羅伯茨時期美國最高法院案例列表

這是一個美國最高法院首席大法官約翰·格洛佛·羅伯茨 (2005年9月29日 - 至今)任職期間依庭期順序排列的部分案例列表。美國最高法院的工作庭期從當年10月的第一個星期一開始持續到次年6月或7月初。

## 2005年庭期案件

案件名｜引用｜簡介

Gonzales v. Oregon｜546｜司法部長對受管制物質法案的解釋並不能使其合法地禁止為醫生協助自殺而分發藥物

Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England｜546｜Invalidating statute and lower courts rendering narrower declaratory and injunctive relief

賴斯訴柯林斯案｜546｜人身保護令 may not be granted on the basis of debatable inferences used to overturn the trial court's finding vis-á-vis peremptory challenges

Central Virginia Community College v. Katz｜546｜state sovereign immunity under the 11th Amendment and the Bankruptcy Clause

Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal｜546｜Federal government could not bar religious use of hallucinogenic tea

Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna｜546｜Arbitrator must decide legality of contract unless arbitration clause is itself being challenged

Domino's Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald｜546｜agent of a party to a contract cannot state a claim under 42 because he himself does not have rights to make or enforce under the contract

杜蘭訴美國郵政系統案｜546｜scope of immunity of the United States Postal Service under the Federal Tort Claims Act

Arbaugh v. Y & H Corporation｜546｜"Employee-numerosity" requirement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is substantive, rather than jurisdictional in nature

Oregon v. Guzek｜546｜States may constitutionally limit the evidence of innocence a defendant convicted of a capital offense may present at his sentencing hearing to the evidence already presented at his trial.

Texaco, Inc. v. Dagher｜547｜joint venture was not a price-fixing scheme under antitrust law

Scheidler v. National Organization for Women｜547｜physical violence unrelated to robbery or extortion falls outside the scope of the Hobbs Act

Illinois Tool Works, Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.｜547｜patented products involved in product tying arrangements are not presumed to have market power under antitrust law

Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights｜547｜law schools receiving federal funds may not ban military recruiters

美國訴格拉布斯案｜547｜anticipatory search warrant did not violate the particularity clause of the 4th Amendment

喬治亞州訴蘭多夫案｜547｜police cannot conduct a warrantless search in a home where one occupant consents and the other objects

Day v. McDonough｜547｜A State's unintentional failure to object to the filing of a habeas corpus petition after the statute of limitations has expired does not prevent a district court from dismissing the petition on its own initiative

Northern Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Chatham County｜547｜sovereign immunity does not apply to admiralty suit against county

Jones v. Flowers｜547｜sufficiency of notice for tax sale

哈特曼訴摩爾案｜547｜A plaintiff in a retaliatory-prosecution action against federal officials must plead and show the absence of probable cause for pressing the underlying criminal charges.

Ark. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Ahlborn｜547｜state liens on personal injury settlements

Marshall v. Marshall｜547｜federal bankruptcy court binding state court on inheritance question

霍姆斯訴南卡羅來納州案｜547｜limitations on exclusion of evidence in murder case, 6th Amendment

DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno｜547｜taxpayer standing in a Dormant Commerce Clause case

Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc.｜547｜fiduciary's recovery of personal injury settlement under ERISA

eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.｜547｜nature of patent injunctions - revisiting Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.

S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Env. Protection｜547｜interpreting scope of activities covered by the Clean Water Act

布里格姆城訴斯圖爾特案｜547｜reasonableness of officers' warrantless entry into a home to stop a fight under the "emergency aid exception"

Garcetti v. Ceballos｜547｜extent of public employees' First Amendment right to free speech in the workplace

Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp.｜547｜activities subject to RICO

Zedner v. United States｜547｜a criminal defendant may not prospectively waive his rights under the Speedy Trial Act

House v. Bell｜547｜Post-conviction DNA forensic evidence can be considered in death penalty appeals

希爾訴麥克唐納案｜547｜a challenge to lethal injection as violating the Eighth Amendment properly raised a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and is not barred by previous habeas corpus petition

