yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Convex Optimization via Symmetrical Hölder Divergence for a WLAN Indoor Positioning System
On the Low Degree of Entropy Implied by the Solutions of Modern Macroeconomic Models
Immunity in the ABM-DSGE Framework for Preventing and Controlling Epidemics - Validation of Results
Principle of Least Effort and Sentence Length in Public Speaking
Improving the Performance of Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via a Noiseless Linear Amplifier
On the Measurement of Randomness (Uncertainty): A More Informative Entropy
Coupled Information-Epidemic Spreading Dynamics with Selective Mass Media
Entropy-Fused Enhanced Symplectic Geometric Mode Decomposition for Hybrid Power Quality Disturbance Recognition
Modelling Cascading Failure in Complex CPSS to Inform Resilient Mission Assurance: An Intelligent Transport System Case Study
An Effective Flux Framework for Linear Irreversible Heat Engines: Case Study of a Thermoelectric Generator
A New Analytical Formulation for the Electrophoretic Mobility of a Colloidal Sphere
Clausius' Disgregation: A Conceptual Relic that Sheds Light on the Second Law
Burning Speed and Entropy Production Calculation of a Transient Expanding Spherical Laminar Flame Using a Thermodynamic Model
Fractal Derivatives, Fractional Derivatives and q-Deformed Calculus
Properties of Branch Length Similarity Entropy on the Network in R k
Simulating Finite-Time Isothermal Processes with Superconducting Quantum Circuits
Quantum Coherence and Purity in Dissipative Hydrogen Atoms: Insights from the Lindblad Master Equation
An Information Gain-Based Model and an Attention-Based RNN for Wearable Human Activity Recognition
Exploration of Resonant Modes for Circular and Polygonal Chladni Plates
Quadratic Growth of Out-of-Time-Ordered Correlators in Quantum Kicked Rotor Model
Trusted Threat Intelligence Sharing in Practice and Performance Benchmarking through the Hyperledger Fabric Platform
Extreme Fisher Information, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Reciprocity Relations
Writing, Proofreading and Editing in Information Theory
Link Prediction in Bipartite Nested Networks
Entropy-Based Multifractal Testing of Heart Rate Variability during Cognitive-Autonomic Interplay
An Analytical Technique, Based on Natural Transform to Solve Fractional-Order Parabolic Equations
Variationally Inferred Sampling through a Refined Bound
Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism
Local Feature Extraction and Information Bottleneck-Based Segmentation of Brain Magnetic Resonance (MR) Images
Distribution-Dependent Weighted Union Bound
Phylogenetic Weighting Does Little to Improve the Accuracy of Evolutionary Coupling Analyses
Enhancing Migraine Trigger Surprisal Predictions: A Bayesian Approach to Establishing Prospective Expectations
Harnessing the Power of Pre-Trained Models for Efficient Semantic Communication of Text and Images
The Dissipative Photochemical Origin of Life: UVC Abiogenesis of Adenine
Distance-Based Lempel-Ziv Complexity for the Analysis of Electroencephalograms in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
A Community Detection Model Based on Dynamic Propagation-Aware Multi-Hop Feature Aggregation
Hybrid Galam-Bass Model for Technology Innovation
FPGA-Based Implementation of Multidimensional Reconciliation Encoding in Quantum Key Distribution
Opening the AI Black Box: Distilling Machine-Learned Algorithms into Code
Ensemble Transductive Propagation Network for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Learning
A Dual Attention Encoding Network Using Gradient Profile Loss for Oil Spill Detection Based on SAR Images
Weighted-Permutation Entropy Analysis of Resting State EEG from Diabetics with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Achieving Verifiable Decision Tree Prediction on Hybrid Blockchains
Parker's Solar Wind Model for a Polytropic Gas
Compact Belief Rule Base Learning for Classification with Evidential Clustering
Thermoeconomic Optimum Operation Conditions of a Solar-driven Heat Engine Model
Impact of Quantum Non-Locality and Electronic Non-Ideality on the Shannon Entropy for Atomic States in Dense Plasma
