數字前綴

數字前綴 （Numeral prefix）是派生於數詞或其他數字的前綴。在英語和其他歐洲語言，這些前綴用來造一系列包含表示數量資訊的詞。

## 例子

數字前綴有拉丁語、希臘語、梵語三種，但主要使用前兩者。

具體例子如下：

- 單詞：bicycle（兩個輪子；自行車）、sextet（六重唱）、octopus（八隻腳；章魚）、decade（十年）、octave（八度）
- 數學術語：triangle（三角形）、quadruple（四倍）、quaternion（四元數）、pentagon（五邊形）、regular dodecahedron（正十二面體）
- 進位制：binary（二進位）、decimal（十進位）、sexagesimal（六十進位）
- 西方的數字命名法：billion (原意為(106)2)、trillion (原意為(106)3)、quadrillion (原意為(106)4)
- 表示分子結構的前綴：octane（辛(八碳)烷）、pentane（戊(五碳)烷）
- 國際單位制中的國際單位制詞頭：deca-（十）、deci-（分）、centi-（厘）

## 英語中的數字前綴表

希臘語及拉丁語中，數分四種：

- 基數（cardinal）：如英語中的one、two、three、four、five等
- 次數（multiple或multiplier）：once、twice、thrice等
- 分配數（distributive）：漢語中的「各～個」。原本指意味著one each、two each，但在現代常常會失去這個意思。
- 序數 （ordinal）：漢語中的「第～個」，如英語的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼備分數，表示「N分之一」，但1/2有特殊形式。

對於百位數，有來自拉丁語的 -gent-，以及加上為1–9的前綴的 -cent- 兩種。

數｜拉丁語前綴｜希臘語前綴｜梵語前綴

基數｜次數｜分配數｜序數｜基數｜次數｜序數

0｜nulli-｜–｜meden-, ouden-｜–

1｜unci-｜–｜對於分數希臘人使用序數表示 (i.e. dodecato-)｜–

1｜octant-｜–｜–｜–｜如上，ogdoö–｜–

1｜sextant-｜–｜–｜–｜如上，hecto–｜–

1｜quadrant-｜–｜–｜–｜如上，tetarto–｜–

1｜trient-｜–｜–｜–｜如上，trito–｜–

1｜semi-｜–｜demi-｜–｜hemi- (mn. half) e.g. hemisphere｜–｜–

3｜dodrant-｜–｜–｜–｜–｜–

1｜uni- e.g. universe, unilateral｜sim-｜singul-｜prim-｜mono- "一", "單"e.g. monogamy holo- (整個/完整) e.g. holocaust, holographyhen- 罕見｜mono- ("一, 單") hapax- ("單次") haplo- (單倍) monad- ("單位/單元")｜prot- e.g. proton, protozoa｜eka-

1｜quasqui-quasquicentennial

1｜sesqui-e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian

2｜du-｜bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan｜bin-｜second-｜di-, dy-, duo-,dyo-｜dis- ("兩次") 常見dyakis- ("兩次") 罕見 diplo- ("雙倍") dyad- ("一對")｜deuter- e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomydeuteraio-(「每隔一天」)｜dvi-

3｜tri- e.g. trireme｜ter-｜tern-, trin-｜terti-｜tri- e.g. triathlon, Tripolis｜tris- ("三次") 常見triakis- ("三次") 罕見 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (」三個一組「)｜trit- ("第三") e.g. Triton/iumtritaio- ("每隔兩天")｜tri-

4｜quadri-,quadru-｜quater-｜quatern-｜quart-｜tetra-,tessara-｜tetrakis-("四次") tetraplo- (」四倍「) tetrad- (」四個一組「) e.g. tetrahedron｜tetarto- (」第四「) tetartaio-(」每隔三天「)｜chatur-

5｜quinque-｜–｜quin-｜quint-｜penta-｜pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedron｜pempt-pemptaio-｜pancha-

6｜sexa-｜–｜sen-｜sext-｜hexa-｜hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- e.g. hexahedron｜hect- hectaio-｜shat-

7｜septem-,septi-｜septen-｜septim-｜hepta- e.g. heptathlon｜heptakis- heptaplo- heptad-｜hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio-("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周")｜sapta-

8｜octo- e.g. October｜–｜octon-｜octav-｜octo- e.g. octopus｜octakis- octaplo- octad- e.g. octahedron｜ogdoö- ogdoaio-｜ashta-

9｜novem- e.g. November｜noven-｜nona-｜ennea-｜enneakis-enneaplo-ennead-｜enat- enataio-｜navam-

