美利坚联盟国宪法

美利坚联盟国宪法（Constitution of the Confederate States of America）简称联盟国宪法、邦联宪法（Constitution of the Confederate States），是美利坚联盟国最高法律。该法案于1861年3月11日通过，自1862年2月22日起生效，直至美国内战结束（1865年5月）。从1861年2月8日到1862年2月22日，邦联也根据临时宪法运作。最初的临时宪法位于弗吉尼亚州里士满美国内战博物馆，与后来的版本略有不同通过了。最终的手写宪法位于哈格特善本和手稿图书馆佐治亚大学。其大部分条款逐字复制于合众国宪法；然而，这两份文件在语气和法律内容上存在重大差异，主要是在奴隶制方面。

## 与合众国宪法比较

合众国宪法和联盟国宪法的序言有一些相似之处，但联盟国宪法的作者似乎打算给新的序言赋予不同的感觉。此处提供了两个前言。粗体文字显示之间的差异。联盟国宪法的序言提到了上帝、永久政府以及每个州的主权和独立。

- 合众国宪法序言

译文：我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。

- 联盟国宪法序言

译文：我们联盟国人民，每个州以其主权和独立的特质行事，为了建立一个永久的联邦政府、确立正义、保障国内和平以及为我们自己和我们的子孙争取自由的祝福，恭请全能上帝的青睐和指引，立此宪法，成立美利坚联盟国。

### 文章摘要

联盟国宪法的正文大部分沿用了合众国宪法，但也有一些变化

#### 第一条差异

- Amended Article I Section 2(1) to prohibit persons "of foreign birth" who were "not a citizen of the Confederate States" from voting "for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal."
- Article I Section 2(3) is essentially the same, and the clause still counts only "three-fifths of all slaves" for the population total of each state, just as it did in the US with the Three-Fifths Compromise: "The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand". while in the U.S. Constitution "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand." A proposed Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which had been awaiting ratification by the states would have changed the maximum number of representatives to one for every fifty thousand.
- Amended Article I Section 2(5) to allow the state legislatures to impeach federal officials who live and work only within their state with a two-thirds vote of both houses of the state legislature.
- Concerning the appointment of Senators, Article I Section 3(1) adds "at the regular session next immediately preceding the commencement of the term of service." The state legislature, which then was responsible for the appointment of senators, had to wait until the seat was vacant.
- Article I Section 4(1) deals with elections and adds "subject to the provisions of this Constitution" to the U.S. Constitution Clause. That meant that each state legislature was free to make its own decision except if the constitution laid out other rules. The aforementioned Article I Section 2(1) and Article I Section 3(1) clauses would fall into that category.
- Amended Article I Section 6(2) to allow the House of Representatives and the Senate the ability to grant seats to the heads of each executive department to discuss issues involving their departments with Congress. The clause is the same as the one from the U.S. Constitution and adds:
- Amended Article I Section 7(2) to provide the President of the Confederate States of America with a line-item veto but also required any bill in which the president used the veto in to be resubmitted to both houses for a possible override vote by two thirds of both houses.
- In an attempt to prevent the Confederate Congress from protecting industry, the framers added to Article I Section 8(1):

The phrase "general Welfare" was dropped from the Confederate Clause as well.

Article I Section 8(3) added quite a bit to the U.S. Constitution in an attempt to block the Confederate Congress from appropriating money to build "internal improvements" to "facilitate commerce," with some exceptions allowing for safety and improvement to waterways.

Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.

Article I Section 8(3) of the Confederate Constitution.

- There are changes and additions to Article 1 Section 9 Clauses (1), (2), and (4) that are covered in the Slavery section below.
- The first twelve amendments to the U.S. Constitution, including the Bill of Rights, were directly incorporated into the Confederate Constitution. That was done primarily in Article I Section 9 of the Confederate Constitution, with the first eight amendments to the U.S. Constitution becoming clauses (12) to (19).
- In addition to were three altogether-new clauses in the Confederate Constitution for Article I, Section 9.
- Article I, Section 9(9)
- Article I, Section 9(10)
- Amendments I through VIII are contained, in the same order, in Article I, Section 9(12) through Article I, Section 9(19) (the remainder of the US Bill of Rights is in Article VI).
- Article I, Section 9(20) was added to limit new bills to only one subject presented.

Then in Section 10:

- Article I Section 10(3): That clause limited the Confederate States in their ability to keep troops or to engage in war, but they would have the ability to enter compacts for the improvement of shared rivers.

### Article II

- The President of the Confederate States of America is to be elected by electors, chosen by the individual states, for a single six-year term, rather than a then-unlimited number of four-year terms. Article 2 Section 1(1) reads as: "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He and the Vice President shall hold their offices for the term of six years; but the President shall not be re-eligible."
- Amendment XII of the U.S. Constitution is added here as Article II Section 1(3), (4), and (5)
- Article II Section 1(7) of the Confederate Constitution required candidates for the President of the Confederacy to have resided "within the limits of the Confederate States" for 14 years.

Changes to Article III

- Article III Section 2(1) of the Confederate Constitution combines the first clause of Article III Section 1 in the U.S. Constitution with Amendment XI. The phrase "citizens of the same state" is left out and "and foreign states, citizens or subjects; but no state shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign state" is added in the Confederate Constitution.

Changes to Article IV

- There were changes and additions to Article IV Section 2(1) and Article IV Section 3(3), which are covered in the Slavery section below.
- Article IV Section 3(1) required a two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote for a new state to join the Confederacy.

