幽灵蛛科

幽灵蛛科（学名：Pholcidae），是蜘蛛目中的一个科，其下的物种通称为幽灵蜘蛛，是家中常见的蜘蛛。

## 特征

幽灵蜘蛛体态纤细，腿部细长，所以在英语中又被称为“长腿叔叔”(daddy longlegs)。外貌与盲蛛相似，外观容易混淆。幽灵蜘蛛体型小、看似纤细，但这些特点却有益于幽灵蜘蛛捕食猎物，甚至是同类。幽灵蜘蛛通常使用纤长的腿把猎物制住，确保猎物停留在攻击范围内。幽灵蜘蛛有一对毒牙，毒性并不强。当幽灵蜘蛛遇上危险，会以上下及左右的摆幅来避开攻击。

较常见的幽灵蜘蛛大多利用腹部使力，上下摇动。

幽灵蜘蛛喜欢吃比自己大型的蜘蛛，它们自然界的天敌有蜈蚣和大兰多毒蛛等。

## 分布

幽灵蜘蛛算是世界上分布十分广泛的蜘蛛，从极北的堪察加半岛到有世界屋脊之称的青藏高原，最后到靠近南极的火地岛均能找到它的踪迹，目前全世界只有南极州、冰岛、格陵兰岛和加拿大极北之地没有幽灵蜘蛛的存在。

## 属

截至公元2015年11月，World Spider Catalog认可了以下的属：

Aetana｜Huber, 2005

Anansus｜Huber, 2007

Anopsicus｜Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938

热带蛛属｜Artema｜Walckenaer, 1837

Aucana｜Huber, 2000

Aymaria｜Huber, 2000

贝尔蛛属｜Belisana｜Thorell, 1898

Blancoa｜Huber, 2000

Buitinga｜Huber, 2003

Calapnita｜Simon, 1892

- Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017
- Calapnita bario Huber, 2017
- Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017
- Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017
- Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017
- Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017
- Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017
- Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017
- Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013
- Calapnita mae Huber, 2017
- Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017
- Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017
- Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017
- Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011
- Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892

Canaima｜Huber, 2000

Carapoia｜González-Sponga, 1998

- Carapoia abdita Huber, 2016
- Carapoia agilis Huber, 2018
- Carapoia alagoas Huber, 2016
- Carapoia bispina Huber, 2018
- Carapoia brescoviti Huber, 2005
- Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947)
- Carapoia capixaba Huber, 2016
- Carapoia carvalhoi Huber, 2016
- Carapoia carybei Huber, 2016
- Carapoia crasto Huber, 2005
- Carapoia dandarae Huber, 2016
- Carapoia divisa Huber, 2016
- Carapoia djavani Huber, 2018
- Carapoia exigua Huber, 2018
- Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000
- Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898)
- Carapoia gracilis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia jiboia Huber, 2016
- Carapoia kaxinawa Huber, 2018
- Carapoia levii (Huber, 2000)
- Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891)
- Carapoia macacu Huber, 2016
- Carapoia maculata Huber, 2018
- Carapoia marceloi Huber, 2016
- Carapoia mirim Huber, 2016
- Carapoia munduruku Huber, 2018
- Carapoia nairae Huber, 2016
- Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000
- Carapoia paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998
- Carapoia patafina Huber, 2016
- Carapoia pau Huber, 2016
- Carapoia pulchra Huber, 2018
- Carapoia rheimsae Huber, 2005
- Carapoia rubra Huber, 2018
- Carapoia saltinho Huber, 2016
- Carapoia septentrionalis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia suassunai Huber, 2018
- Carapoia tapajos Huber, 2018
- Carapoia tenuis Huber, 2018
- Carapoia ubatuba Huber, 2005
- Carapoia una Huber, 2005
- Carapoia utinga Huber, 2018
- Carapoia viridis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia voltavelha Huber, 2016
- Carapoia zumbii Huber, 2016

Cenemus｜Saaristo, 2001

Chibchea｜Huber, 2000

Chichiriviche｜González-Sponga, 2011b

Chisosa｜Huber, 2000

Ciboneya｜Pérez, 2001

Codazziella｜González-Sponga, 2005

Coryssocnemis｜Simon, 1893

壶蛛属｜Crossopriza｜Simon, 1893

Enetea｜Huber, 2000

Galapa｜Huber, 2000

Gertschiola｜Brignoli, 1981

Guaranita｜Huber, 2000

Holocneminus｜Berland, 1942

Holocnemus｜Simon, 1873

Hoplopholcus｜Kulczy?ski, 1908

Ibotyporanga｜Mello-Leitão, 1944

Ixchela｜Huber, 2000

Kambiwa｜Huber, 2000

呵叻蛛属｜Khorata｜Huber, 2005

Leptopholcus｜Simon, 1893

Litoporus｜Simon, 1893

Mecolaesthus｜Simon, 1893

Mesabolivar｜González-Sponga, 1998

Metagonia｜Simon, 1893

Micromerys｜Bradley, 1877

Micropholcus｜Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987

Modisimus｜Simon, 1893

Nerudia｜Huber, 2000

Ninetis｜Simon, 1890

Nita｜Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007

Nyikoa｜Huber, 2007

Ossinissa｜Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005

Otavaloa｜Huber, 2000

Panjange｜Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983

Papiamenta｜Huber, 2000

Paramicromerys｜Millot, 1946

Pehrforsskalia｜Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001

Pholcophora｜Banks, 1896

幽灵蛛属｜Pholcus｜Walckenaer, 1805

Physocyclus｜Simon, 1893

Pisaboa｜Huber, 2000

Platnicknia｜Özdikmen & Demir, 2009

Pomboa｜Huber, 2000

Priscula｜Simon, 1893

Psilochorus｜Simon, 1893

Quamtana｜Huber, 2003

Queliceria｜González-Sponga, 2003

Savarna｜Huber, 2005

Sihala｜Huber, 2011

Smeringopina｜Kraus, 1957

怒蛛属｜Smeringopus｜Simon, 1890

六眼幽灵蛛属｜Spermophora｜Hentz, 1841

Spermophorides｜Wunderlich, 1992

Stenosfemuraia｜González-Sponga, 1998

Stygopholcus｜Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932

Systenita｜Simon, 1893

Tainonia｜Huber, 2000

Tangguoa｜Yao & Li, 2021

- 来宾唐果蛛 Tangguoa laibin Yao & Li, 2021
- 铜鼓岭唐果蛛 Tangguoa tongguling Yao & Li, 2021

Teuia｜Huber, 2000

Tibetia｜Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006

Tolteca｜Huber, 2000

Trichocyclus｜Simon, 1908

Tupigea｜Huber, 2000

Uthina｜Simon, 1893

Wanniyala｜Huber & Benjamin, 2005

Waunana｜Huber, 2000

- Waunana anchicaya Huber, 2000
- Waunana eberhardi Huber, 2000
- Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929)
- Waunana tulcan Huber, 2000

Wugigarra｜Huber, 2001

Zatavua｜Huber, 2003

## 基本资料

- 学名：Pholcidae
- 说明：家幽灵蛛
- 命名者：C. L. Koch, 1851
- subdivision_ranks：属
- 栽培群成员：详见内文