蜻蛉目

蜻蛉目（學名：Odonata）的昆蟲主要包括蜻蜓和豆娘，又名丁蛵、虰蛵。這些昆蟲有著碩大的複眼、兩對強而有力的透明翅膀，與及修長的腹部。

蜻蛉目為肉食性昆蟲。頭部靈活，複眼發達，單眼3個。觸角短，4-7節。翅膀4翼，細長。腹部修長。為不完全變態，稚蟲水棲，無蛹期。蜻蛉目的昆蟲包含「豆娘」和「蜻蜓」二大類；細長的身體、二對透明的翅膀、一對大複眼是牠們的共同特徵。種類繁多，目前全世界已知約有5900種以上。

## 蜻蜓和豆娘的差異

- 蜻蜓身體較為扁平粗壯，兩側的複眼距離較近，甚至連接；停棲時其翅膀平展至兩側。成語「蜻蜓點水」就是描述牠的產卵動作，卵在水裡孵化成稚蟲（水蠆），稚蟲沒有尾鰓，以直腸腮呼吸。
- 豆娘身體較為纖細，頭部似啞鈴狀，兩側為明顯的複眼，停棲時多數種類會將上下翅疊合在一起。稚蟲（水蠆）尾部有3個葉片狀的尾絲即是尾鰓。

兩類幼蟲的生態相似，均以捕捉小型魚類、蝌蚪或其它水生昆蟲為食。

## 分類

以下列表根據2014年Zootaxa的分類作成：

### 上尾亞目 Epiprocta

#### 昔蟌下目 Epiophlebioptera（=間翅亞目 Anisozygoptera）

- 昔蜓總科 Epiophlebioidea
- 昔蟌科（蟌蜓科） Epiophlebiidae

#### 差翅下目 Anisoptera

- 晏蜓總科（蜓總科） Aeshnoidea
- 晏蜓科（蜓科）Aeshnidae
- 澳蜓科 Austropetaliidae
- 古蜓總科 Petaluroidea
- 古蜓科 Petaluridae
- 春蜓總科 Gomphoidea
- 春蜓科（箭蜓科）Gomphidae
- 勾蜓總科 Cordulegastroidea
- 臀套大蜓科 Chlorogomphidae
- 勾蜓科（大蜓科）Cordulegastridae
- 新蜓科 Neopetaliidae
- 蜻蜓總科 Libelluloidea
- 澳蜻蛉科 Synthemistidae
- 大蜻科（山蜻蛉科）Macromiidae
- 弓蜓科（偽蜓科）Corduliidae
- 蜻蜓科（蜻科） Libellulidae

### 均翅亞目 Zygoptera

- 絲蟌總科 Lestoidea
- 歧蟌科 Hemiphlebiidae
- 絲蟌科 Lestidae
- 洵蟌科 Synlestidae
- 環蟌科 Perilestidae
- 短脈蟌總科 Platystictoidea
- 短脈蟌科（扁蟌科） Platystictidae
- 珈蟌總科 Calopterygoidea
- 麗蟌科 Amphipterygidae
- 珈蟌科（河蟌科、色蟌科）Calopterygidae
- 鼓蟌科（鼻蟌科）Chlorocyphidae
- 幽蟌科 Euphaeidae
- 擬絲蟌科 Lestoideidae
- 蹣蟌科 Megapodagrionidae
- Philogangidae
- 美蟌科 Polythoridae
- Pseudolestidae
- 細蟌總科 Coenagrionoidea
- 琵蟌科 Platycnemididae
- 細蟌科 Coenagrionidae

