yusuke1997/dblp-id-title huggingface dataset:
Algorithms for Equilibrium Prices in Linear Market Models
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 14th International Conference, WALCOM 2020, Singapore, March 31 - April 2, 2020, Proceedings
On the Longest Flip Sequence to Untangle Segments in the Plane
Nash Equilibria with Minimum Potential in Undirected Broadcast Games
On Star-Multi-interval Pairwise Compatibility Graphs
Correction to: Weighted Upper Edge Cover: Complexity and Approximability
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 10th International Workshop, WALCOM 2016, Kathmandu, Nepal, March 29-31, 2016, Proceedings
Exact and Approximate Hierarchical Hub Labeling
Faster Network Algorithms Based on Graph Decomposition
Approximation Algorithms for Non-sequential Star Packing Problems
Internal Longest Palindrome Queries in Optimal Time
Small Grid Drawings of Planar Graphs with Balanced Bipartition
The Polygon Burning Problem
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 12th International Conference, WALCOM 2018, Dhaka, Bangladesh, March 3-5, 2018, Proceedings
Reflective Guarding a Gallery
A Piecewise Approach for the Analysis of Exact Algorithms
A Two Query Adaptive Bitprobe Scheme Storing Five Elements
Universal Line-Sets for Drawing Planar 3-Trees
A New Model for a Scale-Free Hierarchical Structure of Isolated Cliques
Energy Efficient Sorting, Selection and Searching
Generating All Triangulations of Plane Graphs (Extended Abstract)
Algorithms for Computing Diffuse Reflection Paths in Polygons
Covering and Packing of Rectilinear Subdivision
Reoptimization of the Maximum Weighted P k -Free Subgraph Problem under Vertex Insertion
Inapproximability of b -Matching in k -Uniform Hypergraphs
Parameterized Algorithms for the Happy Set Problem
Range Aggregate Maximal Points in the Plane
Dynamic Online Multiselection in Internal and External Memory
Approximation Algorithms for the Partition Vertex Cover Problem
Reconfiguration Using Generalized Token Jumping
Approximation Algorithms for Three Dimensional Protein Folding
Minimum Cuts of Simple Graphs in Almost Always Linear Time
Stable and Dynamic Minimum Cuts
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 5th International Workshop, WALCOM 2011, New Delhi, India, February 18-20, 2011. Proceedings
Constant Time Generation of Linear Extensions
Vertex-Coloring with Star-Defects
Arbitrary Pattern Formation on Infinite Grid by Asynchronous Oblivious Robots
Certifying Induced Subgraphs in Large Graphs
Groups Burning: Analyzing Spreading Processes in Community-Based Networks
Generating Cyclic 2-Gray Codes for Fibonacci q-Decreasing Words
Maximum Betweenness Centrality: Approximability and Tractable Cases
Fault-Tolerant Gathering of Asynchronous Oblivious Mobile Robots under One-Axis Agreement
Dichotomy Theorems for Homomorphism Polynomials of Graph Classes
A Simple Algorithm for Approximate Partial Point Set Pattern Matching under Rigid Motion
Large Independent Sets in Subquartic Planar Graphs
Counting Subgraphs in Relational Event Graphs
Generalized Rainbow Connectivity of Graphs
Variants of Spreading Messages
Parameterization of Strategy-Proof Mechanisms in the Obnoxious Facility Game
Reconfiguring k-path Vertex Covers
Maximum Bipartite Subgraph of Geometric Intersection Graphs
Multi-commodity Source Location Problems and Price of Greed
On Embedding of Certain Recursive Trees and Stars into Hypercube
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 13th International Conference, WALCOM 2019, Guwahati, India, February 27 - March 2, 2019, Proceedings
Faster Privacy-Preserving Computation of Edit Distance with Moves
Top-k Manhattan Spatial Skyline Queries
Generalized Dictionary Matching Under Substring Consistent Equivalence Relations
The Shortest Path Reconfiguration Problem Based on Relaxation of Reconfiguration Rules
Algorithms and Computation - 8th International Workshop, WALCOM 2014, Chennai, India, February 13-15, 2014, Proceedings
Counting Vanishing Matrix-Vector Products
Parameterized Voter Relevance in Facility Location Games with Tree-Shaped Invitation Graphs
