音樂繪畫

## 綜述

### 歌德

歌德在1807年說過一句著名的話：繪畫缺乏猶如存在於音樂之中那種既定的，公認的理論，歌德在1807年提出了在音樂理論模式下建立繪畫理論的著名想法。

### 牛頓

十七世紀物理學家艾薩克·牛頓嘗試解決這問題，假設音樂律調與色彩律調有著共同的頻率分布過程（邏輯），他試圖將聲音的振幅到離散的光波整合、關聯起來，根據牛頓的假設，色彩光譜的白色光的分布類似這音樂律調的八度音階內的分布，據此他確定了七個離散色光的成立，並且能匹配一個八度音階內的七個離散的音調。（Campen 2007,Peacock 1988）。

### 朱塞佩·阿爾欽博托

第一個測試聲音和顏色之間的對應的已知實驗，是由16世紀末的米蘭藝術家朱塞佩·阿爾欽博托進行的，他徵詢了在布拉格魯道夫二世的宮廷音樂家，創建一個新的實驗：試圖讓伴隨音樂顯示顏色,。他決定在一種叫大鍵琴的鍵盤樂器上放上紙畫的不同彩色條(Gage,1994)。找到一個數學系統來解釋音樂和色彩之間的關係，既有靈感又有沮喪的藝術家和科學家貫穿著這個世紀。

## 音樂繪畫

在19世紀後半期,傳統的音樂繪畫開始出現並影響了當時的象徵主義畫家(Campen 2007, Van Uitert 1978)。在20世紀的最初十年,一個被稱為藍騎士(Der blaue Reiter)的德國藝術家團體從事著聯覺的實驗，這是一個有畫家,作曲家、舞蹈演員和戲劇製作人組成的複合群體。該組織專注於藝術手段與藝術作品的內在聯繫與統一(Gesamtkunstwerke)(Von Maur 2001, Hahl-Koch 1985, Ione 2004)。

康定斯基的聯覺理論，所著小冊起《藝術的精神》(1910)，幫助形成這些實驗的基礎。他認為聯覺是不同意識形式間的換位經驗，和諧的音樂是其共同的基礎(康定斯基1910年,Duchting 1996)。康定斯基並不是唯一在這一時期對聯覺感知有興趣的藝術家。在19世紀-20世紀之交的一項藝術活動研究顯示，幾乎每一個進步或前衛的藝術家都對音樂和視覺藝術的相通之處表現出興趣。現代藝術家們嘗試用多感官感知，如：音樂和電影的同步運動(Von Maur 2001, Heyrman 2003)。

## 參閱

- 藝術聯覺
- 聯覺
- 通感
- 繪畫理論
- 音樂宇宙
- Musical language
- Campen, Cretien van, The Hidden Sense. Synesthesia in Art and Science, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007.
- Jewanski, J. and N. Sidler (Eds.). Farbe - Licht - Musik. Synaesthesie und Farblichtmusik. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006.
- Leonardo Online Bibliography Synesthesia in Science and Art - contains references to general web portals, websites of artists and hundreds of scientific articles and books on the subject of the last decades.
- Steen, Carol & Berman, Greta. Synesthesia: Art and the Mind. Hamilton: McMaster Museum of Art, 2008.

