單家蟻屬

單家蟻屬（學名：Monomorium）又稱小家蟻屬，為家蟻亞科。共有 302 個現生物種和 3 個化石物種。世界廣布，尤其是舊世界的熱帶地區。單家蟻屬包含一些惡名昭彰的害蟲，如法老小家蟻 (M. pharaonis ) 和花居小家蟻 (M. floricola )。

## 物種描述

該屬形態及體型變異較大。有些物種工蟻單型，有些多型。有些物種工蟻體型小，有些體型大。大部分物種具有大且由多個小眼組成的複眼，但 M. inusuale 和一些非洲的物種的複眼較為退化。具有功能正常的螫針。

## 分類學

單家蟻屬包含很多物種，是一個龐大的屬，在 2007 年時， Nothidris、Epelysidris 和 Phacota 被同物異名為單家蟻屬，作者同時也推測、和 Bondroita 可能也為單家蟻屬。

如何精準界定該屬尚無定論。單家蟻沒有明顯可以將其與火家蟻族其他成員區分開來的特徵。如果以支序學角度嚴謹的說，整個火家蟻族都該被納入火家蟻屬，但火家蟻族並沒有明顯的共衍徵。單家蟻屬目前是併系群，是一個臨時類群，未來還需整理，其他的臨時類群包含巨山蟻屬和窄胸家蟻屬 (Leptothorax )。

## 習性

大部分物種居住在朽木、石頭下或土壤中。有些物種為清除者，有些則取食種子。大部分物種具有含生物鹼的毒液，可用以抵禦天敵。除了形態變異外，該屬染色體對數也多變，從 16 對至 70 對 (2n) 皆有紀錄。

## 下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

Monomorium abeillei｜Andre, 1881

Monomorium aberrans｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium abyssinicum｜(Forel, 1894)

Monomorium acutinode｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium adiastolon｜Heterick

Monomorium advena｜Brown & Wilson, 1957

Monomorium affabile｜Santschi, 1926

Monomorium afrc

Monomorium afrum｜Andre, 1884

Monomorium aithoderum

Monomorium alamarum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium albipes

Monomorium albopilosum｜Emery, 1895

Monomorium algiricum｜(Bernard, 1955)

Monomorium altinode｜Santschi, 1910

Monomorium ambvky

Monomorium anceps｜Emery, 1895

Monomorium andrei｜Saunders, 1890

Monomorium angustinode｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium annamense｜Donisthorpe, 1941

Monomorium antarcticum｜(Smith, 1858)

Monomorium antipodum｜Forel, 1901

Monomorium aper｜Emery, 1914

Monomorium arboreum｜Weber, 1943

Monomorium areniphilum｜Santschi, 1911

Monomorium armstrongi｜McAreavey, 1949

Monomorium arnoldi｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium atomum｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium aureorugosum｜Heterick

Monomorium australe｜Emery, 1886

Monomorium australicum｜Forel, 1907

Monomorium baal｜Wheeler & Mann, 1916

Monomorium balathir｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium banksi｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium barbatulum｜Mayr, 1877

Monomorium basale

Monomorium bequaerti｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium bevisi｜Arnold, 1944

Monomorium bicolor｜Emery, 1877

Monomorium bicorne｜Forel, 1907

Monomorium bifidoclypeatum｜Heterick

Monomorium bifidum

Monomorium bimaculatum｜Wheeler, 1928

Monomorium binatu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium biroi｜Forel, 1907

Monomorium biroianum｜Bolton, 1995

Monomorium bodenheimeri｜Menozzi, 1929

Monomorium boerorum｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium bogischi｜Wheeler, 1917

Monomorium boltoni｜Espadaler & Agosti, 1987

Monomorium borlei｜Santschi, 1937

Monomorium brasiliense｜Forel, 1908

布朗氏小家蟻｜Monomorium braunsi｜Mayr, 1901

Monomorium broomense｜Forel, 1915

Monomorium broschorum｜Sparks

Monomorium butteli｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium buxtoni｜Crawley, 1920

Monomorium capeyork｜Sparks

Monomorium captator｜Santschi, 1936

Monomorium carbo｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium carbonarium｜(Smith, 1858)

Monomorium centrale｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium chilensis

中華小家蟻｜Monomorium chinense｜Santschi, 1925

Monomorium chnodes｜Heterick

Monomorium chobauti｜(Emery, 1896)

