梭菌屬

梭菌屬（學名：Clostridium），菌體呈梭狀，又稱梭狀芽孢桿菌屬或厭氧芽孢桿菌屬，芽孢常比菌體大，是一類能產生內生孢子的厭氧性革蘭氏陽性菌。

梭菌屬廣泛分佈於自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圓形或橢圓形。除了產氣莢膜梭菌無鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌屬可以水解糖、蛋白質，又可產生外毒素，成為一些疾病的原因。

該屬的模式種為丁酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum）。

## 下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

不同梭菌｜Clostridium absonum｜Nakamura et al., 1973，為Clostridium sardiniense Prévot 1938的異名

醋酸梭菌｜Clostridium aceticum｜(ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇桿菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽孢桿菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽胞桿菌

Clostridium acetireducens｜Örlygsson et al. 1996

丙酮丁醇梭桿菌｜Clostridium acetobutylicum｜McCoy et al. 1926

Clostridium acidisoli｜Kuhner et al. 2000

Clostridium aciditolerans｜Lee et al. 2007

尿酸發酵梭狀芽胞桿菌｜Clostridium acidurici｜(Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌，也拼作Clostridium acidiurici

腐氣梭狀芽胞桿菌｜Clostridium aerofoetidum｜，臭氣桿菌，臭氣梭菌

產氣梭菌｜Clostridium aerogenes｜，產氣梭狀芽孢桿菌

耐氧梭菌｜Clostridium aerotolerans｜van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987，為Lacrimispora aerotolerans (van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987) Haas and Blanchard 2020的異名

Clostridium aestuarii｜Kim et al. 2007

Clostridium akagii｜Kuhner et al. 2000

Clostridium aldenense｜Warren et al. 2007

Clostridium aldrichii｜Yang et al. 1990

Clostridium algidicarnis｜Lawson et al. 1995

Clostridium algidixylanolyticum｜Broda et al. 2000

Clostridium algifaecis｜Wu et al. 2014

Clostridium algoriphilum｜Shcherbakova et al. 2010

鹼性纖維素梭菌｜Clostridium alkalicellulosi｜Zhilina et al. 2006，異名：Clostridium alkalicellum Zhilina et al. 2006

亞馬遜梭菌｜Clostridium amazonense｜O'Neal et al. 2015

Clostridium aminophilum｜Paster et al. 1993

Clostridium aminovalericum｜Hardman and Stadtman 1960

Clostridium amygdalinum｜Parshina et al. 2003

Clostridium amylolyticum｜Song and Dong 2008

黃水梭菌｜Clostridium aquiflavi｜Sun et al. 2024

Clostridium arbusti｜Jung et al. 2010

Clostridium arcticum｜(ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988

阿根廷梭菌｜Clostridium argentinense｜Suen et al. 1988

產香梭狀芽孢桿菌｜Clostridium aromativorans｜Luo et al. 2024，分離自五糧液元明古窖池窖泥

Clostridium articum｜(ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988

Clostridium asparagiforme｜Mohan et al. 2007

Clostridium aurantibutyricum｜Hellinger 1944

產乙醇梭菌｜Clostridium autoethanogenum｜Abrini et al. 1994

Clostridium barati｜(Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970，異名：巴氏梭菌 Clostridium baratii (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970

Clostridium barkeri｜Stadtman et al. 1972

Clostridium bartlettii｜Song et al. 2004

北海梭菌｜Clostridium beihaiense｜Dong et al. 2018

拜氏梭菌｜Clostridium beijerinckii｜Donker 1926

雙酶梭菌｜Clostridium bifermentans｜(Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium bolteae｜Song et al. 2003

Clostridium bornimense｜Hahnke et al. 2014

肉毒桿菌｜Clostridium botulinum｜(van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium bovifaecis｜Zhu et al. 2018

Clostridium bowmanii｜Spring et al. 2003

Clostridium bryantii｜Stieb and Schink 1985

Clostridium budayi｜(Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018

Clostridium butanoliproducens｜Rios-Galicia et al. 2024

丁酸梭菌｜Clostridium butyricum｜Prazmowski 1880

屍毒梭菌｜Clostridium cadaveris｜(Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957

