科普利獎章

科普利獎章（Copley Medal）是英國皇家學會每年頒發的科學獎章，以獎勵「在任何科學分支上的傑出成就」。始於1731年授予史蒂芬·格雷的科普利獎章是皇家學會仍在頒發的最古老的科學獎章，也是世界上最早的科學獎章。

## 歷史

獎章起始於戈弗雷·科普利爵士（Sir Godfrey Copley）在1709年捐贈100英磅作為實驗研究的基金，該基金的使用規則被更改過數次。於1731年開始頒發，也是當時科學界的最高榮譽之一。在1736年，有人提議基金應該改成獎章或是獎金的方式頒發給最值得贊助的實驗研究。到1831年，規則更改為由英國皇家學會決定頒發獎金給最值得獲獎的研究員。1881年，喬瑟夫威廉科普利爵士(Sir Joseph William Copley) 再度捐贈40萬舊便士作為基金，使用該基金的利息用來製作獎章。目前的獎章由鍍銀的形式，以及頒發25000元英鎊獎金。

科普利獎章沒有獲獎次數的限制，有史蒂芬·格雷等多位科學家獲得過兩次科普利獎章，約翰·西奧菲勒斯·德札古利埃是唯一一位獲得過三次科普利獎章的科學家。另外，還有多個年份的獎章以不同的獲獎理由頒發給兩位及以上科學家，其中1766年的科普利獎章頒發給了亨利·卡文迪什等三人。

自20世紀後，有許多諾貝爾獎獲得者也獲得了科普利獎章，包括17位物理學獎獲得者，21位生理學或醫學獎獲得者以及14位化學獎獲得者，共計52位（截止2013年）。1976年，多蘿西·霍奇金成為第一位獲得過科普利獎章的女性，2021年的約瑟琳·貝爾·伯奈爾則是第二位獲得科普利獎章的女性科學家。

## 歷屆得主

### 1731-1800

年份｜獲獎者｜肖像｜獲獎理由｜注

1731年｜史蒂芬·格雷｜"For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"

1732年｜史蒂芬·格雷｜"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"

1733年｜未頒發

1734年｜約翰·西奧菲勒斯·德札古利埃｜"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"

1735年｜未頒發

1736年｜約翰·西奧菲勒斯·德札古利埃｜"For his experiments made during the year"

1737年｜約翰·貝爾希耶｜"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"

1738年｜詹姆斯·瓦盧｜"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"

1739年｜史蒂芬·黑爾斯｜"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"

1740年｜亞歷山大·斯圖爾特｜"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"

1741年｜約翰·西奧菲勒斯·德札古利埃｜"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."

1742年｜克里斯多福·米德爾頓｜"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"

1743年｜亞伯拉罕·特朗布雷｜"For his Experiments on the Polypus"

1744年｜亨利·貝克｜"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"

1745年｜威廉·沃森｜"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"

1746年｜班傑明·羅賓斯｜"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"

1747年｜戈溫·奈特｜"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"

1748年｜詹姆斯·布拉德雷｜"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"

1749年｜約翰·哈里森｜"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"

1750年｜喬治·愛德華茲｜"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects."

1751年｜約翰·坎通｜"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"

1752年｜約翰·普林格｜"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"

1753年｜班傑明·富蘭克林｜"On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity"

1754年｜威廉·劉易斯｜"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"

1755年｜約翰·赫克薩姆｜"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"

1756年｜未頒發

1757年｜查爾斯·卡文迪什｜"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer"

1758年｜約翰·多倫德｜"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"

1759年｜約翰·斯密頓｜"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"

1760年｜班傑明·威爾遜 (畫家)｜"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"「因為他在電學方面進行了許多有趣的實驗，並在年內向學會匯報了這些實驗」

1761年｜未頒發

1762年｜未頒發

1763年｜未頒發

1764年｜約翰·坎通｜"For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"「因他在空氣泵和冷凝機方面進行了非常巧妙和優雅的實驗，證明了水和一些其他流體的壓縮性」

1765年｜未頒發

1766年｜威廉·布朗里格｜"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit."

愛德華·迪拉沃｜"For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations."

亨利·卡文迪什｜"For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air."

