yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Electrical Treeing of SiR and SiR/Fe 3 O 4 Nanocomposites in High Magnetic Field
Toward a Unified mHealth Platform: A Survey of Current User Challenges and Expectations
Quaternion Filtering Based on Quaternion Involutions and its Application in Signal Processing
Improved Grid Algorithm Based on Star Pair Pattern and Two-dimensional Angular Distances for Full-Sky Star Identification
Counterfeit Clones: A Novel Technique for Source and Sink Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks
Impact of VCO and PLL Phase Noise on Distributed Beamforming Arrays With Periodic Synchronization
3D Gaze Estimation for Head-Mounted Eye Tracking System With Auto-Calibration Method
A Triangulated Irregular Network Constrained Ordinary Kriging Method for Three-Dimensional Modeling of Faulted Geological Surfaces
Ensemble Learning of Multiple-View 3D-CNNs Model for Micro-Nodules Identification in CT Images
An EMI Reduction Charge Pump With a Hybrid Modulation Technique for Motor Drive Applications in 0.18 um BCD Process
Improved Design of Synchronous Homopolar Motor With Ferrite Magnets With Increased Resistance to Irreversible Demagnetization for Subway Train
Combining LSTM and DenseNet for Automatic Annotation and Classification of Chest X-Ray Images
Impact Evaluation of Cyber-Attacks on Traffic Flow of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Facilities Layout Design Optimization of Production Workshop Based on the Improved PSO Algorithm
A Multiscale Sparse Array of Spatially Spread Electromagnetic-Vector-Sensors for Direction Finding and Polarization Estimation
Imbalanced Data Problem in Machine Learning: A Review
A Lightweight Robust Deep Learning Model Gained High Accuracy in Classifying a Wide Range of Diabetic Retinopathy Images
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Detection and Response to Treatment: A Systematic Review
Development and Testing of Novel Soft Sleeve Actuators
A Public Key Compression Scheme for Fully Homomorphic Encryption Based on Quadratic Parameters With Correction
Data Fusion by a Supervised Learning Method for Orientation Estimation Using Multi-Sensor Configuration Under Conditions of Magnetic Distortion and Shock Impact
Optimal Fuzzy PIDF Load Frequency Controller for Hybrid Microgrid System Using Marine Predator Algorithm
A Generalized Approach for Power Quality Disturbances Recognition Based on Kalman Filter
A Deep Learning-Based Approach for Inappropriate Content Detection and Classification of YouTube Videos
Improving Placement Delivery Array Coded Caching Schemes With Coded Placement
Lorenz-PSO Optimized Deep Neural Network for Enhanced Phonocardiogram Classification
MbGWO-SFS: Modified Binary Grey Wolf Optimizer Based on Stochastic Fractal Search for Feature Selection
Adaptive Pulse Compression for Sidelobes Reduction in Stretch Processing Based MIMO Radars
Mixed Effects Random Forest Model for Maintenance Cost Estimation in Heavy-Duty Vehicles Using Diesel and Alternative Fuels
Monolithic 3D-Based SRAM/MRAM Hybrid Memory for an Energy-Efficient Unified L2 TLB-Cache Architecture
Motion Recognition in Bharatanatyam Dance
Secure-Energy Efficient Bio-Inspired Clustering and Deep Learning-Based Routing Using Blockchain for Edge Assisted WSN Environment
Fast CU Partition Decision Strategy Based on Human Visual System Perceptual Quality
Semantic Similarity Estimation Using Vector Symbolic Architectures
Network Security Situation Prediction Model Based on VMD Decomposition and DWOA Optimized BiGRU-ATTN Neural Network
Optimization of Jamming Type Selection for Countering Multifunction Radar Based on Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning
Bearing Performance Degradation Assessment Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Affinity Propagation Clustering
Enhanced Dual-Vector Model Predictive Current Integrated Control for Electric-Drive- Reconstructed Onboard Chargers
On Stability of Voltage Source Inverters in Weak Grids
A Compact and Cost Efficient Multiconverter for Multipurpose Applications
Multiuser Detection for Downlink Communication in LoRa- Like Networks
