根瘤菌

根瘤菌主要指與豆類作物根部共生形成根瘤並能固氮的細菌，一般指根瘤菌屬和慢生根瘤菌屬；兩屬都屬於根瘤菌目。

根瘤菌侵入寄主根內，刺激根部皮層和中柱鞘的某些細胞，引起這些細胞的強烈生長，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根內定居，植物供給根瘤菌以礦物養料和能源，根瘤菌固定大氣中游離氮氣，為植物提供氮素養料，兩者在拮抗寄生關係中處於均衡狀態而表現共生現象。

根瘤菌細胞呈杆狀，有鞭毛和莢膜，鞭毛為正常的活動器官，無芽孢，革蘭氏染色陰性，屬需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌體形式多種多樣，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，這種變形的菌體成為類菌體；類菌體在豆科植物體內不生長繁殖，卻能與豆科植物共同固氮，對豆科植物有良好作用。

每種根瘤菌只能與一種或幾種植物建立共生關係，如下表：

根瘤菌種類｜對應共生植物

苜蓿根瘤菌｜苜蓿、草木樨

三葉草根瘤菌｜三葉草

豌豆根瘤菌｜豌豆、蠶豆

菜豆根瘤菌｜菜豆

紫雲英根瘤菌｜紫雲英

大豆根瘤菌｜大豆

豇豆根瘤菌｜豇豆、花生、綠豆、赤豆、檉麻、扁豆、刀豆等

此外，還有些微生物能同非豆類植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放線菌（如：小頭木麻黃、赤楊、楊梅）、藍綠菌（如：蘇鐵、竹柏、滿江紅）。

## 下屬物種

根瘤菌屬 包括以下物種：

Rhizobium acaciae｜Hsouna et al. 2023

Rhizobium acidisoli｜Román-Ponce et al. 2016

埃及根瘤菌｜Rhizobium aegyptiacum｜Shamseldin et al. 2017

Rhizobium aethiopicum｜Aserse et al. 2017

Rhizobium aggregatum｜(Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011

Rhizobium alamii｜Berge et al. 2009

Rhizobium alkalisoli｜Lu et al. 2009，為Neorhizobium alkalisoli (Lu et al. 2009) Mousavi et al. 2015的異名

Rhizobium altiplani｜Baraúna et al. 2016

Rhizobium alvei｜Sheu et al. 2015

安徽根瘤菌｜Rhizobium anhuiense｜Zhang et al. 2015

Rhizobium aquaticum｜Máthé et al. 2019

Rhizobium arenae｜Zhang et al. 2017

Rhizobium arsenicireducens｜Mohapatra et al. 2020

Rhizobium azibense｜Mnasri et al. 2014

Rhizobium azooxidifex｜Behrendt et al. 2016

Rhizobium bangladeshense｜Rashid et al. 2015

Rhizobium beringeri｜Young et al. 2023

Rhizobium binae｜Rashid et al. 2015

Rhizobium borbori｜Zhang et al. 2011，為Allorhizobium borbori (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

Rhizobium brockwellii｜Young et al. 2023

Rhizobium calliandrae｜Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013

Rhizobium capsici｜Lin et al. 2015

Rhizobium cauense｜Liu et al. 2015

Rhizobium cellulosilyticum｜García-Fraile et al. 2007

Rhizobium chutanense｜Huo et al. 2019

Rhizobium ciceri｜Nour et al. 1994，為Mesorhizobium ciceri (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名

Rhizobium croatiense｜Rajnovic et al. 2023

大田根瘤菌｜Rhizobium daejeonense｜Quan et al. 2005

Rhizobium dioscoreae｜Ouyabe et al. 2020

Rhizobium ecuadorense｜Ribeiro et al. 2015

Rhizobium endolithicum｜Parag et al. 2014

Rhizobium endophyticum｜López-López et al. 2011

Rhizobium esperanzae｜Cordeiro et al. 2017

Rhizobium etli｜Segovia et al. 1993

Rhizobium fabae｜Tian et al. 2008

Rhizobium favelukesii｜Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016

Rhizobium flavum｜Gu et al. 2014

Rhizobium fredii｜Scholla and Elkan 1984，為Ensifer fredii (Scholla and Elkan 1984) Young 2003的異名

Rhizobium freirei｜Dall'Agnol et al. 2013

Rhizobium galegae｜Lindström 1989，為Neorhizobium galegae (Lindström 1989) Mousavi et al. 2015的異名

Rhizobium gallicum｜Amarger et al. 1997

格氏根瘤菌｜Rhizobium gei｜Shi et al. 2016

Rhizobium giardinii｜Amarger et al. 1997

Rhizobium grahamii｜López-López et al. 2012

海南根瘤菌｜Rhizobium hainanense｜Chen et al. 1997

Rhizobium halophytocola｜Bibi et al. 2012

Rhizobium helianthi｜Wei et al. 2015

Rhizobium herbae｜Ren et al. 2011，為Pararhizobium herbae (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

Rhizobium hidalgonense｜Yan et al. 2020

華氏根瘤菌｜Rhizobium huakuii｜Chen et al. 1991，為Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名

Rhizobium huautlense｜Wang et al. 1998，為Neorhizobium huautlense (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的異名

Rhizobium indigoferae｜Wei et al. 2002

Rhizobium ipomoeae｜Sheu et al. 2016

Rhizobium jaguaris｜Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013

日本根瘤菌｜Rhizobium japonicum｜(Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，為Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的異名

Rhizobium johnstonii｜Young et al. 2023

Rhizobium laguerreae｜Saïdi et al. 2014

Rhizobium larrymoorei｜(Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，為Agrobacterium larrymoorei Bouzar and Jones 2001的異名