Monomorium clarinodis｜Heterick

Monomorium clavicorne｜Andre, 1881

Monomorium coecum

Monomorium compressum｜Wheeler, 1914

Monomorium consternens｜(Walker, 1859)

Monomorium crawleyi｜Santschi, 1930

Monomorium creticum｜(Emery, 1908)

Monomorium criniceps｜(Mayr, 1879)

Monomorium cristatum

Monomorium croceiventre｜Emery, 1914

Monomorium cryptobium｜(Santschi, 1921)

Monomorium cyaneum｜Wheeler, 1914

Monomorium dakarense｜Santschi, 1914

Monomorium damarense｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium decuria Monomorium delabiei

Monomorium delagoense｜Forel, 1894

Monomorium demisum｜Santschi, 1936

Monomorium dentatum

Monomorium denticulatum｜Mayr

Monomorium denticulum｜Heterick

Monomorium dentigerum｜(Roger, 1862)

Monomorium destructor｜(Jerdon, 1851)

Monomorium dichroum｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium dictator｜Santschi, 1937

Monomorium dilatatum｜Bernard, 1977

Monomorium disertum｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium disoriente｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium dispar

Monomorium dolatu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium donisthorpei｜Crawley, 1915

Monomorium drapenum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium draxocum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium ebangaense｜Santschi, 1937

Monomorium ebeninum｜Forel, 1891

Monomorium edentatum｜Emery, 1897

Monomorium effractor｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium egens｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium elghazalyi｜Sharaf & Aldawood, 2017

Monomorium elgonense｜(Santschi, 1935)

Monomorium elongatum｜Smith, 1876

Monomorium emarginatum｜DuBois, 1986

Monomorium emeryi｜Mayr, 1895

Monomorium epinotale｜Santschi, 1923

Monomorium eremoides｜Sparks

Monomorium eremum｜Sparks

Monomorium ergatogyna｜Wheeler, 1904

Monomorium esharre｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium euryodon

Monomorium evansi｜Donisthorpe, 1918

Monomorium excelsior｜Arnold, 1926

Monomorium excensurae｜Forel, 1915

Monomorium exchao｜Santschi, 1926

Monomorium exiguum｜Forel, 1894

Monomorium falcatum｜(McAreavey, 1949)

Monomorium fasciatum｜Santschi, 1920

Monomorium fastidium｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium fayfaense｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium ferodens｜Heterick

Monomorium fezzanense｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium fieldi｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium firmum｜Santschi, 1926

Monomorium fisheri｜Heterick

Monomorium flavigaster｜(Clark, 1938)

Monomorium flavimembra｜Heterick

Monomorium flavipes｜Clark, 1938

Monomorium flavum｜Collingwood, 1961

Monomorium floricola｜(Jerdon, 1851)

Monomorium forcipatum｜Emery, 1914

Monomorium foreli｜Viehmeyer, 1914

Monomorium fraterculum｜Santschi, 1919

Monomorium fridae｜Forel, 1905

Monomorium fugelanum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium fulvum

Monomorium gabrielense｜Forel, 1916

Monomorium geminum｜Sparks

Monomorium gilberti｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium glabrum｜(Andre, 1883)

Monomorium gongromos｜Heterick

Monomorium gracillimum｜Smith

Monomorium grassei｜(Tohme, 1980)

Monomorium guillarmodi｜Arnold, 1946

Monomorium guineense｜(Bernard, 1953)

Monomorium hanaqe｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium hanneli｜Forel, 1907

Monomorium hannonis｜Santschi, 1910

Monomorium havilandi｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium heggyi｜Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021

Monomorium hemame｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium hercules｜Viehmeyer, 1923

Monomorium herero｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium hertogi｜Sparks

Monomorium hesperium｜Emery, 1915

- Monomorium hesperium lanzarotense Wheeler, W.M., 1927

Monomorium hildebrandti｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium hirsutum｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium hiten｜Terayama, 1996

Monomorium hoffmanni｜Sparks

Monomorium holothir｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium hospitum｜Viehmeyer, 1916

Monomorium howense｜Wheeler, 1927

Monomorium humilior｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium ilgii｜Forel, 1894

Monomorium ilium｜Forel, 1907

Monomorium imerinense｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium impexum｜Wheeler, 1928

Monomorium indet

Monomorium indicum｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium infuscum｜Heterick

Monomorium inquietum｜Santschi, 1926

Monomorium inquilinum｜DuBois, 1981

Monomorium insolescens｜Wheeler, 1934

Monomorium insulare｜Clark, 1938

Monomorium integrum

黑腹小家蟻｜Monomorium intrudens｜Smith, 1874

- 皮氏小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens pieli Santschi,1925

Monomorium inusuale

Monomorium invidium｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium iyenasu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium jacksoni｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium jonesi｜Arnold, 1952

Monomorium jucundum｜Sant.

