原始易洛魁語

原始易洛魁語是易洛魁語系的祖語。弗洛伊德·朗恩斯伯里 (1961)根據語言年代學估計，南北易洛魁語分裂的時間深度約為3500年到3800年。

在歐洲人接觸易洛魁人的早期，16世紀的法國探險者在聖勞倫斯河沿岸發現了與今日聖勞倫斯易洛魁人有關的村落。其他更知名的北方部落趕走了他們，後來遇到更多的歐洲殖民者。這些部落包括今日安大略省的休倫族和中立聯盟、紐約上州和賓州的易洛魁聯盟五族、賓州的伊利族和薩斯奎漢納族。

南支則有大煙山的切羅基人到鄰近今日維吉尼亞州/北卡羅萊納州邊境的諾托韋人和塔斯卡洛拉人。

## 分支

易洛魁語系通常按詞彙與音系分成南（切羅基語）北（其他語言）兩支。北易洛魁語進一步分為原始塔斯卡洛拉-諾托韋和湖區兩支，Julian (2010)認為後者不是有效的分類。

## 研究史

Chafe (1977a)、Michelson (1988)、Rudes (1995)分別進行過獨立的研究。此外，對塞尼卡語和莫霍克語等語言進行過內部構擬。Charles Julian (2010)進行了原始易洛魁語的大規模構擬。