Interpretation of Quantum Theory: The Quantum "Grue-Bleen" Problem
Some Trends in Quantum Thermodynamics
Assessing Coupling Dynamics from an Ensemble of Time Series
Complexity Analysis of Global Temperature Time Series
Adapting SAM2 Model from Natural Images for Tooth Segmentation in Dental Panoramic X-Ray Images
Information Dynamic Correlation of Vibration in Nonlinear Systems
Exponential Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems under Event-Triggered Impulsive Control with Actuation Delays
Intrinsic and Measured Information in Separable Quantum Processes
Node Deployment Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Virtual Force-Directed Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Evidence Theory
On Equivalence of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic and Statistical Entropies
Study of Wound Healing Dynamics by Single Pseudo-Particle Tracking in Phase Contrast Images Acquired in Time-Lapse
Quantum Oscillator at Temperature T and the Evolution of a Charged-Particle State in the Electric Field in the Probability Representation of Quantum Mechanics
A Data-Driven Preprocessing Framework for Atrial Fibrillation Intracardiac Electrocardiogram Analysis
An Optical Image Encryption Method Using Hopfield Neural Network
Mathematical Models of Consciousness
Connectivity Analysis for Multivariate Time Series: Correlation vs. Causality
Performance of Portfolios Based on the Expected Utility-Entropy Fund Rating Approach
Exergy Analysis of Fluidized Desiccant Cooling System
On Neural Networks Fitting, Compression, and Generalization Behavior via Information-Bottleneck-like Approaches
Modelling Study on Internal Energy Loss Due to Entropy Generation for Non-Darcy Poiseuille Flow of Silver-Water Nanofluid: An Application of Purification
Entropy and Network Centralities as Intelligent Tools for the Investigation of Terrorist Organizations
Shannon Entropy in LS-Coupled Configuration Space for Ni-like Isoelectronic Sequence
A Novel Co-Designed Multi-Domain Entropy and Its Dynamic Synapse Classification Approach for EEG Seizure Detection
Langevin Dynamics with Variable Coefficients and Nonconservative Forces: From Stationary States to Numerical Methods
Image Security Based on Three-Dimensional Chaotic System and Random Dynamic Selection
Information Difference of Transfer Entropies between Head Motion and Eye Movement Indicates a Proxy of Driving
Adaptive Switched Generalized Function Projective Synchronization between Two Hyperchaotic Systems with Unknown Parameters
Deformed Density Matrix and Quantum Entropy of the Black Hole
Classification of Kinematic and Electromyographic Signals Associated with Pathological Tremor Using Machine and Deep Learning
RIS-UNet: A Multi-Level Hierarchical Framework for Liver Tumor Segmentation in CT Images
Phase Competitions behind the Giant Magnetic Entropy Variation: Gd 5 Si 2 Ge 2 and Tb 5 Si 2 Ge 2 Case Studies
The Optimal Fix-Free Code for Anti-Uniform Sources
A Family of Optimal Linear Functional-Repair Regenerating Storage Codes
MVIB-Lip: Multi-View Information Bottleneck for Visual Speech Recognition via Time Series Modeling
Robust Trajectory Tracking Control for Continuous-Time Nonlinear Systems with State Constraints and Uncertain Disturbances
Coherence-Enhanced Single-Qubit Thermometry out of Equilibrium
Fluctuations in Extractable Work and Bounds on the Charging Power of Quantum Batteries
Adaptive CoCoLasso for High-Dimensional Measurement Error Models
Alloying and Processing Effects on the Aqueous Corrosion Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys
Low-Resolution ADCs for Two-Hop Massive MIMO Relay System under Rician Channels
Toward Learning Trustworthily from Data Combining Privacy, Fairness, and Explainability: An Application to Face Recognition
Contribution to Transfer Entropy Estimation via the k -Nearest-Neighbors Approach
Federated Quantum Machine Learning
Universality of Logarithmic Loss in Fixed-Length Lossy Compression
Memory Effects in High-Dimensional Systems Faithfully Identified by Hilbert-Schmidt Speed-Based Witness
