数字前缀

数字前缀 （Numeral prefix）是派生于数词或其他数字的前缀。在英语和其他欧洲语言，这些前缀用来造一系列包含表示数量信息的词。

## 例子

数字前缀有拉丁语、希腊语、梵语三种，但主要使用前两者。

具体例子如下：

- 单词：bicycle（两个轮子；自行车）、sextet（六重唱）、octopus（八只脚；章鱼）、decade（十年）、octave（八度）
- 数学术语：triangle（三角形）、quadruple（四倍）、quaternion（四元数）、pentagon（五边形）、regular dodecahedron（正十二面体）
- 进位制：binary（二进制）、decimal（十进制）、sexagesimal（六十进制）
- 西方的数字命名法：billion (原意为(106)2)、trillion (原意为(106)3)、quadrillion (原意为(106)4)
- 表示分子结构的前缀：octane（辛(八碳)烷）、pentane（戊(五碳)烷）
- 国际单位制中的国际单位制词头：deca-（十）、deci-（分）、centi-（厘）

## 英语中的数字前缀表

希腊语及拉丁语中，数分四种：

- 基数（cardinal）：如英语中的one、two、three、four、five等
- 次数（multiple或multiplier）：once、twice、thrice等
- 分配数（distributive）：汉语中的“各～个”。原本指意味着one each、two each，但在现代常常会失去这个意思。
- 序数 （ordinal）：汉语中的“第～个”，如英语的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼备分数，表示“N分之一”，但1/2有特殊形式。

对于百位数，有来自拉丁语的 -gent-，以及加上为1–9的前缀的 -cent- 两种。

数｜拉丁语前缀｜希腊语前缀｜梵语前缀

基数｜次数｜分配数｜序数｜基数｜次数｜序数

0｜nulli-｜ –｜meden-, ouden-｜ –

1｜unci-｜ –｜对于分数希腊人使用序数表示 (i.e. dodecato-)｜ –

1｜octant-｜ –｜ –｜ –｜如上，ogdoö–｜ –

1｜sextant-｜ –｜ –｜ –｜如上，hecto–｜ –

1｜quadrant-｜ –｜ –｜ –｜如上，tetarto–｜ –

1｜trient-｜ –｜ –｜ –｜如上，trito–｜ –

1｜semi-｜ –｜demi-｜ –｜hemi- (mn. half) e.g. hemisphere｜ –｜ –

3｜dodrant-｜ –｜ –｜ –｜ –｜ –

1｜uni- e.g. universe, unilateral｜sim-｜singul-｜prim-｜mono- "一", "单"e.g. monogamy holo- (整个/完整) e.g. holocaust, holographyhen- 罕见｜mono- ("一, 单") hapax- ("单次") haplo- (单倍) monad- ("单位/单元")｜prot- e.g. proton, protozoa｜eka-

1｜quasqui-quasquicentennial

1｜sesqui-e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian

2｜du-｜bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan｜bin-｜second-｜di-, dy-, duo-,dyo-｜dis- ("两次") 常见dyakis- ("两次") 罕见 diplo- ("双倍") dyad- ("一对")｜deuter- e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomydeuteraio-(“每隔一天”)｜dvi-

3｜tri- e.g. trireme｜ter-｜tern-, trin-｜terti-｜tri- e.g. triathlon, Tripolis｜tris- ("三次") 常见triakis- ("三次") 罕见 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (”三个一组“)｜trit- ("第三") e.g. Triton/iumtritaio- ("每隔两天")｜tri-

4｜quadri-,quadru-｜quater-｜quatern-｜quart-｜tetra-,tessara-｜tetrakis-("四次") tetraplo- (”四倍“) tetrad- (”四个一组“) e.g. tetrahedron｜tetarto- (” 第四“) tetartaio-(”每隔三天“)｜chatur-

5｜quinque-｜ –｜quin-｜quint-｜penta-｜pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedron｜pempt-pemptaio-｜pancha-

6｜sexa-｜ –｜sen-｜sext-｜hexa-｜hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- e.g. hexahedron｜hect- hectaio-｜shat-

7｜septem-,septi-｜septen-｜septim-｜hepta- e.g. heptathlon｜heptakis- heptaplo- heptad-｜hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio-("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周")｜sapta-

8｜octo- e.g. October｜ –｜octon-｜octav-｜octo- e.g. octopus｜octakis- octaplo- octad- e.g. octahedron｜ogdoö- ogdoaio-｜ashta-

9｜novem- e.g. November｜noven-｜nona-｜ennea-｜enneakis-enneaplo-ennead-｜enat- enataio-｜navam-

