Image restoration algorithms are typically evaluated by some distortion measure (e.g. PSNR, SSIM) or by human opinion scores that directly quantify perceived perceptual quality. In this paper, we prove mathematically that distortion and perceptual quality are at odds with each other. Specifically, we study the optimal probability for discriminating the outputs of an image restoration algorithm from real images. We show that as the mean distortion decreases, this probability must increase (indicating lower perceptual quality). Surprisingly, this result holds true for any distortion measure (including advanced criteria). However, as we show experimentally, for some measures it is less severe (e.g. distances between VGG features). We also show that generative-adversarial-nets (GANs) provide a principled way to approach the perception-distortion bound. This constitutes theoretical support to their observed success in low-level vision tasks. Based on our analysis, we propose a new methodology for evaluating image restoration methods, and use it to perform an extensive comparison between recent super-resolution algorithms.
Just like what Blau et al. REF have proved, the distortion and perceptual quality are at odds with each other.
The Perception-Distortion Tradeoff