委內瑞拉陸軍

委內瑞拉陸軍，正式名稱為委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國國家軍(Ejército Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela), 是委內瑞拉武裝部隊的六個軍種之一。該軍隊要參與陸上地面軍事行動，並應對可能危及國家主權的外部或內部威脅。

陸軍直接聽令於人民政權國防部。陸軍分為六個作戰兵種和四個指揮部：作戰、後勤、教育和陸軍航空兵。

委內瑞拉陸軍指揮官、官兵、技術員和軍醫均畢業於委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾軍事大學軍事院校，並且會被授予少尉軍銜，院校如下:

- 委內瑞拉軍事學院,
- Military Academy of Troop Officers Commander in Chief Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías,
- 玻利瓦爾軍事技術學院,
- 軍事衛生科學院

1821年6月24日，委內瑞拉軍隊在卡拉沃博戰役中戰勝西班牙帝國。不久委內瑞拉獨立。

## 歷史

### 獨立

With the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence on 19 April 1810 and the subsequent war in the country, a 軍校 was created in 1810 by decree of the Supreme Board of 卡拉卡斯 for the training of officers for the 共和主義 cause. The 保皇派 reaction was fast and by 1812 the First Republic of Venezuela was dissolved. A war to the death begun (guerra a muerte), with neither side giving quarter. On 11 April 1817, 1,800 Republicans under General Píer won a major victory against the Royalists at San Félix (southeast of Caracas), where the revolutionaries defeated 1,500 Royalists under General Nicolás María Cerruti. The Royalists suffered 593 dead and 497 captured, of whom 160 peninsulares (西班牙人 born in the 伊比利亞半島). All of the Spaniards were 斬首. The Republicans lost 31 dead and 65 wounded.

The war continued until 1824 with successes and failures on each side. On 7 August 1819, the army of 新格瑞那達共和國, under the command of the Liberator 西蒙·玻利瓦爾, defeats the Royalist troops under the command of General José María Barreiro in the Battle of Boyacá, being the first republic of the so-called Bolivarianas (Bolivarians) to obtain their independence of the 西班牙帝國; a day that also celebrates the National Army of Colombia.

The liberating army, whose central nucleus are the infantry battalions of Rifle troops, 跳躍者, Vencedores, the British Legions, plus the contingents of the 槍騎兵 Bravos de Apure of General 何塞·安東尼奧·派斯·埃雷拉, and whose contingents are made up mainly of Colombian-Venezuelan troops under the supreme leadership of Bolívar, are now waging the Venezuelan campaign as part of 大哥倫比亞共和國. On 24 June 1821, the Republicans obtained a decisive victory over the Royalists in the battle at Battle of Carabobo, and today is celebrated as the day of the Venezuelan Army.

After the Battle of Carabobo, the remnants of the Royalist armies that managed to escape from the battlefield took refuge in 卡貝略港, while in the east they did the same in 庫馬納. Cumaná was taken shortly after by the Republicans, but the heavily fortified city of Puerto Cabello resisted under 攻城戰 until 1823, during which time it served as the base for the Spanish reconquest of territories in western Venezuela.

Afterwards, these troops take part in the Southern Campaign under the command of 元帥 安東尼奧·何塞·蘇克雷, and went on to liberate 厄瓜多 in the 皮欽查戰役, Peru in the Battle of Junín, and Upper Peru (today 玻利維亞) in the 阿亞庫喬戰役.

### 20世紀

20世紀，委內瑞拉當局依據普魯士模式下對軍隊進行改革，這使得軍隊走上了現代化和專業化道路。不過隨之而來的是軍隊開始干預國政，委內瑞拉出現政治不穩定、政變和獨裁統治等局面。在1940年至1958年期間，軍國主義在該國政治中占主導地位，1952年時任國防部長希門內斯自任臨時總統，推翻委內瑞拉合眾國，建立了現在的政權。1958年，民主運動最終迫使軍方停止干預國政。

隨著佩雷斯希門尼斯的推翻和民主的回歸，委內瑞拉軍隊開始對付國內的由委內瑞拉共產黨和左翼革命運動（Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria，MIR）的極端分子領導的民族解放武裝部隊（Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional，FALN）。此外委內瑞拉軍隊也參與了聯合國在尼加拉瓜的維和行動。

### 21世紀

21世紀，委內瑞拉軍隊從俄羅斯手中購買了大量軍備，該國軍隊幾乎實現了全面現代化。

委內瑞拉武裝部隊是拉丁美洲第四大軍隊，僅次於巴西、哥倫比亞和墨西哥的軍隊。

## Mission and vision

Its mission, as the ground forces of the 委內瑞拉軍事, is to:

- Secure the ground defenses of the nation,
- Contribute to the establishment of democratic institutions and build up respect and full compliance to the laws of the Republic as mandated,
- Support national development and integration,
- And to participate in programs of international cooperation and peacekeeping.

