yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
An Optimized Wavelength Band Selection for Heavily Pigmented Iris Recognition
GraphCleanse: Defending Backdoor Attacks in Graph Learning via Contrastive Training
Collusion-Resistant Multicast Key Distribution Based on Homomorphic One-Way Function Trees
Low Communication Secure Computation From Semi-Trusted Hardware
An Audio Watermark Designed for Efficient and Robust Resynchronization After Analog Playback
Preserving the Location Privacy of Secondary Users in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Video-Level Language-Driven Video-Based Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification
Variable-Modulation Specific Emitter Identification With Domain Adaptation
An Efficient (n, k) Information Dispersal Algorithm Based on Fermat Number Transforms
B-AVIBench: Toward Evaluating the Robustness of Large Vision-Language Model on Black-Box Adversarial Visual-Instructions
Multiple Subcategories Parts-Based Representation for One Sample Face Identification
Joint Discriminative Sparse Coding for Robust Hand-Based Multimodal Recognition
Maximizing Area Coverage in Privacy-Preserving Worker Recruitment: A Prior Knowledge-Enhanced Geo-Indistinguishable Approach
Strong Secrecy on the Binary Erasure Wiretap Channel Using Large-Girth LDPC Codes
HPAKE: Honey Password-Authenticated Key Exchange for Fast and Safer Online Authentication
A Novel Online Signature Verification System Based on GMM Features in a DTW Framework
Correlated Differential Privacy: Hiding Information in Non-IID Data Set
Secure Transmission Designs for NOMA Systems Against Internal and External Eavesdropping
Automatic Construction of Dental Charts for Postmortem Identification
Stealthy Backdoors as Compression Artifacts
DIBAD: A Disentangled Information Bottleneck Adversarial Defense Method Using Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion for Spectrum Security
3D Aided Duet GANs for Multi-View Face Image Synthesis
Gradient Inversion of Text-Modal Data in Distributed Learning
Practical Cyber Attack Detection With Continuous Temporal Graph in Dynamic Network System
F2Attack: Two-Factors Scoring Method for Query-Efficient Hard-Label Black-Box Textual Adversarial Attacks
Online Location Trace Privacy: An Information Theoretic Approach
Audio Splicing Detection and Localization Based on Acquisition Device Traces
Efficient Defenses Against Output Poisoning Attacks on Local Differential Privacy
Separable Convolution Network With Dual-Stream Pyramid Enhanced Strategy for Speech Steganalysis
Wiretap Channels With Side Information - Strong Secrecy Capacity and Optimal Transceiver Design
BaseSAP: Modular Stealth Address Protocol for Programmable Blockchains
Comments on "PassBio: Privacy-Preserving User-Centric Biometric Authentication"
Artificial-Noise-Aided Message Authentication Codes With Information-Theoretic Security
Energy-Efficient Wireless Technology Recognition Method Using Time-Frequency Feature Fusion Spiking Neural Networks
The P-DESTRE: A Fully Annotated Dataset for Pedestrian Detection, Tracking, and Short/Long-Term Re-Identification From Aerial Devices
Jammer-Assisted Resource Allocation in Secure OFDMA With Untrusted Users
Multi-Party Dynamic State Estimation That Preserves Data and Model Privacy
A Novel Radio Frequency Fingerprint Concealment Method Based on IQ Imbalance Compensation and Digital Pre-Distortion
TM-Score: A Misuseability Weight Measure for Textual Content
Cross-Scenario Unknown-Aware Face Anti-Spoofing With Evidential Semantic Consistency Learning
Identifying User-Input Privacy in Mobile Applications at a Large Scale
Proxied Traffic Fingerprinting for Hidden Service De-Anonymization With Burst Reshaping
MalPacDetector: An LLM-Based Malicious NPM Package Detector
A Robust Radio Frequency Fingerprint Open-Set Recognition Scheme for IoT Devices
Verifiable Searchable Symmetric Encryption Over Additive Homomorphism
Temporal derivative-based spectrum and mel-cepstrum audio steganalysis
Dispersed Pixel Perturbation-Based Imperceptible Backdoor Trigger for Image Classifier Models
Finger Vein Pulsation-Based Biometric Recognition
Wiretap Code Design by Neural Network Autoencoders
