yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Robust Face Hallucination Algorithm Using Motion Blur Embedded Nearest Proximate Patch Representation
MFF-IBL: A Lightweight Cascade Network Based on Multibranch Feature Fusion and Incremental Broad Learning for Lead-Independent ECG Classification
A Novel Magnetic Multitarget Localization Method Based on Energy Mutation Detection
Safety-Aware Vehicle Trajectory Prediction With Spatiotemporal Attentional GAN in Hybrid Transportation System
Enhanced Second-Order Off-Grid DOA Estimation Method via Sparse Reconstruction Based on Extended Coprime Array Under Impulsive Noise
Reconfigurable SoC-Based Smart Sensor for Wavelet and Wavelet Packet Analysis
An Unsupervised Condition Monitoring Method for Rolling Bearings Based on Compound Feature Selection and Multistep-Aware BiGRU-VAE
On-Chip Femtofarad Capacitance Standard Based on Interdigital Structure
Pixel-Level Contrastive Pretrainer for Industrial Image Representation
Deep Manifold Learning for Weak Signal Detection
Novel Trajectory Representation Learning Method and Its Application to Trajectory-User Linking
GaN-Half-Bridge for Core Loss Measurements Under Rectangular AC Voltage and DC Bias of the Magnetic Flux Density
Flow Rate Measurement of Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Slug Flow Using Pulse Wave Ultrasonic Doppler Technique
An Accurate Point-Based Rigid Registration Method for Laser Tracker Relocation
Gabor Wavelet Initialized Sparse Filtering: An Interpretable Network for Bearing Fault Diagnosis
Spectral CT Image-Domain Material Decomposition via Sparsity Residual Prior and Dictionary Learning
A Portable Halbach NMR Sensor for Detecting the Moisture Content of Soybeans
Product-Specific Nonlinear Characterization and Instrument for Illumination Angle Measurement With Manufacturing Defects
High-Speed and Compact Quenching Circuit for Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes
An almost leakage free method for assessing Σ-Δ modulator spectra
Investigations on Diameter Measurements of the Avogadro Silicon Sphere Dependent on the Position in the Field of View of the Interferometer Optics
Laser Reflection Characteristics Calculation and Detection Ability Analysis of Active Laser Detection Screen Instrument
Analysis of White Noise on Power Frequency Estimation by DFT-Based Frequency Shifting and Filtering Algorithm
A Temporal-Channel-Spatial Attention Network for Skiing Recognition Based on Multigraph Generation
Detection of Nonmetallic Contaminants in Lubricating Oil Using a Microwave Rectangular Cavity Resonator Sensor
Real-Time and Efficient 6-D Pose Estimation From a Single RGB Image
2pCePd-Net: Two-Path Cross-Context Encoder With Probability Map-Based Bandpass Decoder for Retinal Vessel Segmentation
BGDFNet: Bidirectional Gated and Dynamic Fusion Network for RGB-T Crowd Counting in Smart City System
Tin oxide gas sensing: comparison among different measurement techniques for gas mixture classification
SFF-DA: Spatiotemporal Feature Fusion for Nonintrusively Detecting Anxiety
Tracklets Association Algorithm for Multitarget Tracking With Distributed Through-Wall Imaging Radar
Interpolation of Medical Ultrasound Images From Coherent and Noncoherent Signals
Design of Robot-Assisted Task Involving Visuomotor Conflict for Identification of Proprioceptive Acuity
Electric Arc Furnace Voltage Flicker Analysis and Prediction
Understanding Adversarial Atmospheric Features Interpretation, Analysis, and Standardization for Tackling the Computer Vision Problems in Videos
Shock Wave Measurement and Time Difference of Arrival Analysis for Impact Point Positioning
A Bragg silicon lattice comparator
Novel Impedance Standards Based on Series-Connected Metal-Foil Resistors
Volume Measurement of a 28 Si-Enriched Sphere to Realize the Kilogram Based on the Planck Constant at NMIJ
Power Calibration of Electrosurgical Analyzers Up to 1 MHz
Characterization and Quantitative Evaluation of Surface Cracks on Steel Plates Based on Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography
A 1.9 ps-rms Precision Time-to-Amplitude Converter With 782 fs LSB and 0.79%-rms DNL
