yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Designing the process model of steam superheating in a power boiler and the adaptive control system which controls this process
Reference Trajectory Based SMC of DCDC Buck Converter
Floating Oil Platform Model with Dynamic Positioning and Reference System
Fault Detection and Isolation of Distributed Inverter-Based Microgrids
Batch Algorithm for Balancing the Air Bearing Platform
Petri Networks for Mechanized Longwall System Simulation
Camera in the control loop - methods and selected industrial applications
Iterative Learning Control for a discretized sub-class of spatially interconnected systems
Planar Features for Accurate Laser-Based 3-D SLAM in Urban Environments
A Comparison of LQR and MPC Control Algorithms of an Inverted Pendulum
Modeling dynamical systems using neural networks and random linear projections
Defining the Optimal Number of Actuators for Active Device Noise Reduction Applications
Applicability of Artificial Robotic Skin for Industrial Manipulators
Development and Modelling of a Laboratory Ball on Plate Process
Controlling the Posture of a Humanoid Robot
A System for Detection of Pressure Leaks
BlurNet: Keeping Collected Data Private with a Neural Network Based Pipeline
Root-locus Design of PID Controller for an Unstable Plant
Autonomous Ship Utility Model Parameter Estimation Utilising Extended Kalman Filter
Security-Oriented Fault-Tolerance in Systems Engineering: A Conceptual Threat Modelling Approach for Cyber-Physical Production Systems
Simple example of dual control problem with almost analytical solution
Control of a Nonlinear and Linearized Model of Self-balancing Electric Motorcycle
Implementation of Analytical Generalized Predictive Controller for Very Fast Applications Using Microcontrollers: Preliminary Results
On a Solution of an Optimal Control Problem for a Linear Fractional-Order System
Robust Controller Based on Kharitonov Theorem for Bicycle with CMG
Residual Error Shaping in Active Noise Control - A Case Study
SoftFRAC - Matlab Library for Realization of Fractional Order Dynamic Elements
Comparison of Different Course Controllers of Biomimetic Underwater Vehicle with Two Tail Fins
Development of Control Modes Used in Manipulator for Remote USG Examination
Rational Transfer Function Approximation Model for 2 ˟ 2 Hyperbolic Systems with Collocated Boundary Inputs
A new method of multi-inertial systems identification by the Strejc model
Prototype vision-based system for the supervision of the glass melting process: implementation for industrial environment
An Algebraic Approach to Solving the Problem of Identification by the Use of Modulating Functions and Convolution Filter. Glass Conditioning Process
Trends in Advanced Intelligent Control, Optimization and Automation - Proceedings of KKA 2017 - The 19th Polish Control Conference, Kraków, Poland, June 18-21, 2017
Modelling, Simulation and Optimization of the Wavemaker in a Towing Tank
Evolutionary music composition system with statistically modeled criteria
Controllability of Higher Order Linear Systems with Multiple Delays in Control
Global Stability of Positive Discrete-Time Standard and Fractional Nonlinear Systems with Scalar Feedbacks
Linear High-Gain Correction Observer in Nonlinear Control
Identification of Discrete-Time Model of Active Magnetic Levitation System
A New Fuzzy Logic Decoupling Scheme for TITO Systems
Determining and verifying the safety integrity level with security aspects
Selection of Methods for Intuitive, Haptic Control of the Underwater Vehicle's Manipulator
The clipped LQ control oriented on driving safety of a half-car model with magnetorheological dampers
Error-Based Active Disturbance Rejection Altitude/Attitude Control of a Quadrotor UAV
Control of the Inverted Pendulum Using Quickly Adjustable, Discrete FOPID Controller
A data granulation model for searching knowledge about diagnosed objects
Local Path Planning for Autonomous Mobile Robot Based on APF-BUG Algorithm with Ground Quality Indicator
Path Controller for Ships with Switching Approach
