input: Text: Open Access: Casualties Will a general shift to OA leave casualties? For example, will rising levels of green OA trigger cancellations of toll-access journals? This question matters for those publishers (not all publishers) who fear the answer is yes and for those activists (not all activists) who hope the answer is yes. So far, unfortunately, it doesn’t have a simple yes-or-no answer, and most discussions replace evidence with fearful or hopeful predictions. The primary drivers of green OA are policies at universities and funding agencies. Remember, all university policies allow publishers to protect themselves at will. (See section 4.1 on policies.) For example, universities with loophole or deposit mandates will not provide green OA when publishers do not allow it. Universities with Harvard-style rights-retention mandates will not provide OA when authors obtain waivers or when publishers require authors to obtain waivers as a condition of publication. Hence, publishers who worry about the effect of university OA policies on subscriptions have the remedy in their own hands. Faculty needn’t paternalize publishers by voting down OA policies when publishers can protect themselves whenever they see the need to do so. The experience at Harvard since February 2008 is that very few publishers see the need to do so. Fewer than a handful systematically require waivers from Harvard authors. This chapter, then, focuses on the strongest green OA mandates at funding agencies, like the Wellcome Trust and NIH, which allow no opt-outs for publishers or grantees. Will strong green OA policies of that kind trigger cancellations of toll-access journals? Here are 10 parts of any complete answer. 1. Nobody knows yet how green OA policies will affect journal subscriptions. Rising levels of green OA may trigger toll-access journal cancellations, or they may not. So far they haven’t. 2. The evidence from physics is the most relevant. Physics has the highest levels and longest history of green OA. The evidence from physics to date is
  Question: What does the author argue the relationship between downloads and subscriptions are?
  
   (A) As downloads increase, subscriptions decrease
   (B) Downloads and subscriptions are both effected my OA
   (C) There is no correlation between downloads and subscriptions
   (D) As downloads increase, subscriptions increase
  Answer:
output: There is no correlation between downloads and subscriptions