Better Hardness Results for the Minimum Spanning Tree Congestion Problem
On the Harmless Set Problem Parameterized by Treewidth
Simultaneous Time-Space Upper Bounds for Red-Blue Path Problem in Planar DAGs
Trains, Games, and Complexity: 0/1/2-Player Motion Planning Through Input/Output Gadgets
On Three-Dimensional Graph Drawing and Embedding
Algorithm and Hardness Results for Outer-connected Dominating Set in Graphs
Acyclically 3-Colorable Planar Graphs
A Lagrangian Relaxation-Based Heuristic to Solve Large Extended Graph Partitioning Problems
Adversarial Prediction: Lossless Predictors and Fractal Like Adversaries
Weighted Upper Edge Cover: Complexity and Approximability
Workshop on Algorithms and Computation 2007 - Proceedings of First WALCOM, 12 February 2007, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Line Transversals and Pinning Numbers
Parameterized Complexity of Optimizing List Vertex-Coloring Through Reconfiguration
Spherical-Rectangular Drawings
Space Efficient Separator Algorithms for Planar Graphs
Improved Algorithm for a Widest 1-Corner Corridor
De Bruijn Sequences for the Binary Strings with Maximum Density
Trichotomy for the Reconfiguration Problem of Integer Linear Systems
Daemon Conversions in Distributed Self-stabilizing Algorithms
Switch-Regular Upward Planar Embeddings of Trees
Multipacking and Broadcast Domination on Cactus Graphs and Its Impact on Hyperbolic Graphs
Maximum-Width Empty Square and Rectangular Annulus
On the Complexity of Distance-d Independent Set Reconfiguration
On Multiple Longest Common Subsequence and Common Motifs with Gaps (Extended Abstract)
On Layered Area-Proportional Rectangle Contact Representations
Sequentially Swapping Colored Tokens on Graphs
In as Few Comparisons as Possible
NP-Completeness and Physical Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Zeiger
An Efficient Silent Self-Stabilizing Algorithm for 1-Maximal Matching in Anonymous Networks
Efficient Top- k Queries for Orthogonal Ranges
Partitioning a Graph into Complementary Subgraphs
On the Discrete Unit Disk Cover Problem
Linear-Time Constant-Ratio Approximation Algorithm and Tight Bounds for the Contiguity of Cographs
Computing Conforming Partitions with Low Stabbing Number for Rectilinear Polygons
Pairwise Compatibility Graphs
Computing L(p, 1)-Labeling with Combined Parameters
Finding Popular Branchings in Vertex-Weighted Digraphs
Reconfiguration of Multisets with Applications to Bin Packing
A Simple, Fast, Filter-Based Algorithm for Circular Sequence Comparison
Minimum Enclosing Circle of a Set of Fixed Points and a Mobile Point
Generating All Patterns of Graph Partitions Within a Disparity Bound
Overall and Delay Complexity of the CLIQUES and Bron-Kerbosch Algorithms
Pattern Matching in Degenerate DNA/RNA Sequences
Applications of V-Order: Suffix Arrays, the Burrows-Wheeler Transform & the FM-index
The 1.375 Approximation Algorithm for Sorting by Transpositions Can Run in O ( n log n ) Time
Optimal Distributed Searching in the Plane with and Without Uncertainty
Parameterized Complexity of Reconfiguration of Atoms
Crossing-Optimal Acyclic Hamiltonian Path Completion and Its Application to Upward Topological Book Embeddings
Crossings between Curves with Many Tangencies
Efficient Non-isomorphic Graph Enumeration Algorithms for Subclasses of Perfect Graphs
Algorithms for the Collaborative Delivery Problem with Monitored Constraints
A Global k -Level Crossing Reduction Algorithm
Simultaneous Drawing of Layered Trees
Folding a Paper Strip to Minimize Thickness
Editing the Simplest Graphs
The Prefix Fréchet Similarity
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation, Third International Workshop, WALCOM 2009, Kolkata, India, February 18-20, 2009. Proceedings
A Separator Theorem for String Graphs and Its Applications
Computational Complexity of the Chromatic Art Gallery Problem for Orthogonal Polygons
An Improved Upward Planarity Testing Algorithm and Related Applications
Parameterized Computational Geometry via Decomposition Theorems
Counting and Sampling Orientations on Chordal Graphs
An Improvement of Reed's Treewidth Approximation