## 音系

原始易洛魁語具有易洛魁語系的定性的類型學特徵：輔音較少，複輔音較複雜，缺乏雙唇音。

### 元音

原始易洛魁語的元音如下：

前｜央｜後

閉｜i iː｜u uː

中｜e eː ẽ ẽː｜o oː õ õː

開｜a aː

原始易洛魁語有鼻化元音/õ/、/ẽ/。

### 輔音

所有易洛魁語的輔音都可分為（口腔）阻礙音、噝音、喉音和響音(Lounsbury 1978:337)。

齒齦音｜硬齶音｜軟齶音｜聲門音

塞音｜t｜k kʷ｜ʔ

塞擦音

擦音｜s｜h

鼻音｜n

近音｜ɹ｜j｜w

## 詞法

Julian (2010)構擬的詞法詞素：

序號｜詞義｜原始易洛魁語｜原始北部易洛魁語

1｜'negative'｜、teʔ

2｜'coincident' (perhaps also relativizer)｜、ts

3｜'contrastive'｜、thi

4｜'partitive'｜、ijiː

5｜'translocative'｜、wi

6｜'factual'｜、waʔ

7｜'duplicative'｜、teː

8｜'future'｜、ẽː

9｜'optative'｜、aɹa

10｜'cislocative'｜、t

11｜'repetitive'｜、ts

12｜'non-singular animate'｜、ka

13｜'1:2.SG'｜、kõː

14｜'1:2.DU'｜、kni

15｜'1:2.PL'｜、kwa

16｜'2:1.SG'｜、hskʷi

17｜'2:1.DU'｜、hskniː

18｜'2:1.PL'｜、hskʷ…

19｜'1SG:3'｜、ki

20｜1SG:3A' (> PNI '1SG:3I')｜、kiji

21｜'1SG:3M'｜、he or、hɹi

22｜'2SG:3'｜、hsi

23｜2SG:3A' (> PNI '2SG:3I')｜、hsiji

24｜'2SG:3M'｜、hehse

25｜'3:1SG'｜、wakʷi

26｜3A:1SG' (> PNI '3I:1SG')｜、jõːkʷi

27｜'3M:1SG'｜、hɹake

28｜'3:2SG'｜、tsa

29｜3A:2SG' (> PNI 3I:2SG')｜、jeːtsa

30｜'3M:2SG'｜、hja

31｜'2DU&3'｜、tsniː

32｜'2DU&3M'｜、hshetsni

33｜'2PL&3'｜、ts…

34｜'2PL&3M'｜、hshetswa

35｜'2NS&3I'｜、jetshi

36｜'1+2DU:3'｜、tniː

37｜'1+2DU:3M'｜、hshetni

38｜'1+2PL:3'｜、t…

39｜'1+2PL:3M'｜、hshetwa

40｜'1+3DU:3'｜、jakni

41｜'1+3DU:3M'｜、hshakni

42｜'1+3PL:3'｜、jakwa

43｜'1+3PL:3M'｜、hshakwa

44｜'3:1DU'｜、kniː

45｜'3M:1DU'｜、hshõkni

46｜'3:1PL'｜、kʷ…

47｜'3M:1PL'｜、hshõkwa

48｜'1+2NS:3I' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、jethi

49｜1+3NS:3I' (> Hu. 1NS:3I)｜、jakhi

50｜3I:1NS' (> Tu. '1NS&3I')｜、jõkhi

51｜'3SG:3' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、ka

52｜'3SG:3' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、wa

53｜'3SGM:3'｜、hɹa

54｜'3:3SG'｜、juː

55｜'3:3SGM'｜、hɹo

56｜'3DU:3'｜、kni

57｜'3DUM:3'｜、hni

58｜3NS:3' (> PNI '3PL:3')｜、wantiː

59｜'3PL:3' (second variant, in competition with、wati, #58)｜、kõti

60｜'3PLM:3'｜、hɹati

61｜'3:3NS'｜、juːntiː

62｜'3:3NSM'｜、hɹoti

63｜'3I:3'｜、je

64｜'3:3I'｜、jako

65｜'3SGM:3I'｜、hshako

66｜3A:3SGA' (> Ch. '3NS:3SG', PNI '3I:3SG')｜、kõːwa

67｜'3I:3SGM'｜、hɹõwa

68｜3A:3NSA' (> Ch. '3NS:3NS', PNI '3I:3NS')｜、kõːwantiː

69｜'3I:3NSM'｜、hɹõwati

70｜'3NS:3I' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、jakoti

71｜'3NSM:3I' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、hshakoti

72｜'2:1.SG.IMP'｜、take

73｜'2:1.DU.IMP'｜、takni

74｜'1:2.PL.IMP'｜、takwa

75｜'2SG:3.IMP'｜、tse

76｜'reflexive'｜、ataːt

77｜'semireflexive' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、at

78｜'semireflexive' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、aɹ

79｜'joiner vowel'｜、a

80｜'nominalizer' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、hsɹ

81｜'nominalizer' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、ʔtshɹ

82｜'causative-instrumental' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、t

83｜'causative-instrumental' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、hst

84｜'instrumental'｜、hkw

85｜'reversive' (PNI lexically determined variant 1)｜、kʷ

86｜'reversive' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、hsj

87｜'inchoative'｜、ʔ

88｜'dative-benefactive' (PNI lexically determined variant 1)｜、ts

89｜'dative-benefactive' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、ẽ

90｜'dative-benefactive' (lexically determined variant 3)｜、ni

91｜'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、n

92｜'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、h

93｜'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 3)｜、ts

94｜'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 4)｜、tsɹ

95｜'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 5, limited to Iroquoia)｜、ɹ

96｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、njõː

97｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、nõː

98｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 3)｜、hõː

99｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 4)｜、õː

100｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 5)｜、ɹõː

101｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 6)｜、ɹjõː

102｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 7)｜、tsõː

103｜'distributive' (lexically determined variant 8)｜、tsɹõː

104｜'progressive'｜、tjeʔ

105｜'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、hs

106｜'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、ts

107｜'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 3)｜、haʔ

108｜'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 4)｜、h

109｜'imperfective suffix' (cf. Cherokee imperfective verbs inhsk)｜、hsk

110｜'past habitual suffix'｜、kʷ

111｜'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、ʔ

112｜'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、ẽʔ

113｜'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 3)｜、Ø

114｜'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 4)｜、n

115｜'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、õh

116｜'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、ẽh

117｜'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 3)｜、Ø

118｜'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 4)｜、eʔ

119｜'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 5)｜、ih

120｜'past perfect suffix'｜、n

121｜'facilitative suffix'｜、nskõːh

122｜'modalizer suffix'｜、k

123｜'noun suffix'｜、aʔ

124｜'authenticative suffix'｜、õweh

125｜'characterizer suffix'｜、haːʔ

126｜'decessive suffix'｜、kẽh

127｜'intensifier suffix'｜、tsih

128｜'locative suffix'｜、keh

129｜'populative suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)｜、ɹonõʔ

130｜'populative suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)｜、kaːʔ

## 詞彙

Julian (2010)構擬的詞根與助詞：

序號｜詞義｜原始易洛魁語｜原始北部易洛魁語｜原始莫霍克-Oneida｜Huron （Huron-Petun共同語）

131｜'path, road, trail'｜、-ah-,、-(a)hah-

132｜'be bad, be ugly, be useless'｜、-(a)hetkẽʔ

133｜'be salty, be sour'｜、-ahjoʔtsihs,、-oʔtsihst-

134｜'bark, wood, wood chips'｜、-ahkaɹ-

135｜'be ten'｜、-ahnshẽːh

136｜'ear'｜、-(a)hõht-

137｜'count'｜、-(a)hɹaːt-

138｜'hear, speak a language, understand'｜、-ahɹõk-

139｜'foot'｜、-aːhs-,、-aːhsiʔt-

140｜'three'｜、ahsẽh

141｜'string'｜、ahsɹijeʔ

142｜'shoe'｜、-ahtahkʷ-,、ahtaʔ

143｜'be forbidden, be prohibited, be strict, be taboo'｜、-ahtjawẽɹeʔ

144｜'abandon, give up, leave behind, let go, quit, release'｜、-ahtkaʔw-

145｜'disappear, vanish'｜、-ahtõ-,、-ahtõʔ-

146｜'hide'｜、-ahtseht-

147｜'argue for, compete for, contend for, fight for'｜、-ahtskehnh-

148｜'not yet, still'｜、ahtsõh,、atsõh

149｜'night'｜、-ahtsõːh-

150｜'connect, fasten, join together'｜、-ahtsõtɹ-

151｜'be durable, be hard, be strong'｜、-akanst-,、-anst-,、-kanst-

152｜'be a number, be an amount, be that many'｜、-akeːh,、-keːh

153｜'be bad'｜、-aksẽːh

154｜'cry'｜、-anstaɹ-

155｜'outdoors, outside'｜、ansteh

156｜'shoe'｜、-aɹaːhsu-

157｜'be cousins'｜、-aɹaʔtseːʔ

158｜'about, almost, approximately'｜、aɹeʔ

159｜'be inside, be one, be present, be within, exist'｜、-aːt

160｜'speak, talk'｜、-atati-,、-atatj-

161｜'bathe, swim'｜、-atawẽ-

162｜'climb over, go over'｜、-atawẽːhɹat-

163｜'be ashamed, be embarrassed'｜、-ateːhẽːh-

164｜'be burning, burn'｜、-atek-

165｜'burn, cause to burn, light a fire'｜、-atekaʔt-

166｜'use to light a fire'｜、-atekaʔtahkw-

167｜'be a doctor, cure, heal'｜、-atetsjẽʔt-

168｜'food taken along, provisions'｜、-atẽnaʔtshɹ-

169｜'be a member of the Wolf Clan' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-athahjõniːh

170｜'be cold, be cold out, cold'｜、-athoɹ-,、athoʔ

171｜'hear'｜、-athõː-

172｜'garter' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-athsinh-,、-athsinhatshɹ-

173｜'be burnt, be consumed, be used up, burn, use oneself up'｜、-athsʔaht-

174｜'abandon, throw, throw out'｜、-ati-,、-atj-,、-õti-,、-õtj-

175｜'draw, pull, stretch'｜、-atiɹõːt-

176｜'get dressed, put on' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-atjaʔtawiʔt-

177｜'harbour, hold back, keep'｜、-atjenawahst-

178｜'be cheap, be easy, be profligate, squander'｜、-atjets-

179｜'look at'｜、-atkahthw-

180｜'purulence, pus'｜、-atkẽhtsɹ-

181｜'be a sorcerer, be a spirit, have inherent power'｜、-atkõʔ

182｜'axe'｜、atokẽʔ

183｜'spoon' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-atokw-,、-atokwaʔtshɹ-