Information-Theoretic Generalization Bounds for Batch Reinforcement Learning
On the Classical Capacity of General Quantum Gaussian Measurement
The Conditional Entropy Bottleneck
Risk Assessment and Decision-Making under Uncertainty in Tunnel and Underground Engineering
Optimum Expanded Fraction for an Industrial, Collins-Based Nitrogen Liquefaction Cycle
Impact of Coronavirus Outbreaks on Science and Society: Insights from Temporal Bibliometry of SARS and COVID-19
Ultrasound Detection of Scatterer Concentration by Weighted Entropy
Thermodynamics of a Phase-Driven Proximity Josephson Junction
GIS Partial Discharge Pattern Recognition Based on a Novel Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory
Alteration of the Intra- and Inter-Lobe Connectivity of the Brain Structural Network in Normal Aging
Entropy Generation through Deterministic Spiral Structures in a Corner Boundary-Layer Flow
Lower Bounds on Multivariate Higher Order Derivatives of Differential Entropy
Unextendible Mutually Unbiased Bases (after Mandayam, Bandyopadhyay, Grassl and Wootters)
On the κ -Deformed Cyclic Functions and the Generalized Fourier Series in the Framework of the κ -Algebra
Symmetry and Correspondence of Algorithmic Complexity over Geometric, Spatial and Topological Representations
BiEntropy, TriEntropy and Primality
Multi-Additivity in Kaniadakis Entropy
Structure Learning of Bayesian Network Based on Adaptive Thresholding
Groupwise Non-Rigid Registration with Deep Learning: An Affordable Solution Applied to 2D Cardiac Cine MRI Reconstruction
Short-Time Propagators and the Born-Jordan Quantization Rule
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Irreversibilities in Solar Absorption Refrigerators
Effects of Radiation Heat Transfer on Entropy Generation at Thermosolutal Convection in a Square Cavity Subjected to a Magnetic Field
A Unified Lattice Boltzmann Model for Fourth Order Partial Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients
A Simple Thermodynamic Model of the Internal Convective Zone of the Earth
Sample Entropy of Human Gait Center of Pressure Displacement: A Systematic Methodological Analysis
Dynamics of Information Flow between the Chinese A-Share Market and the U.S. Stock Market: From the 2008 Crisis to the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
Spatial Organization of the Gene Regulatory Program: An Information Theoretical Approach to Breast Cancer Transcriptomics
Glassy States of Aging Social Networks
Leadership Hijacking in Docker Swarm and Its Consequences
Multi-View Travel Time Prediction Based on Electronic Toll Collection Data
Information-Geometric Approach for a One-Sided Truncated Exponential Family
Enhanced Slime Mould Algorithm for Multilevel Thresholding Image Segmentation Using Entropy Measures
The Maximum Entropy Production Principle and Linear Irreversible Processes
Secret Sharing and Shared Information
Quantification of Information Exchange in Idealized and Climate System Applications
Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics. Ashley H. Carter
A Novel Edge Cache-Based Private Set Intersection Protocol via Lightweight Oblivious PRF
DFTSA-Net: Deep Feature Transfer-Based Stacked Autoencoder Network for DME Diagnosis
Dynamic Heat Dissipation Model of Distributed Parameters for Oil-Directed and Air-Forced Traction Transformers and Its Experimental Validation
Analyzing Information Distribution in Complex Systems
Designing an Environmental Wind Tunnel Cooling System for High-Speed Trains with Air Compression Cooling and a Sensitivity Analysis of Design Parameters
Anisotropic Diffusion in Driven Convection Arrays
Computing Integrated Information (Φ) in Discrete Dynamical Systems with Multi-Valued Elements
Entropy in Brain Networks
A Statistical Thermodynamical Interpretation of Metabolism
Inspecting Non-Perturbative Contributions to the Entanglement Entropy via Wavefunctions
About the Concept of Quantum Chaos
Ref-MEF: Reference-Guided Flexible Gated Image Reconstruction Network for Multi-Exposure Image Fusion
Comparative Analysis of Energy and Exergy Performance of Hydrogen Production Methods
PCA-Based Matrix CFAR Detection for Radar Target