Neuron Circuits for Low-Power Spiking Neural Networks Using Time-To-First-Spike Encoding
Design of an Agile Training System Based on Wireless Mesh Network
The Optimal Control Policy for Point-to-Point Wireless Body Area Network Based on Simultaneous Time-Ratio and Transmission Power Allocation
Conformation Analysis of Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas C5-PFK
Online Tracker Optimization for Multi-Pedestrian Tracking Using a Moving Vehicle Camera
Detecting and Diagnosing Process Nonlinearity- Induced Unit-Wide Oscillations Based on an Optimized Multivariate Variational Mode Decomposition Method
An Improved Ant Colony Algorithm for Solving a Virtual Machine Placement Problem in a Cloud Computing Environment
Symbolic Dynamical Filtering via Variable Length Markov Model and Machine Learning
Low-Rank Active Learning for Generating Speech-Drive Human Face Animation
Secure Identification, Traceability and Real-Time Tracking of Agricultural Food Supply During Transportation Using Internet of Things
An In-Depth UAS-PPK Georeferencing Analysis at Different Flight Heights for an Urban Area
Leveraging Digital Twin Technology for Battery Management: A Case Study Review
Near-ML Detection Based on Multilevel SINR Thresholding for Mode Division Multiplexing Transmission With Mode-Dependent Loss
Decentralized Text-Based Person Re-Identification in Multi-Camera Networks
Adversarial Mask-Guided Generation for Multi-Temporal Change Detection in Remote Sensing
Optimizing Security in IoT Ecosystems Using Hybrid Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Models: A Scalable and Efficient Approach for Threat Detection
An Evaluation of Flux-Coupling Type SFCL Placement in Hybrid Grid System Based on Power Quality Risk Index
Finding Top-k Dominance on Incomplete Big Data Using MapReduce Framework
Compiler-Like Code Generation for fUML: Reducing Overhead in Executable UML
Lightweight AI Models in Mineral Processing: Classifying Hydrocyclone Underflow With ResNet-18 and MobileViT-V2
Iterative Reweighted Minimization for Generalized Norm/Quasi-Norm Difference Regularized Unconstrained Nonlinear Programming
Design and Experimental Assessment of a Robust Voltage Control for DC-DC Converters Considering Components Parametric Uncertainties
Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Based Consensus for Clusterings With a Variable Number of Clusters
Effective Activation Functions for Homomorphic Evaluation of Deep Neural Networks
Accelerating Probabilistic Planning Research: High-Speed Implementations of Stochastic Markov Decision Processes and Their Catalogization
On-Device Intelligence for AI-Enabled Bio-Inspired Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
Probabilistic Analysis of Targeted Attacks Using Transform-Domain Adversarial Examples
Short-Term Passenger Flow Prediction Based on Wavelet Transform and Kernel Extreme Learning Machine
Accurate Line-Based Relative Pose Estimation With Camera Matrices
Stably Adaptive Anti-Occlusion Siamese Region Proposal Network for Real-Time Object Tracking
The Usage of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Music Education System Under Deep Learning
A Hybrid Approach for Predicting Corporate Financial Risk: Integrating SMOTE-ENN and NGBoost
End-to-End Design of Webtoon-Style Portrait Stylization System for Real-World Demo Booth
Visual Object Detector for Cow Sound Event Detection
OmniVO: Toward Robust Omni Directional Visual Odometry With Multicamera Collaboration for Challenging Conditions
Dyadic Aggregated Autoregressive Model (DASAR) for Automatic Modulation Classification
Scalogram as a Representation of Emotional Speech
Evaluating Task Optimization and Reinforcement Learning Models in Robotic Task Parameterization
Local Indiscernibility Relation Reduction for Information Tables
Monitoring Experiment of Electromagnetic Interference Effects Caused by Geomagnetic Storms on Buried Pipelines in China
A Hybrid Analytical-Numerical Approach to the Evaluation of the Flux Linkage of Misaligned Coils Above a Stratified Earth
An Efficient Human Activity Recognition Using Hybrid Features and Transformer Model