Structural Parameterization of Cluster Deletion
Encoding Data Structures
r-Gatherings on a Star
Smoothed Analysis of Belief Propagation for Minimum-Cost Flow and Matching
Drawing Clustered Graphs on Disk Arrangements
Efficient Enumeration of Flat-Foldable Single Vertex Crease Patterns
Structural Parameterizations of Budgeted Graph Coloring
As Close as It Gets
Approximability of the Independent Feedback Vertex Set Problem for Bipartite Graphs
Finding the Cyclic Covers of a String
Fat Heaps without Regular Counters
Dynamic Sum-Radii Clustering
Some Extensions of the Bottleneck Paths Problem
A Quorum Based Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm for Multi-Level Clustered Network Architecture
Inner Rectangular Drawings of Plane Graphs: Application of Graph Drawing to VLSI Layouts
Network Design with Weighted Degree Constraints
An FPT Algorithm for Tree Deletion Set
An Experimental Study on the Ply Number of Straight-Line Drawings
Approximation Algorithms for Art Gallery Problems in Polygons and Terrains
Minimax Regret Sink Location Problem in Dynamic Tree Networks with Uniform Capacity
A Linear Time Algorithm for the r-Gathering Problem on the Line (Extended Abstract)
On Short Fastest Paths in Temporal Graphs
An Almost Optimal Algorithm for Voronoi Diagrams of Non-disjoint Line Segments - (Extended Abstract)
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation, Second International Workshop, WALCOM 2008, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 7-8, 2008
Gathering Asynchronous Robots in the Presence of Obstacles
The Family of Fan-Planar Graphs
Orthogonal drawings of series-parallel graphs with minimum bends
Optimal Serial Broadcast of Successive Chunks
Away from Each Other
A Bisection Approach to Subcubic Maximum Induced Matching
Graph Profile Realizations and Applications to Social Networks
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation, 11th International Conference and Workshops, WALCOM 2017, Hsinchu, Taiwan, March 29-31, 2017, Proceedings
Improved and Generalized Algorithms for Burning a Planar Point Set
Broadcasting in Conflict-Aware Multi-channel Networks
I/O Efficient Algorithms for the Minimum Cut Problem on Unweighted Undirected Graphs
An Experimental Study of a 1-Planarity Testing and Embedding Algorithm
Designing Survivable Networks with Zero-Suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams
Core and Conditional Core Path of Specified Length in Special Classes of Graphs
Shortest Reconfiguration of Sliding Tokens on a Caterpillar
Happy Set Problem on Subclasses of Co-comparability Graphs
The Complexity of Acyclic Subhypergraph Problems
A Practical Succinct Data Structure for Tree-Like Graphs
Capacitated Discrete Unit Disk Cover
FPT Algorithms Exploiting Carving Decomposition for Eulerian Orientations and Ice-Type Models
Recognition of Unigraphs through Superposition of Graphs (Extended Abstract)
The Stub Resolution of 1-Planar Graphs
Minimum-Layer Drawings of Trees - (Extended Abstract)
Majority Spanning Trees, Cotrees and Their Applications
Inverse Booking Problem: Inverse Chromatic Number Problem in Interval Graphs
Approximation Algorithms for Generalized Bounded Tree Cover
Approximation Algorithms for Minimum Chain Vertex Deletion
Hypergraph Representation via Axis-Aligned Point-Subspace Cover
Real Root Isolation of Multi-Exponential Polynomials with Application
The Covert Set-Cover Problem with Application to Network Discovery
Base Location Problems for Base-Monotone Regions
Interweaving Real-Time Jobs with Energy Harvesting to Maximize Throughput
A Fast Algorithm for Unbounded Monotone Integer Linear Systems with Two Variables per Inequality via Graph Decomposition
Multi Cover of a Polygon Minimizing the Sum of Areas
Topological Stability of Kinetic k-centers
Efficient Computation of Time-Dependent Centralities in Air Transportation Networks
Threshold Circuits for Global Patterns in 2-Dimensional Maps
Orientable Burning Number of Graphs
Approximating the Multi-level Bottleneck Assignment Problem
On the Parameterized Complexity of Compact Set Packing
A Fast Deterministic Detection of Small Pattern Graphs in Graphs Without Large Cliques
