蘭德爾·克里默

威廉·蘭德爾·克里默爵士（Sir William Randal Cremer；1828年3月18日－1908年7月22日），英國政治家，社會活動家，參與勞工運動和國際和平運動，曾任英國下議院議員、國際工人聯合會（即第一國際）書記。1903年，獲諾貝爾和平獎。

他生於英國威爾特郡的貧困家庭。當過學徒。後從事工人運動。1858年領導工人進行爭取九小時工作日的鬥爭。1864年參與籌建國際勞工協會。主張改善工人生活，通過議會實現社會主義。曾擔任國際仲裁聯盟機關刊物《仲裁》編輯。1885年起任下議院議員，反對英布戰爭。1889年同法國議員帕西創建各國議會聯盟，當選為聯盟副主席兼英國分部書記。因其在仲裁國際爭端，爭取國際和平方面作出的貢獻，獲1903年諾貝爾和平獎。

Sir William Randal Cremer (18 March 1828 – 22 July 1908) usually known by his middle name "Randal", was an English Liberal Member of Parliament, a pacifist, and a leading advocate for international arbitration. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903 for his work with the international arbitration movement.

## Early life

Cremer was born to a working-class family in the southern English town of Fareham. His father was a coachman, who abandoned the family soon after Randal Cremer was born. His mother raised him along with his two sisters, ensuring he received an education at a local Methodist school. He augmented his knowledge by attending free lectures, was apprenticed as a builder, and became a skilled carpenter.

Moving to London 1852, Cremer became active as a union organiser, swiftly becoming a recognized labour leader. Cremer was elected as the Secretary of the International Workingmen's Association in 1865, but resigned two years later in 1867, when the organization decided to make women eligible for membership. Being strongly opposed to women's suffrage, this might have contributed to make him feel the organization was becoming too radical . While heavily involved in campaigning for progressive causes, and respected by Marx, Cremer did not agree with a worker led revolution.

## Role in the international arbitration movement

From as early as his first unsuccessful run for Parliament in 1868, Cremer had advocated the expansion of international arbitration as peaceful alternative to war for the resolution of disputes.

He was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Haggerston in the Shoreditch district of Hackney from 1885 to 1895, and then from 1900 until his death from pneumonia in 1908.

Using his platform as an MP, Cremer cultivated allies on both continental Europe and across the Atlantic, including Frédéric Passy, William Jennings Bryan and Andrew Carnegie. Using his network of contacts and his talent for organisation, Cremer did much to create and expand institutions for international arbitration, which during his lifetime were successful in peacefully resolving numerous international disputes. This work includes co-founding the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the International Arbitration League; gaining acceptance for the 1897 Olney–Pauncefote Treaty between the United States and Britain that would have required arbitration of major disputes as the Essequibo territory (the treaty was rejected by the US Senate and never went into effect); and preparing the ground for the Hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907.

In recognition of his work in the arbitration movement, Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize, the first to do so solo, in 1903. Of the £8,000 award he donated £7,000 as an endowment for the International Arbitration League.

He also was named a Chevalier of the French Légion d'honneur, won the Norwegian Knighthood of Saint Olaf and was knighted in 1907.

Randal Cremer Primary School, in Haggerston, is named in his honour.

## Death

Cremer died on 22 July 1908, leaving an estate of £2,241 (£1,803 net).

## 參見

- List of peace activists

## 參考資料

- including the Nobel Lecture, January 15, 1905 The Progress and Advantages of International Arbitration
- About Sir Randal Cremer on www.nobel-winners.com
- The Hugh & Helene Schonfield World Service Trust
- Link to article about Cremer by Simon Hall-Raleigh in Journal of Liberal History, Issue 9, December 1995
- Evans, H.: Sir Randal Cremer: his life and work. T. Fisher Unwin, 1909.

## 基本資料

- 名字：爵士
- 日語原文：威廉·蘭德爾·克雷默、William Randal Cremer
- 逝世地：倫敦
- 名字：Sir
- 職位：Member of Parliament for Haggerston
- 任期開始：24 October 1900
- 任期結束：22 July 1908
- 前任：John Lowles
- 繼任：Rupert Guinness
- 任期開始：18 December 1885
- 任期結束：13 July 1895
- 繼任：John Lowles
- 出生日期：18 March 1828
- 出生地：Fareham, Hampshire, England
- 逝世日期：22 July 1908
- 逝世地：London, England
- 政黨：Liberal
- 獲獎：Nobel Peace Prize、Knight of the Order of St. Olav、Chevalier of the Legion of Honour、Knight Bachelor