yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Coordination of a Flywheel Energy Storage Matrix System: An External Model Approach
Navigating Ethical Dimensions in the Metaverse: Challenges, Frameworks, and Solutions
Enhancing Anomaly Detection in Attributed Networks Using Proximity Preservation and Advanced Embedding Techniques
A New Deep Segmentation Quality Assessment Network for Refining Bounding Box Based Segmentation
Rapid Detection of PCB Defects Based on YOLOx-Plus and FPGA
Accelerator for Trajectory Anonymization Using Map Matching
Hierarchical Comprehensive Context Modeling for Chinese Text Classification
Morphology Evaluation of Microelectronic Packaging Substrates Using Shadow Moiré Technique
Time to Frequency Domain Conversion for Transient Electromagnetic Data With Neural Networks
On Green Cognitive Radio Cellular Networks: Dynamic Spectrum and Operation Management
Design and Control of a Wearable Hand Rehabilitation Robot
Quantum Meets AI: Pioneering the Future of Intelligent Technology of Multiple-Valued Logic
Online Parallelized Service Function Chain Orchestration in Data Center Networks
Deep Fusion of Neurophysiological and Facial Features for Enhanced Emotion Detection
Template Aging Phenomenon in Iris Recognition
Feature Extraction From Oriental Painting for Wellness Contents Recommendation Services
Adaptive Robust Observer-Based Control for Structural Load Mitigation and Speed Regulation in Commercial Wind Turbines
Evaluation of Novel Cognitive Assessment System for Testing Visual Memory of the Elderly
A Novel Hybrid Item-Based Similarity Method to Mitigate the Effects of Data Sparsity in Multi-Criteria Collaborative Filtering
Data Hiding Method Based on 3D Magic Cube
An Effective Gaussian Fitting Approach for Image Contrast Enhancement
A Flexible Vibration Probe Based on PZT Low-Frequency Drive Mode
A Compact Balanced Phase Shifter With Wideband Common-Mode Suppression
Leak Location Based on PDS-VMD of Leakage-Induced Vibration Signal Under Low SNR in Water-Supply Pipelines
3D Reconstruction: A Feature Fusion and Transformer-Based Feature Extraction Network for MVSNet
Semi-Active Suspension Control Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Stance Detection of Microblog Text Based on Two-Channel CNN-GRU Fusion Network
Empowering Energy-Sustainable IoT Devices With Harvest Energy-Optimized Deep Neural Networks
A Fast and Deterministic Algorithm for Consensus Set Maximization
A Novel Surface-Scanning Device for Intraoperative Tumor Identification and Therapy
Energy Consumption in Relay Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks for NDN
Improvement on Age of Information for Information Update Systems With HARQ Chase Combining and Sensor Harvesting-Transmitting Diversities
Online Dual-Network-Based Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Solving Partially Unknown Multi-Player Non-Zero-Sum Games With Control Constraints
Cogging Torque Suppression of Modular Permanent Magnet Machines Using a Semi-Analytical Approach and Artificial Intelligence
5G Aviation Networks Using Novel AI Approach for DDoS Detection
Fast Augmented Reality Authoring: Fast Creation of AR Step-by-Step Procedures for Maintenance Operations
Co-Simulation Platform for Simulating Heavy Mobile Machinery With Hydraulic Actuators and Various Hybrid Electric Powertrains
Enriching Emotional Expressiveness in Embodied Conversational Agents Using Anime Effects
EMF Levels in 5G New Radio Environment in Seoul, Korea
An Efficient Preference-Based Sensor Selection Method in Internet of Things
IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: Scalable Deep Learning for Big Data
An Enhanced Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling With Sequence Dependent Setup Times
Machine Vision Inspection of Electrical Connectors Based on Improved Yolo v3
Dynamic Surrogate Optimization of Vertically Stacked Nanosheet FET Based on Gaussian Process Regression
Enhancing LoRA Model Serving Capacity via Adaptive Operator Scheduling for Multi-Tenancy on GPU
Enhancing Node Localization Accuracy in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Hybrid Approach Leveraging Bounding Box and Harmony Search
A Review on Statistical Process Control in Healthcare: Data-Driven Monitoring Schemes
Analysis of the Correlation Between Structure and Hydration Status in Diabetes-Associated and Aged Skin Using Hyperspectral Polarization and SWIR Imaging