Penalized Functional Connectivity Maps for Patients With Focal Epilepsy
An Accurate and Fast Animal Species Detection System for Embedded Devices
A Modified Perturb and Observe MPPT for a Fast and Accurate Tracking of MPP Under Varying Weather Conditions
An Improved Quadratic Boost Converter With Lower Input Current Ripple and Reduced Power Components for Fuel Cell Systems
Tracking Control via Iterative Learning for High-Speed Trains With Distributed Input Constraints
Detecting Coordinated Internet-Wide Scanning by TCP/IP Header Fingerprint
Online Path Planning Framework for UAV in Rural Areas
Linear, Quadratic, and Semidefinite Programming Massive MIMO Detectors: Reliability and Complexity
Optimizing Service Function Chaining Migration With Explicit Dynamic Path
Flight-Propulsion Integration Dynamic Analysis and Adaptive Control of the Hypersonic Vehicle at Wide-Range Mach Numbers
Intercalibration of FY-3C MWRI Against GMI Using the Ocean Microwave Radiative Transfer Model
Automatic Classification of CAD ECG Signals With SDAE and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Network
Embedded Machine Learning-Based Voltage Fingerprinting for Automotive Cybersecurity
Customer Gaze Estimation in Retail Using Deep Learning
Active Thermal Control for Modular Power Converters in Multi-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System
Evaluating Critical Success Factors in AI-Driven Drug Discovery Using AHP: A Strategic Framework for Optimization
Research on Automatic Evaluation Methods for English Translation Quality Integrated With Deep Learning
Heterogeneous Defect Prediction Algorithm Combined With Federated Sparse Compression
A Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Intelligent System for Sports Action Recognition via Visual Knowledge Discovery
Efficiency Enhancement in Synchronous Reluctance Motors by Active Flux Adjustment Based on Robust Model-Based Approaches
Estimation of Muscle Scores of Live Pigs Using a Kinect Camera
Underwater Debris Segmentation Using Improved YOLOv12s With Recursive Efficient Layer Aggregation and FlashAttention for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
A Novel High-Performance Face Anti-Spoofing Detection Method
BdSentiLLM: A Novel LLM Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Product Reviews
Phantom Malware: Conceal Malicious Actions From Malware Detection Techniques by Imitating User Activity
ADMM-Based Low-Complexity Off-Grid Space-Time Adaptive Processing Methods
Adaptive Neural Network Control for Exoskeleton Motion Rehabilitation Robot With Disturbances and Uncertain Parameters
Data Path Nonlinearity Estimation for 200 Gbps PAM4 Serdes Receivers
F2T: A Novel Force-Feedback Haptic Architecture Delivering 2D Data to Visually Impaired People
Development of Active Soft Robotic Manipulators for Stable Grasping Under Slippery Conditions
Predicting Sugar Yield From Sugarcane Using Machine Learning for Jaggery Production
Information Content Methods for Semantic Similarity: An Experimental Assessment
BukaGini: A Stability-Aware Gini Index Feature Selection Algorithm for Robust Model Performance
Prediction of Nonsinusoidal AC Loss of Superconducting Tapes Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Models
Innovation Ambidexterity and Digital Capability as Drivers of SMEs' Sustainability
An Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm With Spiral Flight Search for Optimizing Hybrid Active Power Filters' Parameters
DyCache: Dynamic Multi-Grain Cache Management for Irregular Memory Accesses on GPU
Metasurface Matching Layers for Enhanced Electric Field Penetration Into the Human Body
Cyber-Physical Distribution Systems Resilience Against Cyberattacks via a Remediation Framework Based on Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)
Medical Image Segmentation Using Combined Level Set and Saliency Analysis
Sample Efficient Reinforcement Learning Method via High Efficient Episodic Memory
A Metrology-Driven Approach to Distilling Live Wireless Signals Into Immunity Test Signals
A Fast Decomposition and Reconstruction Framework for the Pickup and Delivery Problem With Time Windows and LIFO Loading
