原始印欧语小品词

原始印欧语小品词(particle：质点、粒子)已经被现代语言学家重构了，基于了跨越所有印欧语系语言所找到的相似性。本文列出并讨论它们的假定形式。

## 副词

### 用做后置和前置的副词

很多小品词可以用作副词和后置词二者。这类似于现代语言；比较一下英语的“He is above in the attic”(副词)和“The bird is above the house”(前置词)。除了安纳托利亚语族、印度-伊朗语族和萨比尼语，和退化于拉丁语和古希腊语中之外，在后代语言中后置词变成了前置词。

小品词｜意义｜反映

- apo｜from｜Ved. ápa“away, forth”, Gk. apó, Lat. ab “from”, Eng. of, off
- epi /、opi｜near, at, upon, by｜Ved. ápi“by, on”, Gk. epí“on”, Lat. ob“on”, Arm. ew“and”, Av. aipi, Lith. api-, apie, Alb. afër“near”
- h₁ad｜to, by, at｜Lat. ad, Osc. adpúd, Umb. ař, Goth. at, ON at, Eng. æt/at, Gm. az/--, Ir. ad/ad, Welsh add, Gaul. ad, Phryg. addaket, XMK addai
- (h₁?)en｜in｜Gk. en, Lat. in, Eng. in/in, Gm. in/in, īn/ein-, Welsh yn, Arm. i, OPruss. en, OCS vŭ(n)-, Luw. anda, Carian nt_a, Goth. in, ON í, Ir. in/in, Lith. į, Ltv. iekšā
- (h₁?)en-ter｜within, inside｜Ved. antár“between”, Lat. inter“between, among”, Gm. untar/unter“between, among”, Ir. eter/?“between”, Alb. ndër“between, in”
- h₂en /、h₂eno｜on, upon｜Av. ana, Gk. ano, Lat. in (在某些情况下), ON á, Goth. ana, Eng. an/on, Gm. ?/an, Lith. ant
- h₂euo｜off, away, down from｜Ved. , Lith. nuo
- h₂n̥-bʰi /、h₂m̥-bʰi｜around(→ both)｜Ved. abhi, Av. aiwito, aibi, Pers. abiy/?, Gk. amphi, ON um, Eng. bi/by; ymbi/umbe (废弃了), Gm. umbi/um; ?/bei, Gaul. ambi, Ir. imb/um, Welsh am, Toch. āmpi/?, Lith. abu, OCS oba, Russ. ob
- kata /、km̥ta｜down｜Hitt. katta“with”, Gk. katá“down”
- kom｜with｜Lat. cum, Ir. co/?
- n̥dʰ-er｜under｜Ved. adhás, Av. aδairi, Lat. īnfr-ā, Eng. under/under, Arm. ənd, Pers. ?/zēr, ON und, Goth. undar, Gm. untar/unter, Arm. ĕndhup/ĕnthub
- ni｜down, under｜Ved. ní, Eng. ne-ther, Arm. ni, OCS ni-zŭ
- nu｜now｜Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, Ved. nū, Pers. nūra/?, Gk. nú, Lat. nunc, ON nū, Goth. nu, Eng. nū/now, Gm. nu/nun, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, OPruss. teinu, OCS nu, Arb. naní (参见后面的连词段落)
- pe｜with, together｜Hitt. pe-
- per(i)｜around, through｜Ved. pári“around, forth”, Gk. perí“around”, Lat. per“through”, OPruss. per, Alb. për
- per /、pero /、prō｜before, forth, in front of, ahead of｜Hitt. per, Ved. prā, Lat. per, prō, Eng. for/fore-, Gm. ?/vor, Lith. per, pro
- r̥｜for (前接词)｜Ved. r̥
- uper｜above｜Ved. upári, Gk. hupér, Lat. s-uper, Eng. over, Ir. for/?, Arm. (i) ver "up" Alb. sipër
- up /、upo｜under, below｜Ved. úpa“up to”, Gk. hupó“below”, Lat. s-ub, Ir. fo/fo, Hitt. upzi, Av. upa, Pers. upa/?, Umb. sub, Osc. sup, ON upp, Goth. iup, Eng. upp/up, Gm. uf/auf, Welsh go, Gaul. voretus, Toch. ?/spe, Lith. po

未翻译的反映和 PIE 词有相同的意义。

在下列语言中，两个反映用斜杠分开意味着:

- 英语: 古英语 / 现代英语
- 德语: 古高地德语 / 新高地德语
- 爱尔兰语: 古爱尔兰语 / 现代爱尔兰语
- 波斯语: 古波斯语 / 现代波斯语
- 吐火罗语: 吐火罗语A / 吐火罗语B

### 否定词

- 可以重构两个否定词
- ne 和
- mē，后者只用于否定性命令。所谓的否定前缀(pivative prefix)
- n̥- 可能是
- ne 的零等级。

小品词｜意义｜反映

- ne｜句子否定词｜Ved. ná, Lat. nē/ne-, Eng. ne/no, Gm. ne/nein, Lith. nè, OCS ne, Hitt. natta, Luw. ni-, Lyc. ni-, Lyd. ni-, Av. na, Pers. na/?, Gk. ne-, Osc. ne, Umb. an-, ON né, Goth. ni, Ir. ní/ní, Welsh ni, Arm. an-, Toch. an-/en-, Ltv. ne, OPruss. ne, Pol. nie, Russ. ne, net, Alb. nuk
- n̥-｜否定前缀｜Hitt. am-, Ved. a(n)-, Gk. a(n)-, Lat. in-, Eng. un-
- mē｜命令否定词｜Ved. mā, Gk. mē Alb. mos

### 从形容词派生的副词

从形容词派生出的副词(比如英语的 bold-ly, beautiful-ly)可论证的不能归类为小品词。在原始印欧语中，它们简单的是形容词的格形式因此更好分类为名词。例如 *meǵh₂“greatly”，是主格-宾格单数。

## 连词

重构了下列连词:

小品词｜意义｜反映

- kʷe｜and, 词或短语连接词†｜Hitt. -ku, Ved. , Av. ca, Gk. te, Lat. -que
- wē｜or, 词或短语连接词†｜Ved. vā, Gk. -(w)ē, Lat. -ve
- de｜and, 句子连接词｜Gk. dé
- nu｜and, 句子连接词｜Hitt. nu, Ved. nú, Gk. nú, Toch. ?/nu, Ir. no-/?, OCS nŭ (参见前面副词段落)

†放置在被连接的词的后面，如拉丁语 Senatus populus-que Romanus ("Senate and people of Rome"), -que 连接起 senatus 和 populus。

## 感叹词

只有第一个是可安全重构的 PIE 感叹词，第二个是试探性的:

小品词｜意义｜反映

- wai!｜表达悲伤和或痛苦｜Hitt. uwai, Lat. vae, Welsh gwae, Eng. woe
- ō! /、eh₃! (?)｜oh!｜Gk. ō, Lat. ō, Eng. oh!, Gm. oh!, Russ. o!