子囊菌門

子囊菌門（學名：Ascomycota）是真菌界中種類最多的一個門。顧名思義，本門成員的共同特徵是在有性生殖相產生的後代孢子有一個保護囊，即子囊，這很像哺乳類胎兒都有一個羊膜囊保護一樣。無論是酵母亞門的單細胞有性生殖，還是其餘種屬的多細胞有性生殖，無有例外。但保護孢子的子囊可以是永久的（persistant asci），也可以是稍縱即逝的（evanescent asci），以致在標本準備過程中往往消失而很難看見。子囊菌門成員通常被稱為囊菌或子囊菌，是真菌界最大的門，超過64,000種，與擔子菌門（Basidiomycota）一起構成了雙核亞界（Dikarya）。

在有性生殖時，本門成員包括單細胞的酵母都能形成有蓋或無蓋的、棒狀或卵形的子囊，通常在子囊內進行減數分裂後再進行有絲分裂，最終生成八個子囊孢子。在多細胞真菌，所有子囊均分散於菌絲之中，形成子囊果。子囊果還可以有包被（peridium），作為第二道防線，將所有的子囊保護起來。根據子囊果與包被之間的關係，子囊果又可分為子囊盤（apothecia）、閉被子囊果（cleistothecia）、酒囊子囊果（perithecia）、假包被子囊果（psudothecia）與裸被子囊果（gymnothecium）。裸被子囊果是裸被子囊菌科（Gymnoascaceae）的特徵，他們的子囊成簇或散在分布於菌絲之中，沒有閉被子囊果那樣的全封閉式包被。舉世聞名的羊肚菌的子囊果呈蜂窩狀，每個蜂窩眼其實就是一個子囊盤。

單細胞的酵母的子囊沒有包被作第二道防線，總是裸露的，但它們仍然有子囊。

某些子囊菌門真菌也可以無性生殖，包括芽生、分裂或以分生孢子的方式，但這不是子囊菌門區別於其它真菌門的特徵。無性生殖期本門真菌依環境溫度不同還改變其形態，這一特性稱為雙態性，這些真菌稱為雙態性真菌。阿耶洛雙態菌科的許多成員、組織胞漿菌、隱球菌等都屬於這一類，它們在環境溫度下以絲狀真菌（黴菌）存在，吸入人體後在體內高溫環境下變成單細胞酵母繁殖，給人類或動物造成急性播散性真菌病或慢性機會性感染。

子囊菌門的真菌可寄生、共生、腐生或兼性腐生。對人類有益的種類包括酵母菌、冬蟲夏草、青黴菌、可以食用的羊肚菌等，也有很多種為植物致病菌。

## 分類

子囊菌門是一類較高等的真菌，可分成以下三個亞門：

- 外囊菌亞門 (Taphrinomycotina)
- 粒毛盤菌綱 Neolectomycetes
- 肺孢子菌綱 Pneumocystidomycetes
- 裂殖酵母綱 Schizosaccharomycetes
- 外囊菌綱 Taphrinomycetes
- 酵母亞門 (Saccharomycotina)
- 酵母綱 Saccharomycetes
- 盤菌亞門 (Pezizomycotina)
- 星裂菌綱 Arthoniomycetes
- 座囊菌綱 Dothideomycetes
- 散囊菌綱 Eurotiomycetes
- 蟲囊菌綱 Laboulbeniomycetes
- 茶漬綱 Lecanoromycetes
- 錘舌菌綱 Leotiomycetes
- 李基那地衣綱 Lichinomycetes
- 圓盤菌綱 Orbiliomycetes
- 盤菌綱 Pezizomycetes
- 糞殼菌綱 Sordariomycetes
- 刺盾炱綱 Chaetothyriomycetes

本門包括以下綱：

Archaeorhizomycetes

星裂菌綱｜Arthoniomycetes

Candelariomycetes Coniocybomycetes

座囊菌綱｜Dothideomycetes

散囊菌綱｜Eurotiomycetes

地舌菌綱｜Geoglossomycetes

蟲囊菌綱｜Laboulbeniomycetes

茶漬綱｜Lecanoromycetes

錘舌菌綱｜Leotiomycetes

李基那地衣綱｜Lichinomycetes

粒毛盤菌綱｜Neolectomycetes

Novakomycetes

圓盤菌綱｜Orbiliomycetes

盤菌綱｜Pezizomycetes

肺孢子菌綱｜Pneumocystomycetes

酵母綱｜Saccharomycetes

Sareomycetes｜Beimforde, A.R. Schmidt, Rikkinen & J.K. Mitch. 2020

- Sareales
- Sareaceae
- Zythiaceae

裂殖酵母綱｜Schizosaccharomycetes

糞殼菌綱｜Sordariomycetes

外囊菌綱｜Taphrinomycetes

Xylobotryomycetes

- Xylobotryales
- Cirrosporiaceae
- Cirrosporium S.J.Hughes, 1980
- Cirrosporium novae-zelandiae S.Hughes
- Xylobotryaceae

木菌綱｜Xylonomycetes｜Gazis & P. Chaverri 2012

綱的地位未定的目：

Lahmiales Lauriomycetales Thelocarpales Triblidiales Vezdaeales Wiesneriomycetales

綱、目的地位未定的科：

Coelomycetous Gylactaceae Hyphomycetous Pneumocystidaceae Porpidiaceaea Pyrenolaceae Sphaeriaceae

綱、目和科的地位未定的屬：

B.C.Sutton, 1986

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1917

Kocourková & D.Hawksworth, 2008

Syd.

M.B.Ellis, 1960

C.V.Subramanian, 1992

J.Mena, A.Hernández-Gutiérrez & Mercado, 1999

Petrak, 1937

H.Sydow, 1929

G.Arnaud, 1954

E.M.Fries, 1822

A.P.Morgan, 1902

G.Arnaud ex Cif., 1962

Bonorden, 1851

R.K.Verma, N.Sharma & K.K.Soni, 2008

W.A.Baker & E.C.Partridge, 2001

P.M.Kirk

U.Braun & C.Scheuer, 1995

Kiffer & Reisinger

Mont., 1857

Bonord.

F.C.Deighton & K.A.Pirozynski, 1972

Koorders, 1907

Ferro, 1907

Ehrenb.

H.Sydow, 1927

Pers.

Edward, Kr.P.Singh, S.C.Tripathi, M.K.Sinha & Ranade, 1974

Wallroth

Matsush.

G. Worobiec, F.H. Neumann & E. Worobiec 2017

- Adendorfia miocenica G.Worobiec, F.H.Neumann & E.Worobiec, 2017

Subram. & Lodha 1964

Pers. 1794

Baazy & J.Win., 1974

Anon.

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, Saikawa, Guarro & Calduch, 1999

Eschweiler, 1824

X.Liu, 1981

D.P.Tiwari & P.D.Agrawal, 1974

R.K.Verma & Kamal, 1987

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

F.von Höhnel, 1903

H.Sydow, 1939

M.N.Kamat & I.K.Kalani, 1964

H.Harmaja, 2002

J.S. Monteiro, S.M. Leão, Gusmão, P.M. Kirk & R.F. Castañeda 2017

- Alcornia sessilispora (Alcorn & P.M.Kirk) J.S.Monteiro, S.M.Leão, Gusmão, P.M.Kirk & R.F.Castañeda, 2017

P.Buchner, 1912

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

H.Klebahn, 1933

Syd.

Nag Raj, 1993

Batista, Ciferri & Nascimento, 1959

Batista, Ciferri & H.Maia, 1959

Subram. & K.Ramakr., 1954

B.A.Abbas, B.C.Sutton, A.Ghaffar & A.Abbas, 2003

M.da Silva, R.F.Castañeda-Ruíz, O.L.Pereira & R.W.Barreto, 2012

Alcalde

B.Sutton

Penz.

Fresen.

Trotter, 1934

U.Braun & M.O.Zhurbenko, 2013

M.L.Farr, 1961

Bat. & Cavalc.

F.von Höhnel, 1916

Petrak, 1941

T.Matsushima, 1996

F.Peláez & R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, 1996

R.F.Castañeda, M.Saikawa & G.L.Hennebert, 1996

F.von Höhnel, 1916

F.von Höhnel, 1919

F.von Höhnel, 1919

T.F.L.Nees, 1818

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, W.B.Kendrick & J.Guarro, 1998

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, D.W.Minter & M.Stadler, 2009

Deighton

B.Sutton

R.M.Kalgutkar & L.Sigler, 1995

J.S.Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

Bubák, 1906

M.-H.Pei & Z.-W.Yuan, 1986

G.P.Heredia, R.F.Castañeda & R.M.Arias, 2010

R.F.Castañeda-Ruiz, G.A.Heredia & R.M.Arias-Mota, 2012

P.O.Costa, Malosso & R.F.Castañeda

Mig.Rodríguez, 1982

J.Mena Portales, A.Mercado Sierra & G.Heredia, 2017

F.von Höhnel, 1912

Sv.Nilsson

Matsushima, 1985

F.C.Deighton, 1969

B.C.Sutton, 1964

Subram., 1962

C.V.Subramanian, 1963

P.R.Johnston, 1999

A.R.McTaggart, R.G.Shivas & U.Braun, 2007

Höhn.

