yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Spatio-Temporal Graph Dual-Attention Network for Multi-Agent Prediction and Tracking
Pricing Environmental Externality in Traffic Networks Mixed With Fuel Vehicles and Electric Vehicles
Detecting 32 Pedestrian Attributes for Autonomous Vehicles
Scenario-Free Autonomous Driving With Multi-Task Offline-to-Online Reinforcement Learning
Joint Rebalancing and Vehicle-to-Grid Coordination for Autonomous Vehicle Public Transportation System
A Bargaining-Based Solution to the Team Mobility Planning Game
Hybrid Fingerprinting and Ray Extension Localization in NLOS Regions
Socially-Inspired Semantic Communication Codec Updating for NTN-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems
Optimal Collaborative Motion Planning of Dual Boom Cranes for Transporting Payloads to Desired Positions and Attitudes
A Driveability Study on Automated Longitudinal Vehicle Control
Problem-Specific Knowledge Based Multi-Objective Meta-Heuristics Combined Q-Learning for Scheduling Urban Traffic Lights With Carbon Emissions
Data-Driven Metro Train Crowding Prediction Based on Real-Time Load Data
Reassignment Algorithm of the Ride-Sourcing Market Based on Reinforcement Learning
Application of Neural Networks to Disturbances Encountered Landing Control
Ensemble Uncertainty Guided Road Scene Anomaly Detection: A Simple Meta-Learning Approach
Evaluating Autonomous Vehicle Safety Performance Through Analysis of Pre-Crash Trajectories of Powered Two-Wheelers
Development and Application of an Integrated Evaluation Framework for Preventive Safety Applications
Bandwidth Synchronization Under Progression Time Uncertainty
Actuator Fault-Tolerant Control for Aero-Engine Control System: A Zonotope-Based Approach
Determination of Optimum Coordinate Transformation Parameters for GNSS and LiDAR-Based Localization in Automated Vehicles
A Review on Simulation Platforms for Agent-Based Modeling in Electrified Transportation
A Deep Unsupervised Learning Approach for Airspace Complexity Evaluation
Self-Powered Wireless Devices and Machine Learning Enable Local Humidity Monitoring
An Agent-Based Microscopic Pedestrian Flow Simulation Model for Pedestrian Traffic Problems
A Survey on Imitation Learning Techniques for End-to-End Autonomous Vehicles
Mode Shape Identification and Damage Detection of Bridge by Movable Sensory System
A Poisson-Based Distribution Learning Framework for Short-Term Prediction of Food Delivery Demand Ranges
Improving Traffic Efficiency With Lane Guidance Based on Desired Speeds
Game Projection and Robustness for Game-Theoretic Autonomous Driving
Compiler-Based Efficient CNN Model Construction for 5G Edge Devices
The Driving School System: Learning Basic Driving Skills From a Teacher in a Real Car
Ground-VIO: Monocular Visual-Inertial Odometry With Online Calibration of Camera-Ground Geometric Parameters
Multi-Objective Multi-Picking-Robot Task Allocation: Mathematical Model and Discrete Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Autonomous Intersection Management for Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Lane-Based Method
Low-Complexity Semi-Blind Channel Estimation Algorithms for Vehicular Communications Using the IEEE 802.11p Standard
Novel Nonlinear Approach for Real-Time Fatigue EEG Data: An Infinitely Warped Model of Weighted Permutation Entropy
A Multi-Agent Advanced Traveler Information System for Optimal Trip Planning in a Co-Modal Framework
A Diverse Ensemble Deep Learning Method for Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction Based on Spatiotemporal Correlations
A Two-Layer Potential-Field-Driven Model Predictive Shared Control Towards Driver-Automation Cooperation
Enhanced soft-handoff scheme for real-time streaming services in intelligent transportation systems based on CDMA
Contextualizing MLP-Mixers Spatiotemporally for Urban Traffic Data Forecast at Scale
Normal Assisted Pixel-Visibility Learning With Cost Aggregation for Multiview Stereo
Sensitivity of Train Path Envelopes for Automatic Train Operation
Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Highway On-Ramp Merging in Mixed Traffic
