yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Linear Complexity Private Set Intersection for Secure Two-Party Protocols
Extended Private Information Retrieval and Its Application in Biometrics Authentications
FHE Over the Integers and Modular Arithmetic Circuits
Conditional Payments for Computing Markets
An Immune-Based Model for Computer Virus Detection
Updatable NIZKs from Non-Interactive Zaps
A Generic Construction for Universally-Convertible Undeniable Signatures
How to Secure Your Email Address Book and Beyond
To Extend or Not to Extend: Agile Masking Instructions for PQC
Semi-commutative Masking: A Framework for Isogeny-Based Protocols, with an Application to Fully Secure Two-Round Isogeny-Based OT
Function-Private Conditional Disclosure of Secrets and Multi-evaluation Threshold Distributed Point Functions
Cryptology and Network Security - 19th International Conference, CANS 2020, Vienna, Austria, December 14-16, 2020, Proceedings
Countermeasures Against Backdoor Attacks Towards Malware Detectors
Simulation Extractable Versions of Groth's zk-SNARK Revisited
Generic Construction of Bounded-Collusion IBE via Table-Based ID-to-Key Map
Integral Distinguishers of Some SHA-3 Candidates
Multi-client Predicate-Only Encryption for Conjunctive Equality Tests
Cryptology and Network Security - 15th International Conference, CANS 2016, Milan, Italy, November 14-16, 2016, Proceedings
Security Analysis of Password-Authenticated Key Agreement Protocols
Perfectly Secure Message Transmission in Directed Networks Tolerating Threshold and Non Threshold Adversary
LiBrA-CAN: A Lightweight Broadcast Authentication Protocol for Controller Area Networks
Improving the Rainbow Attack by Reusing Colours
HyperDetector: Detecting, Isolating, and Mitigating Timing Attacks in Virtualized Environments
Lightweight Virtual Payment Channels
Cryptology and Network Security - 17th International Conference, CANS 2018, Naples, Italy, September 30 - October 3, 2018, Proceedings
Biclique Cryptanalysis of TWINE
Enumeration of Homogeneous Rotation Symmetric Functions over Fp
Acoustic Side Channel Attack on Keyboards Based on Typing Patterns
Firm Grip Handshakes: A Tool for Bidirectional Vouching
WiperSentinel: HPC Based Wiper Detection with Enhanced AutoEncoder
\mathsf HIKE : Walking the Privacy Trail
Multi Party Distributed Private Matching, Set Disjointness and Cardinality of Set Intersection with Information Theoretic Security
(Augmented) Broadcast Encryption from Identity Based Encryption with Wildcard
Hybrid WBC: Secure and Efficient White-Box Encryption Schemes
Sandwich Construction for Keyed Sponges: Independence Between Capacity and Online Queries
Automated Verification of Proofs in the Universal Composability Framework with Markov Decision Processes
Unique Aggregate Signatures with Applications to Distributed Verifiable Random Functions
Faster FHEW Bootstrapping with Adaptive Key Update
Universally Composable Oblivious Transfer Based on a Variant of LPN
Code-Based Signature Schemes from Identification Protocols in the Rank Metric
A New Lattice-Based Public-Key Cryptosystem Mixed with a Knapsack
Strong Privacy for RFID Systems from Plaintext-Aware Encryption
A Killer Application for Pairings: Authenticated Key Establishment in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Efficient Card-Based Cryptographic Protocols for Millionaires' Problem Utilizing Private Permutations
Watermarking Essential Data Structures for Copyright Protection
Acceleration of Index Calculus for Solving ECDLP over Prime Fields and Its Limitation
Efficient Proofs of Retrievability Using Expander Codes
Cryptology and Network Security - 10th International Conference, CANS 2011, Sanya, China, December 10-12, 2011. Proceedings
Cryptology and Network Security, 4th International Conference, CANS 2005, Xiamen, China, December 14-16, 2005, Proceedings
Message Extension Attack against Authenticated Encryptions: Application to PANDA
Bitslice Implementation of AES
Differential Attacks on Generalized Feistel Schemes
Direct Anonymous Attestations with Dependent Basename Opening