哈德森訴密西根州案｜547｜evidence obtained with a search warrant is admissible even when police violate 'knock-and-announce' rule

Rapanos v. United States｜547｜whether wetlands are part of the "navigable waters of the United States" and thus regulated by the Clean Water Act

戴維斯訴華盛頓案｜547｜whether a 911 call is "testimonial" under Crawford v. Washington

薩姆森訴加利福尼亞案｜547｜evidence obtained in a suspicionless search of parolees is admissible, and not prohibited under the Fourth Amendment

狄克遜訴合眾國案｜548｜burden of proof for duress as a defense to Federal firearms law violations

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White｜548｜a job reassignment which is dirtier and more strenuous may constitute retaliatory discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as may a month of suspension without pay even when the employee receives back pay

Woodford v. Ngo｜548｜the Prison Litigation Reform Act requires proper exhaustion of administrative remedies before an inmate can file a lawsuit

United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez｜548｜trial court's erroneous deprivation of a criminal defendant's choice of counsel entitles him to reversal of his conviction

堪薩斯州訴馬什案｜548｜statute allowing the death penalty in cases where the aggravating and mitigating evidence are equal does not violate the Eighth Amendment

Randall v. Sorrell｜548｜campaign finance laws which limit expenditures violate the First Amendment, and the anticorruption benefits of contribution limits must be weighed against their First Amendment costs

Arlington Central School Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Murphy｜548｜The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act does not authorize the award of experts' fees to prevailing plaintiffs

Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon｜548｜informing a suspect of his rights under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry｜548｜Texas's 2003 redistricting of District 23 constituted a violation of Latinos' rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, however mid-decade redistricting is constitutional as long as it is not solely motivated by partisan gain

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld｜548｜Guantanamo Bay detainees may not be tried by a military commission under the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, and said military commission violates the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Conventions, both of which apply to the detainees, in that accused and their counsels may be excluded from their trial and knowing what evidence has been put against them

Clark v. Arizona｜548｜constitutionality of Arizona's insanity defense statute

## 2006年庭期案件

案件名｜引用｜簡介

Lopez v. Gonzales｜549｜misdemeanor drug crimes as aggravated felonies

Carey v. Musladin｜549｜spectator publicity and the right to a fair trial; "clearly established" law under the AEDPA

BP America Production Co. v. Burton｜549｜Statute of limitations on contract actions by the Federal Government under 28 is not applicable to administrative proceedings

Medimmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.｜549｜enforceability of patents before infringement

Cunningham v. California｜549｜applicability of Blakely v. Washington to California's determinate sentencing law

Philip Morris USA v. Williams｜549｜constitutional limitations on punitive damages

Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts｜549｜bad-faith exception to the right to convert Chapter 7 bankruptcy case to a Chapter 13 case

Sinochem International Co., Ltd. v. Malaysia International Shipping Corporation｜549｜District Court may respond immediately to defendant's forum non conveniens motion before resolving jurisdictional or other threshold concerns

Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency｜549｜power to regulate carbon dioxide emissions

Davenport v. Washington Education Association｜550｜A state may require that its public-sector unions receive authorization from nonmembers before spending their agency fees for election-related purposes

岡薩雷斯訴卡哈特案｜550｜部份生產墮胎法合憲

James v. United States｜550｜attempted burglary as a predicate crime under the Armed Career Criminal Act

Scott v. Harris｜550｜Fourth Amendment seizure in a high speed chase, qualified immunity

KSR v. Teleflex｜550｜Patent law, nonobviousness

Microsoft v. AT&T｜550｜copying software in a foreign country cannot violate U.S. patent law

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.｜550｜statute of limitations on employment discrimination claims

Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York｜551｜whether a municipality can sue other countries to collect unpaid taxes

Bowles v. Russell｜551｜Federal Courts of Appeals lack jurisdiction to hear habeas appeals that are filed late, even if the district court said the petitioner had additional time to file

Brendlin v. California｜551｜whether a passenger in an automobile is "detained" so that he may assert a Fourth Amendment violation stemming from the traffic stop itself

Credit Suisse v. Billing｜551｜Whether Congress's creation of the SEC implicitly exempted regulated industries from antitrust lawsuits

