The encryption of network traffic complicates legitimate network monitoring, traffic analysis, and network forensics. In this paper, we present real-time lightweight identification of HTTPS clients based on network monitoring and SSL/TLS fingerprinting. Our experiment shows that it is possible to estimate the User-Agent of a client in HTTPS communication via the analysis of the SSL/TLS handshake. The fingerprints of SSL/TLS handshakes, including a list of supported cipher suites, differ among clients and correlate to User-Agent values from a HTTP header. We built up a dictionary of SSL/TLS cipher suite lists and HTTP User-Agents and assigned the User-Agents to the observed SSL/TLS connections to identify communicating clients. The dictionary was used to classify live HTTPS network traffic. We were able to retrieve client types from 95.4 % of HTTPS network traffic. Further, we discussed host-based and network-based methods of dictionary retrieval and estimated the quality of the data.
Martin Husák and colleagues gave a way to estimate User-Agent of a client in HTTPS communication through the fingerprint of initial SSL/TLS handshake in 2015 REF .However, due to the fuzziness of the fingerprint, the identification of browsers was not accurate.
HTTPS traffic analysis and client identification using passive SSL/TLS fingerprinting
EURASIP Journal on Information Security
Computer Science