委内瑞拉陆军

委内瑞拉陆军，正式名称为委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国国家军(Ejército Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela), 是委内瑞拉武装部队的六个军种之一。该军队要参与陆上地面军事行动，并应对可能危及国家主权的外部或内部威胁。

陆军直接听令于人民政权国防部。陆军分为六个作战兵种和四个指挥部：作战、后勤、教育和陆军航空兵。

委内瑞拉陆军指挥官、官兵、技术员和军医均毕业于委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔军事大学军事院校，并且会被授予少尉军衔，院校如下:

- 委内瑞拉军事学院,
- Military Academy of Troop Officers Commander in Chief Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías,
- 玻利瓦尔军事技术学院,
- 军事卫生科学院

1821年6月24日，委内瑞拉军队在卡拉沃博战役中战胜西班牙帝国。不久委内瑞拉独立。

## 历史

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### 独立

With the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence on 19 April 1810 and the subsequent war in the country, a 军校 was created in 1810 by decree of the Supreme Board of 卡拉卡斯 for the training of officers for the 共和主义 cause. The 保皇派 reaction was fast and by 1812 the First Republic of Venezuela was dissolved. A war to the death begun (guerra a muerte), with neither side giving quarter. On 11 April 1817, 1,800 Republicans under General Píer won a major victory against the Royalists at San Félix (southeast of Caracas), where the revolutionaries defeated 1,500 Royalists under General Nicolás María Cerruti. The Royalists suffered 593 dead and 497 captured, of whom 160 peninsulares (西班牙人 born in the 伊比利亚半岛). All of the Spaniards were 斩首. The Republicans lost 31 dead and 65 wounded.

The war continued until 1824 with successes and failures on each side. On 7 August 1819, the army of 新格林纳达共和国, under the command of the Liberator 西蒙·玻利瓦尔, defeats the Royalist troops under the command of General José María Barreiro in the Battle of Boyacá, being the first republic of the so-called Bolivarianas (Bolivarians) to obtain their independence of the 西班牙帝国; a day that also celebrates the National Army of Colombia.

The liberating army, whose central nucleus are the infantry battalions of Rifle troops, 跳跃者, Vencedores, the British Legions, plus the contingents of the 枪骑兵 Bravos de Apure of General 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉, and whose contingents are made up mainly of Colombian-Venezuelan troops under the supreme leadership of Bolívar, are now waging the Venezuelan campaign as part of 大哥伦比亚共和国. On 24 June 1821, the Republicans obtained a decisive victory over the Royalists in the battle at Battle of Carabobo, and today is celebrated as the day of the Venezuelan Army.

After the Battle of Carabobo, the remnants of the Royalist armies that managed to escape from the battlefield took refuge in 卡贝略港, while in the east they did the same in 库马纳. Cumaná was taken shortly after by the Republicans, but the heavily fortified city of Puerto Cabello resisted under 攻城战 until 1823, during which time it served as the base for the Spanish reconquest of territories in western Venezuela.

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Afterwards, these troops take part in the Southern Campaign under the command of 元帅 安东尼奥·何塞·苏克雷, and went on to liberate 厄瓜多尔 in the 皮钦查战役, Peru in the Battle of Junín, and Upper Peru (today 玻利维亚) in the 阿亚库乔战役.

### 20世纪

20世纪，委内瑞拉当局依据普鲁士模式下对军队进行改革，这使得军队走上了现代化和专业化道路。不过随之而来的是军队开始干预国政，委内瑞拉出现政治不稳定、政变和独裁统治等局面。在1940年至1958年期间，军国主义在该国政治中占主导地位，1952年时任国防部长希门内斯自任临时总统，推翻委内瑞拉合众国，建立了现在的政权。1958年，民主运动最终迫使军方停止干预国政。

随着佩雷斯希门尼斯的推翻和民主的回归，委内瑞拉军队开始对付国内的由委内瑞拉共产党和左翼革命运动（Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria，MIR）的极端分子领导的民族解放武装部队（Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional，FALN）。此外委内瑞拉军队也参与了联合国在尼加拉瓜的维和行动。

### 21世纪

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21世纪，委内瑞拉军队从俄罗斯手中购买了大量军备，该国军队几乎实现了全面现代化。

委内瑞拉武装部队是拉丁美洲第四大军队，仅次于巴西、哥伦比亚和墨西哥的军队。

## Mission and vision

Its mission, as the ground forces of the 委内瑞拉军事, is to:

- Secure the ground defenses of the nation,
- Contribute to the establishment of democratic institutions and build up respect and full compliance to the laws of the Republic as mandated,
- Support national development and integration,
- And to participate in programs of international cooperation and peacekeeping.