An Interpretable Nonlinear Decoupling and Calibration Approach to Wheel Force Transducers
Traffic Anomaly Detection: Exploiting Temporal Positioning of Flow-Density Samples
Context-Aware 3D Object Detection From a Single Image in Autonomous Driving
Traffic Sign Recognition Using a Multi-Task Convolutional Neural Network
Sensing and Signal Processing for Vehicle Reidentification and Travel Time Estimation
Learning From the Fleet: Map Attributes for Energetic Representation of Driving Profiles
Multiagent Reinforcement Learning for Integrated Network of Adaptive Traffic Signal Controllers (MARLIN-ATSC): Methodology and Large-Scale Application on Downtown Toronto
A New Strategy for Dynamic Weighing in Motion of Railway Vehicles
Event-Based Prescribed Performance Anti-Disturbance Switchable Trajectory-Tracking Control for Underactuated Surface Vessels With Input Saturation
Uncertainty Modeling for Plane and Line Features to Improve Consistency in RTK/INS/LiDAR Integrated Navigation
Determining Utterance Timing of a Driving Agent With Double Articulation Analyzer
Content in Motion: An Edge Computing Based Relay Scheme for Content Dissemination in Urban Vehicular Networks
Increasing the Regenerative Braking Energy for Railway Vehicles
An Emergency Hierarchical Guidance Control Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles
Enhancing the Collaborative Decision-Making Performance of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Multi-Modal Failure-Aware Graph Representation Approach
SWNet: A Deep Learning Based Approach for Splashed Water Detection on Road
Event-Triggered Cooperative Formation Control for Autonomous Surface Vehicles Under the Maritime Search Operation
Vehicle Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Review of Algorithms and Datasets
A Trajectory Evaluation Platform for Urban Air Mobility (UAM)
A New Approach Based on Predictive Maintenance Using the Fuzzy Classifier in Pantograph-Catenary Systems
Multimodal Underwater Transformable Agent for Efficient Marine Transportation in Dynamic Spatiotemporal Environments
LFT-Net: Local Feature Transformer Network for Point Clouds Analysis
Microsimulation Model for Motorway Merges With Ramp-Metering Controls
Imbalanced Malware Family Classification Using Multimodal Fusion and Weight Self-Learning
MCSGCalib: Multi-Constraint-Based Extrinsic Calibration of Solid-State LiDAR and GNSS/INS for Autonomous Vehicles
V2X Routing in a VANET Based on the Hidden Markov Model
Audio Related Quality of Experience Evaluation in Urban Transportation Environments With Brain Inspired Graph Learning
Multi-Objective Optimization for Multimodal Multi-Objective Multi-Point Shortest Path Problem Considering Unforeseeable Road Eventualities
Intelligent Vehicle Automatic Identification and Classification With Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Urban Traffic Control in Software Defined Internet of Things via a Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach
MFV3DL: Monocular Vision Method for Future Vehicle 3D Localization
Video Processing From Electro-Optical Sensors for Object Detection and Tracking in a Maritime Environment: A Survey
Guest Editorial Recent Advances in Safety and Reliability for Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems
Normalized Cyclic Loop Network for Rail Surface Defect Detection Using Knowledge Distillation
Malicious Vehicle Detection Scheme Based on Spatio-Temporal Features of Traffic Flow Under Cloud-Fog Computing-Based IoVs
A Real-Time Responsive Signal Control System for Commuting Arterials Plagued by Highly-Congested Traffic, Turning-Bay Overflows, and Mutual Queue Blockages
A Hybrid Model-Data Vehicle Sensor and Actuator Fault Detection and Diagnosis System
An Extended Social Force Model via Pedestrian Heterogeneity Affecting the Self-Driven Force
Power Flow Optimization and Control Strategy for Energy Router in Dual Mode Traction Power Supply System
A Novel Control Framework of Brain-Controlled Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Logic and Model Predictive Control
Semantic Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Survey
Distributed Adaptive Tracking Control of an Underactuated High-Speed Train With Completely Unknown System Parameters
