拉姆福德獎章

拉姆福德獎章 （Rumford Medal）是一項由英國皇家學會授予的獎項，旨在獎勵「對物質的熱學或光學性質做出傑出新發現的歐洲科學家」。該獎由拉姆福德伯爵班傑明·湯普森於1796年捐贈5000美元而始創，於1800年首次頒獎，此後每兩年頒發一次，獎金為1000英鎊。自成立以來，該獎已授予包括拉姆福德伯爵本人在內的101位科學家。在所有獲獎人中，英國公民獲獎53次，德國17次，法國14次，荷蘭7次，瑞典4次，美國3次，義大利2次，澳大利亞、匈牙利，比利時，盧森堡和紐西蘭各1次。

## 獲獎者列表

年份｜獲獎者｜國籍｜獲獎理由｜參考

1800｜班傑明·湯普森｜為他關於光和熱的多方面發現

1802｜未頒發

1804｜約翰·萊斯利｜為他的著作中發表的關於熱的實驗，題名「對熱的本質和熱的傳播的實驗性研究」

1806｜未頒發

1808｜威廉·默多克｜為他的著作中為照明的目的使用來自煤炭的氣體

1810｜艾蒂安-路易·馬呂斯｜法國｜為反射光的新性質的發現, 出版於Memoires dArcueil的第二卷

1812｜未頒發

1814｜威廉·查爾斯·威爾斯｜為他關於露水的論文，發表於the course of the preceding (1815) year"

1816｜漢弗里·戴維｜為他關於燃燒與火焰的論文，出版於Philosophical Transactions的最後一卷

1818｜大衛·布儒斯特｜為他關於光的偏振的發現

1820｜未頒發

1822｜未頒發

1824｜奧古斯丁·菲涅耳｜法國｜"For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics"

1826｜未頒發

1828｜未頒發

1830｜未頒發

1832｜約翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼爾｜"For his Paper, entitled, Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of Solids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831"

1834｜馬切多尼奧·梅洛尼｜義大利｜為他關於輻射熱的發現

1836｜未頒發

1838｜詹姆斯·戴維·福布斯｜為他關於熱的極化的實驗，其解釋發表於Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

1840｜讓-巴蒂斯特·畢奧｜法國｜為他的關於光的圓偏振的研究

1842｜威廉·福克斯·塔爾博特｜為他對照相術的探索和改進

1844｜未頒發

1846｜麥可·法拉第｜"For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media, the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and in the Philosophical Magazine"

1848｜亨利·維克托·勒尼奧｜法國｜"For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines"

1850｜弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈｜法國｜"For his experimental investigations on polarized light, the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years"

1852｜喬治·斯托克斯｜為他對光的折射率變化的研究

1854｜尼爾·阿諾特｜"For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him, and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments"

1856｜路易·巴斯德｜法國｜"For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery"

1858｜朱爾·雅曼｜法國｜為他對光的多方面實驗性研究

1860｜詹姆斯·克拉克·麥克斯韋｜為他關於顏色分解的研究和其他光學論文

1862｜古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫｜德國｜"For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light"

1864｜約翰·丁達爾｜為他關於氣體和蒸汽吸收和輻射熱量的研究

1866｜阿曼德·斐索｜法國｜"For his optical researches, & especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies"

1868｜鮑爾福·斯圖亞特｜"For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in 1858 & 1859"

1870｜艾爾弗雷德·德克盧澤｜法國｜為他對礦物光學的研究

1872｜安德斯·埃格斯特朗｜瑞典｜為他對光譜的研究

1874｜約瑟夫·諾曼·洛克耶｜為他對太陽和化學元素的光譜研究

1875｜約翰·威廉·德雷珀｜美國｜為他對輻射能的研究

1876｜皮埃爾·讓森｜法國｜"For his numerous & important researches in the radiation & absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope"

1878｜阿爾弗雷德·科爾尼｜法國｜"For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light"

1880｜威廉·哈金斯｜"For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars"

1882｜威廉·德維弗萊斯·阿伯尼｜"For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum"

1884｜羅伯特·塔倫｜瑞典｜為他的光譜學研究

1886｜塞繆爾·蘭利｜美國｜"For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer"

1888｜彼得羅·塔奇尼｜義大利｜"For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun"

1890｜海因里希·赫茲｜德國｜為他關於電磁輻射的工作

1892｜尼爾斯·克里斯多福·杜奈爾｜瑞典｜為他關於恆星的光譜學的研究

1894｜詹姆斯·杜瓦｜為他關於極低溫度物質性質的研究

1896｜菲利普·萊納德威廉·倫琴｜德國｜"For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place"

1898｜奧利弗·洛奇｜"For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether"

1900｜亨利·貝可勒爾｜法國｜"For his discoveries in radiation proceding sic from uranium"

1902｜查爾斯·阿爾格農·帕森斯｜"For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation"

1904｜歐內斯特·盧瑟福｜紐西蘭｜"For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies"