Differential E-Field Coupling to Shielded H-Field Probe in Near-Field Measurements and a Suppression Approach
Onboard Train Localization Based on Railway Track Irregularity Matching
Fault Diagnosis of Unseen Modes in Chemical Process via Fusing Invariance and Specificity
Application of FRA to Improve the Design and Maintenance of Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Online Data-Driven Diagnosis for Common Electrical and Sensor Faults in Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives
A Low-Cost Accelerometer Developed by Inkjet Printing Technology
RBD tools using compression, decompression, hybrid techniques to code, decode, and compute reliability in simple and complex embedded systems
A U-Net-Based Approach for Tool Wear Area Detection and Identification
Gradient-Based Synthesized Multiple Exposure Time Color HDR Image
Acceleration of the ADC Test With Sine-Wave Fit
Development and Application of High-Frequency Sensor for Corona Current Measurement under Ultra High-Voltage Direct-Current Environment
Image Reconstruction for Magnetic Particle Imaging Based on Sparse Representation and Deep Learning
Gravity Measurement for the KRISS Watt Balance
Effective Buried Nonlinear Target Detection Under Faulty Antenna Conditions Using Extended DORT Approach
Event-Driven Tactile Sensing With Dense Spiking Graph Neural Networks
A Numerically Stable, Robust, and Efficient Minimal Solver for the Perspective-n-Points-Focal-Radial Problem
Frequency- and intensity-noise measurements of a widely tunable 2-μm Tm-Ho: KYF laser
Defect Detection Method of Aluminum Profile Surface Using Deep Self-Attention Mechanism Under Hybrid Noise Conditions
MIAKF: Motion Inertia Estimated Adaptive Kalman Filtering for Underground Mine Tunnel Positioning
A Predictive Maintenance Strategy Using Deep Learning Quantile Regression and Kernel Density Estimation for Failure Prediction
Spatial Selectivity of Linear Electrostatic Sensor Arrays for Particle Velocity Measurement
Microwave Contactless Current-Sensing for Live/Dead Differentiation of Single Bioparticles on a Microfluidic Platform
A Low-Cost Implementation of Sample Entropy in Wearable Embedded Systems: An Example of Online Analysis for Sleep EEG
BrightNet: A Deep CNN for OLED-Based Point of Care Immunofluorescent Diagnostic Systems
The Seventh Intercomparison of Josephson Voltage Standards in North America
Anomaly Detection Framework With Contrastive Learning and Multiview Augmentation for Time-Series Domain Generalization
Standard Histogram Test Precision of ADC Gain and Offset Error Estimation
Research Progress of Intelligent Sitting Posture Monitoring Systems: A Survey
Snake Optimization-Based Variable-Step Multiscale Single Threshold Slope Entropy for Complexity Analysis of Signals
Intelligent Fault Quantitative Identification via the Improved Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) Algorithm Accompanied With Imbalanced Sample
Improvements of the NIM-2 Joule Balance Since 2020
Development and Testing of an On-Machine Measurement System for Shape Error of Deep-Hole Parts Based on Electromagnetic Acoustic Wall Thickness Method
Semi-Supervised Learning With Kolmogorov-Arnold Network for MRI Cardiac Segmentation
Evaluating Smartphone Accuracy for RSSI Measurements
A new transfer device for the NRC Travelling Standard Program
Fleet State-Aware Aero-Engine Fleet Collaborative Maintenance: A PPO-Enhanced and Maintenance Urgency-Aware Decision Mechanism
Fully Flexible Integrated and Self-Powered Smart Bending Strain Skin for Wireless Monitoring of Heavy Industrial Equipment
The Improvement of Joule Balance NIM-1 and the Design of New Joule Balance NIM-2
The study of pressure distribution in sitting position on cushions for patient with SCI (Spinal Cord Injury)
S 2 F 2 AN: Spatial-Spectral Fusion Frequency Attention Network for Chinese Herbal Medicines Hyperspectral Image Segmentation
Preparation and Characterization of Sn-BSTS Topological Insulator for Universality Test of the Quantum Hall Effect
Enhancement of Magnetic Field Disturbance Suppression for Wearable Optically Pumped Magnetometers