10｜decem-, dec-｜den-｜decim-｜deca- e.g. decathlon, Decapolis｜deca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagon｜decat-decataio-｜dasham-

11｜undec-｜unden-｜undecim-｜hendeca-｜hendeca/kis/plo/d-｜hendecat-/o/aio-｜ekadasham-

12｜duodec-｜duoden- e.g. duodenum｜duodecim-｜dodeca- e.g. dodecadactylum｜dodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedron｜dodacat-/o/aio-｜dvadasham-

13｜tredec-｜treden-｜tredecim-｜tria(kai)deca-,decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobia｜tris(kai)decakis-,decatria/kis/plo/d-｜decatotrito- etc.｜trayodasham-

14｜quattuordec-｜quattuorden-｜quattuordecim-｜tessara(kai)deca-,decatettara,decatessara-｜tetra(kai)decakis-,decatetra/kis/plo/d- e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedron｜decatotetarto-｜chaturdasham-

15｜quinquadec-, quindec-｜quinden-｜quindecim-｜pente(kai)deca-,decapente-｜penta(kai)decakis-,decapentakis- etc.｜decatopempto-｜panchadasham-

16｜sedec-,sexdec- (但是有混种词 hexadecimal)｜seden-｜sedecim-｜hexa(kai)deca-,hekkaideca-,decahex-｜hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc.｜decatohecto-｜shodasham-

17｜septendec-｜septenden-｜septendecim-｜hepta(kai)deca-,decahepta-｜hepta(kai)decakis-,decaheptakis- etc.｜decatohebdomo-｜saptadasham-

18｜octodec-｜octoden-｜octodecim-｜octo(kai)deca-,decaocto-｜octa(kai)decakis-,decaoctakis- etc.｜decatoogdoö-｜ashtadasham-

19｜novemdec-,novendec-｜novemden-｜novemdecim-｜ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea-｜ennea(kai)decakis-,decaenneakis- etc.｜decatoenato-｜navadasham-

20｜viginti-｜vicen-,vigen-｜vigesim-｜(e)icosi-｜eicosa/kis/plo/d- e.g. (e)icosahedron｜eicosto-｜vimshati-

22｜duovigint-｜(e)icosidyo-,dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic｜(e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad-｜eicostodeutero-

24｜quattuorvigint-｜(e)icositettara-,(e)icosikaitettara- rare｜(e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- e.g. (e)icositetragon｜eicostotetarto-｜chaturvimshati-

25｜quinvigint-｜(e)icosipente- e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid ｜(e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad-｜eicostopempto-

30｜triginti-｜tricen-｜trigesim-｜triaconta-｜triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedron｜triacosto-｜trimshat-

31｜untriginti-｜triacontahen-｜triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad-｜triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio-

40｜quadraginti-｜quadragen-｜quadragesim-｜tettaraconta-,tessaraconta-｜tettaracontakis-,tessaracontakis- etc.｜tessaracosto-｜chatvarimshat-

50｜quinquaginti-｜quinquagen-｜quinquagesim-｜penteconta- e.g. penteconter｜pentecontakis- etc.｜pentecosto- e.g. pentecost｜panchashat-

60｜sexaginti-｜sexagen-｜sexagesim-｜hexeconta-｜hexecontakis- etc.｜hexecosto-｜shasti-

70｜septuaginti- e.g. Septuagint｜septuagen-｜septuagesim-｜hebdomeconta-｜hebdomecontakis- etc.｜hebdomecosto-｜saptati-

80｜octogint-｜octogen-｜octogesim-｜ogdoëconta-｜ogdoëcontakis- etc.｜ogdoëcosto-｜ashiti-

90｜nonagint-｜nonagen-｜nonagesim-｜eneneconta-｜enenecontakis- etc.｜enenecosto-｜navati-

100｜centi-｜centen-｜centesim-｜hecato(n)-｜hecatontakis-hundred timeshecatontaplo-hundred-multiplehecatontad-hundred of a kindalso abbreviated inhecatontad-｜hecatosto-hundredthhecatostaio-the hundredth day｜shata–

120｜viginticenti-｜hecaton(e)icosi-｜hecaton(e)icosakis- etc.｜hecatostoeicosto-

200｜ducenti-｜ducen-,bicenten-｜ducentesim-｜diacosia-｜diacosakis- etc.｜diacosiosto-｜ –

300｜trecenti-｜trecen-,tercenten-,tricenten-｜trecentesim-｜triacosia- etc.｜triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad-｜triacosiosto-｜ –