R.Heim, 1952

Fr.

Verona & Zardetta, 1954

Spegazzini, 1888

H.Sydow, 1930

Fresen., 1850

Ciferri, 1962

Ciferri, 1962

B.C.Sutton, 1986

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1919

Petrak, 1925

Petrak, 1954

B.C.Sutton, 1986

Thaxter, 1920

Hennebert

R.F.Castañeda, D.W.Minter & M.Camino-Vilaró, 2003

M.Muntañola-Cvetkovic & A.Gómez-Bolea, 1998

K.Ando

Sigler & J.W.Carmich., 1976

M.Shirai, 1919

A.Trotter, 1931

Sibilia, 1928

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

Ces.

O.Rostr.

L.Sigler, M.T.Dunn & J.W.Carmichael, 1982

S.S.Silva, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

Sacc.

L.B.Conc., M.F.O.Marques, J.S.Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, D.García & J.Guarro, 1998

F.von Höhnel, 1909

C.J.K.Wang & B.Sutton

M.J.Berkeley & Broome, 1875

Spegazzini, 1918

Bat. & H.Maia

Hennings, 1905

Petrak, 1922

V.M.Ranghoo & K.D.Hyde, 1999

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

Bat. & H.Maia

R.Ciferri, 1962

Batista & Ciferri, 1959

A.C.Batista, R.Ciferri & H.S.Maia, 1951

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1903

W.von Brackel, 2011

Spegazzini, 1888

Moreau, 1941

Cantournet, 1949

Gonz.Fragoso, 1917

Petrak, 1948

A.C.Batista & H.Maia, 1960

A.C.Batista, R.Ciferri & H.S.Maia, 1951

Theiss.

A.C.Batista, J.L.Bezerra & H.S.Maia, 1964

Thirumalachar, 1947

Bat.

J.B.Ellis & Everhart, 1897

A.C.Batista & H.Maia, 1962

M.Ota & M.Langeron, 1923

Dearness & Bartholomew, 1924

Höhn.

Tode

Tode ex Palisot de Beauvois, 1805

Matsush.

Petrak, 1938

S.J.Lee, S.A.Strobel, K.Eisenman, B.Geary, P.N.Vargas & S.A.Strobel, 2009

W.P.Wu, B.Sutton & Gange

F.Petrak & H.Sydow, 1927

Lar.N.Vassiljeva, 1989

Bat.

Kunze

M.B.Ellis

H.Zukal, 1887

Kunwar, J.B.Manandhar & J.B.Sinclair, 1986

C.V.Subramanian, 1978

C.V.Subramanian & K.V.Chandrashekara, 1979

C.V.Subramanian, 1994

G.Arnaud, 1952

Diedicke, 1916

P.M.Kirk, 1985

Wallr.

A.Kirulis, 1942

D.Rao & P.R.Rao, 1964

Arnaud, 1954

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

R.Ciferri, 1962

Abdullah, Abdulk. & Goos, 1989

Peres

J.L.Bezerra & M.M.P.Herrera, 1964

Matsush., 1975

F.L.Stevens, 1930

C.V.Subramanian, 1978

Bat. & H.Maia

P.M.Kirk

B.C.Sutton, 1967

R.Dubey, A.K.Pandey & C.Manoharachary, 2011

Manohar., Agarwal & Rao

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

Raciborski, 1900

S.Ahmad, 1967

C.V.Subramanian & D.J.Bhat, 1989

D.Nagaraju, I.K.Kunwar & C.Manoharachary, 2011

S.Kumar, C.Manoharachary & I.K.Kunwar, 2009

D'Souza & Bhat

S.Singh & K.S.Srivastava, 1980?

W.A.Baker & G.A.Morgan-Jones, 2009

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

T.Matsushima, 1975

Matsush.

Jørg.Koch & E.B.G.Jones, 1989

A.P.Viégas, 1960

K.S.Panwar, D.K.Purohit & J.S.Chouhan, 1974

Petrak, 1949

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

F.Schaarschmidt, 1966

R.F.Castañeda, 1985

M.Morelet, 1971

Spegazzini, 1888

D.L.Hawksworth, B.J.Coppins & P.W.James, 1980

C.V.Subramanian & D.J.Bhat, 1989

Ciferri, 1931

B.Fischer & Brebeck, 1894

M.B.Ellis, 1976

T.Matsushima, 1996

J.S.Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

Boedijn, 1937

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

Corda, 1838

Moug. & Fr.

Petrak, 1920

Spegazzini, 1886

T.P.Devi, N.Mathur, Chowdhry, Jasvir Singh & O.Prakash, 2006

Dias & Sousa da Câmara, 1954

Syd. & P.Syd., 1917

Goos & Pirozynski, 1975

Greco, 1916

Preuss, 1852

Berkeley, 1849

J.S.Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

G.Arnaud ex S.Hughes

G.Arnaud, 1952

Subram.

Yanna, W.H.Ho & K.D.Hyde, 2004

Petrak & Ciferri, 1932

J.Rick, 1928

Cavara, 1888

Kuntze

T.R.Nag Raj, 1973

T.Matsushima, 1996

R.F.Castañeda & Iturr., 2000

A.C.Batista, J.L.Bezerra & W.A.Cavalcanti, 1965

A.Ferrer, A.N.Miller, C.Sarmiento & C.A.Shearer, 2012

Link, 1815

Montagne, 1848

Punith. & Spooner

E.W.Berry, 1916

Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, 2017

Marvanová & Marvan, 1963

de Hoog

T.Matsushima, 1975

Petrak, 1955

M.Fiore, 1932

Preuss, 1855

H.Sydow, 1939

D.Hawksw. & Etayo, 2011

D.Hawksw. & Etayo

E.K.Cash, 1945

Tassi, 1902

Abbas, B.Sutton & Ghaffar, 2000

Tassi, 1902

Nawawi & Kuthub.

Syd., 1927

Link

K.D.Hyde & K.A.Seifert, 1992

Pers.

Batista, 1957

Batista & Ciferri, 1963

Berlese, 1896

Gamundí, Aramb. & Giaiotti

N.D.Sharma, 1980

J.Etayo & F.Berger, 2009

Bat.

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & G.Heredia, 2000

T.N.Taylor, M.Krings, J.Galtier & N.Dotzler, 2012

W.A.Baker & Partridge, 2001

A.C.Batista & E.P.Peres, 1963

Matsushima, 2003

Luttrell, 1940

T.R.Nag Raj & W.B.Kendrick, 1988

Subramanian, 1991

Matsushima, 1971

Kodsueb, E.H.C.McKenzie, W.H.Ho, K.D.Hyde, P.Lumyong & S.Lumyong, 2007

Bat. & C.A.A.Costa

Bat., Nascim. & Cif.

Batista & C.A.A.Costa, 1957

U.Braun & M.P.Zhurbenko, 2012

Pratibha, K.D.Hyde & Bhat, 2005

C.H.Peck, 1879

Bonorden, 1851

Nees

Cragin

R.Kar, B.D.Mandaokar & R.K.Kar, 2010

Sacc.

Höhn., 1915

P.Micheli, 1729

G.Arnaud ex B.C.Sutton & C.H.Hodges Jr., 1983

Petrak, 1924

Petrak & H.Sydow, 1923

H.P.Upadhyay, Cavalc. & A.A.Silva

Matsush.

B.C.Sutton & C.S.Hodges, 1978

L.Pampaloni, 1902

F.von Höhnel, 1918

G.Morgan-Jones, 1977

H.Zukal, 1887

Petrak, 1920

F.E.Clements, 1931

Spegazzini, 1910

K.Katumoto, 1975

K.Hara, 1913

Spegazzini, 1910

Speg.

Grev.

Petrak, 1924

Tehon, 1937

K.Katumoto & Y.Harada, 1979

Sacc.

Corda

P.A.Karsten, 1895

Spegazzini, 1919

P.A.Karsten, 1888

C.J.K.Wang & B.C.Sutton, 1984

McKenzie, 1991

Bat. & Cavalc.

Ciferri, 1930

K.A.Seifert, 1987

Viala & Ravaz, 1894

C.Manoharachary, G.Bagyanarayana, N.K.Rao & I.K.Kunwar, 2009

Lib.

W.A.Baker & G.A.Morgan-Jones, 2009

Sierra & J.Mena Portales, 1988

T.Matsushima, 1980

Riess, 1852

B.C.Sutton, 1973

F.C.Deighton & K.A.Pirozynski, 1972

T.R.Nag Raj, 1988

Bainier

V.Holubová-Jechová & R.F.Castañeda, 1986

K.B.Deshpande & K.S.Deshpande, 1966

R.Kar, B.D.Mandaokar & R.K.Kar, 2009

F.DiCosmo, 1984

Petrak & Ciferri, 1932

O.Constantinescu & R.Santesson, 1987

Corda

Ciferri, 1938

R.L.Steyaert, 1961

S.Onofri, 1981

F.C.Deighton, 1965

Brain, 1923

Fragoso, 1925

Petrak, 1930

Petrak, 1932

A.C.Batista & H.Maia, 1965

F.von Höhnel, 1919

Petr., 1929

Petr.