Changes to Article V

- The Confederate Congress, unlike in the U.S. Constitution, could not propose amendments. Instead, amendments had to be proposed by constitutional conventions in at least three states. The Confederate Constitution also clarified an ambiguity in the U.S. Constitution's Article V by declaring that a national convention could propose only amendments that were suggested by state conventions, as opposed to having the authority to amend the entire Constitution. The process of amendment became easier (Article V Section 1(1)) by requiring only two thirds of the states to ratify, rather than three fourths.

Changes to Article VI

- The Confederate Constitution added a clause to aid with the transition from the provisional government.
- Amendments IX and X of the U.S. Constitution were added here as Article VI Section 1(5), and (6)

Changes to Article VII

- Article VII Section 1(2), with instructions for electing permanent officials after the ratification of the Confederate Constitution, was added.

### Differences by subject

#### Slavery

There were several major differences between the constitutions concerning slavery.

- Whereas the original U.S. Constitution did not use the word "slavery" or the term "Negro Slaves" but instead used "Persons held to Service or Labour," which included whites and Native Americans in indentured servitude, the Confederate Constitution addresses the legality of slavery directly and by name.
- Though Article I, Section 9(1), of both constitutions are quite similar in banning the importation of slaves from foreign nations, the Confederate Constitution permitted the Confederate States to import slaves from the United States and specified the "African race" as the subject. The importation of slaves into the United States, including the South, had been illegal since 1808.

## 联盟国宪法奴隶制

然而，宪法保留国会废除此类进口的权力：

第一条第9(2)条国会还有权禁止从非本邦联成员的任何州或不属于本邦联的领土引进奴隶。

第一条第9(4)款就黑人作出了澄清：

第一条第9(4)条不得通过剥夺公民权法案、事后法律或否认或损害黑人奴隶财产权的法律。

第四条第2(1)节，针对黑人进行了修订：

第四条第2(1)节各州公民享有各州公民的一切特权和豁免权，并有权携带奴隶和其他财产在本邦联任何州过境和居留：并有权上述奴隶的财产不得因此受到损害。

联盟国宪法中增加了一项条款，根据该条款，奴隶制将适用于未来所有希望加入联邦的州：

第四条第3(3)节国会有权为属于邦联各州的所有领土上的居民立法并建立政府，不受各州的限制；并可允许他们在法律规定的时间和方式组建被接纳为邦联的州。在所有这些领土上，目前在邦联各州存在的黑人奴隶制度应得到国会和领土政府的承认和保护：并且几个邦联州和领土的居民应有权将他们在邦联各州或领土上合法持有的任何奴隶带到该领土。

## 签署

- 豪厄尔·科布，国会主席
- 罗伯特·巴恩韦尔·瑞特、克里斯托弗·梅明格、威廉·波彻·迈尔斯、小詹姆斯·切斯纳特、罗伯特·伍德沃德·巴恩韦尔、威廉·沃特斯·博伊斯、劳伦斯·M·凯特、托马斯·杰斐逊·威瑟斯。
- 罗伯特·图姆斯、弗朗西斯·巴托、马丁·詹金斯·克劳福德、亚历山大·史蒂芬斯、本杰明·哈维·希尔、托马斯·里德·鲁茨·科布、尤金尼乌斯·阿里斯蒂德斯·尼斯贝特、奥古斯都·罗马尔杜斯·赖特、奥古斯都·福尔摩斯·凯南。
- 杰克逊·莫顿、詹姆斯·巴顿·安德森、詹姆斯·拜拉姆·欧文斯。
- 理查德·王尔德·沃克、罗伯特·哈迪·史密斯、科林·J·麦克雷、威廉·帕里什·奇尔顿、斯蒂芬·F·黑尔、大卫·P·刘易斯、托马斯·费恩、约翰·吉尔·肖特、贾贝兹·拉马尔·门罗·库里。
- 亚历山大·莫斯比·克莱顿、詹姆斯·托马斯·哈里森、威廉·S·巴里、威廉·悉尼·威尔逊、沃克·布鲁克、威利·P·哈里斯、乔赛亚·阿比盖尔·帕特森·坎贝尔。
- 小约翰·帕金斯、亚历山大·艾蒂安·德·克卢埃、查尔斯·马吉尔·康拉德、邓肯·F·肯纳、亨利·马歇尔 (路易斯安那州政治家)、爱德华·斯帕罗。
- 约翰·亨普希尔 (美国参议员)、托马斯·内维尔·沃尔、约翰·H·里根、威廉姆森·辛普森·奥尔德姆、路易斯·维格福尔、约翰·格雷格 (德克萨斯州政治家)、威廉·贝克·奥奇特里。

## 批准

国会于1861年3月11日开始批准《邦联宪法》：

州份｜日期

1｜

<image>

阿拉巴马州

2｜

<image>

佐治亚州

3｜

<image>

路易斯安那州

4｜

<image>

德克萨斯州

5｜

<image>

密西西比州

6｜

<image>

南卡罗来纳州

7｜

<image>

佛罗里达州

## 基本资料

- 名称：美利坚联盟国宪法、Constitution of the Confederate States
- 说明：宪法正本第一页
- 司法辖区：美利坚联盟国
- 起草：1861年3月11日
- 批准：1861年3月29日
- 生效：1862年2月22日
- 政府分支：3
- 立法机关：两院制
- 行政机关：总统
- 国家结构：联邦制
- 选举人团：是
- 立法机关：1862年2月18日
- 行政机关：1862年2月22日
- 废除：1865年5月5日
- 原始文本：佐治亚大学
- 初审机关：临时国会
- 编剧：临时国会50名代表
- 文本类型：羊皮纸
- 已取代：美利坚联盟国临时宪法