PTAS's for Some Metric p-source Communication Spanning Tree Problems
All Farthest Neighbors in the Presence of Highways and Obstacles
Box-Rectangular Drawings of Planar Graphs
Bundling Two Simple Polygons to Minimize Their Convex Hull
Better Approximation Algorithms for Maximum Weight Internal Spanning Trees in Cubic Graphs and Claw-Free Graphs
Approximating Shortest Paths in Graphs
Formation of General Position by Asynchronous Mobile Robots Under One-Axis Agreement
Competitive Location Problems: Balanced Facility Location and the One-Round Manhattan Voronoi Game
Foundations of Exact Rounding
APX-Hardness and Approximation for the k-Burning Number Problem
Erratum: Competitive Analysis for Multi-objective Online Algorithms
Bichromatic Point-Set Embeddings of Trees with Fewer Bends - (Extended Abstract)
Indexing Circular Patterns
Fully Dynamic Algorithms for Euclidean Steiner Tree
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 9th International Workshop, WALCOM 2015, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 26-28, 2015. Proceedings
On Hamiltonian Colorings of Block Graphs
Vertex-Weighted Graphs: Realizable and Unrealizable Domains
On the Algorithmic Complexity of Double Vertex-Edge Domination in Graphs
On the Hardness of Gray Code Problems for Combinatorial Objects
Simple Linear Comparison of Strings in V-Order - (Extended Abstract)
The Minimal Manhattan Network Problem in Three Dimensions
Tangle and Maximal Ideal
Complexity of the Maximum k-Path Vertex Cover Problem
Tropical Dominating Sets in Vertex-Coloured Graphs
On Approximating Shortest Paths in Weighted Triangular Tessellations
Geometry and Topology from Point Cloud Data
Oblivious Buy-at-Bulk in Planar Graphs
Evaluating Monotone Circuits on Surfaces
Reconstruction Algorithm for Permutation Graphs
Optimum Algorithm for the Mutual Visibility Problem
Online Inserting Points Uniformly on the Sphere
An Optimal Algorithm for Computing the Integer Closure of UTVPI Constraints
Online Contention Resolution Schemes for Size-Stochastic Knapsacks
Counting Spanning Trees in Graphs Using Modular Decomposition
A Randomised Approximation Algorithm for the Hitting Set Problem
Minimum-Width Annulus with Outliers: Circular, Square, and Rectangular Cases
Voronoi Game on Graphs
Reconfiguration of Vertex-Disjoint Shortest Paths on Graphs
SAHN Clustering in Arbitrary Metric Spaces Using Heuristic Nearest Neighbor Search
On the Approximability of Graph Visibility Problems
On the Round-Trip 1-Center and 1-Median Problems
Upward Planar Drawings of Series-Parallel Digraphs with Maximum Degree Three
The Hamiltonian Augmentation Problem and Its Applications to Graph Drawing
Approximate Distance Oracle in O(n 2) Time and O(n) Space for Chordal Graphs
Packing Arc-Disjoint Cycles in Bipartite Tournaments
Linear Layouts of Weakly Triangulated Graphs
Counting Maximal Points in a Query Orthogonal Rectangle
From the W-hierarchy to XNLP - Classes of Fixed Parameter Intractability
Enumeration of Nonisomorphic Interval Graphs and Nonisomorphic Permutation Graphs
Sliding Tokens on Block Graphs
k-Transmitter Watchman Routes
Hard and Easy Instances of L-Tromino Tilings
Random Popular Matchings with Incomplete Preference Lists
Efficient Enumeration of Ordered Trees with kLeaves (Extended Abstract)
A Polynomial Time Algorithm for Longest Paths in Biconvex Graphs
Min-Sum Disjoint Paths on Subclasses of Chordal Graphs
On the Approximability of Comparing Genomes with Duplicates
A Rooted-Forest Partition with Uniform Vertex Demand
Independent Set Reconfiguration Under Bounded-Hop Token Jumping
Minmax Regret 1-Sink Location Problems on Dynamic Flow Path Networks with Parametric Weights
A General Framework for Searching on a Line
The Parameterized Complexity of Terminal Monitoring Set
k -Level Crossing Minimization Is NP-Hard for Trees
Fully Dynamically Maintaining Minimal Integral Separator for Threshold and Difference Graphs
Drawing Graphs with Vertices at Specified Positions and Crossings at Large Angles
Linear-Time 3-Approximation Algorithm for the r -Star Covering Problem
The Planar k-Means Problem is NP-Hard