10｜decem-, dec-｜den-｜decim-｜deca- e.g. decathlon, Decapolis｜deca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagon｜decat-decataio-｜dasham-

11｜undec-｜unden-｜undecim-｜hendeca-｜hendeca/kis/plo/d-｜hendecat-/o/aio-｜ekadasham-

12｜duodec-｜duoden- e.g. duodenum｜duodecim-｜dodeca- e.g. dodecadactylum｜dodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedron｜dodacat-/o/aio-｜dvadasham-

13｜tredec-｜treden-｜tredecim-｜tria(kai)deca-,decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobia｜tris(kai)decakis-,decatria/kis/plo/d-｜decatotrito- etc.｜trayodasham-

14｜quattuordec-｜quattuorden-｜quattuordecim-｜tessara(kai)deca-,decatettara,decatessara-｜tetra(kai)decakis-,decatetra/kis/plo/d- e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedron｜decatotetarto-｜chaturdasham-

15｜quinquadec-, quindec-｜quinden-｜quindecim-｜pente(kai)deca-,decapente-｜penta(kai)decakis-,decapentakis- etc.｜decatopempto-｜panchadasham-

16｜sedec-,sexdec- (但是有混種詞 hexadecimal)｜seden-｜sedecim-｜hexa(kai)deca-,hekkaideca-,decahex-｜hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc.｜decatohecto-｜shodasham-

17｜septendec-｜septenden-｜septendecim-｜hepta(kai)deca-,decahepta-｜hepta(kai)decakis-,decaheptakis- etc.｜decatohebdomo-｜saptadasham-

18｜octodec-｜octoden-｜octodecim-｜octo(kai)deca-,decaocto-｜octa(kai)decakis-,decaoctakis- etc.｜decatoogdoö-｜ashtadasham-

19｜novemdec-,novendec-｜novemden-｜novemdecim-｜ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea-｜ennea(kai)decakis-,decaenneakis- etc.｜decatoenato-｜navadasham-

20｜viginti-｜vicen-,vigen-｜vigesim-｜(e)icosi-｜eicosa/kis/plo/d- e.g. (e)icosahedron｜eicosto-｜vimshati-

22｜duovigint-｜(e)icosidyo-,dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic｜(e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad-｜eicostodeutero-

24｜quattuorvigint-｜(e)icositettara-,(e)icosikaitettara- rare｜(e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- e.g. (e)icositetragon｜eicostotetarto-｜chaturvimshati-

25｜quinvigint-｜(e)icosipente- e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid｜(e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad-｜eicostopempto-

30｜triginti-｜tricen-｜trigesim-｜triaconta-｜triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedron｜triacosto-｜trimshat-

31｜untriginti-｜triacontahen-｜triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad-｜triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio-

40｜quadraginti-｜quadragen-｜quadragesim-｜tettaraconta-,tessaraconta-｜tettaracontakis-,tessaracontakis- etc.｜tessaracosto-｜chatvarimshat-

50｜quinquaginti-｜quinquagen-｜quinquagesim-｜penteconta- e.g. penteconter｜pentecontakis- etc.｜pentecosto- e.g. pentecost｜panchashat-

60｜sexaginti-｜sexagen-｜sexagesim-｜hexeconta-｜hexecontakis- etc.｜hexecosto-｜shasti-

70｜septuaginti- e.g. Septuagint｜septuagen-｜septuagesim-｜hebdomeconta-｜hebdomecontakis- etc.｜hebdomecosto-｜saptati-

80｜octogint-｜octogen-｜octogesim-｜ogdoëconta-｜ogdoëcontakis- etc.｜ogdoëcosto-｜ashiti-

90｜nonagint-｜nonagen-｜nonagesim-｜eneneconta-｜enenecontakis- etc.｜enenecosto-｜navati-

100｜centi-｜centen-｜centesim-｜hecato(n)-｜hecatontakis-hundred timeshecatontaplo-hundred-multiplehecatontad-hundred of a kindalso abbreviated inhecatontad-｜hecatosto-hundredthhecatostaio-the hundredth day｜shata–

120｜viginticenti-｜hecaton(e)icosi-｜hecaton(e)icosakis- etc.｜hecatostoeicosto-

200｜ducenti-｜ducen-,bicenten-｜ducentesim-｜diacosia-｜diacosakis- etc.｜diacosiosto-｜–

300｜trecenti-｜trecen-,tercenten-,tricenten-｜trecentesim-｜triacosia- etc.｜triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad-｜triacosiosto-｜–