科的地位未定的屬：

Ablepsites｜Gistl, 1848

Accaphila｜Kirby, 1909

Acrophlebia｜Cowley, 1942

Acrotropia｜Schummel, 1828

Adelophebia｜Pritykina, 1980

Aeschnopsis｜Cowley, 1942

Africalestes｜Kennedy, 1920

Agrion｜Leach, 1815

Anaciagrion｜Kennedy, 1920

Anapetes｜Burmeister, 1839

Andrephlebia｜Bechly, 2019

Anomalura｜Kennedy, 1920

Anomothemis｜Handlirsch, 1906

Anticordulia｜Needham & Bullock, 1943

Antitaxineura｜Tillyard, 1935

Apeleutherus｜Kirby, 1900

Archaeallagma｜Kennedy, 1920

Archiclops｜Karsch, 1891

Archithemis｜Handlirsch, 1906

Aurorachlorus｜Carle, 1995

Austrolestidion｜Tillyard, 1916

Austrolibellula｜Petrulevicius & Nel, 2003

Austroprotolindenia｜Beattie & Nel, 2012

Azuma｜Needham, 1904

Balticoagrion｜Bechly, 2012

Bechlya｜Jarzembowski & Nel, 2002

Brachybasis｜Kirby, 1890

Brunellopteron｜Béthoux, Deregnaucourt & Norrad, 2021

Burmastenophlebia｜Huang et al., 2018

Cacergates｜Kirby, 1889

Caenoneura｜Kirby, 1890

Caleimokaltania｜Zalesskii, 1955

Calesynthemis｜Carle, 1995

Calopteryx de｜Charpentier, 1839

Camptotaxineura｜Tillyard, 1937

Carpentertypus｜Zessin, 1983

Celaenura｜Kennedy, 1917

Ceratopyga｜Nunney, 1895

Cercus｜Hong, 1982

Cerdanyagrion｜Nel, Arillo & Martinez-Delclos, 1996

Ceylanicolestes｜Fraser, 1924

Chalcargia｜Kennedy, 1920

Chloroneura｜Laidlaw, 1917

Chromatoptera｜Schummel, 1828

Cladophlebia｜Pritykina, 1981

Clydonophlebia｜Cowley, 1942

Cnemophila｜Wallengren, 1894

Coenargiocnemis｜Fraser, 1949

Condalia｜Whalley & Jarzembowski, 1985

Cornacantha｜Martin, 1908

Cratostenophlebia｜Bechly, 2007

Cretahemiphlebia｜Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998

Cretalestes｜Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998

Cretaneophyla｜Jarzembowski & Nel, 1996

Cretapodagrion｜Huang et al., 2017

Cretarchistigma｜Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998

Cyanargia｜Kennedy, 1920

Cymatophlebiella｜Pritykina, 1968

Cymatophlebiopsis｜Cowley, 1942

Cynaothemis｜Ris, 1915

Cyptolestes｜Williamson, 1921

Daemhippus｜Navás, 1927

Diargia｜Calvert, 1909

Dinosamarura｜Pritykina, 1985

Diplacodina｜Förster, 1905

Disparonevra｜Selys, 1860

Dissurus｜Hong, 1982

Ditaxineurella｜Martynov, 1940

Dolaeschna｜Needham, 1907

Doropteron｜Zalessky, 1946

Echinopterogomphus｜Fraser, 1926

Eocalopteryx｜Cockerell, 1920

Eodichroma｜Cockerell, 1923

Eodysphaea｜Bechly, Romain, Aase, Karr, Grance & Nel, 2020

Eolestes｜Schmidt, 1943

Eolibellula｜Kennedy, 1922

Eorogomphus｜Carle, 1995

Eotania｜Carle & Kjer, 2002

Eothaumatoneura｜Pongrácz, 1935