Petr., 1927

A.Hernández Gutiérrez, 2013

Boedijn, 1942

Brain, 1923

B.P.R.Vittal & M.Dorai, 1986

R.J.Bandoni & K.Tubaki, 1985

Peyronel, 1918

Diederich, Van den Boom & Aptroot

Dumortier, 1822

Deighton, 1965

S.C.Ren & X.G.Zhang, 2010

- Cladosporiopsis ovata S.C.Ren & X.G.Zhang

Bat. & Cavalc.

R.A.Samson & H.C.Evans, 1982

Zalewski, 1888

Diederich, 1994

Nawawi, 1976

K.Beneš, 1961

G.F.Sepúlveda, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2008

Sousa da Câmara, 1931

Petr. & Syd.

Nag Raj, 1988

Petrak, 1923

F.Petrak, 1942

Bat. & Peres

Petrak, 1925

F.Stevens & P.A.Young

Punith.

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1913

Petrak, 1955

Wallroth, 1833

Corda, 1829

Calat. & Etayo, 1999

(P.A.Saccardo) E.Gäumann, 1920

Link, 1824

V.Agnihothrudu, 1974

S.P.Stubblefield, T.N.Taylor, C.E.Miller & G.T.Cole, 1983

Charles, 1929

Petrak, 1940

Kunze, 1827

Link, 1809

J.A.Spencer, 1972

G.S.de Hoog & H.A.van der Aa, 1978

Link, 1824

F.von Höhnel, 1902

W.B.Grove, 1886

Petrak, 1947

F.von Höhnel, 1926

Petrak, 1941

Bubák & Vleugel, 1916

Bubák, 1916

K.A.Pirozynski & R.A.Shoemaker, 1971

H.Sydow, 1939

Tehon, 1933

Etayo & Diederich, 1995

T.K.Goh & K.D.Hyde, 1998

Spegazzini, 1918

Spegazzini, 1889

S.-I.Udagawa & S.Uchiyama, 1999

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

A.B.Doweld, 2013

Holubová-Jechová & Mercado, 1982

H.J.Swart & D.A.Griffiths, 1974

J.Lagarde, 1917

Opiz, 1856

E.M.Fries, 1849

Bubák & Krieg.

Corda, 1839

Klebahn, 1933

Höhn.

K.A.Seifert, 1990

Bonorden, 1864

V.K.Pal, M.Akhtar, N.Ahmad, Kamal & D.K.Agarwal, 2006

Hariot & P.A.Karsten, 1890

Munjal & H.S.Gill, 1961

Subramanian, 2009

Wallroth, 1828

P.A.Saccardo, 1880

A.C.Batista & Bezerra, 1963

Castagne, 1845

Castagne, 1845

G.Morgan-Jones, R.C.Sinclair & A.Eicker, 1987

F.R.Barbosa, R.F.Castañeda & Gusmão

Meyers & Moore

Petrak, 1957

Petrak, 1949

Petrak, 1937

Batista & C.A.A.Costa, 1957

Tehon, 1933

I.Schmidt, 1969

R.Santesson, 1952

Chenantais, 1920

Punith.

Petrak, 1921

B.C.Sutton, 1980

Höhn.

Kunze

S.-I.Udagawa & S.Uchiyama, 1999

R.Kirschner, 2006

R.F.Castañeda

R.K.Kar, R.Y.Singh & S.C.D.Sah, 1972

I.Schmidt, 1985

Arnaud, 1954

Matsush., 1981

Sawada, 1943

M.B.Ellis, 1961

Ducomet, 1907

Petrak, 1949

Petrak, 1965

Petrak, 1941

C.Manoharachary, D.K.Agarwal & N.K.Rao, 2004

Schulzer, 1866

(Berlese & Voglino) von Höhnel, 1925

Bonord.

Bonorden, 1864

R.Maire, 1907

A.C.Batista & R.Ciferri, 1963

Petrak, 1947

Link ex Reichenbach, 1828

Malan, 1943

Spegazzini, 1888

Petrak, 1931

Petr.

Höhn., 1914

Petr., 1920

B.A.Abbas, B.C.Sutton, A.Ghaffar & Abbas, 2004

Died., 1916

Sacc., 1884

Sacc.

Sacc.

Bubák, 1916

Link, 1809

Bizzozero, 1885

J.L.Alcorn, 1987

Harz

Spegazzini, 1912

Höhn.

Petrak, 1924

Bubák, 1916

V.Alstrup & D.L.Hawksworth, 1990

Patouillard & Gaillard, 1888

E.M.Fries, 1825

Bubák, 1915

V.Agnihothrudu, 1972

Massee, 1892

Bausá Alcalde, 1948

Dearness, 1924

Lunghini & Rambelli

M.A.Rifai, 1977

Deighton

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1990

Narasimhan, 1970

Stautz

A.Roldán & M.Honrubia, 1989

M.L.Crié, 1878

Thaxter, 1891

J.J.Taylor, 1970

I.Hino & Katumoto, 1955

B.E.Söderstr. & Bååth, 1979

A.C.Batista, 1959

E.M.Fries, 1836

Sawada, 1944

Batista & Peres, 1963

G.P.White & W.I.Illman, 1988

Mehrlich & Fitzpatrick ex P.N.Rao, 1966

Mehrlich & Fitzpatrick, 1935

M.B.Ellis, 1971

S.R.Whitton, K.D.Hyde & E.H.C.McKenzie, 2012

Corda

Sousa da Câmara, 1931

J.S.Monteiro, L.B.Conc., M.F.O.Marques, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

Batista & Ciferri, 1958

Chardón, 1932

S.J.Hughes, 1951

R.Kar, B.D.Mandaokar & R.K.Kar, 2009

Bat. & Cavalc.

M.B.Ellis

U.Braun, 1999

M.B.Ellis, 1976

Fiuza, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

Sacc. & Ellis

A.C.Batista & J.L.Bezerra, 1965

Sacc. & Marchal

T.W.Johnson & H.S.Gold, 1957

M.Fiore, 1932

Traverso & Migliardi, 1911

Höhn., 1916

Nees

Saccardo, 1880

E.Rangel, 1915

Arnaud, 1954

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1913

A.Mercado Sierra, M.Calduch & J.Gené, 2003

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1990

L.Faurel & G.Schotter, 1965

Omoifo, 1997

Spegazzini, 1910

G.Arnaud

G.Arnaud ex M.B.Ellis

(P.Karst.) Sacc.

F.E.Clements, 1931

Tassi, 1902

Teterenikora-Babayan & Taslakhchian ex R.M.Kalgutkar, E.M.V.Nambudiri & W.D.Tidwell, 1993

Pass.

Diedicke, 1912

G.Arnaud, 1952

Höhn., 1917

Bubák

Diedicke, 1916

Preuss, 1855

K.Beneš, 1961

Prillieux & Delacroix, 1894

T.Matsushima, 1993

Subramanian & K.R.C.Reddy, 1972

Höhn.

(Sacc. & P.Syd.) E.R.Farr

Syd. & P.Syd.

Petrak, 1922

E.G.Simmons, M.R.McGinnis & M.G.Rinaldi, 1987

Kirilenko, 1970

J.S.Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

G.C.Adams, 1996

Ciferri, 1955

I.Promputtha et al., 2003

Petr. & Cif.

L.D.Gómez Pignataro, 1973

K.E.Murashkinski, 1927

P.A.Karsten, 1884

Bubák, 1911

H.Riedl, 1974

C.V.Subramanian, 1978

O.Kuntze, 1891

C.V.Subramanian, 1957

T.Matsushima, 1987

S.A.Hutchinson, 1955

Westend.

K.S.Thind & Rawla, 1961

Subram.

C.V.Subramanian, 1957

Brisson, Piroz. & Pauzé, 1975

N.Srivastava, A.K.Srivastava & Kamal, 1995

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

C.V.Subramanian & J.Muthumary, 1986

D.W.Minter & T.S.Caine, 1980

Samson & Van der Aa, 1975

R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

Fr.

Kohlm., 1968

Bat. & Cavalc.

Syd.

H.Sydow, 1922

Bat. & Cavalc.

Santa Izabel & Gusmão

A.C.Batista, 1956

R.F.Castañeda & X.G.Zhang

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & G.H.Abarca, 2010

Descals

Pinoy, 1911

Berkeley & M.A.Curtis, 1874

F.von Höhnel, 1909

J.F.White & T.N.Taylor, 1988

H.Sydow, 1937

Gjaerum

Petrak, 1922

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, O.Morillo & D.W.Minter, 2010

Cooke

A.Tsuneda & M.L.Davey, 2011

Duvernoy & Maire

M.B.Ellis, 1966

Petrak, 1949

Petrak, 1923

W.H.Ho, Yanna, K.D.Hyde & Goh, 2005

Malencon

Corda, 1838

F.Petrak, 1959

H.Sydow, 1939

A.Funk, 1973

R.F.Castañeda & Guarro, 1998

Preuss, 1853

F.Stevens, 1925

Hanula, Andreadis & M.Blackwell, 1991

Schulzer, 1866

C.Beimforde, H.Dörfelt & A.R.Schmidt, 2011

T.N.Hermann, 1979

V.Calatayud & V.Atienza, 1995

C.W.Dodge & E.D.Rudolph, 1955

Spegazzini, 1920

Tode

E.M.Fries, 1849

U.Budathoki & S.K.Singh, 1995

P.A.Karsten, 1892

U.Braun

Syd.