Fusion of Perception and V2P Communication Systems for the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users
Multifaceted Velocity Prediction-Based Bipartite Integration Optimization Strategy of Cabin and Battery Thermal Management for EVs
Secure and Efficient Data Sharing Among Vehicles Based on Consortium Blockchain
Multi-Perspective Tracking for Intelligent Vehicle
Experimental Study on the Potential of Vehicle's Attitude Response to Railway Track Irregularity in Precise Train Localization
Development and Validation of a Distance Measurement System in Metro Lines
Optimized Clustering Scheme-Based Robust Vanishing Point Detection
A Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction Model for Right-Turn Unsignalized Intersections Based on Game Theory
Federated Multidomain Learning With Graph Ensemble Autoencoder GMM for Emotion Recognition
A Hierarchical Framework for Passenger Inflow Control in Metro System With Reinforcement Learning
Simulation and Design of Fast Charging Infrastructure for a University-Based e-Carsharing System
A Novel Robustness Measure for Evaluating Perceptions in Autonomous Driving
A Multi-Scale Attributes Attention Model for Transport Mode Identification
Integrated Stability Control for Narrow Tilting Vehicles: An Envelope Approach
Joint Partial Offloading and Resource Allocation for Vehicular Federated Learning Tasks
Uncertainties in Onboard Algorithms for Autonomous Vehicles: Challenges, Mitigation, and Perspectives
What If London Bridge Is Closed? Feature-Aware Subgraph Augmentation for Modeling Road Network Structure Changes
DLTIF: Deep Learning-Driven Cyber Threat Intelligence Modeling and Identification Framework in IoT-Enabled Maritime Transportation Systems
Metaverse Meets Intelligent Transportation System: An Efficient and Instructional Visual Perception Framework
Iterative Learning Control for Path-Following of ASV With the Ice Floes Auto-Select Avoidance Mechanism
Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving and Sustainable Data Query Service Over 5G-VANETs
Hybridization of Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming for Aircraft Separation With Trajectory Recovery
Fault-Tolerant Control for Unmanned Marine Vehicles via Quantized Integral Sliding Mode Output Feedback Technique
SMART: Cost-Aware Service Migration Path Selection Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Quantum Annealing Applied to De-Conflicting Optimal Trajectories for Air Traffic Management
Markov-Based Lane Positioning Using Intervehicle Communication
Bi-Layered Synchronized Optimization Control With Prescribed Performance for Vehicle Platoon
Clustering Smart Card Data for Urban Mobility Analysis
Toward Safe and Smart Mobility: Energy-Aware Deep Learning for Driving Behavior Analysis and Prediction of Connected Vehicles
Dynamic Rolling Horizon Scheduling of Waterborne AGVs for Inter Terminal Transportation: Mathematical Modeling and Heuristic Solution
A Distributed Model-Free Algorithm for Multi-Hop Ride-Sharing Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Utilizing the Internet of Things and Big Data for Traffic Management: The Role of Physical Network Systems and Collaborative Signal Light Control
A DNN-Based Channel Model for Network Planning in Train Control Systems
Human Trajectory Forecasting in Crowds: A Deep Learning Perspective
HOPE: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Hybrid Policy Path Planner for Diverse Parking Scenarios
Semi-Automated Generation of Road Transition Lines Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data
Photorealism in Driving Simulations: Blending Generative Adversarial Image Synthesis With Rendering
Event-Triggered Adaptive Fuzzy Setpoint Regulation of Surface Vessels With Unmeasured Velocities Under Thruster Saturation Constraints
Pseudolite Constellation Optimization for Seamless Train Positioning in GNSS-Challenged Railway Stations
Structural Characteristics and Reliability Analysis of Multilayer Transportation Network
A Cascaded Deep Convolutional Network for Vehicle Logo Recognition From Frontal and Rear Images of Vehicles