1767年1768年1769年

1770年｜威廉·漢密爾頓｜"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"「因其論文《埃特納火山旅記》」

1771年

1772年｜約瑟夫·普利斯特里｜"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations"「因他對不同種類的空氣進行了許多有趣而有用的實驗」

1773年

1774年｜未頒發

1775年｜內維爾·馬斯基林｜"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien"

1776年｜詹姆斯·庫克｜"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"

1777年1778年

1779年｜未頒發

1780年｜塞繆爾·文斯｜"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"

1781年｜威廉·赫歇爾｜"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers"

1782年

1783年｜約翰·古德利克｜"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol."

托馬斯·哈欽斯 (博物學家)｜"For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation."

1784年｜愛德華·華林｜"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"

1785年

1786年｜未頒發

1787年｜約翰·亨特｜"For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787"

1788年｜查爾斯·布拉格登｜"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"

1789年

1790年｜未頒發

1791年

1792年｜班傑明·湯普森｜"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"

1793年｜未頒發

1794年｜亞歷山德羅·伏特｜"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"

1795年｜傑西·拉姆斯登｜"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"

1796年｜喬治·阿特伍德｜"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"

1797年｜未頒發

1798年｜喬治·沙克伯勒-伊夫林爵士｜"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions."

查理斯·哈契特｜"For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions."

1799年｜約翰·黑林斯｜"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"

1800年｜愛德華·查爾斯·霍華德｜"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"

### 1801-1850

年份｜獲獎者｜肖像｜獲獎理由｜注

1801年｜阿斯特利·庫柏｜"For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"

1802年｜威廉·海德·沃勒斯頓｜"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"

1803年｜理察·切尼維克斯｜"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"

1804年｜史密森·特南特｜"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"

1805年｜漢弗里·戴維｜"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"

1806年｜托馬斯·安德魯·奈特｜"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"

1807年｜埃弗拉·洪姆｜"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"

1808年｜威廉·亨利｜"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"

1809年｜愛德華·特勞頓｜"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"

1810年｜未頒發

1811年｜班傑明·柯林斯·布羅迪｜"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"

1812年｜未頒發

1813年｜威廉·托馬斯·布蘭德｜"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"「因為他在《自然科學會報》上發表的關於發酵酒中酒精含量的通訊」

1814年｜詹姆斯·艾沃里｜"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"「因為他在《自然科學會報》上發表的各種數學貢獻」

1815年｜大衛·布儒斯特｜"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"「因他關於透明物體的光的偏振的論文」

1816年｜未頒發

1817年1818年

1819年｜未頒發

1820年｜漢斯·奧斯特｜"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"

1821年｜愛德華·薩賓｜"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions."

約翰·赫歇爾｜"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions."

1822年｜威廉·布克蘭｜"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"

1823年1824年

1825年｜弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈｜"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. "

彼得·巴洛｜"For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. "

1826年1827年

1828年｜未頒發

1829年｜未頒發

1830年｜未頒發

1831年｜喬治·比德爾·艾里｜"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"

1832年｜麥可·法拉第｜"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year."

西莫恩·帕松｜"For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire."

1833年｜未頒發

1834年1835年

1836年｜永斯·貝采利烏斯｜"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works."

弗朗西斯·基爾南｜"For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833."

1837年｜安托萬·塞薩爾·貝克勒爾｜"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. "

約翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼爾｜"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836."

1838年｜卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯｜"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. "

麥可·法拉第｜"For his researches in specific electrical induction."

1839年｜羅伯特·布朗｜"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"

1840年｜尤斯圖斯·馮·李比希｜"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals."

雅克·夏爾·弗朗索瓦·施圖姆｜"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835."

1841年｜格奧爾格·歐姆｜"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"

1842年｜詹姆斯·麥古拉｜"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"

1843年｜讓-巴蒂斯特·杜馬｜"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements"

1844年｜卡爾洛·馬泰烏奇｜"For his various researches in animal electricity"「因他在動物電學方面的各種研究」

1845年｜特奧多爾·施萬｜"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen"

1846年｜於爾班·勒威耶｜"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"

1847年｜約翰·赫歇爾｜"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"

1848年｜約翰·柯西·亞當斯｜"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"

1849年｜羅德里克·麥奇生｜"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"

1850年｜彼得·安德烈亞斯·漢森｜"For his researches in physical astronomy"「因他在物理天文學方面的研究」

### 1851-1900

年份｜獲獎者｜肖像｜獲獎理由｜注

1851年｜理查·歐文｜"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"

1852年｜亞歷山大·馮·洪堡｜"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"