State Entropy and Differentiation Phenomenon
Entropy and Computation: The Landauer-Bennett Thesis Reexamined
Nonlinearities in Elliptic Curve Authentication
Image Encryption Scheme Based on Orbital Shift Pixels Shuffling with ILM Chaotic System
Two Levels of Integrated Information Theory: From Autonomous Systems to Conscious Life
Transactional Interpretation and the Generalized Poisson Distribution
Kappa Distributions and Isotropic Turbulence
Evolution towards Linguistic Coherence in Naming Game with Migrating Agents
Research on Fault Extraction Method of Variational Mode Decomposition Based on Immunized Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm
Static Isolated Horizons: SU(2) Invariant Phase Space, Quantization, and Black Hole Entropy
Improving Robustness of High-Low-Order Coupled Networks against Malicious Attacks Based on a Simulated Annealing Algorithm
Reply to Rourk, C. Comment on "Albantakis et al. Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism. Entropy 2023, 25, 449"
Simulating the Evolution of von Neumann Entropy in Black Hole Hawking Radiation Using Biphoton Entanglement
Tight and Scalable Side-Channel Attack Evaluations through Asymptotically Optimal Massey-like Inequalities on Guessing Entropy
"Yet Once More": The Double-Slit Experiment and Quantum Discontinuity
From Random Numbers to Random Objects
Personalized Privacy Assistant: Identity Construction and Privacy in the Internet of Things
Causal Factor Disentanglement for Few-Shot Domain Adaptation in Video Prediction
On the Calculation of Solid-Fluid Contact Angles from Molecular Dynamics
Entropy of Weighted Graphs with Randi'c Weights
Sensorless Pose Determination Using Randomized Action Sequences
A Time Two-Mesh Compact Difference Method for the One-Dimensional Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Design and Optimization of Linking Matrix for a JSCC System Based on DP-LDPC Codes
EEG Fractal Analysis Reflects Brain Impairment after Stroke
On the Energy-Distortion Tradeoff of Gaussian Broadcast Channels with Feedback
Information Hiding Based on Statistical Features of Self-Organizing Patterns
Conformity and Mass Media Influence in the Sznajd Model on Regular Lattices
Quantum Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations, Generalized Current Fluctuations and Nonequilibrium Fluctuation-Dissipation Inequalities
The Role of the Individual in the Social Information Process
Association between Multiscale Entropy Characteristics of Heart Rate Variability and Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients with Permanent Atrial Fibrillation
Fuzzy Shannon Entropy: A Hybrid GIS-Based Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Method
Simulations of the Characteristics of the Entropy Mode in Dipole-Magnetic-Confined Plasmas
Averaged Extended Tree Augmented Naive Classifier
Effect of Ergodic and Non-Ergodic Fluctuations on a Charge Diffusing in a Stochastic Magnetic Field
The Optimal Evaporation Temperature of Subcritical ORC Based on Second Law Efficiency for Waste Heat Recovery
Thermodynamic Fluid Equations-of-State
Discrepancies between Conventional Multiscale Entropy and Modified Short-Time Multiscale Entropy of Photoplethysmographic Pulse Signals in Middle- and Old- Aged Individuals with or without Diabetes
Kinetic Theory of Self-Propelled Particles with Nematic Alignment
Biosynthesized Silica Nanosuspension as Thermal Fluid in Parabolic Solar Panels
Long-Range Electron Transport Donor-Acceptor in Nonlinear Lattices
F-Wave Extraction from Single-Lead Electrocardiogram Signals with Atrial Fibrillation by Utilizing an Optimized Resonance-Based Signal Decomposition Method
Information Bottleneck Driven Deep Video Compression - IBOpenDVCW
Cryptanalyzing and Improving an Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Dual Scrambling of Pixel Position and Bit
Provably Secure Symmetric Private Information Retrieval with Quantum Cryptography
Measuring Integrated Information: Comparison of Candidate Measures in Theory and Simulation
Measuring the Effectiveness of Adaptive Random Forest for Handling Concept Drift in Big Data Streams
Implications of Non-Differentiable Entropy on a Space-Time Manifold