Novel Non-Contact Control System for Medical Healthcare of Disabled Patients
A Generalized 2-Point Solution for Absolute Camera Pose With Known Rotation Axis
A Hybrid Approach Against Black Hole Attackers Using Dynamic Threshold Value and Node Credibility
An Efficient EAP-Based Pre-Authentication for Inter-WRAN Handover in TV White Space
Reliability Assessment of Conventional Isolated PWM DC-DC Converters
iRNA-m5C_NB: A Novel Predictor to Identify RNA 5-Methylcytosine Sites Based on the Naive Bayes Classifier
Identification of Partial Shading Conditions for Photovoltaic Strings
Robust Torque Vectoring With Desired Cornering Stiffness for In-Wheel Motor Vehicles
Experimental Assessment on the Use of Power Semiconductor Filtering Technique in Grid-Connected Inverter
Deep Tone-Mapping Operator Using Image Quality Assessment Inspired Semi-Supervised Learning
Implementation of Discrete Wavelet Combined Bayesian-Optimized Gaussian Process Regression-Based SOC Prediction of EV Battery
Eye-Tracking, Quality Assessment, and QoE Prediction Models for Point Cloud Videos: Extended Analysis of the ComPEQ-MR Dataset
A Hardware-in-the-Loop Approach to Test Rotary Electromagnetic Shock Absorbers
Optimizing Exergy Efficiency in Integrated Energy System: A Planning Study Based on Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
An Adaptive TLS-ESPRIT Algorithm Based on an S-G Filter for Analysis of Low Frequency Oscillation in Wide Area Measurement Systems
Deep Learning for Edge Computing Applications: A State-of-the-Art Survey
Reduction of Ripple Toothed Torque in the Internal Permanent Magnet Electric Motor by Creating Optimal Combination of Holes in the Rotor Surface Considering Harmonic Effects
A Multi-Scale Colour and Keypoint Density-Based Approach for Visual Saliency Detection
Hand and Pose-Based Feature Selection for Zero-Shot Sign Language Recognition
Automatic Modulation Recognition Method Based on Channel-Enhanced Convolution and Linear-Angular Attention
Big Data Analytics in Library Services With AI: Personalized Content Recommendations and Catalog Optimization
Machine Learning-Based Optimized 3G/LTE/5G Planar Wideband Antenna With Tri-Bands Filtering Notches
Research on Dual-Channel Transformer English Translation Model Based on Cross-Layer Semantic Fusion
Structural Obfuscation and Crypto-Steganography-Based Secured JPEG Compression Hardware for Medical Imaging Systems
Automatic Cardiothoracic Ratio Calculation With Deep Learning
Multi-Step Short-Term Wind Power Prediction Based on Three-level Decomposition and Improved Grey Wolf Optimization
Impact of Spatial Correlation on Link Selection and Delay Performance in Multi-RIS Networks
1-Bit Compressed Sensing via an L1-TV Regularization Method
A Continual Learning Algorithm Based on Orthogonal Gradient Descent Beyond Neural Tangent Kernel Regime
Blockchain-Based Payment Channel Networks: Challenges and Recent Advances
SoPa: A Social Media for a Participatory Society
Co-Evolutionary Niching Differential Evolution Algorithm for Global Optimization
Optimal Design and Experimental Research on a New Hybrid Electromagnetic Actuator for Vehicles
Time-Sensitive and Sybil-Proof Incentive Mechanisms for Mobile Crowdsensing via Social Network
Rodent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil Structure With Controllable Induction Electric Field Direction
MedCloud: Cloud-Based Disease Surveillance and Information Management System
Multi-Label Classification for AIS Data Anomaly Detection Using Wavelet Transform
HBLP: A Privacy Protection Framework for TIP Attributes in NTTP-Based LBS Systems
Hybrid Feature Selection Method Based on Feature Subset and Factor Analysis
Research on Bi-Level Optimized Operation Strategy of Microgrid Cluster Based on IABC Algorithm
Private True Data Mining: Differential Privacy Featuring Errors to Manage Internet-of-Things Data
Dual-Period Repetitive Control for Nonparametric Uncertain Systems With Deadzone Input
Time-Energy Optimal Trajectory Planning for Variable Stiffness Actuated Robot
Efficient Region of Interest Based Metric Learning for Effective Open World Deep Face Recognition Applications
A2Net: An Anchor-Free Alignment Network for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images
Attribute Reduction Methods Based on Pythagorean Fuzzy Covering Information Systems
Single or Multiple Frames Content Delivery for Next-Generation Networks?
