埃及第三十四王朝

埃及第三十四王朝，又称罗马法老时期，是指在罗马帝国统治埃及时期埃及人民及祭司仍然将罗马皇帝视为埃及法老。他们在壁画上描绘罗马皇帝身着埃及统治者服饰、拥有法老王名。在此期间，埃及人民继续从事宗教政治活动。

尽管埃及人民视罗马皇帝为埃及法老及统治者，但皇帝们自己从未在埃及以外采用任何法老头衔或传统，因为这些在整个罗马世界很难证明是正当的。大多数皇帝可能不太关心埃及人赋予他们的地位，一生中很少访问该省一次以上。埃及行省的管理方式与其他行省的方式有很大的分别。该地的总督是由罗马皇帝亲自挑选，并且通常将其视为个人财产而非省份。虽然并非所有罗马皇帝被视为法老，但埃及宗教要求法老在场，作为人类与众神之间的中间人。由皇帝担任这一角色被证明是最简单的解决方案，类似于几个世纪前波斯皇帝被视为法老的方式（第二十七王朝和第三十一王朝）。

尽管埃及直至641年才被阿拉伯帝国征服，但最后一位获得埃及法老头衔的罗马皇帝为马克西米努斯·戴扎（Maximinus Daza），他是四帝内战中割据帝国东部的小亚细亚、埃及和黎凡特的皇帝。在他那个时代，由于埃及处于罗马帝国的边缘（与埃及作为世界中心的传统法老观点相反），罗马人作为法老的观点已经下降了一段时间。4世纪开始基督教开始传播至罗马各地以及埃及首都亚历山大的改造进入一个主要的基督教中心，迅速地结束了这一传统，因为新宗教与作为法老的传统含义不相容。

皇帝的名字是根据他们名字在希腊语中的译法，用象形文字拼音写成的。这种呈现名字的方式导致罗马法老对现代埃及学产生重大影响，因为阅读他们的名字标志着象形文字破译的重要一步。

## 皇帝—法老列表

肖像｜皇帝｜法老王名｜备注

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｜奥古斯都Augustus30BC-14｜荷鲁斯名：

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ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢwstp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw

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ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt｜普列诺门名：

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ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ

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ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst

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Autokrator｜诺门名：

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Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ

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Kaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr

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Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst

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Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst｜第一位罗马皇帝和第一位控制埃及的罗马统治者。

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｜提比略Tiberius14-37｜荷鲁斯名：

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ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢwstp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw

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ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt｜诺门名：

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Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ

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Kaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr

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Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst

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Kaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst｜Left little impression on Egypt

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｜卡利古拉37–41｜荷鲁斯名：

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kꜢ-nḫt jꜢḫ-stwt-RꜤ-JꜤḥ｜普列诺门名：

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Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst｜诺门名：

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Kaisaros Germanikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt｜Left little impression on Egypt; lifted the ban on Egyptian cults in Rome instituted by Augustus｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜克劳狄乌斯41–54｜荷鲁斯名：

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kꜢ-nḫt ḏd-jꜢḫ-Šw-(m)-Ꜣḫt

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kꜢ-nḫt wḥm-ḫꜤw｜普列诺门名：

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Autokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ꜣst-Ptḥ

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Kaisaros Germanikos

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Kaisaros Sebastos Germanikos Autokrator｜诺门名：

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Tiberios Klaudios

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Tiberios Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw｜Left little impression on Egypt; rebuked requests from Alexandria to gain its own self-governing senate｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜尼禄54–68｜荷鲁斯名：

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ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt wr-nḫw-BꜢqt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Nnw-Mrwr

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ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt｜普列诺门名：

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ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst

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Kaisaros Germanikos｜诺门名：

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Neron

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Neron Klaudios, Ep. ḫw

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Autokrator Neron

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Neron Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫw｜Sent a small group of praetorian guards to explore along the Nile river south of Egypt, perhaps intended as a scouting mission for a later conquests in the region｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜加尔巴68–69｜诺门名：

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Serouios Galbas Autokrator｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜奥托69｜诺门名：

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Markos Othon｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

没有维特里乌斯统治埃及的记录。

韦斯巴芗69–79｜诺门名：

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Ouespasianos

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Ouespasianos ntj ḫw｜First emperor to visit Egypt since Augustus; received a traditional pharaonic coronation｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜提图斯79–81｜荷鲁斯名：

