yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Minimum Distance and Minimum Time Optimal Path Planning With Bioinspired Machine Learning Algorithms for Faulty Unmanned Air Vehicles
Operational Characteristics of Mixed-Autonomy Traffic Flow on the Freeway With On- and Off-Ramps and Weaving Sections: An RL-Based Approach
Traffic Flow Prediction for Road Transportation Networks With Limited Traffic Data
Comparative Analysis of a Vehicular Safety Application in NS-3 and Veins
Coupling Control of Traffic Signal and Entry Lane at Isolated Intersections Under the Mixed-Autonomy Traffic Environment
A Lagrangian Relaxation Heuristic for a Bi-Objective Multimodal Transportation Planning Problem
Multilevel Framework to Detect and Handle Vehicle Occlusion
Estimating Relevance for the Emergency Electronic Brake Light Application
MGINS: A Lane-Level Localization System for Challenging Urban Environments Using Magnetic Field Matching/GNSS/INS Fusion
An Intelligent Context-Aware Management Framework for Cold Chain Logistics Distribution
SMART: Vision-Based Method of Cooperative Surveillance and Tracking by Multiple UAVs in the Urban Environment
Interpretable Prediction of Pedestrian Crossing Intention: Fusion of Human Skeletal Information in Natural Driving Scenarios
ReViewNet: A Fast and Resource Optimized Network for Enabling Safe Autonomous Driving in Hazy Weather Conditions
An Optimized Approach of Dynamic Target Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network Using Bio Inspired Algorithms for Maritime Rescue
Variable Speed Release (VSR): Speed Control to Increase Bottleneck Capacity
Saliency-Induced Moving Object Detection for Robust RGB-D Vision Navigation Under Complex Dynamic Environments
Survey on Cooperative Perception in an Automotive Context
Offboard Occupancy Refinement With Hybrid Propagation for Autonomous Driving
Transformer-Based Reinforcement Learning for Scalable Multi-UAV Area Coverage
Smart Public Transit System Using an Energy Storage System and Its Coordination With a Distribution Grid
Toward Real-Time Pricing and Allocation for Surplus Resources in Electric Bus Charging Stations
Practical Control for Multicopters to Avoid Non-Cooperative Moving Obstacles
Improved Power Management Under Uncertain Driving Conditions for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles via Intelligent Controller
Saliency Heat-Map as Visual Attention for Autonomous Driving Using Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)
Generalizable Journey Mode Detection Using Unsupervised Representation Learning
An Adaptive Clustering-Based Algorithm for Automatic Path Planning of Heterogeneous UAVs
Precise Localization and Mapping in Indoor Parking Structures via Parameterized SLAM
Predictive Display for Teleoperation Based on 3D Reconstruction Using Lidar-Camera Fusion
Modeling the Pedestrian Flow Before Bottleneck Through Learning-Based Method
Integrated Steering and Differential Braking for Emergency Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Vehicles
Maritime Environment Perception Based on Deep Learning
Combining Residual and LSTM Recurrent Networks for Transportation Mode Detection Using Multimodal Sensors Integrated in Smartphones
Unity Is Strength: Unifying Convolutional and Transformeral Features for Better Person Re-Identification
Traffic Sign Recognition With Hinge Loss Trained Convolutional Neural Networks
Re-Planning of Flight Routes Avoiding Convective Weather and the "Three Areas"
A Data Fusion Powered Bi-Directional Long Short Term Memory Model for Predicting Multi-Lane Short Term Traffic Flow
Secure and Flexible Data Sharing With Dual Privacy Protection in Vehicular Digital Twin Networks
Intention-Guided Heuristic Partially Observable Monte Carlo Planning for Off-Ramp Decision-Making of Autonomous Vehicles
Neighborhood Cooperative Multiagent Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Traffic Signal Control in Epidemic Regions
Container Port Performance Measurement and Comparison Leveraging Ship GPS Traces and Maritime Open Data
A Novel Approach for Vehicle Detection Using an AND-OR-Graph-Based Multiscale Model