184｜'hunt'｜、-atoɹaːt-

185｜'breathe'｜、-atõːɹ-

186｜'laugh, laugh out loud' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-atõtaɹikt-

187｜'meet, meet by chance'｜、-atɹaʔ-

188｜'grandchild, have as grandchild'｜、-atɹe-

189｜'be green, be new'｜、-atseːʔ

190｜'be glad, be happy'｜、-atshẽnõni-

191｜'dry out, dry up, evaporate, run dry'｜、-atst-,、-atstathẽ-

192｜'abandon, lend, let go, spare' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-atwẽteht-

193｜'fence, palisade'｜、-atʔẽhɹ-

194｜'belong to, own, possess'｜、-awẽh

195｜'stir'｜、-awẽɹi-,、-awẽɹj-

196｜'water'｜、awẽʔ

197｜'be small'｜、-aʔ-,、-aʔaːh

198｜'lace, net, netting, web' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-aʔaɹ-

199｜'dew'｜、-aʔawj –

200｜'strike'｜、-aʔe-

201｜'become dark, become night'｜、-aʔkaɹaʔ-,、-aʔkɹaʔ-

202｜'snow, snowflake' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-aʔkɹ-

203｜'turtle' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-aʔnowaɹ-,、-ʔnowaɹ-

204｜'be hot, be warm'｜、-aʔtaɹihẽːh

205｜'heat, sweat'｜、-aʔtaɹihẽhsɹ-

206｜'axe'｜、-aʔtsɹ-

207｜'be extinguished, fire to go out'｜、-aʔtsw-

208｜'extinguish, put out a fire'｜、-aʔtswaht-

209｜'come, go, go on foot, walk'｜、-e-

210｜'remember'｜、-ehjahɹ-

211｜'believe, think'｜、-eːɹ-

212｜'heart'｜、-eɹjahs-

213｜'a lot, much'｜、etsoʔ,、itsoʔ,、itswaʔ

214｜'above, high, over'｜、eʔnkẽh,、heʔnkẽh

215｜'flower' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-ẽh-

216｜'day' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-ẽhnitsɹ-

217｜'be uncle to, have as nephew or niece'｜、-ẽhwatẽʔ,、-jẽhwatẽʔ

218｜'be born, establish oneself'｜、-ẽnakɹaːt-

219｜'day'｜、-ẽt-

220｜'be finished, be over, be prepared, be ready, come to an end'｜、-ẽtaʔ-

221｜'drop, fall'｜、-ẽʔ-

222｜'nine'｜、ẽʔtɹõʔ,、waʔtɹõh,、waʔtɹõʔ

223｜'council fire, flame, torch'｜、-hahsɹ-

224｜'cornstalk, grass'｜、-heɹ-

225｜'shout, yell'｜、-hẽɹeht-

226｜'clearing, field, meadow'｜、-hẽt-

227｜'mark, write'｜、-hjatõ-

228｜'book, something marked, something written'｜、-hjatõhsɹ-

229｜'claw'｜、-hkaɹ-

230｜'current, moving water, rapids'｜、-hnaw-

231｜'arm, shoulder'｜、-hnẽː-

232｜'command, employ, hire'｜、-hnhaʔ-

233｜'door'｜、-hnhoh-,、-hnhohw-

234｜'close a door, door to be closed'｜、-hnhotõ-

235｜'have jowls protruding' (> cattle, cow)｜、-hnh(o/õ)hskʷ(a/e)ɹõːt

236｜'feed, put in the mouth'｜、-hnhõtho-,、-hnhõthw-

237｜'be durable, be hard, be solid, be strong'｜、-hniɹ-

238｜'thigh'｜、-hnitsh-

239｜'neck, throat'｜、-hnj-

240｜'tie'｜、-hnɹ-

241｜'basswood'｜、-hohsɹ-,、-hotsɹ-

242｜'bread'｜、-hɹahkʷ-

243｜'feather'｜、-hɹaʔt-

244｜'cut'｜、-hɹen-

245｜'fall, fall over'｜、-hɹjenẽʔ-,、-ʔɹhjenẽʔ-

246｜'tell' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-hɹoɹi-,、-hɹoɹj-

247｜'name, reputation'｜、-hsẽn-

248｜'dough' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-hsheʔɹ-,-hsheʔɹh-

