美利堅聯盟國憲法

美利堅聯盟國憲法（Constitution of the Confederate States of America）簡稱聯盟國憲法、邦聯憲法（Constitution of the Confederate States），是美利堅聯盟國最高法律。該法案於1861年3月11日通過，自1862年2月22日起生效，直至美國內戰結束（1865年5月）。從1861年2月8日到1862年2月22日，邦聯也根據臨時憲法運作。最初的臨時憲法位於弗吉尼亞州里士滿美國內戰博物館，與後來的版本略有不同通過了。最終的手寫憲法位於哈格特善本和手稿圖書館喬治亞大學。其大部分條款逐字複製於合眾國憲法；然而，這兩份文件在語氣和法律內容上存在重大差異，主要是在奴隸制方面。

## 與合眾國憲法比較

合眾國憲法和聯盟國憲法的序言有一些相似之處，但聯盟國憲法的作者似乎打算給新的序言賦予不同的感覺。此處提供了兩個前言。粗體文字顯示之間的差異。聯盟國憲法的序言提到了上帝、永久政府以及每個州的主權和獨立。

- 合眾國憲法序言

譯文：我們合眾國人民，為建立更完善的聯邦，樹立正義，保障國內安寧，提供共同防務，促進公共福利，並使我們自己和後代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅合眾國制定本憲法。

- 聯盟國憲法序言

譯文：我們聯盟國人民，每個州以其主權和獨立的特質行事，為了建立一個永久的聯邦政府、確立正義、保障國內和平以及為我們自己和我們的子孫爭取自由的祝福，恭請全能上帝的青睞和指引，立此憲法，成立美利堅聯盟國。

### 文章摘要

聯盟國憲法的正文大部分沿用了合眾國憲法，但也有一些變化

#### 第一條差異

- Amended Article I Section 2(1) to prohibit persons "of foreign birth" who were "not a citizen of the Confederate States" from voting "for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal."
- Article I Section 2(3) is essentially the same, and the clause still counts only "three-fifths of all slaves" for the population total of each state, just as it did in the US with the Three-Fifths Compromise: "The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand". while in the U.S. Constitution "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand." A proposed Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which had been awaiting ratification by the states would have changed the maximum number of representatives to one for every fifty thousand.
- Amended Article I Section 2(5) to allow the state legislatures to impeach federal officials who live and work only within their state with a two-thirds vote of both houses of the state legislature.
- Concerning the appointment of Senators, Article I Section 3(1) adds "at the regular session next immediately preceding the commencement of the term of service." The state legislature, which then was responsible for the appointment of senators, had to wait until the seat was vacant.
- Article I Section 4(1) deals with elections and adds "subject to the provisions of this Constitution" to the U.S. Constitution Clause. That meant that each state legislature was free to make its own decision except if the constitution laid out other rules. The aforementioned Article I Section 2(1) and Article I Section 3(1) clauses would fall into that category.
- Amended Article I Section 6(2) to allow the House of Representatives and the Senate the ability to grant seats to the heads of each executive department to discuss issues involving their departments with Congress. The clause is the same as the one from the U.S. Constitution and adds:
- Amended Article I Section 7(2) to provide the President of the Confederate States of America with a line-item veto but also required any bill in which the president used the veto in to be resubmitted to both houses for a possible override vote by two thirds of both houses.
- In an attempt to prevent the Confederate Congress from protecting industry, the framers added to Article I Section 8(1):

The phrase "general Welfare" was dropped from the Confederate Clause as well.

Article I Section 8(3) added quite a bit to the U.S. Constitution in an attempt to block the Confederate Congress from appropriating money to build "internal improvements" to "facilitate commerce," with some exceptions allowing for safety and improvement to waterways.

Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.

Article I Section 8(3) of the Confederate Constitution.

- There are changes and additions to Article 1 Section 9 Clauses (1), (2), and (4) that are covered in the Slavery section below.
- The first twelve amendments to the U.S. Constitution, including the Bill of Rights, were directly incorporated into the Confederate Constitution. That was done primarily in Article I Section 9 of the Confederate Constitution, with the first eight amendments to the U.S. Constitution becoming clauses (12) to (19).
- In addition to were three altogether-new clauses in the Confederate Constitution for Article I, Section 9.
- Article I, Section 9(9)
- Article I, Section 9(10)
- Amendments I through VIII are contained, in the same order, in Article I, Section 9(12) through Article I, Section 9(19) (the remainder of the US Bill of Rights is in Article VI).
- Article I, Section 9(20) was added to limit new bills to only one subject presented.

Then in Section 10:

- Article I Section 10(3): That clause limited the Confederate States in their ability to keep troops or to engage in war, but they would have the ability to enter compacts for the improvement of shared rivers.

### Article II

- The President of the Confederate States of America is to be elected by electors, chosen by the individual states, for a single six-year term, rather than a then-unlimited number of four-year terms. Article 2 Section 1(1) reads as: "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He and the Vice President shall hold their offices for the term of six years; but the President shall not be re-eligible."
- Amendment XII of the U.S. Constitution is added here as Article II Section 1(3), (4), and (5)
- Article II Section 1(7) of the Confederate Constitution required candidates for the President of the Confederacy to have resided "within the limits of the Confederate States" for 14 years.

Changes to Article III

- Article III Section 2(1) of the Confederate Constitution combines the first clause of Article III Section 1 in the U.S. Constitution with Amendment XI. The phrase "citizens of the same state" is left out and "and foreign states, citizens or subjects; but no state shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign state" is added in the Confederate Constitution.

Changes to Article IV

- There were changes and additions to Article IV Section 2(1) and Article IV Section 3(3), which are covered in the Slavery section below.
- Article IV Section 3(1) required a two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote for a new state to join the Confederacy.