Biological Models' Parameter Estimation Based on Discrete Measurements and Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis
Intelligent system supporting diagnosis of malignant melanoma
Grey Wolf Optimizer in Design Process of Stable Neural Controller - Theoretical Background and Experiment
The Concept of the Control System for the A-EVE Autonomous Electric Vehicle
Relationship between controllability of standard and fractional linear systems
Optimization of Combined Anticancer Treatment Using Models With Multiple Control Delays
The QDMC Model Predictive Controller for the Nuclear Power Plant Steam Turbine Control
Design of modified PID controllers for 3D crane control
Systems Approach Based on Petri Nets as a Method for Modeling and Analysis of Complex Biological Systems Presented on the Example of Atherosclerosis Development Process
Accuracy Estimation of the Fractional, Discrete-Continuous Model of the One-Dimensional Heat Transfer Process
On Linearizability Conditions for Non-autonomous Control Systems
Model of Aeration System at Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant for Control Design Purposes
Detection of State-Multiplicative Faults in Discrete-Time Linear Systems
Detection of atypical elements with fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy evaluations
A Formal Approach for the Verification of Control Systems in Autonomous Driving Applications
Diagnostics of Processes - Cloud Concept Study
Fault-Tolerant Tracking Control for Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Systems Under Actuator and Sensor Faults
Tracking Objects Using Stereo Vision System with Vergence and Gaze Control Mechanism
Sensitivity Analysis of Optimal Control Parabolic Systems with Retardations
Comparison of the feedforward control design methods for nonminimum-phase LTI SISO systems with application to the double-drum coiling machine
Learning filter design for ILC schemes using FIR approximation over a finite frequency range
Remarks on descriptor fractional-order systems with l-memory and its stability in Lyapunov sense
The k-opt algorithm analysis. The flexible job shop case
A Classification of Feedback Linearizable Mechanical Systems with 2 Degrees of Freedom
Hybrid Newton Observer in Analysis of Glucose Regulation System for ICU Patients
Graph description of the process and its applications
Automated Recognition of Sports Scores using PyTessaract OCR and CNN: SportsVideo Task at MediaEval 2023
TIB's Visual Analytics Group at MediaEval '20: Detecting Fake News on Corona Virus and 5G Conspiracy
Short Text Classification using TF-IDF Features and Fast Text Learner
Multi-Modal Ensemble Models for Predicting Video Memorability
MediaEval 2017 AcousticBrainz Genre Task: Multilayer Perceptron Approach
MediaEval 2014 Visual Privacy Task: De-identification and Re-identification of Subjects in CCTV
Emotion and Theme Recognition of Music Using Convolutional Neural Networks
A Regression Approach to Movie Rating Prediction Using Multimedia Content and Metadata
Emotional Mario Task at MediaEval 2021
LAPI @ 2016 Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task: A Pseudo-Relevance Feedback Diversification Perspective
Eyes and Ears Together: New Task for Multimodal Spoken Content Analysis
DCU-ADAPT at MediaEval 2019: GameStory
UWCL at MediaEval 2013: Similar Segments in Social Speech Task
Automatic Polyp Segmentation Using Channel-Spatial Attention with Deep Supervision
TALP at MediaEval 2011 Placing Task: Georeferencing Flickr videos with geographical knowledge and information retrieval
NTU System at MediaEval 2015: Zero Resource Query by Example Spoken Term Detection using Deep and Recurrent Neural Networks
Cross-modal Interaction for Video Memorability Prediction
The MediaEval 2014 Affect Task: Violent Scenes Detection
The MediaEval 2016 Emotional Impact of Movies Task
SpeeD @ MediaEval 2014: Spoken Term Detection with Robust Multilingual Phone Recognition
CUNI at MediaEval 2014 Search and Hyperlinking Task: Search Task Experiments
Detecting Conspiracy Tweets Using Support Vector Machines
A Unified Framework for Retrieving Diverse Social Images
