Abstract-Energy being the very key concern area with sensor networks, so the main focus lies in developing a mechanism to increase the lifetime of a sensor network by energy balancing. To achieve energy balancing and maximizing network lifetime we use an idea of clustering and dividing the whole network into different clusters. In this paper we propose a dynamic cluster formation method where clusters are refreshed periodically based on residual energy, distance and cost. Refreshing clustering minimizes workload of any single node and in turn enhances the energy conservation. Sleep and wait methodology is applied to the proposed protocol to enhance the network lifetime by turning the nodes on and off according to their duties. The node that has some data to be transmitted is in on state and after forwarding its data to the cluster head it changes its state to off which saves the energy of entire network. Simulations have been done using MAT lab. Simulation results prove the betterment of our proposed method over the existing Leach protocol. . A sensor network is an infrastructure comprised of sensing (measuring), computing, and communication elements that gives an administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and react to events and phenomena in the specified environment. The administrator typically is a civil, governmental, commercial, or an industrial entity. The WSN's are built of "nodes" that range from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Every sensor has three basic units-sensing, radio, and battery, the major constraint being limited energy as the sensor nodes are directly dependent on the battery life [1] [11] . Till battery is charged they are live, so our focus lays on make them live for more amount of time. Consequently, a large number of sensor nodes can be networked to gather sensory data and each sensor performs two main responsibilities, namely, Sensing activities and Routing the sensed data to the base station or a controller (Gateway Sensor Node). The base station is a master node which is generally fixed and assumed to have uninterrupted power supply or accessible for maintenance. The main responsibility of base station is to collect information from various sensor nodes and process it for further dissemination/actions [2] . The sensor nodes are highly resource constrained. Energy is one of the major issues of the sensor nodes. In wireless sensor network most of the energy is consumed during transmission and it is further increased with the distance, as energy consumption is directly proportional to the square of the distance among the nodes [3] . In order to minimize energy consumption and increase lifetime of the network, distance must also be kept under consideration [4] [5]. Scalability being another issue of concern as a sensor consists of hundreds or thousands of nodes [6] . In sensor networks these issues are addressed in cluster based architecture particularly in LEACH [7] . But Leach supports only static cluster formation where cluster head runs out of energy more quickly due to extra responsibility of data aggregation. In this paper we focus on key concern areas with sensor networks like minimizing energy conservation, maximizing network lifetime, real time communication. II. LITERATURE SURVEY The literature [7] LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) proposed a clustering-based routing protocol that minimizes global energy usage by distributing the load to all the nodes at different points in time. A fixed clustering based approach to prolong the lifetime of sensor networks employing data aggregation is described in literature [4] . The literature [8] RDAG is an approach of Data aggregation by reducing the number of transmissions which is an effective approach to save energy by using the concept of LEACH. The literature [5] and [9] says that energy consumption in a WSN varies with the transmission range. Reducing the transmission range will reduce the power consumed in transmitting a packet toward the neighbors. The major drawback of LEACH [7] is that it does not support dynamic clustering so to overcome this we propose dynamic clustering protocol that refreshes clusters periodically. Cluster formation is based on residual energy, cost. Our proposed method supports sleep and wait technology where in only energy is consumed only on demand. On demand energy consumption helps in proper network utilization as well as enhancing network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Deepali virmni et al. proposed a dynamic cluster formation method where clusters are refreshed periodically based on residual energy, distance and cost in REF .
Dynamic Clustering Protocol for Data Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks
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