早期尼德兰绘画

早期尼德兰绘画也称佛兰芒原始绘画（Vlaamse Primitieven）是15及16世纪北方文艺复兴时勃艮第及哈布斯堡统治时的尼德兰地区的绘画作品，布鲁日、根特、图尔奈及布鲁塞尔是其重镇。这些作品主要属于国际哥特式艺术，先锋人物是1420年代开始活跃的扬·凡·艾克和罗伯特·坎平。早期尼德兰绘画的时代在1523年杰拉尔德·大卫去世不久之后结束。但也有学者将结束时间延迟到荷兰起义爆发的1566至1568年间。早期尼德兰绘画的时闲段与前期文艺复兴到其全盛期这一时间基本重叠，但一般都与意大利文艺复兴分开来研究。在这一时期，中世纪欧洲北方艺术达到了顶峰。

这一时期的主要艺术家包括扬·凡·艾克、罗伯特·坎平、罗希尔·范德魏登、迪里克·鲍茨、彼得鲁斯·克里斯蒂、汉斯·梅姆林、雨果·凡·德·古斯和耶罗尼米斯·博斯。他们对错视等艺术手法了如指掌，在绘画中大量运用各种象征。其作品基本都描绘的是宗教场景，否则就是小幅肖像画。纯粹的写实或神话场景均不多见。绘画中会出现精细的风景，但16世纪早期之前一般都是作为背景来使用。他们的作品一般都是板面油画，其形式除去单幅作品外，还包括双联画、三联画及其他多联画。除油画之外，他们也涉足雕塑、壁毯、泥金装饰手抄本和彩色玻璃等领域。

第一代早期尼德兰画家活跃时正值勃艮第的全盛期，当时低地国家成为了欧洲北部的政治经济中心，这些画家的作品行销外国公卿之间。但16世纪和17世纪的偶像破坏运动中被大量销毁，今只有数千幅留存。而这些作品直到19世纪中期才开始得到重视，然而由于早期的破坏和缺乏记录，现在即使是一些有名的早期尼德兰绘画作品也仍存在许多疑点与争议。

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## 外部链接

- Early Netherlandish Painting，纽约大都会艺术博物馆