Adaptive Semi-Supervised Fuzzy C-Means Method With Local Spatial Information and Pre-Clustering for Image Segmentation
Fourier Transform-Based U-Shaped Network for Single Image Motion Deblrring
Subjective Video QoE With a Hybrid Cognitive-Motor Task
Graph Coloring Algorithm Based on Minimal Cost Graph Neural Network
A Double Obfuscation Approach for Protecting the Privacy of IoT Location Based Applications
RMAF: Relu-Memristor-Like Activation Function for Deep Learning
An Efficient Block Address Transformation Scheme in Block Layer for Flash-Based SSDs
Research on Earth Resistivity Measuring and Modeling of HVDC Deep-Well Grounding Electrode Sites
Model Identification, Dynamic Positioning, and Thrust Allocation System for the milliAmpere1 Autonomous Ferry Prototype: Field Trial Results
Optimal Control Approach to Advertising Strategies of a Supply Chain Under Consignment Contract
Machine Learning Assisted Visible Light Sensing of the Rotation of a Robotic Arm
A Novel Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Model Using Triangular Distribution-Based Basic Probability Assignment in the Evidence Theory
Embedding-Enhanced Graph Attention Networks for Imbalanced Industrial Fault Diagnosis
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Novel Variable Rate Multi-Crop Seed Metering Unit for Precision Agriculture
Eye-Blink and SSVEP-Based Selective Attention Interface for XR User Authentication: An Explainable Neural Decoding and Machine Learning Approach to Reducing Visual Fatigue
Fast Finite-State Predictive Current Control of Electric Drives
Individual Emotion Recognition Approach Combined Gated Recurrent Unit With Emoticon Distribution Model
Energy-Optimized Monitoring System for Underground Cave Environments Based on Long Preamble LoRa
A Dual Receiver Inherent Hybrid CC-CV Topology With Half Active Rectifier Control Scheme for Semi-Dynamic WRIPT Electric Vehicle Charging System
Cascaded Multi-Task Learning of Head Segmentation and Density Regression for RGBD Crowd Counting
Survey of Security Protocols and Vulnerabilities in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Space-Time Modeling of Rainfall Rate for Satellite Networks
End-to-End Multi-User 360-Degree Video Delivery Using Users' Fixation Points
Assisting Attraction Classification by Harvesting Web Data
Quality of Experience for Streaming Services: Measurements, Challenges and Insights
Privacy-Preserving Wildcards Pattern Matching Protocol for IoT Applications
Searching Optimum Route With Variable Travel Time
Research on Anti-Lock Braking Control Strategy of Distributed-Driven Electric Vehicle
Input-Conscious Approximate Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) Unit for Energy-Efficiency
Barycentric Subdivision of Cayley Graphs With Constant Edge Metric Dimension
Automated and Secure Onboarding for System of Systems
Practical Aspects of the Skin Effect in Low Frequencies in Rectangular Conductors
PM Eddy Current Loss Analysis and Suppression in a Spoke-Type Flux-Modulation Machine With Magnetic Flux Barrier Design
Time-Variant Reliability Analysis Method for Uncertain Motion Mechanisms Based on Stochastic Process Discretization
Impact of DBDS and Silver Sulfide on the Performance of Thermally Aged Mineral oil Impregnated Pressboard Material
ICCIU: A New Real-Time Lane-Level Positioning Algorithm
A Heuristic Task Periods Selection Algorithm for Real-Time Control Systems on a Multi-Core Processor
Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy TODIM Approach for Material Selection for Cryogenic Storage Tank for Liquid Nitrogen Transportation
Investigation of Impact Loads Caused by Ultrasonic Cavitation Bubbles in Small Gaps
Embedded GPU 3D Panoramic Viewing System Based on Virtual Camera Roaming 3D Environment
Unpaired Image Denoising Using a Generative Adversarial Network in X-Ray CT
Analysis of UV Multiple Scattering Based on Improved MCI-PIS Model
A Semi-Supervised Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image Recognition Algorithm Based on an Attention Mechanism and Bias-Variance Decomposition
Synergistic Feature Engineering and Ensemble Learning for Early Chronic Disease Prediction