Epacantha｜Martynov, 1929

Epallagites｜Cockerell, 1924

Epilestes｜Martynov, 1937

Erasipteroides｜Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989

Erasipteron｜Pruvost, 1933

Erythragrion｜Selys, 1876

Esaulestes｜Fraser, 1957

Estemoa｜Giebel, 1856

Euarchistigma｜Carle & Wighton, 1990

Euchlorolestes｜Kennedy, 1920

Eugomphus｜Kennedy, 1947

Eurothemis｜Kennedy, 1922

Gallostenophlebia｜Nel et al., 2015

- Gallostenophlebia incompleta Nel et al., 2015

Gasophlebia｜Linnaeus, 1982

Geisfeldiella｜Kuhn, 1951

Goniostigma｜Kennedy, 1920

Hageniella｜Meunier, 1898

Haplostigma｜Kennedy, 1920

Hawaiiagrion｜Kennedy, 1920

Hebeiaeschnidia｜Hong, 1982

Heliargia｜Kennedy, 1920

Helothemis｜Karsch, 1890

Hemerobioides｜Buckland, 1838

Hemistigmoides｜Calvert, 1899

Hemizygopteron｜Zalesskii, 1955

Hesperaeschna｜Cockerell, 1913

Hispanocoenagrion｜Nel, Arillo & Ortuno, 1997

Hologomphus｜Bartenev, 1914

Holotania｜Kirby, 1889

Homothetus｜Scudder, 1867

Huabeia｜Hong, 1983

Hyponevra｜Selys, 1854

Hypostrophoneura｜Munz, 1919

Idionevra｜Selys, 1860

Indogomphus｜Fraser, 1922

Indomacromia｜Fraser, 1924

Indorogomphus｜Carle, 1995

Ischnallagma｜Kennedy, 1920

Ischnogomphus｜Williamson, 1918

Ischnuragrion｜Longfield, 1947

Ischuridia｜Donnelly, 1965

Italolestes｜Nel, Petrulevicius, Gentilini & Martínez-Delclòs, 2005

Italophlebia｜Whalley, 1987

Ixtahua｜Feldmann, Vega, Applegate & Bishop, 1998

Jacquesoudardia｜Prokop, Roques & Nel, 2014

Josocora｜Kennedy, 1940

Jujusia｜Petrulevicius & Nel, 2002

Kazachophlebia｜Pritykina, 1968

Kazakhophlebiella｜Nel, Bechly, Jarzembowski & Martinez-Delclos, 1998

Kirbygomphus｜Karsch, 1896

Kobdoneura｜Pritykina, 1985

Koreatriassothemis｜Nel, Nam & Jouault, 2022

Laragithemis｜Linnaeus, 1982

Leptargia｜Kennedy, 1920

Leucopteryx｜Fraser, 1933

Liadothemis｜Handlirsch, 1906

Liaostenophlebia｜Daran, Wang, Jarzembowski, Wang, Chang & Zhang, 2016

Libanolestes｜Azar, Prokop & Nel, 2010

Libella｜Selys, 1840

Libellulites｜Charpentier, 1840

Lithaeschna｜Cockerell, 1907

Litheuphaea｜Fraser, 1955

Lodevia｜Nel, Gand, Garric & Lapeyrie, 1999

Longchampia｜Kirby, 1890

Lutetialestes｜Greenwalt & Bechly, 2014

Macrosoma de｜Haan, 1826

Magnasupplephlebia｜Zessin, 1982

Malamarptis｜Karsch, 1890

Malayaeschna｜Förster, 1909

Malayogomphus｜Förster, 1914

Marmaraeschna｜Calvert, 1952

Megalaeschna｜Selys, 1867

Megasemum｜Maneval, 1936

Megatypus｜Tillyard, 1925

Mesostenophlebia｜Fleck, Bechly, Martinez-Delclos, Jarzembowski, Coram & Nel, 2003