Compact Multi-Party Confidential Transactions
Truncated Differential Analysis of Reduced-Round LBlock
An Algorithm Based Concurrent Error Detection Scheme for AES
An Efficient Attribute-Based Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol
How to Authenticate Real Time Streams Using Improved Online/Offline Signatures
Anonymous Asynchronous Payment Channel from k-Time Accountable Assertion
Ensuring Authentication of Digital Information Using Cryptographic Accumulators
Efficient Signatures with Tight Real World Security in the Random-Oracle Model
Keyword Field-Free Conjunctive Keyword Searches on Encrypted Data and Extension for Dynamic Groups
A New Message Recognition Protocol for Ad Hoc Pervasive Networks
Efficient Dynamic Broadcast Encryption and Its Extension to Authenticated Dynamic Broadcast Encryption
A Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Protocol Without Random Oracles
Fully Verifiable Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption
Accelerating Lattice Based Proxy Re-encryption Schemes on GPUs
Practical Privacy-Preserving Face Identification Based on Function-Hiding Functional Encryption
3D: A Three-Dimensional Block Cipher
Verifying Anonymous Credential Systems in Applied Pi Calculus
Achieving Efficient and Verifiable Assured Deletion for Outsourced Data Based on Access Right Revocation
An Automatic Cryptanalysis of Transposition Ciphers Using Compression
Cryptology and Network Security - 18th International Conference, CANS 2019, Fuzhou, China, October 25-27, 2019, Proceedings
Padding Oracle Attack on PKCS#1 v1.5: Can Non-standard Implementation Act as a Shelter?
LucidiTEE: Scalable Policy-Based Multiparty Computation with Fairness
Chosen-Ciphertext Secure Proxy Re-encryption without Pairings
Solving LWR via BDD Strategy: Modulus Switching Approach
Cryptology and Network Security - 13th International Conference, CANS 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, October 22-24, 2014. Proceedings
Enhanced Security of Attribute-Based Signatures
Efficient Identity-Based Protocol for Fair Certified E-mail Delivery
Mining API Calls and Permissions for Android Malware Detection
Short Hash-Based Signatures for Wireless Sensor Networks
MaSTer: Maliciously Secure Truncation for Replicated Secret Sharing Without Pre-processing
Generic Combination of Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search and Public Key Encryption
Efficient Composable Oblivious Transfer from CDH in the Global Random Oracle Model
Multi-query Verifiable PIR and Its Application
Breaking Fully-Homomorphic-Encryption Challenges
Generic Access Control System for Ad Hoc MCC and Fog Computing
A New Secure Matrix Multiplication from Ring-LWE
Wave-to-Access: Protecting Sensitive Mobile Device Services via a Hand Waving Gesture
Anonymizer-Enabled Security and Privacy for RFID
Cryptology and Network Security, 6th International Conference, CANS 2007, Singapore, December 8-10, 2007, Proceedings
Partition Oracles from Weak Key Forgeries
New Authentication Scheme Based on a One-Way Hash Function and Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
On the Performance and Analysis of DNS Security Extensions
Subversion-Resistant Quasi-adaptive NIZK and Applications to Modular Zk-SNARKs
PUDA - Privacy and Unforgeability for Data Aggregation
Algebraic Attack on the MQQ Public Key Cryptosystem
Efficient Threshold-Optimal ECDSA
Breaking the Hardness Assumption and IND-CPA Security of HQC Submitted to NIST PQC Project
Efficient Scalar Multiplications for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems Using Mixed Coordinates Strategy and Direct Computations
STE3D-CAP: Stereoscopic 3D CAPTCHA
Toward Learning Robust Detectors from Imbalanced Datasets Leveraging Weighted Adversarial Training
A Security Framework for Internet of Things
AAL and Static Conflict Detection in Policy
Hierarchical Attribute-Based Signatures
Linear (Hull) and Algebraic Cryptanalysis of the Block Cipher PRESENT
Security Analysis of an Improved MFE Public Key Cryptosystem
A New Approach to Deanonymization of Unreachable Bitcoin Nodes
Identity-Based Encryption Resilient to Auxiliary Leakage under the Decisional Linear Assumption
