六放海绵纲

六放海绵纲（Hexactinellida）为多孔动物门的一个纲。该纲动物具有硅质骨针，有些骨针能聚合成网状的骨架。骨骼中无海绵质。本纲又称为玻璃海绵，寿命估计最长可达15,000年，是地球上最长寿动物。六放海绵纲动物大多数生活在200～8500米的海底。常被用做观赏用途，主要生存于深海当中，这种海绵也与海里的甲壳类生物共生，通常会有两只，一公一母的虾类以此为家。在日本，骨骼经过人类制作之后，成为一种爱情的纪念品。英语俗名Venus' Flower Basket。而受到一定程度的欢迎。

## 型态

形体大，骨骼全由硅质骨针组成，无海绵丝。典型的大骨针多为六射三轴针，互成直角，故又称六射海绵纲。此外还有四射双轴针等。骨针往往连线形成立体格架。小骨针呈六射星状或双盘状。简单复沟型，鞭毛室大；某些古生代种类还有单沟型。元古代晚期至现代。

在众多能拿来跟玻璃相比的透明物种当中，最接近玻璃的应当属维纳斯花篮。它们长得像一个精致的花瓶，因此而得名。它们也被称作玻璃海绵，它们骨骼的主要成分是硅，这也是玻璃的主要成分。

主要特征还有海绵特有的硅质骨针，并集结成纤巧的几何网络，如偕老同穴（Venus's flower basket）一般，玻璃海绵中央腔内常寄居一对共生俪虾，虾在幼虫的时候住进去，长大之后就逃不出去了。然后两只虾被囚困其中，靠流进中央腔的水流而获食物。这样的海绵动物在日本成为了颇受欢迎的结婚礼物。

## 食性

玻璃海绵以从水中过滤而来的最小浮游生物为食，最大可以生长到两米以上，它们花瓶般的身体构造为鱼类、无脊椎动物以及其它海洋生物提供了完美的躲藏、产卵和生存的环境。玻璃海绵像珊瑚一样开辟著自己的栖息地，在一定程度上，它们就像海床上的城市，无论它们生长在何处，总是会吸引来其它的海洋生物。

## 分类

六放海绵纲分为两个亚纲：

- 双盘海绵亚纲 Amphidiscophora
- 六放海绵亚纲 Hexasterophora

本纲包含以下目：

- 双盘海绵目 Amphidiscosida
- 灯笼海绵目 Lychniscosida
- 松骨海绵目 Lyssacinosida
- 权杖海绵目 Sceptrulophora

目地位未定的科：

- Aglithodictyidae
- Asthenospongiidae
- Celyphiidae
- Cliefdenellidae
- Colospongiidae
- Cystispongiidae
- Cystothalamiidae
- Dictyospongiidae
- Dierespongiidae
- Docodermatidae
- Hemidiscellidae
- Hintzespongiidae
- Hyalostellidae
- Hydnodictyidae
- Leptophragmatidae
- Multivasculatidae
- Pachyteichismatidae
- Pattersoniidae
- Pileolitidae
- Pileospongiidae
- Pillaraspongiidae
- Plieolitidae
- Porispongiidae
- Protospongiidae
- Sebargasiidae
- Staurodermatidae
- Stereodictyidae
- Stromatidiidae
- Teganiidae
- Thaumastocoeliidae
- Titusvillidae
- Titusvilliidae
- Triactinellidae
- Uphantenidae
- Wareembaiidae

