绦虫纲

绦虫纲（学名：Cestoda）是一个寄生性扁形动物门的一个纲。人们常说的绦虫其实是多个物种的泛称。所有绦虫纲的物种都是寄生虫，其生活史可能各有不同，但这些物种的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物的消化道内，而其幼年期则寄生于其他动物的物种，例如：软体动物。这些物种自身无消化道，体分节或不分节的扁形动物。

绦虫的寄生历程已有很长久历史：科学家在一块2.7亿年前（二叠纪中期到后期）的鲨鱼粪便化石（coprolites）里发现了多丛绦虫卵及一条发育中的蚴。

## 分类

目前全球约有4,000余种，中国约有400种。共分以下两个亚纲：

- 单节绦虫亚纲（Cestodaria）
- 多节绦虫亚纲（Eucestoidea）

寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种，多属圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）和假叶目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉绦虫。

多节绦虫亚纲物种的分类已澄清。以下为现时的分类：

- 单殖纲 Monogenea
- Amphilinidea
- Caryophyllidea
- Spathebothriidea
- Trypanorhyncha
- 假叶目（Pseudophyllidea）
- 四叶目（Tetraphyllidea）
- Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea
- Nippotaeniidea
- 圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）、Tetrabothriidea

四叶目、假叶目（因为裂头绦虫科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圆叶目（因为Mesocestoididae科）均为并系群。

带科（Taeniidae）可能是圆叶目之下12个目的最基底。

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种，分为五个总科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.

在GBIF，本纲包括以下目：

Amphilinidea Bothriocephalidea Caryophyllidea Cathetocephalidea

- Cathetocephalidae
- Disculicepitidae

圆叶目｜Cyclophyllidea

Diphyllidea

- Echinobothriidae

裂头绦虫目｜Diphyllobothriidea

- Cephalochlamydidae
- 裂头绦虫科 Diphyllobothriidae
- Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931
- Baylisia Markowski, 1952
- Baylisiella Markowski, 1952
- Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899
- Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858
- Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892
- Dubium Rudolphi, 1819
- Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989
- Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921
- Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955
- Ligula Bloch, 1782
- Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810
- Ligula avium Bloch, 1782
- Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803
- Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839
- Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810
- Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790
- Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839
- Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017
- Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860
- Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959
- Multiductus Clarke, 1962
- Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969
- Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890
- Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
- Sparganum Diesing, 1854
- Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
- Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961
- Solenophoridae

Gyrocotylidea Haplobothriidea Lecanicephalidea

- Aberrapecidae
- Cephalobothiidae
- Cephalobothriidae
- Eniochobothriidae
- Lecanicephalidae
- Paraberrapecidae
- Polycephalidae
- Polypocephalidae
- Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
- Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017
- Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Polypocephalus Braun, 1878
- Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020
- Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991
- Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007
- Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005
- Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989
- Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005
- Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006
- Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005
- Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006
- Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006
- Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925
- Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009
- Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987
- Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
- Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878
- Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
- Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982
- Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
- Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960
- Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
- Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951
- Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
- Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
- Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Tetragonocephalidae
- Zanobatocestidae

Litobothriidea Nippotaeniidea Onchoproteocephalidea Phyllobothriidea

- Chimaerocestidae
- Phyllobothriidae
- Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
- Anindobothrium
- Anthobothrium
- Aocobothrium
- Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
- Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
- Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Caulobothrium
- Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
- Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
- Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
- Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
- Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
- Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993
- Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
- Crossobothrium Linton, 1889
- Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908
- Dinobothrium
- Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
- Gastrolecithus
- Guidus Ivanov, 2006
- Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
- Hoaleshwaria
- Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
- Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952
- Monorygma Diesing, 1863
- Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863
- Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889
- Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963
- Phanobothrium
- Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963
- Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850
- Pillersium Southwell, 1927
- Pithophorus Southwell, 1925
- Polipobothrium
- Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
- Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
- Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927
- Shindeiobothrium
- Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890
- Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
- Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981

Rhinebothriidea Spathebothriidea

- Acrobothriidae
- Diplocotylidae
- Spathebothriidae

Tetrabothriidea

- Tetrabothriidae
- Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922
- Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896
- Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
- Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
- Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922
- Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932
- Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828
- Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
- Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932