Using Deep Reinforcement Learning to Automate Network Configurations for Internet of Vehicles
Data Freshness and Energy-Efficient UAV Navigation Optimization: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach
High Time-Resolution Queue Profile Estimation at Signalized Intersections Based on Extended Kalman Filtering
A Micro-Simulation Study of the Generalized Proportional Allocation Traffic Signal Control
Fine-Grained Vehicle Model Recognition Using A Coarse-to-Fine Convolutional Neural Network Architecture
Dynamic Model-Based Safety Margins for High-Density Matrix Headlight Systems
Traffic-Responsive Control Technique for Fully-Actuated Coordinated Signals
OBD-Data-Assisted Cost-Based Map-Matching Algorithm for Low-Sampled Telematics Data in Urban Environments
The Surface Accelerations Reference - A Large-Scale, Interactive Catalog of Passenger Vehicle Accelerations
Robust Longitudinal Control of Multi-Vehicle Systems - A Distributed H-Infinity Method
Multi-Modal Attention Perception for Intelligent Vehicle Navigation Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Detecting Drivers' Mirror-Checking Actions and Its Application to Maneuver and Secondary Task Recognition
Public Bus-Assisted Task Offloading for UAVs
Road Data Enrichment Framework Based on Heterogeneous Data Fusion for ITS
Traffic Flow Prediction With Big Data: A Deep Learning Approach
VAuth: Robust Lightweight Mutual Authentication Protocol Preserving User's Anonymity for VANET With FPGA Implementation
Efficient Freeway MPC by Parameterization of ALINEA and a Speed-Limited Area
Load Balance Guaranteed Vehicle-to-Vehicle Computation Offloading for Min-Max Fairness in VANETs
RPP-Net: Rigid Constrained Point Cloud Prediction Network
Partial Train Speed Trajectory Optimization Using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming
TreeCN: Time Series Prediction With the Tree Convolutional Network for Traffic Prediction
Open-Ended Versus Closed-Ended Responses: A Comparison Study Using Topic Modeling and Factor Analysis
VIDO: A Robust and Consistent Monocular Visual-Inertial-Depth Odometry
Platoon Definitions and Analysis of Correlation Between Number of Platoons and Jamming in Traffic System
Sliding Mode Impedance Control for Dual Hand Master Single Slave Teleoperation Systems
BRT: Bus-Based Routing Technique in Urban Vehicular Networks
Integrated Cooperative Adaptive Cruise and Variable Speed Limit Controls for Reducing Rear-End Collision Risks Near Freeway Bottlenecks Based on Micro-Simulations
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Predictor-Based Control for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System
Unsupervised Learning of Depth Estimation and Camera Pose With Multi-Scale GANs
Cognitive Cars: A New Frontier for ADAS Research
Parallel Transportation Management and Control System for Subways
Energy Efficient Beamforming Optimization for Integrated On-Demand Sensing and Communication in High-Speed Railway Mobile Networks
TP-GLIF: Trajectory Prediction of Surrounding Vehicles in Unsignalized Roundabouts Based on Global-Local History Information Fusion
The Heterogeneous Systems Integration Design and Implementation for Lane Keeping on a Vehicle
A Bimodal Gaussian Inhomogeneous Poisson Algorithm for Bike Number Prediction in a Bike-Sharing System
Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation in MEC-Enabled Integrated Aerial-Terrestrial Vehicular Networks: A Reinforcement Learning Approach
Natural Optimization Algorithms for the Cross-Dock Door Assignment Problem
Map-Adaptive Multimodal Trajectory Prediction via Intention-Aware Unimodal Trajectory Predictors
A Hybrid Method for Short-Term Traffic Congestion Forecasting Using Genetic Algorithms and Cross Entropy
Human-Like Decision Making for Autonomous Driving: A Noncooperative Game Theoretic Approach
Realizing Constant Current and Constant Voltage Outputs and Input Zero Phase Angle of Wireless Power Transfer Systems With Minimum Component Counts
Predicting EV Li-Ion Battery Fires: An Integrated Approach Using Generative AI and Machine Learning Based on Vented Gas Emissions
Large Scale Pavement Crack Evaluation Through a Novel Spatial Machine Learning Approach Considering Geocomplexity