A Novel Numerical Approach for a Nonlinear Fractional Dynamical Model of Interpersonal and Romantic Relationships
The Impact of Linear Filter Preprocessing in the Interpretation of Permutation Entropy
Improved Aerodynamics of a Hollow-Blade Axial Flow Fan by Controlling the Leakage Flow Rate by Air Injection at the Rotating Shroud
A Partial Information Decomposition for Multivariate Gaussian Systems Based on Information Geometry
Singing Voice Detection: A Survey
A Hybrid Cooperative Coding Scheme for the Relay-Eavesdropper Channel
Low-Complexity Alternatives to the Optimal Linear Coding Scheme for Transmitting ARMA Sources
Improvement of Error Correction in Nonequilibrium Information Dynamics
Some Divergence Properties of Asset Price Models
Square Root Statistics of Density Matrices and Their Applications
Neural Network-Based Prediction for Secret Key Rate of Underwater Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution through a Seawater Channel
Some Notes on Maximum Entropy Utility
Shannon Entropy as an Indicator for Sorting Processes in Hydrothermal Systems
Tavis-Cummings Model with Moving Atoms
A Chain, a Bath, a Sink, and a Wall
Violations of Hyperscaling in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena - In Memory of Prof. Ralph Kenna
A Novel and Fast Encryption System Based on Improved Josephus Scrambling and Chaotic Mapping
Market of Stocks during Crisis Looks Like a Flock of Birds
Wavelet Entropy Based Analysis and Forecasting of Crude Oil Price Dynamics
Robust Deep Active Learning via Distance-Measured Data Mixing and Adversarial Training
Coding for Large-Scale Distributed Machine Learning
Second Law and Non-Equilibrium Entropy of Schottky Systems - Doubts and Verification-
Efficient Entanglement Swapping in Quantum Networks for Multi-User Scenarios
Limit Laws for Sums of Logarithms of k-Spacings
The Homological Nature of Entropy
Control of the Geometric Phase in Two Open Qubit-Cavity Systems Linked by a Waveguide
Minimum Entropy Active Fault Tolerant Control of the Non-Gaussian Stochastic Distribution System Subjected to Mean Constraint
On the Statistical Properties of Multiscale Permutation Entropy: Characterization of the Estimator's Variance
Unitarity and Page Curve for Evaporation of 2D AdS Black Holes
Synchronization of Kuromoto Oscillators on Simplicial Complexes: Hysteresis, Cluster Formation and Partial Synchronization
Towards the Simplest Model of Quantum Supremacy: Atomic Boson Sampling in a Box Trap
Revisiting the Surface Brightness Profile of the Stellar Disk with the Statistical Mechanics of the Self-Gravitating System with the Central Body
Spectral Clustering Community Detection Algorithm Based on Point-Wise Mutual Information Graph Kernel
Spin Glasses in a Field Show a Phase Transition Varying the Distance among Real Replicas (And How to Exploit It to Find the Critical Line in a Field)
Cross-Entropy Method for Content Placement and User Association in Cache-Enabled Coordinated Ultra-Dense Networks
Statistical Lyapunov Theory Based on Bifurcation Analysis of Energy Cascade in Isotropic Homogeneous Turbulence: A Physical-Mathematical Review
Generalization of the Landauer Principle for Computing Devices Based on Many-Valued Logic
Properties of Maxentropic DNA Synthesis Codes
Quantum Synchronization and Entanglement of Dissipative Qubits Coupled to a Resonator
Feasibility Studies of Charge Exchange Measurements in pp Collisions at the LHC
Distance-Based Knowledge Measure for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets with Its Application in Decision Making
A Maximum Entropy Modelling of the Rain Drop Size Distribution
Single-Channel FMCW-Radar-Based Multi-Passenger Occupancy Detection Inside Vehicle
Probability Theory as a Physical Theory Points to Superdeterminism
Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Equation Approach to Systems of Interacting Particles: Thermostatistical Features Related to the Range of the Interactions
Nonparametric Problem-Space Clustering: Learning Efficient Codes for Cognitive Control Tasks
On Shock Propagation through Double-Bend Ducts by Entropy-Generation-Based Artificial Viscosity Method
