yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Lot Sizing and Scheduling Problem in Distributed Heterogeneous Hybrid Flow Shop and Learning-Driven Iterated Local Search Algorithm
Collaborative Energy and Thermal Comfort Management Through Distributed Consensus Algorithms
Bayesian Optimization for the Vehicle Dwelling Policy in a Semiconductor Wafer Fab
Kalman Filter of Switching System Under Hybrid Cyber Attack
Learning Bayesian Network Structures to Augment Aircraft Diagnostic Reference Models
Energy Saving Design Optimization of CNC Machine Tool Feed System: A Data-Model Hybrid Driven Approach
Magnetothermal Analysis of Chitosan Microrobots for Cancer Therapy
Environment-Driven Online LiDAR-Camera Extrinsic Calibration
Symbolic Computation of Reduced Guards in Supervisory Control
Guest Editorial Special Section on 2012 Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)
Batch Transfer of Zebrafish Embryos Into Multiwell Plates
Revenue and Energy Cost-Optimized Biobjective Task Scheduling for Green Cloud Data Centers
Equidistant Tool Path and Cartesian Trajectory Planning for Robotic Machining of Curved Freeform Surfaces
Modeling and Analysis of E-Consults in Primary-Specialty Care Referrals
Event-Triggered Adaptive Saturated Fault-Tolerant Control for Unknown Nonlinear Systems With Full State Constraints
Multi-Target Coverage Trajectory Planning for Ceiling Painting Robot Chassis via Two-Stage Optimization
Optimizing Container Loading With Autonomous Robots
RDNet-KD: Recursive Encoder, Bimodal Screening Fusion, and Knowledge Distillation Network for Rail Defect Detection
A Novel Operation Optimization Method Based on Mechanism Analytics for the Quality of Molten Steel in the BOF Steelmaking Process
Guest Editorial Automation in Automotive Manufacturing
Sequencing Daily Patient Workload for an Ancillary Service Provider
A Feature Memory Rearrangement Network for Visual Inspection of Textured Surface Defects Toward Edge Intelligent Manufacturing
Multivariable Adaptive Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Resilient Control for Uncertain Nonlinear CPSs Against Actuator and Sensor Attacks
Multi-Scenario Cellular KPI Prediction Based on Spatiotemporal Graph Neural Network
Low Overhead Minimum Variance Time Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Networks
List of Reviewers for 2019/2020
Discrete-Time Optimal Control of Miniature Helical Swimmers in Horizontal Plane
An Algorithm for Direct Multiplication of B-Splines
Graph-Based Imitation Learning for Real-Time Job Shop Dispatcher
Optimal Path Planning in Complex Cost Spaces With Sampling-Based Algorithms
Linear Programming SVM-ARMA 2K With Application in Engine System Identification
Guest Editorial Special Section on the 2013 International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering
Error Sensitivity Flexibility Compensation of Joints for Improving the Positioning Accuracy of Industrial Robots
Cooperative Localization in Mobile Robots Using Event-Triggered Mechanism: Theory and Experiments
An Optimal Q-Algorithm for the ISO 18000-6C RFID Protocol
Deep Recurrent Stochastic Configuration Networks for Modelling Nonlinear Dynamic Systems
Redesign Distributed PLC Control Systems Using IEC 61499 Function Blocks
Fully Distributed Hierarchical ET Intrusion- and Fault-Tolerant Group Control for MASs With Application to Robotic Manipulators
Supervisory Control for State-Vector Transition Models - A Unified Approach
Automatic Vision-Guided Micromanipulation for Versatile Deployment and Portable Setup
Treatment Planning for Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy: Model and Heuristic Algorithms
Resilient Event-Triggered Terminal Sliding Mode Control Design for a Robot Manipulator
A Less Conservative Robust Control Approach and Its Application to Truck-Trailer System
An Integrated System for Production Scheduling in Steelmaking and Casting Plants
A Multi-Observer Based Optimal Control Method for Nonlinear Systems Under Sensor Attacks
Image-Guided Nanopositioning Scheme for SEM
Adaptive Event-Triggered Sampled-Data Fuzzy Security Control for Nonlinear Delayed DPSs With DoS Attacks and Stochastic Actuator Failures