249｜'depression, depth, hole, hollow.｜、-hshõw-

250｜'detest, dislike, hate'｜、-hshwahẽ-,、-hshwẽ-

251｜'ankle, knee'｜、-hsinkoʔt-

252｜'slow'｜、-hskanẽ-

253｜'be good' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-hskaːths

254｜'deer'｜、-hskẽnõtõʔ

255｜'bone'｜、-hskẽʔɹ-;、-hskẽʔɹakeht- 'be a warrior', lit. 'carry the bone'

256｜'head'｜、-hskʷ-

257｜'finger, hand'｜、-hsnõhs-,、-hsnõʔ

258｜'be fast, be quick'｜、-hsnuːɹiʔ

259｜'be ancestor to, be grandparent to'｜、-hsoːt

260｜'build, make, prepare'｜、-hsɹõːn-

261｜'use'｜、-hst-

262｜'marrow'｜、-hstahɹõw-

263｜'be little, be small'｜、-hsthwih,、-hstwih

264｜'back'｜、-hsw-

265｜'board, wood'｜、-hswẽʔkaɹ-,、-hwẽʔkaɹ-,、-hwẽʔkhaɹ-

266｜'complete, exhaust, finish'｜、-hsʔ-,、-ihsʔ-

267｜'have as older sibling, have as older maternal female cousin'｜、-htsiʔ

268｜'colour, dye, paint'｜、-htsuːhw-

269｜'family'｜、-hwatsiɹ-

270｜'be round'｜、-hweʔnõniːh

271｜'foam'｜、-hwẽʔnst-

272｜'force, strength'｜、-hwihsh-

273｜'five'｜、hwihsk

274｜'metal, money'｜、-hwihst-

275｜'be, be the one, exist'｜、-iː-

276｜'be dead, die'｜、-ihej-

277｜'cross over'｜、-ihjaʔk-,、-jahjaʔk-

278｜'creek, river'｜、-ijhõh-,、-ijhõhw-,、-wjhõh-

279｜'be beautiful, be good, be great'｜、-ijoːh

280｜'emerge, go out, put out'｜、-inkẽʔ-

281｜'far'｜、iːnõh

282｜'mattress, sheet, spread'｜、-inskaɹ-

283｜'be sitting, sit' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-inskoːt

284｜'saliva, spit, spittle'｜、-inskɹ-

285｜'fish scale'｜、-inst-

286｜'cliff, rock, rock bank'｜、-instẽhɹ-,、-nstẽhɹ-

287｜'sleep'｜、-itaʔw-,、-itʔo-

288｜'crowd, group'｜、-itjohkʷ-

289｜'you'｜、iːts

290｜'shoot'｜、-iʔaːk-,、-iʔjaːk-,、-ʔjaːk-

291｜'clan, clay, hearth'｜、-iʔtaɹ-,、-ʔtaɹ-

292｜'abide, dwell, reside, sit'｜、-iʔtɹõ-

293｜'exit, go out, leave'｜、-jakẽʔ-

294｜'footprint, gait, track'｜、-jan-

295｜'be a chief, be good, be lawful, be proper' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-janɹ-

