薩利什語系

薩利什語系（Salishan languages）是北美原住民的一個語系，一共包括23種語言，現時分為以下三個分支：貝拉庫拉語族、海岸薩利什語族及內陸薩利什語族。

薩利什語言分布在美國華盛頓州以及加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省環薩利什海一帶。

這些語言最顯著的特徵之一是其極為複雜的輔音結構，例如努哈爾克語（Nuxálk）單詞 （國際音標：xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ）「他曾經有過一棵草茱萸」有連續13個輔音，中間沒有元音。

## 分支

薩利什語系總共有23種語言，下列為這個語系所包括的所有語言、方言及次方言。這個分類表純粹照語言學的角度來分類，不涉及政治分界上的考慮。若依照當地原住民社群的意願，不少方言都被認為應視作獨立的語言。

### 貝拉庫拉語族（Bella Coola）

- 努哈爾克語 (Nuxálk，又名 Bella Coola, Salmon River)

- Kimsquit
- 貝拉庫拉語
- Kwatna
- Tallheo

### 海岸薩利什語族（Coast Salish）

A. 中部海岸薩利什語 (a.k.a. Central Salish)

- Comox

- Island Comox (a.k.a. Qʼómox̣ʷs)
- Sliammon (Homalco-Klahoose-Sliammon) (a.k.a. ʔayʔaǰúθəm)

- 哈爾魁梅林語

Island (a.k.a. Hulʼq̱ʼumiʼnumʼ, həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓)

- Cowichan
- Snuneymuxw/Nanaimo

Downriver (a.k.a. Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ)

- Musqueam

Upriver (a.k.a. Upper Sto:lo, Halqʼəméyləm)

- Katzie
- Kwantlen
- Chehalis (Canada)
- Chilliwack
- Tait
- Skway

- Lushootseed (a.k.a. Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually, Dxʷləšúcid)

Northern

- Skagit (a.k.a. Skaǰət)
- Snohomish (a.k.a. Sduhubš)

Southern

- Duwamish-Suquamish (a.k.a. Dxʷduʔabš)
- Puyallup (a.k.a. Spuyaləpubš)
- Nisqually (a.k.a. Sqʷaliʔabš)

- Nooksack (a.k.a. Nooksack ɬə́čələsəm, ɬə́čælosəm) (†)

- Pentlatch (a.k.a. Pənƛ̕áč) (†)

- Sháshíshálh (a.k.a. Sechelt, Seshelt, Shashishalhem, šášíšáɬəm)

- Squamish (a.k.a. Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš)

i. Straits Salish group (a.k.a. Straits)

- Klallam (a.k.a. Clallam, Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən)

- Becher Bay
- Eastern
- Western

- 北方海峽薩利什語 (a.k.a. Straits)

- Lummi (a.k.a. Xwlemiʼchosen, xʷləmiʔčósən) (†)
- Saanich (a.k.a. SENĆOŦEN, sənčáθən, sénəčqən)
- Samish (a.k.a. Siʔneməš)
- Semiahmoo (a.k.a. Tah-tu-lo) (†)
- Sooke (a.k.a. Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk) (†)
- Songhees (a.k.a. Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ) (†)

- Twana (a.k.a. Skokomish, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad) (†)

- Quilcene
- Skokomish (a.k.a. Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq)

B. Tsamosan (a.k.a. Olympic)

i. Inland

- Cowlitz (a.k.a. Lower Cowlitz, Sƛ̕púlmš) (†)

- Upper Chehalis (a.k.a. Q̉ʷay̓áyiɬq̉) (†)

- Oakville Chehalis
- Satsop
- Tenino Chehalis

ii. Maritime

- Lower Chehalis (a.k.a. ɬəw̓ál̕məš) (†)

- Humptulips
- Westport-Shoalwater
- Wynoochee

- Quinault (a.k.a. Kʷínayɬ)

- Queets
- Quinault

C. Tillamook

- Tillamook (a.k.a. Hutyéyu) (†)

Siletz

- Siletz

Tillamook

- Garibaldi-Nestucca
- Nehalem

### 內陸薩利什語族（Interior Salish）

A. 北部（Northern）

- Shuswap language (在 Ubuntu 作 Secwepemctsín，səxwəpməxcín)

東部方言

- Kinbasket
- Shuswap Lake

西部方言

- Canim Lake
- Chu Chua
- Deadman's Creek–Kamloops
- Fraser River
- Pavilion-Bonaparte

- Stʼatʼimcets (a.k.a. Lillooet, Lilloet, St'át'imcets)

- Lillooet-Fountain
- Mount Currie–Douglas

- Thompson River Salish (a.k.a. Nlakaʼpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nɬeʔkepmxcín, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians)

- Lytton
- Nicola Valley
- Spuzzum–Boston Bar
- Thompson Canyon

B. 南部（Southern）

- Coeur d』Alene (a.k.a. Snchitsuʼumshtsn, snčícuʔumšcn)

- Columbia-Moses (a.k.a. Columbia, Nxaʔamxcín)

- Chelan
- Entiat
- Columbian
- Wenatchee (a.k.a. Pesquous)

- Colville-Okanagan (a.k.a. Okanagan, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən)

Northern

- Quilchena & Spaxomin
- Arrow Lakes
- Penticton
- Similkameen
- Vernon

Southern

- Colville-Inchelium
- Methow
- San Poil–Nespelem
- Southern Okanogan

- Spokane-Kalispel-Bitterroot Salish-Upper Pend d'Oreille

- Salish (a.k.a. Séliš, Bitterroot Salish, Flathead)
- Kalispel (a.k.a. Qalispé)
- Chewelah
- Kalispel (a.k.a. Qlispé, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel)
- Upper Pend d』Oreile (a.k.a. Čłqetkʷmcin, Qlispé)
- Spokane (a.k.a. Npoqínišcn)

Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, 及 Tillamook 等多個語言現時均已消亡。此外，北方海峽的 Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees 及 Sooke 等方言亦同樣已消亡。

## 參考資料

### 參考文獻

- Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society.
- Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish languages and linguistics: Theoretical and descriptive perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015492-7.
- Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee.
- Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
- Kuipers, Aert H. (2002).Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. ISBN 1879763168
- Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa,z\v1995.
- Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O..
- Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books. ISBN 9781430469278
- Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp. 979–1045). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
- Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 692–765). Austin: University of Texas Press.

## 外部連結

- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91083
- Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages (YDLI)
- University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL) (Native languages of the Northwest)
- Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography
- Coast Salish Collections
- International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages
- The Salishan Studies List (Linguist List)
- Okanagan language resources (includes sound files)
- Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem
- Saanich (Timothy Montler's site)
- Klallam (Timothy Montler's site)
- A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics
- Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship
- Ethnologue classification for Salishan
- Nkwusm Salish Language Institute

## 基本資料

- 譜系學分類：Salishan
- 地區：加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞，美國華盛頓州
- 譜系學分類：美洲原住民語言
- 譜系學分類：American
- 分支：貝拉庫拉語族
- 分支：海岸薩利什語族
- 分支：內陸薩利什語族
- iso2：sal
- iso5：sal
- 語言學家列表：SS
- 位置：Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages（紅色）