Approximating the Bipartite TSP and Its Biased Generalization
Recursive Generation of 5-Regular Planar Graphs
Fixed-Treewidth-Efficient Algorithms for Edge-Deletion to Interval Graph Classes
Algorithms for Diameters of Unicycle Graphs and Diameter-Optimally Augmenting Trees
Parameterized Complexity of Immunization in the Threshold Model
Exact and Approximation Algorithms for Densest k -Subgraph
Improved Fixed-Parameter Algorithm for the Minimum Weight 3-SAT Problem
Triangle-Free Outerplanar 3-Graphs Are Pairwise Compatibility Graphs
WALCOM: Algorithms and Computation - 6th International Workshop, WALCOM 2012, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 15-17, 2012. Proceedings
Ranking and Unranking of the Planar Embeddings of a Planar Graph
Linear Pseudo-Polynomial Factor Algorithm for Automaton Constrained Tree Knapsack Problem
Computing beta-Drawings of 2-Outerplane Graphs
On Guarding Orthogonal Polygons with Sliding Cameras
Efficient Enumeration of Non-isomorphic Ptolemaic Graphs
Reconfiguration of Regular Induced Subgraphs
Collapsing Exact Arithmetic Hierarchies
Fixed-Orientation Equilateral Triangle Matching of Point Sets
Computing Periods ...
Maximize the Rightmost Digit:Gray Codes for Restricted Growth Strings
Dynamic Threshold for DDoS Mitigation in SDN Environment
Symmetry In The Structure Of Musical Nodes
Self-taught recovery of depth data
QoS-Aware Downlink Beamforming for Joint Transmission in Multi-Cell Networks
Intensity-aware GAN for Single Image Reflection Removal
Linear and nonlinear features for automatic artifacts removal from MEG data based on ICA
A novel speech enhancement method using power spectra smooth in Wiener filtering
Perceptual texture retrieval using spatial distributions of textons (SDoT)
Secret sharing mechanism with cheater detection
Beam Steering of Portable Parametric Array Loudspeaker
Multipoint linearization of parametric loudspeakers using volterra filters
Emotion recognition from multi-modal information
Color-tone similarity on digital images
Marine Snow Removal Benchmarking Dataset
Journal Name Extraction from Japanese Scientific News Articles
Towards AST-LLDs for the Analysis of Depression in Speech Signals
A hybrid algorithm for multiple parameters estimation with UCA of electromagnetic vector sensors
Beamforming informed independent low-rank matrix analysis for sound source enhancement in unmanned aerial vehicles
Implementation of Interactive Tools for Investigating Fundamental Frequency Response of Voiced Sounds to Auditory Stimulation
Quantification Analysis of Behavioral Changes after Sciatic Nerve Ligation in Rats
SCAN: A multi-operator image retargeting scheme
Investigation of Text-to-Speech-based Synthetic Parallel Data for Sequence-to-Sequence Non-Parallel Voice Conversion
Learning Properties of Feedforward Neural Networks Using Dual Numbers
Computer-assisted pronunciation training: From pronunciation scoring towards spoken language learning
Estimating Beverage Preference Based on Subjective Emotional Reactions and EEG Activity
Computational Complexity Reduced Belief Propagation Algorithm for Polar Code Decoders
Detection of Diffusion-Generated Images Using Sparse Coding
Spatial Information Refinement for Chroma Intra Prediction in Video Coding
Interactive segmentation for manga using lossless thinning and coarse labeling
Mobile application of interactive remote toys with augmented reality
Design of FPGA-based rapid prototype spectral subtraction for hands-free speech applications
Two layer coding of HDR images with noise bias compensation
Representing raw linguistic information in chinese text-to-speech system
Chinese-English SMT for cross-language dialogue agent support
Sparse-based disturbance cancellation approach for passive radar
On channel-aware frequency-domain scheduling with QoS support for uplink transmission in LTE systems
Capturing Dynamic Identity Features for Speaker-Adaptive Visual Speech Recognition
A real time micro-expression detection system with LBP-TOP on a many-core processor
MKTformer: Fine-grained Meter Classification Based on Multi-modal Knowledge Transfer