296｜'law'｜、-janɹehsɹ-,、-janrẽhsɹ-

297｜'break, cut'｜、-jaʔk-

298｜'being, body, carcass, corpse, person'｜、-jaʔt-

299｜'wake up'｜、-je-

300｜'add, contribute, mix'｜、-jehst-

301｜'capture, catch, grab'｜、-jena-,、-jenaw-

302｜'act, do, happen to'｜、-jeɹ-

303｜'be complete, be just, be perfect, be right'｜、-jeɹi-

304｜'body'｜、-jeːɹõʔ-

305｜'smile'｜、-jeːts-

306｜'be situated, exist, have, put down, set down, sit down'｜、-jẽ-

307｜'hit, strike'｜、-jẽht-

308｜'firewood, wood' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-jẽt-

309｜'accumulate, beget, get, obtain'｜、-jẽtaʔ-

310｜'know'｜、-jẽteɹ-

311｜'plant, sow'｜、-jẽtho-,、-jẽthw-

312｜'flay, skin'｜、-jẽtsɹ-

313｜'have as child'｜、-jẽʔ-

314｜'smoke, tobacco'｜、-jẽʔkʷ-

315｜'enter'｜、-jõ-

316｜'eat'｜、-k-

317｜'butterfly'｜、kahnaːwẽːh

318｜'look at' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-kahnɹ-

319｜'eye'｜、-kahɹ-

320｜'four'｜、kajeɹih

321｜'be old'｜、-kajõ-

322｜'anywhere, somewhere' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、kankaʔ

323｜'pipe'｜、kanõːnowẽʔ

324｜'bite'｜、-kaɹ-

325｜'account, price, story'｜、-kaɹ-

326｜'roll, turn around' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-kaɹhateni-,、-kaɹhatenj-

327｜'invert, roll over, turn over'｜、-kaɹhatho-,、-kaɹhathw-

328｜'tree'｜、kaɹhit,、keɹhit,、keɹhiʔ,、kɹaheːt,、kɹahit

329｜'come here!'｜、katsih

330｜'paddle, row'｜、-kaweː-

331｜'lift, raise'｜、-kensko-,、-kenskʷ-

332｜'see'｜、-kẽ-,、-kẽːh

333｜'be old'｜、-kẽhtsi-

334｜'summer'｜、-kẽnh-

335｜'be white'｜、-kẽɹat

336｜'peel, scrape' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-kẽtsɹ-

337｜'divide, separate'｜、-kh-,、-khahsi-,、-khahsj-,、-khahsk-

338｜'elbow'｜、-khjuːhs-

339｜'food, meal'｜、-khw-

340｜'chipmunk'｜、kihɹjuʔkẽh

341｜'dog'｜、kiːɹ

342｜'hair'｜、-kiʔɹh-

343｜'crow'｜、koːhkaːʔ

344｜'be a lot, be many, be much'｜、-koʔtiʔ

345｜'face'｜、-kõːhs-

346｜'eel'｜、kõteh

347｜'bowl, dish, plate'｜、-kts-

348｜'acorn, oak'｜、kuːɹeh

349｜'be big, be large'｜、-kuwa-,、-kʷa-

350｜'pick up'｜、-kʷ-

351｜'be able'｜、-kʷeni-,、-kʷenj-

352｜'that, the, this'｜、nV(H)

353｜'domestic animal, prisoner, slave'｜、-nahskʷ-

354｜'be autochthonous, dwell, reside'｜、-nakɹ-

355｜'bed, place, room, space'｜、-nakt-,、-nakʷt-

356｜'camp, city, settlement, town, village'｜、-nat-

357｜'grain, wheat'｜、-natsj-

358｜'be melted, be warm, be wet'｜、-nawẽːh

359｜'antler, horn'｜、-naʔkaɹ-

360｜'imitate'｜、-naʔkeɹ-

361｜'bread'｜、-naʔtaɹ-

362｜'call' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-naʔtõhkʷ-

363｜'cauldron, kettle, pail, pot'｜、-naʔtsj-

364｜'liquid'｜、-neː-

365｜'ice'｜、-neːhst-,、-neːhstwaɹ

366｜'corn, grain, kernel'｜、-nẽh-

367｜'now'｜、nẽh

368｜'steal'｜、-nẽːhskʷ-

369｜'sand; stone'｜、-nẽːj-

370｜'arm'｜、-nẽtsh-

371｜'be stingy' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-niʔ-

372｜'marry'｜、-njaːk-

373｜'neck'｜、-njaɹ-

374｜'lake'｜、-njataɹ-

375｜'wampum'｜、-nkoʔɹ-,、-nkoʔɹh-

376｜'blood'｜、-nkõ-,、-nkʷẽhs-

377｜'red' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-nkʷẽhtaɹ-

378｜'begin to snow'｜、-nkʷẽʔ-

379｜'be cold'｜、-noːh

380｜'tooth'｜、-noʔts-,、-noʔtsj-

381｜'medicine'｜、-nõhkʷ-,、-nõhkʷaʔt-,、-nõhkʷaʔtshɹ-

382｜'house'｜、-nõhs-

383｜'be painful, be sore, hurt'｜、-nõhwakt-

384｜'admire, like'｜、-nõhweʔ-

385｜'hill, mountain'｜、-nõt-

386｜'corn soup, hominy' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-nõtaɹ-

