原始印欧语数词

原始印欧语数词已经被现代语言学家基于跨越所有印欧语系语言所找到的相似性而重构了。本文列出并讨论它们的假定形式。

## 基数

基数重构如下:

数｜重构(Sihler)｜重构(Beekes)

1｜、Hoi-no-/、Hoi-wo-/、Hoi-k(ʷ)o-;、sem-｜、Hoi(H)nos

2｜、d(u)wo-｜、duoh₁

3｜、trei- (完全等级) /、tri- (零等级)｜、treies

4｜、kʷetwor- (o-等级) /、kʷetur- (零等级)(参见kʷetwóres规则)｜、kʷetuōr

5｜、penkʷe｜、penkʷe

6｜、s(w)eḱs; 最初可能是、weḱs｜、(s)uéks

7｜、septm̥｜、séptm

8｜、oḱtō,、oḱtou 或、h₃eḱtō,、h₃eḱtou｜、h₃eḱteh₃

9｜、(h₁)newn̥｜、(h₁)néun

10｜、deḱm̥(t)｜、déḱmt

20｜、wīḱm̥t-; 最初可能是、widḱomt-｜、duidḱmti

30｜、trīḱomt-; 最初可能是、tridḱomt-｜、trih₂dḱomth₂

40｜、kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是、kʷetwr̥dḱomt-｜、kʷeturdḱomth₂

50｜、penkʷēḱomt-; 最初可能是、penkʷedḱomt-｜、penkʷedḱomth₂

60｜、s(w)eḱsḱomt-; 最初可能是、weḱsdḱomt-｜、ueksdḱomth₂

70｜、septm̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是、septm̥dḱomt-｜、septmdḱomth₂

80｜、oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; 最初可能是、h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt-｜、h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂

90｜、(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是、h₁newn̥dḱomt-｜、h₁neundḱomth₂

100｜、ḱm̥tom; 最初可能是、dḱm̥tom｜、dḱmtóm

1000｜、ǵʰeslo-;、tusdḱomti (最初是“巨大的数”)｜、ǵʰes-l-

其他重构典型的同 Beekes 和 Sihler 有轻微的差异(例如 Fortson)。

- 元素
- -dḱomt- (在数20到90中)和
- dḱm̥t- (在100中)是在假定这些数为
- deḱm̥(t)“10”的派生词的假定上重构的。

Lehmann 相信大于10的数都是在方言群组中独立构造的而 *ḱm̥tóm 最初意味着“一个大数”而非特指100。

### 数的性

- 数3和4有带有后缀
- -s(o)r- 的阴性形式，分别重构为
- t(r)i-sr- 和
- kʷetwr̥-sr-。

## 数作为前缀

特殊形式的数被用作前缀，通常用来形成 bahuvrihi 复合(比如英语中的“five-fingered”):

数｜前缀(Fortson)

1- (together, same)｜、sm̥-

2-｜、dwi-

3-｜、tri-

4-｜、kʷ(e)tru- 或、kʷetwr̥-

## 序数

序数是难于构造的，由于它们在后代语言中是各种各样的。下列重构是试探性的:

- “第1”在用
- pr̥h₃-(有关于某种副词含义“forth, forward, front”和小品词
- prō“forth”，因此最初意味着“foremost”或类似含义)加上各种后缀如
- -wo-,
- -mo- 来形成。
- “第2”在后代语言使用了范围广泛的各种表达，经常无关于数2的词，所以不能重构出 PIE 形式。
- “第3”到“第6”被通过向基数加上后缀
- tr̥-t(ó)- /
- tri-t(ó)-“第三”等。
- “第7”到“第10”被通过向基数增加 thematic 元音 *-ó- 来形成: *oḱtow-ó-“第八”等。

- 结尾于音节主音鼻音的基数(7，9，10)在 thematic 元音前插入第二个鼻音，导致了后缀
- -mó- 和
- -nó-。这些后缀和后缀
- -t(ó)- 扩散到了临近的序数，例如吠陀梵语 aṣṭamá-“第八”和立陶宛语 deviñtas“第九”。

## 反映

### 基数的反映

数｜重构(Sihler)｜反映

1｜、Hoi-no-｜Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un

- sem-｜Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama

2｜、du(w)o-｜Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva, Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy

3｜、trei-｜Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije, Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri-

4｜、kʷetwor-｜Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri-

5｜、pénkʷe｜Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ, Luwian panta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke

6｜、s(w)eḱs｜Ved. ṣáṭ, Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. ṣäk, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ, Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses-

7｜、septm̥｜Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. ṣpät, Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ, Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. ṣukt, Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë

8｜、h₃eḱtō｜Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ, Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë

9｜、(h₁)newn̥｜Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ, Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë

10｜、deḱm̥(t)｜Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ, Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece-

20｜、wīḱm̥t-｜Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki, Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet

30｜、trīḱomt-｜Skr. triṅśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt

40｜、kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-｜Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt

50｜、penkʷēḱomt-｜Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt

60｜、s(w)eḱsḱomt-｜Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat

70｜、septm̥̄ḱomt-｜Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat

80｜、h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt-｜Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat

90｜、(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-｜Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto

100｜、ḱm̥tom｜Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto, Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja

1000｜、(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo-｜Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse

- tusdḱomti｜ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača

在下列语言中，用斜杠分隔的两个反映意味着:

- 英语: 古英语 / 现代英语
- 德语: 古高地德语 / 新高地德语
- 爱尔兰语: 古爱尔兰语 / 现代爱尔兰语
- 波斯语: 古波斯语 / 现代波斯语
- 吐火罗语: 吐火罗语A / 吐火罗语B

### 阴性数的反映

数｜重构｜反映

3｜、t(r)i-sr-｜Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/?

4｜、kʷetwr̥-sr-｜Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/?

### 数前缀的反映

数｜重构｜反映(通过例子)

1- (together, same)｜、sm̥-｜Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold"

2-｜、dwi-｜Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth"

3-｜、tri-｜Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes"

4-｜、kʷ(e)tru-｜Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed"

### 序数的反映

数｜重构｜反映

第1｜、pr̥h₃-wó-｜Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ

- pr̥h₃-mó-｜Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas

其他形式｜Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first, Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë

第2｜、dwo-teró-｜Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras Russ. vtoroj

第3｜、tri-tó-｜Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius Lith. trečias <、tretias Russ. tretij

第4｜、kʷetwr̥-tó-｜Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ Lat. quartus, Lith. ketvirtas, Russ. chetvjortyj

第5｜、penkʷ-tó-｜Av. puxδa-, Gk. pémptos Lat. quintus, Lith. penktas, Russ. pjatyj

第6｜、sweḱs-tó-｜Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus, Lith. šeštas, Russ. šestoj

第7｜、septm̥-(m)ó-｜Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ, Lith. septintas, sekmas, Russ. sed'moj

第8｜、h₃eḱtōw-ó-｜Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus, Russ. vos'moj, Lith. aštuntas, ašmas

第9｜、(h₁)newn̥-(n)ó-｜Lat. nonus, Gk. énatos, Russ. devjatyj, Lith. devintas

第10｜、dekm̥-(m)ó-｜Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus, Gk. dékatos, Lith. dešimtas, Russ. desjatyj