Changes to Article V

- The Confederate Congress, unlike in the U.S. Constitution, could not propose amendments. Instead, amendments had to be proposed by constitutional conventions in at least three states. The Confederate Constitution also clarified an ambiguity in the U.S. Constitution's Article V by declaring that a national convention could propose only amendments that were suggested by state conventions, as opposed to having the authority to amend the entire Constitution. The process of amendment became easier (Article V Section 1(1)) by requiring only two thirds of the states to ratify, rather than three fourths.

Changes to Article VI

- The Confederate Constitution added a clause to aid with the transition from the provisional government.
- Amendments IX and X of the U.S. Constitution were added here as Article VI Section 1(5), and (6)

Changes to Article VII

- Article VII Section 1(2), with instructions for electing permanent officials after the ratification of the Confederate Constitution, was added.

### Differences by subject

#### Slavery

There were several major differences between the constitutions concerning slavery.

- Whereas the original U.S. Constitution did not use the word "slavery" or the term "Negro Slaves" but instead used "Persons held to Service or Labour," which included whites and Native Americans in indentured servitude, the Confederate Constitution addresses the legality of slavery directly and by name.
- Though Article I, Section 9(1), of both constitutions are quite similar in banning the importation of slaves from foreign nations, the Confederate Constitution permitted the Confederate States to import slaves from the United States and specified the "African race" as the subject. The importation of slaves into the United States, including the South, had been illegal since 1808.

## 聯盟國憲法奴隸制

然而，憲法保留國會廢除此類進口的權力：

第一條第9(2)條國會還有權禁止從非本邦聯成員的任何州或不屬於本邦聯的領土引進奴隸。

第一條第9(4)款就黑人作出了澄清：

第一條第9(4)條不得通過剝奪公民權法案、事後法律或否認或損害黑人奴隸財產權的法律。

第四條第2(1)節，針對黑人進行了修訂：

第四條第2(1)節各州公民享有各州公民的一切特權和豁免權，並有權攜帶奴隸和其他財產在本邦聯任何州過境和居留：並有權上述奴隸的財產不得因此受到損害。

聯盟國憲法中增加了一項條款，根據該條款，奴隸制將適用於未來所有希望加入聯邦的州：

第四條第3(3)節國會有權為屬於邦聯各州的所有領土上的居民立法並建立政府，不受各州的限制；並可允許他們在法律規定的時間和方式組建被接納為邦聯的州。在所有這些領土上，目前在邦聯各州存在的黑人奴隸制度應得到國會和領土政府的承認和保護：並且幾個邦聯州和領土的居民應有權將他們在邦聯各州或領土上合法持有的任何奴隸帶到該領土。

## 簽署

- 豪厄爾·科布，國會主席
- 羅伯特·巴恩韋爾·瑞特、克里斯多福·梅明格、威廉·波徹·邁爾斯、小詹姆斯·切斯納特、羅伯特·伍德沃德·巴恩韋爾、威廉·沃特斯·博伊斯、勞倫斯·M·凱特、托馬斯·傑斐遜·威瑟斯。
- 羅伯特·圖姆斯、弗朗西斯·巴托、馬丁·詹金斯·克勞福德、亞歷山大·史蒂芬斯、班傑明·哈維·希爾、托馬斯·里德·魯茨·科布、尤金尼烏斯·阿里斯蒂德斯·尼斯貝特、奧古斯都·羅馬爾杜斯·賴特、奧古斯都·福爾摩斯·凱南。
- 傑克遜·莫頓、詹姆斯·巴頓·安德森、詹姆斯·拜拉姆·歐文斯。
- 理察·王爾德·沃克、羅伯特·哈迪·史密斯、科林·J·麥克雷、威廉·帕里什·奇爾頓、史蒂芬·F·黑爾、大衛·P·劉易斯、托馬斯·費恩、約翰·吉爾·肖特、賈貝茲·拉馬爾·門羅·庫裡。
- 亞歷山大·莫斯比·克萊頓、詹姆斯·托馬斯·哈里森、威廉·S·巴里、威廉·雪梨·威爾遜、沃克·布魯克、威利·P·哈里斯、喬賽亞·阿比蓋爾·帕特森·坎貝爾。
- 小約翰·帕金斯、亞歷山大·艾蒂安·德·克盧埃、查爾斯·馬吉爾·康拉德、鄧肯·F·肯納、亨利·馬歇爾 (路易斯安那州政治家)、愛德華·斯帕羅。
- 約翰·亨普希爾 (美國參議員)、托馬斯·內維爾·沃爾、約翰·H·裡根、威廉姆森·辛普森·奧爾德姆、路易斯·維格福爾、約翰·格雷格 (德克薩斯州政治家)、威廉·貝克·奧奇特里。

## 批准

國會於1861年3月11日開始批准《邦聯憲法》：

州份｜日期

1｜阿拉巴馬州

2｜喬治亞州

3｜路易斯安那州

4｜德克薩斯州

5｜密西西比州

6｜南卡羅來納州

7｜佛羅里達州

## 基本資料

- 名稱：美利堅聯盟國憲法、Constitution of the Confederate States
- 說明：憲法正本第一頁
- 司法轄區：美利堅聯盟國
- 起草：1861年3月11日
- 批准：1861年3月29日
- 生效：1862年2月22日
- 政府分支：3
- 立法機關：兩院制
- 行政機關：總統
- 國家結構：聯邦制
- 選舉人團：是
- 立法機關：1862年2月18日
- 行政機關：1862年2月22日
- 廢除：1865年5月5日
- 原始文本：喬治亞大學
- 初審機關：臨時國會
- 編劇：臨時國會50名代表
- 文本類型：羊皮紙
- 已取代：美利堅聯盟國臨時憲法