F.A.Roemer, 1845

Spegazzini, 1910

Petrak, 1947

Spegazzini, 1888

Patouillard, 1922

Spegazzini, 1910

C.H.Phadke, 1981

Petrak & Sydow, 1926

Petrak & Sydow, 1927

G.R.W.Arnold, 1970

P.A.Karsten, 1889

Caballero, 1941

J.L.Crane & J.D.Schoknecht, 1977

Sacc.

Weedon, 1926

F.von Höhnel, 1912

F.Petrak & H.Sydow, 1927

K.Beneš, 1961

Norman, 1885

T.Benedek, 1967

B.C.Sutton & E.M.Davison, 1983

Dieder.

V.Calatayud & J.Etayo, 1999

Rolland, 1905

A.Nawawi, 1985

Alas.

K.A.Seifert, 2009

B.Sutton

DiCosmo, 1978

K.D.Hyde & Goh

Niessl, 1875

Minter & Caine

G.Morgan-Jones & Kamal, 1984

Pers., 1822

Speg., 1910

K.K.Baker & M.Zaim, 1979

(Sacc.) P.Karst.

Parreiras Horta, 1919

B.C.Sutton, 1977

P.A.Saccardo, 1886

K.Matsushima & T.Matsushima, 1996

Arnaud, 1952

Spegazzini, 1910

Corda

J.Webster & R.A.Davey

Petrak, 1952

Sérusiaux & Lücking, 2007

V.Alstrup & U.Søchting, 2009

Spegazzini, 1888

T.R.Nag Raj, 1975

C.V.Subramanian, 1992

Subram. & Vittal

A.Borowska, 1977

Petrak, 1942

T.Matsushima, 1995

B.J.Dyko & B.C.Sutton, 1979

S.J.Dijkstra, 1949

J.Schröt.

K.Ando, 1993

Schkorbatow, 1912

Descals & Marvanová

Marvanová & Descals, 1985

Arnaud, 1954

Preuss

G.L.Barron, 1964

F.Tassi, 1904

Chardón, 1939

B.C.Sutton & I.G.Pascoe, 1987

O.M.Fonseca, 1943

T.Matsushima, 1989

T.Matsushima, 1989

C.V.Subramanian & B.C.Lodha, 1964

Corda, 1837

G.F.Sepúlveda, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

G.F.Sepúlveda, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

Lloyd, 1923

S.B.Sullia & K.R.Khan, 1984

Weindlmayr, 1964

Colby

Cavara, 1892

F.von Höhnel, 1902

Fr.

Montagne, 1851

Adanson, 1763

R.Kumar, A.N.Rai & Kamal, 1994

Gusmão, J.S.Monteiro & R.F.Castañeda

Corda, 1839

E.A.Vainio, 1921

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1919

G.Morgan-Jones, Kamal & R.K.Verma, 1986

N.K.Rao & C.Manoharachary, 1989

F.L.Stevens, 1918

P.A.Saccardo & J.B.Ellis ex P.A.Saccardo, 1882

Fuckel

Boedijn, 1951

Rambelli & Bartoli

Massee & E.S.Salmon, 1902

Corda

Cif., Bat. & I.J.Araujo

Hafellner & Sancho

Clem.

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1909

H.Sydow, 1938

E.G.Simmons, 1981

Corda, 1837

Bat. & C.A.A.Costa

M.L.Farr, 1986

Syd.

Syd. & P.Syd.

Henn.

Oudem., 1903

Erikss., 1889

H.Sydow, 1925

Spegazzini, 1912

Mont.

Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., 1991

C.Drechsler, 1975

Wilczynski, 1911

Sacc.

F.von Höhnel, 1925

Manoharachary, N.K.Rao, D.K.Agarwal & Kunwar, 2004

Unger

Racovitza, 1959

Nicot, 1960

D.W.Minter & R.F.Castan

B.C.Sutton, 1980?

Linder, 1931

Matsush.

V.Holubová-Jechová, 1991

F.C.Deighton, 1960

R.M.Kalgutkar & L.Sigler, 1995

S.Hughes, 1958

P.S.van Wyk, W.F.O.Marasas, S.W.Baard & P.S.Knox-Davies, 1985

Arnaud, 1954

Arnaud, 1954

G.Arnaud ex Rambelli, 1960

F.von Höhnel, 1902

I.Hino & K.Katumoto, 1960

Lunghini & Rambelli, 1979

Marvanová

Bonord.

G.F.Sepúlveda, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

Spegazzini, 1880

Holubová-Jechová, 1992

Subramanian, 1992

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1916

Petrak, 1947

(Sacc.) Tassi

E.J.Butler

Petrak, 1951

Tassi, 1902

P.M.Kirk & B.Sutton

M.Morelet, 1969

H.Sydow, 1938

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

Thaxter, 1903

Sacc.

Sawada, 1944

E.F.Morris, 1972

Petrak, 1950

E.M.Fries

Bail, 1860

D.L.Olivier, 1983

Pers.

Hara & Hino, 1961

Cesati, 1856

A.Mercado, 1983

R.F.Castañeda, 1985

Bat. & Valle

K.K.S.Matsunaga, R.A.Stockey & A.M.F.Tomescu, 2017

Sacc.

Preuss

M.Blackwell & J.W.Kimbrough, 1979

Sumstine, 1914

H.Sydow, 1939

F.von Höhnel, 1923

Preuss

(Saccardo) Trotter, 1921

J.Guarro, L.Punsola & J.A.von Arx, 1986

J.C.Lindquist & I.J.Gamundi, 1970

Révay & J.Gönczöl, 2007

D.Nagaraju, I.K.Kunwar, G.Sureshkumar & C.Manoharachary, 2011

Mustafa, 1977

Spegazzini, 1918

Woronichin, 1916

T.Yokoyama, 1974

R.F.Castañeda, J.Guarro & J.Cano, 1996

T.Matsushima, 1975

Tassi, 1900

B.A.Abbas, B.C.Sutton, A.Ghaffar & Abbas, 2003

Tulasne & C.Tulasne, 1865

A.Ferrer, A.N.Miller, C.Sarmiento & C.A.Shearer, 2012

J.Gönczöl & Á.Révay, 1985

Fr.

Bat.

(P.A.Saccardo) F.von Höhnel, 1916

Fr.

F.L.Stevens, 1927

Pers., 1822

Rebentisch ex Nocca & Balbis, 1821

Ciferri, 1962

Lodha & K.R.C.Reddy

T.Matsushima, 1993

Nag Raj

Patouillard, 1892

B.C.Sutton & I.G.Pascoe, 1989

H.Sydow, 1939

Petrak, 1923

Fr., 1825

P.Karsten, 1905

H.T.Geyleron Nordenskiöld, 1887

Hilitzer, 1929

Gruia, 1964

Brain, 1923

B.C.Sutton, 1967

Shoemaker & Hambleton, 2001

A.Hern.-Gut. & B.Sutton

V.Vujanovic, 2003

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.Gams, 1997

Ciferri, 1951

R.F.Castañeda, 1985

J.L.Crane & J.D.Schoknecht, 1983

D.Hawksw. & M.S.Cole

E.P.Peres, 1961

Deighton, 1969

Henn.

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1914

J.Etayo & F.Berger, 2013

Kuthub. & Nawawi

Matsush.

P.M.Kirk

C.V.Subramanian, 1958

Petrak, 1921

Gonz.Fragoso & Ciferri, 1925

M.B.Ellis

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

J.Pratibha, 2013

A.Nawawi & A.J.Kuthubutheen, 1992

M.Krings & T.N.Taylor, 2012

M.Krings & T.N.Taylor, 2012

B.C.Sutton & H.J.Swart, 1986

Minter & Hol.-Jech.

G.Delgado, 2011

Diederich & M.S.Christ.

K.T.van Warmelo & B.C.Sutton, 1981

K.H.Anahosur, 1969

Kamal, R.K.Verma & G.Morgan-Jones, 1986

D.Hawksw.

