進步

進步（Progress）是指朝著人們認為更完善、更理想或其他理想狀態邁進的過程。它是進步主義哲學的核心，進步主義將進步解釋為技術、科學和社會組織效率的提升——後者通常通過直接的社會行動來實現，例如社會企業或行動主義，但也可以通過自然的社會文化演進來實現——進步主義認為全體人類社會都應努力追求這一目標。

進步的概念最早出現在19世紀早期的社會理論中，特別是奧古斯特·孔德和赫伯特·斯賓塞所描述的社會演進理論。它也存在於啟蒙時代的歷史哲學中。作為一項目標，社會進步已被不同政治意識形態所倡導，並提出了不同的實現理論。

## 拓展閱讀

- Alexander, Jeffrey C., & Piotr Sztompka (1990). Rethinking Progress: Movements, Forces, and Ideas at the End of the 20th Century . Boston: Unwin Hymans.
- Becker, Carl L. (1932). Progress and Power. Stanford University Press.
- Brunetière, Ferdinand (1922). "La Formation de l'Idée de Progrés." In: Études Critiques. Paris: Librairie Hachette, pp. 183–250.
- Burgess, Yvonne (1994). The Myth of Progress. Wild Goose Publications.
- Bury, J.B. (1920). The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth ( mirror ). London: The Macmillan and Co.
- Dawson, Christopher (1929). Progress and Religion. London: Sheed & Ward.
- Dodds, E.R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Doren, Charles Van (1967). The Idea of Progress. New York: Praeger.
- Fay, Sidney B. (1947). "The Idea of Progress," American Historical Review, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 231–46 in JSTOR , reflections after two world wars.
- Hahn, Lewis Edwin and Paul Arthur Schilpp (eds.).(1999). The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright. Open Court.
- Iggers, Georg G. (1965). "The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment," American Historical Review, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–17 in JSTOR , emphasis on 20th-century philosophies of history
- Inge, William Ralph (1922). "The Idea of Progress." In: Outspoken Essays, Second series. London: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 158–83.
- Kauffman, Bill. (1998). With Good Intentions? Reflections on the Myth of Progress in America. Praeger online edition, based on interviews in a small town.
- Lasch, Christopher (1991). The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics. W. W. Norton online edition
- Mackenzie, J. S. (1899). "The Idea of Progress," International Journal of Ethics, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 195–213, representative of late 19th-century approaches
- Mathiopoulos, Margarita. History and Progress: In Search of the European and American Mind (1989) online edition
- Melzer, Arthur M. et al. eds. History and the Idea of Progress (1995), scholars discuss Machiavelli, Kant, Nietzsche, Spengler and others online edition
- Nisbet, Robert (1979). "The Idea of Progress," Literature of Liberty, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 7–37.
- Nisbet, Robert (1980). History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books.
- Norberg, Johan (2016). Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future. London: Oneworld Publications
- Painter, George S. (1922). "The Idea of Progress," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 257–82.
- Pinker, Steven (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, Penguin Books
- Pollard, Sidney (1971). The Idea of Progress: History and Society. New York: Pelican.
- Rescher, Nicholas; Scientific Progress (Oxford: Blackwells, 1978).
- Ryan, Christopher (2019). Civilized to Death: The Price of Progress. Simon & Schuster
- Sklair, Leslie (1970). The Sociology of Progress. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. online edition
- Slaboch, Matthew W. (2018). A Road to Nowhere: The Idea of Progress and Its Critics. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Spadafora, David (1990). The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth Century Britain. Yale University Press.
- Spalding, Henry Norman, Civilization in East and West : an introduction to the study of human progress, London, Oxford university press, H. Milford, 1939.
- Teggart, F. J. (1949). The Idea of Progress: A Collection of Readings. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1949). Millennium and Utopia: A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Zarandi, Merhdad M., ed. (2004). Science and the Myth of Progress. World Wisdom Books.

## 外部連結

- United Nations Economic and Social Development
- Islam, Modernity and the Concept of Progress