通布卡语

通布卡语（Tumbuka language，通布卡语：Chitumbuka或Citumbuka，意为通布卡人的语言）是班图语一支，主要在马拉维北部地区和赞比亚的隆达济地区使用。通布卡语与齐切瓦语和塞纳语属于同一语群（班图语言的格思里分类）。

根据1998年的《世界年鉴》估计大约有2,000,000名通布卡语使用者，尽管其他来源估计使用人数要少得多。据说大多数讲通布卡语的人都住在马拉维。通布卡语是马拉维北部地区使用最广泛的语言，尤其是在伦比、姆祖祖和姆津巴地区。

马拉维城市中使用的通布卡语（许多词借用斯瓦希里语和齐切瓦语）与乡村中使用的通布卡语存在很大差异。姆津巴方言则受到祖鲁语影响，在有些词汇上甚至出现搭嘴音，这在通布卡语其它方言并没有发生。

自1968年以来，由于马拉维总统黑斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班达的“一个民族，一种语言”的政策，通布卡语的使用受到了影响，它失去了在马拉维官方语言的地位，导致通布卡语在学校课程，国家广播电台和印刷媒体中禁止使用。随着1994年马拉维民主化和多党制的到来，在马拉维的广播上再次开播通布卡语的节目，但是通布卡语的书籍和其他出版物的数量仍然很少。

## 参考书目

- Botne, Robert (1999). "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?" . In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473-515.
- Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
- Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka" . Leiden University doctoral thesis.
- Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.
- Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.
- Downing, Laura J. (2012). "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka" . Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
- Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.
- Downing, Laura J. (2019). "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress". In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at:
- Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.
- Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi" , Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.
- Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages.
- Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi.
- Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena" . Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
- McNicholl, Duncan (2010). "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1" .
- Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
- Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
- Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
- Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
- University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi" .
- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.
- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

## 外部链接

- 关于通布卡语的简短报道。
- 马拉维北部语言地图调查。马拉维大学语言研究中心，2006年。
- 马拉维北部语言地图
- 一些更多的chiTumbuka词汇。
- 在图姆巴卡上的泛非L10n页面
- Citumbuka单语词典

## 基本资料

- 早期形式：通布卡语
- iso2：tum
- 谱系学分类：尼日尔-刚果语系
- 语言瞭望站： 99-AUS-wc (+ chi-Kamanga) incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl
- 文字：拉丁字母、Mwangwego字母
- glotto：tumb1250
- iso3：tum
- 谱系学分类：班图语支
- 原文名：Chitumbuka
- 谱系学分类：类班图语支
- 谱系学分类：贝努埃-刚果语支
- 谱系学分类：大西洋-刚果语族
- 管理机构：尼日尔-刚果语系
- 日期：2009-2010
- 讲者：1,546,000
- 州/直辖市：马拉维, 坦桑尼亚, 赞比亚