美國舊西部

美國西部拓荒時代（American frontier）、美國舊西部（American Old West）或狂野西部（Wild West）是指美國領土擴張時期，美國西部的歷史、地理、居民、文化等多元內涵的呈現。這段時間從17世紀初的英國美洲殖民地時期到1912年建立最後一個美國本土的州亞利桑那州為止。

## 美國領土地圖

- 1789年時的美國領土
- 1845–46年時的美國領土
- 1884–89年時的美國領土
- 1912年時的美國領土

## 延伸閱讀

### 國勢研究

- Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (5th ed. 2001); 892 pp; textbook with 160 –pp of detailed annotated bibliographies older edition online; also online 2001 abridged edition to borrow
- Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860 (1962), Wide-ranging scholarly survey; online free
- Clark, Thomas D. The rampaging frontier: Manners and humors of pioneer days in the South and the Middle West (1939).
- Deverell, William, ed. A Companion to the American West (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2004); 572 pp excerpt and text search
- Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers (1st ed. 1967); 234 pp; textbook covering pre-Columbian era through the mid-twentieth century
- Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers 1: The Southeastern Woodlands, 2: The Northeastern Woodlands, 3: The Great Plains, 4: The Far West and vol. 5: Chronology, Bibliography, Index. Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts
- Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History (Yale University Press, 2000). 576 pp.; textbook
- Josephy, Alvin. The American heritage book of the pioneer spirit (1965)
- Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (1998); this is a revised version of Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West ed. by Howard Lamar (1977)
- Milner, Clyde, Carol O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West (1994) long essays by scholars; online free
- Paxson, Frederic Logan. History of the American frontier, 1763–1893 (1924), an old survey by leading authority; Pulitzer Prize
- Paxson, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier (1910) online free
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers, (2015) McFarland & Company,
- Utley, Robert M. The Story of The West (2003)
- White, Richard. "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (1991), textbook focused on the post-1890 far west

### 土地政策

- Gates, Paul W. "An overview of American land policy". Agricultural History (1976): 213–29. in JSTOR
- Gates, Paul W. "Homesteading in the High Plains". Agricultural History (1977): 109–33. in JSTOR
- Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South (ABC-CLIO, 1989).
- Swierenga, Robert P. "Land Speculation and Its Impact on American Economic Growth and Welfare: A Historiographical Review". Western Historical Quarterly (1977) 8#3 pp: 283–302. in JSTOR
- Unruh, John David. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860 (1993)
- Van Atta, John R. Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850 (2014) xiii + 294 pp. online review

### 歷史學論

- Billington, Ray Allen. America's Frontier Heritage (1984), a favorable analysis of Turner's theories about social sciences and historiography online
- Etulain, Richard W., "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", New Mexico Historical Review 87 (Summer 2012), 277–98.
- Hurtado, Albert L., "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism", Western Historical Quarterly, (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp. 5–20.
- Lewis, David Rich. "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in A Companion to the American West ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143–161. online
- Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987), attacks Turner and promotes the New Western History
- Smith, Stacey L. "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction", Journal of the Civil War Era (Dec 2016) 6#4 pp. 566–91. 10.1353/cwe.2016.0073 excerpt
- Spackman, S. G. F. "The Frontier and Reform in the United States." Historical Journal 13#2 (1970): 333–39. online .
- Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56., online .

### 圖片集合

- Brégent-Heald Dominique. "Primitive Encounters: Film and Tourism in the North American West", Western Historical Quarterly (2007) 38#1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 47–67 in JSTOR
- Etulain, Richard W. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art (1996)
- Hyde, Anne Farrar. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 (New York University Press, 1993)
- Prown, Jules David, Nancy K. Anderson, and William Cronon, eds. Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (1994)
- Rothman, Hal K. Devil's Bargains: Tourism and the Twentieth-Century American West (University of Kansas Press, 1998)
- Wrobel, David M. Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression (University of New Mexico Press, 2013) 312 pp.; evaluates European and American travelers' accounts

### 一手資料

- Phillips, Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. Two volumes. (1909). vol 1 & 2 online
- Still, Bayrd, ed. The West; contemporary records of America's expansion across the continent, 1607-1890 (1961) online
- Watts, Edward, and David Rachels, eds. The First West: Writing from the American Frontier, 1776–1860 (Oxford UP, 2002), 960 pp; primary sources' long excerpts from 59 authors; excerpt
- California Gold Rush, from PBS
- 1860s and 1870s from PBS
- 1880s from PBS
- "Closing the Frontier", from U California

### 學術文章

- Full text of all articles in Western Historical Quarterly, 1972 to present
- Great Plains Quarterly Table of contents, 1981 to present ; 2014 to present online articles

## 基本資料

- 說明：A black and white photograph of a cowboy posing on a horse with a lasso and rifle visible attached to the saddle
- 說明：約1887年的一個美國西部牛仔
- 域：0.85
- 地點：美國（現時）、以下按歷史時序上並吞併/併購/同化的次序排列:、十三殖民地、新瑞典、新尼德蘭、新法蘭西、佛蒙特共和國、法屬路易斯安那、魯珀特地（達科他地區）、大蘇族國、西屬佛羅里達、印第安領地、Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma、Cherokee Nation、Chickasaw Nation、Muscogee Creek Nation、塞米諾爾人、德克薩斯共和國、奧勒岡邦、墨西哥割讓地、加利福尼亞共和國、新墨西哥、蓋茲登、俄屬北美、夏威夷共和國
- 日期：1607–1912 (領土擴張)、1865–1890 (Archetypal Old West Period)