400｜quadringenti-｜quadringen-,quatercenten-,quadricenten-｜quadringentesim-｜tetracosia-｜tetracosakis- etc.｜tetracosiosto-

500｜quingent-,quincent-｜quingen-,quingenten-,quincenten-｜quingentesim-｜pentacosia-｜pentacosakis- etc.｜pentacosiosto-

600｜sescenti-, sexcenti-｜sescen-,sexcenten-｜sescentesim-｜hexacosia-｜hexacosakis- etc.｜hexacosiosto-

700｜septingenti-｜septingen-,septingenten-,septcenten-｜septingentesim-｜heptacosia-｜heptacosakis- etc.｜heptacosiosto-

800｜octingenti-｜octingen-,octingenten-,octocenten-｜octingentesim-｜octacosia-｜octacosakis- etc.｜octacosiosto-｜–

900｜nongenti-｜nongen-｜nongentesim-｜ennacosi-derived fromen(n)iacosia-,a pejoration ofenneacosia-｜enneacosakis- etc.｜enacosiost-,alt. spellingen(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration ofenneacosiosto-｜–

1000｜milli-｜millen-｜millesim-｜chili-,kilo-｜chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad-｜chiliost-｜sahasra–

2000｜duomilli｜–-｜-｜dischili-｜dischiliakis- etc.｜dischiliosto-｜–

3000｜tremilli-｜trischili-｜trischiliost-｜–

5000｜quinmilli–｜pentacischili-

10｜decamilli–｜myria-, e.g. myriapoda decakischilia-｜myriakis- myriaplo- myriad-decakischiliakis- etc.｜myriast-,decakischiliosto-｜ayuta–

80｜octogintmilli–｜octacismyri-

105｜centimilli;–｜decakismyria-, hecatontakischilia-｜decakismyriakis-,hecatontakischiliakis-｜etc.

106｜million-｜–｜hecatommyria-｜hecatommyriakis- ("十萬次") hecatommyriaplo-("十萬倍")hecatommyriad-("十萬個一組")｜hecatommyriosto-(第十萬；或十萬之一)hecatommyriostaio-("每隔九萬九千九百九十九天")

109｜billion-｜–｜dishecatommyria-｜dishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1012｜trillion-｜–｜trishecatommyria-｜trishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1015｜quadrillion-｜–｜tetrakishecatommyria-｜tetrakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1018｜quintillion-｜–

1021｜sextillion-｜–

1024｜septillion-｜–

1027｜octillion-｜–

1030｜nonillion-｜–

1033｜decillion-｜–｜decakishecatommyria-｜decakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

10303｜centillion-｜–｜hecatontakishecatommyria-｜hecatontakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

103003｜–｜chiliakishecatommyria-｜chiliakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1030003｜–｜myriakishecatommyria-｜myriakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

10300003｜–｜decakismyriakishecatommyria- and so on - virtually endless｜decakismyriakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

少量(1–20)｜pauci- e.g. pauciparous｜–｜oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly

大量(> 1)｜multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri e.g. plural wife, pluralism｜–｜poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath｜pollakis- ("多次") pollaplo- (」多次「) plethos, plethora (」多個為一組「)｜pollosto- (次序中排在第一後的，即序數大於1)｜bahut–

### 補充

- 元音脫落：數字前綴結尾的元音會在以元音為開頭的詞幹前脫落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前為 bis-, 而其他單音節前綴 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音為開頭的詞幹也保持不變。
- 連字符：數字前綴不加入連字符的情況比較多、但還是有把quarterdeck寫成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和國際單位制詞頭中不會加入連字符。

同樣的後綴可用於不同數：

primary｜secondary｜tertiary｜quartary｜quintary｜sextary｜(septimary)｜(octavary)｜nonary｜(decimary)

singulary｜binary｜ternary, trinary｜quaternary｜quinary｜senary｜septenary｜octonary｜nonenary｜denary

在化學命名中，11（undeca-）這個前綴混合了拉丁語和希臘語，並以 -cos- 表示二十，例如 tricos- 是 23。同樣，表示進位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal

### 拉丁語基數詞

- unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
- uniped, biped, triped, quadruped, centipede, millipede

### 拉丁語分配數詞

- unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
- denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

### 希臘語

- monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
- digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
- trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
- monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

### 混合語言

- 戊烷, 己烷, 庚, 辛烷, 壬, 癸烷, 一烷,... 二十烷

## 參考文獻

- Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
- Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
- Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford University Press 1995