有罪不罚

有罪不罚（impunity）的意思是"exemption from punishment or loss or escape from fines"（免于处罚或损失或逃避罚款）。

在国际人权法中，有罪不罚是指未能将侵犯人权的肇事者绳之以法，因此，这本身就构成了对受害者寻求正义和补救的权利的否定。有罪不罚现象在缺乏法治传统、存在腐败或存在根深蒂固的庇护制度、司法系统薄弱或安全部队成员受到特殊管辖权或豁免权保护的国家尤其常见。有罪不罚有时被认为是否认历史罪行的一种形式。2

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In the international law of human rights, it refers to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to [[justice]] and redress. Impunity is especially common in countries that lack a tradition of the [[rule of law]], suffer from corruption or that have entrenched systems of patronage, or where the judiciary is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special jurisdictions or immunities. Impunity is sometimes considered a form of denialism of historical crimes.<ref name="未命名-20230318192611"/>
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在国际人权法中，指的是未能将侵犯人权的肇事者绳之以法，因此，它本身就构成了对受害者获得正义和补救的权利的剥夺。有罪不罚现像在缺乏法治传统、饱受腐败或有根深蒂固的庇护制度、司法薄弱或安全部队成员受到特殊司法管辖的国家尤为普遍。或免疫。有罪不罚有时被认为是否认历史罪行的一种形式。

## 例子

The 亚美尼亚种族灭绝 was fueled by impunity for the perpetrators of earlier massacres of Armenians早期屠杀亚美尼亚人的肇事者逍遥法外, such as the 1890s 哈米德大屠杀. After the genocide, the 塞夫尔条约 required Turkey to allow the return of refugees and enable them to recover their properties. However, Turkey did not allow the return of refugees and nationalized all Armenian properties. A secret annex to the 洛桑条约 (1923年) granted immunity to the perpetrators of the 亚美尼亚种族灭绝 and put an end to the effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals. Hardly anyone was prosecuted for the systematic murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians. According to historian Stefan Ihrig, the failure to intervene and hold perpetrators accountable made the genocide the "double original sin" of the twentieth century.

## 人权原则

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The amended ''Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity'', submitted to the [[United Nations]] Commission on Human Rights on 8 February 2005, defines impunity as:
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the impossibility, de jure or de facto, of bringing the perpetrators of violations to account – whether in criminal, civil, administrative or disciplinary proceedings – since they are not subject to any inquiry that might lead to their being accused, arrested, tried and, if found guilty, sentenced to appropriate penalties, and to making reparations to their victims.

2005年2月8日提交给联合国人权委员会的经修订的《通过打击有罪不罚的行动保护和促进人权的一套原则》将有罪不罚定义为：

The First Principle of that same document states that:

Impunity arises from a failure by States to meet their obligations to investigate violations; to take appropriate measures in respect of the perpetrators, particularly in the area of justice, by ensuring that those suspected of criminal responsibility are prosecuted, tried and duly punished; to provide victims with effective remedies and to ensure that they receive reparation for the injuries suffered; to ensure the inalienable right to know the truth about violations; and to take other necessary steps to prevent a recurrence of violations.

无论是在刑事、民事、行政、纪律程序中，无论是在刑事、民事、行政、纪律程序中，都无法将违法者绳之以法，因为不受任何可能被指控、逮捕、审判、调查，如果被判有罪，将被判处适当的刑罚，并向受害者作出赔偿。

该文件的第一原则指出：

有罪不罚是由于国家未能履行其调查侵权行为的义务；对肇事者采取适当措施，特别是在司法领域，确保那些涉嫌刑事责任的人受到起诉、审判和应有的惩罚；为受害者提供有效的补救措施，并确保他们获得对所受伤害的赔偿；确保了解侵权行为真相的不可剥夺的权利；并采取其他必要措施防止再次发生违规行为。

真相委员会s are frequently established by nations emerging from periods marked by human rights violations – coups d'état, military dictatorships, civil wars, etc. – in order to cast light on the events of the past. While such mechanisms can assist in the ultimate prosecution of crimes and punishment of the guilty, they have often been criticised for perpetuating impunity by enabling violators to seek protection of concurrently adopted amnesty laws.

The primary goal of the 国际刑事法院罗马规约 of the 国际刑事法院, adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002, is "to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators" ... "of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole".

## 外部链接

- International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page