ABSTRACT Facial expression recognition (FER) is a significant task for the machines to understand the emotional changes in human beings. However, accurate hand-crafted features that are highly related to changes in expression are difficult to extract because of the influences of individual difference and variations in emotional intensity. Therefore, features that can accurately describe the changes in facial expressions are urgently required. Method: A weighted mixture deep neural network (WMDNN) is proposed to automatically extract the features that are effective for FER tasks. Several pre-processing approaches, such as face detection, rotation rectification, and data augmentation, are implemented to restrict the regions for FER. Two channels of facial images, including facial grayscale images and their corresponding local binary pattern (LBP) facial images, are processed by WMDNN. Expression-related features of facial grayscale images are extracted by fine-tuning a partial VGG16 network, the parameters of which are initialized using VGG16 model trained on ImageNet database. Features of LBP facial images are extracted by a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) built based on DeepID. The outputs of both channels are fused in a weighted manner. The result of final recognition is calculated using softmax classification. Results: Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can recognize six basic facial expressions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise) with high accuracy. The average recognition accuracies for benchmarking data sets ''CK+,'' ''JAFFE,'' and ''Oulu-CASIA'' are 0.970, 0.922, and 0.923, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed FER method outperforms the state-of-the-art FER methods based on the hand-crafted features or deep networks using one channel. Compared with the deep networks that use multiple channels, our proposed network can achieve comparable performance with easier procedures. Fine-tuning is effective to FER tasks with a well pre-trained model if sufficient samples cannot be collected. INDEX TERMS Facial expression recognition, double channel facial images, deep neural network, weighted mixture, softmax classification.
In 2018, Yang, B. et al., REF proposed an FER method consisting of three steps: Viola-Jones face detection, local binary patterns (LBP) feature extraction, and weighted mixture deep neural network (WMDNN) based on double-channel facial images;
Facial Expression Recognition Using Weighted Mixture Deep Neural Network Based on Double-Channel Facial Images
IEEE Access
IEEE Access
Computer Science