埃及第三十四王朝

埃及第三十四王朝，又稱羅馬法老時期，是指在羅馬帝國統治埃及時期埃及人民及祭司仍然將羅馬皇帝視為埃及法老。他們在壁畫上描繪羅馬皇帝身著埃及統治者服飾、擁有法老王名。在此期間，埃及人民繼續從事宗教政治活動。

儘管埃及人民視羅馬皇帝為埃及法老及統治者，但皇帝們自己從未在埃及以外採用任何法老頭銜或傳統，因為這些在整個羅馬世界很難證明是正當的。大多數皇帝可能不太關心埃及人賦予他們的地位，一生中很少訪問該省一次以上。埃及行省的管理方式與其他行省的方式有很大的分別。該地的總督是由羅馬皇帝親自挑選，並且通常將其視為個人財產而非省份。雖然並非所有羅馬皇帝被視為法老，但埃及宗教要求法老在場，作為人類與眾神之間的中間人。由皇帝擔任這一角色被證明是最簡單的解決方案，類似於幾個世紀前波斯皇帝被視為法老的方式（第二十七王朝和第三十一王朝）。

儘管埃及直至641年才被阿拉伯帝國征服，但最後一位獲得埃及法老頭銜的羅馬皇帝為馬克西米努斯·戴扎（Maximinus Daza），他是四帝內戰中割據帝國東部的小亞細亞、埃及和黎凡特的皇帝。在他那個時代，由於埃及處於羅馬帝國的邊緣（與埃及作為世界中心的傳統法老觀點相反），羅馬人作為法老的觀點已經下降了一段時間。4世紀開始基督教開始傳播至羅馬各地以及埃及首都亞歷山大的改造進入一個主要的基督教中心，迅速地結束了這一傳統，因為新宗教與作為法老的傳統含義不相容。

皇帝的名字是根據他們名字在希臘語中的譯法，用象形文字拼音寫成的。這種呈現名字的方式導致羅馬法老對現代埃及學產生重大影響，因為閱讀他們的名字標誌著象形文字破譯的重要一步。

## 皇帝—法老列表

肖像｜皇帝｜法老王名｜備註

奧古斯都Augustus30BC-14｜荷魯斯名：ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢwstp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrwṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt｜普列諾門名：ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-PtḥḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-ꜢstAutokrator｜諾門名：Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥKaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯrKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-ꜢstKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst｜第一位羅馬皇帝和第一位控制埃及的羅馬統治者。

提比略Tiberius14-37｜荷魯斯名：ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢwstp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrwṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt｜諾門名：Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥKaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯrKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-ꜢstKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst｜Left little impression on Egypt

卡利古拉37–41｜荷魯斯名：kꜢ-nḫt jꜢḫ-stwt-RꜤ-JꜤḥ｜普列諾門名：Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst｜諾門名：Kaisaros Germanikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt｜Left little impression on Egypt; lifted the ban on Egyptian cults in Rome instituted by Augustus｜1a1=von Beckerath

克勞狄烏斯41–54｜荷魯斯名：kꜢ-nḫt ḏd-jꜢḫ-Šw-(m)-ꜢḫtkꜢ-nḫt wḥm-ḫꜤw｜普列諾門名：Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ꜣst-PtḥKaisaros GermanikosKaisaros Sebastos Germanikos Autokrator｜諾門名：Tiberios KlaudiosTiberios Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw｜Left little impression on Egypt; rebuked requests from Alexandria to gain its own self-governing senate｜1a1=von Beckerath

尼祿54–68｜荷魯斯名：ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt wr-nḫw-BꜢqt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Nnw-MrwrṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt｜普列諾門名：ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-ꜢstKaisaros Germanikos｜諾門名：NeronNeron Klaudios, Ep. ḫwAutokrator NeronNeron Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw｜Sent a small group of praetorian guards to explore along the Nile river south of Egypt, perhaps intended as a scouting mission for a later conquests in the region｜1a1=von Beckerath

加爾巴68–69｜諾門名：Serouios Galbas Autokrator｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

奧托69｜諾門名：Markos Othon｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

沒有維特里烏斯統治埃及的記錄。

韋斯巴薌69–79｜諾門名：OuespasianosOuespasianos ntj ḫw｜First emperor to visit Egypt since Augustus; received a traditional pharaonic coronation｜1a1=von Beckerath