387｜'brain, head'｜、-nõːtsiː-

388｜'breast, milk'｜、-nõʔt-

389｜'fungus, mushroom'｜、-nɹahs-

390｜'leaf'｜、-nɹaht-

391｜'get involved, help'｜、-nsteːɹ-

392｜'corn husk'｜、-nuːɹ-

393｜'be difficult, be unable to, fail to do'｜、-nuːɹõ-

394｜'winter, year'｜、-ohsɹ-

395｜'throw' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-ojʔaːk-

396｜'split'｜、-oɹẽ-

397｜'be, be standing, exist, stand upright'｜、-oːt

398｜'be at the end, end'｜、-oʔkt-

399｜'dig' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-oʔkʷaːt-

400｜'hand'｜、-oʔnj-

401｜'be of a kind, be of a sort'｜、-oʔtẽːh

402｜'earth, land, world'｜、-õhwẽtsj-

403｜'go beyond, go through, leak, pass through, penetrate, reach'｜、-õːkuːh-

404｜'sift'｜、-õːkuːhst-

405｜'be a person, human being'｜、-õkʷeh,、-õkʷehsɹ-,、-õkʷeʔt-

406｜'be alive, life, live'｜、-õːnh-

407｜'rain'｜、-õnoːt-

408｜'pot'｜、-õːt-

409｜'put into the fire'｜、-õːt-

410｜'be attached, have as a body part'｜、-õːt

411｜'remove from the fire'｜、-õːtakʷ-

412｜'be a lake, lake'｜、-õːtaɹiʔ

413｜'be in, be on'｜、-ɹ-

414｜'moon to be present, planet to be present, sun to be present'｜、-ɹ-

415｜'moon, planet, sun'｜、-ɹahkʷ-

416｜'erase, rub out, wipe out'｜、-ɹakew-

417｜'choose, pick out, select'｜、-ɹako-,、-ɹakw-

418｜'sap, syrup'｜、-ɹan-

419｜'heel'｜、-ɹat-

420｜'climb'｜、-ɹathẽ-,、-ɹaʔthẽ-

421｜'adhere, stick, stick on'｜、-ɹaʔnẽtaːk-

422｜'incantation, song, spell, witchcraft'｜、-ɹẽn-

423｜'bush, forest, woods'｜、-ɹhat-

424｜'coat with, put on'｜、-ɹho-

425｜'be paternal aunt to'｜、-ɹhok

426｜'socks, leggings'｜、-ɹiː-

427｜'affair, business, thing, matter'｜、-ɹihw-

428｜'fight, kill'｜、-ɹijo-,、-ɹjo-

429｜'animal'｜、-ɹjoːʔ

430｜'blue, sky'｜、-ɹõhj-

431｜'log, tree'｜、-ɹõt-

432｜'chop'｜、-ɹʔo-,、-ɹʔok-

433｜'be present, exist'｜、-t-

434｜'and, besides'｜、tahnũʔ

435｜'run'｜、-takh-

436｜'woodpecker'｜、taɹaːɹ

437｜'flint'｜、tawiːhskaɹaʔ

438｜'two'｜、tekniːh

439｜'eight'｜、tekɹõʔ

440｜'change'｜、-teni-,、-tenj-

441｜'mosquito'｜、-tẽːhs-

442｜'alternate, differ'｜、-tih-

443｜'skunk'｜、tiʔɹ

444｜'nearby'｜tjohskẽẽʔ

445｜'snake'｜tjoʔxjẽtsihk

446｜'decay, rot, spoil'｜、-tkẽː-

447｜'how, how many, how much' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、toːh

