第三黨 (美國)

第三黨（Third party）是一個政治術語，在現今的美國指除共和黨、民主黨兩大政黨外的其它所有政黨。

這些政黨也參加各種公職選舉，但在美國現行的兩黨制體制下，勝選機率極其微小（最近一個國會議員是William Carney），兩黨以外多為無黨籍。目前，美國主要的第三黨有自由意志黨、美國綠黨和憲法黨。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。

## 現在的第三黨列表

- 自由意志黨
- 美國綠黨
- 非洲人民社會黨
- 全非人民革命黨
- 美國黨
- 美國自由黨
- 美國勞工黨
- 美國團結黨
- 黑人騎士解放黨
- 美國公民黨
- 美國共產黨
- 憲法黨
- 美國民主社會主義者
- 自由道路社會主義組織
- 自由社會黨
- 人道黨
- 獨立美國黨
- 公正黨
- 現在合法大麻黨
- 美國大麻黨
- 現代輝格黨
- 國家社會主義運動
- 新非洲黑豹黨
- 新黑豹黨
- 美國海盜黨
- 進步勞工黨
- 禁酒黨
- 美國改革黨
- 革命黑豹黨
- 美國革命共產黨
- 爭取社會主義和解放黨
- 美國社會黨
- 社會主義行動
- 社會主義替代
- 社會主義平等黨
- 社會主義工人黨
- 美國團結黨 (2004年)
- 工作家庭黨
- 工人世界黨
- 美國世界社會黨
- 前進黨

## 延伸閱讀

### 調查

- Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications.
- Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)
- Green, Donald J. Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010)
- Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
- Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United States (1962), Brief survey
- Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR
- Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
- Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America (4 vol. 2006)
- Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
- Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)
- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources
- Sifry, Micah L. Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America (Routledge, 2002)

### 學術研究

- Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349–67
- Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
- Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28
- Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36.
- Brooks, Corey M. Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.
- Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." American Politics Research 33 (2005): 672–99.
- Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus (1994), includes Ross Parot
- Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country (2009)
- Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434–52.
- Gould, Lewis L. Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (2008)
- Hazlett, Joseph. The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (McFarland & Company, 1992)
- Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968
- Jelen, Ted G. ed. Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond (State University of New York Press, 2001)
- Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141–53.
- Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48–65.
- Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." Quarterly Journal of Speech (2006): 355–78.
- Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946), on 1912
- Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
- Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506 pp
- Richardson, Darcy G. A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness 59 pp
- Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316–22.
- Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004)
- Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 36–44.
- Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp
- Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online

## 外部連結

- The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
- Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties
- Free and Equal – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
- Independent Political Report – Frequently updated source for third party news