提圖斯79–81｜荷魯斯名：ḥwnw-nfr bnr-mrwt｜普列諾門名：TitosAutokrator Titos Kaisaros｜諾門名：Ouespasianos｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

圖密善81–96｜荷魯斯名：ḥwnw-nḫt jṯj-m-sḫm.f.｜金荷魯斯名：wsr-rnpwt ꜤꜢ-nḫtw｜普列諾門名：Ḥr-zꜢ-Ꜣst mrj-nṯrw-nb(w)｜諾門名：DomitianosDomitianos ntj ḫwDomitianos Sebastos Kaisaros｜Introduced Egyptian deities on coins minted in Alexandria and founded temples dedicated to deities such as Isis and Serapis in Italy. Using the trappings of being pharaoh, he also sought to add further legitimacy to imperial rule.｜1a1=von Beckerath

涅爾瓦96–98｜諾門名：Nerouas ntj ḫw｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

圖拉真98–117｜普列諾門名：Autokrator Kaisaros NerouasGermanikos Dakikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt｜諾門名：Nerouas TraianosNerouas Traianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-ꜢstTraianos ntj ḫwTraianos ntj ḫw + Aristos Germanikos Dakikos｜Egyptian sources from Trajan's time associate empress Pompeia Plotina with the goddess Hathor, the first known direct association between the imperial family (other than the emperor) and Egyptian deities｜1a1=von Beckerath

哈德良117–138｜諾門名：Traianos Adrianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-ꜢstAdrianos ntj ḫwHadrianus Caesar｜Paid a 8/10-month long state visit to Egypt in 130–131, visiting many sites of note and founding Antinoöpolis. Hadrian's cult of Antinous was influenced by Egyptian theology. Ruled during a period of Roman Egyptomania.｜1a1=von Beckerath

安敦尼138–161｜荷魯斯名：nfr-n(?)-tꜢ-nṯr ḥn-n-f-ŠmꜤw-Mḥw-m-nḏm-jb｜普列諾門名：Autokrator Kaisaros Titos Ailios Adrianos｜諾門名：Antoninos ntj ḫw + EusebesAntoninos Sebastos Eusebes ntj ḫwAntoninos ntj ḫw Ꜥnḫ-ḏtAntoninos ntj ḫw, Ep. šꜢj-n-BꜢqt｜Celebrated in Ancient Egypt due to overseeing the completion of a Sothic cycle in 139. His long reign saw the last significant temple constructions in Egypt. Visited Alexandria in the 150s to sponsor various new buildings.｜1a1=von Beckerath

盧基烏斯·維魯斯 161–169｜Loukio(s) Aurelio(s), Ep. wr-ꜤꜢ Ꜥnḫ-ḏt｜Joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius

馬可·奧理略161–180｜Aurelios Antoninos ntj ḫwAutokrator Kaisaros Mark(os) Aurelio(s) Antonin(os)Aure(li)os, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt + Antonin(os), Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏtMarkos Aurelio(s) Antoninos Sebastos｜Faced with a native Egyptian revolt led by Isidorus in 171–175 and the revolt of the Egypt-supported usurper Avidius Cassius 175. Toured Egypt in 176, the province at the time badly affected by the Antonine Plague. Replaced Demotic with Greek for official use in Egypt.｜1a1=von Beckerath

康茂德180–192｜Markos Au(re)lios Komodos AntoninosKomodos Kaisaros(?)Komodos Antoninos ntj ḫw｜Last emperor to be widely attested as pharaonic patron in Egyptian temples. Subsequent decline of representations of emperors is probably attributable to decreased resources available to the clergy and temples rather than a change in imperial attitude and policy.｜1a1=von Beckerath

五帝之年(193年)中的兩位皇帝沒有法老頭銜的記錄。佩蒂納克斯在埃及被短暫地認可，而尤利安努斯在埃及根本不被承認。篡位者佩斯切尼烏斯·奈哲爾是埃及公認的佩蒂納克斯的繼承人，但也沒有法老頭銜。

