: Left: Ultrasound is focused to create the shape of a virtual sphere. Middle: Ultrasound pushes the impression of a sphere section into oil. Right: A simulation of the ultrasound at the plane intersected by the hand, where a threshold has been applied to highlight the foci. We present a method for creating three-dimensional haptic shapes in mid-air using focused ultrasound. This approach applies the principles of acoustic radiation force, whereby the non-linear effects of sound produce forces on the skin which are strong enough to generate tactile sensations. This mid-air haptic feedback eliminates the need for any attachment of actuators or contact with physical devices. The user perceives a discernible haptic shape when the corresponding acoustic interference pattern is generated above a precisely controlled two-dimensional phased array of ultrasound transducers. In this paper, we outline our algorithm for controlling the volumetric distribution of the acoustic radiation force field in the form of a three-dimensional shape. We demonstrate how we create this acoustic radiation force field and how we interact with it. We then describe our implementation of the system and provide evidence from both visual and technical evaluations of its ability to render different shapes. We conclude with a subjective user evaluation to examine users' performance for different shapes.
Long et al. proposed a method for rendering volumetric haptic shapes in mid-air using focused ultrasound and evaluated the effectiveness of this method to convey shape information by using a user's subjective evaluation REF .
Rendering volumetric haptic shapes in mid-air using ultrasound
TOGS
Computer Science