1853年｜海因里希·威廉·多費｜"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"

1854年｜約翰內斯·彼得·繆勒｜"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"

1855年｜萊昂·傅科｜"For his various researches in experimental physics"

1856年｜亨利·米爾納-愛德華茲｜"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"

1857年｜米歇爾·歐仁·謝弗勒爾｜"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours"

1858年｜查爾斯·萊爾｜"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"

1859年｜威廉·韋伯｜"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics"

1860年｜羅伯特·威廉·本生｜"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"

1861年｜路易斯·阿加西｜"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"

1862年｜托馬斯·格雷姆｜"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"

1863年｜亞當·塞奇威克｜"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire" 因其在古生代岩石系地質學方面的原始觀察和發現，尤其是通過觀察德文郡基拉斯岩石及其化石的疊加順序，確定了泥盆紀系統的特徵

1864年｜查爾斯·達爾文｜"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" 因其在地質學、動物學和植物生理學方面的重要研究

1865年｜米歇爾·沙勒｜"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"

1866年｜尤利烏斯·普呂克｜"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"

1867年｜卡爾·恩斯特·馮·貝爾｜"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"

1868年｜查爾斯·惠斯通｜"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"

1869年｜亨利·維克托·勒尼奧｜"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"

1870年｜詹姆斯·焦耳｜"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"

1871年｜尤利烏斯·羅伯特·馮·邁爾｜"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"

1872年｜弗里德里希·維勒｜"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"

1873年｜赫爾曼·馮·亥姆霍茲｜"For his researches in physics and physiology"

1874年｜路易·巴斯德｜"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"

1875年｜奧古斯特·威廉·馮·霍夫曼｜"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"

1876年｜克洛德·貝爾納｜"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"

1877年｜詹姆斯·德懷特·丹納｜"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"

1878年｜J·B·布森戈｜"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"

1879年｜魯道夫·克勞修斯｜"For his well-known researches upon heat"

1880年｜詹姆斯·約瑟夫·西爾維斯特｜"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"

1881年｜查爾斯-阿道夫·武爾茨｜"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"

1882年｜阿瑟·凱萊｜"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"

1883年｜威廉·湯姆森｜"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"

1884年｜卡爾·路德維希｜"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"

1885年｜弗里德里希·奧古斯特·凱庫勒｜"For his researches in organic chemistry"

1886年｜弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼｜"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"

1887年｜約瑟夫·道爾頓·胡克｜"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"

1888年｜托馬斯·亨利·赫胥黎｜"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"

1889年｜喬治·薩蒙｜"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"

1890年｜西蒙·紐康｜"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"

1891年｜斯坦尼斯勞·坎尼扎羅｜"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"

1892年｜魯道夫·菲爾紹｜"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"

1893年｜喬治·斯托克斯｜"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"因他在物理科學方面的研究和發現

1894年｜愛德華·弗蘭克蘭｜"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"因其對理論和應用化學的傑出貢獻

1895年｜卡爾·魏爾斯特拉斯｜"For his investigations in pure mathematics"因其在純數學方面的研究

1896年｜卡爾·格根鮑爾｜"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"因他畢生致力於動物界各個分支的比較解剖學研究等等

1897年｜阿爾貝特·馮·克利克｜"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"以表彰他在胚胎學、比較解剖學和生理學方面的重要工作，尤其是他作為組織學家的卓越貢獻

1898年｜威廉·哈金斯｜"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"因其對應用於天體的光譜分析研究

1899年｜約翰·斯特拉特｜"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"因其對物理科學的貢獻

1900年｜馬塞蘭·貝特洛｜"For his brilliant services to chemical science"為他對化學科學做出的傑出貢獻

### 1901-1950

年份｜獲獎者｜肖像｜獲獎理由｜注

1901年｜約西亞·吉布斯｜"For his contributions to mathematical physics"對數學物理做出的貢獻

1902年｜約瑟夫·李斯特｜"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"為他的生理學和病理學研究對現代手術實踐所造成的影響

1903年｜愛德華·修斯｜"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" 為他在地質學上的貢獻，特別是總結發表在《地球的面貌》中傑出的原創工作

1904年｜威廉·克魯克斯｜"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"為其長期從事光譜化學、稀有氣體的電學和力學現象、放射性現象和其他學科的研究

