查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士

查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士（Charles Sanders Peirce，p PURSS；1839年9月10日－1914年4月19日），中文常譯為皮爾斯或帕爾斯，是美國哲學家、邏輯學家與數學家，被譽為「實用主義之父」。伯特蘭·羅素曾稱其為：「十九世紀後期最有獨創性的思想家之一，當然也是有史以來最偉大的美國思想家。」

## 生平

1839年生於麻薩諸塞州坎布里奇，早年在哈佛大學接受教育，後任教於霍普金斯大學。

皮爾士在其一生中被很大程度上忽視了，直到第二次世界大戰對他的研究文獻仍很缺乏。他的很多巨著仍未出版中譯本。他是數學、研究方法論、科學哲學、知識論和形上學領域中的改革者，他自認為首先是邏輯學家。儘管他主要對形式邏輯做出重要貢獻，他的「邏輯」所含蓋的很多內容現在被稱做了科學哲學和知識論。他發現並創建了作為符號學分支的邏輯學，他發現邏輯運算可以用電子開關電路完成，因此預見了電子計算機。

他被威廉·詹姆士認為是美國當代實用主義的奠基人。

## 參考資料

- Anellis, I.H. (1995) "Peirce Rustled, Russell Pierced: How Charles Peirce and Bertrand Russell Viewed Each Other's Work in Logic, and an Assessment of Russell's Accuracy and Role in the Historiography of Logic," Eprint Modern Logic 5: 270–328.
- Aristotle，"The Categories," Harold P. Cooke (trans.), pp. 1–109 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library。London: William Heinemann，1938.
- Aristotle, "On Interpretation," Harold P. Cooke (trans.), pp. 111–179 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1938.
- Aristotle, "Prior Analytics，" Hugh Tredennick (trans.), pp. 181–531 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1938.
- Boole, George (1854) An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, Macmillan。Reprinted 1958 with corrections, New York: Dover Publications。
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy：
- Atkin, Albert (2006) " Peirce's Theory of Signs ".
- Brent, Joseph (1998), Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life. Revised and enlarged edition, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
- Burch, Robert (2001) " Charles Sanders Peirce, ". Revised, Winter 2005.
- Dewey, John (1910) How We Think, Lexington MA: D.C. Heath。Reprinted 1991, Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books.
- Haack, Susan (1998) Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Houser, Nathan (1989) " The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Peirce Papers, " Fourth Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Perpignan, France, 1989. Published, pp. 1259–1268 in Signs of Humanity, vol. 3, Michel Balat and Janice Deledalle-Rhodes (eds.), Gérard Deledalle (gen. ed.), Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 1992.
- Liddell, Henry George，and Scott, Robert (1889) An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon , Oxford UK: Oxford University Press。Reprinted 1991.
- Mac Lane, Saunders (1971) Categories for the Working Mathematician, New York: Springer-Verlag。Second edition, 1998.
- Peirce, C.S. (1877) " The Fixation of Belief, " Popular Science Monthly 12: 1–15. Reprinted CP 5.358-387.
- Peirce, C.S. (1878) " How to Make Our Ideas Clear, " Popular Science Monthly 12: 286–302. Reprinted CP 5.388-410.
- Peirce, C.S. (1899) " F.R.L. (First Rule of Logic), " unpaginated manuscript. Reprinted CP 1.135–140.
- Peirce, C.S., "Application of C.S. Peirce to the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Institution, July 15, 1902." Published in Eisele, Carolyn, ed. (1976) "Parts of Carnegie Application (L75)" in The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce, Vol. 4, Mathematical Philosophy. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton Publishers: 13–73. Eprint version edited by Joseph Ransdell
- Peirce, C.S. (1992) The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Vol. 1 (1867–1893), Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Peirce, C.S. (1998) The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913), Peirce Edition Project, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Robin, Richard S. (1967) Annotated Catalogue of the Papers of Charles S. Peirce . Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
- Taylor, Barry N., ed. (2001) The International System of Units, NIST Special Publication 330 . Washington DC: Superintendent of Documents.
- van Heijenoort, Jean (1967) "Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus," Synthese 17: 324–30.

## 基本資料

- 原文名：Charles Sanders Peirce
- 原文名：en
- 出生日期：1839年9月10日
- 出生地：美國麻薩諸塞州劍橋市
- 逝世日期：1914年4月19日
- 逝世地：美國賓夕法尼亞州米爾福德
- 研究領域：邏輯、數學、統計學、哲學、計量學、化學、實驗心理學、經濟學、語言學、科學史
- 宗教：美國聖公會