A Low-Cost FPGA-Based Coarse-Fine Counting Time-to-Digital Converter With External High-Precision Reference Clock
LRR-a self-calibration technique for the calibration of vector network analyzers
Sensitive and Label-Free Optical Fiber Biosensor Based on ZIF-8/Lipase Composite Material and Its Application in Tributyrin Detection
An electromagnetic analysis of a coaxial cavity cell
An End-to-End Framework for Shipping Container Corrosion Defect Inspection
Metrological Traceability of High Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) Based on Precision Coaxial Rotating Polarization-Maintaining Fiber
A Capacitive-Coupled Noncontact Probe for the Measurement of Conductivity of Liquids
A Novel Technique of Black Tea Quality Prediction Using Electronic Tongue Signals
New interpolation method for quadrature encoder signals
Hybrid Amplitude Ordinal Partition Networks for ECG Morphology Discrimination: An Application to PVC Recognition
CapNet: Learning Insulator Self-Blast From Bounding Box
Implementation of Effective Scale Factor Matching and Axial Centripetal Error Compensation for a Rotating Accelerometer Gravity Gradiometer
Stereo Visual-Inertial Odometry With Online Initialization and Extrinsic Self-Calibration
Uncertainty Analysis of Stray Field Measurements by Quantitative Magnetic Force Microscopy
A Novel Target-Aware Dual Matching and Compensatory Segmentation Tracker for Aerial Videos
Opportunistic Drone Detection Using CommSense
Thermal Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Equipment in Substations Using Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network
Flexible Indoor Localization and Tracking Based on a Wearable Platform and Sensor Data Fusion
Statistical Modeling of Random Walk Errors for Triaxial Rate Gyros
Collaborative Learning Classification Model for PCBs Defect Detection Against Image and Label Uncertainty
RailBEV: A Vision-Based Bird's-Eye-View Representation Network for 3-D Railway Object Detection
Robust Autocalibration of Triaxial Magnetometers
Semi-Supervised Incremental Soft Sensor Model With Spatiotemporal Graph Regularization for Process Industry
Self-checking design, implementation, and measurement of a controller for track-side railway systems
Visual Measurement and Prediction of Ball Trajectory for Table Tennis Robot
Characterization and Simple Fixed Pattern Noise Correction in Wide Dynamic Range "Logarithmic" Imagers
Measurements for the characterization of passive components in non-sinusoidal conditions
A Note on Optimality of Analytical Leakage Compensation at Boundary Frequencies
Enhanced antenna-pattern measurements for Satellite systems
An Adaptive Heading Correction Algorithm for Suppressing Magnetic Interference in Inertial Navigation System
A Novel Method Based on Voltammetry for the Qualitative Analysis of Water
A Multitask Learning Framework for Automated Cobb Angle Estimation
Integrated Game Theoretic and Honeypot Based Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection and Mitigation in Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Transient Feature Extraction Based on Time-Frequency Manifold Image Synthesis for Machinery Fault Diagnosis
Long-Term Prediction of Multistress Accelerated Aging of Capacitors by Long Short-Term Memory Network
Development of an Adversarial Transfer Learning-Based Soft Sensor in Industrial Systems
Recognition and Calibration of Rail Profile Under Affine-Distortion-Based Point Set Mapping
A Four-Sector Conductance Method for Measuring and Characterizing Low-Velocity Oil-Water Two-Phase Flows
Visual-Inertial Fusion With Depth Measuring for Hyper-Redundant Robot's End Under Constrained Environment
Indoor Calibration Method for Commercial Grade Three-Axis Magnetometer With a Solenoid Coil
Comparison of an Affordable Open-Source Phase Noise Analyzer With Its Commercial Counterpart
rPPG Estimation: Vision Transformer With 3-D Temporal Central Difference
Pseudo-LiDAR for Visual Odometry
CASCE: A Contrastive Representation Learning Framework for Motor Imagery EEG-Based Unilateral Upper Limb Decoding
Stacked Multilevel-Denoising Autoencoders: A New Representation Learning Approach for Wind Turbine Gearbox Fault Diagnosis
