Reviews with Graph Co-ranking
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information retrieval and text mining
Title: Context-aware Learning for Sentence-level Sentiment Analysis with Posterior Regularization
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: Product Feature Mining: Semantic Clues versus Syntactic Constituents
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Aspect Extraction with Automated Prior Knowledge Learning
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Anchors Regularized: Adding Robustness and Extensibility to Scalable Topic-Modeling Algorithms
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: language modeling
Title: A Bayesian Mixed Effects Model of Literary Character
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: computational social science and cultural analytics
Title: Collective Tweet Wikification based on Semi-supervised Graph Regularization
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Zero-shot Entity Extraction from Web Pages
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Incremental Joint Extraction of Entity Mentions and Relations
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information extraction
Title: That’s Not What I Meant! Using Parsers to Avoid Structural Ambiguities in Generated Text
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: generation
Title: Surface Realisation from Knowledge-Bases
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Grammatical Relations in Chinese: GB-Ground Extraction and Data-Driven Parsing
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Ambiguity-aware Ensemble Training for Semi-supervised Dependency Parsing
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: A Robust Approach to Aligning Heterogeneous Lexical Resources
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Predicting the relevance of distributional semantic similarity with contextual information
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Interpretable Semantic Vectors from a Joint Model of Brain- and Text- Based Meaning
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: linguistic theories, cognitive modeling and psycholinguistics
Title: Single-Agent vs. Multi-Agent Techniques for Concurrent Reinforcement Learning of Negotiation Dialogue Policies
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: dialogue and interactive systems
Title: A Linear-Time Bottom-Up Discourse Parser with Constraints and Post-Editing
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: syntax: tagging, chunking and parsing
Title: Negation Focus Identification with Contextual Discourse Information
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: discourse and pragmatics
Title: New Word Detection for Sentiment Analysis
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: ReNew: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Generating Domain-Specific Lexicons and Sentiment Analysis
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: sentiment analysis, stylistic analysis, and argument mining
Title: A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Natural Language Generation
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: generation
Title: Generating Code-switched Text for Lexical Learning
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas
Title: Omni-word Feature and Soft Constraint for Chinese Relation Extraction
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information extraction
Title: Bilingual Active Learning for Relation Classification via Pseudo Parallel Corpora
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: low-resource methods for nlp
Title: Learning Soft Linear Constraints with Application to Citation Field Extraction
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: information extraction
Title: A Study of Concept-based Weighting Regularization for Medical Records Search
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: nlp applications
Title: Learning to Predict Distributions of Words Across Domains
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: interpretability and analysis of models for nlp
Title: How to make words with vectors: Phrase generation in distributional semantics
Venue: ACL (2014)
Topic: semantics: lexical, sentence-level semantics, textual inference and other areas