西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國

西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國，又稱西班牙-阿茲特克戰爭（1519-1521），是西班牙殖民美洲的過程中最重要的戰役之一。這一場戰役之後西班牙殖民者成功鎮壓了阿茲特克人，並占領了今日墨西哥中部地區，但並未征服整個現代墨西哥地區。

自從哥倫布發現美洲大陸、並在那裡建立了數個殖民據點之後，在西班牙王室的授權下，殖民者以殖民據點為根據地，四處派出遠征隊，發現、征服並且殖民新領地。1519年2月，西班牙殖民者在埃爾南·科爾特斯的率領下從墨西哥灣登陸，向阿茲特克前進，在此之前，科爾特斯沒有任何軍事經驗。阿茲特克人卻將他們請進了首都特諾奇蒂特蘭。但西班牙人卻軟禁了皇帝蒙特祖馬二世，向阿茲特克人勒索黃金。科爾特斯隨後被憤怒的阿茲特克人擊敗，被迫逃亡到與阿茲特克敵對的國家特拉斯卡拉尋求庇護。一年之後，在特拉斯卡拉、森波阿拉等與阿茲特克敵對國家的幫助下，科爾特斯再次攻打阿茲特克，在1521年8月13日以沉重地代價攻陷了特諾奇提特蘭，將其夷為平地，改建為墨西哥城。

## 擴展閱讀

### 一手資料

- Alva Ixtlilxochitil, Fernando. Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law. Douglass K. Ballentine, translator. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969.
- , Introduction de Michel Graulich, commentaire de mis à jour par Michel Graulich comment by Robert h. Barlow put updated by Michel Graulich Bibliothèque nationale de France-Société des Américanistes, Paris, 1995.
- Cortés, Hernán. Letters – available as Letters from Mexico translated by Anthony Pagden (1986)
- de Fuentes, Patricia, ed. The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. Previously published by Orion Press 1963.
- 貝爾納爾·迪亞斯·德爾·卡斯蒂略, The Conquest of New Spain – available as The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517–1521 0-306-81319-X
- . The History of the Indies of New Spain (1581). Translated and edited by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1994.
- (textbook, anthology)
- . We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1991. (anthology)
- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥馬拉. Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary, Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1964.
- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥馬拉, Hispania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551, with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain
- 貝爾納迪諾·德薩阿貢. General History of the Things of New Spain (The 佛羅倫斯手抄本). Book 12. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
- 貝爾納迪諾·德薩阿貢. The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision. Trans. by , introduction and notes by S.L. Cline. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989.
- , ed. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Bedford, 2000. (textbook, anthology)
- Siepel, Kevin H. Conquistador Voices: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas as recounted largely by the Participants. vol. 1. Spruce Tree Press 2015. (textbook, anthology)
- . The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards (1753). Trans. Thomas Townsend. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press 1973.
- . Historia de la conquista de Méjico. Reprint, Forgotten Books 2018.
- Vázquez de Tapia, Bernardino. Relación de méritos y servicios del conquistador. (c. 1545). Mexico: UNAM 1972.

### 二手資料

- . The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1982)
- . Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Texas University Press (2001)
- Hassig, Ross. Mexico and the Spanish Conquest. Longman: London and New York, (1994)
- . The Conquest of Mexico: Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World, 16th – 18th centuries. Polity Press 1993.
- Prescott, William H.. History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes
- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press (2003)
- Restall, Matthew. When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History. Ecco 2018.
- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America by (1996)
- .Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico by (1993)
- Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by (1971)

### 傳記

- Brandt, Anthony. "Perfect storm at Tenochtitlan 1521: How Cortes's band of hidalgos destroyed the Mexica Empire." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History (2014): 58.
- Daniel, Douglas A. "Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs." (1992): 187–94.
- Raudzens, George. "So Why Were the Aztecs Conquered, and What Were the Wider Implications? Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests." War in History (1995): 87–104.
- Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
- White, John Manchip. "Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire: A Study in a Conflict of Cultures." (1972): 467–68.

## 外部連結

- Hernán Cortés on the Web – 網路字典
- Catholic Encyclopedia (1911)
- Conquistadors, with Michael Wood
- Ibero-American Electronic Text Series
- La Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España

## 基本資料

- 屬於：西班牙美洲殖民化與墨西哥印第安人戰爭
- 日期：1519年2月-1521年8月：征服阿茲特克帝國、1522年-1530年2月17日征服塔拉斯坎王國
- 地點：阿茲特克帝國與其他城邦（位於今日的墨西哥）
- 管轄範圍：阿茲特克帝國、塔拉斯坎王國與其他城邦被西班牙帝國吞併
- 結果：西班牙帝國獲勝，阿茲特克帝國滅亡
- 參戰方一：西班牙帝國、 特拉斯卡拉聯邦、 托托納卡潘、同盟:、 奧托米人、、 伊斯塔帕拉帕、 索奇米爾科、 特斯科科
- 參戰方二： 阿茲特克帝國 (1519–1521)、 特諾奇提特蘭、 特拉特洛爾科、 查爾科、 索奇米爾科、 特斯科科、 特拉科潘 聯盟城邦:、特奧蒂特蘭 獨立城邦:、 塔拉斯坎王國 (1522–1530)、王國、Yopitzinco王國、 Colliman王國、 哈利斯科王國、奇奇梅克人、其他王國和部落 ( map)
- 指揮官一：埃爾南·科爾特斯、佩德羅·德·阿爾瓦拉多、干沙路·迪·桑多巴、克里斯托巴·迪·奧利德、努尼奧·迪·古斯曼、、、 Xicomecoatl
- 指揮官二： 蒙特蘇馬二世、 奎特拉瓦克、 夸烏特莫克 link=、 伊茲夸赫特辛 ---- 坦加蘇安二世 link=
- strength2： 阿茲特克帝國: 300,000 ---- 塔拉斯坎王國: 100,000
- strength1：西班牙殖民者 (總計):、~2,500-3000名步兵、90-100名騎兵、32支槍、13艘前桅橫帆雙桅船 特拉斯卡拉聯邦與其他聯盟: ~80,000–200,000、 托托納卡潘: 400
- 傷亡一： 1,800名士兵犧牲、1,000在戰役中犧牲、損失15+加農炮Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239: states that Cortes's men lost all the artillery they had initially arrived with during La Noche Triste.Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007: states that Cortes arrived in Mexico with 15 cannons, before acquiring the forces of Pánfilo de Narváez. 無數特拉斯卡拉人與原住民被害
- 傷亡二：200,000名死者、300艘戰船沉沒