Decoding EEG Signals During the Observation of Robotic Arm Movements
Cooperative Load Transportation With Two Quadrotors Using Adaptive Control
An Efficient IoT-Fog-Cloud Resource Allocation Framework Based on Two-Stage Approach
Hybrid Segmentation Algorithm for Medical Image Segmentation Based on Generating Adversarial Networks, Mutual Information and Multi-Scale Information
Vietnamese Document Analysis: Dataset, Method and Benchmark Suite
Sampling Period Analysis for Deterministic and Stochastic Controllers: An Algorithmic Tool for Performance Optimization
Scattering Medium Removal Using Adaptive Masks for Scatter in the Spatial Frequency Domain
Analysis of Human Gait Cycle With Body Equilibrium Based on Leg Orientation
A Chattering-Free Sliding Mode Filter Enhanced by First Order Derivative Feedforward
A Hierarchical Approach to Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Vehicles on Curvy Roads
A Compound Control for Hybrid Stepper Motor Based on PI and Sliding Mode Control
Analysis and Design of a Single-Phase Half-Bridge Rectifier With an Active DC Bus
A Gated Graph Neural Network With Attention for Text Classification Based on Coupled P Systems
Detectability of Delayed Boolean Control Networks Based on Full-Order Observer
Joint Space-Time Interference Cancellation for mmWave Active Array SDR Platforms in Coexistent Sensing and Communication Systems
A Novel Combined Design of Vessel and Resonant Cavity for Microwave Multi-Frequency Heating Chemical Reactor Using Antennas as Applicators
Multi-Threshold Corner Detection and Region Matching Algorithm Based on Texture Classification
Low Loss Multi-Channel Communication Combiner for Cellular Applications
A Critical Review on the Implementation of Static Data Sampling Techniques to Detect Network Attacks
Underdetermined Blind Source Separation for Heart Sound Using Higher-Order Statistics and Sparse Representation
Visual Tracking Jointly With Online and Offline Learning
On the Impact of Refactorings on Software Attack Surface
Ultra-Wideband Radar-Based Sleep Stage Classification in Smartphone Using an End-to-End Deep Learning
Web Based Anomaly Detection Using Zero-Shot Learning With CNN
Personalized Sketch-Based Image Retrieval by Convolutional Neural Network and Deep Transfer Learning
Computing in the Conformal Space Objects, Incidence Relations, and Geometric Constrains for Applications in AI, GIS, Graphics, Robotics, and Human-Machine Interaction
Force-Vision Sensor Fusion Improves Learning-Based Approach for Self-Closing Door Pulling
Towards Real-Time Energy Management of Multi-Microgrid Using a Deep Convolution Neural Network and Cooperative Game Approach
Speech Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Acoustic Analysis of Unvoiced Consonants in Italian Native Speakers
Automatic Detection of Field-Grown Cucumbers for Robotic Harvesting
Space Product Reliability Evaluation in Two-Stage Development Based on Scaling Factor
The Frequencies of Oppositely Charged, Uncharged Polar, and β-Branched Amino Acids Determine Proteins' Thermostability
Orthogonal Transform-Driven Data Augmentation for Limited Gaussian-Tainted Dataset
Intelligent Resource Allocation for Utility Optimization in RSU-Empowered Vehicular Network
An Extreme-Learning-Machine-Based Hyperspectral Detection Method of Insulator Pollution Degree
Toward Real-World Light Field Depth Estimation: A Noise-Aware Paradigm Using Multi-Stereo Disparity Integration
Visual Appearance Modulates Prediction Error in Virtual Reality
Interference Mitigation for Non-Overlapping Sub-Band Full Duplex for 5G-Advanced Wireless Networks
Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems
Segmentation and Measurement of Superalloy Microstructure Based on Improved Nonlocal Block
PCSS: Skull Stripping With Posture Correction From 3D Brain MRI for Diverse Imaging Environment
System Design Perspective for Human-Level Agents Using Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Survey
