世界体系理论

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世界体系理论（world-systems theory），是由萨米尔·阿明、阿锐基、安德烈·冈德·弗兰克与伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦等人创建的后马克思主义国际关系理论及社会理论，应用于全球史和社会变迁。该理论强调将世界体系（而非民族国家）作为主要（但不是唯一的）的社会分析单元。

“世界体系”是指跨区域和跨国的劳动分工，它将世界分成了核心经济、半边陲经济和边陲经济。核心经济专注于高科技、资本密集型的生产，而世界的其余部分则要进行低技术、劳动密集型生产以及原材料的开采。这一体系时刻都在强化核心国家的支配地位。

然而，该体系也有动态性，部分是由于运输方式的变革，以及单个国家可能会获得/失去其核心/半边缘/边缘的地位。这种结构是由劳动分工统一起来的。它是植根于资本主义经济的世界经济。在一段时间内，某些国家成为世界霸权；在过去的几个世纪里，随着世界体系在地理上扩展、经济上强化，霸主的地位从荷兰转移到了英国，最近又转移到了美国。

## 缘起

世界体系理论发迹于20世纪70年代。其理论基础主要在社会学，但已发展成为非常跨学科的理论。世界体系理论试图取代现代化理论的地位，华勒斯坦对现代化理论的批判主要有以下三点：

- 它以民族国家作为唯一的分析单元
- 它假定所有国家只有同一条发展路径
- 它无视限制了地方和国家发展的跨国结构。

该理论有三个主要的来源：年鉴学派、马克思主义传统，以及依附理论。其中，年鉴学派传统（尤其是费尔南·布劳岱尔）对华勒斯坦在于将长时期的过程和将地理-生态区域作为分析单元。马克思主义增加了对社会冲突的强调，关注资本积累过程和竞争性的阶级斗争，关注相关的总体，社会形态的短暂性以及矛盾冲突的辩证运动。而依附理论是一套对发展过程的新马克思主义解释。

传统马克思主义中也有对帝国主义的探讨，列宁在其名著《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》中首开其端。世界体系论中谈及的核心与边陲概念也源于列宁。

其他对世界体系理论产生影响的有卡尔·波兰尼、尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫和约瑟夫·熊彼特等学者（特别是他们对商业周期和三种基本经济组织模式概念的研究：互惠模式、再分配模式和市场模式，华勒斯坦将其重新定义为对微型系统、世界帝国和世界经济的讨论）。

华勒斯坦认为，资本主义世界经济的发展对世界上很大一部分人口是有害的。他认为，20世纪70年代以来的时期是一个“过渡时代”，它将让位于一个（或多个）未来的世界体系，其结构无法预先确定。

世界体系的主要思想家有奥利弗·考克斯、萨米尔·阿明、阿锐基、安德烈·冈德·法兰克，以及伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦，其他主要贡献者有克里斯托弗·蔡斯-邓恩、贝弗里·西尔弗、珍妮特·阿布-卢格霍德、李民骐、库尼伯特·拉弗等人。

## 内容

华勒斯坦从边陲与核心的资源分配机制入手。“核心”系指已开发的工业化地区、政治集团，“边陲”指较贫穷并以出口原物料为主的未开发或开发中国家，“半边陲”是一方面支配某些边陲国，另一方面又被技术更先进的强国支配的中小国家。透过市场机制，边陲受到中心的剥削。这是世界体系的空间划分。华勒斯坦如是说：

至于时间向度，华勒斯坦定义了世界体系的四个时间特色：周期节律代表经济的短期波动，华勒斯坦基于康德拉季耶夫的长波理论，指出资本主义具有约40－50年的扩张-收缩周期，而中心、边陲与半边陲的格局也随之调整。长期趋势一如其名，代表经济成长或衰退等长期的倾向。矛盾是系统内的一般争议，通常是关于短期与长程目标之间的取舍。最后一个特色是危机，这也代表该系统的终结。

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