法蘭克·奈特

法蘭克·海尼曼·奈特（Frank Hyneman Knight，1885年11月7日－1972年4月15日），生於美國伊利諾州麥克萊恩縣，經濟學家，曾提出奈特氏不確定性。芝加哥大學教授，為芝加哥學派的先驅與建立者之一。

## 生平

他在康奈爾大學取得經濟學博士學位。由博士論文，他發展出他的成名作《風險、不確定性與利潤》（Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit）。

取得學位後，他長期在芝加哥大學經濟系任教，被認為是芝加哥經濟學派的壂基者之一。其學生中，包括米爾頓·佛利民、喬治·斯蒂格勒、詹姆斯·麥基爾·布坎南等人皆是諾貝爾獎得主。羅納德·科斯雖然不是他的學生，但曾說過他的思想受到法蘭克·奈特作品的影響很大。

1950年，擔任美國經濟學會主席。

## 著作

- "The Concept of Normal Price in Value and Distribution", 1917, QJE.
- "Cassel's Theoretische Sozialökonomie", 1921, JPE.
- "Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit", 1921
- "Ethics and the Economic Interpretation", 1922, QJE (repr. in 1999, I)
- "The Ethics of Competition", 1923, QJE (repr. in 1999, I)
- " Business Management: Science or Art? ", 1923 Journal of Business.
- "Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost", 1924, QJE (repr. in 1999, I)
- "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", 1924, in Tugwell, editor, Trend of Economics (repr. in 1999, I)
- "Fact and Metaphysics in Economic Psychology", 1925, AER (repr. in 1999, I)
- "A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity", 1925, JPE.
- "Economic Psychology and the Value Problem", 1925, QJE.
- "Economics at its Best: Review of Pigou", 1926, AER.
- "Historical and Theoretical Issues in the Problem of Modern Capitalism", 1928, Journal of Econ & Business History (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
- "A Suggestion for Simplifying the Statement of the General Theory of Price", 1928, JPE.
- "Freedom as Fact and Criterion", 1929, Int J of Ethics
- "Statics and Dynamics: Some queries regarding the mechanical analogy in economics", 1930, ZfN (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
- "Professor Fisher's Interest Theory: A case in point", 1931, JPE.
- "Modern Economic Society Further Considered", 1932, JPE.
- "The Newer Economics and the Control of Economic Activity", 1932, JPE (repr. in 1999, I)
- The Economic Organization, 1933.
- "Capitalistic Production, Time and the Rate of Return", 1933, in Essays in Honor of Gustav Cassel (repr. in 1999, I)
- "The Nature of Economic Science in Some Recent Discussion", 1934, AER.
- "Social Science and the Political Trend", 1934, Univ of Toronto Quarterly
- "Common-Sense of Political Economy: Wicksteed Reprinted", 1934, JPE (repr. in 1956)
- The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays, 1935.
- "The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution", 1935, Canadian JE (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
- "A Comment on Machlup", 1935, JPE.
- "Professor Hayek and the Theory of Investment", 1935, EJ.
- "The Theory of Investment Once More: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians", 1935, QJE.
- "Some Issues in the Economics of Stationary States", 1936, AER.
- "The Place of Marginal Economics in a Collectivist System", 1936, AER.
- "The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest", 1936, JPE (repr. in 1999, I)
- "Pragmatism and Social Action: Review of Dewey", 1936, Int J of Ethics
- "Note on Dr. Lange's Interest Theory", 1937, RES.
- "Unemployment: and Mr. Keynes's revolution in economic theory", 1937, Canadian JE (repr. in 1999, I)
- "On the Theory of Capital: In reply to Mr. Kaldor", 1938, Econometrica.
- "Bertrand Russell on Power", 1939, Ethics.
- "The Ethics of Liberalism", 1939, Economica.
- "Socialism: The Nature of the Problem", 1940, Ethics (repr. in 1999, II)
- "'What is Truth' in Economics", 1940, JPE (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
- "The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economics: a rejoinder", 1941, JPE
- "Religion and Ethics in Modern Civilization", 1941, J of Liberal Religion
- "The Meaning of Democracy: its politico-economic structure and ideals", 1941, J of Negro Education
- "Social Science", 1941, Ethics (repr. in 1956)
- "The Business Cycle, Interest and Money: A methodological approach", 1941, REStat (repr. in 1956 & 1999, II)
- "Professor Mises and the Theory of Capital", 1941, Economica.
- "The Role of the Individual in the Economic World of the Future", 1941, JPE.
- "Anthropology and Economics" , 1941, JPE.
- "Science, Philosophy and Social Procedure", 1942, Ethics
- "Fact and Value in Social Science", 1942, in Anshen, editor, Science and Man
- "Some Notes on the Economic Interpretation of History", 1942, Studies in the History of Culture (repr. in 1999, II)
- "Social Causation", 1943, American Journal of Sociology (repr. in 1956)
- "Diminishing Returns Under Investment", 1944, JPE.
- "Realism and Relevance in the Theory of Demand", 1944, JPE (repr. in 1999, II)
- "The Rights of Man and Natural Law", 1944, Ethics (repr. in 1999, II)
- "Human Nature and World Democracy", 1944, American J of Sociology.
- "Economics, Political Science and Education", 1944, AER
- The Economic Order and Religion, with T.W. Merriam, 1945.
- "Immutable Law in Economics: Its reality and limitations", 1946, AER.
- "The Sickness of Liberal Society", 1946, Ethics (repr. in 1999, II)
- "Salvation by Science: The gospel according to Professor Lundberg", 1947, JPE (repr. in 1956)
- Freedom and Reform: Essays in economics and social philosophy, 1947.
- "Free Society: Its basic nature and problem", 1948, Philosophical Review (repr. in 1956)
- "The Role of Principles in Economics and Politics", 1951, AER (repr. in 1956 & 1999, II)
- "Institutionalism and Empiricism in Economics", 1952, AER.
- On the History and Methods of Economics: Selected essays, 1956, .
- Intelligence and Democratic Action, 1960.
- "Methodology in Economics", 1961, Southern EJ
- "Abstract Economics as Absolute Ethics", 1966, Ethics.
- "Laissez Faire: Pro and con", 1967, JPE (repr. in 1999, II)
- "The Case for Communism: From the Standpoint of an Ex-liberal." (published posthumously) in Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, edited by Warren J. Samuels, archival supplement 2 (1991): 57–108.
- Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, Volume 1: "What is Truth" in Economics?, (ed. by Ross B. Emmett), 1999,
- Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, Volume 2: Laissez Faire: Pro and Con, (ed. by Ross B. Emmett), 1999,

