勞勃·阿特曼

勞勃·阿特曼（Robert Altman，1925年2月20日－2006年11月20日）是一位美國電影及電視導演，曾經5次入圍奧斯卡最佳導演獎，於2006年獲得奧斯卡榮譽獎。他也是目前唯四在國際三大影展獲得大滿貫的導演之一（剩下的分別為米開朗基羅·安東尼奧尼、亨利-喬治·克魯佐以及賈法·潘納西）。知名的作品包括《風流軍醫俏護士》與《普世歡騰樂滿城》。

阿特曼執導風格獨特，多用自然主義手法，在多部電影都不提供劇本叫演員自發演出，亦時常在一個角色未完成對白時已讓另一個角色開始說話。莉莉·湯姆琳及梅麗·史翠普在第78屆奧斯卡金像獎上，頒奧斯卡榮譽獎給阿特曼時的介紹詞即用了此手法。

## 作品

### 電影

- Honeymoon for Harriet (1949) (short industrial film, International Harvester)
- Modern Football (1951) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
- The Dirty Look (1951) (short industrial film, Gulf Oil)
- King Basketball (1952) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
- The Last Mile (1952) (short industrial film, Caterpillar Tractor Company)
- The Sound of Bells (1952) (short industrial film, Goodrich Corporation)
- Modern Baseball (1953) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
- The Builders (1954) (short industrial film, Wire Reinforcement Institute)
- Better Football (1954) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
- The Perfect Crime (1954) (short industrial film, Caterpillar Tractor Company)
- The Magic Bond (1955) (short industrial film, Veterans of Foreign Wars)
- The Delinquents (1957)
- 《占士甸傳》 The James Dean Story (1957) (documentary) (co-dir: George W. George)
- The Katherine Reed Story (1965) (short documentary)
- Pot au feu (1965) (short)
- Girl Talk (1966) (ColorSonics short)
- The Party (1966) (ColorSonics short)
- Speak Low (1966) (ColorSonics short)
- Ebb Tide (1966) (ColorSonics short)
- 《太陽神登月先鋒》 Countdown (1968)
- 《落花有意》 That Cold Day in the Park (1969)
- 《風流軍醫俏護士》（風流軍醫俏護士，1970）
- 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎 （得獎者：法蘭克林·沙夫納 《巴頓將軍》）
- 提名英國電影學院獎最佳導演
- 提名金球獎最佳導演
- 《空中怪客》 Brewster McCloud (1970)
- 《花村/江湖豪客俏佳人》（McCabe & Mrs. Miller） (1971)
- Images (電影) (1972)
- 《撲朔迷離》 The Long Goodbye (電影) (1973)
- 《江洋大盜》 Thieves Like Us (電影) (1974)
- 《爛賭仔與小老千》 California Split (1974)
- 《普世歡騰樂滿城》（納什維爾 (電影)） (1975)
- 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
- 提名奧斯卡最佳影片獎
- 提名金球獎最佳導演
- 《西塞英雄譜》西塞英雄譜 (1976)
- 《三女性》三女性 (1977)
- 《婚禮/良辰吉日》（A Wedding） (1978)
- 提名英國電影學院獎最佳導演
- 提名英國電影學院獎最佳劇本
- 《五面受敵》 Quintet (電影) (1979)
- 《天生一對》 A Perfect Couple (1979)
- 《選舉風雲》 HealtH (電影) (1980)
- 《大力水手》大力水手 (電影) (1980)
- 《偶像的失落》 Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982)
- 《出師未捷身先死》 Streamers (電影) (1983)
- Secret Honor (1984)
- O.C. & Stiggs (1984) (released in 1987)
- 《錫曬你》 Fool for Love (電影) (1985)
- 《盲目錫哂你》 Beyond Therapy (電影) (1987)
- 《菩薩蠻 / 末世風情畫》 Aria (電影) (1987) - segment: Les Boréades
- 《梵谷與我/梵谷與提奧》 Vincent and Theo (電影) (1990)
- 《幕後玩家》玩家 (電影) (1992)
- 英國電影學院獎最佳導演
- 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
- 提名英國電影學院獎最佳影片
- 提名金球獎最佳導演
- 《銀色·性·男女》（Short Cuts） (1993)
- 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
- 提名金球獎最佳劇本
- 《雲裳風暴》Prêt-à-Porter (電影)，英文譯名Ready to Wear (1994)
- 《肯薩斯的最後一夜》（肯薩斯的最後一夜，1996）
- 《迷色佈局》 The Gingerbread Man (電影) (1998)
- 《藏錯屍體殺錯人/玩謝嫌疑犯》（Cookie's Fortune (電影)） (1999)
- 《醫盡女人心》（Dr. T & the Women (電影)） (2000)
- 《高斯福大宅謀殺案》（Gosford Park） (2001)
- 英國電影學院獎最佳影片
- 金球獎最佳導演
- 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
- 提名奧斯卡最佳影片獎
- 提名英國電影學院獎最佳導演
- 《浮生若舞》'The Company (電影) (2003)
- 《在晴朗的一天收檔》牧場之家好做伴 (2006)，又名The Last Show