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ḥwnw-nfr bnr-mrwt｜普列诺门名：

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Titos

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Autokrator Titos Kaisaros｜诺门名：

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Ouespasianos｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜图密善81–96｜荷鲁斯名：

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ḥwnw-nḫt jṯj-m-sḫm.f.｜金荷鲁斯名：

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wsr-rnpwt ꜤꜢ-nḫtw｜普列诺门名：

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Ḥr-zꜢ-Ꜣst mrj-nṯrw-nb(w)｜诺门名：

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Domitianos

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Domitianos ntj ḫw

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Domitianos Sebastos Kaisaros｜Introduced Egyptian deities on coins minted in Alexandria and founded temples dedicated to deities such as Isis and Serapis in Italy. Using the trappings of being pharaoh, he also sought to add further legitimacy to imperial rule.｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜涅尔瓦96–98｜诺门名：

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Nerouas ntj ḫw｜Left little impression on Egypt｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜图拉真98–117｜普列诺门名：

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Autokrator Kaisaros Nerouas

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Germanikos Dakikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt｜诺门名：

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Nerouas Traianos

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Nerouas Traianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst

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Traianos ntj ḫw

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Traianos ntj ḫw + Aristos Germanikos Dakikos｜Egyptian sources from Trajan's time associate empress Pompeia Plotina with the goddess Hathor, the first known direct association between the imperial family (other than the emperor) and Egyptian deities｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜哈德良117–138｜诺门名：

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Traianos Adrianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst

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Adrianos ntj ḫw

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Hadrianus Caesar｜Paid a 8/10-month long state visit to Egypt in 130–131, visiting many sites of note and founding Antinoöpolis. Hadrian's cult of Antinous was influenced by Egyptian theology. Ruled during a period of Roman Egyptomania.｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜安敦尼138–161｜荷鲁斯名：

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nfr-n(?)-tꜢ-nṯr ḥn-n-f-ŠmꜤw-Mḥw-m-nḏm-jb｜普列诺门名：

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Autokrator Kaisaros Titos Ailios Adrianos｜诺门名：

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Antoninos ntj ḫw + Eusebes

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Antoninos Sebastos Eusebes ntj ḫw

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Antoninos ntj ḫw Ꜥnḫ-ḏt

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Antoninos ntj ḫw, Ep. šꜢj-n-BꜢqt｜Celebrated in Ancient Egypt due to overseeing the completion of a Sothic cycle in 139. His long reign saw the last significant temple constructions in Egypt. Visited Alexandria in the 150s to sponsor various new buildings.｜1a1=von Beckerath

卢基乌斯·维鲁斯 161–169｜

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Loukio(s) Aurelio(s), Ep. wr-ꜤꜢ Ꜥnḫ-ḏt｜Joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius

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｜马可·奥理略161–180｜

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Aurelios Antoninos ntj ḫw

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Autokrator Kaisaros Mark(os) Aurelio(s) Antonin(os)

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Aure(li)os, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt + Antonin(os), Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt

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Markos Aurelio(s) Antoninos Sebastos｜Faced with a native Egyptian revolt led by Isidorus in 171–175 and the revolt of the Egypt-supported usurper Avidius Cassius 175. Toured Egypt in 176, the province at the time badly affected by the Antonine Plague. Replaced Demotic with Greek for official use in Egypt.｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜康茂德180–192｜

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Markos Au(re)lios Komodos Antoninos

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Komodos Kaisaros(?)

