愛爾蘭天主教徒

愛爾蘭天主教徒是一個同時是天主教徒和愛爾蘭人的民族宗教團體，本土於愛爾蘭。愛爾蘭天主教徒在全球各地有著大量流散僑民，其中包括超過2000萬美國人。

## 概述和歷史

愛爾蘭天主教徒和愛爾蘭新教徒之間的分歧在16世紀到20世紀的愛爾蘭歷史中產生了重大的影響。這些影響在地方自治危機和北愛爾蘭問題中尤其顯著。雖然廣泛的來說標誌著這些分歧的是宗教的劃定，但這些爭論主要是政治與權力上的。例如，雖然大多數的愛爾蘭天主教徒認為自己被排除在權力之外並具有獨立於英國的身份，有部分反對英國統治、煽動叛亂的新教愛爾蘭民族主義者則是愛爾蘭民族主義的支持者（儘管大多數的愛爾蘭新教徒反對分離主義）。在1798年的愛爾蘭起義中，同不屬於作為國教的愛爾蘭教會的天主教徒和長老會於此之中找到了聯合的理由。

愛爾蘭天主教徒遍布世界許多國家，尤其是在英語圈中。由於1800年代中期的愛爾蘭大饑荒，從愛爾蘭向外的移民在當時呈指數級增長。在美國，1850年代的「一無所知」運動和其他19世紀反天主教、反愛爾蘭的政治團體表達了對愛爾蘭天主教徒的敵意並訴諸了暴力。不過，自20世紀以來，愛爾蘭天主教徒在美國已經生根發芽，現在已是美國的主流社會的一部分。

## 其他閱讀

### 愛爾蘭天主教徒

- Anbinder, Tyler (2002). Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum. New York: Plume
- Anbinder, Tyler, "Moving beyond 'Rags to Riches': New York's Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts," Journal of American History 99 (December 2012), 741–70.
- Bayor, Ronald; Meagher, Timothy (eds.) (1997) The New York Irish. Baltimore: University of Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0-8018-5764-3
- Blessing, Patrick J. (1992). The Irish in America: A Guide to the Literature and the Manuscript Editions. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0-8132-0731-2
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- English, T. J. (2005). Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-059002-5
- Ebest, Ron. "The Irish Catholic Schooling of James T. Farrell, 1914–23." Éire-Ireland 30.4 (1995): 18-32 excerpt .
- Erie, Steven P. (1988). Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07183-2
- Fanning, Charles, and Ellen Skerrett. "James T. Farrell and Washington Park: The Novel as Social History." Chicago History 8 (1979): 80-91.
- French, John. "Irish-American Identity, Memory, and Americanism During the Eras of the Civil War and First World War." (PhD Dissertation, Marquette University, 2012). Online
- Gleeson. David T. The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America (U of North Carolina Press, 2013); online review
- Ignatiev, Noel (1996). How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91825-1
- Jensen, Richard. (2002) "'No Irish Need Apply': A Myth of Victimization". Journal of Social History 36.2 pp. 405–429 online
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- Kenny, Kevin (2000). The American Irish: A History. New York: Longman, 2000. ISBN 978-0582278172
- McCaffrey, Lawrence J. (1976). The Irish Diaspora in America. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America
- McKelvey, Blake. "The Irish in Rochester An Historical Retrospect." Rochester History 19: 1-16. online, on Rochester New York
- Meagher, Timothy J. (2000). Inventing Irish America: Generation, Class, and Ethnic Identity in a New England City, 1880–1928. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03154-1
- Mitchell, Brian C. (2006). The Paddy Camps: The Irish of Lowell, 1821–61. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 0-252-07338-XISBN 0-252-07338-X
- Mulrooney, Margaret M. (ed.) (2003). Fleeing the Famine: North America and Irish Refugees, 1845–1851. New York: Praeger Publishers. 0-275-97670-XISBN 0-275-97670-X
- Noble, Dale T. (1986). Paddy and the Republic: Ethnicity and Nationality in Antebellum America. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6167-3
- O'Connor, Thomas H. (1995). The Boston Irish: A Political History. Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-620-1
- O'Donnell, L. A. (1997). Irish Voice and Organized Labor in America: A Biographical Study. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Rogers, James Silas and Matthew J O'Brien, eds. After the Flood: Irish America, 1945–1960 (2009), Specialized essays by scholars
- Sim, David. (2013) A Union Forever: The Irish Question and US Foreign Relations in the Victorian Age (Cornell University Press, 2013)
- The Irish Cultural, Political, Social, and Religious Heritages
- Ireland: The Rise of Irish Nationalism, 1801–1850
- Emigrants and Immigrants
- Communities in Conflict: American Nativists and Irish Catholics
- Irish-American Politics
- Irish America and the Course of Irish Nationalism
- From Ghetto to Suburbs: From Someplace to Noplace?
- Endnotes

## 基本資料

- 紐西蘭：600,000
- 澳大利亞：7,000,000
- 阿根廷：500,000-1,000,000
- 英國：15,000,000
- 法國：15,000
- 宗教信仰：天主教會
- 語言：英語 (愛爾蘭方言, 美國方言, 英國方言, 澳大利亞方言以及紐西蘭方言), 愛爾蘭語 (主要於愛爾蘭), 西班牙語 (阿根廷方言以及墨西哥方言)和法語 (法國本土)
- 相關：Irish people, Irish diaspora, Irish Travellers, Irish Americans, Irish Canadians, Irish Australians, Irish New Zealanders, Irish Britons, Irish Argentines, Irish Mexicans, Irish French
- 愛爾蘭共和國：4,000,000
- 說明：凱爾特十字
- 人口：460萬 (愛爾蘭)、5500萬到6000萬 (主要居住於加拿大以及美國東部與中部)
- 北愛爾蘭：750,000
- 美國：~20,000,000
- 加拿大：5,000,000