Distributed H∞ Controller Design and Robustness Analysis for Vehicle Platooning Under Random Packet Drop
Short-Term Prediction of Signal Cycle on an Arterial With Actuated-Uncoordinated Control Using Sparse Time Series Models
Prediction of Transit Vehicle Arrival Time for Signal Priority Control: Algorithm and Performance
Vehicular Social Dynamic Anomaly Detection With Recurrent Multi-Mask Aggregator Enabled VAE
Driver State Modeling Through Latent Variable State Space Framework in the Wild
Mobile Standards-Based Traffic Light Detection in Assistive Devices for Individuals with Color-Vision Deficiency
A Review of Online Dynamic Models and Algorithms for Railway Traffic Management
Real-Time Incremental Segmentation and Tracking of Vehicles at Low Camera Angles Using Stable Features
Transfer Methods for Vehicle Carbon Emission Models Based on the Parallel Transportation System
Mining the Critical Factors of Hazardous Material Road Transportation Accidents From Chinese Investigation Reports
Concurrent Optimization of Subway Vertical Alignments and Station Elevations With Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Distributed Self-Organizing Control of CAVs Between Multiple Adjacent-Ramps
Automatic Inspection and Evaluation System for Pavement Distress
Multi-Vehicle Tracking Using Microscopic Traffic Models
Autonomous Vehicle Cut-In Algorithm for Lane-Merging Scenarios via Policy-Based Reinforcement Learning Nested Within Finite-State Machine
SCNet3D: Rethinking the Feature Extraction Process of Pillar-Based 3D Object Detection
Energy Efficient Platooning of Connected Electrified Vehicles Enabled by a Mixed Hybrid Electric Powertrain Architecture
Risk-Averse Equilibria for Vehicle Navigation in Stochastic Congestion Games
Fuel and Emissions Optimization for Connected Diesel Engine Vehicles With Hierarchical Model Predictive Control
Modeling Small-Granularity Expressway Traffic Volumes With Quantum Walks
A Learning Method for Real-Time Repositioning in E-Hailing Services
EEGAP: ECC-Based Efficient Group Authentication Protocol for Dynamic Vehicular Platoon
A Survey of Deep Learning Applications to Autonomous Vehicle Control
Reconfigurable Intelligent Computational Surfaces for MEC-Assisted Autonomous Driving Networks: Design Optimization and Analysis
A Hybrid Reinforcement Learning-Based Method for Generating Privacy-Preserving Trajectories in Low-Density Traffic Environments
A Deep Learning Framework to Explore Influences of Data Noises on Lane-Changing Intention Prediction
A Dynamic Colored Traveling Salesman Problem With Varying Edge Weights
Predictive Prevention of Loss of Vehicle Control for Roadway Departure Avoidance
DSRC Versus LTE-V2X: Empirical Performance Analysis of Direct Vehicular Communication Technologies
Passenger Location Estimation in Public Transport: Evaluating Methods and Camera Placement Impact
A Novel Model for Designing a Demand- Responsive Connector (DRC) Transit System With Consideration of Users' Preferred Time Windows
A Multi-Stream Feature Fusion Approach for Traffic Prediction
Trajectory Optimization for Drone Logistics Delivery via Attention-Based Pointer Network
When Will We Arrive? A Novel Multi-Task Spatio-Temporal Attention Network Based on Individual Preference for Estimating Travel Time
UAV-Assisted Content Delivery in Intelligent Transportation Systems-Joint Trajectory Planning and Cache Management
Cooperative Traffic Signal Control Using a Distributed Agent-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning With Incentive Communication
Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Fog-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems: A UAV-Enabled Multi-Hop Collaboration Paradigm
Fixed Frequency Highly Efficient Resonant Converter With Low Component Count for CC and CV Charges of Electric Vehicles Batteries
Processing of Eye/Head-Tracking Data in Large-Scale Naturalistic Driving Data Sets
Performance Metrics and Validation Methods for Vehicle Position Estimators
Attentive Radiate Graph for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Disconnected Manifolds