D.L.Hawksworth, 1981

B.C.Sutton, V.G.Rao & Mhaskar, 1976

R.C.Harris & J.C.Lendemer, 2013

K.Sulc, 1907

M.N.Kamat, K.I.M.Varghese & V.G.Rao, 1987

P.M.Kirk

Bresadola & P.A.Saccardo, 1902

Bat. & Peres

A.C.Batista & J.L.Bezerra, 1960

K.Ando, 1993

Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 2005

A.Roldán, M.Honrubia & L.Marvanová, 1990

Chona, Munjal & J.N.Kapoor, 1958

Hodges & F.A.Ferreira

Rifai, 1968

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, 1986

G.V.Rao & K.A.Reddy, 1981

U.Braun

E.M.Fries, 1849

Hosagoudar, 2003

P.R.Rao & D.Rao, 1964

- Kumanasamuha arakuensis T.Raman, Ren.Rao & D.Rao
- Kumanasamuha geaster
- Kumanasamuha kalakadensis Subram. & Bhat
- Kumanasamuha novozelandica L.Hunter & W.B.Kendr.
- Kumanasamuha sundara P.Rag.Rao & D.Rao
- Kumarisporites ramanujamii (P.Kumar) Kalgutkar & Janson.

D.Hande & A.Subhedar, 2001

B.C.Sutton, 1991

Fr.

Sacc.

Subram.

El.Marchal, 1895

Petri, 1917

C.V.Subramanian, 1978

Plunkett, 1925

Cavalcante & Silva, 1972

Matsush.

Sérusiaux & Diederich, 2005

J.B.Ellis & Everhart, 1889

T.Matsushima, 1975

Zambettakis, 1955

Spegazzini, 1918

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1913

Petr. & Syd.

G.V.Rao, K.A.Reddy & de Hoog, 1984

Matsush.

F.A.Uecker, W.A.Ayers & P.B.Adams, 1982

Dieder.

Maire

E.Rangel, 1915

Moniez, 1887

Brain, 1923

B.Sutton & Crous, 1997

P.N.Chowdhry, 1985

Petrak, 1923

D.Hawksw. & B.Sutton

Ciferri, 1954

G.Morgan-Jones & R.C.Sinclair, 1983

Linder

Tribondeau, 1899

W.Gams, 2009

G.Arnaud, 1918

Bat. & H.Maia

Died.

Höhn.

Spegazzini ex F.von Höhnel, 1923

Petr.

I.E.Brezhnev, 1939

Spegazzini, 1909

Chardón, 1939

(Sacc.) Sacc.

Sacc.

Höhn.

Corda, 1842

Batista, H.Maia & Peres, 1960

Theissen & H.Sydow, 1918

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1917

G.R.W.Arnold, 1971

Corda, 1833

Matsushima, 1985

E.M.Fries, 1848

Diederich & Etayo, 1995

S.Kondratyuk & I.Kudratov, 2002

Calatayud & Etayo, 2001

H.Zukal, 1884

Keissl., 1911

D.Hawksw. & Hafellner

V.Calatayud & J.Etayo, 1999

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1912

Höhn.

R.Keller, 1895

Penzig & P.A.Saccardo, 1901

R.Kar, B.D.Mandaokar & R.K.Kar, 2009

P.M.Kirk

Borelli, 1968

Abdel-Aziz & Abdel-Wahab, 2011

Maire, 1937

Subram., 1954

C.V.Subramanian, 1956

Speg.

Spegazzini, 1910

M.Adanson, 1763

Kirschst.

R.F.Castañeda & W.B.Kendr.

Morgan-Jones, 1975

R.Ciferri, 1962

Yanna & K.D.Hyde, 2009

T.Johnson, 1904

Sacc.

Patouillard, 1898

Grev.

G.Arnaud

B.C.Sutton & S.D.Patil, 1966

Hallier, 1870

L.J.Hutchison & J.Reid, 1988

Bat. & H.Maia

G.Arnaud, 1918

N.K.Rao, D.K.Agarwal & Kunwar, 2005

B.C.Sutton, 1991

Laxa

V.G.Rao & K.I.M.Varghese, 1977

Bubák

Syd.

A.Imshenetski & A.Kriss, 1933

Boulanger

R.F.Castañeda & Heredia

V.G.Rao & Varghese, 1979

Patouillard, 1898

G.L.Barron & E.Szijarto, 1990

Tode

F.C.Deighton, 1960

Cif. et al.

S.Hughes

Sacc., 1913

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1917

Toit, 1967

Melanosella Örösi-Pál, 1936

Sacc.

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1990

L.Mangin & Hariot, 1907

J.Mena, 1988

Syd.

Spegazzini, 1924

Petrak, 1950

M.Morelet, 1988

R.C.Harris & J.C.Lendemer, 2013

Ciferri, 1930

F.Stevens

Höhn.

C.A.A.Costa & Sousa da Câmara, 1955

Dias & Sousa da Câmara, 1952

Höhn.

Sousa da Câmara, Oliveira & Luz, 1936

R.C.Pereira-Carvalho, G.Sepúlveda-Chavera & J.C.Dianese, 2009

Speg.

Speg.

A.C.Batista, 1963

Petr.

V.Atienza & D.Hawksw.

Punith. & Spooner

T.R.Nag Raj, 1993

Bat. & Cavalc.

Etayo

Dumortier, 1822

E.Castellani, 1943

Patouillard, 1918

Breton & Faurel, 1970

U.Braun, 1994

Alcorn, 1975

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

Spegazzini, 1918

Bonord., 1851

Corda, 1837

Castellani & Chalmers, 1913

Gäumann, 1922

Costantin & Dufour, 1921

Castellani & Chalmers, 1907

P.Rag.Rao & D.Rao

Urries, 1956

M.Morelet, 1968

C.P.Robin, 1853

Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid, 1990

M.Morelet, 1972

Thaxter, 1914

Thaxter, 1914

R.Sprague, 1959

K.B.Deshpande & K.S.Deshpande, 1966

Sawada, 1928

S.Marincowitz, M.J.Wingfield & P.W.Crous, 2008

P.A.Saccardo, 1877

Vainio, 1928

R.F.Castañeda

Ducomet, 1907

H.A.Naumov, 1915

S.A.Hutch., 1955

K.Matsushima & T.Matsushima, 1996

Goos, 1970

K.M.Zalessky, 1915

E.M.Fries, 1825

F.Wyss-Chodat, 1927

A.C.Batista & J.L.Bezerra, 1960

U.Braun & C.T.Rogerson, 1993

F.von Höhnel, 1918

M.C.Tulloch

M.L.Farr

Petrak, 1955

Höhn.

De Not. ex Corda

D.P.Jouvenaz & J.W.Kimbrough, 1991

Cesati ex Rabenhorst, 1851

S.Q.Abbas & B.C.Sutton, 1988

Schlechtendal

R.L.Munjal & D.D.Kulshrestha, 1969

Corda

Caballero, 1941

Sacc., 1881

A.Negru, 1960

H.Sydow, 1931

Bubák & Kabát

P.A.Karsten, 1888

F.von Höhnel, 1923

Roth ex Kuntze

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

V.A.Mel'nick, 1984

S.R.Whitton, E.H.C.McKenzie & K.D.Hyde, 2001

B.C.Sutton, 1980

A.C.Batista, 1960

T.Watanabe, 1995

Pratibha & Bhat, 2006

V.G.Rao, 1994

Ciferri, 1951

Hennings, 1897

Desm.

Goid.

F.von Höhnel, 1925

Punith.

B.C.Sutton, 1983

P.A.Saccardo, 1899

B.C.Sutton & K.V.Sankaran, 1991

Petrak, 1954

Zeller & Goodding, 1935

B.Sutton

N.A.Naumov, 1951

Petr.

U.Braun, 1992

H.Sydow, 1937

Kamal, A.N.Rai & G.Morgan-Jones, 1983

Petr. & Syd.

Petrak & H.Sydow, 1936

Á.Mercado Sierra & J.Mena Portales, 1988

Petrak, 1934

Desm.

F.von Höhnel ex Falck, 1923

A.Nawawi & A.J.Kuthubutheen, 1990

Kravtzev, 1955

Etayo

D.Hawksw.

E.M.Fries, 1849

Mirza, 1963

Peyronel, 1913

W.P.Wu, 2005

F.L.Stevens, 1924

E.Müller & Shoemaker, 1964

(M.C.Cooke & Massee) C.G.Lloyd, 1924

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

E.F.Morris, 1972

K.D.Hyde & B.Sutton, 1992

Nawawi & Kuthub.

B.C.Sutton, 1968

R.C.Sinclair & G.Morgan-Jones, 1979

Sawada, 1959

Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., 2003

- Octopodotus stupendus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

A.Mercado, 1984

H.Sydow, 1930

B.C.Sutton, 1973

B.C.Sutton & D.W.Minter, 1988

Bat. & Cavalc.

A.C.Batista, J.Bezerra & D.J.M.Poroca, 1967

N.W.Radforth, 1958

G.Arnaud ex Rifai, 1965

Sacc.

Kalchbr.

P.A.Karsten, 1887

Bat.

Batista & Marasas, 1966

W.Gams, P.J.Fisher & J.Webster

H.Sydow, 1939

Debey & Ettingshausen, 1859

Spegazzini, 1919

Arnaud, 1952

Petrak, 1955

Kunze ex E.M.Fries, 1849

Linder, 1944

K.Ando & Tubaki, 1983

H.Sydow, 1928

T.R.Nag Raj, 1989

K.G.Mukerji, 1973

E.H.Hallier, 1869

Sigler & J.W.Carmich., 1976

Bubák & Kabát, 1912

A.C.Whitford, 1916

C.V.Subramanian, 1956

L.Marvanová, 1987

Fr., 1836

A.R.Schmidt, H.Dörfelt & V.Perrichot, 2008

Barlinge & Paradkar, 1982

G.W.Rothwell, 1972

A.C.Batista, R.Ciferri & Nascimento, 1959

M.Locquin & C.Prive-Gill, 1984

Currah, Stockey & B.A.LePage, 1998

C.V.Subramanian & N.G.Nair, 1966

V.Rao & B.C.Sutton, 1976?

