Modern memory access schedulers employed in GPUs typically optimize for memory throughput. They implicitly assume that all requests from different cores are equally important. However, we show that during the execution of a subset of CUDA applications, different cores can have different amounts of tolerance to latency. In particular, cores with a larger fraction of warps waiting for data to come back from DRAM are less likely to tolerate the latency of an outstanding memory request. Requests from such cores are more critical than requests from others. Based on this observation, this paper introduces a new memory scheduler, called (C)ritica(L)ity (A)ware (M)emory (S)cheduler (CLAMS), which takes into account the latency-tolerance of the cores that generate memory requests. The key idea is to use the fraction of critical requests in the memory request buffer to switch between scheduling policies optimized for criticality and locality. If this fraction is below a threshold, CLAMS prioritizes critical requests to ensure cores that cannot tolerate latency are serviced faster. Otherwise, CLAMS optimizes for locality, anticipating that there are too many critical requests and prioritizing one over another would not significantly benefit performance. We first present a core-criticality estimation mechanism for determining critical cores and requests, and then discuss issues related to finding a balance between criticality and locality in the memory scheduler. We progressively devise three variants of CLAMS, and show that the Dynamic CLAMS provides significantly higher performance, across a variety of workloads, than the commonly-employed GPU memory schedulers optimized solely for locality. The results indicate that a GPU memory system that considers both core criticality and DRAM access locality can provide significant improvement in performance.
Jog et al. REF observe the latency tolerance of GPU cores are different for some applications and they propose a memory scheduling policy to prioritize the critical memory requests.
Exploiting Core Criticality for Enhanced GPU Performance
SIGMETRICS '16
Computer Science