豌豆根瘤菌｜Rhizobium leguminosarum｜(Frank 1879) Frank 1889

Rhizobium lemnae｜Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014

Rhizobium lentis｜Rashid et al. 2015

Rhizobium leucaenae｜Ribeiro et al. 2012

Rhizobium loessense｜Wei et al. 2003，為Rhizobium mongolense subsp. loessense (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的異名

Rhizobium loti｜Jarvis et al. 1982，為Mesorhizobium loti (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名

Rhizobium lupini｜(Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，基異名：Phytomyxa lupini Schroeter 1886

Rhizobium lusitanum｜Valverde et al. 2006

Rhizobium marinum｜Liu et al. 2015

Rhizobium mayense｜Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013

地中海根瘤菌｜Rhizobium mediterraneum｜Nour et al. 1995，為Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名

Rhizobium meliloti｜Dangeard 1926，為Ensifer meliloti (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的異名

Rhizobium mesoamericanum｜López-López et al. 2012

Rhizobium mesosinicum｜Lin et al. 2009

Rhizobium metallidurans｜Grison et al. 2015

Rhizobium miluonense｜Gu et al. 2008

內蒙根瘤菌｜Rhizobium mongolense｜Van Berkum et al. 1998

Rhizobium multihospitium｜Han et al. 2008

Rhizobium naphthalenivorans｜Kaiya et al. 2018

Rhizobium nepotum｜Puławska et al. 2012，為Agrobacterium nepotum (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

Rhizobium oryzae｜Peng et al. 2008，為Allorhizobium oryzae (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

稻生根瘤菌｜Rhizobium oryzicola｜Zhang et al. 2015

Rhizobium oryziradicis｜Zhao et al. 2017，為Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的異名

巴基斯坦根瘤菌｜Rhizobium pakistanense｜Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：Rhizobium pakistanensis

Rhizobium paknamense｜Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013

Rhizobium paranaense｜Dall'Agnol et al. 2014

Rhizobium petrolearium｜Zhang et al. 2012

Rhizobium phaseoli｜Dangeard 1926

Rhizobium pisi｜Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008

Rhizobium populi｜Rozahon et al. 2014

Rhizobium populisoli｜Shen et al. 2022

Rhizobium pseudoryzae｜Zhang et al. 2011，為Allorhizobium pseudoryzae (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

Rhizobium puerariae｜Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016

Rhizobium pusense｜Panday et al. 2011，為Agrobacterium pusense (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

Rhizobium radiobacter｜(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，為Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的異名

Rhizobium redzepovicii｜Rajnovic et al. 2023

Rhizobium rhizogenes｜(Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001

Rhizobium rhizophilum｜Gao et al. 2020

Rhizobium rhizoryzae｜Zhang et al. 2014

Rhizobium rhododendri｜Kuzmanović et al. 2023

Rhizobium rosettiformans｜Kaur et al. 2011

Rhizobium rubi｜(Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，為Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的異名

Rhizobium ruizarguesonis｜Jorrin et al. 2020

Rhizobium selenitireducens｜Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：Rhizobium selenireducens

Rhizobium setariae｜Kang and Seo 2023

Rhizobium skierniewicense｜Puławska et al. 2012

Rhizobium smilacinae｜Zhang et al. 2015

土壤根瘤菌｜Rhizobium soli｜Yoon et al. 2010

Rhizobium sophorae｜Jiao et al. 2015

Rhizobium sophoriradicis｜Jiao et al. 2015

Rhizobium sphaerophysae｜Xu et al. 2012

Rhizobium straminoryzae｜Lin et al. 2014

Rhizobium subbaraonis｜Ramana et al. 2013

Rhizobium sullae｜Squartini et al. 2002

太白山根瘤菌｜Rhizobium taibaishanense｜Yao et al. 2012，為Allorhizobium taibaishanense (Yao et al. 2012) Hördt et al. 2020的異名

Rhizobium tarimense｜Turdahon et al. 2013

土生根瘤菌｜Rhizobium terricola｜Dahal et al. 2023

天山根瘤菌｜Rhizobium tianshanense｜Chen et al. 1995，為Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名

西藏根瘤菌｜Rhizobium tibeticum｜Hou et al. 2009

Rhizobium trifolii｜Dangeard 1926，為Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的異名

Rhizobium tropici｜Martínez-Romero et al. 1991

Rhizobium tubonense｜Zhang et al. 2011

Rhizobium tumorigenes｜Kuzmanović et al. 2019

Rhizobium undicola｜(de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，為Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998的異名

Rhizobium vallis｜Wang et al. 2011

Rhizobium vignae｜Ren et al. 2011，為Neorhizobium vignae (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的異名

Rhizobium viscosum｜(Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017

Rhizobium vitis｜(Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，為Allorhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名

文新根瘤菌｜Rhizobium wenxiniae｜Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及細菌分類學家、中國科學院院士陳文新的名字命名

梧州根瘤菌｜Rhizobium wuzhouense｜Yuan et al. 2018

楊凌根瘤菌｜Rhizobium yanglingense｜Tan et al. 2001

鹽亭根瘤菌｜Rhizobium yantingense｜Chen et al. 2015

Rhizobium zeae｜Celador-Lera et al. 2017

## 外部連結

- Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum at the Norwich Research Park
- Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover

## 基本資料

- 學名：Rhizobium
- 命名者：Frank, 1889
- 說明：瓊脂平皿上的熱帶根瘤箘。
- 模式種：Rhizobium leguminosarum
- type species authority：(Frank, 1879) Frank, 1889
- subdivision_ranks：Species
- 栽培群成員：See text.