The Initialization Stage Analysis of ZUC v1.5
Sonikku: Gotta Speed, Keed! A Family of Fast and Secure MACs
Vulnerability Analysis Using Google and Shodan
Passive Triangulation Attack on ORide
Achieving Correctness in Fair Rational Secret Sharing
Relinkable Ring Signature
Evolving Perfect Hash Families: A Combinatorial Viewpoint of Evolving Secret Sharing
Threshold Changeable Ramp Secret Sharing
Extensions of the Cube Attack Based on Low Degree Annihilators
Tightly-Secure PAK(E)
SoK: Secure Memory Allocation
Inside GandCrab Ransomware
On the Security of a Group Signcryption Scheme from Distributed Signcryption Scheme
AniCAP: An Animated 3D CAPTCHA Scheme Based on Motion Parallax
Side-Channel Attacks on Threshold Implementations Using a Glitch Algebra
Cryptanalysis of MV3 Stream Cipher
DepenDNS: Dependable Mechanism against DNS Cache Poisoning
GM MT : A Revocable Group Merkle Multi-tree Signature Scheme
Passive Attack on RFID LMAP++ Authentication Protocol
Group Key Establishment: Adding Perfect Forward Secrecy at the Cost of One Round
Authenticated and Communication Efficient Group Key Agreement for Clustered Ad Hoc Networks
An Efficient On-Line/Off-Line Signature Scheme without Random Oracles
PARScoin: A Privacy-preserving, Auditable, and Regulation-friendly Stablecoin
Privacy-Enhanced Participatory Sensing with Collusion Resistance and Data Aggregation
Free-XOR in Card-Based Garbled Circuits
An Immune-Based Model for Service Survivability
Fully Robust Tree-Diffie-Hellman Group Key Exchange
Side Channel Attacks and Countermeasures on Pairing Based Cryptosystems over Binary Fields
Group Signature with Constant Revocation Costs for Signers and Verifiers
Efficient Identity-Based Signatures and Blind Signatures
Designing Smart Contract for Electronic Document Taxation
Attacking Animated CAPTCHAs via Character Extraction
Should Silence be Heard? Fair Rational Secret Sharing with Silent and Non-silent Players
Forward Security Under Leakage Resilience, Revisited
How Distance-Bounding Can Detect Internet Traffic Hijacking
Bi-homomorphic Lattice-Based PRFs and Unidirectional Updatable Encryption
Secure Set-Based Policy Checking and Its Application to Password Registration
Black-Box Constructions for Fully-Simulatable Oblivious Transfer Protocols
Cryptanalysis of a Lattice-Knapsack Mixed Public Key Cryptosystem
Revisiting MAC Forgeries, Weak Keys and Provable Security of Galois/Counter Mode of Operation
Strongly Secure Certificateless Public Key Encryption Without Pairing
Cryptology and Network Security, 8th International Conference, CANS 2009, Kanazawa, Japan, December 12-14, 2009. Proceedings
Distributed Credential Chain Discovery in Trust-Management with Parameterized Roles
A t-out-of-n Redactable Signature Scheme
Server-Aided Revocable Attribute-Based Encryption Resilient to Decryption Key Exposure
On the Power of Public-key Function-Private Functional Encryption
New Techniques for Modeling SBoxes: An MILP Approach
Integral Privacy
Component-Oriented Access Control for Deployment of Application Services in Containerized Environments
Fast Digital Signature Algorithm Based on Subgraph Isomorphism
Compact Post-quantum Bounded-Collusion Identity-Based Encryption
Differential and Linear Attacks on the Full WIDEA- n Block Ciphers (under Weak Keys)
Forward-Secure Key Evolution in Wireless Sensor Networks
VisAuth: Authentication over a Visual Channel Using an Embedded Image
On the Security of Frequency-Hiding Order-Preserving Encryption
Towards a Cryptographic Treatment of Publish/Subscribe Systems
Cryptology and Network Security, 5th International Conference, CANS 2006, Suzhou, China, December 8-10, 2006, Proceedings
Efficient Verification of Input Consistency in Server-Assisted Secure Function Evaluation
Compact Adaptor Signature from Isogenies with Enhanced Security
Efficient Lossy Trapdoor Functions Based on Subgroup Membership Assumptions
A Paged Domain Name System for Query Privacy
A Novel Method to Maintain Privacy in Mobile Agent Applications
Group Signatures with Message-Dependent Opening Directly Imply Timed-Release Encryption