Monomorium junodi｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium katir｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium kelapre｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium kempi｜Mukerjee, 1930

Monomorium khalidi｜Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021

Monomorium kidman｜Sparks

Monomorium kiliani｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium kineti｜Weber, 1943

Monomorium kitectum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium kondratieffi｜Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013

Monomorium kugitangi｜Dlussky, 1990

Monomorium kugleri｜Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2009

Monomorium kusnezovi｜Santschi, 1928

Monomorium laeve｜Mayr, 1876

Monomorium lameerei｜(Forel, 1902)

Monomorium latastei｜Emery

Monomorium latinode｜Mayr, 1872

Monomorium latinodoides｜Wheeler, 1928

Monomorium leae｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium leda｜Forel, 1915

Monomorium legulum

Monomorium lene｜Santschi, 1920

Monomorium leopoldinum｜Forel, 1905

Monomorium lepidum｜Heterick

Monomorium libanicum｜Tohme, 1980

Monomorium liliuokalanii｜Forel, 1899

Monomorium lindbergi｜Pisarski, 1967

Monomorium longi｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium longiceps｜Wheeler, 1934

Monomorium longinode

Monomorium longipes｜Emery, 1914

Monomorium longiusculum

Monomorium lubricum｜Arnold, 1948

Monomorium luisae｜Forel, 1904

Monomorium luteum｜Emery, 1881

Monomorium macareaveyi｜(Ettershank, 1966)

Monomorium macrops｜Arnold, 1944

Monomorium madecassum｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium major｜Bernard, 1953

Monomorium malamixtum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium malatu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium mandibulare

Monomorium manir｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium mantazenum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium marjoriae｜DuBois, 1986

Monomorium marshi｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium maryannae｜Sparks

Monomorium mavide｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium mayri｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium mayrianum｜Wheeler, 1915

Monomorium medinae｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium mediocre｜Santschi, 1920

Monomorium melleum｜Emery, 1914

Monomorium merepah｜Sparks

Monomorium micrommaton｜Heterick, 2006

Monomorium micron｜Crawley, 1925

Monomorium micropacum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium mictile｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium minimum｜(Buckley, 1867)

Monomorium minor｜Stitz, 1923

Monomorium mirandum｜Arnold, 1955

Monomorium mitchell｜Sparks

Monomorium moathi｜Sharaf & Collingwood, 2010

Monomorium modestum｜Santschi, 1914

Monomorium moestum

Monomorium mohammedi｜Sharaf & Hita Garcia, 2018

單小家蟻｜Monomorium monomorium｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium musicum｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium muticum｜(Emery, 1887)

Monomorium nengraharicum｜Pisarski, 1970

Monomorium nigricans｜Heterick

Monomorium niloticum｜Emery, 1881

Monomorium nimihil｜Collingwood, 2004

Monomorium nirvanum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium nitidiventre｜Emery, 1893

Monomorium notulum｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium noualhieri｜(Emery, 1915)

Monomorium noxitum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium nuptualis｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium occidaneum｜Crawley, 1922

Monomorium occidentale｜Bernard, 1953

Monomorium ocellatum｜Arnold, 1920

Monomorium oodnadatta｜Sparks

Monomorium opacior｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium opacum｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium ophthalmicum｜Forel, 1894

Monomorium orangiae｜Arnold, 1956

Monomorium orientale｜Mayr, 1879

Monomorium oscaris｜Forel, 1894

Monomorium osiridis｜Santschi, 1915

Monomorium pacis｜Forel, 1915

Monomorium pallidipes｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium pallidum｜Donisthorpe, 1918

Monomorium parvinode｜Forel, 1894

Monomorium paternum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium pergandei｜(Emery, 1893)

Monomorium perplexum｜Radchenko, 1997

Monomorium personatum｜Santschi, 1937

法老小家蟻｜Monomorium pharaonis｜(Linnaeus, 1758) 小黃家蟻、法老小家蟻法老蟻

Monomorium phoeniceum｜Santschi, 1927

Monomorium phoenicium｜Santschi, 1927

Monomorium phoenicum｜Santschi, 1927

Monomorium pilbara｜Sparks

Monomorium pilipes｜Mayr, 1868

Monomorium platynode

Monomorium platynodis｜Heterick

Monomorium pulchrum｜Santschi, 1926

Monomorium rabirium｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium rastractum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium rhopalocerum｜Emery, 1895