Adaptive Fixed-Time Prescribed Performance Control of Non-Smooth Systems Subject to Injection/Deception Attacks
Estimator-Based Attack-Tolerant Compensation Control for Discrete Singular Systems Under FDI Attacks and Hybrid IDVs-Dependent Event-Triggered Mechanism
Low-Cost and High-Performance Supervision in Ratio-Enforced Automated Manufacturing Systems Using Timed Petri Nets
Robotic Grasps of Cylindrical and Cubic Objects via Real-Time Learning-Based Shape Detection
Postdisaster Electric Power Recovery Using Autonomous Vehicles
Verification of a Timed Multitask System With Uppaal
Machining-Based Coverage Path Planning for Automated Structural Inspection
Autonomous PID Tuning: Two-Phase Reinforcement Learning Through Adversarial Imitation Learning Under Imperfect Demonstrations
A Neural Network-Based Survival Analysis Model Considering Censored Data for Failure Prediction
Robotic Handling of Surgical Instruments in a Cluttered Tray
Automated Formal Verification of Routing in Material Handling Systems
Interference-Aware Wireless Networks for Home Monitoring and Performance Evaluation
Conditional Disturbance Compensation-Based Fault-Tolerant Group Consensus Control for MASs: An Event-Based Switching Method
Iterating Tensor Voting: A Perceptual Grouping Approach for Crack Detection on EL Images
Approximate Life Cycle Assessment via Case-Based Reasoning for Eco-Design
Approximate Inference Particle Filtering for Mobile Robot SLAM
Dynamic Hypergames for Synthesis of Deceptive Strategies With Temporal Logic Objectives
A generic deviation-based approach for synthesis of tolerances
Robotic Explosive Charging in Mining and Construction Applications
An Online Policy for Energy-Efficient State Control of Manufacturing Equipment
A Novel Task Coordinate Frame Reduced- Dimension 3-D Contouring Control
Simultaneous Path and Motion Planning Approaches for Cooperative Cable-Driven Transportation With Mobile Robots: A Comparative Study
Editorial Special Issue on Life Science Automation
Model and Collision Avoidance for Motion Planning of Rigid-Soft Robot With Continuous Expression and Input Mapping
Prescribed Performance Control for Teleoperation System of Nonholonomic Constrained Mobile Manipulator Without Any Approximation Function
A Hybrid Iterated Greedy Algorithm for a Crane Transportation Flexible Job Shop Problem
Improved Multi-Distance ARMF Integrated With LTSA Based Pattern Matching Method and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis
Optimal Design of Gear Ratios and Offset for Energy Conservation of an Articulated Manipulator
Dynamically optimal policies for stochastic scheduling subject to preemptive-repeat machine breakdowns
Distributionally Robust Optimization for the Multi-Period Multi-Item Lot-Sizing Problems Under Yield Uncertainty
Multi-Sensory Visual-Auditory Fusion of Wearable Navigation Assistance for People With Impaired Vision
Adaptive Gradient Neural Networks for Solving the Time-Varying Sylvester Equation
Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Underactuated Robot Systems With Inaccurate Actuated States and Unavailable Unactuated States
General Support-Effective Decomposition for Multi-Directional 3-D Printing
Automated Self-Assembly of Large Maritime Structures by a Team of Robotic Boats
Cooperative Routing for an Air-Ground Vehicle Team - Exact Algorithm, Transformation Method, and Heuristics
Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control-Based Real-Time Reachable Set Synthesis of Heterogeneous Nonlinear Singular Multiagent Systems With Uncertain Parameters
Adaptive Observer Based Data-Driven Control for Nonlinear Discrete-Time Processes
Planning and Control for Wheel-Leg Hybrid Locomotion in Wheeled Biped Robots for Obstacle Traversal
One-Shot Cross-Domain Instance Detection With Universal Representation
Bidirectional Agent-Map Interaction Feature Learning Leveraged by Map-Related Tasks for Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving
Toward Safe Human-Robot Interaction: A Fast- Response Admittance Control Method for Series Elastic Actuator