Prototyping and Evaluation of Infrastructure-Assisted Transition of Control for Cooperative Automated Vehicles
Graph Neural Network for Robust Public Transit Demand Prediction
Clustering-Learning-Based Long-Term Predictive Localization in 5G-Envisioned Internet of Connected Vehicles
Looking at Pedestrians at Different Scales: A Multiresolution Approach and Evaluations
Monitoring-Based Traffic Participant Detection in Urban Mixed Traffic: A Novel Dataset and A Tailored Detector
Hybrid Reinforcement Learning-Based Eco-Driving Strategy for Connected and Automated Vehicles at Signalized Intersections
The Performance of Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Tracking the Movement of Road Vehicles
A Modified Unscaled S-Transform for Seismic Time-Frequency Analysis of Road Detection in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Systematic Relation of Estimated Travel Speed and Actual Travel Speed
Discrete-Event Systems Modeling and the Model Predictive Allocation Algorithm for Integrated Berth and Quay Crane Allocation
Driving Performance Indicators of Electric Bus Driving Technique: Naturalistic Driving Data Multicriterial Analysis
Readiness Evaluation of Freeways for Lane-Detection Performance of Lidar-Based Automated Vehicles: A Field Test Analysis
Adaptive Estimation of Vehicle Velocity From Updated Dynamic Model for Control of Anti-Lock Braking System
Prescribed Performance-Based Optimal Formation Control for USVs With Position Constraints and Yaw Angle Time-Varying Partial Constraints
A Visibility-Based Approach for Occupancy Grid Computation in Disparity Space
Non-Stationarity Characterization and Geometry-Cluster-Based Stochastic Model for High-Speed Train Radio Channels
VPL-SLAM: A Vertical Line Supported Point Line Monocular SLAM System
FFEDN: Feature Fusion Encoder Decoder Network for Crack Detection
Traffic Signal Optimization for Oversaturated Urban Networks: Queue Growth Equalization
An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System
Distributed Eco-Driving Control of a Platoon of Electric Vehicles Through Riccati Recursion
A Cyberattack Detection-Isolation Algorithm for CAV Under Changing Driving Environment
MsKAT: Multi-Scale Knowledge-Aware Transformer for Vehicle Re-Identification
A Semi-Supervised Learning Approach for Pixel-Level Pavement Anomaly Detection
PerspectiveNet: An Object Detection Method With Adaptive Perspective Box Network Based on Density-Aware
Machine Learning Based Channel Estimation for 5G NR-V2V Communications: Sparse Bayesian Learning and Gaussian Progress Regression
A Game Theoretic Scheme for Optimal Access Control in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks
Quantized Output Feedback Control of AFS for Electric Vehicles With Transmission Delay and Data Dropouts
Human-Guided Continual Learning for Personalized Decision-Making of Autonomous Driving
A Large-Scale Frontal Vehicle Image Dataset for Fine-Grained Vehicle Categorization
Spatial Origin-Destination Flow Imputation Using Graph Convolutional Networks
A Multiscale Framework for Capturing Oscillation Dynamics of Autonomous Vehicles in Data-Driven Car-Following Models
Survey of Interoperability Challenges in the Internet of Vehicles
A Theoretical Foundation of Intelligence Testing and Its Application for Intelligent Vehicles
A Fast Point Cloud Ground Segmentation Approach Based on Coarse-To-Fine Markov Random Field
A Novel Robust Inertial and Ultra-Short Baseline Integrated Navigation Strategy Under the Influence of Motion Effect
Improving Handover and Drop-off Performance on High-Speed Trains With Multi-RAT
Simulation of Pedestrian Rotation Dynamics Near Crowded Exits
Extended Horizon ECMS Control of PHEVs With 2D Electricity Price Adaptation Policy
TL-Detector: Lightweight Based Real-Time Traffic Light Detection Model for Intelligent Vehicles
NIRPed: A Novel Benchmark for Nighttime Pedestrian and Its Distance Joint Detection
Local Density Estimation and Dynamic Transmission-Range Assignment in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Mobility-Aware Multi-Hop Task Offloading for Autonomous Driving in Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks
Modeling Censored Mobility Demand Through Censored Quantile Regression Neural Networks
A Vehicle Simulator for an Efficient Electronic and Electrical Architecture Design
Multibranch Reconstruction Error (MbRE) Intrusion Detection Architecture for Intelligent Edge-Based Policing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
Deployment Optimization of Roadside Unit With Failure Probability Based on Stochastic Mixed Traffic Equilibrium
Vision-Language Models Can Identify Distracted Driver Behavior From Naturalistic Videos
Community-Based Dandelion Algorithm-Enabled Feature Selection and Broad Learning System for Traffic Flow Prediction
Electric Vehicle Routing Problem With Variable Vehicle Speed and Soft Time Windows for Perishable Product Delivery
Data-Driven Indoor Positioning Correction for Infrastructure-Enabled Autonomous Driving Systems: A Lifelong Framework
Modeling Vehicle Merging Behavior in Work Zone Merging Areas During the Merging Implementation Period
Combining Individual Travel Preferences Into Destination Prediction: A Multi-Module Deep Learning Network
SPSRec: An Efficient Signal Phase Recommendation for Signalized Intersections With GAN and Decision-Tree Model
BloomACS: Bloom Filter-Based Access Control Scheme in Blockchain-Enabled V2G Networks
Quantifying the Efficiency of Ride Sharing
Feature Map Aided Robust High Precision GNSS Positioning in Harsh Urban Environments
Radar-Based Multisensor Fusion for Uninterrupted Reliable Positioning in GNSS-Denied Environments
A Cyberattack Warning System for Enhancing Connected Vehicle Safety Under Spoofing Cyberattacks: A Generative-Based Human-in-the-Loop Trajectory Prediction Approach
An Integrated Vehicle Navigation System Utilizing Lane-Detection and Lateral Position Estimation Systems in Difficult Environments for GPS
A Robust Backtracking CKF Based on Krein Space Theory for In-Motion Alignment Process
RFAP: A Revocable Fine-Grained Access Control Mechanism for Autonomous Vehicle Platoon
MIANet: Bridging the Gap in Crowd Density Estimation With Thermal and RGB Interaction
A Virtual Spring Strategy for Cooperative Control of Connected and Automated Vehicles at Signal-Free Intersections
Local Linear Generalized Autoencoder-Based Incipient Fault Detection for Electrical Drive Systems of High-Speed Trains
Predictive Cruise Control Using Radial Basis Function Network-Based Vehicle Motion Prediction and Chance Constrained Model Predictive Control
Fuzzy Inference Enabled Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Traffic Light Control for Intelligent Transportation System
A Novel Steering System for a Space-Saving 4WS4WD Electric Vehicle: Design, Modeling, and Road Tests
A Gaussian Type-2 Fuzzy Programming Approach for Multicrowd Congestion-Relieved Evacuation Planning
Distributed Driver Emotion Prediction for Intelligent 6G Internet of Vehicles
Combination-Chord Measurement of Rail Corrugation Using Triple-Line Structured-Light Vision: Rectification and Optimization
Securing IoT Based Maritime Transportation System Through Entropy-Based Dual-Stack Machine Learning Framework
An Efficient Algorithm for Maximum Trajectory Coverage Query With Approximation Guarantee
Dual-Modal Prior Semantic Guided Infrared and Visible Image Fusion for Intelligent Transportation System
Adaptive Resource Allocation for Diverse Safety Message Transmissions in Vehicular Networks
TrajPRed: Trajectory Prediction With Region-Based Relation Learning
Leader and Leaderless Multi-Layer Consensus With State Obfuscation: An Application to Distributed Speed Advisory Systems
Predictive Maneuver Planning for an Autonomous Vehicle in Public Highway Traffic
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Robustness of Optoelectronics for Automated Driving: A Review
Minimum sensor second-order sliding mode longitudinal control of passenger vehicles
Plane-Based Stereo Visual Localization With a Prior LiDAR Map
Interpretable Multi-Task Prediction Neural Network for Autonomous Vehicles
Traffic-GGNN: Predicting Traffic Flow via Attentional Spatial-Temporal Gated Graph Neural Networks
Guest Editorial Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning for Intelligent and Sustainable Traffic and Vehicle Management (VANETs)