Equation Discovery for Nonlinear System Identification
Effects of Machine Instability Feedback on Safety During Digging Operation in Teleoperated Excavators
A Study on Formal Methods to Generalize Heterogeneous Mobile Malware Propagation and Their Impacts
Efficient Continuous Control-Set Model-Free Predictive Control of a Grid-Forming Inverter With an LCL Filter
ES-SECS/GEM: An Efficient Security Mechanism for SECS/GEM Communications
Potential-Game Based Optimally Rigid Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks
Boosting Business With Machine Learning-Based Automated Visual Data Processing: Results of Finnish Company Interviews
Improved Mode-Adaptive Droop Control Strategy for the DC Microgrid
Agglomerative User Clustering and Cluster Scheduling for FDD Massive MIMO Systems
Efficient Detection of Botnet Traffic by Features Selection and Decision Trees
A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Development of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
Posture Estimation in Agriculture: Employing Inertial Measurement Units and Unscented Kalman Filtering for Trunk, Shoulder, and Elbow Analysis
Polarization Reconfigurable Air-Filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna
Analysis of Earthquake Emergency Command System According to Cloud Computing Methods
Dual-Channel Knowledge Tracing With Self-Supervised Contrastive and Directed Interaction Learning
A Modified Singular Value Decomposition (MSVD) Approach for the Enhancement of CCTV Low-Quality Images
An Encoder-Decoder Neural Network With 3D Squeeze-and-Excitation and Deep Supervision for Brain Tumor Segmentation
Smartphone Enabled Wearable Diabetes Monitoring System
Parameter Setting Strategy for the Controller of the DFIG Wind Turbine Considering the Small-Signal Stability of Power Grids
Investor Behavior and Risk Contagion in an Information-Based Artificial Stock Market
Estimating Perceptual Attributes of Haptic Textures Using Visuo-Tactile Data
Optimizing Longitudinal Velocity Control via Self-Supervised Learning and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient
An Integrated Prediction-Decision Unit Commitment Model Based on Deep Incremental Quantile Neural Networks
Fault Protection in Microgrid Using Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis and Data Mining
Machine Learning and Image Processing Methods for Cetacean Photo Identification: A Systematic Review
Factors Influencing Social Media Adoption in Government Organizations: A TOE Framework and PLS-SEM Model Analysis
On the Robustness and Reliability in the Pose Deformation System of Mobile Robots
M-Polynomials and Degree-Based Topological Indices of VC 5 C 7 [p, q] and HC 5 C 7 [p, q] Nanotubes
A CUDA-Accelerated Hybrid CNN-DNN Approach for Multi-Class Malware Detection in IoT Networks
Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources and Electrical Vehicles Integration Into Microgrid
Challenges of CPS/IoT Network Architecture in 6G Era
Intelligent Tourism Recommendation Algorithm based on Text Mining and MP Nerve Cell Model of Multivariate Transportation Modes
An In-Depth Tutorial on BJTU-RAO Bogie Datasets for Fault Diagnosis
FEP: High Fidelity Experiment Platform for Mobile Networks
Hardware-Based Calculation of Mean Square Error for Automatic Target Recognition in SAR Images
Incentive-Compatible Market Clearing for a Two-Stage Integrated Electricity-Gas-Heat Market
VESTEC: Visual Exploration and Sampling Toolkit for Extreme Computing
Radial Velocity Estimation for Multiple Objects Using In-Air Sonar With MIMO Virtual Arrays
Intra-Frame Error Concealment Scheme Using 3D Reversible Data Hiding in Mobile Cloud Environment
Reliable Perceptual Loss Computation for GAN-Based Super-Resolution With Edge Texture Metric
3D Face Reconstruction From Single 2D Image Using Distinctive Features
Enhancement of ARFI-VTI Elastography Images in Order to Preliminary Rapid Screening of Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors Using Multilayer Fractional-Order Machine Vision Classifier