1905年｜門捷列夫｜"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"為其在化學及物理學上的貢獻

1906年｜伊利亞·梅契尼可夫｜"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"為其在動物學及病理學上的重要工作

1907年｜阿爾伯特·邁克耳孫｜"On the ground of his investigations in optics"為其在光學領域的研究貢獻

1908年｜阿爾弗雷德·拉塞爾·華萊士｜"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"為其在自然史領域的許多有巨大價值的貢獻，及其在物種起源的自然選擇理論中的工作

1909年｜喬治·希爾｜"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"以其在數學天文學領域的研究貢獻

1910年｜弗朗西斯·高爾頓｜"On the ground of his researches in heredity" 以其在遺傳學上的研究

1911年｜喬治·達爾文｜"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" 為其在潮汐理論、行星演算及相關領域上的研究貢獻

1912年｜菲利克斯·克萊因｜"On the ground of his researches in mathematics" 以其在數學上的研究貢獻

1913年｜雷·蘭克斯特｜"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"基於他開展的高科學價值的動物學研究

1914年｜約瑟夫·湯姆森｜"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" 以其在物理科學上的發現

1915年｜巴甫洛夫｜"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" 基於他對消化系統生理學和神經系統高級中樞的研究

1916年｜詹姆斯·杜瓦｜"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" 因他在物理化學方面的重要研究，尤其是他對氣體液化的研究

1917年｜埃米爾·魯｜"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"以其在細菌學領域的傑出貢獻，以及血清療法中的先鋒作用

1918年｜亨德里克·洛倫茲｜"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"基於他在數學物理方面的傑出研究

1919年｜威廉·貝利斯｜"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"基於他在普通生理學和生物物理學方面的研究

1920年｜賀拉斯·特伯勒·布朗｜"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"基於他在碳水化合物等化學領域上的研究工作

1921年｜約瑟夫·拉莫爾｜"For his researches in mathematical physics"以他在數學物理上的研究

1922年｜歐內斯特·盧瑟福｜"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"因他在放射性和原子結構上的研究

1923年｜賀拉斯·蘭姆｜"For his researches in mathematical physics"以他在數學物理上的研究

1924年｜愛德華·阿爾伯特·沙佩-謝弗｜"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"因他在生理學和組織學方面所做的寶貴工作，以及他在這些科學領域的領導地位

1925年｜阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦｜"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"以其在相對論與量子論上的貢獻

1926年｜弗雷德里克·霍普金斯｜"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"因其在生物化學中的傑出且豐碩的成果

1927年｜查爾斯·斯科特·謝靈頓｜"For his distinguished work on neurology"以其在神經病學上的卓越成果

1928年｜查爾斯·阿爾傑農·帕森斯｜"For his contributions to engineering science" 以其對工程科學的貢獻

1929年｜馬克斯·普朗克｜"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" 因他在理論物理學上的貢獻，特別是作為量子理論的鼻祖

1930年｜威廉·亨利·布拉格｜"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" 對他在晶體學和放射現象上的卓越貢獻

1931年｜阿瑟·舒斯特｜"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" 以其在光學和地磁學上的卓越研究

1932年｜喬治·海爾｜"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" 以其在太陽磁學現象方面上的傑出工作，以及作為一名科學工程師，在建立威爾遜山天文台上的貢獻

1933年｜西奧博爾德·史密斯｜"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" 因他對動物和人類疾病的觀察和原創研究

1934年｜約翰·斯科特·霍爾丹｜"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" 以表彰他在人體生理學方面的發現及其在醫學、採礦、潛水和工程上的應用

1935年｜查爾斯·威耳遜｜"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" 因他利用雲室來提高我們對原子及其性質的認識

1936年｜阿瑟·埃文斯｜"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" 感謝他在克里特島的先驅工作，特別是他對米諾斯文明和歷史的貢獻

1937年｜亨利·哈利特·戴爾｜"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" 以表彰他在生理學和藥理學方面的重要貢獻，特別是在神經和神經-肌肉系統方面

1938年｜尼爾斯·波耳｜"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" 以表彰他在發展原子結構的量子理論上的傑出工作

1939年｜托馬斯·亨特·摩爾根｜"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" 因其創立了現代的遺傳學，這不僅徹底改變了我們對遺傳的理解，而且也改變了我們對進化機制和本質的理解

1940年｜保羅·朗之萬｜"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" 因為他在磁性電子理論方面的開創性工作，他對氣體放電的基本貢獻，以及他在理論物理學的許多分支中的重要工作