TAGAPT: Toward Automatic Generation of APT Samples With Provenance-Level Granularity
LPPA: Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Authentication From Efficient Multi-Key Secure Outsourced Computation for Location-Based Services in VANETs
Blurred Image Splicing Localization by Exposing Blur Type Inconsistency
SStore: An Efficient and Secure Provable Data Auditing Platform for Cloud
Explicit Wiretap Channel Codes via Source Coding, Universal Hashing, and Distribution Approximation, When the Channels' Statistics are Uncertain
Secure Communication Optimization in NOMA Systems With UAV-Mounted STAR-RIS
The Scalar Scheme for Reversible Information-Embedding in Gray-Scale Signals: Capacity Evaluation and Code Constructions
Improving Transferability of Adversarial Samples via Critical Region-Oriented Feature-Level Attack
Detecting Anomalous Behavior in VoIP Systems: A Discrete Event System Modeling
3-D Face Recognition With the Geodesic Polar Representation
Transform Domain-Based Invertible and Lossless Secret Image Sharing With Authentication
DOMREP-An Orthogonal Countermeasure for Arbitrary Order Side-Channel and Fault Attack Protection
Toward Covert Iris Biometric Recognition: Experimental Results From the NICE Contests
A Practical Fog-Based Privacy-Preserving Online Car-Hailing Service System
Performance Analysis of Scalar DC-QIM for Zero-Bit Watermarking
IAFDroid: Demystifying Collusion Attacks in Android Ecosystem via Precise Inter-App Analysis
Differentially Private Online Community Detection for Censored Block Models: Algorithms and Fundamental Limits
Secret Key Generation Using Chaotic Signals Over Frequency Selective Fading Channels
DsDTW: Local Representation Learning With Deep soft-DTW for Dynamic Signature Verification
Lossless Data Embedding With High Embedding Capacity Based on Declustering for VQ-Compressed Codes
Privacy-Preserving Byzantine-Robust Federated Learning via Blockchain Systems
Iris Biometrics: Indexing and Retrieving Heavily Degraded Data
Peafowl: Private Entity Alignment in Multi-Party Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning
A Data-Centric Approach to Quality Estimation of Role Mining Results
Employing Program Semantics for Malware Detection
Localization of Diffusion-Based Inpainting in Digital Images
Controlled Redactable Blockchain Based on T-Times Chameleon Hash and Signature
On the Continuity of the Secrecy Capacity of Compound and Arbitrarily Varying Wiretap Channels
PalmNet: Gabor-PCA Convolutional Networks for Touchless Palmprint Recognition
Privacy-Preserving Authenticated Key-Exchange Over Internet
Key Updating for Leakage Resiliency With Application to AES Modes of Operation
Wahoo: A DAG-Based BFT Consensus With Low Latency and Low Communication Overhead
Purified Authorization Service With Encrypted Message Moderation
BAS-VAS: A Novel Secure Protocol for Value Added Service Delivery to Mobile Devices
On the Security of Permutation-Only Image Encryption Schemes
Spectral Watermarking for Parameterized Surfaces
CrowdFA: A Privacy-Preserving Mobile Crowdsensing Paradigm via Federated Analytics
Tally-Based Simple Decoders for Traitor Tracing and Group Testing
MalGNE: Enhancing the Performance and Efficiency of CFG-Based Malware Detector by Graph Node Embedding in Low Dimension Space
Amplitude-Modulating Analog/RF Hardware Trojans in Wireless Networks: Risks and Remedies
On Extremal Rates of Secure Storage Over Graphs
An Efficient and Verifiable Encrypted Data Filtering Framework Over Large-Scale Storage in Cloud Edge
Analysis of One-Time Random Projections for Privacy Preserving Compressed Sensing
STDA: Secure Time Series Data Analytics With Practical Efficiency in Wide-Area Network
SMAKA: Secure Many-to-Many Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Vehicular Networks
Replayed Video Attack Detection Based on Motion Blur Analysis
Hardware Secure Module Based Lightweight Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication for VANETs
Human Identification From Dental X-Ray Images Based on the Shape and Appearance of the Teeth
Firewall Fingerprinting and Denial of Firewalling Attacks
On the Impact of Uncertainty and Calibration on Likelihood-Ratio Membership Inference Attacks
Iris Recognition: What Is Beyond Bit Fragility?