Toward Non-parallelizable Client Puzzles
Stealing Secrets with SSL/TLS and SSH - Kleptographic Attacks
Privacy-Preserving Digital Vaccine Passport
Dynamic Group Key Exchange Revisited
BlindOR: an Efficient Lattice-Based Blind Signature Scheme from OR-Proofs
Efficient Mutual Data Authentication Using Manually Authenticated Strings
Private and Dynamic Time-Series Data Aggregation with Trust Relaxation
On the Weaknesses of PBKDF2
Distinguishing and Second-Preimage Attacks on CBC-Like MACs
Cryptology and Network Security, 7th International Conference, CANS 2008, Hong-Kong, China, December 2-4, 2008. Proceedings
A Framework with Randomized Encoding for a Fast Privacy Preserving Calculation of Non-linear Kernels for Machine Learning Applications in Precision Medicine
X 2BT Trusted Reputation System: A Robust Mechanism for P2P Networks
HMAC and "Secure Preferences": Revisiting Chromium-Based Browsers Security
Decentralized Fair Exchange with Advertising
A Note on (Im)Possibilities of Obfuscating Programs of Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Knowledge
Efficient Modular NIZK Arguments from Shift and Product
On the Higher-Bit Version of Approximate Inhomogeneous Short Integer Solution Problem
Workload Characterization of a Lightweight SSL Implementation Resistant to Side-Channel Attacks
A Note on Signed Binary Window Algorithm for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems
Cryptology and Network Security - 16th International Conference, CANS 2017, Hong Kong, China, November 30 - December 2, 2017, Revised Selected Papers
Assembly or Optimized C for Lightweight Cryptography on RISC-V?
Distance-Bounding, Privacy-Preserving Attribute-Based Credentials
Sharing Is Caring, or Callous?
A Secure Channel Free Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search Scheme without Random Oracle
Efficient ID-Based One-Time Proxy Signature and Its Application in E-Cheque
Cryptanalysis of Two Group Key Management Protocols for Secure Multicast
Towards Attribute Revocation in Key-Policy Attribute Based Encryption
Short Comparable Encryption
Analyzing Price Deviations in DeFi Oracles
Computing the Restricted Algebraic Immunity, and Application to Weightwise Perfectly Balanced Functions
Efficient NIZK Arguments with Straight-Line Simulation and Extraction
Efficient Three-Input and Four-Input AND Protocols Using Playing Cards with Partial-Open Actions
Security of Online AE Schemes in RUP Setting
TRIOB: A Trusted Virtual Computing Environment Based on Remote I/O Binding Mechanism
A Storage-Efficient and Robust Private Information Retrieval Scheme Allowing Few Servers
Detecting Covert Cryptomining Using HPC
One Time Anonymous Certificate: X.509 Supporting Anonymity
Redacting Blockchain Without Exposing Chameleon Hash Collisions
Attribute-Based Anonymous Credential: Optimization for Single-Use and Multi-Use
Enhancing Cold Boot Attacks with Probabilistic-Guided SAT-Solvers
Achieving Short Ciphertexts or Short Secret-Keys for Adaptively Secure General Inner-Product Encryption
Semantically-Secure Functional Encryption: Possibility Results, Impossibility Results and the Quest for a General Definition
Detecting DDoS Attacks Based on Multi-stream Fused HMM in Source-End Network
Proxy Re-encryption with Unforgeable Re-encryption Keys
Beyond CWEs: Mapping Weaknesses in Unstructured Threat Intelligence Text
The Construction and Application of (Related-Key) Conditional Differential Neural Distinguishers on KATAN
Towards Quantum Large-Scale Password Guessing on Real-World Distributions
Cryptanalysis of a Provably Secure Cross-Realm Client-to-Client Password-Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol of CANS '09
Shorter Verifier-Local Revocation Group Signatures from Bilinear Maps
A New Direction for Research on Data Origin Authentication in Group Communication
Predicate Encryption with Partial Public Keys
Cryptography for Unconditionally Secure Message Transmission in Networks (Invited Talk)
Fault Tolerant and Malicious Secure Federated Learning
Bandwidth-Optimized Secure Two-Party Computation of Minima