Clostridium caenicola｜Shiratori et al. 2009

溫泉梭菌｜Clostridium caldaquaticum｜Lv et al. 2023

Clostridium caminithermale｜Brisbarre et al. 2003

食一氧化碳梭菌｜Clostridium carboxidivorans｜Liou et al. 2005

Clostridium carnis｜(Klein 1904) Spray 1939

Clostridium cavendishii｜Bowman et al. 2010

Clostridium celatum｜Hauschild and Holdeman 1974

Clostridium celerecrescens｜Palop et al. 1989

Clostridium cellobioparum｜Hungate 1944

Clostridium cellulofermentans｜He et al. 1991

Clostridium cellulolyticum｜Petitdemange et al. 1984

Clostridium cellulosi｜He et al. 1991

Clostridium cellulovorans｜Sleat et al. 1985

Clostridium chartatabidum｜Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纖維分解細菌

氣腫疽梭菌｜Clostridium chauvoei｜(Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鳴疽梭狀芽孢桿菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌

Clostridium chromiireducens｜Inglett et al. 2011

Clostridium citroniae｜Warren et al. 2007

Clostridium clariflavum｜Shiratori et al. 2009

梭狀梭菌｜Clostridium clostridioforme｜(Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976，也拼作：Clostridium clostridiiforme

Clostridium coccoides｜Kaneuchi et al. 1976

Clostridium cochlearium｜(Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium cocleatum｜Kaneuchi et al. 1979

Clostridium colicanis｜Greetham et al. 2003

鵪鶉梭菌｜Clostridium colinum｜(ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985

Clostridium collagenovorans｜Jain and Zeikus 1988

Clostridium combesii｜(Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018

Clostridium composti｜Shin et al. 2018

克薩氏梭菌｜Clostridium coskatii｜Flüchter et al. 2019，一種新的產乙醇梭菌屬物種

柱盤孢梭菌｜Clostridium cylindrosporum｜(ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985

艱難梭菌｜Clostridium difficile｜(Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938

Clostridium diolis｜Biebl and Spröer 2003

Clostridium disporicum｜Horn 1987

德可氏梭菌｜Clostridium drakei｜Liou et al. 2005

Clostridium durum｜Smith and Cato 1974

Clostridium estertheticum｜Collins et al. 1993

譎詐梭菌｜Clostridium fallax｜(Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium felsineum｜(Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939

Clostridium fermenticellae｜Xu et al. 2019

Clostridium fervidum｜Patel et al. 1987，也拼作：Clostridium fervidus

Clostridium fessum｜Seo et al. 2020

Clostridium fimetarium｜Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997

Clostridium folliculivorans｜Tazawa et al. 2023

自養乙酸梭菌｜Clostridium formicaceticum｜Andreesen et al. 1970，也拼作：Clostridium formicoaceticum

Clostridium frigidicarnis｜Broda et al. 1999

Clostridium frigoris｜Spring et al. 2003

母雞梭菌｜Clostridium gallinarum｜Pallen 2024

江華梭菌｜Clostridium ganghwense｜Kim et al. 2006

Clostridium gasigenes｜Broda et al. 2000

Clostridium gelidum｜Honma et al. 2022

Clostridium ghonii｜Prévot 1938，也拼作：Clostridium ghoni

乙二醇梭菌｜Clostridium glycolicum｜Gaston and Stadtman 1963

Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum｜Sakuma et al. 2006

Clostridium grantii｜Mountfort et al. 1996

廣西梭菌｜Clostridium guangxiense｜Zhao et al. 2017

溶血梭菌｜Clostridium haemolyticum｜(Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935

Clostridium halophilium｜Fendrich et al. 1991

Clostridium halophilum｜corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991

矛形梭菌｜Clostridium hastiforme｜MacLennan 1939，哈氏梭菌

Clostridium hathewayi｜Steer et al. 2002

Clostridium herbivorans｜Varel et al. 1995

Clostridium hiranonis｜Kitahara et al. 2001

溶組織梭菌｜Clostridium histolyticum｜(Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium homopropionicum｜Dörner and Schink 1991

Clostridium huakuii｜Ruan et al. 2014，以對中國土壤微生物學做出貢獻的微生物學家陳華癸的名字命名

Clostridium hungatei｜Monserrate et al. 2001

Clostridium hydrogeniformans｜Bowman et al. 2010

Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum｜Zhang et al. 1994

Clostridium hylemonae｜Kitahara et al. 2000

印度梭菌｜Clostridium indicum｜Gundawar et al. 2019

Clostridium indolis｜McClung and McCoy 1957

無害梭菌｜Clostridium innocuum｜Smith and King 1962，無害芽胞梭菌

Clostridium intestinale｜corrig. Lee et al. 1989

Clostridium intestinalis｜Lee et al. 1989

Clostridium irregulare｜(Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938，也拼作：Clostridium irregularis

