蝾螺科

蝾螺科（Turbinidae）是一个包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一个科。旧属原始腹足目，现时蝾螺科是钟螺目钟螺总科之下的一个科。

本科在2005年的分类很庞大，包含多个亚科与物种，但这些亚科后来都从蝾螺科独立出来，组成各自的科与总科，到现在又重聚到钟螺总科之下。

## 型态特征

本科物种的一大特征，是其钙质的口盖，使之与非常近似但有着角质口盖的钟螺科物种分辨开来。蝾螺科物种坚固的口盖成为了它们的一种被动的防御构造，得以抵挡捕食者尝试从其壳口或壳唇进侵其柔软的身体。

贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋，以热带水域为多，栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。

## 分布及栖息地

按照Williams et al. (2008)，蝾螺科物种由多个支序组成，而且无论在浅水区或深水区皆有其物种栖息。本科物种有很广阔的分布范围，从热带到极带均有分布，但绝大多数物种都栖息于热带及亚热带的浅水区。

## 分类

蝾螺科原为前鳃亚纲原始腹足目蝾螺总科的成员。现时蝾螺总科成为了钟螺总科的异名。然而，这一个颇为古老的腹足纲群组很可能源于2.98亿到2.50亿年前的二叠纪。本科物种的型态仍然保有多种原始 (亲缘支序学)的特征，例如：它们的螺壳内的珠母层。

### 2005年分类

根据布歇和罗克鲁瓦的腹足类分类，蝾螺科是蝾螺总科的成员，由下列八个亚科组成：

- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- 海豚螺亚科 Angariinae Gray, 1857：又名棘冠螺亚科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亚科的异名。
- 缩口螺亚科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：异名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼写错误。
- 篷螺亚科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亚科的异名。
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

### 2008年分类

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根据Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蝾螺科被重新定义，还被移到钟螺总科。与此同时，原来蝾螺科之下的海豚螺亚科获提至科级，成为了钟螺总科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原来蝾螺科的缩口螺亚科在提升至科级成为缩口螺科（Colloniidae）之余，再与蝾螺总科的雉螺科改为合组新的雉螺总科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae。这个时候的蝾螺科包括下列五个亚科：

- 蝾螺亚科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：异名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
- Margaritinae：根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，这个亚科由以下三个族组成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：获提升至科级成为Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

下列在2005年分类提及过的亚科都保留了：

- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria这个属的物种并未有包括在2010年的分子研究里
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

### 2017年分类

亚伦氏螺属（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到缩口螺科去。

以下为本科现时余下的属。

### 属

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现时本科包括以下各属：

不属于任何亚科：

- Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
- Tropidomarga Powell, 1951

蝾螺亚科（Turbininae）

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- Astraea Röding, 1798
- 星螺属 Astralium Link, 1807
- Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- 拟星螺属 Bolma Risso, 1826
- Cookia Lesson, 1832
- 刺螺属 Guildfordia Gray, 1850
- Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- 珠螺属 Lunella Röding, 1798
- Megastraea McLean, 1970
- Modelia Gray, 1850
- Pomaulax Gray, 1850
- Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 †
- 蝾螺属 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758：模式属
- Uvanilla Gray, 1850

Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

- Prisogaster Mörch, 1850

异名：

- Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
- Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
- Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
- Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
- Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
- Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
- Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
- Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
- Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
- † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

## 参考文献

- Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
- Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.

## 外部链接

- Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae
- Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae

## 基本资料

- 说明：Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place
- 学名：Turbinidae
- 命名者：Rafinesque, 1815
- subdivision_ranks：属与种
- 栽培群成员：见内文
- 母公司：3