麗塔訴合眾國案｜551｜"reasonableness" of a federal prison sentence under United States v. Booker; continuing application of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd.｜551｜The proper standard for determining whether a plaintiff has alleged a "strong inference" of scienter under the PSLRA

摩士訴弗雷德里克案｜551｜free speech rights of high school students ("Bong Hits 4 Jesus")

CBOCS West v. Humphries｜551｜race retaliation claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1981

Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.｜551｜Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act's restriction on issue ads in election campaigns

Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation｜551｜taxpayer standing to pursue an Establishment Clause claim against President Bush's faith-based initiative

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education (companion case)｜551｜affirmative action; using race as a tie-breaker in assigning students to public schools

Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.｜551｜applying rule of reason under Section 1 of the Sherman Act

Panetti v. Quarterman｜551｜對精神病患者的處決

## 2007年庭期案件

案件名｜引用｜簡介

沃森訴合眾國案｜552｜whether trading drugs for a gun constitutes use of a firearm under 18 and Bailey v. United States

Kimbrough v. United States｜552｜whether the 100:1 ratio between powder and crack cocaine imposed by the United States Sentencing Commission yields "reasonable" sentences

Gall v. United States｜552｜"reasonableness" of a federal prison sentence under United States v. Booker; continuing application of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

Stoneridge Investment Partners v. Scientific-Atlanta｜552｜third parties, such as investment banks, accounting firms and suppliers, can be shielded from liability if they engage in business with companies that are involved in securities fraud.

Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons｜552｜Case upholding the United States's sovereign immunity against tort claims brought when "any law enforcement officer" loses a person's property.

Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.｜552｜Medical Device Amendment’s preemption clause bars common-law claims challenging the safety or effectiveness of a medical device marketed in a form that received premarket approval from the FDA.

普雷斯頓訴費雷爾案｜552｜the Federal Arbitration Act preempts state laws declaring that certain disputes must be resolved by a state administrative agency

斯奈德訴路易斯安那州案｜552｜racial discrimination in jury selection; playing the "O.J. card"

Medellín v. Texas｜552｜whether the president may direct state courts to obey an order of the World Court ruling regarding the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

New Jersey v. Delaware｜552｜boundary dispute between New Jersey and Delaware involving the Twelve-Mile Circle

MeadWestvaco Corp. v. Illinois Dept. of Revenue｜553｜determination of state tax liability for corporation operating in multiple states according to the "unitary business rule"

巴澤訴里斯案｜553｜constitutionality of lethal injection protocols under the Eighth Amendment

Virginia v. Moore｜553｜whether the Fourth Amendment requires suppression of evidence discovered in a search conducted in violation of state law

Crawford v. Marion County Election Board｜553｜constitutionality of requiring voters to show ID before voting

Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis｜553｜Kentucky statute providing a preferential tax break to Kentucky residents who invest in bonds issued by the state and its municipalities does not discriminate against interstate commerce

United States v. Williams｜553｜constitutionality of the PROTECT Act, a 2003 law intended to bolster federal restriction against child pornography, in the wake of Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition

Gomez-Perez v. Potter｜553｜Federal employees who face retaliation after filing an age discrimination claim are authorized to sue under the federal-sector provision of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.

Quanta v. LG Electronics｜553｜patent exhaustion and its applicability to certain types of method patents

Boumediene v. Bush｜553｜whether the Military Detainee Treatment Act of 2006 unconstitutionally suspends the writ of habeas corpus

Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel. Sanders｜553｜Plaintiffs under the False Claims Act must demonstrate that the defendants intended to deceive the government, not simply that government money was used to pay the claim.

Munaf v. Geren｜553｜habeas corpus statute extends to American citizens held overseas by American forces operating subject to an American chain of command

Indiana v. Edwards｜554｜may a criminal defendant be competent to stand trial yet simultaneously not competent to represent himself at that trial?

Greenlaw v. United States｜554｜may a federal appeals court sua sponte increase a defendant's sentence on appeal, without a formal appeal by the government?