Controllers for Multiagent Systems With Input Amplitude and Rate Constraints and Their Application to Quadrotor Rendezvous
Entirely Coupled Recurrent Neural Network-Based Backstepping Control for Global Stability of Power System Networks
Estimating Part Pose Statistics With Application to Industrial Parts Feeding and Shape Design: New Metrics, Algorithms, Simulation Experiments and Datasets
Electronic Visits in Primary Care: Modeling, Analysis, and Scheduling Policies
Sensor Selection in Arbitrary Dimensions
Dynamic Event-Triggered Consensus Control of Multiagent Systems Under Markov Switching Topology
A Riccati Matrix Equation Solver Design Based Neurodynamics Method and Its Application
Regularity Analysis for Patterned Texture Inspection
Vision-Based Surgical Suture Looping Through Trajectory Planning for Wound Suturing
TactONet: Tactile Ordinal Network Based on Unimodal Probability for Object Hardness Classification
Global Redundancy Resolution via Continuous Pseudoinversion of the Forward Kinematic Map
Constrained Predictive Learning Control for Omnidirectional Wheeled Mobile Robots via Reducing Iteration Horizon
Multi-Fidelity Simulation Modeling for Discrete Event Simulation: An Optimization Perspective
Stability and Control of a Rider-Bicycle System: Analysis and Experiments
Performance Evaluation of Production Systems Using Real-Time Machine Degradation Signals
Automated Piezo-Assisted Sperm Immobilization
Collision Avoidance of Moving 3-D Objects in Dynamic Environments
Outlier-Resistant Distributed Filtering Over Sensor Networks Under Dynamic Event-Triggered Schemes and DoS Attacks
Tuning Function-Based Light Computational Adaptive Fixed-Time Control for Overhead Cranes With Multiple Uncertainites
Sample-Efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning of Mobile Manipulation for 6-DOF Trajectory Following
Modeling and Analysis of the Reliability of Digital Networked Control Systems Considering Networked Degradations
Defect Classification and Detection Using a Multitask Deep One-Class CNN
A Hierarchical Approach-Based Energy Consumption Optimization of Industrial Robots
Cadence-Insensitive Soft Exoskeleton Design With Adaptive Gait State Detection and Iterative Force Control
An Initial-Rectifying-Constraint Optimization Scheme for Repetitive Motion Planning by Using Prescribed-Time Zeroing Neural Networks
Event-Based Optimization Within the Lagrangian Relaxation Framework for Energy Savings in HVAC Systems
G²-Mapping: General Gaussian Mapping for Monocular, RGB-D, and LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Systems
SDD-DETR: Surface Defect Detection for No-Service Aero-Engine Blades With Detection Transformer
3D Vision-Guided Robotic Grinding Framework for Repairing Random Defects
Dynamic Path Planning and Motion Control of Microrobotic Swarms for Mobile Target Tracking
Development of a Human-Robot Hybrid Intelligent System Based on Brain Teleoperation and Deep Learning SLAM
An Efficient Outpatient Scheduling Approach
Designing Pinning Control Synchronization Scheme for Inertial Memristive Neural Networks With Dynamic Granger Causality
Zero-Sum Game-Based Hierarchical Sliding-Mode Fault-Tolerant Tracking Control for Interconnected Nonlinear Systems via Adaptive Critic Design
Safe Iterative Learning for Attitude Tracking of Rigid Bodies Under Nonconvex Constraints
Hierarchical Optimal Admittance Control of Cable-Driven Lower Limb Exoskeletons With Unknown Human and System Dynamics
A Methodology for Efficient Dynamic Spatial Sampling and Reconstruction of Wafer Profiles
A Fuzzy Inference Model to Identify the Current Industry Maturity Stage in the Transformation Process to Industry 4.0
Multitask-Based Evolutionary Optimization for Vehicle Routing Problems in Autonomous Transportation
Anomaly Detection of Tire Tiny Text: Mechanism and Method
Cache Control of Edge Computing System for Tradeoff Between Delays and Cache Storage Costs
Event-Triggered Impulsive Control for Time-Varying Systems
Active Disturbance Rejection Predefined-Time Consensus Tracking for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems via Self-Triggered Communication
