Researchers in various ®elds, from acoustic phonetics to child language development, rely on digitised collections of spoken language data as raw material for research. Access to this data had, in the past, been provided in an ad-hoc manner with labelling standards and software tools developed to serve only one or two projects. A few attempts have been made at providing generalised access to speech corpora but none of these have gained widespread popularity. The Emu system, described here, is a general purpose speech database management system which supports complex multilevel annotations. Emu can read a number of popular label and data ®le formats and supports overlaying additional annotation with inter-token relations on existing time-aligned label ®les. Emu provides a graphical labelling tool which can be extended to provide special purpose displays. The software is easily extended via the Tcl/Tk scripting language which can be used, for example, to manipulate annotations and build graphical tools for database creation. This paper discusses the design of the Emu system, giving a detailed description of the annotation structures that it supports. It is argued that these structures are suciently general to allow Emu to read potentially any time-aligned linguistic annotation. Ó
Similarly, the EMU System REF ) is a speech database management system that supports multi-level annotations.
Multi-level annotation in the Emu speech database management system
Speech Commun.
Speech Commun.
Computer Science