Comments and Corrections Correction to "Comparative Analysis of Energy Costs of Asymmetric vs Symmetric Encryption-Based Security Applications"
Graph Laplacian-Improved Convolutional Residual Autoencoder for Unsupervised Human Action and Emotion Recognition
YOLOX++ for Transmission Line Abnormal Target Detection
Identifying Disaster Regions in Images Through Attention Shifting With a Retarget Network
MSU-Net: A Synthesized U-Net for Exploiting Multi-Scale Features in OCT Image Segmentation
Long-Term Memory Harris' Hawk Optimization for High Dimensional and Optimal Power Flow Problems
The Integrated Adaptive Fault Tolerant Control Design With Saturation for Nonlinear System
Synthetic ECG Signal Generation Using Probabilistic Diffusion Models
Challenges in Scaling Down of Free-Floating Implantable Neural Interfaces to Millimeter Scale
New Approach to Improve Starting Performance of Induction Motor Based on Optimal Starting Frequency
An Intraday Market Design for Colombia's Energy Transition
Design and Performance Analysis of Differential Chaos Shift Keying System With Dual-Index Modulation
Unraveling the Temporal Importance of Community-Scale Human Activity Features for Rapid Assessment of Flood Impacts
Deformation and Refined Features Based Lesion Detection on Chest X-Ray
Low Voltage AC Series Arc Fault Detection Method Based on Approximate Entropy for Low Computational Performance Device
A New Test Algorithm and Fault Simulator of Simplified Three-Cell Coupling Faults for Random Access Memories
PCAPN: An Enhanced Feature Extraction Framework for Point Cloud
A Spatiotemporal Deep Learning-Based Multisource Data Analytics Framework for Basketball Game
Detection Algorithm of BPSK Signal of Parameter-Adjusted Bistable Stochastic Resonance Model Based on Scale Change
Personalization Recommendation Algorithm Based on Trust Correlation Degree and Matrix Factorization
Scheduling Problem of Movie Scenes Based on Three Meta-Heuristic Algorithms
The Effects of an Inductive Reasoning Learning Strategy Assisted by the GeoGebra Software on Students' Motivation for the Functional Graph II Topic
Generalized L-Shaped Array Based on the Difference and Sum Coarray Concept
MVFCC: A Multi-View Fuzzy Consensus Clustering Model for Malware Threat Attribution
Understanding ChatGPT: Impact Analysis and Path Forward for Teaching Computer Science and Engineering
Event-Based Slip Estimation Framework for Space Rovers Traversing Soft Terrains
Reachable Set Estimation for a Class of Memristor-Based Neural Networks With Time-Varying Delays
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Downlink Multiuser MIMO Systems: User Clustering, Beamforming, and Power Allocation
A University Student Performance Prediction Model and Experiment Based on Multi-Feature Fusion and Attention Mechanism
Temporal Networks Based on Human Mobility Models: A Comparative Analysis With Real-World Networks
A Privacy-Preserving Framework With Self-Governance and Permission Delegation in Online Social Networks
High Order Disturbance Observer Based PI-PI Control System With Tracking Anti-Windup Technique for Improvement of Transient Performance of PMSM
Mining Geometric Constraints From Crowd-Sourced Radio Signals and its Application to Indoor Positioning
LEO Mega-Constellations for 6G Global Coverage: Challenges and Opportunities
Identification of Maritime Areas With High Vessel Traffic Based on Polygon Shape Similarity
Profile-Based Cluster Evolution Analysis: Identification of Migration Patterns for Understanding Student Learning Behavior
Single-Layered Flexible Dual Transmissive Rasorbers With Dual/Triple Absorption Bands for Conformal Applications
LiHEA: Migrating EEG Analytics to Ultra-Edge IoT Devices With Logic-in-Headbands
Sum Rate Maximization for Active RIS MISO Systems Based on DRL
FMCNN: Raw-Data Type Identification Using Feature Matrix and CNN
Multi-Criteria Spatial Decision Making Supportsystem for Renewable Energy Development in Kazakhstan