Enabling Efficient and Strong Privacy-Preserving Truth Discovery in Mobile Crowdsensing
Minimal Information Exchange for Secure Image Hash-Based Geometric Transformations Estimation
NeuroAED: Towards Efficient Abnormal Event Detection in Visual Surveillance With Neuromorphic Vision Sensor
Poligraph: Intrusion-Tolerant and Distributed Fake News Detection System
A Modeling of Certificate Revocation and Its Application to Synthesis of Revocation Traces
The effectiveness of receipt-based attacks on ThreeBallot
Semi-Private Computation of Data Similarity With Applications to Data Valuation and Pricing
FADE: A Dataset for Detecting Falling Objects Around Buildings in Video
Detection of Superpoints Using a Vector Bloom Filter
EMSim+: Accelerating Electromagnetic Security Evaluation With Generative Adversarial Network and Transfer Learning
Steganalysis for Markov cover data with applications to images
Accurate Decentralized Application Identification via Encrypted Traffic Analysis Using Graph Neural Networks
An Improved Multiplicative Spread Spectrum Embedding Scheme for Data Hiding
Attribute-Based Encryption With Verifiable Outsourced Decryption
Multi-Authority Anonymous Credentials With Efficient and Decentralized Supervision
Hybrid Cooperative Beamforming and Jamming for Physical-Layer Security of Two-Way Relay Networks
Multivariate Side-Informed Gaussian Embedding Minimizing Statistical Detectability
Epidemic Protection Over Heterogeneous Networks Using Evolutionary Poisson Games
Dictionary Integration Using 3D Morphable Face Models for Pose-Invariant Collaborative-Representation-Based Classification
Binarizing Split Learning for Data Privacy Enhancement and Computation Reduction
Sequence Data Matching and Beyond: New Privacy-Preserving Primitives Based on Bloom Filters
A Preference-Driven Malicious Platform Detection Mechanism for Users in Mobile Crowdsensing
Understanding Deep Face Representation via Attribute Recovery
Compact Provenance Scheme Through Packet Path Index Differences in WSNs
Secret-Fragment-Visible Mosaic Image-A New Computer Art and Its Application to Information Hiding
Behavior forensics with side information for multimedia fingerprinting social networks
Universal 3D Wearable Fingerprint Targets: Advancing Fingerprint Reader Evaluations
Wireless-Powered Full-Duplex Relay and Friendly Jamming for Secure Cooperative Communications
FedG 3 FA: Three-Stage GAN-Aided Target Feature Alignment for Secure Data Sharing in Federated Learning System
Uncertainty-Aware Face Embedding With Contrastive Learning for Open-Set Evaluation
Rebuttal to "Comments on 'A PUF-FSM Binding Scheme for FPGA IP Protection and Pay-Per-Device Licensing"'
Dual Subspace Nonnegative Graph Embedding for Identity-Independent Expression Recognition
RL and Fingerprinting to Select Moving Target Defense Mechanisms for Zero-Day Attacks in IoT
Speaker Anonymization for Voice Biometrics Protection Using Voice Conversion and Multi-Target Speaker Voice Fusion
Security-Enhanced Data Transmission With Fine-Grained and Flexible Revocation for DTWNs
RevokAll: Hardware-Assisted Revocable Data Sharing Framework for Full Data Traffic With Rapid Deployment in Cloud-Edge
How to Terminate Service Requests in Outsourcing: A Seamless Solution From Withdrawable Signatures
PRNU-Based Camera Attribution From Multiple Seam-Carved Images
Enhancing Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) Level-0 Physical Process Security Using Field Device Distinct Native Attribute Features
Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Hidden Ideal Lattice
Local Differential Privacy Is Not Enough: A Sample Reconstruction Attack Against Federated Learning With Local Differential Privacy
RFTrack: Stealthy Location Inference and Tracking Attack on Wi-Fi Devices
Enhancing Secrecy With Multi-Antenna Transmission in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
A Case-Control Study to Measure Behavioral Risks of Malware Encounters in Organizations
Natural Steganography in JPEG Domain With a Linear Development Pipeline
A Selective Feature Information Approach for Iris Image-Quality Measure