1941年｜托馬斯·劉易斯 (心臟學家)｜"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" 因其對哺乳動物心臟的臨床和實驗研究

1942年｜羅伯特·魯賓遜｜"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" 因其研究工作具有突出的獨創性和才智，影響了整個有機化學領域

1943年｜約瑟夫·巴克羅夫特｜"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" 因其在呼吸系統和血液呼吸功能方面的傑出工作

1944年｜傑弗里·泰勒｜"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"

1945年｜奧斯瓦爾德·埃弗里｜"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"

1946年｜埃德加·阿德里安｜"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"

1947年｜戈弗雷·哈羅德·哈代｜"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"

1948年｜阿奇博爾德·希爾｜"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"

1949年｜喬治·德海韋西｜"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"

1950年｜詹姆斯·查德威克｜"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"

### 1951-2000

年份｜獲獎者｜肖像｜獲獎理由｜注

1951年｜大衛·凱林｜"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"

1952年｜保羅·狄拉克｜"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"

1953年｜阿爾伯特·克呂沃爾｜"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"

1954年｜E·T·魏泰克｜"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics"

1955年｜羅納德·費希爾｜"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"

1956年｜派屈克·布萊克特｜"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"

1957年｜霍華德·弗洛里｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"

1958年｜約翰·伊登斯爾·利特爾伍德｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"

1959年｜弗蘭克·麥克法蘭·伯內特｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"

1960年｜哈羅德·傑弗里｜"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"

1961年｜漢斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"

1962年｜西里爾·欣謝爾伍德｜"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"

1963年｜保羅·菲爾德斯｜"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."

1964年｜雪梨·查普曼｜"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"

1965年｜艾倫·勞埃德·霍奇金｜"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"

1966年｜威廉·勞倫斯·布拉格｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"

1967年｜伯納德·卡茨｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"

1968年｜塔德烏什·賴希施泰因｜"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"

1969年｜彼得·梅達沃｜"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"

1970年｜亞歷山大·羅伯圖斯·托德｜"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"

1971年｜諾曼·皮里埃｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"

1972年｜內維爾·莫特｜"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"

1973年｜安德魯·赫胥黎｜"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"

1974年｜W·V·D·霍奇｜"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" 「以表彰他在代數幾何方面的開創性工作，尤其是在調和積分理論方面」

1975年｜佛朗西斯·克里克｜"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" 「以表彰其對DNA分子結構的闡明以及對分子生物學的持續貢獻」

1976年｜多蘿西·霍奇金｜"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin" 「以表彰她在複雜分子結構上的出色工作，特別是青黴素、維生素B12與胰島素」

1977年｜弗雷德里克·桑格｜"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" 「以表彰其在蛋白質化學結構以及核苷酸測序上的傑出工作」

1978年｜羅伯特·伯恩斯·伍德沃德｜"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" 「以表彰他在人工合成複雜天然產物上的巨大貢獻以及對軌道對稱的重要性的發現」

1979年｜馬克斯·佩魯茨｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" 「以表彰他在血紅蛋白結構和生物學活性研究上做出的傑出貢獻，以及他在分子生物學的學科發展中的領導作用」

1980年｜德里克·巴頓｜"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" 「以表彰他在結構和合成有機化學的諸多問題上的傑出貢獻，特別是他將構象分析引入立體化學」

1981年｜彼得·米切爾｜"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" 「以表彰他建立和發展了化學滲透理論對生物中的能量轉換的認識的傑出貢獻」

1982年｜約翰·康福思｜"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" 「以表彰他在化學合成的立體可控性和重要生物分子的生物合成上的傑出研究」

1983年｜羅德尼·羅伯特·波特｜"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" 「以表彰他闡明了免疫球蛋白的結構和蛋白補體系統的激活反應」

1984年｜蘇布拉馬尼揚·錢德拉塞卡｜"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" 「以表彰他在理論物理方面的傑出工作，包括恆星結構、輻射理論、流體動力穩定性和相對論」

1985年｜阿龍·克盧格｜"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" 「以表彰他對闡明複雜生物結構的傑出貢獻及用以定義這些結構的方法」

1986年｜魯道夫·佩爾斯｜"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" 「以表彰他在理論物理學廣泛領域的基礎貢獻，以及對於提議易裂變材料會發生核子連鎖反應的可能性這標誌性進展」