Event Clustering and Classification from Social Media: Watershed-based and Kernel Methods
Overview of MediaEval 2011 Rich Speech Retrieval Task and Genre Tagging Task
MediaEval 2018 AcousticBrainz Genre Task: A Baseline Combining Deep Feature Embeddings Across Datasets
CNN Features for Emotional Impact of Movies Task
The MediaEval 2017 AcousticBrainz Genre Task: Content-based Music Genre Recognition from Multiple Sources
BMC@MediaEval 2017 Multimedia Satellite Task via Regression Random Forest
Baseline Method for the Sport Task of MediaEval 2023 3D CNNs using Attention Mechanisms for Table Tennis Stoke Detection and Classification
CERTH at MediaEval Placing Task 2013
MediaEval 2020: An Ensemble-based Multimodal Approach for Coronavirus and 5G Conspiracy Tweet Detection
ININ Submission to Zero Cost ASR Task at MediaEval 2016
Textual Analysis for Video Memorability Prediction
Synchronizing Multi-User Photo Galleries with MRF
PKU-AIPL' Solution for MediaEval 2015 Emotion in Music Task
MediaEval 2014 Visual Privacy Task: Context-Aware Visual Privacy Protection
A Two-step Approach to Video Retrieval based on ASR transcriptions
Identifying Misinformation Spreaders: A Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Approach
Ensemble of Texture Features for Finding Abnormalities in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract
Show and Recall @ MediaEval 2018 ViMemNet: Predicting Video Memorability
ELiRF at MediaEval 2013: Similar Segments in Social Speech Task
Retrieving Diverse Social Images at MediaEval 2016: Challenge, Dataset and Evaluation
Predicting Memorability via Early Fusion Deep Neural Network
Multimodal Image Geocoding: The 2013 RECOD's Approach
Context of Experience - MediaEval Submission of ITEC / AAU
Use Visual Features From Surrounding Scenes to Improve Personal Air Quality Data Prediction Performance
GIBIS at MediaEval 2018: Predicting Media Memorability Task
A Data-Driven Approach for Social Event Detection
BUT2012 Approaches for Spoken Web Search - MediaEval 2012
Shape and Color-aware Privacy Protection
Real-time entropic unsupervised violent scenes detection in Hollywood movies - DYNI @ MediaEval Affect Task 2011
MediaEval Benchmark: Social Event Detection in collaborative photo collections
The Placing Task at MediaEval 2015
Multi-modal Deep Learning Approach for Flood Detection
IRISA at MediaEval 2015: Search and Anchoring in Video Archives Task
Social Event Detection with clustering and filtering
Multimodal Approach to Predicting Media Memorability
DAI Lab at MediaEval 2012 Affect Task: The Detection of Violent Scenes using Affective Features
HCMUS at Pixel Privacy 2019: Scene Category Protection with Back Propagation and Image Enhancement
The Impact of Transformers Ensemble on Model Memorability and Generalizability
MediaEval 2013 Visual Privacy Task: Physics-Based Technique for Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Videos
FAR at MediaEval 2014 Violent Scenes Detection: A Concept-based Fusion Approach
The Shanghai-Hongkong Team at MediaEval2012: Violent Scene Detection Using Trajectory-based Features
UNED at MediaEval 2011: Can Delicious help us to improve automatic video tagging?
HCMUS at MediaEval2021: Polyps Segmentation using TransFuse with Focal Tversky Loss
Social Event Detection at MediaEval 2011: Challenges, dataset and evaluation
Medico Multimedia Task at MediaEval 2018
Preliminary Exploration of the Use of Geographical Information for Content-based Geo-tagging of Social Video
The Telefonica Research Spoken Web Search System for MediaEval 2013
Towards Learning Emotional Subspace
CUHK System for QUESST Task of MediaEval 2014
An Empirical Exploration of Perceived Similarity between News Article Texts and Images
Cross-modal Networks, Fine-Tuning, Data Augmentation and Dual Softmax Operation for MediaEval NewsImages 2023
The MediaEval 2012 Affect Task: Violent Scenes Detection
Transfer Learning for Video Memorability Prediction
RUC at MediaEval 2017: Predicting Media Interestingness Task
Retrieval of Diverse Images by Pre-filtering and Hierarchical Clustering
Overview of The MediaEval 2022 Predicting Video Memorability Task