## Functions of the Army

In accordance with the Article 9 of the National Armed Forces Organic Law as amended, the functions of the Army are to

- Organize, train and equip units for ground forces operations
- Establish doctrines for the various operations it has to undertake
- Participate in military mobilization programs
- Maintain the national borders
- And actively achieve readiness to develop technologies and scientifically advances for the advancement of national defense

## Official hymn

### Spanish lyrics

Chorus

Adelante marchemos, valientes, al combate y al rudo fragor

por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.

Por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.

Nuestra sangre es la savia del pueblo y en el pueblo se plasma en canción

es la rosa más pura del viento que en la historia da brillo a la acción,

En las aguas, el aire y la tierra la victoria es el alba inmortal,

si sublime es el triunfo en la guerra, preservemos la gloria y la paz.

Chorus

Y si el brazo extranjero se atreve a infamar de este suelo el honor

antes muerte mil veces nos llegue que rendirnos al torpe invasor,

pues de todas las patrias que el cielo diera al hombre en morada de amor,

es la nuestra el más hondo desvelo en el sueño de un mundo mejor.

Chorus

## 步兵武器

起源｜型号｜口径｜细节｜图片

突击步枪

俄罗斯委内瑞拉｜AK-103｜7.62×39mm｜根据许可证生产 于 2006 年以 5200 万美元购买了弹药。2006 年以 4.746 亿美元签订了两份生产 AK-103 的合同。标准型突击步枪。｜

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比利时｜FN FNC｜5.56×45mm NATO｜玻利瓦尔国民警卫队的队员也使用。｜

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法国｜FAMAS F1｜5.56×45mm NATO｜特种部队旅在数量有限的情况下使用。｜

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战斗步枪

比利时｜FN FAL｜7.62×51mm NATO｜

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机枪

比利时｜FN Minimi｜5.56×45mm NATO｜

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比利时｜FN MAG通用机枪｜7.62×51mm NATO｜

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美国｜M60｜7.62×51mm NATO

美国｜勃朗宁M2重机枪｜12.7×99mm NATO｜

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冲锋枪

德国｜H&K MP5｜9×19mm NATO｜

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以色列｜Uzi｜9×19mm NATO｜

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委内瑞拉｜CAVIM Orinoco IV｜9×19mm NATO｜新的本土设计冲锋枪｜

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比利时｜FN P90｜5.7×28mm｜

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中国｜长风冲锋枪｜9×19mm NATO｜在陆军第 509 特种部队营服役。

手枪

奥地利｜Glock 17｜9×19mm NATO｜

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比利时｜勃朗宁大威力半自动手枪｜9×19mm NATO｜

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狙击步枪

美国｜M14｜7.62×51mm NATO｜

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美国｜M700｜

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俄罗斯｜SVD｜7.62×54mmR｜

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火箭推进榴弹/反战车导弹

瑞典｜AT4｜84×1020mm

瑞典｜RBS 70｜106mm｜

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俄罗斯｜9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)｜72mm｜

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俄罗斯｜RPG-7｜40mm｜

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## 组织

### Army major commands

#### 特种部队

99th Army Special Operations Brigade

### Army divisions and corps

#### 第2步兵师

The 79th Andes Air Defense Artillery Brigade reports directly to the Operational Strategic Command, while being in the 2ID's territorial jurisdiction.

#### 第 3 步兵师

Since 2016 the newly created 34th CCB reports also to the Operational Strategic Command.

## Ranks

Technical Non-commissioned officers and Warrant officers (Army shoulder boards)

Sargento Técnico de Tercera(Junior Warrant Officer)｜Sargento Técnico de Segunda｜Sargento Técnico de Primera (Third WarrantOfficer)｜Maestro Técnico de Tercera (SecondWarrant Officer)｜Maestro Técnico de Segunda(FirstWarrant Officer)｜Maestro Técnico de Primera｜Maestro Técnico Mayor｜Maestro Técnico Supervisor(Chief WarrantOfficer)

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## 陆军历届总司令

Commanding Generals of the Venezuelan Army

Commanding General｜Term in office

MGEN Francisco Rodríguez del Toro｜April 1810– July 1811

Generalissimo 弗朗西斯科·德·米兰达｜Jul 1811 – Aug. 1812

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from 1812 to January 1813.