Rothgery v. Gillespie County｜554｜does a criminal defendant have a right to counsel at an ex parte arraignment?

Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker｜554｜legality of punitive damages award under federal maritime law for the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Kennedy v. Louisiana｜554｜does the Eighth Amendment forbid the death penalty for rape of a child?

Giles v. California｜554｜the forfeiture by wrongdoing exception to out of court statements by a witness only applies where the defendant caused the witness's absence in order to eliminate their testimony at trial

District of Columbia v. Heller｜554｜does the Second Amendment allows a state or local government to outlaw the private possession of handguns?

Davis v. Federal Election Commission｜554｜"Millionaire's amendment" to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 violates the First Amendment

## 2008年庭期案件

案件名｜引用｜簡介

Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council｜555｜military preparedness outweighs environmental concerns, as Navy needs to train its crews to detect modern, silent submarines

Altria Group, Inc. v. Good｜555｜federal law does not preempt the states' prerogative to regulate the advertisement of tar and nicotine rates in cigarettes

Herring v. United States｜555｜evidence obtained during a search the police conducted as a result of an isolated act of negligence not related to the search is not subject to the exclusionary rule

Oregon v. Ice｜555｜the facts necessary for imposing consecutive prison terms need not be submitted to a jury in accordance with Apprendi v. New Jersey

Waddington v. Sarausad｜555｜on federal habeas review, courts must accept state court determinations that jury instructions fully and correctly set out state law with regard to accomplice liability

Pearson v. Callahan｜555｜Saucier v. Katz is overruled; courts need not determine whether a civil-rights plaintiff's constitutional rights were violated if they determine that the right was not clearly established at the time of the injury

Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee｜555｜The petitioner parents had the right to sue a school committee under 42 for failing to stop the sexual harassment their daughter endured. This decision reversed the Second Circuit's holding that Title IX provided the sole remedy the parents could seek.

Crawford v. Nashville｜555｜Employees who cooperate with an internal investigation of alleged sexual harassment are protected against retaliation under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Van de Kamp v. Goldstein｜555｜Prosecutors are immune from suit under 42 for improperly supervising the disclosures made by line prosecutors pursuant to Brady v. Maryland.

United States v. Hayes｜555｜Under 18, people who have been convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence crimes may not possess firearms as long as the government proves that the underlying offense involved a domestic relationship.

Pleasant Grove City v. Summum｜555｜A municipality that allows a privately donated Ten Commandments monument to be displayed on public property need not permit the religion of Summum to put up its own statue of similar size.

Negusie v. Holder｜555｜Under Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, the Board of Immigration Appeals (rather than a federal court) has the power to decide whether the so-called "persecutor bar" applies to asylum applicants applies to those who were forced to persecute others in their home country.

Wyeth v. Levine｜555｜Federal drug labeling requirements do not preempt state drug labeling requirements enacted to ensure that the public knew certain drugs are safe.

Harbison v. Bell｜556｜Under 18, the federal government must provide lawyers to death row inmates seeking clemency in state proceedings.

Entergy v. Riverkeeper｜556｜The Clean Water Act does not prevent the EPA from engaging in a cost-benefit analysis when setting standards for power plants that use large quantities of water for cooling.

14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett｜556｜An employer and a union can agree, through a collective bargaining agreement, that the unionized employees must resolve discrimination claims in arbitration instead of court.

Arizona v. Gant｜556｜Police power to search an arrested person's vehicle is limited to safety concerns and evidence related to the actual arrest.

FCC v. Fox Television Stations｜556｜The FCC may ban "fleeting expletives" on television broadcasts.

Cone v. Bell｜556｜The petitioner death row inmate had not forfeited the opportunity to argue that prosecutors withheld evidence important to his defense.

Dean v. United States｜556｜Upheld sentence for discharging a firearm during a violent crime, Congress intended a defendant to be held strictly liable for such an offense.

Flores-Figueroa v. United States｜556｜Whether the law enhancing the sentence for identity theft requires proof that an individual knew that the identity card or number he had used belonged to another, actual person

Ashcroft v. Iqbal｜556｜Whether top government officials can be held personally liable for allegedly knowing or condoning of racial and religious mistreatment of suspected terrorists

AT&T Corp. v. Hulteen｜556｜The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 is not retroactive, so maternity leave taken before it passed cannot be considered in calculating employee pension benefits.