Grain-128AEADv2: Strengthening the Initialization Against Key Reconstruction
Building Secure Networked Systems with Code Attestation
Mobile Evil Twin Malnets - The Worst of Both Worlds
Chaotic Keystream Generator Using Coupled NDFs with Parameter Perturbing
Generalizing Key Recovery Attacks Against NTRU with Multiple Keys and Its Application in NTRUReEncrypt
Transferable Constant-Size Fair E-Cash
A Real-Time Key Recovery Attack on the Lightweight Stream Cipher A2U2
The Matrix Reloaded: Multiplication Strategies in FrodoKEM
Side Channel Cube Attack on PRESENT
Towards Practical and Secure Coercion-Resistant Electronic Elections
Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round MIBS Block Cipher
Curves with Fast Computations in the First Pairing Group
Generating Parameters for Algebraic Torus-Based Cryptosystems
Cryptology and Network Security - 14th International Conference, CANS 2015, Marrakesh, Morocco, December 10-12, 2015, Proceedings
Unlinkable and Strongly Accountable Sanitizable Signatures from Verifiable Ring Signatures
Private Outsourcing of Polynomial Evaluation and Matrix Multiplication Using Multilinear Maps
Steganalysis Based on Differential Statistics
Authenticated Directed Diffusion
A Key-Update Mechanism for the Space Data Link Security Protocol
Detecting Word Based DGA Domains Using Ensemble Models
Oh SSH-it, What's My Fingerprint? A Large-Scale Analysis of SSH Host Key Fingerprint Verification Records in the DNS
When Constant-Time Source Yields Variable-Time Binary: Exploiting Curve25519-donna Built with MSVC 2015
Multi-core Implementation of the Tate Pairing over Supersingular Elliptic Curves
Improving Privacy of Anonymous Proof-of-Stake Protocols
Expressive Encryption Systems from Lattices - (Abstract from the Invited Lecture)
Linear Regression Attack with F-test: A New SCARE Technique for Secret Block Ciphers
The Relation Between CENC and NEMO
Computational Aspects of Ideal (t, n)-Threshold Scheme of Chen, Laing, and Martin
A Practical Cryptographic Denial of Service Attack against 802.11i TKIP and CCMP
Efficient and Secure Multiparty Computations Using a Standard Deck of Playing Cards
Verifiable Random Functions from (Leveled) Multilinear Maps
Modeling Protocol Based Packet Header Anomaly Detector for Network and Host Intrusion Detection Systems
Multi-core FPGA Implementation of ECC with Homogeneous Co-Z Coordinate Representation
Secure Code Updates for Smart Embedded Devices Based on PUFs
Client-Aided Two-Party Secure Interval Test Protocol
Group Signatures with Verifier-Local Revocation and Backward Unlinkability in the Standard Model
Construction of Rotation Symmetric Boolean Functions with Maximum Algebraic Immunity
Efficient Identity-Based Encryption with Tight Security Reduction
Converting PKI-Based Authenticated Key Exchange to Identity-Based
Fast and Private Computation of Cardinality of Set Intersection and Union
Through the Looking-Glass: Benchmarking Secure Multi-party Computation Comparisons for ReLU 's
Scalable and Lightweight State-Channel Audits
NEON-SIDH: Efficient Implementation of Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Protocol on ARM
FO-like Combiners and Hybrid Post-Quantum Cryptography
Counting Method for Multi-party Computation over Non-abelian Groups
Analysis of Rogue Anti-Virus Campaigns Using Hidden Structures in k -Partite Graphs
Concrete Chosen-Ciphertext Secure Encryption from Subgroup Membership Problems
An Efficient Approach to Detect TorrentLocker Ransomware in Computer Systems
Privacy-Preserving Relationship Path Discovery in Social Networks
Report and Trace Ring Signatures
A Practical Related-Key Boomerang Attack for the Full MMB Block Cipher
Two Cents for Strong Anonymity: The Anonymous Post-office Protocol
A Privacy-Preserving Model for Biometric Fusion
User Tracking Based on Behavioral Fingerprints
Senarai: A Sustainable Public Blockchain-Based Permanent Storage Protocol
A New Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Framework for Detecting Network Attacks in Real-Time
Mithril: Stake-Based Threshold Multisignatures
