隐变量理论

隐变量理论（hidden variable theory）又称隐变数理论，是由物理学家质疑量子力学完备性而提出的替代理论。历史上随着量子力学的发展，而提出了海森堡不确定原理等限制，一别于古典物理，诸如位置与动量等无法同时精准测出其值；此外关于粒子位置等特性由几率密度描述所取代。一些物理学家例如爱因斯坦，认为量子力学并未完整地描述物理系统的状态，亦即质疑量子力学是不完备的。因此量子力学的背后应该隐藏了一个尚未发现的理论，可以完整解释物理系统所有可观测量的演化行为，而避免掉任何不确定性或随机性。

历史上爱因斯坦是隐变量理论的主要倡导者，出于对标准量子力学诠释的几率性解释的不满。他曾说：“我相信上帝不掷骰子。”

1935年，爱因斯坦与波多尔斯基、罗森共同提出的EPR悖论（以姓氏字首为缩写）试图对哥本哈根诠释做出挑战，论文中指出“实在性元素”（即隐变量）应该加入量子力学中，俾使在量子缠结现象中不会出现鬼魅般的超距作用。在提出后，这样的争辩仍停留在物理哲学的范畴，直到约翰·贝尔提出贝尔定理方得区分两者差异。透过实验证实：一定类型的局域隐变量理论与实验结果不相符，包括EPR佯谬中提出的诠释版本。非局域（广域）的隐变量理论最知名者为德布罗意-玻姆理论。

## 参见

- 量子不确定性
- 量子力学
- 量子形而上学
- 量子神秘主义（Quantum mysticism）
- 关系性量子力学（Relational quantum mechanics）

## 参考资料

### 延伸阅读

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