400｜quadringenti-｜quadringen-,quatercenten-,quadricenten-｜quadringentesim-｜tetracosia-｜tetracosakis- etc.｜tetracosiosto-

500｜quingent-,quincent-｜quingen-,quingenten-,quincenten-｜quingentesim-｜pentacosia-｜pentacosakis- etc.｜pentacosiosto-

600｜sescenti-, sexcenti-｜sescen-,sexcenten-｜sescentesim-｜hexacosia-｜hexacosakis- etc.｜hexacosiosto-

700｜septingenti-｜septingen-,septingenten-,septcenten-｜septingentesim-｜heptacosia-｜heptacosakis- etc.｜heptacosiosto-

800｜octingenti-｜octingen-,octingenten-,octocenten-｜octingentesim-｜octacosia-｜octacosakis- etc.｜octacosiosto-｜ –

900｜nongenti-｜nongen-｜nongentesim-｜ennacosi-derived fromen(n)iacosia-,a pejoration ofenneacosia-｜enneacosakis- etc.｜enacosiost-,alt. spellingen(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration ofenneacosiosto-｜ –

1000｜milli-｜millen-｜millesim-｜chili-,kilo-｜chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad-｜chiliost-｜sahasra–

2000｜duomilli｜ –-｜ -｜dischili-｜dischiliakis- etc.｜dischiliosto-｜ –

3000｜tremilli-｜trischili-｜trischiliost-｜ –

5000｜quinmilli–｜pentacischili-

10｜decamilli–｜myria-, e.g. myriapoda decakischilia-｜myriakis- myriaplo- myriad-decakischiliakis- etc.｜myriast-,decakischiliosto-｜ayuta–

80｜octogintmilli–｜octacismyri-

105｜centimilli;–｜decakismyria-, hecatontakischilia-｜decakismyriakis-,hecatontakischiliakis-｜etc.

106｜million-｜ –｜hecatommyria-｜hecatommyriakis- ("十万次") hecatommyriaplo-("十万倍")hecatommyriad-("十万个一组")｜hecatommyriosto-(第十万；或十万之一)hecatommyriostaio-("每隔九万九千九百九十九天")

109｜billion-｜ –｜dishecatommyria-｜dishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1012｜trillion-｜ –｜trishecatommyria-｜trishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1015｜quadrillion-｜ –｜tetrakishecatommyria-｜tetrakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1018｜quintillion-｜ –

1021｜sextillion-｜ –

1024｜septillion-｜ –

1027｜octillion-｜ –

1030｜nonillion-｜ –

1033｜decillion-｜ –｜decakishecatommyria-｜decakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

10303｜centillion-｜ –｜hecatontakishecatommyria-｜hecatontakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

103003｜ –｜chiliakishecatommyria-｜chiliakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

1030003｜ –｜myriakishecatommyria-｜myriakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

10300003｜ –｜decakismyriakishecatommyria- and so on - virtually endless｜decakismyriakishecatommyriakis-｜etc.

少量(1–20)｜pauci- e.g. pauciparous｜ –｜oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly

大量(> 1)｜multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri e.g. plural wife, pluralism｜ –｜poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath｜pollakis- ("多次") pollaplo- (”多次“) plethos, plethora (”多个为一组“)｜pollosto- (次序中排在第一后的，即序数大于1)｜bahut–

### 补充

- 元音脱落：数字前缀结尾的元音会在以元音为开头的词干前脱落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前为 bis-, 而其他单音节前缀 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音为开头的词干也保持不变。
- 连字符：数字前缀不加入连字符的情况比较多、但还是有把quarterdeck写成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和国际单位制词头中不会加入连字符。

同样的后缀可用于不同数：

primary｜secondary｜tertiary｜quartary｜quintary｜sextary｜(septimary)｜(octavary)｜nonary｜(decimary)

singulary｜binary｜ternary, trinary｜quaternary｜quinary｜senary｜septenary｜octonary｜nonenary｜denary

在化学命名中，11（undeca-）这个前缀混合了拉丁语和希腊语，并以 -cos- 表示二十，例如 tricos- 是 23。同样，表示进位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal

### 拉丁语基数词

- unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
- uniped, biped, triped, quadruped, centipede, millipede

### 拉丁语分配数词

- unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
- denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

### 希腊语

- monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
- digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
- trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
- monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

### 混合语言

- 戊烷, 己烷, 庚, 辛烷, 壬, 癸烷, 一烷,... 二十烷

## 参考文献

- Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
- Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
- Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford University Press 1995