词法学

词法学（morphology，“组织与形态”），又称形态学、构词学，是语言学的一个分支，研究单词（word）的内部结构和其形成方式。如英语的dog、dogs和dog-catcher有相当的关系，英语使用者能够利用他们的背景知识来判断此关系，对他们来说，dog和dogs的关系就如同cat和cats，dog和dog-catcher就如同dish和dishwasher。构词学正是研究这种单字间组成的关系，并试着整理出其组成的规则。

## 基本概念

### 英文字的根基(字根)

“Lexeme” 是指英文字的本根，dog 是dogs和dog catcher 的字根。虽然三字的义意不同，也与其字的根源有所关联。

### 字形（word form）和字词（vocabulary）

dog 和 cat 有不同的字形（word form）。另一方面，Dog 和 dog catcher 是有不同解释的字词（vocabulary），他们所指的是不同的实体。

英文字的原形，称为词条（lemma；原形），其引用形式（citation form），即是指可于字典上查询的字词的根本原形（vocabulary）。

## 延伸阅读

(Abbreviations: CUP = Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

- Anderson, Stephen R. (1992). A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: CUP.
- Aronoff, Mark. (1993). " Morphology by Itself ". Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Aronoff, Mark. (2009). " Morphology: an interview with Mark Aronoff". ReVEL, v. 7, n. 12, .
- Åkesson, Joyce. (2001). Arabic Morphology and Phonology . Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
- Beard, Robert. (1995). Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. .
- Bauer, Laurie. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. .
- Bauer, Laurie. (2004). A glossary of morphology. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP.
- Bubenik, Vit. (1999). An introduction to the study of morphology. LINCOM coursebooks in linguistics, 07. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. .
- Bybee, J. L. (1985). Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (Eds). (2007). Word: A cross-linguistic typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Foley, William A. (1998). " Symmetrical Voice Systems and Precategoriality in Philippine Languages". Workshop: Voice and Grammatical Functions in Austronesian. University of Sydney.
- Haspelmath, Martin. (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold (co-published by Oxford University Press). . .
- Fabrega, Antonio & Sergio Scalise (2012). Morphology: from Data to Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Katamba, Francis. (1993). Morphology. Modern linguistics series. New York: St. Martin's Press. . .
- Korsakov, A. K. (Andreĭ Konstantinovich). (1969) The use of tenses in English. Korsakov, A. K. Structure of Modern English pt. 1. oai:gial.edu:26766 at http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:gial.edu:26766
- Kishorjit, N., Vidya Raj RK., Nirmal Y., and Sivaji B. (2012) " Manipuri Morpheme Identification", Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP), pp. 95–108, COLING 2012, Mumbai, December 2012
- Matthews, Peter. (1991). Morphology (2nd ed.). CUP. . .
- Mel'čuk, Igor A. (1993–2000). Cours de morphologie générale, vol. 1–5. Montreal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.
- Mel'čuk, Igor A. (2006). Aspects of the theory of morphology. Berlin: Mouton.
- Scalise, Sergio. (1983). Generative Morphology, Dordrecht, Foris.
- Singh, Rajendra and Stanley Starosta (eds). (2003). Explorations in Seamless Morphology. SAGE Publications. .
- Spencer, Andrew. (1991). Morphological theory: an introduction to word structure in generative grammar. No. 2 in Blackwell textbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. ;
- Spencer, Andrew and Zwicky, Arnold M. (Eds.) (1998). The handbook of morphology. Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. .
- Stump, Gregory T. (2001). Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure. No. 93 in Cambridge studies in linguistics. CUP. (hb).
- van Valin, Robert D., and LaPolla, Randy. (1997). Syntax : Structure, Meaning And Function. CUP

## 外部链接

- Segmenti − Segmenti (Freeware)