Injection Coding With Spectral Shaping Capability
Delay Effects in Stability Augmentation System of Aircraft Longitudinal Dynamics: A Case Study on Boeing 747
A Wideband Dual-Polarized Reconfigurable Reflectarray Using Polarization Rotation Technique
A Sparse Stochastic Method With Optimal Convergence Rate for Optimizing Pseudo-Linear Performance Measures
FCTformer: Fusing Convolutional Operations and Transformer for 3D Rectal Tumor Segmentation in MR Images
Sentiment Analysis Technique and Neutrosophic Set Theory for Mining and Ranking Big Data From Online Reviews
Intelligent Anomaly Detection and Localization With Crowd Density Estimation for Improved Public Safety
HDPF: Heart Disease Prediction Framework Based on Hybrid Classifiers and Genetic Algorithm
GamiTool: Supporting Instructors in the Gamification of MOOCs
TS-Net: A Deep Learning Framework for Automated Assessment of Longitudinal Tumor Volume Changes in an Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model Using MRI
Of Stances, Themes, and Anomalies in COVID-19 Mask-Wearing Tweets
Real-Time Jamming Detection in Wireless IoT Networks
Lightweight Single Image Super-Resolution With Multi-Scale Spatial Attention Networks
Blockchain Security Attacks, Challenges, and Solutions for the Future Distributed IoT Network
Spatial-Net for Human-Object Interaction Detection
Analysis of the Interactive Influence of the Active Power Recovery Rates of DFIG and UHVDC on the Rotor Angle Stability of the Sending-End System
Distributed Ledger Technology Based Architecture for Decentralized Device-to-Device Communication Network
A Fair Comparison in Deep Learning-Based QSM Reconstruction
Origami Pump Actuator Based Pneumatic Quadruped Robot (OPARO)
Quad-Port MIMO Filtenna With High Isolation Employing BPF With High Out-of-Band Rejection
A Student Attendance Management Method Based on Crowdsensing in Classroom Environment
Sparrow Search Algorithm With Stacked Deep Learning Based Medical Image Analysis for Pancreatic Cancer Detection and Classification
A Weakly Supervised Multi-Stream Feature Enhancement Network for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization
Online Active Learning Framework for Data Stream Classification With Density-Peaks Recognition
Enhanced ES-adRNNe Load Forecasting With Contextual Augmentation on Similar Load Days
A Scalable Indirect Position-Based Causal Diffusion Protocol for Vehicular Networks
The Study of Malay's Prosodic Features Impact on Classical Arabic Accents Recognition
Fixed Point Results for Fractal Generation in Extended Jungck-SP Orbit
MEAMVC: A Membrane Evolutionary Algorithm for Solving Minimum Vertex Cover Problem
A Unified Defect Pattern Analysis of Wafer Maps Using Density-Based Clustering
A Perspective on the Missing at Random Problem: Synthetic Generation and Benchmark Analysis
Kinematics of a Novel Serial-Parallel, Compliant, Three-Legged Robot
XAPT: Explainable Anomaly-Driven Prediction of Threat Stages in APT Campaigns
Extractive Automatic Text Summarization Based on Lexical-Semantic Keywords
Head CT Image Convolution Feature Segmentation and Morphological Filtering for Densely Matching Points of IoTs
Research on Noise Reduction Method for Leakage Signal of Water Supply Pipeline
Wireless Information and Power Transfer Using Full-Duplex Self-Energy Recycling Relays
Performance Prediction Method for Stream Computing Platform Based on Time Series
A Review on Security Challenges in V2X Communications Technology for VANETs
Knowledge Distillation in Object Detection for Resource-Constrained Edge Computing
MSCNet: A Framework With a Texture Enhancement Mechanism and Feature Aggregation for Crack Detection
Matrix-Based Generalization for Power-Mismatch Newton-Raphson Load Flow Computations With Arbitrary Number of Phases
Absorption of 5G Radiation in Brain Tissue as a Function of Frequency, Power and Time
Image Encryption Based on Elliptic Curve Points and Linear Fractional Transformation