MMANN: Multimodal Multilevel Attention Neural Network for Horror Clip Detection
Language resource construction for Mongolian
Communication-Efficient Design of Learning System for Energy Demand Forecasting of Electrical Vehicles
Hierarchical Prosody Analysis Improves Categorical and Dimensional Emotion Recognition
Identification of Victims Wearing Vibrant Clothing using MATLAB
Ego motion induced visual discomfort of stereoscopic video
Robust anchorperson detection based on audio streams using a hybrid I-vector and DNN system
Personality trait perception from speech signals using multiresolution analysis and convolutional neural networks
A combination of time and frequency synchronization with Doppler compensation for coded OFDM-based UWA systems
Canine emotional states assessment with heart rate variability
Random forest of Classification and Regression Tree (CART) in the estimation of SWC based on meteorological inputs and hydrodynamics behind
Convolution Neural Network based Video Coding Technique using Reference Video Synthesis
Safety-level Estimation of Aerial Images based on Convolutional Neural Network for Emergency Landing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Future trend of deep learning frameworks - From the perspective of big data analytics and HPC
A new method of acceleration measurement for observing tongue movement in ultrasound image during speech production
A power-efficient cloud-based compressive sensing video communication system
A comparative study of time series modeling for driving behavior towards prediction
Improved Data2vec with Soft Supervised Hidden Unit for Mandarin Speech Recognition
Trimmed-Mean FxLMS Algorithm for ANC in Impulsive Noise
Application of Image Processing and Circular Statistics to 3D Cellular Alignment
Low power motion estimation based on non-uniform pixel truncation
A particle filter compensation approach to robust LVCSR
Performance Characterization of Rasterization Algorithms for Reconfigurable Graphics Processor
Statistical-Mechanical Analysis of the Second-Order Adaptive Volterra Filter
Diffusion Affine Projection Algorithm for Multitask Networks
Can We Simulate Generative Process of Acoustic Modeling Data? Towards Data Restoration for Acoustic Modeling
Gaze estimation using 3-D eyeball model and eyelid shapes
A two-stage query by singing/humming system on GPU
Underwater Image Dehazing Based on Disparity Estimation and Color Constraint
Multispectral filter array and demosaicking for pathological images
Design of Gradient and Variable Step-Size for Fast Adaptive Notch Filter
Learning the number of nodes in DNNs with activation mask
Eye corner detection with texture image fusion
Energy-Based Multiple Source Localization with Blinkies
Investigation on acoustic modeling with different phoneme set for continuous Lhasa Tibetan recognition based on DNN method
On the Security of Bitstream-level JPEG Encryption with Restart Markers
Dilated-Gated Convolutional Neural Network with A New Loss Function on Sound Event Detection
Thinning deep neural networks for sketch recognition
Offloading Selection with Unequal Timeslot in Mobile Edge Computing
Vein Pattern Visualisation using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks
Underwater multi-spectral photometric stereo reconstruction from a single RGBD image
Psychological Driving Style Estimation from GPS Sensor Data Alone
Image ordinal estimation: Classification and regression benefit each other
Depth coding using coded boundary patterns
Conditional Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencoder for Voice Conversion
Detection of tire types using tire noise from passing vehicles
Harmonic Preserving Neural Networks for Efficient and Robust Multipitch Estimation
Image copy-move forgery detection using hierarchical feature point matching
Personal Authentication with Eye Movement Features During PIN Input
Music emotion recognition using deep Gaussian process
Privacy image protection using fine-grained mosaic technique
The use of quantitative EEG in creativity study with simple task
Enhanced Loop-weakened Belief Propagation Algorithm for Performance Enhanced Polar Code Decoders