The 2018 Medico Multimedia Task Submission of Team NOAT Using Neural Network Features and Search-based Classification
Working Notes Proceedings of the MediaEval 2022 Workshop, Bergen, Norway and Online, 12-13 January 2023
CUNI at MediaEval 2013 Search and Hyperlinking Task
Zero-Cost Speech Recognition Task at Mediaeval 2016
Working Notes Proceedings of the MediaEval 2021 Workshop, Online, 13-15 December 2021
RECOD at MediaEval 2014: Violent Scenes Detection Task
The 2019 Multimedia for Recommender System Task: MovieREC and NewsREEL at MediaEval
CEA LIST's Participation at the MediaEval 2014 Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task
An Inception-like CNN Architecture for GI Disease and Anatomical Landmark Classification
LACS System Analysis on Retrieval Models for the MediaEval 2014 Search and Hyperlinking Task
Multimodal Deep Learning for Transboundary Haze Prediction
You Said It? How Mis- and Disinformation Tweets Surrounding the Corona-5G-Conspiracy Communicate Through Implying
Retrieving Social Images using Relevance Filtering and Diverse Selection
Stravinsqi/De Montfort University at the MediaEval 2014 C@merata Task
Predicting Affect in Music Using Regression Methods on Low Level Features
KIT at MediaEval 2012 - Content - based Genre Classification with Visual Cues
The L2F Spoken Web Search system for Mediaeval 2012
On The Pursuit of Fake News : Graph Neural Network meets NLP
The Predicting Media Memorability Task at MediaEval 2019
UNED @ Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task
NLE@MediaEval'17: Combining Cross-Media Similarity and Embeddings for Retrieving Diverse Social Images
OHSU @ MediaEval 2015: Adapting Textual Techniques to Multimedia Search
THUHCSI in MediaEval 2018 Emotional Impact of Movies Task
How Spatial Segmentation improves the Multimodal Geo-Tagging
HUCVL at MediaEval 2016: Predicting Interesting Key Frames with Deep Models
Working Notes for the Placing Task at MediaEval 2012
Multi-Scale Approaches to the MediaEval 2015 "Emotion in Music" Task
Integrated Multi-stage Contextual Attention Network for Text-Image Matching
TUB @ MediaEval 2011 Genre Tagging Task: Prediction using bag-of-words approaches
UNED-UV @ Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task
DCU Linking Runs at MediaEval 2014: Search and Hyperlinking Task
Technicolor@MediaEval 2016 Predicting Media Interestingness Task
LIA @ MediaEval 2013 MusiClef Task: A Combined Thematic and Acoustic Approach
Multilingual Text-Image Olfactory Object Matching Based on Object Detection
Healthism@MediaEval 2019 - Insights for Wellbeing Task: Factors Related to Subjective and Objective Health
Geo_ML @ MediaEval Placing Task 2015
IM-JAIC at MediaEval 2018 Emotional Impact of Movies Task
A Comparison of Deep Learning with Global Features for Gastrointestinal Disease Detection
Out-of-the-box strategy for Rich Speech Retrieval MediaEval 2011
Audio-Visual content description for video genre classification in the context of social media
The ICL-TUM-PASSAU Approach for the MediaEval 2015 "Affective Impact of Movies" Task
HCMUS at MediaEval 2020: Emotion Classification Using Wavenet Feature with SpecAugment and EfficientNet
Enriching Content Analysis of Tweets Using Community Discovery Graph Analysis
MediaEval 2015: JKU-Tinnitus Approach to Emotion in Music Task
The Flood-Related Multimedia Task at MediaEval 2020
Recognizing Song Mood and Theme: Leveraging Ensembles of Tag Groups
Introduction to a Task on Context of Experience: Recommending Videos Suiting a Watching Situation
News Images in MediaEval 2020
Deep Embedding-based Multimodal Matching for News Articles: Exploring the Effects of Transfer Learning & Data Augmentation
Investigating the Performance of the CLIP Model and Concept Matching in Text-Image Retrieval Systems
The VMU Participation @ Verifying Multimedia Use 2016
TNKG at the MediaEval 2015 C@merata Task
SAVA at MediaEval 2015: Search and Anchoring in Video Archives
Overview of MediaEval 2019: Insights for Wellbeing TaskMultimodal Personal Health Lifelog Data Analysis
Combining Tweets and Connections Graph for FakeNews Detection at MediaEval 2022