## 延伸閱讀

- Burgin, Angus (November 2009). "The Radical Conservatism of Frank H. Knight," Modern Intellectual History, 6:513–38.
- Emmett, Ross B. (1999). "Introduction", in Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, 2 vols., (ed. by Ross Emmett).
- Emmett, Ross B. (2009). "Did the Chicago School Reject Frank Knight?", in Frank Knight and the Chicago School in American Economics, .
- Kasper, Sherryl (2002). The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers. ch. 2.
- Stigler, G. (1985). "Frank Hyneman Knight", University of Chicago Press – Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, Working Papers Series, Working Paper No. 37.
- White, Harrison C. (2002). Markets from Networks: Socioeconomic Models of Production, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

## 基本資料

- 學派：芝加哥學派
- 出生：Frank Hyneman Knight
- 出生日期：1885年11月7日
- 出生地：伊利諾州麥克萊恩縣
- 逝世日期：1972年4月15日
- 逝世地：伊利諾州芝加哥
- 學校：康奈爾大學、芝加哥大學、愛荷華大學
- 醫學專科：風險理論、利潤理論、價值理論
- 母校：密爾幹大學、田納西大學、康奈爾大學
- 博士導師：Allyn A. Young、Alvin S. Johnson
- 博士生：米爾頓·佛利民、喬治·斯蒂格勒、查爾斯·愛德華·林德布洛姆、詹姆斯·麥基爾·布坎南
- 影響（來源）：Clarence Edwin Ayres、約翰·貝茨·克拉克、Herbert J. Davenport
- 影響於：羅納德·科斯、張五常、喬治·斯蒂格勒、米爾頓·佛利民、詹姆斯·麥基爾·布坎南、查爾斯·愛德華·林德布洛姆、大衛·洛克菲勒
- 貢獻：奈特氏不確定性
- 獎項： Francis A. Walker Medal (1957)