448｜'be certain, be exact, be true'｜、-tokẽːh

449｜'stand'｜、-toʔn-

450｜'bluejay' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、tɹiʔtɹiːʔ

451｜'beans'｜、tsaheʔ,、-tsaheʔt-

452｜'bottle, gourd, jar'｜、-tsheʔ,、-tsheʔt-,、-tsheʔw-

453｜'club, fist, knot'｜、-tsihkʷ-

454｜'robin'｜、tsiːhskʷoːʔkʷoːʔ

455｜'otter, seal'｜、tsiːjẽh

456｜'salt'｜、-tsikheʔt-

457｜'be male'｜、-tsin

458｜'fire'｜、-tsiːɹ

459｜'coal, ember, fire, spark'｜、-tsist-

460｜'fox, lynx'｜、tsitshoʔ

461｜'bile, green, yellow'｜、-tsiʔnkʷaɹ-

462｜'bird'｜、tsiʔtẽʔ

463｜'corn tassel'｜、-tsiːʔtsiːʔ

464｜'seven'｜、tsjatahk

465｜'tobacco'｜、-tsjoːɹ-

466｜'six; seven'｜、tsjotaɹeʔ

467｜'fish'｜、-tsjõʔt-

468｜'be daughter-in-law'｜、-tsoʔ

469｜'dream, sleep'｜、-tsɹẽht-

470｜'put into the water'｜、-uː-

471｜'remove from the water'｜、-uːkʷ-

472｜'cover'｜、-uːɹ-

473｜'splash water, sprinkle'｜、-uːtsɹ-

474｜'whippoorwill'｜、waʔkuhɹiːʔ

475｜'say, speak'｜、-we-

476｜'language, voice, word'｜、-wẽn-

477｜'thumb' (limited to Iroquoia)｜、-whjõhkaɹ-

478｜'young person'｜、-wiːnõːh

479｜'baby, child, infant, offspring'｜、-wiɹ-

480｜'arm, fin, wing'｜、-wj-

481｜'wing'｜、-wjahũtsh-

482｜'learn, teach'｜、-wjẽhst-

483｜'know how, learn how'｜、-wjẽhw-,、-wjẽw-,、-wjẽʔ-

484｜'craft, manner, skill, way'｜、-wjẽn-

485｜'become capable, learn how'｜、-wjʌ̃tehtaʔ-

486｜'be good'｜、-wohst

487｜'air, wind'｜、-wɹ-

488｜'arrow'｜、-ʔn-

489｜'bone'｜、-ʔnẽj-

490｜'egg'｜、-ʔnhõhs-

491｜'mind, spirit'｜、-ʔnikõhɹ-

492｜'be late, delay'｜、-ʔnitsko-,、-ʔnitskʷ-

493｜'escape, flee, run away'｜、-ʔnjakẽʔ-

494｜'nose'｜、-ʔnjõːhs-

495｜'be envious, be jealous, envy'｜、-ʔnonsh-

496｜'be powerful, be strong'｜、-ʔnshanst-

497｜'drown, fall into water'｜、-ʔtskoʔ-

498｜'drag, drive, pull, ride'｜、-ʔtsɹ-

## 參考文獻

- Barbeau, Marius. (1960). Huron-Wyandot Traditional Narratives in Translations and Native Texts. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 165, Anthropological Series No. 47.
- Chafe, Wallace. (1977a). "Accent and Related Phenomena in the Five Nations Iroquois Languages". In Larry Hyman, ed. Studies in Stress and Accent, 169–181. Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics 4.
- Michelson, Karin. (1988). A Comparative Study of Lake-Iroquoian Accent. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Rudes, Blair. (1995). "Iroquoian Vowels". Anthropological Linguistics 37: 16–69.
- Lounsbury, Floyd. (1961). Iroquois-Cherokee Linguistic Relations. In William Fenton and John Gulick, eds. Symposium on Cherokee and Iroquois Culture. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 180, 11–17.
- Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1978). "Iroquoian Languages". in Bruce G. Trigger (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 334–343. .
- Mooney, James. (1900). Myths of the Cherokee. 19th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part 1, 3–548. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

## 基本資料

- 管理機構：American
- 時代：約公元前1500年
- 目標：易洛魁語