B.C.Sutton & C.S.Hodges, 1975

R.K.Verma & Kamal, 1987

T.Matsushima, 1993

A.Rambelli, 2008

Y.D.Zhang & X.G.Zhang, 2012

M.M.Thaung, 1979

Thaung, 1979

Petrak, 1925

C.V.Subramanian & K.Sudha, 1989

T.Matsushima, 1993

M.B.Ellis

C.J.K.Wang & B.C.Sutton, 1984

Spegazzini ex Clements & Shear, 1931

D.J.Bhat & B.C.Sutton, 1985

Petr.

Kamal, A.N.Rai & Morgan-Jones

Matsushima, 2003

T.R.Nag Raj, 1976

C.V.Subramanian & J.Muthumary, 1979

Matsushima, 2003

M.B.Ellis, 1976

U.Braun, B.Heuchert & K.Schubert, 2006

de Hoog & Morgan-Jones, 1978

Budathoki, 1997

M.M.Thaung, 1976

M.B.Ellis, 1972

T.Matsushima, 1996

Petrak, 1953

W.B.Grove, 1884

J.C.David, 1991

Bat. & C.A.A.Costa

M.K.M.Wong & K.D.Hyde, 2002

F.R.Barbosa et al.

M.B.Ellis, 1976

F.C.Deighton & K.A.Pirozynski, 1972

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, 1986

A.W.Ramaley, 2002

D.H.Linder, 1933

Grove ex Petch

Petch, 1922

Speg., 1889

D.L.Hawksworth, 2001

P.Raghuveer Rao, 1981

(P.A.Saccardo) T.Petch, 1924

(Sacc.) Sacc.

Bat. & H.Maia

Punith.

Bat. & H.Maia

Henn.

F.von Höhnel, 1907

H.Sydow, 1925

A.C.Batista & A.F.Vital, 1959

A.C.Batista & A.F.Vital, 1959

Giard ex Sacc. & Trotter, 1913

Subramanian, 1992

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1990

H.Karsten, 1843

E.M.Fries, 1822

J.Félix, 1894

L.Pampaloni, 1902

Fr.

H.Sydow, 1927

Baral & B.Perić

Sacc. & Ellis ex Sacc.

C.V.Subramanian & K.R.C.Reddy, 1968

H.T.Geyleron Nordenskiöld, 1887

Petrak, 1955

F.Petrak, 1955

W.A.Cavalcante, 1969

Partridge & Morgan-Jones, 2002

M.Calduch, J.Gené & J.Guarro, 2002

R.F.Castañeda, Gusmão, Guarro & Iturr.

Spegazzini, 1924

Udaiyan, 1992

G.Cuboni, 1891

F.von Höhnel, 1909

Theissen & H.Sydow, 1914

F.von Höhnel, 1918

Udagawa & Iwatsu, 1990

Petrak, 1954

D.Dornelo-Silva & J.C.Dianese, 2004

Spegazzini, 1912

Spegazzini, 1908

R.F.Castañeda, Heredia & R.M.Arias, 2007

Keissler ex Petrak, 1941

P.W.Crous & B.C.Sutton, 1997

F.von Höhnel, 1925

Speg.

C.R.Silva, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

A.C.Batista & R.Ciferri, 1963

Armando, Z.M.Chaves & Dianese

Petrak, 1947

C.V.Subramanian, 1956

Bat. & Cif.

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1914

Dumortier, 1822

Matsush., 1975

Udaiyan & V.S.Hosagoudar, 1992

T.Matsushima, 1995

D.Mukherjee, 2012

Linder, 1944

Udaiyan, 1992

F.C.Deighton, 1969

E.M.Fries, 1849

F.von Höhnel, 1924

Petrak, 1922

Petr. & Syd.

Petrak, 1947

Clem.

G.F.Sepúlveda, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

F.von Höhnel, 1924

Petrak, 1954

Hennings, 1904

Subram. & N.G.Nair, 1966

J.Mena Portales & Á.Mercado Sierra, 1987

d'Hérelle, 1909

E.M.Fries, 1825

Tassi, 1902

C.W.Dodge, 1948

Rulamort

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1990

Spegazzini, 1910

Arnaud, 1954

J.B.Manandhar T.W.Mew, 1996

Siboe, P.M.Kirk & P.F.Cannon, 1999

Léveillé, 1845

Bubák, 1914

V.Holubová-Jechová, 1988

J.Mena Portales & A.Mercado Sierra, 1987

L.Faurel & G.Schotter, 1966

(E.M.Fries) Saccardo, 1896

(Fr.) Fuckel

P.A.Saccardo, 1914

Petrak, 1949

T.Kowalski & T.N.Sieber, 1992

H.Sydow, 1938

Bubák, 1916

Petrak, 1921

Patouillard, 1897

Maire, 1917

H.Sydow, 1931

Bubák, 1916

Petrak, 1949

Corda, 1831

F.von Höhnel, 1915

Syd.

Petrak, 1922

Bat. & A.F.Vital

Petrak, 1929

T.R.Nag Raj, 1979

T.R.Nag Raj, 1977

C.L.Shear, 1902

Bat. & Cif.

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1920

Bat. & Valle

Bat. & A.F.Vital

A.C.Batista, 1961

H.Sydow, 1927

H.Sydow, 1916

Desmazières & Montagne, 1849

G.Arnaud, 1911

C.Drechsler, 1971

F.von Höhnel, 1926

Petrak, 1931

Petrak, 1934

Marvanová & S.H.Iqbal

Petr.

H.Sydow, 1928

Corda, 1837

B.Sutton

Petrak & H.Sydow, 1925

Bubák, 1916

R.Kirschner & U.Braun, 2002

B.J.Dyko & B.C.Sutton, 1979

Van Tieghem, 1887

J.B.Ellis & Everhart, 1894

Schwein.

A.Batista, R.C.Valle & G.E.P.Peres, 1961

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

T.-K.Goh & K.D.Hyde, 1998

Ingold

Mont.

Bat. & Peres

R.Srivastava & R.K.Kar, 2004

Matsush.

T.P.Devi & N.Mathur, 2009

Arnaud, 1954

A.C.Batista, 1959

T.Matsushima, 1993

O.Constantinescu & K.A.Seifert, 1988

Bat. & H.Maia

J.Walker, 1966

A.Mercado, 1983

Descals

M.Morelet, 1971

Hennings, 1904

U.Braun, 2000

Dumortier, 1822

Holubová-Jechová, 1985

T.Matsushima, 1996

A.C.Batista & G.E.P.Peres, 1964

Preuss

E.Punithalingam, 1984

T.P.Devi, 2012

Sorokin, 1877

P.A.Saccardo, 1881

Batista & Vital, 1955

Batista, 1957

Sacc. & M.Rousseau

S.H.Iqbal

S.Singh, 1979

U.Braun, 2000

Dyko & B.Sutton, 1978

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

P.Karst.

Kamal, A.N.Rai & G.Morgan-Jones, 1984

F.Petrak, 1969

Punith. & Spooner

Petrak, 1923

F.von Höhnel, 1918

L.R.Tehon & G.L.Stout, 1929

U.Braun

(P.Karst.) Sacc.

R.Laubert, 1911

Briosi & Farneti, 1906

A.Sivanesan & H.S.Chang, 1995

F.von Höhnel, 1907

E.F.Morris

von Höhnel, 1915

G.R.W.Arnold, 1970

P.W.Crous & M.E.Palm, 1999

Petrak & Sydow, 1927

Faurel & Schotter, 1965

N.D.Sharma, 1977

Höhn.

K.Katumoto, 1975

Elenkin, 1922

M.B.Ellis

M.Fiore, 1932

U.Braun, 1993

W.P.Wu, B.C.Sutton & A.C.Gange, 1998

Spegazzini, 1919

Murashkinski, 1928

T.Matsushima, 1983

Y.Kobayasi, 1983

Briosi & Farneti, 1906

E.Punithalingam, 1980

B.S.Venkatachala & R.K.Kar, 1969

Bubák, 1906

Munt.-Cvetk. & Gómez-Bolea, 1995

A.E.Martinez & A.M.Godeas, 1997

F.von Höhnel, 1927

Subram.