Centered hyperspherical and hyperellipsoidal one-class support vector machines for anomaly detection in sensor networks
FM 99.9, Radio Virus: Exploiting FM Radio Broadcasts for Malware Deployment
Indirect Reciprocity Security Game for Large-Scale Wireless Networks
Neighbor Consistency and Global-Local Interaction: A Novel Pseudo-Label Refinement Approach for Unsupervised Person Re-Identification
SingleADV: Single-Class Target-Specific Attack Against Interpretable Deep Learning Systems
Detection of HEVC Double Compression With the Same Coding Parameters Based on Analysis of Intra Coding Quality Degradation Process
Iris recognition using signal-level fusion of frames from video
Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Multi-Party Skyline Queries Over Encrypted Data
An Efficient SCA Leakage Model Construction Method Under Predictable Evaluation
Secure Transmission in HARQ-Assisted Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks
Patronus: Plug-and-Play and Near-Lossless Facial Privacy Enhancement Against Reconstruction Attacks
On the Secret Key Capacity of Sibling Hidden Markov Models
Handwritten Signature Verification via Multimodal Consistency Learning
EasySMS: A Protocol for End-to-End Secure Transmission of SMS
Timed Anonymous Ring Signature With Application to Bidding Systems
Deep-PRWIS: Periocular Recognition Without the Iris and Sclera Using Deep Learning Frameworks
Gender Classification From the Same Iris Code Used for Recognition
On the Importance of Backbone to the Adversarial Robustness of Object Detectors
Kindle Federated Generalization With Domain Specialized and Invariant Knowledge
Breaking the Anonymity of Ethereum Mixing Services Using Graph Feature Learning
Dual-Semantic Consistency Learning for Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification
Using Random Forests for Efficient Identification of Decoys Under Link Flooding Attacks in SDNs
Motif-Level Anomaly Detection in Dynamic Graphs
Fingerprint Extraction Through Distortion Reconstruction (FEDR): A CNN-Based Approach to RF Fingerprinting
Robust Iris Presentation Attack Detection Fusing 2D and 3D Information
MI-VFDNN: An Efficient Vertical Federated Deep Neural Network With Multi-Layer Interaction
Keys Through ARQ: Theory and Practice
Citywide Multi-Step Crime Prediction via Context-Aware Bayesian Tensor Decomposition
Securing First-Hop Data Provenance for Bodyworn Devices Using Wireless Link Fingerprints
Private and Secure Distributed Matrix Multiplication With Flexible Communication Load
A Memetic Fingerprint Matching Algorithm
Secure Distributed Dynamic State Estimation in Wide-Area Smart Grids
Optimal False Data Injection Attack Against Load-Frequency Control in Power Systems
SRLR: Symbolic Regression-Based Logic Recovery to Counter Programmable Logic Controller Attacks
HELM: Navigating Homomorphic Encryption Through Gates and Lookup Tables
An Efficient Handover Authentication Scheme for 6G-Enabled Space-Terrestrial Integrated Networks With Mobile Edge Computing
Minimalism is King! High-Frequency Energy-Based Screening for Data-Efficient Backdoor Attacks
Practical Privacy-Preserving Face Authentication for Smartphones Secure Against Malicious Clients
Cost-Effective Hybrid Control Strategies for Dynamical Propaganda War Game
An Improved Scheme for Full Fingerprint Reconstruction
Anomaly Detection Using Proximity Graph and PageRank Algorithm
Similarity-Adaptive Framework for Semi-Supervised Open-World Specific Emitter Identification
LtRFT: Mitigate the Low-Rate Data Plane DDoS Attack With Learning-To-Rank Enabled Flow Tables
Performance Enhanced Secure Spatial Keyword Similarity Query With Arbitrary Spatial Ranges
Asymptotics of Fingerprinting and Group Testing: Tight Bounds From Channel Capacities
Detecting Lifecycle-Related Concurrency Bugs in ROS Programs via Coverage-Guided Fuzzing
Distribution-Agnostic Database De-Anonymization Under Obfuscation and Synchronization Errors
An Adaptive Domain-Incremental Framework With Knowledge Replay and Domain Alignment for Specific Emitter Identification