Overview of the MediaEval 2014 Visual Privacy Task
Adversarial Photo Frame: Concealing Sensitive Scene Information of Social Images in a User-Acceptable Manner
Evaluating Prosody-Based Similarity Models for Information Retrieval
Affective Feature Design and Predicting Continuous Affective Dimensions from Music
Pursuing a Moving Target: Iterative Use of Benchmarking of a Task to Understand the Task
Social Event Detection Via Sparse Multi-modal Feature Selection and Incremental Density Based Clustering
RECOD Working Notes for Placing Task MediaEval 2011
Leveraging Egocentric and Surrounding Environment Data to Adaptively Measure a Personal Air Qality Index
TUD-MMC at MediaEval 2016: Predicting Media Interestingness Task
LAPI @ Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task 2013: Qualitative Photo Retrieval using Multimedia Content
Sports Video Classification: Classification of Strokes in Table Tennis for MediaEval 2020
Data-Driven Flood Detection using Neural Networks
Flood detection using Social Media Data and Spectral Regression based Kernel Discriminant Analysis
Modelling of Video Memorability using Ensemble Learning and Transformers
Introducing the Sky and the Social Eye
Optimizing Visual Pairings: A CLIP Framework for Precision News Image Rematching
Spoken Web Search
LAPI at MediaEval 2017 - Predicting Media Interestingness
Time-continuous Estimation of Emotion in Music with Recurrent Neural Networks
HITS and IRISA at MediaEval 2013: Search and Hyperlinking Task
GTTS Systems for the SWS Task at MediaEval 2013
Don't Just Drop Them: Function Words as Features in COVID-19 Related Fake News Classification on Twitter
WISC at MediaEval 2017: Multimedia Satellite Task
MeVer team tackling Corona virus and Conspiracies using Ensemble Classification
Deep Learning Models for Passability Detection of Flooded Roads
Addressing Generalization Failure in Deep Detection Models for Fishing Trawler Video Analytics
Query by Example Search on Speech at Mediaeval 2015
Bigger Networks are not Always Better: Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Polyp Segmentation
Scene Change Task: Take me to Paris
Disaster based Visual Sentiment Analysis using Deep Learning
LIG at MediaEval 2011 affect task: use of a generic method
HFFD: Hybrid Fusion Based Multimodal Flood Relevance Detection
DCU Linking Runs at MediaEval 2013: Search and Hyperlinking Task
Learning Memorability Preserving Subspace for Predicting Media Memorability
Predictive Uncertainty Masks from Deep Ensembles in Automated Polyp Segmentation
Exploiting Visual-based Intent Classification for Diverse Social Image Retrieval
Image-Text Re-Matching Using Swin Transformer and DistilBERT
Frame the Crowd: Global Visual Features Labeling boosted with Crowdsourcing Information
Siamese Spatio-Temporal Convolutional Neural Network for Stroke Classification in Table Tennis Games
Social Event Detection at MediaEval 2014: Challenges, Datasets, and Evaluation
Depth-Wise Separable Atrous Convolution for Polyps Segmentation in Gastro-Intestinal Tract
Ensemble U-Net Model for Efficient Polyp Segmentation
Combining Textual and Visual Modeling for Predicting Media Memorability
The TUM Approach to the MediaEval Music Emotion Task Using Generic Affective Audio Features
Baseline Method for the Sport Task of MediaEval 2022 with 3D CNNs using Attention Mechanism
Visual Sentiment Analysis Multiplying Deep learning and Vision Transformers
The Multimedia Satellite Task at MediaEval 2018
UNIZA System for the "Emotion in Music" task at MediaEval 2015
Textual Concept Expansion for Text-Image Matching within Online News Content
HCMUS-Juniors 2020 at Medico Task in MediaEval 2020: Refined Deep Neural Network and U-Net for Polyps Segmentation
DUT-MMSR at MediaEval 2017: Predicting Media Interestingness Task
Emerging News task: Detecting emerging events from social media and news feeds
Recording and Analyzing Benchmarking Results: The Aims of the MediaEval Working Notes Proceedings
THU-HCSI at MediaEval 2016: Emotional Impact of Movies Task
MediaEval 2016 Predicting Media Interestingness Task
Medico Multimedia Task at MediaEval 2022: Transparent Tracking of Spermatozoa