A Novel Thermography-Based Dry Magnetic Particle Testing Method
Miniature Carbon Monoxide Detector Based on Nanotechnology
Leading-Subcycles Capacitor Error-Averaging Scheme for Cyclic ADCs
Enhancement of Electron-Spin Polarization Using Magneto-Optical Synchronous Modulation
A Spatial-Temporal Positioning Algorithm Using Residual Network and LSTM
Error analysis in two-terminal impedance measurements with residual correction
Low-FaceNet: Face Recognition-Driven Low-Light Image Enhancement
Wireless Monitoring of Ballastless Track Slab Deformation for High-Speed Railway
Robust Variational Bayesian-Based Soft Sensor Model for LPV Processes With Delayed and Integrated Output Measurements
A Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Based Decentralized Nonlinear Active Noise Control System
Angle Diagnosis of Blast Furnace Chute Through Deep Learning of Temporal Images
Dynam-LVIO: A Dynamic-Object-Aware LiDAR Visual Inertial Odometry in Dynamic Urban Environments
Development of a Miniaturized, Low-Cost Electrical Impedance Tomography System
Two High-Precision Ultrashort Baseline Location Methods Based on Phase Difference
Spindle Health Diagnosis Based on Analytic Wavelet Enveloping
Novel K-Medoids Based SMOTE Integrated With Locality Preserving Projections for Fault Diagnosis
Externally Referenced Current Source With Stability Down to 1 nA/A at 50 mA
AC Josephson voltage standard error measurements and analysis
Energy-Saving Techniques for Urban Noise WSN With Kalman-Based State Estimation and Green Facade Energy Harvester
Model-Based Segmentation of Surfaces Using Illumination Series
Systematic and Random Errors in the Net Power Measurement Using a Reflectometer
Impedance measurements with second-order harmonic oscillator for testing food sterility
Design of the Complex Permittivity Measurement System Based on the Waveguide Six-Port Reflectometer
Correlation Filters Based on Multi-Expert and Game Theory for Visual Object Tracking
A new four terminal-pair bridge for traceable impedance measurements at frequencies up to 1 MHz
A Bimodal Large-Small Model Collaborative Network for Joint Prediction of State of Health and Remaining Useful Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Differentiable Targetless Radar-Camera Extrinsic Calibration Based on Detection Attributes
A Low-Cost Ultra-Wideband Indoor Ranging System
Joint-Seg: Treat Foveal Avascular Zone and Retinal Vessel Segmentation in OCTA Images as a Joint Task
Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Health Estimation Method Based on Hierarchical Convolution and Multichannel Interactive Dense Transformer Network
Precise Noninvasive Estimation of Glucose Using UWB Microwave With Improved Neural Networks and Hybrid Optimization
Design and Verification of a Q-Band Test Source for UAV-Based Radiation Pattern Measurements
Multi-Scale-Slope Linear Transformer-Based Skeleton Detection for Autonomous Railway Inspection AAV Navigation
Robust M-Estimation-Based ICKF for GNSS Outlier Mitigation in GNSS/SINS Navigation Applications
Gas-Insulated Switchgear Insulation Defect Diagnosis via a Novel Domain Adaptive Graph Convolutional Network
Combined Use of Infrared Imaging and Deep-Learning Techniques for Real-Time Temperature Measurement of Train Braking Components
An Improved Structural Health Monitoring Method Utilizing Sparse Representation for Acoustic Emission Signals in Rails
A Monitor Calibrator as a Portable Tool for Determination of Luminescent Compounds
A Force Measurement System for HTS Maglev Studies
Upper Sweeping Frequency Selection for Cable Defect Location Based on STFT
Frequency Estimation and Noise Reduction in Homodyne Grating Interferometer Based on Third-Order Generalized Integrator-Frequency-Locked Loop With Damping Ratio Adaptation
An Inexpensive Wiegand-Sensor-Based Rotary Encoder Without Rotating Magnets for Use in Electrical Drives
PIXDet: Prohibited Item Detection in X-Ray Image Based on Whole-Process Feature Fusion and Local-Global Semantic Dependency Interaction
Advancing Cross-Subject Domain Generalization in Brain-Computer Interfaces With Multiadversarial Strategies
