Background: The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning.
Question: How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?
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<extra_id_0> endogenous programs as well as learning<extra_id_1>