Time Series Complexities and Their Relationship to Forecasting Performance
Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image Based on (7, 4) Hamming Code and UnitSmooth Detection
Economies Evolve by Energy Dispersal
A New Class of Retrocausal Models
Circuit Design in Biology and Machine Learning. II. Anomaly Detection
Learning the Macroscopic Flow Model of Short Fiber Suspensions from Fine-Scale Simulated Data
Virtual Network Embedding Based on Topology Potential
An Integral Representation of the Logarithmic Function with Applications in Information Theory
Exploring Entropy Measurements to Identify Multi-Occupancy in Activities of Daily Living
Perturbed and Unperturbed: Analyzing the Conservatively Perturbed Equilibrium (Linear Case)
On the Transient Queue with the Dropping Function
A Preprocessing Manifold Learning Strategy Based on t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding
On Thermodynamics Problems in the Single-Phase-Lagging Heat Conduction Model
Detection of Anticipatory Dynamics between a Pair of Zebrafish
An Optimized Encryption Storage Scheme for Blockchain Data Based on Cold and Hot Blocks and Threshold Secret Sharing
Incipient Fault Feature Extraction for Rotating Machinery Based on Improved AR-Minimum Entropy Deconvolution Combined with Variational Mode Decomposition Approach
Low Entropy Sub-Networks Prevent the Integration of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Data
Constructal Optimizations for Heat and Mass Transfers Based on the Entransy Dissipation Extremum Principle, Performed at the Naval University of Engineering: A Review
In Praise of Quantum Uncertainty
Generation and Nonlinear Dynamical Analyses of Fractional-Order Memristor-Based Lorenz Systems
A Real-Time Fault Diagnosis Method for Multi-Source Heterogeneous Information Fusion Based on Two-Level Transfer Learning
On the Growth Rate of Non-Enzymatic Molecular Replicators
On Optimization of a Non-Endorreversible Curzon-Ahlborn Cycle
Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Epidemic Discrete Dynamic System Based on Tsallis Entropy
An Entropy-Based Knowledge Measure for Atanassov's Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Its Application to Multiple Attribute Decision Making
Algorithmics, Possibilities and Limits of Ordinal Pattern Based Entropies
Informational Entropy of B-ary Trees after a Vertex Cut
An Entropic Analysis of Social Demonstrations
Mathematical Models to Measure the Variability of Nodes and Networks in Team Sports
Wireless Network Optimization for Federated Learning with Model Compression in Hybrid VLC/RF Systems
A New Local Fractional Entropy-Based Model for Kidney MRI Image Enhancement
Viewpoint Selection for 3D-Games with f-Divergences
Natural Time Analysis: The Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of the Order Parameter Fluctuations Minima Preceding Major Earthquakes
Dual-Domain Fusion Convolutional Neural Network for Contrast Enhancement Forensics
Singular Spectrum Analysis for Background Initialization with Spatio-Temporal RGB Color Channel Data
Economic Cycles of Carnot Type
Brief Review on the Connection between the Micro-Canonical Ensemble and the Sq-Canonical Probability Distribution
PAC-Bayes Unleashed: Generalisation Bounds with Unbounded Losses
Exponentially Weighted Multivariate HAR Model with Applications in the Stock Market
Quantum Chaos, Random Matrices, and Irreversibility in Interacting Many-Body Quantum Systems
SP-IGAN: An Improved GAN Framework for Effective Utilization of Semantic Priors in Real-World Image Super-Resolution
Hybrid CUSUM Change Point Test for Time Series with Time-Varying Volatilities Based on Support Vector Regression
Joint Content Recommendation and Delivery in Mobile Wireless Networks with Outage Management
A Study on the Hall-Petch Relationship and Grain Growth Kinetics in FCC-Structured High/Medium Entropy Alloys
Entropy-Based Applications in Economics, Finance, and Management
Compositional Sequence Generation in the Entorhinal-Hippocampal System
A Nonvolatile Fractional Order Memristor Model and its Complex Dynamics
Probability via Expectation Measures