ANSI SQL-92 MS, ANSI] defines Isolation Levels in terms of phenomena: Dirty Reads, Non-Repeatable Reads, and Phantoms. This paper shows that these phenomena and the ANSI SQL definitions fail to properly characterize several popular isolation levels, including the standard Ioeking implementations of the levels covered. Ambiguity in the statement of the phenomena is investigated and a more formal statement is arrived at; in addition new phenomena that better characterize isolation types are introduced. Finally, an important multiversion isolation type, called Snapshot Isolation, is defined.
In terms of the theoretical framework for Ganymed, the basis for consistency in the system is the use of snapshot isolation REF .
A critique of ANSI SQL isolation levels
SIGMOD '95
Computer Science