幽靈蛛科

幽靈蛛科（學名：Pholcidae），是蜘蛛目中的一個科，其下的物種通稱為幽靈蜘蛛，是家中常見的蜘蛛。

## 特徵

幽靈蜘蛛體態纖細，腿部細長，所以在英語中又被稱為「長腿叔叔」(daddy longlegs)。外貌與盲蛛相似，外觀容易混淆。幽靈蜘蛛體型小、看似纖細，但這些特點卻有益於幽靈蜘蛛捕食獵物，甚至是同類。幽靈蜘蛛通常使用纖長的腿把獵物制住，確保獵物停留在攻擊範圍內。幽靈蜘蛛有一對毒牙，毒性並不強。當幽靈蜘蛛遇上危險，會以上下及左右的擺幅來避開攻擊。

較常見的幽靈蜘蛛大多利用腹部使力，上下搖動。

幽靈蜘蛛喜歡吃比自己大型的蜘蛛，牠們自然界的天敵有蜈蚣和大蘭多毒蛛等。

## 分佈

幽靈蜘蛛算是世界上分佈十分廣泛的蜘蛛，從極北的堪察加半島到有世界屋脊之稱的青藏高原，最後到靠近南極的火地島均能找到牠的蹤跡，目前全世界只有南極州、冰島、格陵蘭島和加拿大極北之地沒有幽靈蜘蛛的存在。

## 屬

截至西元2015年11月，World Spider Catalog認可了以下的屬：

Aetana｜Huber, 2005

Anansus｜Huber, 2007

Anopsicus｜Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938

熱帶蛛屬｜Artema｜Walckenaer, 1837

Aucana｜Huber, 2000

Aymaria｜Huber, 2000

貝爾蛛屬｜Belisana｜Thorell, 1898

Blancoa｜Huber, 2000

Buitinga｜Huber, 2003

Calapnita｜Simon, 1892

- Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017
- Calapnita bario Huber, 2017
- Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017
- Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017
- Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017
- Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017
- Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017
- Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017
- Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013
- Calapnita mae Huber, 2017
- Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017
- Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017
- Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017
- Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011
- Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892

Canaima｜Huber, 2000

Carapoia｜González-Sponga, 1998

- Carapoia abdita Huber, 2016
- Carapoia agilis Huber, 2018
- Carapoia alagoas Huber, 2016
- Carapoia bispina Huber, 2018
- Carapoia brescoviti Huber, 2005
- Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947)
- Carapoia capixaba Huber, 2016
- Carapoia carvalhoi Huber, 2016
- Carapoia carybei Huber, 2016
- Carapoia crasto Huber, 2005
- Carapoia dandarae Huber, 2016
- Carapoia divisa Huber, 2016
- Carapoia djavani Huber, 2018
- Carapoia exigua Huber, 2018
- Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000
- Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898)
- Carapoia gracilis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia jiboia Huber, 2016
- Carapoia kaxinawa Huber, 2018
- Carapoia levii (Huber, 2000)
- Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891)
- Carapoia macacu Huber, 2016
- Carapoia maculata Huber, 2018
- Carapoia marceloi Huber, 2016
- Carapoia mirim Huber, 2016
- Carapoia munduruku Huber, 2018
- Carapoia nairae Huber, 2016
- Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000
- Carapoia paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998
- Carapoia patafina Huber, 2016
- Carapoia pau Huber, 2016
- Carapoia pulchra Huber, 2018
- Carapoia rheimsae Huber, 2005
- Carapoia rubra Huber, 2018
- Carapoia saltinho Huber, 2016
- Carapoia septentrionalis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia suassunai Huber, 2018
- Carapoia tapajos Huber, 2018
- Carapoia tenuis Huber, 2018
- Carapoia ubatuba Huber, 2005
- Carapoia una Huber, 2005
- Carapoia utinga Huber, 2018
- Carapoia viridis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia voltavelha Huber, 2016
- Carapoia zumbii Huber, 2016

Cenemus｜Saaristo, 2001

Chibchea｜Huber, 2000

Chichiriviche｜González-Sponga, 2011b

Chisosa｜Huber, 2000

Ciboneya｜Pérez, 2001

Codazziella｜González-Sponga, 2005

Coryssocnemis｜Simon, 1893

壺蛛屬｜Crossopriza｜Simon, 1893

Enetea｜Huber, 2000

Galapa｜Huber, 2000

Gertschiola｜Brignoli, 1981

Guaranita｜Huber, 2000

Holocneminus｜Berland, 1942

Holocnemus｜Simon, 1873

Hoplopholcus｜Kulczy?ski, 1908

Ibotyporanga｜Mello-Leitão, 1944

Ixchela｜Huber, 2000

Kambiwa｜Huber, 2000

呵叻蛛屬｜Khorata｜Huber, 2005

Leptopholcus｜Simon, 1893

Litoporus｜Simon, 1893

Mecolaesthus｜Simon, 1893

Mesabolivar｜González-Sponga, 1998

Metagonia｜Simon, 1893

Micromerys｜Bradley, 1877

Micropholcus｜Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987

Modisimus｜Simon, 1893

Nerudia｜Huber, 2000

Ninetis｜Simon, 1890

Nita｜Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007

Nyikoa｜Huber, 2007

Ossinissa｜Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005

Otavaloa｜Huber, 2000

Panjange｜Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983

Papiamenta｜Huber, 2000

Paramicromerys｜Millot, 1946

Pehrforsskalia｜Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001

Pholcophora｜Banks, 1896

幽靈蛛屬｜Pholcus｜Walckenaer, 1805

Physocyclus｜Simon, 1893

Pisaboa｜Huber, 2000

Platnicknia｜Özdikmen & Demir, 2009

Pomboa｜Huber, 2000

Priscula｜Simon, 1893

Psilochorus｜Simon, 1893

Quamtana｜Huber, 2003

Queliceria｜González-Sponga, 2003

Savarna｜Huber, 2005

Sihala｜Huber, 2011

Smeringopina｜Kraus, 1957

怒蛛屬｜Smeringopus｜Simon, 1890

六眼幽靈蛛屬｜Spermophora｜Hentz, 1841

Spermophorides｜Wunderlich, 1992

Stenosfemuraia｜González-Sponga, 1998

Stygopholcus｜Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932

Systenita｜Simon, 1893

Tainonia｜Huber, 2000

Tangguoa｜Yao & Li, 2021

- 來賓唐果蛛 Tangguoa laibin Yao & Li, 2021
- 銅鼓嶺唐果蛛 Tangguoa tongguling Yao & Li, 2021

Teuia｜Huber, 2000

Tibetia｜Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006

Tolteca｜Huber, 2000

Trichocyclus｜Simon, 1908

Tupigea｜Huber, 2000

Uthina｜Simon, 1893

Wanniyala｜Huber & Benjamin, 2005

Waunana｜Huber, 2000

- Waunana anchicaya Huber, 2000
- Waunana eberhardi Huber, 2000
- Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929)
- Waunana tulcan Huber, 2000

Wugigarra｜Huber, 2001

Zatavua｜Huber, 2003

## 基本資料

- 學名：Pholcidae
- 說明：家幽靈蛛
- 命名者：C. L. Koch, 1851
- subdivision_ranks：屬
- 栽培群成員：詳見內文