Infrared Polarization-Empowered Full-Time Road Detection via Lightweight Multi-Pathway Collaborative 2D/3D Convolutional Networks
Track Fusion and Behavioral Reasoning for Moving Vehicles Based on Curvilinear Coordinates of Roadway Geometries
An Origin-Destination Demands-Based Multipath-Band Approach to Time-Varying Arterial Coordination
Asynchronous Trajectory Matching-Based Multimodal Maritime Data Fusion for Vessel Traffic Surveillance in Inland Waterways
Developing an Optimal Intersection Control System for Automated Connected Vehicles
Low-Cost Real-Time PPP GNSS Aided INS for CAV Applications
Combined Hierarchical Learning Framework for Personalized Automatic Lane-Changing
Blockchain and Deep Reinforcement Learning Empowered Spatial Crowdsourcing in Software-Defined Internet of Vehicles
Fast Online Computation of a Model Predictive Controller and Its Application to Fuel Economy-Oriented Adaptive Cruise Control
A Deep Spatiotemporal Trajectory Representation Learning Framework for Clustering
A Multiple Artificial Potential Functions Approach for Collision Avoidance in UAV Systems
End-Point Drive and Reverse Enhanced Decoding- Based Traffic Participants Trajectory Prediction Under Bird's Eye View
A Value-Based Parallel Update MCTS Method for Multi-Agent Cooperative Decision-Making of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Local Ramp Metering in the Presence of a Distant Downstream Bottleneck: Theoretical Analysis and Simulation Study
CarDD: A New Dataset for Vision-Based Car Damage Detection
Cross-Scale Overlapping Patch-Based Attention Network for Road Crack Detection
Boost Tracking by Natural Language With Prompt-Guided Grounding
Simultaneous registration and fusion of multiple dissimilar sensors for cooperative driving
Active Pedestrian Safety by Automatic Braking and Evasive Steering
Hyper-Anchor Based Lane Detection
Reducing the Error Accumulation in Car-Following Models Calibrated With Vehicle Trajectory Data
Enhanced Metro Resilience Assessment Combining Dynamic Cascade-Based Simulation and Deep Learning-Based Attributed Graph Clustering
Railway Traffic Conflict Detection via a State Transition Prediction Approach
Multi-Attention DenseNet: A Scattering Medium Imaging Optimization Framework for Visual Data Pre-Processing of Autonomous Driving Systems
Rain Removal in Traffic Surveillance: Does it Matter?
Finite-Time Control of High-Speed Train With Guaranteed Steady-State and Transient Performance
Enhanced Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Detecting Pedestrian at Far Distance
A New Algorithm for Robust Pedestrian Tracking Based on Manifold Learning and Feature Selection
Tightly Coupled RTK-Visual-Inertial Integration With a Novel Sliding Ambiguity Window Optimization Framework
Leveraging Multiple Source Cities in Selective Transfer Learning for Traffic Prediction With Limited Data
Efficient Lane-Level Map Building via Vehicle-Based Crowdsourcing
Vehicular Trajectory Classification and Traffic Anomaly Detection in Videos Using a Hybrid CNN-VAE Architecture
Forecasting Crowd Counts With Wi-Fi Systems: Univariate, Non-Seasonal Models
Robust Set-Invariance Based Fuzzy Output Tracking Control for Vehicle Autonomous Driving Under Uncertain Lateral Forces and Steering Constraints
Deep Reinforcement Learning Enabled Multi-UAV Scheduling for Disaster Data Collection With Time-Varying Value
Predicting Citywide Road Traffic Flow Using Deep Spatiotemporal Neural Networks
Fast Semantic-Aware Motion State Detection for Visual SLAM in Dynamic Environment
A Switching Rollover Controller Coupled With Closed-Loop Adaptive Vehicle Parameter Identification
Testbed Scenario Design Exploiting Traffic Big Data for Autonomous Ship Trials Under Multiple Conflicts With Collision/Grounding Risks and Spatio-Temporal Dependencies
A Multiple Train Trajectory Optimization to Minimize Energy Consumption and Delay
Potential Accuracy of Traffic Signs' Positions Extracted From Google Street View
Adaptive Feasibility Area Estimation to Enhance Cybersecurity of Electrolysis-Based Hydrogen Refueling Stations Integrated With Power Distribution Systems
Quality-of-Experience-Oriented Autonomous Intersection Control in Vehicular Networks
