資訊自由法 (美國)

《資訊自由法》（Freedom of Information Act，簡稱FOIA，也譯作情報自由法、美國資訊自由法案）是美國關於聯邦政府資訊公開化的行政法規，頒布於1967年。

## 主要內容

《資訊自由法》的主要內容是規定民眾在獲得行政情報方面的權利和行政機關在向民眾提供行政情報方面的義務：

- 聯邦政府的記錄和檔案原則上向所有的人開放，但是有九類政府情報可免於公開。
- 公民可向任何一級政府機構提出查閱、索取複印件的申請。
- 政府機構則必須公布本部門的建制和本部門各級組織受理情報諮詢、查找的程序、方法和項目，並提供資訊分類索引。
- 公民在查詢情報的要求被拒絕後，可以向司法部門提起訴訟，並應得到法院的優先處理。

這項法律還規定了行政、司法部門處理有關申請和訴訟的時效。

## 重要意義

《資訊自由法》是美國人民爭取新聞出版自由鬥爭的重要成果之一。該法律雖然是面對一般公民的，實際上真正查閱資料的是記者，此使記者有了更大的採訪權利。

## 參考文獻

- 1981年第1期《法學譯叢》，潘漢典譯，(美國)情報自由法。

## 外部連結

- FOIA.gov – U.S. Department of Justice FOIA complete reference
- FOIA Legislative History - The National Security Archive at George Washington University
- Stanford Libraries FOIA archive – Preserved collection of sites that deal with Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and documents. This includes government sites that receive and distribute FOIA documents (aka "FOIA reading rooms") as well as non-profit organizations and government watchdogs that request large numbers of FOIA documents on specific topics like national security and civil rights.
- Freedom of Information Act Resources – compiled by the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
- FOIA Wiki – wiki maintained by Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press with explanatory entries on various aspects of FOIA, including caselaw, agency information, and recent FOIA decisions
- FOIA Mapper – project analyzing the most frequent filers of FOIA requests (2017)

## 基本資料

- shorttitle：資訊自由法
- 俗稱：Public Information Act of 1966、Public Information Availability
- 縮寫nobold：FOIA
- 考慮機關：89
- effective date：1967年7月5日
- public law url：http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg250.pdf
- cite public law：89-487
- acts amended：Administrative Procedure Act
- title amended：5 U.S.C.: Government Organization and Employees
- sections created：5 § 552
- introducedin：參議院
- introducedby：愛德華·朗（D–MO）
- introduceddate：1965年10月4日
- 委員會：Committee on the Judiciary and Committee on Government Operations
- passedbody1：參議院
- passeddate1：1965年10月13日
- passedvote1：一致同意
- passedbody2：眾議院
- passeddate2：1966年6月20日
- passedvote2：306–0
- 總統：林登·詹森
- 簽署日期：1966年7月4日
- 修訂：Privacy Act of 1974, PL 93–579, 88 Stat 1896、Government in the Sunshine Act, PL 94–409, 90 Stat 1241、Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, PL 99–570, 100 Stat 3207、Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996、The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002, PL 107-306, 116 Stat 2383、OPEN Government Act of 2007, PL 110-175, 121 Stat 2524、Wall Street Reform Act of 2010、FOIA Improvement Act of 2016
- SCOTUS cases：Renegotiation Board v. Bannercraft Clothing Co., 415、Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration v. Robertson, 422、Department of Air Force v. Rose, 425、National Labor Relations Board v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437、Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441、Federal Open Market Committee of Federal Reserve System v. Merrill, 443、Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 445、Forsham v. Harris, 445、Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447、Baldrige v. Shapiro, 455、United States Department of State v. Washington Post Co., 456、Federal Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456、Federal Trade Commission v. Grolier Inc., 462、United States v. Weber Aircraft Corp., 465、Department of Justice v. Provenzano, 469、Central Intelligence Agency v. Sims, 471、Church of Scientology v. Internal Revenue Service, 484、Department of Justice v. Julian, 486、Department of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 489、United States Department of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492、John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493、United States Department of State v. Ray, 502、Department of Justice v. Landano, 508、United States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority, 510、Bibles, Oregon Director, Bureau of Land Management v. Oregon Natural Desert Association, 519、Department of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Assn., 532、National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish, 541、Taylor v. Sturgell, 553、FCC v. AT&T Inc., 562、Milner v. Department of Navy, 562、Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk, 563、Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media、United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
- longtitle：An Act to amend section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 324, of the Act of June 11, 1946 (60 Stat. 238), to clarify and protect the right of the public to information, and for other purposes