## Functions of the Army

In accordance with the Article 9 of the National Armed Forces Organic Law as amended, the functions of the Army are to

- Organize, train and equip units for ground forces operations
- Establish doctrines for the various operations it has to undertake
- Participate in military mobilization programs
- Maintain the national borders
- And actively achieve readiness to develop technologies and scientifically advances for the advancement of national defense

## Official hymn

### Spanish lyrics

Chorus

Adelante marchemos, valientes, al combate y al rudo fragor

por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.

Por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.

Nuestra sangre es la savia del pueblo y en el pueblo se plasma en canción

es la rosa más pura del viento que en la historia da brillo a la acción,

En las aguas, el aire y la tierra la victoria es el alba inmortal,

si sublime es el triunfo en la guerra, preservemos la gloria y la paz.

Chorus

Y si el brazo extranjero se atreve a infamar de este suelo el honor

antes muerte mil veces nos llegue que rendirnos al torpe invasor,

pues de todas las patrias que el cielo diera al hombre en morada de amor,

es la nuestra el más hondo desvelo en el sueño de un mundo mejor.

Chorus

## 步兵武器

起源｜型號｜口徑｜細節｜圖片

突擊步槍

俄羅斯委內瑞拉｜AK-103｜7.62×39mm｜根據許可證生產 於 2006 年以 5200 萬美元購買了彈藥。2006 年以 4.746 億美元簽訂了兩份生產 AK-103 的合同。標準型突擊步槍。

比利時｜FN FNC｜5.56×45mm NATO｜玻利瓦爾國民警衛隊的隊員也使用。

法國｜FAMAS F1｜5.56×45mm NATO｜特種部隊旅在數量有限的情況下使用。

戰鬥步槍

比利時｜FN FAL｜7.62×51mm NATO

機槍

比利時｜FN Minimi｜5.56×45mm NATO

比利時｜FN MAG通用機槍｜7.62×51mm NATO

美國｜M60｜7.62×51mm NATO

美國｜白朗寧M2重機槍｜12.7×99mm NATO

衝鋒槍

德國｜H&K MP5｜9×19mm NATO

以色列｜Uzi｜9×19mm NATO

委內瑞拉｜CAVIM Orinoco IV｜9×19mm NATO｜新的本土設計衝鋒槍

比利時｜FN P90｜5.7×28mm

中國｜長風衝鋒槍｜9×19mm NATO｜在陸軍第 509 特種部隊營服役。

手槍

奧地利｜Glock 17｜9×19mm NATO

比利時｜白朗寧大威力半自動手槍｜9×19mm NATO

狙擊步槍

美國｜M14｜7.62×51mm NATO

美國｜M700

俄羅斯｜SVD｜7.62×54mmR

火箭推進榴彈/反戰車飛彈

瑞典｜AT4｜84×1020mm

瑞典｜RBS 70｜106mm

俄羅斯｜9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)｜72mm

俄羅斯｜RPG-7｜40mm

## 組織

### Army major commands

#### 特種部隊

99th Army Special Operations Brigade

### Army divisions and corps

#### 第2步兵師

The 79th Andes Air Defense Artillery Brigade reports directly to the Operational Strategic Command, while being in the 2ID's territorial jurisdiction.

#### 第 3 步兵師

Since 2016 the newly created 34th CCB reports also to the Operational Strategic Command.

## Ranks

Technical Non-commissioned officers and Warrant officers (Army shoulder boards)

Sargento Técnico de Tercera(Junior Warrant Officer)｜Sargento Técnico de Segunda｜Sargento Técnico de Primera (Third WarrantOfficer)｜Maestro Técnico de Tercera (SecondWarrant Officer)｜Maestro Técnico de Segunda(FirstWarrant Officer)｜Maestro Técnico de Primera｜Maestro Técnico Mayor｜Maestro Técnico Supervisor(Chief WarrantOfficer)

## 陸軍歷屆總司令

Commanding Generals of the Venezuelan Army

Commanding General｜Term in office

MGEN Francisco Rodríguez del Toro｜April 1810– July 1811

Generalissimo 弗朗西斯科·德·米蘭達｜Jul 1811 – Aug. 1812

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from 1812 to January 1813.