Non-Invasive Recognition of Poorly Resolved Integrated Circuit Elements
Generative Imperceptible Attack With Feature Learning Bias Reduction and Multi-Scale Variance Regularization
A Natural Language Processing Approach for Instruction Set Architecture Identification
Seeing Traffic Paths: Encrypted Traffic Classification With Path Signature Features
Extracting Spread-Spectrum Hidden Data From Digital Media
S-Adapter: Generalizing Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing With Statistical Tokens
Deep Abstraction and Weighted Feature Selection for Wi-Fi Impersonation Detection
Treating Interference as Noise Is Optimal for Covert Communication Over Interference Channels
Modeling Facial Soft Tissue Thickness for Automatic Skull-Face Overlay
Dissecting Blockchain Network Partitioning Attacks and Novel Defense for Bitcoin and Ethereum
Label-Sensitive Deep Metric Learning for Facial Age Estimation
LapGLP: Approximating Infinite-Layer Graph Convolutions With Laplacian for Federated Recommendation
Static Multi Feature-Based Malware Detection Using Multi SPP-net in Smart IoT Environments
Region Duplication Detection Using Image Feature Matching
DAPASA: Detecting Android Piggybacked Apps Through Sensitive Subgraph Analysis
Adversarial Attack and Reliable Defense Based on Frequency Domain Feature Enhancement for Automatic Modulation Classification
Can We Trust Your Explanations? Sanity Checks for Interpreters in Android Malware Analysis
Improved LPD Characteristics for QS-DS-CDMA Employing Randomization Techniques
Incentivizing Secure Edge Caching for Scalable Coded Videos in Heterogeneous Networks
NTTproofs: A Maintainable and Aggregatable Vector Commitment With Fast Openings and Updates
Edge Aware Domain Transformation for Face Sketch Synthesis
Multi-Party Private Set Intersection With One-Round Online Interaction
Combining Data-Driven and Model-Driven Methods for Robust Facial Landmark Detection
Individual Identification Using Cognitive Electroencephalographic Neurodynamics
Deceptive Deletion Triggers Under Coercion
Heterogeneous Face Recognition Using Domain Specific Units
Toward Automatically Generating Privacy Policy for Android Apps
We Can Track You if You Take the Metro: Tracking Metro Riders Using Accelerometers on Smartphones
Channel-based detection of Sybil attacks in wireless networks
A Worst-Case-Aware Design Methodology for Noise-Tolerant Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generator With Stochastic Behavior Modeling
Maximum Key Size and Classification Performance of Fuzzy Commitment for Gaussian Modeled Biometric Sources
Enhancing Transferability of Adversarial Examples Through Mixed-Frequency Inputs
Latent Fingerprint Value Prediction: Crowd-Based Learning
Adaptive Domain-Invariant Feature Extraction for Cross-Domain Linguistic Steganalysis
RaSA: Robust and Adaptive Secure Aggregation for Edge-Assisted Hierarchical Federated Learning
Differential Privacy With Higher Utility by Exploiting Coordinate-Wise Disparity: Laplace Mechanism Can Beat Gaussian in High Dimensions
Robust Secure Beamforming for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Full-Duplex MISO Systems
Subband Time-Frequency Image Texture Features for Robust Audio Surveillance
An Exploit Kits Detection Approach Based on HTTP Message Graph
Detection of Nonaligned Double JPEG Compression Based on Integer Periodicity Maps
Wireless Physical-Layer Identification: Modeling and Validation
Attention-Based Two-Stream Convolutional Networks for Face Spoofing Detection
Dual Consistency Regularization for Generalized Face Anti-Spoofing
Impulsive Artificial Defense Against Advanced Persistent Threat
DPNM: A Differential Private Notary Mechanism for Privacy Preservation in Cross-Chain Transactions
BAGM: A Backdoor Attack for Manipulating Text-to-Image Generative Models
Dynamic Searchable Symmetric Encryption With Strong Security and Robustness
A Covert Queueing Channel in FCFS Schedulers
An Enhanced Linearly Homomorphic Network Coding Signature Scheme for Secure Data Delivery in IoT Networks
