麻黄属

麻黄属（学名：Ephedra）是麻黄科（Ephedraceae）的唯一属，约67种，分布在亚洲、美洲、东南欧洲和北非等干旱和荒漠地区，有12种，主要生长在干旱山地和荒漠中。

本属植物为灌木或亚灌木；多分枝，小枝对生或轮生，绿色；单叶对生，通常退化为膜质的鞘；花单性，雌雄异株，雄花有2－4裂的假花被，雌花有一个顶端开口的囊状假花被，发育成革质假种皮；果实为假浆果状。

本属植物多数含有生物碱，可以入药，其中最著名的麻黄（E.sinica Stapf）是重要药材。此外可以固沙保土，麻黄果可以食用。传统上本纲植物属于裸子植物门，但比裸子植物进化，木质部有导管，孢子叶球有盖被，最新的分类将其单独列为一个门。

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## 下级分类

- 膜果麻黄组 Sect. Alatae Stapf
- 麻黄组 Sect. Ephedra

## 下属物种

本科包括以下属：

Ephedra alata｜Decne.

Ephedra alata｜Schimp. ex Carrière, 1855

Ephedra altissima｜Desf.

Ephedra americana｜Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Ephedra antisyphilitica｜Berland. ex C.A.Mey.

Ephedra aphylla｜Forssk.

Ephedra aspera｜Engelm. ex S.Watson

Ephedra aurantiaca｜Takht. & Pachom.

Ephedra aurea｜Brullo, C.Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa & Giusso, 2022

Ephedra boelckei｜F.A.Roig

Ephedra botschantzevii｜Pachom.

Ephedra breana｜Phil.

Ephedra brevifoliata｜Ghahr.

加州麻黄｜Ephedra californica｜S.Watson

Ephedra campulopoda｜DC., 1868

诚氏麻黄｜Ephedra chengiae｜Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson

- 刺枝麻黄 Ephedra chengiae var. spinosa Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson

Ephedra chilensis｜C.Presl

Ephedra compacta｜Rose

Ephedra coryi｜E.L.Reed

Ephedra cutleri｜Peebles

Ephedra dahurica｜Turcz.

Ephedra dawuensis｜Y.Yang

Ephedra distachya｜Brot., 1805

Ephedra distachya｜Cladera et al., 2007

Ephedra distachya｜Forssk., 1775

Ephedra distachya｜Gaudin

Ephedra distachya｜L.

Ephedra distachya｜Vill., 1789

木贼麻黄｜Ephedra equisetina｜Bunge

Ephedra fasciculata｜A.Nelson

雌雄麻黄｜Ephedra fedtschenkoae｜Paulsen

Ephedra fedtschenkoi｜Paulsen, 1904

Ephedra foeminea｜Forssk.

Ephedra foliata｜Boiss. ex C.A.Mey.

Ephedra fragilis｜Desf.

Ephedra fragilis｜Fresen.

Ephedra fragilis｜Lowe, 1860

Ephedra frustillata｜Miers

Ephedra funerea｜Coville & C.V.Morton

山岭麻黄｜Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall.

Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall. ex Florin, 1933

Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall. ex Klotzsch & Garcke

Ephedra gerardiana｜Wall. ex Stapf

Ephedra gracilis｜Phil. ex Stapf

Ephedra holoptera｜Riedl

中麻黄｜Ephedra intermedia｜Schrenk & C.A.Mey.

Ephedra kardangensis｜P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal

Ephedra khurikensis｜P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal

Ephedra laristanica｜Assadi

斑子麻黄｜Ephedra lepidosperma

丽江麻黄｜Ephedra likiangensis｜Florin

Ephedra lomatolepis｜Schrenk

Ephedra major｜Host

Ephedra major｜Puller

Ephedra milleri｜Freitag & Maier-St.

矮麻黄｜Ephedra minuta｜Florin

单子麻黄｜Ephedra monosperma｜J.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey.

Ephedra monostachya｜Guss.

Ephedra monostachya｜Willd., 1806

Ephedra multiflora｜Phil. ex Stapf

Ephedra nevadensis｜S.Watson

Ephedra ochreata｜Miers

Ephedra oxyphylla｜Riedl

Ephedra pachyclada｜Boiss.

Ephedra pangiensis｜Rita Singh & P.Sharma

Ephedra pedunculata｜Engelm. ex S.Watson

Ephedra pentandra｜Pachom.

Ephedra procera｜C.A.Mey.

膜果麻黄｜Ephedra przewalskii｜Stapf

Ephedra pseudodistachya｜Pachom.

细子麻黄｜Ephedra regeliana｜Florin

Ephedra rhytidosperma｜Pachom.

Ephedra rituensis｜Y.Yang, D.Z.Fu & G.H.Zhu

Ephedra rupestris｜Benth.

Ephedra sarcocarpa｜Aitch. & Hemsl.

藏麻黄｜Ephedra saxatilis｜(Stapf) Royle ex Florin

草麻黄｜Ephedra sinica｜Stapf

Ephedra somalensis｜Freitag & Maier-St.

Ephedra strobilacea｜Bunge

Ephedra sumlingensis｜P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal

Ephedra texana｜C.F.Reed, 1935

Ephedra tilhoana｜Maire

Ephedra torreyana｜S.Watson

Ephedra transitoria｜Riedl

Ephedra triandra｜Tul.

Ephedra trifurca｜Parry

Ephedra trifurca｜Torr.

Ephedra trifurca｜Torr. ex S.Watson

Ephedra trifurcata｜Zöllner

Ephedra tweediana｜C.A.Mey.

Ephedra tweedieana｜C.A.Mey.

Ephedra viridis｜Coville

Ephedra vvedenskyi｜Pachom.

Ephedra yangthangensis｜P.Sharma & Rita Singh

归入本属的物种：

Ephedra ×arenicola｜H.C.Cutler

Ephedra ×eleutherolepis｜V.A.Nikitin

## 基本资料

- 学名：Ephedra
- 说明：蛇麻黄（Ephedra distachya）
- 命名者：L.
- subdivision_ranks：种
- 栽培群成员：（见内文）
- map_range_caption：自然分布