Abstract: Nodes in a wireless ad hoc network have to support routing using their limited battery power resource. The routing protocol involved should use battery power efficiently for good system performance. For systems where node location information is available, this study proposes an on-demand routing protocol for choosing a route based on maximising the minimum node battery power and minimising the total transmission power required to reach the destination. In addition, the routing protocol proposed is able to restrict control packet flooding during route discovery and pre-empt link breakages because of node mobility. A power and mobility aware optimisation problem is first formulated. For an actual practical implementation, we present a heuristic scheme, Power and Mobility Aware Routing or PMAR protocol. PMAR performs almost as well as the proposed optimisation approach in static networks. In mobile networks, PMAR performs very well in terms of network lifetime, the number of data packets carried within the network lifetime and delay performance. It is shown to be energy efficient, effective in restricting control packet flooding and able to substantially reduce the network overheads caused by link breakages. Nomenclature F m a set consisting of source s and the forwarding nodes located along the mth route to a destination b g residual power of node g r total data size to be transmitted tc duration of the entire data transmission session e g m transmission energy required to send a bit of data from node g to the next downstream node along the mth route e m total transmission energy required for transmitting one bit of data along the mth route L g the set of routes currently routed via node g and the route initiated by this node q g l remaining number of data bits for the ongoing connection routed through node g along the lth route, l [ L g e g total transmission energy that is required of node g to transmit the remaining number of data bits (q g l ) for each of the ongoing connection along the lth route, l [ L g (b g 2 e g 2 re g m ) the effective remaining battery energy of a node g along the mth route, which is the difference between the available battery energy (after deducting an amount e g required for ongoing transmission from the residual energy b g ) and the transmission energy re g m required to transmit r amount of data at node g along the mth route b m minimum effective remaining battery energy found among all forwarding nodes and the source node along the mth route (i.e. for node g [ F m ) t g m the time interval for which node g stays connected to the next downstream node along the mth route tw m lifetime of the mth route, which is the smallest lifetime value found among all the links that make up the mth route f m value that indicates whether the mth route is selected. It can assume the value of 0 (to indicate it is not selected) or 1 (selected) e max maximum transmission energy required, found among all available routes, to send a bit of data from a source to a destination b max maximum value of the minimum effective remaining battery energy, found among all available routes from a source to a destination
In REF authors designed an ondemand Power and Mobility Aware Routing (PMAR) protocol.
Power and mobility aware routing in wireless ad hoc networks
IET Communications
IET Communications
Mathematics Computer Science