Identify as a Human Does: A Pathfinder of Next-Generation Anti-Cheat Framework for First-Person Shooter Games
Efficient Deniably Authenticated Encryption and Its Application to E-Mail
Identity-Based Encryption Transformation for Flexible Sharing of Encrypted Data in Public Cloud
Domain Adaptive Person Re-Identification via Camera Style Generation and Label Propagation
A Perspective of Using Frequency-Mixing as Entropy in Random Number Generation for Portable Hardware Cybersecurity IP
Lawful Remote Forensics Mechanism With Admissibility of Evidence in Stochastic and Unpredictable Transnational Crime
A Provably Secure Anonymous Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol
Deep Neural Backdoor in Semi-Supervised Learning: Threats and Countermeasures
Evasive Active Hypothesis Testing With Deep Neuroevolution: The Single- and Multi-Agent Cases
Comments on "Unreconciled Collisions Uncover Cloning Attacks in Anonymous RFID Systems"
Mobile Phone Clustering From Speech Recordings Using Deep Representation and Spectral Clustering
FDAAC-CR: Practical Delegatable Attribute-Based Anonymous Credentials With Fine-Grained Delegation Management and Chainable Revocation
Robust blind watermarking of point-sampled geometry
Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted 2D Vector Graphics Based on Reversible Mapping Model for Real Numbers
An Efficient Generic Framework for Three-Factor Authentication With Provably Secure Instantiation
Diffusion Containment in Complex Networks Through Collective Influence of Connections
PermPair: Android Malware Detection Using Permission Pairs
Gray Hausdorff distance measure for comparing face images
Secure Transmissions in Wireless Information and Power Transfer Millimeter-Wave Ultra-Dense Networks
MLaD²: A Semi-Supervised Money Laundering Detection Framework Based on Decoupling Training
Dependency-Aware Attention Control for Image Set-Based Face Recognition
PowerGuard: Using Power Side-Channel Signals to Secure Motion Controllers in ICS
Using Bayesian Networks for Probabilistic Identification of Zero-Day Attack Paths
Purely automated attacks on passpoints-style graphical passwords
FGMIA: Feature-Guided Model Inversion Attacks Against Face Recognition Models
Exploiting Path Diversity for Thwarting Pollution Attacks in Named Data Networking
End-to-End Latent Fingerprint Search
Differentiating Between Images Using Wavelet-Based Transforms: A Comparative Study
HODA: Hardness-Oriented Detection of Model Extraction Attacks
Defense Against Syntactic Textual Backdoor Attacks With Token Substitution
SnifferDog: Comprehensively Learning Heterogeneous Features of Network Traffic to Identify Malicious Flows
Data-Centric Robust Training for Defending Against Transfer-Based Adversarial Attacks
Attack Detection for Load Frequency Control Systems Using Stochastic Unknown Input Estimators
Face Recognition in the Scrambled Domain via Salience-Aware Ensembles of Many Kernels
Using Mussel-Inspired Self-Organization and Account Proxies to Obfuscate Workload Ownership and Placement in Clouds
Robust Generative Steganography for Image Hiding Using Concatenated Mappings
Good Learning, Bad Performance: A Novel Attack Against RL-Based Congestion Control Systems
Secrecy Capacities in Space-Division Multiplexed Fiber Optic Communication Systems
An Exploration of Geographic Authentication Schemes
ADMM Based Privacy-Preserving Decentralized Optimization
Optimal Probabilistic Encryption for Secure Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks
Hide Yourself: Multi-Dimensional Range Queries for Responses-Hiding Over Outsourced Data
TRacer: Scalable Graph-Based Transaction Tracing for Account-Based Blockchain Trading Systems
Metrics Towards Measuring Cyber Agility
Exploring Unobservable Blockchain-Based Covert Channel for Censorship-Resistant Systems
GaitAsset: In Defense of Regarding Gait as a Set
From the Dialectical Perspective: Modeling and Exploiting of Hybrid Worm Propagation
ALScA: A Framework for Using Auxiliary Learning Side-Channel Attacks to Model PUFs
Insiders behaving badly: addressing bad actors and their actions