Online Decentralized and Cooperative Dispatch for Multi-Microgrids
Multiobjective Differential Evolution Algorithm for Solving Robotic Cell Scheduling Problem With Batch-Processing Machines
Event-Based Distributed Bipartite Consensus of High-Order Nonlinear Multi-Agent Network: Applications to Hypersonic Flight Vehicles
Skin-Inspired Triple Tactile Sensors Integrated on Robotic Fingers for Bimanual Manipulation in Human-Cyber-Physical Systems
Learning and Predicting Shape Deviations of Smooth and Non-Smooth 3D Geometries Through Mathematical Decomposition of Additive Manufacturing
Dynamic Modeling and Control for an Offshore Semisubmersible Floating Wind Turbine
Learning-Aided Evolutionary Algorithm for Solving Energy-Minimized Deadline-Constrained Task Scheduling Problem in Human-Cyber-Physical Systems
Brain-Inspired Deep Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Active Coordinated Fault-Tolerant Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Grids
Adaptive Neural Sliding Mode Control for Singularly Perturbed Systems With Randomly Perturbed Sampling Periods
Iterative Learning Control With Enhanced Convergence for Discrete-Time Linear Systems
Unsupervised Fault Detection for Building Air Handling Unit Systems Using Deep Variational Mixture of Principal Component Analyzers
Microassembly Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds With Customized Design
Distributed Observer-Based Prescribed Performance Control for Multi-Robot Deformable Object Cooperative Teleoperation
Building Association Link Network for Semantic Link on Web Resources
A Voltage Sensorless Robust Control Scheme for LCL Grid-Connected Inverters Based on GESO Approach
Detection of Correlated Alarms Based on Similarity Coefficients of Binary Data
A Data-Driven Surrogate Modeling for Train Rescheduling in High-Speed Railway Networks Under Wind-Caused Speed Restrictions
Customer-Specific Robotic Attendant for VR Simulators
Multi-Station Multi-Robot Welding System Planning and Scheduling Based on STNSGA-D: An Industrial Case Study
Fault Detection, Isolation, and Accommodation Control in Robotic Systems
Neural RRT*: Learning-Based Optimal Path Planning
RCTL: New Temporal Logic for Improved Formal Verification of Reconfigurable Discrete-Event Systems
An Adaptive Finite-Time Sliding Mode Control for Retinal Vein Micro-Puncture With Silicon Phantom
Finite-Time Fault-Tolerant Formation Control for Distributed Multi-Vehicle Networks With Bearing Measurements
Computationally Efficient Bayesian Model Predictive Control for 4-D Flight Trajectory Tracking Under Windy Conditions
Inference-Based Ambiguity Management in Decentralized Decision-Making: Decentralized Diagnosis of Discrete-Event Systems
Exponential Attitude Tracking and Vibration Control for 3-D Flexible Spacecraft With Disturbances and Quantized Inputs
Event-Triggered Fixed-Time Sliding Mode Control for Lip-Reading-Driven UAV: Disturbance Rejection Using Wind Field Optimization
Physics-Informed Weakly-Supervised Learning for Quality Prediction of Manufacturing Processes
A Dual-Arm Robot That Autonomously Lifts Up and Tumbles Heavy Plates Using Crane Pulley Blocks
Optimal Control of Biomass Feedstock Processing System Under Uncertainty in Biomass Quality
Design and Development of a Teleoperated Telepresence Robot System With High-Fidelity Haptic Feedback Assistance
High-Definition Light and Shadow Reconstruction of Blast Furnace Burden Surface Images Based on a Spatiotemporal Multi-Domain Guided Generative Model
A Novel Series-Concatenation Hybrid Prediction Model of Energy Consumption in Hot Strip Roughing Process With Multi-Step Rolling
CLAIMED: A CLAssification-Incorporated Minimum Energy Design to Explore a Multivariate Response Surface With Feasibility Constraints
Direct Data-Driven Control for Discrete-Time Linear Systems Under Stochastic Faults
SeGraM: Aligned Coordinate System Aided Semantic Graph Matching Method for Loop Closure Detection
TargetTree-RRT*: Continuous-Curvature Path Planning Algorithm for Autonomous Parking in Complex Environments
Toward Simultaneous Coordinate Calibrations of AX=YB Problem by the LMI-SDP Optimization