KD-ResUNet++: Automatic Polyp Segmentation via Self-Knowledge Distillation
TUD-MMC at MediaEval 2016: Context of Experience task
Detecting Fake News Conspiracies with Multitask and Prompt-Based Learning
MIRACL's participation at MediaEval 2014 Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task
Multi-Level Cartooning for Context-Aware Privacy Protection in Visual Sensor Networks
Automatic Polyp Segmentation Using Fully Convolutional Neural Network
The Spoken Web Search Task
Recod @ MediaEval 2014: Diverse Social Images Retrieval
Visual Topic Modelling for NewsImage Task at MediaEval 2021
The C@merata task at MediaEval 2016: Natural Language Queries Derived from Exam Papers, Articles and Other Sources against Classical Music Scores in MusicXML
UAB at MediaEval 2011: Genre Tagging Task
MCG-ICT at MediaEval 2016 Verifying Tweets from both Text and Visual Content
PUCMinas and IRISA at Multimodal Person Discovery
RUCMM at MediaEval 2015 Affective Impact of Movies Task: Fusion of Audio and Visual Cues
Retrieving Relevant and Diverse Image from Social Media Images
MCG-ICT at MediaEval 2015: Verifying Multimedia Use with a Two-Level Classification Model
Pixel Privacy 2019: Protecting Sensitive Scene Information in Images
IRISA at MediaEval 2012: Search and Hyperlinking Task
Proceedings of the MediaEval 2013 Multimedia Benchmark Workshop, Barcelona, Spain, October 18-19, 2013
Deep Learning Based Disease Detection Using Domain Specific Transfer Learning
Social Event Detection at MediaEval 2012: Challenges, Dataset and Evaluation
Sport Task: Fine Grained Action Detection and Classification of Table Tennis Strokes from Videos for MediaEval 2022
CEA LIST's Participation at MediaEval 2013 Placing Task
NII, Japan at MediaEval 2011 Violent Scenes Detection Task
Detection of Road Passability from Social Media and Satellite Images
Automatic Violence Scenes Detection: A multi-modal approach
Imcube @ MediaEval 2015 Retrieving Diverse Social Images Task: Multimodal Filtering and Re-ranking
CERTH @ MediaEval 2012 Social Event Detection Task
Enhancing Multimodal Language Models with Olfactory Information
Ranking Images and Videos on Visual Interestingness by Visual Sentiment Features
Prompt-based Alignment of Headlines and Images Using OpenCLIP
UNICAMP-UFMG at MediaEval 2012: Genre Tagging Task
KIT at MediaEval 2011 - Content-based genre classification on web-videos
ARF @ MediaEval 2012: Multimodal Video Classification
The IIT-B Query-by-Example System for MediaEval 2015
GameStory: An Event-based Approach
BigVid at MediaEval 2016: Predicting Interestingness in Images and Videos
DisasterMM: Multimedia Analysis of Disaster-Related Social Media Data Task at MediaEval 2022
Ranking Based Clustering for Social Event Detection
CUNY Systems for the Query-by-Example Search on Speech Task at MediaEval 2015
FakeNews: Corona Virus and 5G Conspiracy Task at MediaEval 2020
MediaEval 2019: Eyes and Ears Together
CUNI at MediaEval 2015 Search and Anchoring in Video Archives: Anchoring via Information Retrieval
Cross-modal Networks and Dual Softmax Operation for MediaEval NewsImages 2022
The Multimedia Satellite Task at MediaEval 2019
SCL-UMD at the Medico Task-MediaEval 2017: Transfer Learning based Classification of Medical Images
Transparent Tracking of Spermatozoa with YOLOv8
DAI at the MediaEval 2013 Visual Privacy Task: Representing People with Foreground Edges
The SPL-IT-UC Query by Example Search on Speech system for MediaEval 2015
MediaEval 2014 Visual Privacy Task: Geometrical Privacy Protection Tool
MediaEval 2013 Visual Privacy Task: Using Adaptive Edge Detection for Privacy in Surveillance Videos
Emotion and Theme Recognition in Music Using Attention-Based Methods
Re-Ranking the Image Search Results for Relevance and Diversity in MediaEval 2014 Challenge
Telefonica Research System for the Spoken Web Search task at Mediaeval 2012
RUC at MediaEval 2016 Emotional Impact of Movies Task: Fusion of Multimodal Features
Overview of the MediaEval 2012 Tagging Task
TUB @ MediaEval 2013 Visual Privacy Task: Reversible Scrambling with colour-preservative Characteristic