皇冠

皇冠（imperial crown）是包括皇帝在內等擁有帝號的君主於加冕禮等場合下穿戴的一種冠冕。

## 設計

中世紀時代的歐洲冠冕在設計和風格上各有不同：

During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399. However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established. The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown, but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".

The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.

During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown, and has remained so until this day.

## 各式皇冠

### 羅馬帝國皇冠

- 來自安納托利亞的一種混合了帶狀冠和月桂花環風格的皇冠
- 硬幣上關於與無敵者索爾崇拜相關的「輻射冠冕」（corona radiata）的描繪（3世紀末；馬庫斯·奧里利烏斯·普羅布斯）。

### 拜占庭帝國皇冠

- 查士丁尼一世皇帝頭戴「stemma」皇冠的形象
- 君士坦丁九世的皇冠

### 附有主教冠的皇冠

#### 帶有單拱以及可展開式主教冠的皇冠

- 神聖羅馬帝國皇冠 - 神聖羅馬選帝君和德意志國王的加冕冠
- 查理曼大帝聖髑盒頭上的皇冠
- 查理七世皇冠中的較大者，於奧格斯堡製造
- 查理七世皇冠中的較小者，於法蘭克福製造

#### 帶有單拱以及固定式主教冠形狀的皇冠

- 刻在神聖羅馬帝國皇帝腓特烈三世墳墓上的其個人皇冠形象
- 為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝魯道夫二世製作的個人皇冠，即後來的奧地利皇冠
- 俄羅斯皇冠 — 歷代俄國沙皇的加冕冠
- 俄國女皇安娜的皇冠
- 從未實際製造過的丹麥克里斯蒂安四世的冠冕設計，1594年

### 具有高拱形狀的皇冠

- 丟勒繪製的西吉斯蒙德皇帝肖像

### 奧斯曼帝國皇冠

- 蘇萊曼大帝的威尼斯頭盔（可能已毀）

### 普魯士-德國皇冠

- 德意志國冠，木製模型，1872年
- 皇后冠冕

### 拿破崙皇冠

- 名為「查理曼之冠」的拿破崙皇冠
- 頭戴桂冠的拿破崙一世（該冠於1819年被毀）
- 約瑟芬皇后頭戴后冠（於1819年被毀）
- 拿破崙三世皇冠（於1871年被毀）；圖為位於伍珀塔爾的阿伯勒冠冕與君權象徵物收藏館中展出的複製品
- 歐仁妮后冠
- 墨西哥皇冠，第二帝國時期，因來自法國的贊助而部分仿照了拿破崙三世皇冠和歐仁妮后冠的設計

### 其他基於歐洲式冠冕設計的皇冠

- Empress Ana Maria of Mexico with the Crown of the First Mexican Empire
- Brazilian Imperial Crown of Pedro I
- Brazilian Imperial Crown of Pedro II
- Vienna Wenceslas Crown
- Design of the Imperial Crown of Mexico seen in paintings of Maximilian I of Mexico during the Second Mexican Empire
- Imperial Crown of India — the Imperial Crown worn by King George V at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.

### 其他非歐洲式冠冕設計的皇冠

- Kiani Crown, Imperial Crown in Persia
- Pahlavi Crown, Imperial Crown in Iran/Persia
- Consort Crown of Persia
- Ming Dynasty Emperor Imperial Crown for full ceremonial dress
- 明定陵中出土的金絲翼善冠
- Ming Dynasty Empress Phoenix Crown
- Kangxi Emperor of Qing Dynasty wearing Imperial Crown
- 祭祀冠服Imperial Crown of the Empire of China — worn by Yuan Shikai when he proclaimed himself emperor in 1915.
- Imperial Crown of the Japanese Emperor, Edo-Period
- 大韓帝國高宗皇帝通天冠御真
- Vietnamese Nguyen dynasty Imperial Crown
- Imperial Ethiopian crown