戴克里先迫害

戴克里先迫害（Diocletianic Persecution）或稱作大迫害（Great Persecution），是羅馬帝國最後一次和最嚴重的一次對基督徒的鎮壓。303年羅馬帝國正處於四帝共治制，帝國東部主皇帝（奧古斯都）戴克里先、帝國西部主皇帝馬克西米安、東部副皇帝（凱撒）伽列里烏斯和西部副皇帝君士坦提烏斯一世頒布了一系列法令，廢除基督教的合法權益並要求他們遵守傳統的古羅馬宗教習俗。後來法令開始針對神職人員展開迫害，下令將這些民眾奉獻給羅馬眾神。

西部副皇帝及後來在305年成為西部主皇帝的君士坦提烏斯一世管治區的鎮壓比起其他3位皇帝較輕微，東部正副皇帝仍然繼續執行所有的禁令直到在313年西部皇帝君士坦丁大帝和東部皇帝李錫尼頒布《米蘭敕令》後，標誌著過去的迫害正式結束。

## 參考文獻

### 來源

古代文獻

- Arnobius. Adversus Nationes (Against the Heathen) ca. 295–300.
- Bryce, Hamilton, and Hugh Campbell, trans. Against the Heathen . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
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- Williamson, G.A., trans. The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8
- Eusebius of Caesarea. De Martyribus Palestinae (On the Martyrs of Palestine).
- McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Martyrs of Palestine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Cureton, William, trans. History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript . London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Accessed September 28, 2009.
- Eusebius of Caesarea. Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39.
- Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Lactantius. Divinae Institutiones (The Divine Institutes) ca. 303–311.
- Fletcher, William, trans. The Divine Institutes . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Lactantius. De Ira Dei (On the Wrath of God) ca. 313.
- Fletcher, William, trans. On the Anger of God . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Lactantius. Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum (Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors) ca. 313–15.
- Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Musurillo, Herbert, trans. The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
- Optatus. Contra Parmenianum Donatistam (Against the Donatists) ca. 366–367.
- Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Quick links to the separate books and parts of 『Against the Donatists』, Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Porphyry. Fragments.
- Brauunsberg, David, and Roger Pearse, eds. " Porphyry, Against the Christians: Fragments", in Selected Fathers of the Church. 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.
- Tertullian. Apologeticus (Apology) 197.
- Thelwall, S., trans. Apology . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 16, 2009.
- Tilley, Maureen A, trans. Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.

現代文獻

- Barnes, Timothy D. "Legislation Against the Christians." Journal of Roman Studies 58:1–2 (1968): 32–50.
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- Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
- Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
- Barnes, Timothy D. "Scholarship or Propaganda? Poprphyry Against the Christians and its Historical Setting." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39 (1994): 53–65.
- Barnes, Timothy D. "Review: Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance." Phoenix 54:3–4 (2000): 381–383.
- Barnes, Timothy D. "Monotheists All?" Phoenix 55:1–2 (2001): 142–162.
- Baynes, Norman H. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." The Classical Quarterly 18:3–4 (1924): 189–194.
- Beatrice, Pier Franco. "Antistes Philosophiae. Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz." Aug 33 (1993): 1–47. (In German)
- Castelli, Elizabeth A. Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
- Chadwick, Henry. The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
- Clarke, Graeme. "Third-Century Christianity." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 589–671. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
- Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-814984-0
- Corcoran, Simon. "Before Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
- Curran, John. Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-815278-7
- Davies, P.S. "The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303." Journal of Theological Studies 40:1 (1989): 66–94.
- Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3
- Dodds, E.R. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine. New York: Norton, 1970.
- Drake, H.A. Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3
- Edwards, Mark. "Christianity, A.D. 70–192." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 573–588. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
- Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
- Fox, see Lane Fox, Robin
- Frend, William H.C. Martyrdom and persecution in the early church: a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. New York University Press, 1967. Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company, U.K. ISBN 0-227-17229-9
- Frend, W.H.C. "Prelude to the Great Persecution: The Propaganda War." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38:1 (1987): 1–18.
- Frend, W.H.C. "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 503–523. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9
- Gaddis, Michael. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-24104-5
- Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 1. edited by David Womersley. London: Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 978-0-14-043393-7
- Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
- Hopkins, Keith. "Christian Number and Its Implications." Journal of Early Christian Studies 6:2 (1998): 185–226.
- Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964.
- Keresztes, Paul. "From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius." Vigiliae Christianae 37:4 (1983): 379–399.
- Knipfing, J.R. "The Edict of Galerius (311 A.D.) re-considered." Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1 (1922): 693–705.
- Lane Fox, Robin. Pagans and Christians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. ISBN 0-394-55495-7
- Leadbetter, William. "From Constantine to Theodosius (and Beyond)." In The Early Christian World, ed. Philip Francis Esler, 258–292. London: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-16496-2
- Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-814822-4
- Löhr, Winrich. "Some Observations on Karl-Heinz Schwarte's 'Diokletians Christengesetz'." Vigiliae Christianae 56:1 (2002): 75–95
- MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03642-6
- Millar, Fergus. The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Hardcover ISBN 0-674-77885-5 Paperback ISBN 0-674-77886-3
- Mitchell, Stephen. "Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription." Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988): 105–124.
- Nicholson, Oliver. "Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ: Lactantius' Divine Institutes IV. 18, 1–2." Journal of Theological Studies 40:1 (1989): 48–65.
- Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
- Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
- Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6
- Rives, J.B. "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire." Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999): 135–154.
- de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Aspects of the Great Persecution." Harvard Theological Review 47 (1954): 75–113.
- de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?" Past & Present 26 (1963): 6–38.
- Schott, Jeremy M. "Porphyry on Christians and Others: "Barbarian Wisdom," Identity Politics, and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution." Journal of Early Christian Studies 13:3 (2005): 277–314.
- Schott, Jeremy M. Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8122-4092-4
- Sherwin-White, A.N. "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again." Journal of Theological Studies 3:2 (1952), 199–213.
- Tilley, Maureen A. The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8006-2880-2
- Tilley, Maureen A. "North Africa." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 381–396. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9
- Trompf, G.W. Early Christian Historiography: Narratives of redistributive justice. New York: Continuum, 2000. ISBN 0-8264-5294-9
- Walter, Christopher. The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition . Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84014-694-X
- Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8
- Woods, David. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." Journal of Theological Studies 43:1 (1992): 128–134.
- Woods, David. "'Veturius' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution." Mnemosyne 54:5 (2001): 587–591.

## 外部連結

- A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked
- Persecution of Christians from Britannica