德内-高加索语系

德内－高加索语系（Dené-Caucasian），或译作达内－高加索语系，亦称汉－高加索语系（Sino–Caucasian），是一个假设的超语系，包括汉藏语系、布鲁夏斯基语、叶尼塞语系、北高加索语系、北美的纳－德内语系，甚至是欧洲的瓦斯科尼亚语系（包括巴斯克语）。有时苏美尔语和阿尔吉克语系（阿尔冈昆－瓦卡希语系）也被归入其中。该语系存在与否还处在争议中，大部分关于该超语系的研究在20世纪90年代之后才开始展开。

2008年语言学家爱德华·瓦伊达提出了一个范围更小的超语系假说，即德内－叶尼塞语系，该假说认为西伯利亚的叶尼塞语系与北美的纳－德内语系存在同源关系，该假说获得了许多历史语言学家的认可。但至今，多数语言学家仍对德内－高加索语系假说持怀疑或否定态度。

## 研究历史

20世纪时，阿尔弗雷多·特隆贝蒂、萨丕尔、布雷齐斯特内、斯瓦迪士和托普洛夫等学者先后提出类似于德内－高加索语系的假说，并对该问题进行了相关探索。20世纪80年代，苏联语言学家斯塔罗斯金提出汉－高加索语系假说，指出高加索语、叶尼塞语和汉藏语可能具有同源关系，并提供了大量的语言学证据。80年代末，本特森也加入到这项假说的研究中来。

汉－高加索语系的成员自该假说提出后就不断扩充。1991年，尼古拉耶夫证明了高加索语与纳－德内语的发生学关系，从而在该超语系假说中加入纳－德内语。1996年，本特森将瓦斯科尼亚语系（这一语系包括巴斯克语、阿基坦语甚至是伊比利亚语）纳入该超语系假说中，1997年，本特森又将布鲁夏斯基语纳入。扩充后的假说被称为“德内－高加索语系”。

2005年，斯塔罗斯金进一步提出“德内－台语系”假说，该假说假定德内－高加索语系和澳语系为德内－台语系的两个分支，这个更为宏大的假说将汉藏语、北高加索语、侗台语、苗瑶语、南亚语、南岛语等许多语系包含进来。斯塔罗斯金还猜测德内－台语系可能于公元前一万年分化，形成了德内－高加索语系和澳语系两大分支。

## 存在证据

以斯塔罗斯金为首的莫斯科学派坚信“基本词汇对应是证明发生学关系的关键”，他们因此以语言年代学为基础，依照词汇对应等为证据对德内－高加索语系展开论证，但是他们并不注重考古学等旁证。至2005年，斯塔罗斯金提供了956组词汇对应形式，以证明汉藏语、高加索语等语言之间存在同源关系。其中有一部分词汇原始形态存在明显的相似，如：

词汇｜原始高加索语｜原始汉藏语

飞｜、pɨrV｜、phur~、bhur

毛发｜、c'ɦěme｜、chām

毛发｜、kɨ̌wrV｜、kra

叶子｜、tˡ'ǎp｜、lǎp

有些词汇原始形态不甚近似，但在高加索语中的语音变化却与汉藏语一致，如“血”一词在高加索语系的达吉语中读 "ħi"，而在汉藏语系的杜密语中读 ""。除词汇对应外，斯塔罗斯金及其同事还发现了高加索语与汉藏语之间的数种语音对应和形态对应形式。在语音对应方面，斯塔罗斯金认为原始德内－高加索语边塞音/tˡ/、/dˡ/在原始汉藏语中分化，词首保留边音/l/、/tˡ/，词尾则变成软腭音/k/；斯塔罗斯金亦发现原始高加索语的紧音与叶尼塞语的喉塞音/ʔ/对应，并猜测这种对应与原始德内－高加索语的超音段成分有关。

## 语系树建议

### 斯塔罗斯金及其同事的观点

斯塔罗斯金等莫斯科学派语言学家坚信人类语言的单一起源论，并开展了名为“巴别塔计划”的研究项目，斯塔罗斯金本人提出了“汉－高加索语系”并认为纳－德内语可能属于汉－高加索语系，其同事则展开了汉－高加索语系与纳－德内语等其它语系的比较。根据研究成果，斯塔罗斯金及其同事整理出如下的谱系树，并通过修订语言年代学估算了德内－高加索语系各语言的分化时间：

### 本特森的观点

本特森(John D. Bengtson)把巴斯克语、高加索语及布鲁夏斯基语组合成为大高加索语系(Macro-Caucasian family)。本特森并未对大高加索语系之外的德内－高加索语系分支画出详细的谱系树，而是将这些分支暂时直接放在德内－高加索语系之下，因为他认为目前对这些分支的研究尚不成熟。本特森也留意到苏美尔语在地理上与其西支及东支分享着相同的等语线。

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## 外部链接

- Dené–Caucasian ethno-linguistic map
- The Tower of Babel (site in English and Russian including Proposed family tree and Word-final resonants in Sino-Caucasian )
- A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1 (GIF)
- Merritt Ruhlen on the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis(PDF)

## 基本资料

- 谱系学分类：德内－高加索语系
- acceptance：有争议的超语系
- 地区：不连续地分布于欧亚大陆和北美大陆
- 谱系学分类：superfamily
- 谱系学分类：德内－台语系（？）
- 原始语言：原始德内－高加索语
- 分支：纳－德内语系（包括海达语）
- 分支：叶尼塞语系
- 分支：北高加索语系
- 分支：汉藏语系
- 分支：布鲁夏斯基语
- 分支：瓦斯科尼亚语系
- 分支：伊特鲁利亚语（有时包括）
- 分支：苏美尔语（有时包括）
- 分支：阿尔吉克语系（不常包括）
- glotto：none