Micrargia｜Kennedy, 1920

Microdiplax｜Selys, 1889

Monocoloptera｜Karsch, 1900

Morbaeschna｜Needham, 1907

Myagrion｜Förster, 1914

Nadiplax｜Navás, 1916

Namurotypus｜Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989

Negomphoides｜Muttkowski, 1910

Neocysta｜Kirby, 1889

Neoligaeschna｜Carpenter, 1985

Neonevra｜Selys, 1860

Neophlebia｜Selys, 1869

Neorogomphus｜Carle, 1995

Neotetrum｜Kennedy, 1922

Neothemis｜Karsch, 1889

Neritophlebia｜Pritykina, 1981

Nesocnemis｜Selys, 1891

Nesocria｜Kirby, 1889

Neureclipa｜Navás, 1911

Neurocena｜Kirby, 1900

Neurothemls

Nevrocordulia｜Selys, 1871

Nevrolestes｜Selys, 1882

Nonymophlebia｜Pritykina, 1981

Nunneygomphus｜Karsch, 1896

Nympheutria｜Karsch, 1894

Oahuagrion｜Kennedy, 1920

Oligoaeshna｜Piton & Theobald, 1939

Oligoargiolestes｜Kennedy, 1925

Oligotypus｜Carpenter, 1931

Orogomphus｜Selys, 1878

Orthaeschnites｜Haupt, 1956

Oryctothemis｜Handlirsch, 1906

Oxygomphus｜Lacroix, 1921

Palaeobasis｜Kennedy, 1920

Palaeophlebia｜Brauer, Redtenbacher & Ganglbauer, 1889

Palaeothemis｜Martynov, 1932

Palpoplevra｜Rambur, 1842

Pamita｜May & Carle, 2005

- Pamita hannahdaltonae May & Carle, 2005

副春蜓屬｜Paragomphus｜Handlirsch, 1939

Paralestes｜Schmidt, 1951

Parapetala｜Huang, Nel & Lin, 2003

Parazygoptera｜Bechly, 1997

Parelthothemis｜Handlirsch, 1906

Passeria｜Martin, 1915

Paurophlebia｜Pritykina, 1981

Perissophlebia｜Tillyard, 1918

Permagrion｜Tillyard, 1928

Permothemis｜Martynov, 1934

Petrothemis｜Handlirsch, 1906

Pigiphila｜Buchecker, 1876

Plagiophlebia｜Bode, 1953

Podothemis｜Ris, 1909

Potamothemis｜Kirby, 1889

Preia｜Gistl, 1848

Pritykiniella｜Nel, Bechly, Jarzembowski & Martinez-Delclos, 1998

Procordulagomphus｜Nel & Escuille, 1995

Progonophlebia｜Tillyard, 1925

Projagoria｜Martynov, 1929

Promegalestes｜Petrulevicius & Nel, 2004

Propecymatophlebia｜Huang et al., 2017

Prophaon｜Fraser, 1941

Protagrion｜Brongniart, 1893

Protonevra｜Selys, 1857

Pseudoliupanshania｜Zheng, Zhang, Zhang & Nel, 2022

Pseudomacromia｜Carle & Wighton, 1990

Pseudorthemis｜Förster, 1899

Pseudosamarura｜Linnaeus, 1976

Pycnothemis｜Handlirsch, 1939

Rabru｜Béthoux, De la Horra, Benito, Barrenechea, Galán & López-Gómez, 2009

Reschiostenophlebia｜Bechly, 2019

Rhabdothemis｜Handlirsch, 1939

Risioneura｜Munz, 1919

Rudiaeschna｜Ren & Guo, 1996

Samarura｜Brauer, Redtenbacher & Ganglbauer, 1889

Santanagrion｜Bechly, 2010

Saxonagrion｜Nel, Gand, Fleck, Bethoux, Lapeyrie & Garric, 1999

Schizonyx｜Karsch, 1890

Schizothemis｜Sjöstedt, 1899

Schlechtendaliola｜Handlirsch, 1919

Scytolestes｜Martynov, 1937

Secundaeschna｜Goetz, 1923

Sinocymatophlebiella｜Li, Nel, Ren & Pang, 2011

Sinophlebia｜Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993

Sogdothemis｜Martuinov, 1937

Solutotherates｜Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989

Stenophlebia｜Hagen, 1866

Stephanotypus｜Zessin, 1983

Sterope｜Heer, 1849

Steropoides｜Kirby, 1890

Syntetrum｜Kennedy, 1922

Syrrhoe｜Bode, 1953

Taeniogaster｜Selys, 1854

Taolestes｜Needham, 1928

Tarsophlebiopsis｜Tillyard, 1923

Telleallagma｜Kennedy, 1920

Telmaeshna｜Zhang, Ren & Pang, 2008

Temnostigma｜Handlirsch, 1939

Terskeja｜Pritykina, 1981

Tetragonia｜Hagen, 1849

Thanetophilosina｜Nel, Martinez-Delclos, Papier & Oudard, 1997

Thecagaster｜Selys, 1854

Thecaphora｜Charpentier, 1839

Tillyardagrion｜Martynov, 1927

Tillyardia｜Bolton, 1922

Triaeschna｜Campion, 1916

Triassophlebia｜Tillyard, 1922

Tricholestes｜Fraser, 1951

Truemania｜Bolton, 1934

Urothemis｜Hagen, 1875

Valerea｜Garrouste et al., 2016

Vanderia｜Kirby, 1890

Vestinus｜Kennedy, 1920

Voltzialestes｜Nel, Papier, Grauvogel-Stamm & Gall, 1996

Vulcagrion｜Nel & Paichele, 1994

Whalleyala｜Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989

Wolfgangeuphaea｜Nel, 2020

Xanthostoma｜Selys, 1850

Xenogomphus｜Needham, 1944

Xerolestes｜Fraser, 1951

Yixianstenophlebia｜Nel & Huang, 2015

## 外部連結

昆蟲圖庫：蜻蛉目 - 臺北市南港區南港國民小學：蟲蟲微機

## 基本資料

- fossil_range：Early Permian
- 說明：(Hemicordulia tau) dragonfly
- 母公司：4
- 學名：Odonata
- 命名者：Fabricius, 1793
- subdivision_ranks：亞目
- 栽培群成員：均翅亞目 Zygoptera、上尾亞目 Epiprocta、差翅下目 Anisoptera、昔蟌下目 Epiophlebioptera