GEN Santiago Mariño｜Jan. 1813 – Jun. 1813

GEN 西蒙·玻利瓦爾 (first term)｜May 1813 – Dec 1814

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from December 1814 to May 1815.

General in Chief José Tadeo Monagas｜May 1815

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from May 1815 to May 1816.

GEN Simón Bolívar (second term)｜May 1816 – Aug. 1821

GEN Carlos Soublette｜Ago. 1821 – Dic. 1822

GEN 何塞·安東尼奧·派斯·埃雷拉｜Dec. 1822 – Jan 1847

General in Chief José Tadeo Monagas (2nd term)｜May 1847 – May 1858

GEN Santiago Mariño (acting)｜Jun 1848 – August 1848

GEN Julián Castro (Venezuelan president)｜March 1858 – August 1859 (acting till May 1858)

GEN Pedro E. Ramos｜Aug 1859 – Dec 1859

GEN León de Febres Cordero｜Dec 1859 – May 1861

GEN 何塞·安東尼奧·派斯·埃雷拉 (2nd term)｜May 1861 – Jul 1863

GEN Juan Crisóstomo Falcón｜Jul. 1863 – April 1868

GEN León Colina (acting)｜1864

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (acting)｜1866

GEN Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual｜April 1868 – Jul. 1868

GEN José Tadeo Monagas (3rd term)｜Jul. 1868 – Nov. 1868

GEN Juan Antonio Sotillo｜Nov. 1868 – May 1869

GEN José Ruperto Monagas｜May 1869 – April 1870

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (2nd term)｜April 1870 – Feb. 1877

GEN Francisco Linares Alcántara｜Feb. 1877 – Feb. 1879

GEN José Gregorio Valera｜Nov. 1878 – Feb. 1879 (acting till early February 1879)

GEN José Gregorio Cedeño｜Feb. 1879 (acting, served 12 days)

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (3rd term)｜Feb. 1879 – May 1884

GEN Joaquín Crespo｜May 1884 – April 1886

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (4th term)｜April 1886 – August 1887

GEN Hermógenes López｜August 1887 – June 1888

Doctor Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl｜Jul. 1888 – Mar. 1890

Doctor Raimundo Andueza Palacio｜Mar. 1890 – Oct. 1892

GEN Joaquín Crespo (2nd term)｜Oct. 1892 – Feb. 1898

LTGEN Ignacio Andrade｜Feb. 1898 – Oct. 1899

LTGEN 西普里亞諾·卡斯楚｜Oct. 1899 – Nov. 1908

LTGEN 胡安·比森特·戈麥斯｜Nov. 1908 – Dec. 1935

LTGEN Eleazar López Contreras｜Dec. 1935 – May 1941

MGEN Isaías Medina Angarita｜May 1941 – Oct 1945

LTCOL Carlos Delgado Chalbaud｜Oct. 1945 – Nov. 1948

LTCOL (later COL, BRIG and MGEN) 馬科斯·佩雷斯·希門內斯｜Nov. 1948 – Aug 1954

BRIG Hugo Fuentes｜Aug 1954 – Dec. 1957

BRIG Rafael Virgilio Vivas｜Dec. 1957 – Jan. 1958

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from January 1958 to January 1959.