GEN Santiago Mariño｜Jan. 1813 – Jun. 1813

GEN 西蒙·玻利瓦尔 (first term)｜May 1813 – Dec 1814

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from December 1814 to May 1815.

General in Chief José Tadeo Monagas｜May 1815

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from May 1815 to May 1816.

GEN Simón Bolívar (second term)｜May 1816 – Aug. 1821

GEN Carlos Soublette｜Ago. 1821 – Dic. 1822

GEN 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉｜Dec. 1822 – Jan 1847

General in Chief José Tadeo Monagas (2nd term)｜May 1847 – May 1858

GEN Santiago Mariño (acting)｜Jun 1848 – August 1848

GEN Julián Castro (Venezuelan president)｜March 1858 – August 1859 (acting till May 1858)

GEN Pedro E. Ramos｜Aug 1859 – Dec 1859

GEN León de Febres Cordero｜Dec 1859 – May 1861

GEN 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉 (2nd term)｜May 1861 – Jul 1863

GEN Juan Crisóstomo Falcón｜Jul. 1863 – April 1868

GEN León Colina (acting)｜1864

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (acting)｜1866

GEN Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual｜April 1868 – Jul. 1868

GEN José Tadeo Monagas (3rd term)｜Jul. 1868 – Nov. 1868

GEN Juan Antonio Sotillo｜Nov. 1868 – May 1869

GEN José Ruperto Monagas｜May 1869 – April 1870

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (2nd term)｜April 1870 – Feb. 1877

GEN Francisco Linares Alcántara｜Feb. 1877 – Feb. 1879

GEN José Gregorio Valera｜Nov. 1878 – Feb. 1879 (acting till early February 1879)

GEN José Gregorio Cedeño｜Feb. 1879 (acting, served 12 days)

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (3rd term)｜Feb. 1879 – May 1884

GEN Joaquín Crespo｜May 1884 – April 1886

GEN Antonio Guzmán Blanco (4th term)｜April 1886 – August 1887

GEN Hermógenes López｜August 1887 – June 1888

Doctor Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl｜Jul. 1888 – Mar. 1890

Doctor Raimundo Andueza Palacio｜Mar. 1890 – Oct. 1892

GEN Joaquín Crespo (2nd term)｜Oct. 1892 – Feb. 1898

LTGEN Ignacio Andrade｜Feb. 1898 – Oct. 1899

LTGEN 西普里亚诺·卡斯特罗｜Oct. 1899 – Nov. 1908

LTGEN 胡安·比森特·戈麦斯｜Nov. 1908 – Dec. 1935

LTGEN Eleazar López Contreras｜Dec. 1935 – May 1941

MGEN Isaías Medina Angarita｜May 1941 – Oct 1945

LTCOL Carlos Delgado Chalbaud｜Oct. 1945 – Nov. 1948

LTCOL (later COL, BRIG and MGEN) 马科斯·佩雷斯·希门内斯｜Nov. 1948 – Aug 1954

BRIG Hugo Fuentes｜Aug 1954 – Dec. 1957

BRIG Rafael Virgilio Vivas｜Dec. 1957 – Jan. 1958

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from January 1958 to January 1959.