Lanstree: Cross-Architecture Binary Code Similarity Detection with a Bidirectional Tree-Structured Embedding Model
On Securing RTP-Based Streaming Content with Firewalls
Denying Your Whereabouts: A Secure and Deniable Scheme for Location-Based Services
Out of the Dark: UI Redressing and Trustworthy Events
Cryptology and Network Security, 11th International Conference, CANS 2012, Darmstadt, Germany, December 12-14, 2012. Proceedings
Efficient Secure Multi-party Computation for Multi-dimensional Arithmetics and Its Application in Privacy-Preserving Biometric Identification
Provably Secure Scalable Distributed Authentication for Clouds
User Authentication from Mouse Movement Data Using SVM Classifier
Fast Computation on Encrypted Polynomials and Applications
A Provably-Secure Unidirectional Proxy Re-encryption Scheme Without Pairing in the Random Oracle Model
Group Signature with Deniability: How to Disavow a Signature
Breaking and Fixing Cryptophia's Short Combiner
Cross-Domain Attribute-Based Access Control Encryption
On Permutation Layer of Type 1, Source-Heavy, and Target-Heavy Generalized Feistel Structures
The Second-Preimage Attack on MD4
Chosen-Ciphertext Secure Multi-identity and Multi-attribute Pure FHE
Proving Correctness and Security of Two-Party Computation Implemented in Java in Presence of a Semi-honest Sender
Finding TCP Packet Round-Trip Time for Intrusion Detection: Algorithm and Analysis
Roles Versus Classes
Recovery of Architecture Artifacts
Revitalizing Software Engineering Education in the 21st Century
Towards Automatic Diagnostic of Conceptual Problems in Requirements Text
Visualizing Safety Score for the Digital Home
Extended Quality Model for Object Oriented Design (EQMOOD): Evaluation of Design Patterns' Impact on Object Oriented Design Quality
A New Clustering Approach for Systems Design Improvement
Empirical Studies to Measure the Artifact Recovery
GUI Path Oriented Test Case Generation
A Local Data Stream Management System
Software Engineering in Computer Science Capstone Projects
Story-Wall: Supporting Agile Software Development in a Distributed Context
Increment Iterative Extreme Programming (IIXP) Methodology for Developing Web Application
Security Modeling and Analysis in a Software Architecture Design
Systems' conflict Dimensions where Shared Resources Influence the Tasks Execution
Implementation of Advanced Workflow Patterns in a Workflow Management System Using Mobile Agents
Comparative Analysis of Automated Version Control Tools
Methodology for Automatic Generation of Exhaustive Behavioral Models in Reactive Autonomic Systems
Extension to the Basic Data Types for Better Data Representation
A Novel Approach for Software Property Validation
Using defect data to drive Organizational Training efforts
A Generic Software Architecture for a Domain Specific Distributed Embedded System
Adaptation in a Pervasive Computing Environment
Acceptance Test Driven Story Card Development: an Improved Requirement Elicitation Process in XP
Distinct Features in Agile Methodologies
Metaphor for Software Architecture - Asynchronous Design
SoBA: A Tool Support for Story Card Based Agile Software Development
Generic Binding of Object Oriented Programming Languages to RDF(S)
Using Communication Objects During Requirements Analysis
Engineering Practices and Guidelines to Enhance Reuse Adequacy in Software Product Line Analysis
Automated Random Testing to Detect Specification-Code Inconsistencies
Non-functional Requirement Modeling and Analysis in an Aspect-Oriented Architectural Approach
A Survey of Formal Methods for Software Architecture
A Software Size Measure for Estimating Effort based on a Software Development Life Cycle
FORCEnet Innovation & Research Enterprise (F.I.R.E.) Architecture for Computer Supported Cooperative Work
An Implementation Model for Requirements Management in CMM
Dimensional Inference Using Symbol Lives
International Conference on Software Engineering Theory and Practice, SETP-07, Orlando, Florida, USA, July 9-12 2007
Semantic Web Information Retrieval and Domain Knowledge Representation Using Unified Modeling Language
TILO - An Automated Unit Testing Framework for DLLs