信息自由法 (美国)

《信息自由法》（Freedom of Information Act，简称FOIA，也译作情报自由法、美国信息自由法案）是美国关于联邦政府信息公开化的行政法规，颁布于1967年。

## 主要内容

《信息自由法》的主要内容是规定民众在获得行政情报方面的权利和行政机关在向民众提供行政情报方面的义务：

- 联邦政府的记录和档案原则上向所有的人开放，但是有九类政府情报可免于公开。
- 公民可向任何一级政府机构提出查阅、索取复印件的申请。
- 政府机构则必须公布本部门的建制和本部门各级组织受理情报咨询、查找的程序、方法和项目，并提供信息分类索引。
- 公民在查询情报的要求被拒绝后，可以向司法部门提起诉讼，并应得到法院的优先处理。

这项法律还规定了行政、司法部门处理有关申请和诉讼的时效。

## 重要意义

《信息自由法》是美国人民争取新闻出版自由斗争的重要成果之一。该法律虽然是面对一般公民的，实际上真正查阅资料的是记者，此使记者有了更大的采访权利。

## 参考文献

- 1981年第1期《法学译丛》，潘汉典译，(美国)情报自由法。

## 外部链接

- FOIA.gov – U.S. Department of Justice FOIA complete reference
- FOIA Legislative History - The National Security Archive at George Washington University
- Stanford Libraries FOIA archive – Preserved collection of sites that deal with Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and documents. This includes government sites that receive and distribute FOIA documents (aka "FOIA reading rooms") as well as non-profit organizations and government watchdogs that request large numbers of FOIA documents on specific topics like national security and civil rights.
- Freedom of Information Act Resources – compiled by the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
- FOIA Wiki – wiki maintained by Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press with explanatory entries on various aspects of FOIA, including caselaw, agency information, and recent FOIA decisions
- FOIA Mapper – project analyzing the most frequent filers of FOIA requests (2017)

## 基本资料

- shorttitle：信息自由法
- 俗称：Public Information Act of 1966、Public Information Availability
- 缩写nobold：FOIA
- 考虑机关：89
- effective date：1967年7月5日
- public law url：http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg250.pdf
- cite public law：89-487
- acts amended：Administrative Procedure Act
- title amended：5 U.S.C.: Government Organization and Employees
- sections created：5 § 552
- introducedin：参议院
- introducedby：爱德华·朗（D–MO）
- introduceddate：1965年10月4日
- 委员会：Committee on the Judiciary and Committee on Government Operations
- passedbody1：参议院
- passeddate1：1965年10月13日
- passedvote1：一致同意
- passedbody2：众议院
- passeddate2：1966年6月20日
- passedvote2：306–0
- 总统：林登·约翰逊
- 签署日期：1966年7月4日
- 修订：Privacy Act of 1974, PL 93–579, 88 Stat 1896、Government in the Sunshine Act, PL 94–409, 90 Stat 1241、Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, PL 99–570, 100 Stat 3207、Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996、The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002, PL 107-306, 116 Stat 2383、OPEN Government Act of 2007, PL 110-175, 121 Stat 2524、Wall Street Reform Act of 2010、FOIA Improvement Act of 2016
- SCOTUS cases：Renegotiation Board v. Bannercraft Clothing Co., 415、Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration v. Robertson, 422、Department of Air Force v. Rose, 425、National Labor Relations Board v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437、Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441、Federal Open Market Committee of Federal Reserve System v. Merrill, 443、Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 445、Forsham v. Harris, 445、Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447、Baldrige v. Shapiro, 455、United States Department of State v. Washington Post Co., 456、Federal Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456、Federal Trade Commission v. Grolier Inc., 462、United States v. Weber Aircraft Corp., 465、Department of Justice v. Provenzano, 469、Central Intelligence Agency v. Sims, 471、Church of Scientology v. Internal Revenue Service, 484、Department of Justice v. Julian, 486、Department of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 489、United States Department of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492、John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493、United States Department of State v. Ray, 502、Department of Justice v. Landano, 508、United States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority, 510、Bibles, Oregon Director, Bureau of Land Management v. Oregon Natural Desert Association, 519、Department of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Assn., 532、National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish, 541、Taylor v. Sturgell, 553、FCC v. AT&T Inc., 562、Milner v. Department of Navy, 562、Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk, 563、Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media、United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
- longtitle：An Act to amend section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 324, of the Act of June 11, 1946 (60 Stat. 238), to clarify and protect the right of the public to information, and for other purposes