### 電視

#### 電視電影及短劇

- Nightmare in Chicago (1964) previously "Once Upon a Savage Night" in Kraft Suspense Theater
- Precious Blood (1982) - TV-Movie written by Frank South
- Rattlesnake in a Cooler (1982) - TV-Movie written by Frank South
- Secret Honor (1984)
- The Laundromat (1985) (60 min.)
- Basements (1987) - two one-act plays by Harold Pinter: The Dumb Waiter and The Room (the former was released to video as its own feature by Prism Entertainment)
- Tanner '88 (1988) - six hour mini-series for HBO
- The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (1988) - TV-Movie based on the play by Herman Wouk
- Vincent & Theo (1990) - British Mini-series in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature film.
- McTeague (1992) - an opera for PBS
- The Real McTeague (1993) - making of "McTeague", also for PBS
- Black and Blue (1993) - an Emmy nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' "Great Performances"
- Robert Altman's Jazz '34 (1996) - PBS special about the music from Kansas City
- Tanner on Tanner (2004) - two hour mini-series for the Sundance Channel, a follow-up to Tanner '88

#### 電視劇集

- Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957–58)
- ep. 3-9: "The Young One" (air-date December 1, 1957)
- ep. 3-15: "Together" (a.d. January 12, 1958)
- M Squad (1958) ep. 1-21: "Lover's Lane Killing" (a.d. February 14, 1958)
- The Millionaire aka If You Had A Million (1958–59)
- directed by Altman
- ep #148 / 5-14: "Pete Hopper: Afraid of the Dark" (a.d. December 10, 1958)
- ep #162 / 5-28: "Henry Banning: The Show Off" (a.d. April 1, 1959)
- ep #185 / 6-14: "Jackson Greene: The Beatnik" (a.d. December 22, 1959)
- written by Altman
- ep #160 / 5-26: "Alicia Osante: Beauty and the Sailor" (a.d. March 18, 1959)
- ep #174 / 6-3: "Lorraine Dagget: The Beach Story" story (a.d. September 29, 1959)
- ep #183 / 6-12: "Andrew C. Cooley: Andy and Clara" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
- Whirlybirds (1958–59)
- ep. #71 / 2-32: "The Midnight Show" (a.d. December 8, 1958)
- ep. #79 / 3-1: "Guilty of Old Age" (a.d. April 13, 1959)
- ep. #80 / 3-2: "A Matter of Trust" (a.d. April 6, 1959)
- ep. #81 / 3-3: "Christmas in June" (a.d. April 20, 1959)
- ep. #82 / 3-4: "Til Death Do Us Part" (unknown air-date, probably April 27, 1959)
- ep. #83 / 3-5: "Time Limit" (a.d. May 4, 1959)
- ep. #84 / 3-6: "Experiment X-74" (a.d. May 11, 1959)
- ep. #87 / 3-9: "The Challenge" (a.d. June 1, 1959)
- ep. #88 / 3-10: "The Big Lie" (a.d. June 8, 1959)
- ep. #91 / 3-13: "The Perfect Crime" (a.d. June 29, 1959)
- ep. #92 / 3-14: "The Unknown Soldier" (a.d. July 6, 1959)
- ep. #93 / 3-15: "Two of a Kind" (a.d. July 13, 1959)
- ep. #94 / 3-16: "In Ways Mysterious" (a.d. July 20, 1959)
- ep. #97 / 3-19: "The Black Maria" (a.d. August 10, 1959)
- ep. #98 / 3-20: "The Sitting Duck" (a.d. August 17, 1959)
- ep. 4-17: "The Triple Cross"
- ep. 4-23: "Shortcut to Hell"
- ep. 4-25: "R.I.P." (a.d. June 6, 1959)
- uncertain; some sources cite Altman on these episodes; no known source cites anybody else
- ep. 4-18: "The Third Miracle"
- ep. 4-31: "Kill or Be Killed"
- ep. 4-32: "Backfire"
- ep. "Tapes For Murder"
- ep. "Special Delivery"
- ep. "Paper Bullets"
- ep. "Tarnished Star"
- Troubleshooters (1959) (13 episodes)
- Hawaiian Eye (1959) ep. 8: "Three Tickets to Lani" (a.d. November 25, 1959)
- Sugarfoot (1959–60)
- ep. #47 / 3-7: "Apollo With A Gun" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
- ep. #50 / 3-10: "The Highbinder" (a.d. January 19, 1960)
- Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1960)
- ep. "The Sound of Murder" (a.d. January 1, 1960)
- ep. "Death of a Dream"
- The Gale Storm Show aka Oh! Susanna (1960) ep. #125 / 4-25: "It's Magic" (a.d. March 17, 1960)
- Bronco (1960) ep #41 / 3-1: "The Mustangers" (a.d. October 17, 1960)
- Maverick (1960) ep. #90: "Bolt From the Blue" (a.d. November 27, 1960)
- The Roaring '20s (1960–61)
- ep. 1-5: "The Prairie Flower" (a.d. November 12, 1960)
- ep. 1-6: "Brother's Keeper" (a.d. November 19, 1960)
- ep. 1-8: "White Carnation" (a.d. December 3, 1960)
- ep. 1-12: "Dance Marathon" (a.d. January 14, 1961)
- ep. 1-15: "Two a Day" (a.d. February 4, 1961)
- ep. 1-28&29: "Right Off the Boat" Parts 1 & 2 (a.d. May 13/20, 1961)
- ep. 1-31: "Royal Tour" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
- ep. 2-4: "Standing Room Only" (a.d. October 28, 1961)
- Bonanza (1960–61)
- ep. 2-13: "Silent Thunder" (a.d. December 10, 1960)
- ep. 2-19: "Bank Run" (a.d. January 28, 1961)
- ep. 2-25: "The Duke" (a.d. March 11, 1961)
- ep. 2-28: "The Rival" (a.d. April 15, 1961)
- ep. 2-31: "The Secret" (a.d. May 6, 1961)
- ep. 2-32 "The Dream Riders" (a.d. May 20, 1961)
- ep. 2-34: "Sam Hill" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
- ep. 3-7: "The Many Faces of Gideon Finch" (a.d. November 5, 1961)
- Lawman (1961) ep. #92 / 3-16: "The Robbery" (a.d. January 1, 1961)
- Surfside 6 (1961) ep. 1-18: "Thieves Among Honor" (a.d. Jan 30, 1961)
- Peter Gunn (1958) ep. 3-28: "The Murder Bond" (a.d. April 24, 1961)
- Bus Stop (1961–62)
- ep. 4: "The Covering Darkness" (a.d. October 22, 1961)
- ep. 5: "Portrait of a Hero" (a.d. October 29, 1961)
- ep. 8: "Accessory By Consent" (a.d. November 19, 1961)
- ep. 10: "A Lion Walks Among Us" (a.d. December 3, 1961)
- ep. 12: "... And the Pursuit of Evil" (a.d. December 17, 1961)
- ep. 15: "Summer Lightning" (a.d. January 7, 1962)
- ep. 23: "Door Without a Key" (a.d. March 4, 1962)
- ep. 25: "County General" possibly failed pilot (a.d. March 18, 1962)
- Route 66 (1961)
- ep. #40/2-10: "Some of the People, Some of the Time' (a.d. December 1, 61)
- ep. 3-17: "A Gift For A Warrior" (a.d. January 18, 1963) - often incorrectly cited, Altman did not direct this
- The Gallant Men (1962) pilot: "Battle Zone" (a.d. October 5, 1962)
- Combat! (1962–63)
- ep. 1-1: "Forgotten Front" (a.d. October 2, 1962)
- ep. 1-2: "Rear Echelon Commandos" (a.d. October 9, 1962)
- ep. 1-4: "Any Second Now" (a.d. October 23, 1962)
- ep. 1-7: "Escape to Nowhere" (a.d. December 20, 1962)
- ep. 1-9: "Cat and Mouse" (a.d. December 4, 1962)
- ep. 1-10: "I Swear By Apollo" (a.d. December 11, 1962)
- ep. 1-12: "The Prisoner" (a.d. December 25, 1962)
- ep. 1-16: "The Volunteer" (a.d. January 22, 1963)
- ep. 1-20: "Off Limits" (a.d. February 19, 1963)
- ep. 1-23: "Survival" (a.d. March 12, 1963)
- Kraft Suspense Theatre (1963)
- ep 1-8: "The Long Lost Life of Edward Smalley" (also writer) (a.d. December 12, 1963)
- ep 1-9: "The Hunt" (also writer) (a.d. December 19, 1963)
- ep 1-21: "Once Upon a Savage Night"
- released as TV-Movie Nightmare in Chicago in 1964
- The Long Hot Summer (1965) pilot
- Nightwatch (1968) pilot: "The Suitcase"
- Premiere (1968) ep. "Walk in the Sky" (a.d. July 15 1968)
- Saturday Night Live (1977) ep. #39 / 2-16 "h: Sissy Spacek", seg. "Sissy's Roles" (a.d. March 12, 1977)
- Gun (aka Robert Altman's Gun) (1997) ep. 4: "All the President's Women" (a.d. May 10 1997)
- this episode, along with another, was released on DVD as Gun: Fatal Betrayal; subsequently, the entire six-episode series was released