目和科地位未定的属：

- Acanthactinella Hinde, 1887
- Aglithodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Antrispongia Quenstedt, 1878
- Arystidictyon
- Asociatella Hurcewicz, 1985
- Astroconia Sollas, 1881
- Aulacosia Rauff, 1933
- Aulodomus Schrammen, 1936
- Australispongia Xiping & Knoll, 1996
- Azyrtalia Nazarov, 1973
- Baccispongia Quenstedt, 1877
- Belonisia Rauff, 1933
- Bothroconis King, 1850
- Botryodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Caesaria Quenstedt, 1858
- Calpidospongia Wu, 1989
- Carbonella Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Carinthiaspongus Krainer & Mostler, 1992
- Caseispongia Quenstedt, 1878
- Chelispongia Webby & Trotter, 1993
- Chirospongia Miller, 1889
- Cincliderma Hinde, 1883
- Clepsydrospongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Corticospongia Caster, 1939
- Crepospongia Wu, 1989
- Crucispongia Quenstedt, 1877
- Cryptodictya Hall, 1890
- Cyathophycella Rigby & Stuart, 1988
- Cyrtobolia Pocta, 1883
- Czarnockiella Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Decumbispongia Botting, Muir, Li & Lin, 2013
- Dialyscyphia Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Diaretula Schmidt, 1879
- Dilatispongia Botting, 2004
- Diphyllospira Herrmann-Degen, 1980
- Diplopleura Regnard, 1925
- Dvorcia Nekvasilová & Štemproková, 1960
- Emploca Sollas, 1883
- Eubrochus Sollas, 1876
- Euplectinella Termier, Termier & Thibieroz, 1990
- Eutactostomium Herrmann-Degen, 1980
- Farreopsis Schrammen, 1924
- Flosculus Xiping & Knoll, 1996
- Gonamispongia Korshunov, 1968
- Gongylospongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Griphodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Haljalaspongia Botting & Rhebergen, 2011
- Hallodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Helicodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Hemidiagoniella Botting, 2004
- Hemidiscella
- Hexactractiella
- Hexatractiella Mehl, 1996
- Hillendia Reid, 1964
- Hintzesnonaia
- Hodsia Moisseev, 1939
- Holasterella
- Holasterella Carter, 1879
- Hunteria Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
- Hyalocaulus Marshall & Meyer, 1877
- Hydnocerina Clarke, 1920
- Idiodictyon de Laubenfels, 1955
- Iowaspongia Thomas, 1923
- Irpaspongia Mehl & Mostler, 1994
- Ithacadictya Caster, 1939
- Kaiyangites Qian & Yin, 1984
- Koleostoma Regnard, 1925
- Kometia Webby & Trotter, 1993
- Konyrium Nazarov & Popov, 1976
- Krainerella Krainer & Mostler, 1992
- Laocaetis
- Larispongia Carrera, 1998
- Lecanocoelospongia Wu, 1989
- Lithospongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
- Lobospongia Hurcewicz, 1985
- Lonsda de Laubenfels, 1955
- Lopanella Pocta, 1883
- Lysactinella
- Mastodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Mastodictyum Sollas, 1883
- Megastylia
- Mimeticosia
- Multiloqua de Laubenfels, 1955
- Multivasculatus Howell & Van Houten, 1940
- Mysterium de Laubenfels, 1955
- Nephelispongia
- Nitidus de Laubenfels, 1955
- Octobrum de Laubenfels, 1955
- Oospongia Wu, 1989
- Oxyrhizium Schrammen, 1912
- Ozospongia
- Pachaulidium Schmidt, 1880
- Pachylepisma Schrammen, 1902
- Palaeophragmodictya Gehling & Rigby, 1996
- Palaeorossella Li et al., 2019
- Palaeostauronema
- Paleophragmodictya Gehling & Rigby, 1996
- Paleostauronema Hurcewicz, 1985
- Paracraticularia Schrammen, 1936
- Parahexactinella Reid, 1963
- Petalope Pocta, 1883
- Phormosella Hinde, 1888
- Pinnatispongia Xiping & Knoll, 1996
- Placochlaenia Pomel, 1872
- Placospongia Wu, 1989
- Plecteurete Herrmann-Degen, 1980
- Plecteurette
- Plectoderma Hinde, 1883
- Plectospyris Sollas, 1883
- Pleodioria Öpik, 1961
- Polonoscyphia Hurcewicz, 1985
- Polyosepia
- Polyplectella Ruedemann, 1925
- Polyptycha Defretin-Lefranc, 1961
- Polyschema Oppliger, 1915
- Polystigmatium Schrammen, 1912
- Polysyge
- Poriferella Hurcewicz, 1985
- Porospongia d'Orbigny, 1849
- Prenehydnoceras Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Proeurete Schrammen, 1902
- Protoarmstrongia Caster, 1941
- Protremadictyon Hurcewicz, 1985
- Psephosyllogus Schrammen, 1936
- Pseudotragos Nutsubidze, 1965
- Pyrenospongia Wu, 1989
- Ramulospongia Hurcewicz, 1985
- Repospongia Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Retifungus Rietschel, 1970
- Rhabdosispongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Rhabdostauridium Schmidt, 1880
- Rhakistella Weller, 1931
- Rhogostomium Schrammen, 1936
- Rhombedonium Schrammen, 1936
- Rhombodictyon Whitfield, 1886
- Rhopalicna
- Rigbykia Özdikmen, 2009
- Roemerispongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Rosella Vassiljeva, 1988
- Rugosoderma Howell, 1957
- Scotospongia Krainer & Mostler, 1992
- Sestrocladiella Howell, 1957
- Silicunculus Bengtson, 1986
- Solusrectus Botting, 2004
- Spiractinella Hinde, 1887
- Sulugurella Pelman, Ermak, Fedorov, Luchinina, Zhuravleva, Repina, Bondarev & Borodaevskaya, 1990
- Sycodictya Ruedemann, 1925
- Synaulia Pocta, 1883
- Teganiella Rigby, 1985
- Teganium Rauff, 1894
- Testiispongia Rigby, 1983
- Textispongia Quenstedt, 1877
- Thamnodictya Hall, 1884
- Uphantena
- Uralonema
- Ursaspongia Rigby, 1985
- Ventriculita
- Walcottella de Laubenfels, 1955
- Xenoschrammenus
- Xylospongia Hérenger, 1942
- Zittelospongia Malfatti, 1901

## 基本资料

- 学名：Hexactinellida
- 命名者：Schmidt, 1870
- 说明："Hexactinellae"，摘自恩斯特·海克尔的《自然界的艺术形态》, 1904年
- subdivision_ranks：目
- 栽培群成员：双盘海绵亚纲 Amphidiscophora、六星海绵亚纲 Hexasterophora