语用学

语用学（Pragmatics）是语言学的一个分支学科，与符号学理论相互交叉、渗透，研究语境对语言含义产生的影响与做出的贡献。语用学包括言语行为理论、对话内涵义、交流中的对话，以及从哲学、社会学、语言学及人类学等角度解析人类语言行为的研究。

语用学分析研究语言行为（如招呼、回答、劝说）的文化准绳与发言规则。语用学还研究语言用于成事的方式。

不同的文化之间皆有约定俗成、客套的对话，为了避免跨文化交流之中，因为语言规范的差异而在交谈之中产生误解，社会语言学的知识与务实能力是语言学习者所不能忽视的。

## 参考文献

- Austin, J. L. (1962) How to Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press.
- Ariel, Mira (2008), Pragmatics and Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. (1978) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.
- Carston, Robyn (2002) Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Clark, Herbert H. (1996) "Using Language". Cambridge University Press.
- Cole, Peter, ed.. (1978) Pragmatics. (Syntax and Semantics, 9). New York: Academic Press.
- Dijk, Teun A. van. (1977) Text and Context. Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman.
- Grice, H. Paul. (1989) Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
- Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward. (2005) The Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell.
- Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
- Levinson, Stephen C. (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
- Levinson, Stephen C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. MIT Press.
- Lin, G. H. C., & Perkins, L. (2005). Cross-cultural discourse of giving and accepting gifts. International Journal of Communication, 16,1-2, 103-12 (ERIC Collections in ED 503685 http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED503685.pdf)
- Mey, Jacob L. (1993) Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).
- Kepa Korta and John Perry. (2006) Pragmatics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Potts, Christopher. (2005) The Logic of Conventional Implicatures. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Robinson, Douglas. (2003). Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things With Words. London and New York: Routledge.
- Robinson, Douglas. (2006). Introducing Performative Pragmatics. London and New York: Routledge.
- Sperber, Dan and Wilson, Deirdre. (2005) Pragmatics. In F. Jackson and M. Smith (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy. OUP, Oxford, 468-501. (Also available here.)
- Thomas, Jenny (1995) Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Longman.
- Verschueren, Jef. (1999) Understanding Pragmatics. London, New York: Arnold Publishers.
- Verschueren, Jef, Jan-Ola Östman, Jan Blommaert, eds. (1995) Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- Watzlawick, Paul, Janet Helmick Beavin and Don D. Jackson (1967) Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.
- Wierzbicka, Anna (1991) Cross-cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Yule, George (1996) Pragmatics (Oxford Introductions to Language Study). Oxford University Press.
- Silverstein, Michael. 1976. "Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description," in Meaning and Anthropology, Basso and Selby, eds. New York: Harper & Row
- Wardhaugh, Ronald. (2006). "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". Blackwell.
- Duranti, Alessandro. (1997). "Linguistic Anthropology". Cambridge University Press.
- Carbaugh, Donal. (1990). "Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact." LEA.

## 外部链接

- International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)
- Journal of Pragmatics
- "What is Pragmatics?" (eprint) by Shaozhong Liu
- European Communicative Strategies (ECSTRA), a (wiki)project in comparative pragmatics directed by .