1987年｜羅賓·希爾｜"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" 「以表彰他在理解光合作用的電子傳遞主要途徑的性質和機理上的開創性貢獻」

1988年｜麥可·阿蒂亞｜"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" 「以表彰他在幾何學、拓撲學、分析和理論物理學等多個領域的基礎貢獻」

1989年｜色薩·米爾斯坦｜"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" 「以表彰他在免疫學上的傑出貢獻，特別是單克隆抗體的發現以及對體細胞突變在免疫反應成熟中起的作用的理解」

1990年｜阿卜杜勒·薩拉姆｜"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" 「以表彰他在自然對稱之律特別是弱相互作用與電磁相互作用的統一理論上的貢獻」

1991年｜西德尼·布倫納｜"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" 「以表彰其在分子生物與發育生物學的上的許多貢獻，及其近期在人類基因組計劃中的角色」

1992年｜喬治·波特｜"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" 「以表彰他對快速光化學和光物理學進程的基礎解釋及其在化學和生物學中的應用」

1993年｜詹姆斯·杜威·沃森｜"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" 「以表彰他對DNA的不倦尋求，從闡明其結構直到人類基因組測序對社會和醫學所產生的影響」

1994年｜弗雷德里克·查爾斯·弗蘭克｜"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"

1995年｜弗蘭克·芬納｜"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"

1996年｜艾倫·科特雷爾｜"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"

1997年｜休·赫胥黎｜"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" 「以表彰他在肌肉結構和肌肉收縮的分子機制方面的開創性工作，為生理學中的一個重大問題提供了解決方案」

1998年｜詹姆斯·萊特希爾｜"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" 「以表彰他在流體力學的許多領域做出的深刻貢獻，包括聲音和流體流動相互作用的重要方面，以及在飛機發動機設計中具有實際應用的許多其他貢獻。他還以其在外部生物流體動力學（游泳和飛行機制分析）和內部生物流體動力學（包括心血管系統和氣道中的流動）以及耳蝸力學和聽力的其他方面的開創性工作而聞名」

1999年｜約翰·梅納德·史密斯｜"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" 「以表彰他在進化生物學的開創性貢獻，包括他對性選擇理論的試驗性工作，他在我們了解老化上的重要貢獻，他引入博弈論方法來對複雜進化場景進行分析和他對分子進化的研究以及他對遺傳搭車的經典之作並他近來對細菌數量生長的工作」

2000｜艾倫·R·巴特斯比｜"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12"

### 2001年至今

年份｜獲獎者｜肖像｜獲獎理由｜注

2001年｜雅克·米勒｜"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"

2002年｜約翰·波普爾｜"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"

2003年｜約翰·格登｜"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"

2004年｜哈羅德·克羅托｜"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"

2005年｜保羅·納斯｜"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." 「因他對普通細胞生物學上的貢獻，及闡明細胞如何對分裂進行控制」

2006年｜史蒂芬·霍金｜"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " 「以表彰他對於理論物理學與理論宇宙學做出傑出貢獻」

2007年｜羅伯特·梅｜"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance."

2008年｜羅傑·潘洛斯｜"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."

2009年｜馬丁·埃文斯｜"for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics."

2010年｜戴維·科克斯｜"for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics."

托馬斯·林達爾｜"for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair."

2011年｜丹·麥克肯澤｜"For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates."

2012年｜約翰·沃克｜"For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion."

2013年｜安德烈·海姆｜"For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures."

2014年｜亞歷克·傑弗里斯｜"For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome." 「因他對人類基因組中變異與突變的前瞻性工作」

2015｜彼得·希格斯｜"For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider."

2016｜理察·亨德森｜"In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced."

2017｜安德魯·懷爾斯｜"For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century."

2018｜傑弗里·戈登｜"For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease."

2019｜約翰·B·古迪納夫｜"In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries."

2020｜阿蘭·弗斯塔｜"He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes."

2021｜約瑟琳·貝爾·伯奈爾｜"for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century."

2022｜牛津－阿斯利康2019冠狀病毒病疫苗團隊｜"for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine."快速開發和部署Covid-19疫苗。

## 外部連結

- Royal Society: Träger der Copley-Medaille

## 基本資料

- 尺寸：160
- 表彰內容：在任何科學分支上的傑出成就
- 贊助方：皇家學會
- 國家：英國
- 首次頒發：1731年
- 寬度：160