B.Sutton & Hodges

W.A.Baker & Morgan-Jones

F.von Höhnel, 1902

Cooke

Wakefield & Hansford, 1943

P.M.Kirk

Spegazzini, 1888

Spegazzini, 1886

L.Faurel & G.Schotter, 1965

Bonorden, 1851

A.W.Ramaley, 2001

I.J.Gamundí, A.M.Arambarri & A.L.Giaiotti, 1981

R.A.Toro, 1934

E.Punithalingam & N.D.Sharma, 1980

Batista & C.A.A.Costa, 1959

Brefeld, 1881

Batista, A.A.Silva & Cavalcante, 1967

J.Kohlmeyer & B.Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 2001

T.Matsushima, 1996

H.Sydow, 1924

Rulamort, 1990

C.Z.Wei, Y.Harada & K.Katumoto, 1997

Diederich & Etayo

Golovin, 1950

Kuntze

Siegel, 1909

N.D.Sharma & G.P.Agarwal

A.C.Batista, 1952

Died., 1913

Sv.Nilsson

P.Karsten ex von Höhnel, 1917

Clements, 1909

Petrak, 1951

M.B.Ellis

Cavalcante, 1972

Lunghini, Pinzari & Zucconi

A.Nawawi & A.J.Kuthubutheen, 1989

Bat. & H.Maia

L.Faurel & G.Schotter, 1965

T.Matsushima, 1995

K.Sawada & S.Katsuki, 1959

S.L.Srivastava, 1981

Kamat & Ullasa ex Ullasa, 1970

N.K.Rao, C.Manoharachary & R.D.Goos, 1989

S.R.Whitton, K.D.Hyde & E.H.C.McKenzie, 2012

Voglmayr & Delgado-Rodríguez, 2003

F.R.Barbosa, Fiuza & R.F.Castañeda

G.Z.Zhao, 2010

B.C.Sutton, C.C.Carmarán & A.I.Romero, 1996

Lindr.

Bubák, 1910

R.K.Saxena & N.K.Misra, 1990

Deighton & Piroz.

Henn.

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, D.W.Minter & M.Stadler, 2010

H.Sydow, 1939

Petrak, 1925

Balbiani, 1889

F.von Höhnel, 1915

Persoon ex Wallroth, 1833

P.M.Kirk

T.Matsushima, 1996

Sacc. & Marchal

G.Arnaud ex de Hoog

Corda

Trail

P.F.Reinsch, 1875

R.Chodat & Sigriansky, 1911

B.C.Sutton, 1986

E.M.Fries, 1819

B.Sutton & R.Campb.

A.C.Batista & Ciferri, 1959

Zimm.

Batista, J.L.Bezerra & Cavalcante

Briosi & Farneti, 1906

Willk.

Unamuno, 1940

J.A.von Arx, 1957

Spegazzini, 1884

Peyronel, 1915

A.Funk, 1979

A.Ferrer, A.N.Miller, C.Sarmiento & C.A.Shearer, 2012

Petrak, 1952

A.Hernández-Gutiérrez & J.Mena Portales, 1996

R.F.Castañeda, 1984

Kuntze

S.Marchand & D.Cabral, 1976

Bat., Cif. & Nascim.

Cesati ex Schlechtendal, 1851

Ciferri & Montemartini, 1958

Subram.

Subram.

Kujala, 1946

Linder, 1944

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

C.V.Subramanian, 1994

K.B.Deshpande & K.S.Deshpande, 1966

Verona & Rambelli, 1962

U.N.Saikia, 1981

F.von Höhnel, 1905

D.S.King & S.C.Jong

Ehrenberg ex A.T.Brongniart, 1824

S.C.Ren, J.Ma & X.G.Zhang, 2010

- Sativumoides punicae S.C.Ren, Jian Ma & X.G.Zhang

R.Dubey & N.A.Moonnambeth, 2013

F.E.Clements, 1901

F.L.Stevens, 1927

Deighton, 1965

G.Kunze, 1825

Bat. & C.A.A.Costa

Thüm.

A.C.Batista & Vital, 1960

McAlpine, 1903

Bubák

Pisareva, 1968

Petrak, 1941

H.Sydow, 1935

N.Patouillard, 1890

Diedicke, 1912

F.C.Deighton, 1973

M.J.Berkeley, 1854

H.Sydow, 1926

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1911

Bubák, 1914

A.K.Sarbhoy & A.Sarbhoy, 1975

Petch

T.Iturriaga, R.F.Castañeda-Ruiz & R.Fernández, 2013

K.Matsushima & T.Matsushima, 1996

J.M.Mendoza, 1925

U.Søchting & B.C.Sutton, 1997

Curzi, 1927

Fuckel, 1870

Kunze

A.C.Batista & W.A.Cavalcanti, 1963

J.Dearness & H.House, 1925

Preuss

Gjaerum, 1971

S.H.Iqbal

A.C.Batista, J.L.Bezerra & W.A.Cavalcanti, 1965

K.Ando & Tubaki

Bat. & H.Maia

Batista, 1957

B.A.Abbas, B.C.Sutton & A.Ghaffar, 1998

B.C.Sutton, A.Ghaffar & S.Q.Abbas, 1972

Petrak, 1957

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & W.B.Kendrick, 1991

H.Sydow, 1929

Matsushima, 1971

Hennings, 1904

F.von Höhnel, 1923

Petrak, 1925

Berkeley

W.A.Baker & G.A.Morgan-Jones, 2009

Corda, 1831

Höhn.

Höhn.

E.M.Fries, 1849

D.L.Hawksworth, 1979

E.Punithalingam & B.M.Spooner, 1999

Bat. & A.F.Vital

T.Matsushima, 1995

Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid, 1989

Henn.

Hansford, 1957

Petrak, 1952

Bat. & J.L.Bezerra

V.Robert, C.Decock & R.F.Castañeda Ruiz, 2000

P.A.Saccardo & P.Sydow, 1913

J.Wang, S.Q.Xu & D.B.Strongman, 2010

Bubák

F.E.Clements, 1909

F.von Höhnel, 1925

Petrak, 1923

H.A.Naumov, 1926

F.von Höhnel, 1903

Höhn.

Petrak, 1939

Petrak, 1934

Petrak, 1923

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1916

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1913

N.A.Naumov, 1951

P.Karst.

H.Sydow, 1916

F.von Höhnel, 1904

Höhn.

H.B.P.Upadhyay, 1964

R.K.Saxena & H.P.Singh, 1982

K.L.Pang & J.S.Jheng, 2012

W.B.Kendrick & R.F.Castaneda Ruiz, 1991

Matsushima, 1971

T.Matsushima, 1996

Spegazzini, 1908

Ciferri, 1954

R.Sprague

F.C.Deighton, 1969

O.Kuntze, 1898

B.S.Venkatachala & R.K.Kar, 1969

Fresen.

Bubák, 1916

Bubák

P.A.Karsten, 1892

Magrou & Marneffe, 1946

H.B.P.Upadhyay, 1964

G.Arnaud, 1954

Petrak, 1924

L.Marvanová, 1977

Rafinesque, 1815

J.A.Stalpers, 1974

Harting

Pers.

Petr. & Syd.

Deighton

H.S.Yates, 1918

J.L.Mulder, 1975

Cif.

Scherffel, 1926

Linder

M.B.Ellis

W.C.Williamson, 1878

A.P.Morgan, 1902

F.von Höhnel, 1903

A.Aptroot & H.J.M.Sipman, 2011

P.A.Saccardo, 1894

P.Rag.Rao, 1970

Luteraan, 1952

S.R.Whitton, K.D.Hyde & E.H.C.McKenzie, 2012

J.B.Ellis & Bartholomew, 1902

K.A.Seifert, 1986

Petrak, 1927

P.A.Saccardo, 1884

Tassi, 1902

F.Petrak & H.Sydow, 1927

Emden, 1974

R.Ciferri & A.C.Batista, 1963

Sivichai & E.B.G.Jones, 2004

R.Kar, B.D.Mandaokar & R.K.Kar, 2009

(Sacc.) Syd., P.Syd. & E.J.Butler

Abbas, B.Sutton & Ghaffar, 2002

F.von Höhnel, 1907

Fr.

Rchb.

G.Strobel, W.M.Hess & E.J.Ford, 2001

Van Warmelo & B.Sutton

Alstrup & Olech, 1993

G.Morgan-Jones, R.C.Sinclair & A.Eicker, 1987

Bat. & A.F.Vital

J.L.Alcorn & B.C.Sutton, 1984

A.C.Batista & R.Ciferri, 1959

Preuss, 1851

Chamuris & C.J.K.Wang

G.P.Chamuris & C.J.K.Wang, 1990

F.C.Deighton, 1969

Dal Vesco

E.F.Morris & D.E.Finley, 1965

F.Petrak, 1952

Petrak, 1927

F.von Höhnel, 1918

Petr.

A.C.Batista & H.S.Maia, 1960

Dumortier, 1822

Lév.

H.Sydow, 1927

Boedijn, 1951

J.B.Ellis & Everhart, 1895

Petrak, 1942

B.C.Sutton & T.Kobayashi, 1970

T.K.Goh & K.D.Hyde, 1998

Zambett.

G.J.M.Verkley & A.van der Aa, 1997

Zahlbr., 1897

A.F.Vital, 1956

F.von Höhnel, 1829

A.C.Batista & R.Ciferri, 1959

F.von Höhnel, 1909

B.J.Coppins & S.Y.Kondratyuk, 1995

B.Sutton et al.

