通布卡語

通布卡語（Tumbuka language，通布卡語：Chitumbuka或Citumbuka，意為通布卡人的語言）是班圖語一支，主要在馬拉威北部地區和尚比亞的隆達濟地區使用。通布卡語與齊切瓦語和塞納語屬於同一語群（班圖語言的格思裡分類）。

根據1998年的《世界年鑑》估計大約有2,000,000名通布卡語使用者，儘管其他來源估計使用人數要少得多。據說大多數講通布卡語的人都住在馬拉威。通布卡語是馬拉威北部地區使用最廣泛的語言，尤其是在倫比、姆祖祖和姆津巴地區。

馬拉威城市中使用的通布卡語（許多詞借用斯瓦希里語和齊切瓦語）與鄉村中使用的通布卡語存在很大差異。姆津巴方言則受到祖魯語影響，在有些詞彙上甚至出現搭嘴音，這在通布卡語其它方言並沒有發生。

自1968年以來，由於馬拉威總統黑斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班達的「一個民族，一種語言」的政策，通布卡語的使用受到了影響，它失去了在馬拉威官方語言的地位，導致通布卡語在學校課程，國家廣播電台和印刷媒體中禁止使用。隨著1994年馬拉威民主化和多黨制的到來，在馬拉威的廣播上再次開播通布卡語的節目，但是通布卡語的書籍和其他出版物的數量仍然很少。

## 參考書目

- Botne, Robert (1999). "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?" . In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473-515.
- Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
- Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka" . Leiden University doctoral thesis.
- Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.
- Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.
- Downing, Laura J. (2012). "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka" . Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
- Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.
- Downing, Laura J. (2019). "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress". In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at:
- Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.
- Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi" , Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.
- Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages.
- Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi.
- Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena" . Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
- McNicholl, Duncan (2010). "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1" .
- Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
- Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
- Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
- Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
- University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi" .
- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.
- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

## 外部連結

- 關於通布卡語的簡短報導。
- 馬拉威北部語言地圖調查。馬拉威大學語言研究中心，2006年。
- 馬拉威北部語言地圖
- 一些更多的chiTumbuka詞彙。
- 在圖姆巴卡上的泛非L10n頁面
- Citumbuka單語詞典

## 基本資料

- 早期形式：通布卡語
- iso2：tum
- 譜系學分類：尼日-剛果語系
- 語言瞭望站： 99-AUS-wc (+ chi-Kamanga) incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl
- 文字：拉丁字母、Mwangwego字母
- glotto：tumb1250
- iso3：tum
- 譜系學分類：班圖語支
- 原文名：Chitumbuka
- 譜系學分類：類班圖語支
- 譜系學分類：貝努埃-剛果語支
- 譜系學分類：大西洋-剛果語族
- 管理機構：尼日-剛果語系
- 日期：2009-2010
- 講者：1,546,000
- 州/直轄市：馬拉威, 坦尚尼亞, 讚比亞