Abstract-Renewable energy sources are one key enabler to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and to cope with the anthropogenic climate change. Their intermittent behavior and limited storage capabilities present a new challenge to power system operators to maintain power quality and reliability. Additional technical complexity arises from the large number of small distributed generation units and their allocation within the power system. Market liberalization and changing regulatory framework lead to additional organizational complexity. As a result, the design and operation of the future electric energy system have to be redefined. Sophisticated information and communication architectures, automation concepts, and control approaches are necessary in order to manage the higher complexity of so-called smart grids. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art and recent developments enabling higher intelligence in future smart grids. The integration of renewable sources and storage systems T. Strasser, F. Andrén, and J. Kathan are with Electric Energy Systems, Energy Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: thomas.strasser@ait.ac.at; filip.andren@ait. ac.at; johannes.kathan@ait.ac.at). C. Cecati is with the Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy, with Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China, and also with DigiPower Ltd., 67100 L'Aquila, Italy (e-mail: carlo.cecati@univaq.it). C. Buccella is with the Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy, and also with DigiPower Ltd., 67100 L'Aquila, Italy (e-mail: concettina.buccella@univaq.it). P. Siano is with the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy (e-mail: psiano@unisa.it). P. Leitão is with the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal, and also with the Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal (e-mail: pleitao@ipb.pt). G.
For interested readers, we refer to a survey paper REF that reviews architectures and concepts for intelligence in future electric energy systems.
A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
Engineering Computer Science