BRIG Marco A. Moros A.｜Jan 1959 – Feb. 1960

MGEN Pedro J. Quevedo D.｜Feb. 1960 – Jul. 1964

BRIG Pablo A. Flores A.｜Jul. 1964 – Ene. 1968

MGEN Roberto Morean Soto｜Ene. 1968 – Feb. 1970

MGEN Víctor M. Maldonado｜Feb. 1970 – Sep. 1971

MGEN Homero I. Leal T.｜Sep. 1971 – Feb. 1973

BRIG Juan Manuel Sucre Figarella｜Feb. 1973 – April 1974

MGEN Manuel I. Bereciartu P.｜Apr. 1974 – Oct. 1975

MGEN Víctor M. Molino V.｜Oct. 1975 – Jun. 1977

MGEN Ernesto Brandt T.｜Jun. 1977 -Jun. 1978

MGEN Arnaldo Castro｜Jun. 1978 – May 1979

MGEN Ángel V. Berrio Brito｜May 1979 – Jun. 1979

MGEN Tomás Abreu R.｜Jun. 1979 – Jan. 1980

MGen Rafael G. Marín. G.｜Jan. 1980 – Jun. 1981

MGEN Vicente L. Narváez O.｜Jun. 1981 – Jun. 1982

MGEN Luis Octavio Romero｜Jun. 1982 – Jun. 1983

MGEN Luís J. Silva Tirado｜Jun. 1983 – Jun. 1984

MGEN José A. Olavarría｜Jun. 1984 – Jun. 1985

MGEN José Humberto Vivas｜Jun. 1985 – Jun. 1986

MGEN Elidoro A. Guerrero｜Jun. 1986 – Jun. 1987

MGEN Italo del Valle Alliegro｜Jun. 1987 – Jun. 1988

MGEN José María Troconis Peraza｜Jun. 1988 – Jun. 1989

MGEN Carlos J. Peñaloza Z.｜Jun. 1989 – Jun. 1991

MGEN Pedro. R. Rangel R.｜Jun. 1991 – Jun. 1993

MGEN Jorge I. Tagliaferro De Lima｜Jun. 1993 – Jan 1994

MGEN Moisés A. Orozco Graterol｜Feb 1994 – Dec 1994

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from December 1994 to January the following year.

MGEN Pedro N. Valencia V.｜Jan. 1995 – Jul. 1996

MGEN Pedro Hernández G.｜Jul. 1996 – Jul. 1997

MGEN Wilfredo J. Guerrero Z.｜Jun. 1997 – Jul. 1998

MGEN Rubén M. Rojas Pérez｜Jul. 1998 – Feb. 1999

MGEN Noel E. Martínez Ochoa｜Feb. 1999 – Aug. 1999

MGEN Lucas Rincón Romero、｜Aug. 1999 – Jun. 2001

MGEN Víctor A. Cruz Weffer｜Jun. 2001 – Dec 2001

BRIG (later MGEN) Efraín Vásquez Velasco｜Dec. 2001 – Apr. 2002

MGEN Julio J. García Montoya｜April 2002 – Jan. 2003

MGEN Jorge Luis García Carneiro、｜Jan. 2003 – Jan. 2004

MGEN Raúl Isaías Baduel、｜Jan. 2004 – Jul. 2006

MGEN Pedro Azuaje Apitz｜Jul. 2006 – Jul. 2007

LTGEN Carlos Mata Figueroa、｜Jul. 2007 – Mar. 2009

LTGEN Juan Vicente Paredes Torrealba｜Mar. 2009 – Jul. 2010

LTGEN Euclides Campos Aponte｜Jul. 2010 – Jul. 2012

LTGEN Carlos Alcalá Cordones｜Jul. 2012 – Jul. 2013

LTGEN Alexis Ascension López Ramírez｜Jul. 2012 – Jul. 2014

LTGEN Gerardo Izquierdo Torres｜Jul. 2014– July 2015

LTGEN Juan de Jesús García Toussaintt｜July 2015 – June 2017

LTGEN Jesús Rafael Suárez Chourio｜June 2017 –

(*): Marks promotion to the rank of full General (and appointment as Minister of Defense) after serving term as Commanding General of the Army

## 外部鏈接

- Sitio oficial del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Defensa de Venezuela
- Sitio oficial del Ejército Libertador (Venezuela)
- Sitio oficial de la Aviación del Ejército del Venezuela
- Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories

## 基本資料

- 原始文本：委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國國家軍
- 原文名：Ejército Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela
- 開始日期：1810年4月19日
- 功能：保護國家的永久主權免受任何外部或內部威脅。
- 上級機構：委內瑞拉人民政權國防部
- 冠名自：Our Lady of Mount Carmel
- 格言："自由的締造者"
- 顏色：藍色和紅
- march：Venezuelan National Army Hymn (Himno del Ejercito Nacional Bolivariano de Venezuela)
- 紀念日：6 月 24 日
- 參與戰役：委內瑞拉獨立戰爭、西屬美洲獨立戰爭、大哥倫比亞-秘魯戰爭、聯邦戰爭、馬丘魯庫托突襲、哥倫比亞內戰、委內瑞拉危機
- 著名指揮官：弗朗西斯科·德·米蘭達、何塞·安東尼奧·派斯·埃雷拉
- identification_symbol：
- identification_symbol_label：Flag