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Komodos Antoninos ntj ḫw｜Last emperor to be widely attested as pharaonic patron in Egyptian temples. Subsequent decline of representations of emperors is probably attributable to decreased resources available to the clergy and temples rather than a change in imperial attitude and policy.｜1a1=von Beckerath

五帝之年(193年)中的两位皇帝没有法老头衔的记录。佩蒂纳克斯在埃及被短暂地认可，而尤利安努斯在埃及根本不被承认。篡位者佩斯切尼乌斯·奈哲尔是埃及公认的佩蒂纳克斯的继承人，但也没有法老头衔。

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｜塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁193–211｜

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Seouēros ntj ḫw｜Toured Egypt together with the imperial family in 199–200. Repaired old buildings and established senates in Alexandria and elsewhere. Religious division and controversy led to the first large-scale persecution of Christians in Egypt in 201.｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜盖塔211｜

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Geta(s) ntj ḫw｜Briefly joint emperor with Caracalla

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｜卡拉卡拉211–217｜

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Antoninos ntj ḫw｜Extended Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire through the 212 Antonine Constitution; his name Aurelius was then common, particularly in Egypt.｜1a1=von Beckerath

马克里努斯217–218｜

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Makrino(s) n(tj) ḫw｜Broke long-standing convention and sent a prefect and a senator to govern Egypt, though both were deposed and the senator killed after Macrinus's death｜1a1=von Beckerath

迪亚杜门尼安218｜

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Diadoumenianos｜Junior joint emperor with Macrinus

埃拉伽巴路斯接替马克里努斯和迪亚杜门尼安，在任何已知的埃及资料中都没有提到。他的继任者亚历山大·塞维鲁在埃及得到承认，但没有法老头衔。短暂统治的皇帝马克西米努斯·色雷克斯、戈尔迪安一世、戈尔迪安二世、普皮恩努斯、巴尔比努斯和戈尔迪安三世在现存的埃及文献中没有记录。

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｜菲利普244–249｜

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Philippos ntj ḫw｜Due to decades of mismanagement and civil strife Egypt had fallen into poverty by the time of Philip's reign. Last pharaoh to be commemorated at the great temple at Esna.｜1a1=von Beckerath

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｜德西乌斯249–251｜

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Dekios ntj ḫw｜Oversaw the Decian persecution of Christians. His reign saw southern Egypt being raided by the Blemmyes, the first time southern Egypt was attacked since the time of Augustus.｜1a1=von Beckerath

官方文件和亚历山大铸币证明，皇帝加卢斯和埃米利安努斯在埃及得到承认。但他们都没有法老头衔。

瓦勒良253–260｜

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Oualerianos｜Demonized by Christians for renewing persecutions, but popular among the Egyptian clergy｜1a1=von Beckerath

在瓦勒良之后，埃及被一系列篡位者控制:小马克里亚努斯、奎伊图斯和穆斯乌斯·埃米利安努斯，然而他们都没有法老头衔。合法皇帝加里恩努斯随后被承认，尽管在他的统治时期也没有已知的法老头衔。加里恩努斯的继任者在埃及留下的记录很少，克劳狄二世、昆提卢斯、奥勒良和克劳狄·塔西佗统治记录很少，尽管他们都被认为是公认的。271年的大部分时间里，埃及被帕米拉帝国的芝诺比娅占领，直到奥勒良重新夺回这个省份。弗洛里安努斯的统治在埃及被拒绝，埃及转而支持普罗布斯。

普罗布斯276–282｜

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Autokrator Probos (?)｜Seized the imperial throne with Egyptian support. Defeated the Blemmyes, who had penetrated as far north as Coptos.｜1a1=von Beckerath

古埃及文献中没有皇帝卡鲁斯、卡里努斯和努梅里安的记载。

戴克里先284–305｜

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Diokletian(os)｜Reforms removed much of Egypt's idiosyncrasy, further integrating Egypt economically and administratively with the other provinces. Lands in southern Egypt were abandoned during a state visit in 298. The Diocletianic Persecution was particularly severe in Egypt.｜1a1=von Beckerath

马克西米安286–305｜

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Maksimiano(s)｜Western Roman emperor, ruling jointly with Diocletian; did not actually control Egypt

伽列里乌斯305–311｜

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Kaisaros Iouio(s) Maksimio(s)｜Persecutions of Christians continued until a deathbed decree of religious toleration by Galerius

马克西米努斯311–313｜

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Kaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inos｜Last emperor regarded to have been pharaoh by the Egyptians｜1a1=von Beckerath

马克西米努斯是最后一位在象形文字中得到承认的罗马皇帝。虽然王座饰名是后来的记录(在340年君士坦提乌斯二世统治时期)，但异教徒的埃及人在死后使用戴克里先的饰名，而不认可后来的基督教皇帝。