Event-Triggered Tracking Formation of Networked Nonlinear Intelligent Transportation Systems Surrounded by Random Disturbances
Reliable and Efficient Content Sharing for 5G-Enabled Vehicular Networks
The Real-Time Pavement Distress Detection System Based on Edge-Cloud Collaborative Computing
A Guide to Image- and Video-Based Small Object Detection Using Deep Learning: Case Study of Maritime Surveillance
Vehicle-Bicyclist Dynamic Position Extracted From Naturalistic Driving Videos
Deep Learning for Integrated Origin-Destination Estimation and Traffic Sensor Location Problems
A Hybrid Deep Learning Model With Attention-Based Conv-LSTM Networks for Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction
TriPField: A 3D Potential Field Model and Its Applications to Local Path Planning of Autonomous Vehicles
Optimal Sizing and Siting of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Distribution Networks With Robust Optimizing Model
Joint Dynamic Bus Platooning Formation and Trajectory Planning Optimization on a Transit Corridor
ReFOCUS+: Multi-Layers Real-Time Intelligent Route Guidance System With Congestion Detection and Avoidance
An approach to tune fuzzy controllers based on reinforcement learning for autonomous vehicle control
Accelerated Evaluation of Automated Vehicles Using Piecewise Mixture Models
CIDTL: A Cross-In Domain Transfer Learning Model for Vehicular Trajectory Prediction Under Few-Shot Conditions of Aggressive Driving Behavior
Evaluation Framework for Electric Vehicle Security Risk Assessment
Certainty and Critical Speed for Decision Making in Tests of Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking Systems
Joint Computing and Caching in 5G-Envisioned Internet of Vehicles: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Traffic Control System
Methodology and Mobile Application for Driver Behavior Analysis and Accident Prevention
PEM: Perception Error Model for Virtual Testing of Autonomous Vehicles
DSTIGCN: Deformable Spatial-Temporal Interaction Graph Convolution Network for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction
Safe and Efficient Lane Change Maneuver for Obstacle Avoidance Inspired From Human Driving Pattern
Message Passing Period-Aware Imputation Network for Spatial-Temporal Traffic Missing Data
New Spatial Analysis and Hybrid Heuristics Enhance Truck Freight Tonnage Estimation Based on Weigh-in-Motion Data
Knowledge-Based Multiple Relations Modeling for Traffic Forecasting
Short-Term Strong Wind Risk Prediction for High-Speed Railway
A Centrality Approach to Select Offloading Data Aggregation Points in Vehicular Sensor Networks
CyberC3: A Prototype Cybernetic Transportation System for Urban Applications
Dynamic Clustering and Cooperative Scheduling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication in Bidirectional Road Scenarios
Helping Automated Vehicles With Left-Turn Maneuvers: A Game Theory-Based Decision Framework for Conflicting Maneuvers at Intersections
Measurement-Based Burst-Error Performance Modeling for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
An Automatic Vehicle Avoidance Control Model for Dangerous Lane-Changing Behavior
Implications of Safety Definition for Automated Driving
Test Coverage Index for ADAS/ADS Assessment Based on Various Real-World Information Points
DSP-Based Traffic Target Detection for Intelligent Transportation
Ship Collision Avoidance and COLREGS Compliance Using Simulation-Based Control Behavior Selection With Predictive Hazard Assessment
Monitoring and Adapting the Physical State of a Camera for Autonomous Vehicles
Platooning of Connected Vehicles With Undirected Topologies: Robustness Analysis and Distributed H-infinity Controller Synthesis
Real-Time Object Tracking on a Drone With Multi-Inertial Sensing Data
Driving Decision-Making at Freeway Weaving Segments Using Relational Graph Attention Network and Deep Reinforcement Learning
A Dynamic Programming Model for Joint Optimization of Electric Drayage Truck Operations and Charging Stations Planning at Ports
DiffRSD: Diffusion-Based and Integrity-Aware RGB-D Rail Surface Defect Inspection
Distance-Driven Consensus Quantification
DDoS Mitigation Based on Space-Time Flow Regularities in IoV: A Feature Adaption Reinforcement Learning Approach