A Budget-Constrained Workflow Scheduling Approach With Priority Adjustment and Critical Task Optimizing in Clouds
Secure Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonlinear Cyber-Physical Systems Against Multiple Threats
Event-Aware Framework for Dynamic Services Discovery and Selection in the Context of Ambient Intelligence and Internet of Things
Spatial-Temporal Load Balancing and Coordination of Multi-Robot Stations
Privacy-Preserving State Estimation in the Presence of Eavesdroppers: A Survey
A Particle Swarm Optimization Event-Triggered Approach to Adaptive Sliding Mode Control of Markov Jump Networked Systems
A Novel Adaptive Prescribed-Time Controller for Uncertain Systems With Unknown Non-Smooth Nonlinearities
Adaptive Tracking Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems With Partially Sensor Attack
VSG-Based Adaptive Optimal Frequency Regulation for AC Microgrids With Nonlinear Dynamics
Maximizing Anomaly Detection Performance Using Latent Variable Models in Industrial Systems
Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems With Two-Time Scales
Multimodal Multi-User Surface Recognition With the Kernel Two-Sample Test
An Industrial Internet Application for Real-Time Fault Diagnosis in Industrial Motors
Dynamic Optimization of Industrial Processes With Nonuniform Discretization-Based Control Vector Parameterization
RISE-Based Adaptive Control of Hydraulic Systems With Asymptotic Tracking
Bayesian-Based Inference Attack Method and Individual Differential Privacy-Based Auction Mechanism for Double Auction Market
High Stiffness 6-DOF Dual-Arm Cooperative Robot and Its Application in Blade Polishing
A Petri Net and Extended Genetic Algorithm Combined Scheduling Method for Wafer Fabrication
Physically Informed Synchronic-Adaptive Learning for Industrial Systems Modeling in Heterogeneous Media With Unavailable Time-Varying Interface
Event-Based Finite Time Stabilizability and Formation Control of Multi-Agent Systems
Scoring and Dynamic Hierarchy-Based NSGA-II for Multiobjective Workflow Scheduling in the Cloud
Finite-Time Output-Feedback Formation Control for High-Order Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Obstacle Avoidance
Optimal Placement of Programmable Tooling Machines Considering Hierarchical Structure via Sparse Learning for Multistage Assembly Processes
Robot Packing With Known Items and Nondeterministic Arrival Order
Stochastic Stability of the Continuous-Discrete Maximum Correntropy Cubature Kalman Filter
Model Predictive Control for Energy-Efficient, Quality-Aware, and Secure Virtual Machine Placement
Change-Driven Analysis of Timed Security Requirements for Data-Aware Workflow Processes
An Uncalibrated Visual Servo Method Based on Projective Homography
Solving the Tree-Structured Task Allocation Problem via Group Multirole Assignment
Distribution Locational Marginal Emission for Carbon Alleviation in Distribution Networks: Formulation, Calculation, and Implication
Type Synthesis, Kinematic Analysis, and Optimal Design of a Novel Class of Schönflies-Motion Parallel Manipulators
Dual Optimization-Based Distributed Tracking Control Under Completely Unknown Dynamics
Collision-Free Circular Formation Control for Nonholonomic Vehicles Under Obstacle Occlusion With Relative Measurement
Scheduling a Distributed Permutation Flowshop With Uniform Machines and Release Dates
Tracailer: An Efficient Trajectory Planner for Tractor-Trailer Robots in Unstructured Environments
List of Reviewers for 2023/2024
Automatic Control Sequence Generation for a Hybrid Disassembly System
Dynamic Support Vector Regression Control System for Overlay Error Compensation With Stochastic Metrology Delay
Design Automation and Optimization Methodology for Electric Multicopter Unmanned Aerial Robots
Inertial Sensor-Based Slip Detection in Human Walking
High-Order Fully Actuated System Approach-Based Attitude Stabilization for Underactuated Rigid and Flexible Spacecraft
Maximally Permissive Deadlock and Livelock Avoidance for Automated Manufacturing Systems via Critical Distance
Toward Fault Tolerance in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
