麻黃屬

麻黃屬（學名：Ephedra）是麻黃科（Ephedraceae）的唯一屬，約67種，分布在亞洲、美洲、東南歐洲和北非等乾旱和荒漠地區，有12種，主要生長在乾旱山地和荒漠中。

本屬植物為灌木或亞灌木；多分枝，小枝對生或輪生，綠色；單葉對生，通常退化為膜質的鞘；花單性，雌雄異株，雄花有2－4裂的假花被，雌花有一個頂端開口的囊狀假花被，發育成革質假種皮；果實為假漿果狀。

本屬植物多數含有生物鹼，可以入藥，其中最著名的麻黃（E.sinica Stapf）是重要藥材。此外可以固沙保土，麻黃果可以食用。傳統上本綱植物屬於裸子植物門，但比裸子植物進化，木質部有導管，孢子葉球有蓋被，最新的分類將其單獨列為一個門。

## 下級分類

- 膜果麻黃組 Sect. Alatae Stapf
- 麻黃組 Sect. Ephedra

## 下屬物種

本科包括以下屬：

Ephedra alata｜Decne.

Ephedra alata｜Schimp. ex Carrière, 1855

Ephedra altissima｜Desf.

Ephedra americana｜Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Ephedra antisyphilitica｜Berland. ex C.A.Mey.

Ephedra aphylla｜Forssk.

Ephedra aspera｜Engelm. ex S.Watson

Ephedra aurantiaca｜Takht. & Pachom.

Ephedra aurea｜Brullo, C.Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa & Giusso, 2022

Ephedra boelckei｜F.A.Roig

Ephedra botschantzevii｜Pachom.

Ephedra breana｜Phil.

Ephedra brevifoliata｜Ghahr.

加州麻黃｜Ephedra californica｜S.Watson

Ephedra campulopoda｜DC., 1868

誠氏麻黃｜Ephedra chengiae｜Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson

- 刺枝麻黃 Ephedra chengiae var. spinosa Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson

Ephedra chilensis｜C.Presl

Ephedra compacta｜Rose

Ephedra coryi｜E.L.Reed

Ephedra cutleri｜Peebles

Ephedra dahurica｜Turcz.

Ephedra dawuensis｜Y.Yang

Ephedra distachya｜Brot., 1805

Ephedra distachya｜Cladera et al., 2007

Ephedra distachya｜Forssk., 1775

Ephedra distachya｜Gaudin

Ephedra distachya｜L.

Ephedra distachya｜Vill., 1789

木賊麻黃｜Ephedra equisetina｜Bunge

Ephedra fasciculata｜A.Nelson

雌雄麻黃｜Ephedra fedtschenkoae｜Paulsen

Ephedra fedtschenkoi｜Paulsen, 1904

Ephedra foeminea｜Forssk.

Ephedra foliata｜Boiss. ex C.A.Mey.

Ephedra fragilis｜Desf.

Ephedra fragilis｜Fresen.

Ephedra fragilis｜Lowe, 1860

Ephedra frustillata｜Miers

Ephedra funerea｜Coville & C.V.Morton

山嶺麻黃｜Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall.

Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall. ex Florin, 1933

Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall. ex Klotzsch & Garcke

Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall. ex Stapf

Ephedra gracilis｜Phil. ex Stapf

Ephedra holoptera｜Riedl

中麻黃｜Ephedra intermedia｜Schrenk & C.A.Mey.

Ephedra kardangensis｜P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal

Ephedra khurikensis｜P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal

Ephedra laristanica｜Assadi

斑子麻黃｜Ephedra lepidosperma

麗江麻黃｜Ephedra likiangensis｜Florin

Ephedra lomatolepis｜Schrenk

Ephedra major｜Host

Ephedra major｜Puller

Ephedra milleri｜Freitag & Maier-St.

矮麻黃｜Ephedra minuta｜Florin

單子麻黃｜Ephedra monosperma｜J.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey.

Ephedra monostachya｜Guss.

Ephedra monostachya｜Willd., 1806

Ephedra multiflora｜Phil. ex Stapf

Ephedra nevadensis｜S.Watson

Ephedra ochreata｜Miers

Ephedra oxyphylla｜Riedl

Ephedra pachyclada｜Boiss.

Ephedra pangiensis｜Rita Singh & P.Sharma

Ephedra pedunculata｜Engelm. ex S.Watson

Ephedra pentandra｜Pachom.

Ephedra procera｜C.A.Mey.

膜果麻黃｜Ephedra przewalskii｜Stapf

Ephedra pseudodistachya｜Pachom.

細子麻黃｜Ephedra regeliana｜Florin

Ephedra rhytidosperma｜Pachom.

Ephedra rituensis｜Y.Yang, D.Z.Fu & G.H.Zhu

Ephedra rupestris｜Benth.

Ephedra sarcocarpa｜Aitch. & Hemsl.

藏麻黃｜Ephedra saxatilis｜(Stapf) Royle ex Florin

草麻黃｜Ephedra sinica｜Stapf

Ephedra somalensis｜Freitag & Maier-St.

Ephedra strobilacea｜Bunge

Ephedra sumlingensis｜P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal

Ephedra texana｜C.F.Reed, 1935

Ephedra tilhoana｜Maire

Ephedra torreyana｜S.Watson

Ephedra transitoria｜Riedl

Ephedra triandra｜Tul.

Ephedra trifurca｜Parry

Ephedra trifurca｜Torr.

Ephedra trifurca｜Torr. ex S.Watson

Ephedra trifurcata｜Zöllner

Ephedra tweediana｜C.A.Mey.

Ephedra tweedieana｜C.A.Mey.

Ephedra viridis｜Coville

Ephedra vvedenskyi｜Pachom.

Ephedra yangthangensis｜P.Sharma & Rita Singh

歸入本屬的物種：

Ephedra ×arenicola｜H.C.Cutler

Ephedra ×eleutherolepis｜V.A.Nikitin

## 基本資料

- 學名：Ephedra
- 說明：蛇麻黃（Ephedra distachya）
- 命名者：L.
- subdivision_ranks：種
- 栽培群成員：（見內文）
- map_range_caption：自然分布