## 參考文獻與注釋

- Berman, Greta. "Synesthesia and the Arts," Leonardo 32, no. 1 (1999) 15-22.
- Campen, Cretien van. Visual Music and Musical Paintings. The Quest for Synesthesia in the Arts. In: F. Bacci & D. Melcher. Making Sense of Art, making Art of Sense. Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming in 2009) ).
- Campen, Cretien van. The Hidden Sense. Synesthesia in Art and Science Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007.
- Campen, Cretien van "Artistic and psychological experiments with synesthesia." Leonardo vol. 32, no. 1 (1999) 9-14.
- Collopy, F. "Color, Form, and Motion. Dimensions of a Musical Art of Light." Leonardo 33, no. 5 (2000): 355-360.
- Düchting, H. Farbe am Bauhaus. Synthese und Synästhesie. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1996.
- Evers, F. "Muziek en de eenheid der kunsten." In Muziekpsychologie, edited by F. Evers, M. Jansma and B. de Vries, 313-338. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1995.
- Ferwerda, R. and P. Struycken. 『Aristoteles』 Over kleuren. Budel: Damon, 2001.
- Franssen, M. "The Ocular Harpsichord of Louis-Bertrand Castel. The Science and Aesthetics of an Eighteenth-Century Cause Célèbre." Tractrix 3 (1991): 15-77.
- Gage, J. "Making Sense of Colour. The Synaesthetic Dimension." In Colour and meaning. Art, science and symbolism, 261-268. Oxford: Thames & Hudson, 1999.
- Gage, J. Colour and Culture. Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. London: Thames & Hudson, 1993.
- Galeyev, B. and I.L. Vanechkina. "Was Scriabin a Synesthete?" Leonardo 34, no. 4 (2001): 357-361.
- Hahl-Koch, J. "Kandinsky, Schönberg und der 『Blaue Reiter" In Vom Klang der Bilder, edited by K. von Maur. München: Prestel, 1985.
- Heyrman, H. Art and Synesthesia: In Search of the Synesthetic Experience paper presented at the First International Conference on Art and Synesthesia in Europe, University of Almería, Spain, 25–28 July 2005.
- Ione, A. and C.W. Tyler. "Neuroscience, History and the Arts. Synesthesia: Is F-sharp Colored Violet?"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 13 (2004): 58-65.
- Ione A. and C.W. Tyler. " Was Kandinsky a Synesthete?" Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12 (2003): 223–226.
- Ione, A. "Kandinsky and Klee: Chromatic Chords, Polyphonic Painting and Synesthesia." Journal of Consciousness Studies 11, no. 3-4 (2004): 148-58.
- Jewanski, J. and N. Sidler (Eds.). Farbe - Licht - Musik. Synaesthesie und Farblichtmusik. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006.
- Jewanski, J. "What is the Color of the Tone?" Leonardo 32, no. 3 (1999): 227-228.
- Kandinsky, W. "Der gelbe Klang: Eine Bühnenkomposition von Kandinsky." In Der blaue Reiter, edited by W. Kandinsky and F. Marc. München: Piper, 1912.
- Klein, A.B. Colour Music'. The Art of Light." London, 1926.
- Maur, K. von. The Sound of Painting. München: Prestel, 1999.
- Moritz, W. Optical Poetry. The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger. Indiana University Press, 2003.
- Peacock, K. "Instruments to Perform Color-Music: Two Centuries of Technological Experimentation."Leonardo 21, no. 4 (1988): 397-406.
- Uitert, E. van. "Beeldende kunst en muziek: de muziek van het schilderij." In Kunstenaren der idee: symbolistische tendenzen in Nederland, edited by C. Blotkamp. Den Haag: Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1978.
- Peacock, K. "Instruments to Perform Color-Music: Two Centuries of Technological Experimentation,"Leonardo 21, no. 4 (1988) 397-406.

## 外部連結

- The Phänomenon of Synaesthesia How does the taste of marzipan or the feeling of sun on the lower arms look like? The sensory impressions of a synaesthete caught in paintings.
- Famous synesthetes - List maintained by Sean A. Day, President of the American Synesthesia Association
- Leonardo Online Bibliography Synesthesia in Science and Art - contains references to general web portals, websites of artists and hundreds of scientific articles and books on the subject of the last decades.
- The Most Beautiful Painting You've Ever Heard From Seed magazine.
- Rhythmic Light - Website on the history of visual music, edited by Fred Collopy.
- Synesthesia - Survey of documents on synesthesia in art, compiled by Dr. Hugo Heyrman.
- Synesthetics - Resources, articles and weblinks on synesthesia in art and science, compiled by Cretien van Campen.
- Synesthesia Music - Music generated from any pictures in 5 seconds
- Arte Citta - European organization of art and synesthesia
- Synaesthesiewerkstatt Workshops in synesthesia and art by Christine Söffing
- 平均律維基，平均律繪畫與平均律語言研究維基平台