Monomorium robustior｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium rogeri｜(Mayr, 1865)

Monomorium rosae｜Santschi, 1920

Monomorium rothsteini｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium rotundatum｜Santschi, 1920

Monomorium rubriceps｜Mayr, 1876

Monomorium rufulum｜Stitz, 1923

Monomorium ruzskyi｜Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985

Monomorium sagei｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium sahlbergi｜Emery, 1898

Monomorium sakalavum｜Santschi, 1928

Monomorium salomonis｜(Linnaeus, 1758)

Monomorium sanguinolentum｜Wheeler, 1927

Monomorium santschii｜(Forel, 1905)

Monomorium sarawatensis｜Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013

Monomorium scabriceps｜(Mayr, 1879)

Monomorium schultzei｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium schurri｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium sculpturatum｜Clark, 1934

Monomorium sechellense｜Emery, 1894

Monomorium senegalense｜Roger, 1862

Monomorium sersalatum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium setuliferum｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium shilohense｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium shuckardi｜Forel, 1895

Monomorium silvestrii｜Wheeler, 1927

Monomorium smithii｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium sommieri｜Emery, 1908

Monomorium sordidum｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium spatulicorne｜Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926

Monomorium spectrum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium speculiceps

Monomorium speculum｜Sparks

Monomorium speluncarum｜Santschi, 1914

Monomorium springvalense｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium sryetum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium stagnum｜Sparks

Monomorium stictonotum

Monomorium strangulatum｜Santschi, 1921

Monomorium striatifrons

Monomorium subapterum｜Wheeler, 1917

Monomorium subcoecum｜Emery, 1894

Monomorium subdentatum｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium subopacum｜(Smith, 1858)

Monomorium suteri｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium sutu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium sydneyense｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium symmotu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium syriacum｜(Tohme, 1980)

Monomorium tablense｜Santschi, 1932

Monomorium taedium｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium talbotae｜DuBois, 1981

Monomorium talpa｜Emery, 1911

Monomorium tambourinense

Monomorium tanysum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium taprobanae｜Forel, 1913

Monomorium tchelichofi｜Forel, 1914

Monomorium tenebrosum｜Sparks

Monomorium termitarium｜Forel, 1910

Monomorium termitobium｜Forel, 1892

Monomorium thrascoleptum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium topend｜Sparks

Monomorium torrens｜Sparks

Monomorium torvicte｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium trageri｜DuBois, 1986

Monomorium trake｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium tricolor｜Emery, 1914

Monomorium triviale｜Wheeler, 1906

Monomorium tumaire｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium turneri｜(Forel, 1910)

Monomorium tynsorum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium vaguum｜Santschi, 1930

Monomorium valtinum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium vatranum｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium vecte｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium venustum｜(Smith, 1858)

Monomorium versicolor｜Heterick

Monomorium viator｜Santschi, 1923

Monomorium viride｜Brown, 1943

Monomorium vitiense｜Mann, 1921

Monomorium vonatu｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium wahibiense｜Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Monomorium westi｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium wheelerorum｜DuBois, 1986

Monomorium whitei｜Wheeler, 1915

Monomorium willowmorense｜Bolton, 1987

Monomorium wilsoni

Monomorium wroughtoni｜Forel, 1902

Monomorium wroughtonianum｜Ettershank, 1966

Monomorium xanthognathum｜Arnold, 1944

Monomorium xuthosoma｜Heterick

織女小家蟻｜Monomorium zhinu｜Terayama, 2009

Monomorium zulu｜Santschi, 1914

## 外部連結

- Monomorium. Japanese Ant Image Database.

## 延伸閱讀

- Mashaly, A. M. A. (2010). Monomorium ant's trail pheromones: Glandular source, optimal concentration, longevity and specificity. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 13(1), 23-26.
- Mayr, G. (1855). Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im oesterreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufuegung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5, 273-478.

## 基本資料

- 學名：Monomorium
- type_species_authority：Bolton, 1987
- 模式種：Monomorium monomorium
- 命名者：1855
- 說明：法老蟻 與原子筆筆尖作為比例尺
- 異名：Antichthonidris、Chelaner、Epelysidris、Nothidris、Phacota、Syllophopsis、 others