拜占庭历

拜占庭历是一套拜占庭（东罗马）帝国与东正教会历史上使用过的历法，历史上被称作“自创世以来的罗马年（Ἔτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατὰ Ῥωμαίους）”或“创世年（古希腊语：Ἔτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου）”或“世界年（古希腊语：Ἔτος Κόσμου）”。东正教的普世牧首辖区于约公元691年至1728年，拜占庭帝国官方于988年-1453年，罗斯诸国于约988年-约1700年使用这套历法，其他受拜占庭影响较大的国家，如塞尔维亚、保加利亚历史上也曾使用这种历法。

这套历法与儒略历基本相同，但仍有两点主要的区别，一是以每年9月1日为新年第一天，纪年法则采用世界纪元，即以上帝创世的第一天为纪年之始。拜占庭宗教界以《旧约圣经》七十士译本中的记载为基础推算的上帝创世之年相当于公元前5509年，拜占庭历的第一年为前5509年9月1日-前5508年8月31日。

## 外部链接

- Byzantine ways of reckoning time
- Calendar Era: Late Antiquity and Middle Ages: Christian era at SMSO Encyclopedia (Saudi Medical Site Online).
- Howlett, J. Biblical Chronology . In, The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
- Chronology of the Biblical Patriarchs.
- Church Calendar at Orthodoxwiki.

Hebrew calendar

- The Era of the Creation at Jewish Encyclopedia.
- The Jewish Calendar by Karl Hagen (medievalist).

## 更多阅读

### 一手来源

- Doukas. Decline and Fall of Byzantium To The Ottoman Turks. An Annotated Translation by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.
- George Syncellus. The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation. Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- 阿伯拉罕·伊本·埃兹拉, Abraham ben Meïr, (1092–1167). Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit). (Vol.1 – Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.
- 塞克斯图斯·尤利乌斯·阿非利加努斯. Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
- 尼基塔斯·霍尼亚提斯. O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates. Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.
- 老普林尼. 博物志 (老普林尼), XVIII, 210.
- St. 该撒利亚的巴西流. Hexæmeron . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819–1893): Volume VIII – Basil: Letters and Select Works. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.
- St. 普瓦捷的依拉略. On the Trinity. Book IV.
- The Rudder (Pedalion): Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk Nicodemus the Hagiorite. First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908, Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.
- 宣信者狄奥法内斯. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.
- 安条克的狄奥菲鲁斯. Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus. Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) – Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).

### 二手来源

21世纪

- Anthony Bryer. "Chronology and Dating". In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack . The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 31–37.
- Dr. Iaakov Karcz. " Implications of some early Jewish sources for estimates of earthquake hazard in the Holy Land ". Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004.
- Fr. Patrick Henry Reardon. Creation and the Patriarchal Histories: Orthodox Christian Reflections on the Book of Genesis. Conciliar Press, 2008.
- Fr. Seraphim Rose. GENESIS, CREATION and EARLY MAN: The Orthodox Christian Vision. St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina, California, 2000.
- Frederick Deland Leete. Christian Brotherhoods. Kessinger Publishing, 2003.
- Paul James-Griffiths. Creation days and Orthodox Jewish Tradition . AnswersinGenesis.org. March 2004.
- Paul Stephenson. "Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion": The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system". November 2006.
- Pavel Kuzenkov. How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμαίους and its rivals. 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London 2006.
- Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). " Russian Calendar (988–1917) ". The Literary Encyclopedia. 25 September 2008.
- Prof. Dr. Marcus Louis Rautman. "Time." In Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp. 3–8.
- Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis. " Gueze – ‘Ethiopian’: the Counterfeit Millennium". September 8, 2007.
- Prof. Dr. Roger T. Beckwith (D.D., D.Litt.). Calendar, Chronology, and Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity . Brill Academic Publishers, 2005. (Dr Beckwith served for twenty years on the Anglican-Orthodox Commission).
- The 正教研习本圣经. St. Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology. Elk Grove, California, 2008.

20世纪

- Barry Setterfield. Ancient Chronology in Scripture . September 1999.
- Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in The Harvard Theological Review, Vol.61, No.3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 451–481.
- Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography. Ktav Pub. House, 1976.
- Dr. Floyd Nolan Jones. Chronology of the Old Testament. Master Books, Arizona, 1993. Repr. 2005. (supports Ussher's chronology, i.e. 4004 BC).
- E.G. Richards. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Elias J. Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980.
- Fr. Stanley S. Harakas. The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers. Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988.
- George Ogg. "Hippolytus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". in Vigiliae Christianae, Vol.16, No.1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 2–18.
- Howlett, J. " Biblical Chronology ". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
- Jack Finegan. Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible. Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.
- Prof. Dr. William Adler. Time Immemorial: Archaic History and its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus. Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989.
- K.A. Worp. Chronological Observations on Later Byzantine Documents. 1985. University of Amsterdam.
- Foss, Clive. "Three Apparent Early Examples of the Era of Creation". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 31 (1978), pp. 241–246.
- Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt. Zutphen, 1978.
- V. Grumel. La Chronologie. Presses Universitaires France, Paris. 1958.
- Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908–14. Vol. 4, pp. 163 .
- Van der Essen, L. " Chronicon Paschale ". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
- Yiannis E. Meimaris. Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia. Athens, 1992.

19世纪以及更早

- John McClintock, James Strong. Cyclopedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Supplement . V.2. Harper, 1887.
- Prof. Fr. Arsenius John Baptist Vuibert (Society of Saint-Sulpice). An Ancient History: From the Creation to the Fall of the Western Empire in A.D. 476 . Baltimore: Foley, 1886.
- Samuel Abraham Poznański. "Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar". in The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Oct., 1897), pp. 152–161.
- Sir 托马斯·布朗. Pseudodoxia Epidemica: Book VI. Ch. 1 – Of sundry common opinions Cosmographical and Historical. 1646; 6th ed., 1672. pp. 321–330.
- The Popular Encyclopedia: being a general dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, biography, history, and political economy . (Vol. 3, Part 1). Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1841.
- Thomas Spencer Baynes. " Chronology: Era of the Creation of the World.” The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. 9th Ed., Vol. 5. A. & C. Black, 1833. pp. 709–754.