With the long propagation delay of an acoustic signal in underwater communications systems, relay node selection is one of the key design factors, because it significantly improves end-to-end delay, thereby improving overall network performance. To this end, the authors propose orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based spectrum-aware routing (OSAR), a scheme in which spectrum sensing is done by an energy detector, and each sensor node broadcasts its local sensing results to all one-hop nodes via an extended beacon message. Each sensor node then selects nodes that agree on an idle channel, consequentially forming a set of neighbouring nodes. The selection of a relay node is determined by calculating the transmission delay -the source/relay node selected is the one that has the minimum transmission delay from among all nodes in the neighbouring set. To evaluate OSAR, the authors perform extensive simulations via ns-MIRACLE for different numbers of channels using a BELLHOP model, and evaluate the average delay for different sensor nodes within the considered network. The results show a substantial decrease in delay as the number of sensor nodes increases in the network. In addition, the authors verify that the packet delivery ratio increases with increases in the number of sensor nodes, and prove better performance in the overhead ratio. The authors' simulation results verify that OSAR outperforms existing solutions.
Ghafoor et al. REF proposed an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based spectrum -aware routing (OSAR) relay selection protocol, which combined cognitive capability with a routing technique.
OFDM-based spectrum-aware routing in underwater cognitive acoustic networks
IET Communications
IET Communications
Mathematics Computer Science