阿布·貝克爾·拉齊

阿布·貝克爾·穆罕默德·扎卡里亞·拉齊（ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；865年925年），波斯醫師、鍊金術師、化學家、哲學家。他博學多才，為早期醫學、化學、音樂和哲學領域做出很大貢獻。醫學方面，他發現天花與麻疹是兩種不同的疾病，並最早闡明了過敏和免疫的原理。化學上，他發現乙醇，並認為元素嬗變為金銀是可能的。他創立了完善的蒸餾和提取方法，並通過蒸餾綠礬（油）和石油，分別發現硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部書籍和文章，記載了他在各領域的探索。

## 擴展閱讀

### 第一手文獻

#### 拉齊所作

- See for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
- Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.

#### 他人所作

- Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
- , Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
- Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
- J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
- Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
- Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
- Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
- Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
- Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
- , Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
- Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
- Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
- Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

### 第二手文獻

- G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
- Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
- Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
- Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
- H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
- E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
- S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
- Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
- Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
- Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
- , Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
- Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
- E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
- M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
- , Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
- L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
- H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
- A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
- Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
- Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
- , A History of Muslim Philosophy
- Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大學出版社, 61-94.(1992)
- Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi

#### 百科全書

- Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).

## 基本資料

- 地區：伊斯蘭哲學
- 時代：伊斯蘭黃金時代
- 出生日期：854 CE
- 出生地：波斯雷伊
- 逝世日期：932或925 CE
- 逝世地：波斯雷伊
- 主要領域：化學, 醫學, 哲學
- 著名思想：Discovered alcohol (ethanol) in its pure form, the first to produce 酸 such as 硫酸, writing up limited or extensive notes on diseases such as 天花 and 水痘, a pioneer in 眼科學, author of first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in 無機化合物 and 有機化學, also the author of several philosophical works
- 國籍：伊朗