## 延伸閱讀

- The director's commentary on the McCabe & Mrs. Miller DVD, while focusing on that film, also to some degree covers Altman's general methodology as a director.
- Judith M. Kass. Robert Altman: American Innovator early (1978) assessment of the director's work and his interest in gambling. Part of Leonard Maltin's Popular Library filmmaker series.
- The English band Maxïmo Park have a song named "Robert Altman", a b-side to their single "Our Velocity"
- The Criterion Collection has released several of Altman's films on DVD (Short Cuts, 3 Women, Tanner '88, Secret Honor) which include audio commentary and video interviews with him that shed light on his directing style.
- Charles Warren, "Cavell, Altman and Cassavetes" in the Stanley Cavell special issue, Jeffey Crouse (ed.), Film International, Issue 22, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2006, pp. 14–20.
- Rick Armstrong, "Robert Altman: Critical Essays" Actors, historians, film scholars, and cultural theorists reflect on Altman and his five-decade career...(McFarland, February 18, 2011)
- Mitchell Zuckoff, Robert Altman: The Oral Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
- Description and details on the Short Cuts Soundtrack for more in-depth information about this title.
- Helene Keyssar, Robert Altman's America. Oxford, 1991

## 外部連結

- Robert Altman bibliography，來自柏克萊加州大學媒體資源中心

## 基本資料

- 頭銜：人物譯名
- 中國大陸：羅伯特·奧爾特曼、羅伯特·奧特曼
- 香港：羅拔·艾特曼