A multiplicity of autonomous terminals simultaneously transmits data streams to a compact array of antennas. The array uses imperfect channel-state information derived from transmitted pilots to extract the individual data streams. The power radiated by the terminals can be made inversely proportional to the square-root of the number of base station antennas with no reduction in performance. In contrast if perfect channel-state information were available the power could be made inversely proportional to the number of antennas. Lower capacity bounds for maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zeroforcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detection are derived. An MRC receiver normally performs worse than ZF and MMSE. However as power levels are reduced, the cross-talk introduced by the inferior maximum-ratio receiver eventually falls below the noise level and this simple receiver becomes a viable option. The tradeoff between the energy efficiency (as measured in bits/J) and spectral efficiency (as measured in bits/channel use/terminal) is quantified for a channel model that includes small-scale fading but not large-scale fading. It is shown that the use of moderately large antenna arrays can improve the spectral and energy efficiency with orders of magnitude compared to a single-antenna system. Index Terms-Energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, multiuser MIMO, very large MIMO systems.
To satisfy an achievable rate requirement, Ngo et al. proved that the transmit power of UEs can be made inversely proportional to the number of antennas when the channel state information (CSI) is available at the BS REF .
Energy and Spectral Efficiency of Very Large Multiuser MIMO Systems
IEEE Transactions on Communications
IEEE Transactions on Communications
Mathematics Computer Science