SMC for Networked Non-Homogeneous Hidden Semi-Markov Switching Systems With Cyber Attacks and Application to DC-DC Buck Converter Circuit
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Unmanned System Applications
Throughput analysis in automotive paint shops: a case study
Energy-Efficient Control of Multiple Smart Sensors With Uncertain Controllability
Enhancing Antipodal Grasping Modalities in Complex Environments Through Learning and Analytical Fusion
Contrast, Imitate, Adapt: Learning Robotic Skills From Raw Human Videos
Detection, Localization, and Tracking of Multiple MAVs With Panoramic Stereo Camera Networks
Knowledge Acquisition Method of Urban Rail Transit Safety Event Case Base for Intelligent Emergency Response
Fixture-Free 2D Sewing Using a Dual-Arm Manipulator System
Efficient Multi-Robot Motion Planning for Unlabeled Discs in Simple Polygons
Behaviorally-Aware Multi-Agent RL With Dynamic Optimization for Autonomous Driving
Structural Degradation Modeling Framework for Sparse Data Sets With an Application on Alzheimer's Disease
DLS-GAN: Generative Adversarial Nets for Defect Location Sensitive Data Augmentation
Towards Arranging and Tightening Knots and Unknots With Fixtures
Guest Editorial Special Section on the 2018 Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)
Edge-Assisted Epipolar Transformer for Industrial Scene Reconstruction
Networked H ∞ Control and its Applications for a Multi-Station Cooperative Motion System
Energy-Saving Trajectory Planning for Robotic High-Speed Milling of Sculptured Surfaces
Regularization-Based Constrained Distributed Bilevel Optimization Over Unbalanced Graphs
Generation of Paths With Minimum Curvature Derivative With mmbeta 3 -Splines
Improved Modeling of Kinematics-Induced Geometric Variations in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing Through Between-Printer Transfer Learning
WCE Abnormality Detection Based on Saliency and Adaptive Locality-Constrained Linear Coding
An Optimal Sample Allocation Strategy for Partition-Based Random Search
Position Precision Control of Magnetic Levitation Systems Based on Generalized Multiple Disturbances Estimation and Compensation
Renewing Iterative Self-Labeling Domain Adaptation With Application to the Spine Motion Prediction
Practical Finite-Time Compliant Control for Horizontal Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Under Force-Sensorless Reflecting
Complete Open Loop Control of Hysteretic, Creeped, and Oscillating Piezoelectric Cantilevers
Finite-Time Consensus of Input-Constrained Networked Fractional-Order Systems and Its Application to Ship Power Systems
An Intelligent Microscope Vision System for Hooking Multi-Thread Flexible Microelectrode Based on Few-Shot Segmentation
Observer-Based Sampled-Data Adaptive Tracking Control for Heterogeneous Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems Under Denial-of-Service Attacks
Energy Efficient Multi-Robot Task Allocation Constrained by Time Window and Precedence
Stochastic Filtering Approach for Condition-Based Maintenance Considering Sensor Degradation
State Estimation of Timed Labeled Petri Nets With Unobservable Transitions
A Robotic Micromanipulation System for Homogeneous Organoid Culture
Stripification of Free-Form Surfaces With Global Error Bounds for Developable Approximation
Semi-Supervised Condition Monitoring and Visualization of Fused Magnesium Furnace
A Survey of Research on Cloud Robotics and Automation
Machine Learning-Based Real-Time Walking Activity and Posture Estimation in Construction With a Single Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit
A Decision-Tree-Based Bayesian Approach for Chance-Constrained Health Prevention Budget Rationing
Editorial [intro. to Guest Editorial by Prof. Raff D'Andrea]
Automated Detection and Classification of Non-Wet Solder Joints
Editorial Tracking T-ASE Inventory by Methodology and Application
Robust Adaptive Optimal Fault-Tolerant Control Scheme for Multi-Machine Power Systems via the Stabilizing Two-Stage Policy Iteration Framework
Joint Feature and Label Adversarial Network for Wafer Map Defect Recognition