Underwater 3-D Point Cloud Reconstruction of a Single Sonar Image Based on Pseudo Front View
Adaptively Estimating Rotation Speed From DC Motor Current Ripple for Order Tracking and Fault Diagnosis
Fault Diagnosis for Power Converters Based on Incremental Learning
A New Hyperspectral Reconstruction Method With Conditional Diffusion Model for Snapshot Spectral Compressive Imaging
Model-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Filtering Algorithm for Mecanum Wheel Car Parameter Identification With Measurement Noise
Feature Extraction for Data-Driven Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Rolling Bearings
High-Sensitivity 4H-Silicon Carbide MEMS Pressure Sensors for Extreme Temperature Ranges of -75 °C to 600 °C
Dynamic error characteristics of touch trigger probes fitted to coordinate measuring machines
A Calibration-Free Self-Quadrature Locked Extrinsic Fiber Acoustic Sensor With Ultrahigh Sensitivity
Graphical Representation and Evaluation of Attenuation and Coupling Parameters of Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonators
Utilization of PMU Measurements for Three-Phase Line Parameter Estimation in Power Systems
Sampling and Layout of OPM Arrays for MCG Based on the Sampling Theorem
3-D Dense Reconstruction of Vision-Based Tactile Sensor With Coded Markers
Multifrequency Lock-In Detection With Nonsinusoidal References
Characterization of a Flexible UWB Sensor for Indoor Localization
A Simple Algorithm for Bayesian Signal Analysis With Applications to Metrology
TScatNet: An Interpretable Cross-Domain Intelligent Diagnosis Model With Antinoise and Few-Shot Learning Capability
Variable Exposure Portable Perfusion Monitor Using Commercial Vision Processing System-on-Modules (SOMs)
Quantitative evaluation of long-term locomotor activity of rats
Smart Water Meter Based on Deep Neural Network and Undersampling for PWNC Detection
A Noncontact Voltage Measurement System for Power-Line Voltage Waveforms
Satellite Telemetry Data Anomaly Detection Using Causal Network and Feature-Attention-Based LSTM
Vision-Based Robust Path Reconstruction for Robot Control
Modified ESPRIT and Unitary-Transformation Form for Computationally Efficient DOA Estimation on FPGA
Continual Learning-Based Neural Network With Time Embedding for Silicon Content Prediction in Blast Furnace
The analysis of the transmission-type optical smoke detector threshold sensitivity to the high rate temperature variations
Nonlinearity estimation in power amplifiers based on subsampled temporal data
A biaxial probe for nondestructive testing on conductive materials
Development of a Multi-Channel Array Resistivity Method Instrument System
Waveform Approach for Assessing Conformity of CISPR 16-1-1 Measuring Receivers
The Stability Analysis of Potentiometric Urea Biosensor Under Microfluidic System and Remote Measurement
Planar ECT Image Reconstruction Based on Solving the Bayesian Model by Combining Fast Iterative Adaptive Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm and GMM
Wing Deformation-Aware Vision-Based Airplane Attitude Measurement
An Integrated 5-DoF Displacement Sensor System of Magnetically Suspended Flywheel
Fuzzy-based adaptive digital power metering using a genetic algorithm
Analysis of a dual-balance high-resistance bridge at 10 TΩ
Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Photoacoustic Effect for Rebar Corrosion Measurement
Potential of the single-frequency CPT resonances for magnetic field measurement
Monitoring in Industrial Systems Using Wireless Sensor Network With Dynamic Power Management
Gas Identification Based on Committee Machine for Microelectronic Gas Sensor
Accuracy Analysis of the Multicycle Synchrophasor Estimator Provided by the Interpolated DFT Algorithm
Effect of Scintillation on Timing Applications of GPS in Indian Subcontinent
A computer-controlled current-comparator-based four-terminal resistance bridge for power frequencies
Transmission Line Key Components and Defects Detection Based on Meta-Learning
A Novel Online Sliding Blind Deconvolution Algorithm for Satellite Microvibration Source Separation in Time-Varying Environment