1906｜休·朗伯恩·卡倫德｜為他關於熱的實驗性工作

1908｜亨德里克·洛倫茲｜為他關於光學和電學的研究

1910｜海因里希·魯本斯｜德國｜"On the ground of his researches on radiation, especially of long wave length"

1912｜海克·卡末林·昂內斯｜為他關於低溫的研究

1914｜約翰·斯特拉特，第三代瑞利男爵｜為他關於熱力學和輻射的研究

1916｜威廉·亨利·布拉格｜為他關於X射線輻射的研究

1918｜夏爾·法布里 阿爾弗雷德·佩羅｜法國｜為他們對於光學的貢獻

1920｜羅伯特·斯特拉特｜為他關於高真空氣體性質的研究

1922｜彼得·塞曼｜為他對光學的研究

1924｜查理士·凡而儂·波伊斯｜為他對氣體熱量計的發明

1926｜亞瑟·舒斯特｜"For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism"

1928｜弗里德里希·帕邢｜德國｜為他對譜的知識的貢獻

1930｜彼得·德拜｜為他關於比熱和X射線光譜的工作

1932｜弗里茨·哈伯｜德國｜"For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions"

1934｜萬德·約翰尼斯·德哈斯｜"For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation"

1936｜歐內斯特·喬治·科克爾｜"For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures"

1938｜羅伯特·伍德 (物理學家)｜美國｜"In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics"

1940｜曼內·西格巴恩｜瑞典｜"For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications"

1942｜戈登·多布森｜"In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology"

1944｜哈利·里卡多｜"In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types"

1946｜艾爾弗雷德·伊格爾頓｜"In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance"

1948｜弗朗西斯·西蒙｜德國｜"For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero"

1950｜弗蘭克·惠特爾｜"For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft"

1952｜弗里茨·澤爾尼克｜"In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy"

1954｜塞西爾·雷金納德·伯奇｜"For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope"

1956｜法蘭克·菲利普·鮑登｜"In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction"

1958｜托馬斯·拉爾夫·默頓｜"In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics"

1960｜艾爾弗雷德·戈登·蓋登｜"In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena"

1962｜杜德利·莫里斯·紐伊特｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering"

1964｜亨德里克·范德胡斯特｜"In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen"

1966｜威廉·朋奈｜"In recognition of his distingsuihed sic and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain"

1968｜加博爾·德奈什｜匈牙利｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography"

1970｜克里斯多福·辛頓｜"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation"

1972｜巴茲爾·約翰·梅森｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds"

1974｜阿蘭·科特雷爾｜"In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals"

1976｜伊利亞·普里高津｜Belgian｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics"

1978｜喬治·波特｜"In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis"

1980｜威廉·弗蘭克·維埃納｜"In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium"

1982｜查爾斯·戈里·韋恩｜"In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics"

1984｜哈羅德·霍普金斯｜"In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery"

1986｜丹尼斯·魯克｜"In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry"

1988｜菲利克斯·溫伯格｜"In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces"

1990｜沃爾特·埃里克·斯皮爾｜德國｜"For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens"

1992｜哈羅德·內維爾·瓦澤爾·坦珀利｜"In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra"

1994｜安德魯·凱勒｜"In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology"

1996｜格倫維爾·特納｜"In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks"

1998｜理察·弗蘭德｜"In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces"

2000｜威爾遜·西貝特｜"In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology. In his work on streak cameras, he first demonstrated the technique of sub-picosecond chronoscopy whereby the cameras, by synchronous repetition, can function as oscilloscopes. He conducted pioneering work on coupled cavity modelocking, and his discovery of the technique of self-modelocking led to the commercialisation of sub-picosecond pulses over a wide tuning range. He also exploited diode-pumped solid-state lasers in nonlinear optics for frequency conversion by demonstrating the world's first all-solid-state optical parametric oscillator"

2002｜戴維·金｜"for his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces"

2004｜理察·狄克遜｜"in recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation"

2006｜讓-皮埃爾·漢森｜盧森堡｜"for his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids"

2008｜愛德華·海因茲｜"for his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter"

2010｜吉爾伯特·隆扎里奇｜"for his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques"

2012｜羅伊·泰勒｜"for his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology"

2014｜傑里米·鮑姆伯格｜"for his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications."

2016｜奧爾特溫·赫斯｜德國/｜"表彰他在納米表面等離子體激活光學和具有量子增益的光學超材料方面的開創性工作。"

2018｜伊恩·瓦姆斯萊｜"for pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales"

## 基本資料

- 日語原文：拉姆福德獎章、Rumford Medal
- 授予對象：對物質的熱學或光學性質做出傑出新發現的在歐洲工作的科學家
- 主持：英國皇家學會
- 日期：1800年
- 國家：英國
- 網站：拉姆福德獎章官網