Optimization-Based Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Parking With Irregularly Placed Obstacles: A Lightweight Iterative Framework
Truck and Trailer Classification With Deep Learning Based Geometric Features
City Vehicle Routing Problem (City VRP): A Review
Human-Machine Shared Steering Control for Vehicle Lane Keeping Systems via a Fuzzy Observer-Based Event-Triggered Method
3D Multi-Object Tracking in Point Clouds Based on Prediction Confidence-Guided Data Association
Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning via Prototype Correction and Hierarchical Regularization for Specific Emitter Identification
Optimizing the Link Directions of Personal Rapid Transit Network
A Review of Vision-Based Traffic Semantic Understanding in ITSs
DK-Former: A Hybrid Structure of Deep Kernel Gaussian Process Transformer Network for Enhanced Traffic Sign Recognition
Learning-Based Multi-Robot Formation Control With Obstacle Avoidance
An Integrated Control Model for Headway Regulation and Energy Saving in Urban Rail Transit
Sparse LaneFormer: End-to-End Lane Detection With Sparse Proposals and Interactions
In-vehicle WLAN radio-frequency communication characterization
Leveraging Human Mobility Data for Efficient Parameter Estimation in Epidemic Models of COVID-19
High-Resolution Estimation of Ranges Using Multiple-Frequency CW Radar
WiperNet: A Lightweight Multi-Weather Restoration Network for Enhanced Surveillance
Real-Time Rear-End Collision-Warning System Using a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network
An Incentive Based Road Traffic Control Mechanism for Covid-19 Pandemic Alike Emergency Preparedness and Response
Speech Emotion Recognition Enhanced Traffic Efficiency Solution for Autonomous Vehicles in a 5G-Enabled Space-Air-Ground Integrated Intelligent Transportation System
Risk Assessment Methodologies for Autonomous Driving: A Survey
Observability Analysis of Collaborative Opportunistic Navigation With Pseudorange Measurements
A Back-Pressure-Based Model With Fixed Phase Sequences for Traffic Signal Optimization Under Oversaturated Networks
Critical Motion Detection of Nearby Moving Vehicles in a Vision-Based Driver-Assistance System
A Novel Enhanced Data-Driven Model-Free Adaptive Control Scheme for Path Tracking of Autonomous Vehicles
How to Protect ADS-B: Confidentiality Framework and Efficient Realization Based on Staged Identity-Based Encryption
A Channel Knowledge Map-Aided Personalized Resource Allocation Strategy in Air-Ground Integrated Mobility
A Vision-Based Method for Real-Time Traffic Flow Estimation on Edge Devices
Observer-Based Double Closed-Loop Control for Mixed Vehicle Groups: A Macro and Micro Perspective
Machine Learning and Mass Estimation Methods for Ground-Based Aircraft Climb Prediction
BARLD: Barometer-Assisted Road-Layer Detection
Pedestrian Segmentation in Infrared Images Based on Circular Shortest Path
Automated and Cooperative Vehicle Merging at Highway On-Ramps
Non-Visual Sensing of Metallic Pavement Markers From a Moving Vehicle
Multiple Lane Detection via Combining Complementary Structural Constraints
A Novel Nonlinear Smooth Controller for a Brain-Controlled Driving System in Complex Driving Scenarios
DFR-TSD: A Deep Learning Based Framework for Robust Traffic Sign Detection Under Challenging Weather Conditions
The Benefits of Using Intent Information in Tactical Conflict Resolution for U-Space/UTM Operations
Multimodal Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Facial Expressions and Ear-EEGs With a Lightweight Auto-Denoising Network
PRIVANET: An Efficient Pseudonym Changing and Management Framework for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
Results of a Precrash Application Based on Laser Scanner and Short-Range Radars
A Multilevel Collision Mitigation Approach - Its Situation Assessment, Decision Making, and Performance Tradeoffs
Aggregated Representation of Electric Vehicles Population on Charging Points for Demand Response Scheduling
Omnisupervised Omnidirectional Semantic Segmentation
Moving Object Detection Through Image Bit-Planes Representation Without Thresholding