Optimization of Wireless Video Surveillance System for Smart Campus Based on Internet of Things
Which Visual Features Influence Perceived Authenticity in AI-Generated Portrait Photography? A Mixed-Methods Study
A Novel Railway Power Systems Design Methodology Using Genetic Algorithms: Models and Application
Application Ranges of Fault-Tolerant Control for T-Type Three-Level Inverter Under Single/Multi-phase Open-Circuit Faults of Inner Switches
Non-Local Multi-Focus Image Fusion With Recurrent Neural Networks
POMA-C: A Framework for Solving the Problem of Precise Anesthesia Control Under Incomplete Observation Environment in Low-Income Areas
Model Predictive Control for Single-Stage Three- Phase Split Source Inverter With Enhanced Switched-Inductor Configuration
A Hybrid Smart Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization for Multimodal Electromagnetic Design Problems
Data Analysis Techniques in Vehicle Communication Networks: Systematic Mapping of Literature
Optimal EVs Charge Station Allocation Considering Residents Dispersion Using a Genetic Algorithm and Weighted K-Means
Channel Impulse Response Multilevel Quantization for Power Line Communications
Machine Learning-Based Image Pattern Recognition Using Histogram of Oriented Gradient for Islanding Detection
Deep Spatiotemporal Attention Network for Fine Particle Matter 2.5 Concentration Prediction With Causality Analysis
Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Multiview Learning
A Fast and Universal RFID Tag Anti-Collision Algorithm for the Internet of Things
An Intelligent Low-Power Low-Cost Mobile Lab-On-Chip Yeast Cell Culture Platform
BPCM: A Flexible High-Speed Bypass Parallel Communication Mechanism for GPU Cluster
Structured Extraction and BPMN Generation From Chinese Procedural Texts via Hybrid Attention-Based Domain Language Models
Socio-Technical Congruence as an Emerging Concept in Software Development: A Scientometric Analysis and Critical Literature Review
Contactless Measurement of Hypervelocity Projectile Wake Velocity Distribution
A Division-Free and Variable-Regularized LMS-Based Generalized Sidelobe Canceller for Adaptive Beamforming and Its Efficient Hardware Realization
Sample Efficient Home Power Anomaly Detection in Real Time Using Semi-Supervised Learning
Multiple-Valued Picture Fuzzy Linguistic Set Based on Generalized Heronian Mean Operators and Their Applications in Multiple Attribute Decision Making
Minimum Power Density Criterion Based Relay Selection and Power Allocation for Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications
Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language CodeMix Text in Dravidian Languages Using Cost-Sensitive Learning Approach
A MIIPCR Fault Detection Strategy for TEP
Proactive Dual Connectivity for Automated Guided Vehicles in Outdoor Industrial Environment
The Application of Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) Method on Displacement Prediction of Multifactor-Induced Landslides
Oscillation Recognition Using a Geometric Feature Extraction Process Based on Periodic Time-Series Approximation
Event Detection via Tracking the Change in Community Structure and Communication Trends
Online Recruitment Fraud (ORF) Detection Using Deep Learning Approaches
Fabrication, Characterization and Simulation of Sputtered Pt/In-Ga-Zn-O Schottky Diodes for Low-Frequency Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits
Non Integer Order Modeling and Control of Aerodynamic Load Simulator System
Key Band Image Sequences and A Hybrid Deep Neural Network for Recognition of Motor Imagery EEG
Cyberbullying Detection and Abuser Profile Identification on Social Media for Roman Urdu
Adaptive Finite-Time Synchronization Control for Teleoperation System With Varying Time Delays
BTIS-Net: Efficient 3D U-Net for Brain Tumor Image Segmentation
AtptTrack: Asymmetric Transformer Tracker With Prior Templates
YOLO-DKM: A Flame and Spark Detection Algorithm Based on Deep Learning
Exact Formula and Improved Bounds for General Sum-Connectivity Index of Graph-Operations
TriLiteNet: Lightweight Model for Multi-Task Visual Perception