Clostridium isatidis｜Padden et al. 1999

吉達梭菌｜Clostridium jeddahense｜Lagier et al. 2016

濟州梭菌｜Clostridium jejuense｜Jeong et al. 2004

Clostridium josui｜Sukhumavasi et al. 1988

克氏梭菌｜Clostridium kluyveri｜Barker and Taha 1942

Clostridium lactatifermentans｜van der Wielen et al. 2002

Clostridium lacusfryxellense｜Spring et al. 2003

Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand｜et al. 1993

Clostridium laramiense｜corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993

Clostridium lavalense｜Domingo et al. 2009

Clostridium lentocellum｜Murray et al. 1987

Clostridium lentoputrescens｜Hartsell and Rettger 1934

Clostridium leptum｜Moore et al. 1976

泥渣梭菌｜Clostridium limosum｜André 1948

Clostridium liquoris｜Yin et al. 2016

Clostridium litorale｜Fendrich et al. 1991

Clostridium lituseburense｜(Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957

Clostridium ljungdahlii｜Tanner et al. 1993

Clostridium lortetii｜Oren 1984

Clostridium lundense｜Cirne et al. 2006

Clostridium luticellarii｜Wang et al. 2015

Clostridium magnum｜Schink 1984

Clostridium malenominatum｜(Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948

Clostridium mangenotii｜(Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957

最大梭菌｜Clostridium maximum｜(Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016

Clostridium mayombei｜Kane et al. 1992

Clostridium merdae｜Ndongo et al. 2017

食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌｜Clostridium methoxybenzovorans｜Mechichi et al. 1999

Clostridium methylpentosum｜Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989

Clostridium moniliforme｜(Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016

Clostridium neonatale｜Bernard et al. 2018

Clostridium neopropionicum｜Tholozan et al. 1995

Clostridium neuense｜Zhao et al. 2017

Clostridium nexile｜Holdeman and Moore 1974

Clostridium nitritogenes｜(Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018

Clostridium nitrophenolicum｜Suresh et al. 2007

諾氏梭菌｜Clostridium novyi｜(Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，諾維氏梭菌，諾威氏梭狀芽孢桿菌

Clostridium oceanicum｜Smith 1970

Clostridium omnivorum｜Ueki et al. 2024

Clostridium orbiscindens｜Winter et al. 1991

Clostridium oroticum｜(Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968

Clostridium oryzae｜Horino et al. 2015

Clostridium oxalicum｜Dehning and Schink 1990

Clostridium pabulibutyricum｜Kobayashi et al. 2017

Clostridium papyrosolvens｜Madden et al. 1982

Clostridium paradoxum｜Li et al. 1993

Clostridium paraperfringens｜Nakamura et al. 1970

類腐敗梭菌｜Clostridium paraputrificum｜(Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936，副胞梭菌

Clostridium pascui｜Wilde et al. 1997

巴氏梭菌｜Clostridium pasteurianum｜Winogradsky 1895，巴氏芽孢梭菌

Clostridium peptidivorans｜Mechichi et al. 2000

Clostridium perenne｜(Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957

產氣莢膜梭菌｜Clostridium perfringens｜(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937

Clostridium phytofermentans｜Warnick et al. 2002

毛狀梭菌｜Clostridium piliforme｜(ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993

Clostridium polyendosporum｜(Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016

法屬玻里尼西亞梭菌｜Clostridium polynesiense｜Sankar et al. 2023

Clostridium polysaccharolyticum｜(van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983

Clostridium populeti｜Sleat and Mah 1985

Clostridium prolinivorans｜Huang et al. 2020

Clostridium propionicum｜Cardon and Barker 1946

Clostridium proteoclasticum｜Attwood et al. 1996

Clostridium proteolyticum｜Jain and Zeikus 1988

Clostridium psychrophilum｜Spring et al. 2003

Clostridium punense｜Lanjekar et al. 2015

Clostridium puniceum｜Lund et al. 1981

Clostridium purinilyticum｜corrig. Dürre et al. 1981

Clostridium purinolyticum｜Dürre et al. 1981

Clostridium putrefaciens｜(McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927

Clostridium putrificum｜(Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922

Clostridium quercicolum｜Stankewich et al. 1971

Clostridium quinii｜Svensson et al. 1995

拉氏梭菌｜Clostridium ragsdalei｜，拉格斯代爾梭菌

多枝梭菌｜Clostridium ramosum｜(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971

Clostridium rectum｜(Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972

Clostridium roseum｜(ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988

Clostridium saccharobutylicum｜Keis et al. 2001

Clostridium saccharogumia｜Clavel et al. 2007

Clostridium saccharolyticum｜Murray et al. 1982

Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum｜Keis et al. 2001

Clostridium sardiniense｜corrig. Prévot 1938

Clostridium sardiniensis｜Prévot 1938

Clostridium sartagoforme｜corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935