塞普蒂米烏斯·塞維魯193–211｜Seouēros ntj ḫw｜Toured Egypt together with the imperial family in 199–200. Repaired old buildings and established senates in Alexandria and elsewhere. Religious division and controversy led to the first large-scale persecution of Christians in Egypt in 201.｜1a1=von Beckerath

蓋塔211｜Geta(s) ntj ḫw｜Briefly joint emperor with Caracalla

卡拉卡拉211–217｜Antoninos ntj ḫw｜Extended Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire through the 212 Antonine Constitution; his name Aurelius was then common, particularly in Egypt.｜1a1=von Beckerath

馬克里努斯217–218｜Makrino(s) n(tj) ḫw｜Broke long-standing convention and sent a prefect and a senator to govern Egypt, though both were deposed and the senator killed after Macrinus's death｜1a1=von Beckerath

迪亞杜門尼安218｜Diadoumenianos｜Junior joint emperor with Macrinus

埃拉伽巴路斯接替馬克里努斯和迪亞杜門尼安，在任何已知的埃及資料中都沒有提到。他的繼任者亞歷山大·塞維魯在埃及得到承認，但沒有法老頭銜。短暫統治的皇帝馬克西米努斯·色雷克斯、戈爾迪安一世、戈爾迪安二世、普皮恩努斯、巴爾比努斯和戈爾迪安三世在現存的埃及文獻中沒有記錄。

菲利普244–249｜Philippos ntj ḫw｜Due to decades of mismanagement and civil strife Egypt had fallen into poverty by the time of Philip's reign. Last pharaoh to be commemorated at the great temple at Esna.｜1a1=von Beckerath

德西烏斯249–251｜Dekios ntj ḫw｜Oversaw the Decian persecution of Christians. His reign saw southern Egypt being raided by the Blemmyes, the first time southern Egypt was attacked since the time of Augustus.｜1a1=von Beckerath

官方文件和亞歷山大鑄幣證明，皇帝加盧斯和埃米利安努斯在埃及得到承認。但他們都沒有法老頭銜。

瓦勒良253–260｜Oualerianos｜Demonized by Christians for renewing persecutions, but popular among the Egyptian clergy｜1a1=von Beckerath

在瓦勒良之後，埃及被一系列篡位者控制:小馬克里亞努斯、奎伊圖斯和穆斯烏斯·埃米利安努斯，然而他們都沒有法老頭銜。合法皇帝加里恩努斯隨後被承認，儘管在他的統治時期也沒有已知的法老頭銜。加里恩努斯的繼任者在埃及留下的記錄很少，克勞狄二世、昆提盧斯、奧勒良和克勞狄·塔西佗統治記錄很少，儘管他們都被認為是公認的。271年的大部分時間裡，埃及被帕米拉帝國的芝諾比婭占領，直到奧勒良重新奪回這個省份。弗洛里安努斯的統治在埃及被拒絕，埃及轉而支持普羅布斯。

普羅布斯276–282｜Autokrator Probos (?)｜Seized the imperial throne with Egyptian support. Defeated the Blemmyes, who had penetrated as far north as Coptos.｜1a1=von Beckerath

古埃及文獻中沒有皇帝卡魯斯、卡里努斯和努梅里安的記載。

戴克里先284–305｜Diokletian(os)｜Reforms removed much of Egypt's idiosyncrasy, further integrating Egypt economically and administratively with the other provinces. Lands in southern Egypt were abandoned during a state visit in 298. The Diocletianic Persecution was particularly severe in Egypt.｜1a1=von Beckerath

馬克西米安286–305｜Maksimiano(s)｜Western Roman emperor, ruling jointly with Diocletian; did not actually control Egypt

伽列里烏斯305–311｜Kaisaros Iouio(s) Maksimio(s)｜Persecutions of Christians continued until a deathbed decree of religious toleration by Galerius

馬克西米努斯311–313｜Kaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inos｜Last emperor regarded to have been pharaoh by the Egyptians｜1a1=von Beckerath

馬克西米努斯是最後一位在象形文字中得到承認的羅馬皇帝。雖然王座飾名是後來的記錄(在340年君士坦提烏斯二世統治時期)，但異教徒的埃及人在死後使用戴克里先的飾名，而不認可後來的基督教皇帝。