An Integrated Approach of the AHP and Spherical Fuzzy Sets for Analyzing a Park-and-Ride Facility Location Problem Example by Heterogeneous Experts
Bayesian Cooperative Localization With NLOS and Malicious Vehicle Detection in GNSS-Challenged Environments
Energy Management System for Fuel Cell-Battery Vehicles Using Multi objective Online Optimization
Enhanced Lane Tracking Algorithm Using Ego-Motion Estimator for Fail-Safe Operation
Passivity-Based Control Strategy With Improved Robustness for Single-Phase Three-Level T-Type Rectifiers
An Integrated Switched Reluctance Motor Drive Topology With Voltage-Boosting and On-Board Charging Capabilities for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Airborne Radars With Space-Time Coprime Sampling Structure
Numerical Investigations for a Class of Variable Coefficient Fractional Burgers Equations With Delay
Multi-Layer Convolutional Features Concatenation With Semantic Feature Selector for Vein Recognition
Research on Asparagus Recognition Based on Deep Learning
Review of Digital Transformation in the Energy Sector: Assessing Maturity and Adoption Levels of Digital Services and Products via Fuzzy Logic
A Blockchain-Based E-Healthcare System With Provenance Awareness
Transformer-Based Deep Learning Strategies for Lithium-Ion Batteries SOX Estimation Using Regular and Inverted Embedding
A Comprehensive Review of Voltage Source Converters-Based FACTS Controllers in Hybrid Microgrids
Channel Coding QoS Analysis in 5G V2X Dynamic Propagation Models
Reply to "Comment on 'Dr. Bertlmann's Socks in a Quaternionic World of Ambidextral Reality"'
Recognition of Front-Vehicle Taillights Based on YOLOv5s
A Comprehensive Review on Selective Harmonic Elimination Techniques and Its Permissible Standards in Electrical Systems
Fractional-Order System Identification and Equalization in Massive MIMO Systems
Graph Compression Storage Based on Spatial Cluster Entity Optimization
Variational Bayesian Group-Level Sparsification for Knowledge Distillation
A Combined Framework Based on Feature Selection and Multivariate Mixed-Frequency for Crude Oil Prices Point and Interval Forecasting
11-Level Operation With Voltage-Balance Control of WE-Type Inverter Using Conventional and DE-SHE Techniques
PP-PQB: Privacy-Preserving in Post-Quantum Blockchain-Based Systems: A Systematization of Knowledge
Cooperative Terrain-Based GNSS-Denied Navigation With Particle Filter
MemWander: Memory Dynamic Remapping via Hypervisor Against Cache-Based Side-Channel Attacks
Analysis of Weak Section of Submarine Cable Inside J-Tube of Offshore Wind Farm
Extended Logical Petri Nets-Based Modeling and Analysis of Business Processes
Design and Analysis of Reliable Current Differential Protection Through Improved Power-Line Communication
A Multistage Hybrid Model ICEEMDAN-SE-VMD-RDPG for a Multivariate Solar Irradiance Forecasting
Lightweight Design Approaches of Arm Reactor for MMC-HVdc Offshore Converter Stations
Multiobjective Tuning Technique for MPC in Grinding Circuits
Decentralized Robust Transceiver Designs for MISO SWIPT Interference Channel
Enhancing Performance of Movie Recommendations Using LSTM With Meta Path Analysis
Observer-Based Bipartite Consensus of Linear Multi-Agent Systems With Measurement Noises
Numerical Simulation on the Flow and Temperature Field in the High-Power Motor
Comparative Analysis of Real-Time Global Illumination Techniques in Current Game Engines
A Novel Dual-Band Power Divider With Controllable Power Ratio and Phase Difference
Numerical Analyses of the Polarization Dependent Cladding Mode Coupling in Localized Fiber Bragg Gratings
Broadband Dual-Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna With Compact Structure for 5G Base Station
Design of Capsule-Shaped All-Terrain Robot: A Perpendicular Track Mobility Solution
IEEE Access Special Section: Curbing Crowdturfing in Online Social Networks
A Graph-Theory-Based Method for Topological and Dimensional Representation of Planar Mechanisms as a Computational Tool for Engineering Design
Localization and Throughput Trade-Off in a Multi-User Multi-Carrier mm-Wave System
A New Construction of Codebooks Meeting the Levenshtein Bound