Clostridium sartagoformum｜Partansky and Henry 1935

Clostridium saudiense｜Angelakis et al. 2016，也拼作：Clostridium saudii

Clostridium scatologenes｜(Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948

Clostridium schirmacherense｜Alam et al. 2006

閃爍梭菌｜Clostridium scindens｜Morris et al. 1985

塞內加爾梭菌｜Clostridium senegalense｜Mishra et al. 2015

敗毒梭菌｜Clostridium septicum｜(Macé 1889) Ford 1927

索氏梭菌｜Clostridium sordellii｜(Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938

楔形梭菌｜Clostridium sphenoides｜(Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium spiroforme｜Kaneuchi et al. 1979，為Thomasclavelia spiroformis (Kaneuchi et al. 1979) Lawson et al. 2023的異名

生孢梭菌｜Clostridium sporogenes｜(Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923

Clostridium sporosphaeroides｜Soriano and Soriano 1948

Clostridium stercorarium｜Madden 1983

Clostridium sticklandii｜Stadtman and McClung 1957

Clostridium straminisolvens｜Kato et al. 2004

近端梭菌｜Clostridium subterminale｜(Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948

Clostridium sufflavum｜Nishiyama et al. 2009

Clostridium sulfidigenes｜Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009

Clostridium swellfunianum｜Liu et al. 2015

Clostridium symbiosum｜(Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976

Clostridium tagluense｜Suetin et al. 2009

Clostridium tarantellae｜(Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016

Clostridium tepidiprofundi｜Slobodkina et al. 2008

Clostridium tepidum｜Dobritsa et al. 2017

Clostridium termitidis｜Hethener et al. 1992

第三梭菌｜Clostridium tertium｜(Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923

破傷風梭菌｜Clostridium tetani｜(Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破傷風芽孢梭菌

Clostridium tetanomorphum｜(ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989

Clostridium thermaceticum｜corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942

Clostridium thermarum｜Liu et al. 2021

Clostridium thermautotrophicum｜Wiegel et al. 1982

熱醋酸梭菌｜Clostridium thermoaceticum｜Fontaine et al. 1942

熱嗜酸梭菌｜Clostridium thermoacidophilus

熱產氣梭菌｜Clostridium thermoaerogenes

嗜熱鹼梭菌｜Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum｜Li et al. 1994

Clostridium thermoautotrophicum｜Wiegel et al. 1982

熱丁酸梭菌｜Clostridium thermobutyricum｜Wiegel et al. 1989，丁酸梭菌

熱介纖維素梭菌｜Clostridium thermocellulaseum

熱纖梭菌｜Clostridium thermocellum｜Viljoen et al. 1926

Clostridium thermocopriae｜Jin et al. 1988

溫水硫磺梭菌｜Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum｜Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965

嗜熱乳酸梭菌｜Clostridium thermolacticum｜Le Ruyet et al. 1988，熱乳梭菌

熱棕櫚梭菌｜Clostridium thermopalmarium｜Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐熱梭菌

Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum｜Méndez et al. 1991

嗜熱梭菌｜Clostridium thermophilum

熱腐梭菌｜Clostridium thermoputrificum

嗜熱化糖梭狀芽胞桿菌｜Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum｜McClung 1935

Clostridium thermosuccinogenes｜Drent et al. 1995

Clostridium thermosulfurigenes｜corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983

Clostridium thermosulfurogenes｜Schink and Zeikus 1983

Clostridium thiosulfatireducens｜Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002

酪丁酸梭菌｜Clostridium tyrobutyricum｜van Beynum and Pette 1935

Clostridium uliginosum｜Matthies et al. 2001

烏爾蒂納梭菌｜Clostridium ultunense｜Schnürer et al. 1996

Clostridium ventriculi｜(Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016

Clostridium villosum｜Love et al. 1979

Clostridium vincentii｜Mountfort et al. 1997

綠梭菌｜Clostridium viride｜Buckel et al. 1995

Clostridium vulturis｜Paek et al. 2015

魏氏梭狀芽孢桿菌｜Clostridium welchii

Clostridium xylanolyticum｜Rogers and Baecker 1991

Clostridium xylanovorans｜Mechichi et al. 2000

## 基本資料

- 學名：Clostridium
- 說明：艱難梭菌
- 命名者：Prazmowski, 1880
- 模式種：丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum
- type_species_authority：Prazmowski, 1880
- subdivision_ranks：種
- 栽培群成員：見正文