Abstract-Due to its reduced communication overhead and robustness to failures, distributed energy management is of paramount importance in smart grids, especially in microgrids, which feature distributed generation (DG) and distributed storage (DS). Distributed economic dispatch for a microgrid with high renewable energy penetration and demand-side management operating in grid-connected mode is considered in this paper. To address the intrinsically stochastic availability of renewable energy sources (RES), a novel power scheduling approach is introduced. The approach involves the actual renewable energy as well as the energy traded with the main grid, so that the supplydemand balance is maintained. The optimal scheduling strategy minimizes the microgrid net cost, which includes DG and DS costs, utility of dispatchable loads, and worst-case transaction cost stemming from the uncertainty in RES. Leveraging the dual decomposition, the optimization problem formulated is solved in a distributed fashion by the local controllers of DG, DS, and dispatchable loads. Numerical results are reported to corroborate the effectiveness of the novel approach. Index Terms-Demand side management, distributed algorithms, distributed energy resources, economic dispatch, energy management, microgrids, renewable energy, robust optimization. NOMENCLATURE T , t Number of scheduling periods, period index. M , m Number of conventional distributed generation (DG) units, and their index. N , n Number of dispatchable (class-1) loads, load index. Q, q Number of energy (class-2) loads, load index. Number of distributed storage (DS) units, and their index. Number of power production facilities with renewable energy source (RES), and facility index. Number of sub-horizons, and sub-horizon index. Parameter of utility function of load q. Depth of discharge specification of DS unit j; and parameters of storage cost. Power output from RES facility i in period t. Power output of DG unit m in period t. Power consumption of load n in period t. P t Eq Power consumption of load q in period t. P Power production from all RES facilities in t yielding the worst-case transaction cost. Cost of conventional DG unit m in period t. U
For example, Zhang et al. REF considered a novel power scheduling approach with high renewable energy penetration to ensure that the supply-demand balance is maintained.
Robust Energy Management for Microgrids With High-Penetration Renewables
Mathematics Computer Science Engineering