有罪不罰

有罪不罰（impunity）的意思是"exemption from punishment or loss or escape from fines"（免於處罰或損失或逃避罰款）。

在國際人權法中，有罪不罰是指未能將侵犯人權的肇事者繩之以法，因此，這本身就構成了對受害者尋求正義和補救的權利的否定。有罪不罰現象在缺乏法治傳統、存在腐敗或存在根深蒂固的庇護制度、司法系統薄弱或安全部隊成員受到特殊管轄權或豁免權保護的國家尤其常見。有罪不罰有時被認為是否認歷史罪行的一種形式。2

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In the international law of human rights, it refers to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to [[justice]] and redress. Impunity is especially common in countries that lack a tradition of the [[rule of law]], suffer from corruption or that have entrenched systems of patronage, or where the judiciary is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special jurisdictions or immunities. Impunity is sometimes considered a form of denialism of historical crimes.<ref name="未命名-20230318192611"/>
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在國際人權法中，指的是未能將侵犯人權的肇事者繩之以法，因此，它本身就構成了對受害者獲得正義和補救的權利的剝奪。有罪不罰現像在缺乏法治傳統、飽受腐敗或有根深蒂固的庇護製度、司法薄弱或安全部隊成員受到特殊司法管轄的國家尤為普遍。或免疫。有罪不罰有時被認為是否認歷史罪行的一種形式。

## 例子

The 亞美尼亞種族滅絕 was fueled by impunity for the perpetrators of earlier massacres of Armenians早期屠殺亞美尼亞人的肇事者逍遙法外, such as the 1890s 哈米德大屠殺. After the genocide, the 塞夫爾條約 required Turkey to allow the return of refugees and enable them to recover their properties. However, Turkey did not allow the return of refugees and nationalized all Armenian properties. A secret annex to the 洛桑條約 (1923年) granted immunity to the perpetrators of the 亞美尼亞種族滅絕 and put an end to the effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals. Hardly anyone was prosecuted for the systematic murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians. According to historian Stefan Ihrig, the failure to intervene and hold perpetrators accountable made the genocide the "double original sin" of the twentieth century.

## 人權原則

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The amended ''Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity'', submitted to the [[United Nations]] Commission on Human Rights on 8 February 2005, defines impunity as:
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the impossibility, de jure or de facto, of bringing the perpetrators of violations to account – whether in criminal, civil, administrative or disciplinary proceedings – since they are not subject to any inquiry that might lead to their being accused, arrested, tried and, if found guilty, sentenced to appropriate penalties, and to making reparations to their victims.

2005年2月8日提交給聯合國人權委員會的經修訂的《通過打擊有罪不罰的行動保護和促進人權的一套原則》將有罪不罰定義為：

The First Principle of that same document states that:

Impunity arises from a failure by States to meet their obligations to investigate violations; to take appropriate measures in respect of the perpetrators, particularly in the area of justice, by ensuring that those suspected of criminal responsibility are prosecuted, tried and duly punished; to provide victims with effective remedies and to ensure that they receive reparation for the injuries suffered; to ensure the inalienable right to know the truth about violations; and to take other necessary steps to prevent a recurrence of violations.

無論是在刑事、民事、行政、紀律程序中，無論是在刑事、民事、行政、紀律程序中，都無法將違法者繩之以法，因為不受任何可能被指控、逮捕、審判、調查，如果被判有罪，將被判處適當的刑罰，並向受害者作出賠償。

該文件的第一原則指出：

有罪不罰是由於國家未能履行其調查侵權行為的義務；對肇事者採取適當措施，特別是在司法領域，確保那些涉嫌刑事責任的人受到起訴、審判和應有的懲罰；為受害者提供有效的補救措施，並確保他們獲得對所受傷害的賠償；確保了解侵權行為真相的不可剝奪的權利；並採取其他必要措施防止再次發生違規行為。

真相委員會s are frequently established by nations emerging from periods marked by human rights violations – coups d'état, military dictatorships, civil wars, etc. – in order to cast light on the events of the past. While such mechanisms can assist in the ultimate prosecution of crimes and punishment of the guilty, they have often been criticised for perpetuating impunity by enabling violators to seek protection of concurrently adopted amnesty laws.

The primary goal of the 國際刑事法院羅馬規約 of the 國際刑事法院, adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002, is "to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators" ... "of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole".

## 外部鏈接

- International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page