BRIG Marco A. Moros A.｜Jan 1959 – Feb. 1960

MGEN Pedro J. Quevedo D.｜Feb. 1960 – Jul. 1964

BRIG Pablo A. Flores A.｜Jul. 1964 – Ene. 1968

MGEN Roberto Morean Soto｜Ene. 1968 – Feb. 1970

MGEN Víctor M. Maldonado｜Feb. 1970 – Sep. 1971

MGEN Homero I. Leal T.｜Sep. 1971 – Feb. 1973

BRIG Juan Manuel Sucre Figarella｜Feb. 1973 – April 1974

MGEN Manuel I. Bereciartu P.｜Apr. 1974 – Oct. 1975

MGEN Víctor M. Molino V.｜Oct. 1975 – Jun. 1977

MGEN Ernesto Brandt T.｜Jun. 1977 -Jun. 1978

MGEN Arnaldo Castro｜Jun. 1978 – May 1979

MGEN Ángel V. Berrio Brito｜May 1979 – Jun. 1979

MGEN Tomás Abreu R.｜Jun. 1979 – Jan. 1980

MGen Rafael G. Marín. G.｜Jan. 1980 – Jun. 1981

MGEN Vicente L. Narváez O.｜Jun. 1981 – Jun. 1982

MGEN Luis Octavio Romero｜Jun. 1982 – Jun. 1983

MGEN Luís J. Silva Tirado｜Jun. 1983 – Jun. 1984

MGEN José A. Olavarría｜Jun. 1984 – Jun. 1985

MGEN José Humberto Vivas｜Jun. 1985 – Jun. 1986

MGEN Elidoro A. Guerrero｜Jun. 1986 – Jun. 1987

MGEN Italo del Valle Alliegro｜Jun. 1987 – Jun. 1988

MGEN José María Troconis Peraza｜Jun. 1988 – Jun. 1989

MGEN Carlos J. Peñaloza Z.｜Jun. 1989 – Jun. 1991

MGEN Pedro. R. Rangel R.｜Jun. 1991 – Jun. 1993

MGEN Jorge I. Tagliaferro De Lima｜Jun. 1993 – Jan 1994

MGEN Moisés A. Orozco Graterol｜Feb 1994 – Dec 1994

Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from December 1994 to January the following year.

MGEN Pedro N. Valencia V.｜Jan. 1995 – Jul. 1996

MGEN Pedro Hernández G.｜Jul. 1996 – Jul. 1997

MGEN Wilfredo J. Guerrero Z.｜Jun. 1997 – Jul. 1998

MGEN Rubén M. Rojas Pérez｜Jul. 1998 – Feb. 1999

MGEN Noel E. Martínez Ochoa｜Feb. 1999 – Aug. 1999

MGEN Lucas Rincón Romero、｜Aug. 1999 – Jun. 2001

MGEN Víctor A. Cruz Weffer｜Jun. 2001 – Dec 2001

BRIG (later MGEN) Efraín Vásquez Velasco｜Dec. 2001 – Apr. 2002

MGEN Julio J. García Montoya｜April 2002 – Jan. 2003

MGEN Jorge Luis García Carneiro、｜Jan. 2003 – Jan. 2004

MGEN Raúl Isaías Baduel、｜Jan. 2004 – Jul. 2006

MGEN Pedro Azuaje Apitz｜Jul. 2006 – Jul. 2007

LTGEN Carlos Mata Figueroa、｜Jul. 2007 – Mar. 2009

LTGEN Juan Vicente Paredes Torrealba｜Mar. 2009 – Jul. 2010

LTGEN Euclides Campos Aponte｜Jul. 2010 – Jul. 2012

LTGEN Carlos Alcalá Cordones｜Jul. 2012 – Jul. 2013

LTGEN Alexis Ascension López Ramírez｜Jul. 2012 – Jul. 2014

LTGEN Gerardo Izquierdo Torres｜Jul. 2014– July 2015

LTGEN Juan de Jesús García Toussaintt｜July 2015 – June 2017

LTGEN Jesús Rafael Suárez Chourio｜June 2017 –

(*): Marks promotion to the rank of full General (and appointment as Minister of Defense) after serving term as Commanding General of the Army

## 外部链接

- Sitio oficial del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Defensa de Venezuela
- Sitio oficial del Ejército Libertador (Venezuela)
- Sitio oficial de la Aviación del Ejército del Venezuela
- Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories

## 基本资料

- 原始文本：委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国国家军
- 原文名：Ejército Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela
- 开始日期：1810年4月19日
- 功能：保护国家的永久主权免受任何外部或内部威胁。
- 上级机构：委内瑞拉人民政权国防部
- 冠名自：Our Lady of Mount Carmel
- 格言："自由的缔造者"
- 颜色：蓝色和红
- march：Venezuelan National Army Hymn (Himno del Ejercito Nacional Bolivariano de Venezuela)
- 纪念日：6 月 24 日
- 参与战役：委内瑞拉独立战争、西属美洲独立战争、大哥伦比亚-秘鲁战争、联邦战争、马丘鲁库托突袭、哥伦比亚内战、委内瑞拉危机
- 著名指挥官：弗朗西斯科·德·米兰达、何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉
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