Frequency Estimators for SOGI FLL: Modeling, Design, and Equivalence for FLL Advancements
Realization of Zero Measurement Dead Time on FPGA-Based Time-to-Digital Converters
Distributed Fault Detection of Autonomous Vehicle Networks Using Local Relative Measurements
Entropy Measures in Machine Fault Diagnosis: Insights and Applications
Triangular Self-Convolution Window With Desirable Sidelobe Behaviors for Harmonic Analysis of Power System
NRC-NIST comparison of power meter calibrations at 60 Hz and ranges up to 600 V, 100 A
A Fully-Differential Biopotential Amplifier With a Reduced Number of Parts
Time-Reversal SAR Imaging for Nondestructive Testing of Circular and Cylindrical Multilayered Dielectric Structures
An Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis Algorithm Based on Signal Normalization Preprocessing for Motor Drive Inverter
Simultaneous Determination of Levels and Complex Permittivities of Layered Liquids Using a Five-Wire Line-Based Microwave Sensor
High-Dynamic-Range Chipless Microwave Resonator-Based Strain Sensor
A CMOS IC for portable EEG acquisition systems
Rail Current Measurement With Noninvasive Large Dynamic Probe
Research on the Magnetomechanical Coupling Effect of Ferromagnetic Cavity Based on Improved Jiles-Atherton Theory
An Architecture for a Dependable Distributed Sensor System
Indirect Estimation of Breathing Rate Using Wearable Devices
Comprehensive Remaining Useful Life Prediction for Rolling Element Bearings Based on Time-Varying Particle Filtering
A High Timing Resolution and Data Rate Pulse Generator for Automatic Test Equipment Applications
Time-Frequency Analysis of Complex Space Phasor in Power Electronics
A Sensor Topology for Noncontact AC Voltage Measurement of Polyphase Cables
RAMSES: RFID Augmented Module for Smart Environmental Sensing
Harmonic Ultrasound Imaging of Nanosized Contrast Agents for Multimodal Molecular Diagnoses
3-D Reconstruction of Dynamic Objects With Dual-Domain Modulation Strategy
Frequency Extension of Atomic Measurement of Microwave Strength Using Zeeman Effect
Estimation of Nonparametric Noise Models for Linear Dynamic Systems
DHANet: An Encoder-Decoder Network With Multiscale Features Fusing for Optic Disk Segmentation
Novel Machinery Monitoring Strategy Based on Time-Frequency Domain Similarity Measurement With Limited Labeled Data
Modal-Aware Interaction Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detection
Optimization of Magnetic Anomaly Detection Under 1/fα Noise Based on Karhunen-Loève Expansion and Frequency Characteristic Function
A New Self-Reference Image Decomposition Algorithm for Strip Steel Surface Defect Detection
Pipeline Leak Detection Using Acoustic Emission and State Estimate in Feature Space
Research on Wear Particle Online Monitoring Using Machine Vision for Rotating Machinery
Spectral signature calculations and target tracking for remote sensing
Magnetically Shielded Room Internal Depth Compensation and Wearable MEG Motion Measurement With Large Spatial Range
Uniform Magnetic Field Coils Decoupling Under Ferromagnetic Boundary
Planar Multijunction Thermal Converters With Increased Sensitivity Operated in Hermetically Sealed Housings Filled With Noble Gas
A Novel Wind Turbine Pitch Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Signal Encoding and Attention Mechanism Dual-Channel Parallel Fusion Network
Performance Enhancement of P300 Detection by Multiscale-CNN
A New Adaptive Mixture Distance-Based Improved Density Peaks Clustering for Gearbox Fault Diagnosis
Self-Supervised Learning via Domain Adaptive Adversarial Clustering for Cross-Domain Chiller Fault Diagnosis
Evaluation of Agilent 3458A Time Jitter Performance
Research on Lightning Current Sensor Coil Based on Lightning Space Magnetic Field
Simultaneous Surface Profiling of Transparent Optical Flats on Wavelength Tuning Interferometry Using Dual-Window All-Phase Harmonic Demodulation
Real-Time Digital Multifunction Instrument for Power Quality Integrated Indexes Measurement
Applications of coupled dielectric resonators using SrTiO 3 pucks: tuneable resonators and novel thermometry
eRAD-Fe: Emotion Recognition-Assisted Deep Learning Framework