We are developing a computer-aided diagnosis ͑CAD͒ system to classify malignant and benign lung nodules found on CT scans. A fully automated system was designed to segment the nodule from its surrounding structured background in a local volume of interest ͑VOI͒ and to extract image features for classification. Image segmentation was performed with a three-dimensional ͑3D͒ active contour ͑AC͒ method. A data set of 96 lung nodules ͑44 malignant, 52 benign͒ from 58 patients was used in this study. The 3D AC model is based on two-dimensional AC with the addition of three new energy components to take advantage of 3D information: ͑1͒ 3D gradient, which guides the active contour to seek the object surface, ͑2͒ 3D curvature, which imposes a smoothness constraint in the z direction, and ͑3͒ mask energy, which penalizes contours that grow beyond the pleura or thoracic wall. The search for the best energy weights in the 3D AC model was guided by a simplex optimization method. Morphological and gray-level features were extracted from the segmented nodule. The rubber band straightening transform ͑RBST͒ was applied to the shell of voxels surrounding the nodule. Texture features based on run-length statistics were extracted from the RBST image. A linear discriminant analysis classifier with stepwise feature selection was designed using a second simplex optimization to select the most effective features. Leave-one-case-out resampling was used to train and test the CAD system. The system achieved a test area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ͑A z ͒ of 0.83± 0.04. Our preliminary results indicate that use of the 3D AC model and the 3D texture features surrounding the nodule is a promising approach to the segmentation and classification of lung nodules with CAD. The segmentation performance of the 3D AC model trained with our data set was evaluated with 23 nodules available in the Lung Image Database Consortium ͑LIDC͒. The lung nodule volumes segmented by the 3D AC model for best classification were generally larger than those outlined by the LIDC radiologists using visual judgment of nodule boundaries.
In another classical work by Way et al. REF , segmentation is performed using 3D active contours followed by the extraction of texture features from the rubber band straightening transform of the surrounding voxels.
Computer-aided diagnosis of pulmonary nodules on CT scans: Segmentation and classification using 3D active contours
Medical physics
Medical physics
Physics Medicine