M.L.Farr & R.D.Goos, 1989

D.Rao & P.R.Rao, 1964

Narayanan, J.K.Sharma & Minter, 2003

F.von Höhnel, 1915

C.V.Subramanian & K.V.Chandrashekara, 1977

S.Ahmad, 1961

H.C.Evans, 1984

C.V.Subramanian & K.Natarajan, 1976

R.Ciferri, 1963

K.A.Seifert, 2009

Bat. & Cavalc.

Descals

Voglmayr, 1997

G.R.W.Arnold

R.C.Sinclair & S.Boshoff, 1997

F.A.Uecker & F.L.Caruso, 1988

Rabenhorst, 1859

W.A.Baker & G.A.Morgan-Jones, 2009

K.Matsushima & T.Matsushima, 1996

K.R.Aneja & R.Kumar, 1999

Petrak, 1949

H.F.Bonorden, 1851

Dumortier, 1822

Petrak, 1923

M.B.Ellis

P.Karst.

Lunghini & Rambelli, 1979

Alstrup & M.S.Cole

M.D.Mehrotra, 1991

Bat. & A.A.Silva

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1919

K.B.Deshpande & K.S.Deshpande, 1966

G.Strobel, A.Stierle, D.Stierle & W.M.Hess, 1993

A.W.Ramaley, 1992

Batista & Fonseca, 1961

A.P.Viégas, 1962

Hendrickx, 1948

B.C.Sutton, 1993

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1909

A.Nawawi & A.J.Kuthubutheen, 1987

B.J.Dyko, 1978

F.E.Clements, 1909

K.B.Korde, 1986

R.Kar, B.D.Mandaokar & R.K.Kar, 2009

Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 2001

H.J.Huds. & B.Sutton

S.Hughes

T.Matsushima, 1996

Dumortier, 1822

L.S.Olive, 1948

B.C.Sutton & I.G.Pascoe, 1987

C.V.Subramanian, 1956

Y.Rathaiah, 1981

Matsushima, 2003

Oudemans, 1900

Petrak, 1948

A.C.Batista & Costa, 1959

(P.A.Saccardo) P.A.Saccardo, 1913

Höhn.

Kirschstein, 1944

von Höhnel ex von Höhnel, 1909

F.von Höhnel, 1905

Mont.

E.Punithalingam, 1981

G.Weber, F.Spaaij & W.Gams, 1994

R.F.Castañeda-Ruiz, M.M.Granados & M.Mardones, 2013

V.G.Rao, 1994

B.C.Sutton & F.C.Deighton, 1984

Bubák

F.C.Deighton, 1969

C.V.Subramanian, 1985

V.Köfaragó-Gyelnik, 1939

H.B.Bender, 1932

B.C.Sutton, 1986

B.C.Sutton & Sellar, 1966

Vuillemin, 1896

Spegazzini, 1919

Carruthers, 1873

Spegazzini, 1896

Petrak, 1927

C.V.Subramanian, 1995

T.Cantillo

Deighton

G.L.Barron & S.S.Tzean, 1981

D.A.Reid

Beverw.

Corda

Bat.

Clem.

Marchal

Vouaux, 1910

Syd.

Klebahn, 1898

G.F.Sepúlveda, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

D.Dornelo-Silva & J.C.Dianese, 2004

R.C.Pereira-Carvalho, G.Sepúlveda-Chavera & J.C.Dianese, 2009

Speg.

Cavara, 1892

Dumortier, 1822

D.Dornelo-Silva & J.C.Dianese, 2004

Corda, 1829

K.Ando & Tubaki, 1984

Descals

A.Nawawi & A.J.Kuthubutheen, 1988

K.Ando & K.Tubaki, 1988

Fresenius, 1852

Tassi, 1900

C.V.Subramanian, 1978

Höhn.

Matsush.

Ingold

A.Nawawi & A.J.Kuthubutheen, 1987

H.J.Huds. & B.Sutton

Sherwood

H.W.Harkness, 1884

S.R.Whitton, E.H.C.McKenzie & K.D.Hyde, 1999

B.Sutton & Pascoe, 1987

F.von Höhnel, 1909

F.C.Deighton & K.A.Pirozynski, 1972

Paulet, 1791

B.C.Sutton & F.G.Pollack, 1977

J.L.Chen, T.L.Huang & S.S.Tzean, 1999

Cortini, 1921

W.Gams, 1974

Piroz. & Hodges

Negru, 1965

J.Michaelides, L.Hunter & W.B.Kendrick, 1982

H.Klebahn, 1933

(Nyl.) Trevis., 1880

B.Sutton & Hodges

M.A.Abdel-Wahab & T.Nagahama, 2010

Chevallier, 1826

Spegazzini, 1902

Petrak, 1955

Fingerhuth, 1836

V.A.Krassilov, 1967

Goos & Pirozynski, 1975

D.L.Hawksworth & J.Miadlikowska, 1997

von Höhnel, 1929

Bhat et al.

- Vanakripa chiangmaiensis X.G.Tian & Karun.
- Vanakripa chinensis K.Zhang, W.H.Guo, R.F.Castañeda & D.W.Li
- Vanakripa ellipsoidea
- Vanakripa fasciata R.F.Castañeda, M.Stadler & Decock
- Vanakripa gigaspora Bhat, W.B.Kendr. & Nag Raj
- Vanakripa inexpectata S.M.Leão & Gusmão
- Vanakripa inflata (Hol.-Jech.) Melnik
- Vanakripa menglensis D.M.Hu, L.Cai & K.D.Hyde
- Vanakripa minutiellipsoidea Pinnoi
- Vanakripa parva Bhat, W.B.Kendr. & Nag Raj
- Vanakripa rhizophorae R.M.Arias, Heredia & R.F.Castañeda

V.V.Agnihothrudu, 1961

P.Hennings, 1908

Manoharachary, N.K.Rao, Kunwar & D.K.Agarwal, 2006

A.Funk, 1982

S.F.Ashby, 1913

Chona, Munjal & Bajaj, 1957

Armando, Z.M.Chaves & Dianese

D.L.Hawksworth, 1987

H.P.Upadhyay, W.A.Cavalcanti & A.A.Silva, 1986

R.F.Castañeda Ruiz & T.Iturriaga, 1999

T.Matsushima, 1995

R.F.Castañeda & W.B.Kendrick

Mercado, Guarro, Heredia & J.Mena, 2002

G.Delgado, 2009

T.Matsushima, 1993

A.W.Ramaley, 1999

C.Torrend, 1912

C.V.Subramanian & K.R.Chandra-Reddy, 1975

A.Negru, 1964

S.Ahmad, 1967

H.R.Göppert, 1844

Tobler

P.W.Crous, M.J.Wingfield & W.B.Kendrick, 1994

T.Matsushima, 1993

Costantin, 1892

I.Schmidt, 1974

E.A.S.Armando, R.C.Pereira-Carvalho & J.C.Dianese, 2009

S.Hughes

Finley

Etayo, 2002

R.Sprague, 1950

Gawas & Bhat, 2007

O.Kuntze, 1891

Sacc.

F.E.Clements & Shear, 1931

Spegazzini, 1910

Gueidan & Thüs, 2009

Yanna & K.D.Hyde, 2002

Bat. & Peres

B.C.Sutton, 1976

W.A.Baker & E.C.Partridge, 2000

F.von Höhnel, 1920

Bat. & M.P.Herrera

D.J.Bhat & B.C.Sutton, 1985

D.H.Hallbauer, H.M.Jahns & K.T.van Warmelo, 1977

J.Ramsbottom, 1915

T.R.Nag Raj, 1993

Petrak, 1948

D.J.Bhat, W.B.Kendrick & T.R.Nag Raj, 1993

- 雙色擬異參孢 Xenoheteroconium bicolor Bhat, W.B.Kendr. & Nag Raj

F.DiCosmo, S.M.Berch & W.B.Kendrick, 1983

H.Sydow, 1939

H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1919

Petrak, 1949

F.von Höhnel, 1915

D.L.Hawksworth, 1981

Syd. & P.Syd.

B.C.Sutton, 1983

Saccardo

F.E.Clements, 1909

W.A.Baker & Partridge, 2000

Capriotti, 1962

T.R.Nag Raj, 1993

Goh et al.

D.A.C.Almeida & Gusmão

Gour, Dyko & B.Sutton, 1979

B.Sutton

Clauzade & Cl.Roux, 1985

E.H.C.McKenzie, 1991

T.R.Nag Raj, 1993

A.C.Cruz, Gusmão & R.F.Castañeda

B.C.Sutton & R.D.Gaur, 1984

Nag Raj, 1991

J.S.Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F.Castañed

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## 基本資料

- 說明：羊肚菌（學名：Morchella）、波蘭比亞沃維耶扎原始森林
- 學名：Ascomycota
- 命名者：(Berk.) Caval.-Sm. (1998)
- subdivision_ranks：亞門
- 栽培群成員：外囊菌亞門 (Taphrinomycotina)、酵母亞門 (Saccharomycotina)、盤菌亞門 (Pezizomycotina)