Caperton v. A. T. Massey Coal Co.｜556｜Due process requirements for judges' recusal

United States ex rel. Eisenstein v. City of New York｜556｜Where the Government has not intervened or actively participated, private plaintiffs under the False Claims Act must file an appeal within 30 days of the judgment or order being appealed, according to the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.

District Attorney's Office v. Osborne｜557｜Found no due process, postconviction right to access to the state's evidence for DNA testing.

Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder｜557｜§5 of the Voting Rights Act stands, but districts should be better able to "bail out" of it per §4(a)

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts｜557｜Under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, the prosecution (if it plans to present a lab report as evidence in a criminal trial) must make the analyst who prepared it available for on-demand cross-examination by defense counsel.

Safford Unified School District v. Redding｜557｜Strip search of a middle schooler violated the Fourth Amendment where the school lacked reasons to suspect either that the drugs presented a danger or that they were concealed in her underwear.

Ricci v. DeStefano｜557｜White firefighters in New Haven suffered unfair discrimination because of their race when the city scrapped the results of a promotional exam.

## 2009年庭期案件

案件名｜引用｜簡介

Citizens United v. FEC｜558｜whether federal campaign finance laws apply to a critical film about Senator Hillary Clinton intended to be shown in theaters and on-demand to cable subscribers

Padilla v. Kentucky｜559｜must a criminal defendant's lawyer advise him of the immigration-related consequences of a criminal conviction?

Salazar v. Buono｜559｜First Amendment restrictions on displaying a cross on public property

Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick｜559｜settlement of copyright infringement claims relating to an electronic database

Graham v. Florida｜560｜whether Roper v. Simmons should also apply to sentences of life without the possibility of parole

Ontario v. Quon｜560｜Privacy rights of public employees over text messages on employer-issued pagers.

McDonald v. Chicago｜561｜whether the Second Amendment should also apply against state and local governments

## 2010年庭期案件

案件名｜引用｜簡介

Abbott v. United States｜562｜Mandatory minimum sentences under federal sentencing law

Los Angeles County v. Humphries｜562｜Section 1983 actions are limited to those caused by a municipality's "policy or custom" regardless of whether the plaintiff seeks monetary or prospective relief.

Premo, Superintendent, Oregon State Penitentiary v. Moore｜562｜Habeas relief may not be granted with respect to any claim a state-court has found on the merits unless the state-court decision denying relief involves an "unreasonable application" of "clearly established federal law, as determined by" the Court.

Swarthout v. Cooke｜562｜State prisoners have no constitutional right to parole.

Snyder v. Phelps｜562｜The First Amendment protects from tort liability a person who speaks about a public issue on a public sidewalk, even if that speech is "outrageous."

Brown v. Plata｜562｜A three-judge panel of the District Court properly ordered the California prison system to release prisoners to resolve overcrowding.

Connick v. Thompson｜563｜A prosecutor's office cannot be held liable for a single Brady violation by one of its members on the theory that the office provided inadequate training.

Williamson v. Mazda｜563｜A car accident victim can sue the manufacturer for failing to install a shoulder/lap seatbelt even where federal law permits it to install only a lap belt.

Arizona Christian School Tuition Org. v. Winn｜563｜Taxpayers lack standing to challenge a tax credit program that provides dollar-for-dollar incentives to donations to school tuition groups, including those awarding tuition scholarships only to religious schools.

Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting｜563｜An Arizona law that sanctions employers who hire illegal immigrants is not preempted by federal immigration law.

J.D.B. v. North Carolina｜564｜Age is relevant in Miranda cases.

Bullcoming v. New Mexico｜564｜A defendant's Confrontation Clause rights cover a non-testifying laboratory analyst whose supervisor testifies as to test results that the analyst transcribed from a machine.

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association｜564｜The Constitution prevents the state of California from banning the sale of violent video games to minors.

## 外部連結

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