Autonomous Driving Small-Scale Cars: A Survey of Recent Development
Toward Full-Scene Domain Generalization in Multi-Agent Collaborative Bird's Eye View Segmentation for Connected and Autonomous Driving
TrajMatch: Toward Automatic Spatio-Temporal Calibration for Roadside LiDARs Through Trajectory Matching
Cross-Scenario Vigilance Detection Based on EEG Analysis for Safety Driving in Autonomous
A New Approach to Track Multiple Vehicles With the Combination of Robust Detection and Two Classifiers
A Vehicle-Intersection Coordination Scheme for Smooth Flows of Traffic Without Using Traffic Lights
Collaborative Computation in Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation System for Autonomous Driving
Modeling and Tracking the Driving Environment With a Particle-Based Occupancy Grid
A Novel Image-Based Homomorphic Approach for Preserving the Privacy of Autonomous Vehicles Connected to the Cloud
An Intelligence-Based Optimization Model of Passenger Flow in a Transportation Station
How Random Incidents Affect Travel-Time Distributions
Consensus-Based Distributed Cooperative Perception for Connected and Automated Vehicles
Train-Centric CBTC Meets Age of Information in Train-to-Train Communications
Koopman-Based Hybrid Modeling and Zonotopic Tube Robust MPC for Motion Control of Automated Vehicles
Erratum for "An Intelligent V2I-Based Traffic Management System"
On Recommending Opportunistic Rides
Variable Step-Size Discrete Dynamic Programming for Vehicle Speed Trajectory Optimization
Digital Twin Vision for Freight Railroads: A Case Study in North America
Sampled Radial Basis Function Neural Network Adaptive Observer-Based Platooning Control for Autonomous Vehicles With Cyber-Attacks
Hybrid Optimization Model for Multi-Hop Protocol of Linear Railway Disaster Wireless Monitoring Networks
Stackelberg Game-Based Multi-Agent Algorithm for Resource Allocation and Task Offloading in MEC-Enabled C-ITS
A Scheme for Protecting Source Location Privacy Based on Hierarchical Structure in Smart Ocean
Trajectory segmentation for the autonomous control of backward motion for truck and trailer
Powered Two-Wheelers Critical Events Detection and Recognition Using Data-Driven Approaches
Quasi-Dynamic Estimation of OD Flows From Traffic Counts Without Prior OD Matrix
A Dual-Cameras-Based Driver Gaze Mapping System With an Application on Non-Driving Activities Monitoring
C-FAR: A Compositional Framework for Anomaly Resolution in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Rigid Point Set Registration Based on Cubature Kalman Filter and Its Application in Intelligent Vehicles
A Dynamic Zoning Cooperative Control Method for Urban Road Traffic Flow in a Connected Traffic Environment
Correction to "High-Speed Rail Suspension System Health Monitoring Using Multi-Location Vibration Data"
A Lightweight Environment Vector Map Framework and Its Fast Lane-Level Navigation Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles
A Universal Control Scheme of Human-Like Steering in Multiple Driving Scenarios
Analytical Prediction of Self-Organized Traffic Jams as a Function of Increasing ACC Penetration
Non-Line-of-Sight Vehicle Localization Based on Sound
CDRP3: Cascade Deep Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving Safety With Joint Perception, Prediction, and Planning
A Novel Parameter Adaptive Dual Channel MSPCNN Based Single Image Dehazing for Intelligent Transportation Systems
Deep Background Modeling Using Fully Convolutional Network
A Semi-Conv-Transformer Model for Inflow Prediction of Newly Expanding Subway Lines
Using ITS to Improve the Capacity of Freeway Merging Sections by Transferring Freight Vehicles
Optimal Stochastic Eco-Routing Solutions for Electric Vehicles
A Data-Driven Method for Trip Ends Identification Using Large-Scale Smartphone-Based GPS Tracking Data
Ground-Texture-Based Localization for Intelligent Vehicles
Developing A Novel Dynamic Bus Lane Control Strategy With Eco-Driving Under Partially Connected Vehicle Environment
A Problem of Infrared Electronic-Toll-Collection Systems: The Irregularity of LED Radiation Pattern and Emitter Design