四叶目｜Tetraphyllidea

锥吻目｜Trypanorhyncha

目的地位未定的科：

Ballianiidae Pseudophyllidae Trilocularidae

目和科的地位未定的属：

Acanthorhynchus｜Diesing, 1850

Acrostoma｜Le Sauvage, 1827

Alyselminthus｜Zeder, 1800

Amphicephalus｜Beneden, 1871

Aprostatandrya｜Spasski, 1951

Atriotaenia｜Spasski, 1951

Balanoforus｜Briganti, 1825

Bicorne｜Sultzer, 1801

Bicornius｜Rafinesque, 1815

Bothriocephalum｜Lühe, 1899

Bothriorhynchus｜Lidth de Jeude, 1829

Bothriotaenia｜Railliet, 1892

Bothryocephalus｜Cuvier, 1817

Butleroides｜Lordello & Zamith, 1959

Caryophillinus｜Schrank, 1788

Caryophyllus｜Rudolphi, 1809

Catenaria｜Zeder, 1800

Cephalocotyleum｜Diesing, 1850

Cercocystis｜Villot, 1882

Cestoideum｜Diesing, 1854

Cestoscolex｜Parona, 1887

Chitonorecta｜Meggitt, 1927

Cisticercoideum｜Parona, 1901

Corynesoma｜Leuckart, 1843

Cotylogenes｜Lühe, 1902

Cryptocephalus｜van Beneden, 1849

Cryptocystis｜Villot, 1883

Cucurbilepsis｜Sadovskaya, 1965

Cucurbitina｜Alexander, 1833

Cucurbitinus｜Gleichen, 1779

Cucurbitinus｜Kniphof, 1759

Cylindrocorpus｜Rühm, 1959

Cysticercus｜Zeder, 1800

Cysturus｜Oken, 1815

Davainoides｜Fuhrmann, 1921

Dibothria｜Rudolphi, 1809

Dibothriorhyncus｜Chiaje, 1831

Dibothrium｜Diesing, 1850

Dibothrium｜Rudolphi, 1839

Dibothrius｜Rudolphi, 1819

Dibothrydus

Diorchis｜Matevosyan, 1946

Diplasia｜Holten, 1802

Diporus｜Diesing, 1863

Diprognopolus｜Anon., 1904

Dithyridium｜Rudolphi, 1819

Dithyridium｜Valenciennes, 1844

Dittocephalus｜Parona, 1887

Echinobothria｜Rudolphi, 1810

Echinobothrion｜Rudolphi, 1809

Echinoproboscilepsis｜Sadovskaya, 1965

Fascia｜Blanchard, 1888

Furia｜Linnaeus, 1758

Gieystoria

Globus｜Scopoli, 1772

Gopalaia｜Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980

Guptaia｜Malhotra, 1985

Gvosdevileps｜Spasskii, 1953

Gymnobothrion｜Rudolphi, 1809

Gymnoscolex｜Diesing, 1853

Gymnotenia｜Beneden, 1873

Gyrarthrix

Halysis｜Zeder, 1803

Heterodera｜Skarbilovich, 1959

Hydatodes｜Abildgaard, 1790

Ilisha｜Southwell & Prashad, 1918

Lakistorhynchus｜Pintner, 1913

Luheella｜Baer, 1924

Maccallumiella｜Yamaguti, 1952

Mastacembellophyllaeus｜Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977

Merocestus｜Cohn, 1902

Metabelea｜Mettrick, 1963

Monocercus｜Villot, 1882

Monogramma｜Cholodkovsky, 1915

Notobothrium｜Linstow, 1905

Octobothrium｜Diesing, 1850

Onchoscolex｜Diesing, 1853

Oobothrium｜Linton, 1904

Orygmatoscolex｜Diesing, 1854

Palaia｜Shipley, 1900

Pancrates｜Gistl, 1848

Parvitaenio｜Burt, 1940

Piestocystis｜Diesing, 1850

平槽属｜Platybothrium｜Hornell & Nayudu, 1924

Plerocercoides

Proglottis｜Dujardin, 1843

Prosthecocotyle｜Monticelli, 1892

Pseudobothrium

Pseudocapingentoldes｜Verma, 1971

Pseudodiscus｜Polonio, 1860

Pseudonybelinla｜Dollfus, 1966

Pseudoscicus｜Polonio, 1860

Sagittula｜Lamarck, 1816

Skrjabinoparaksis｜Krotov, 1949

Slossia｜Meggitt, 1931

Solium｜Blanchard, 1886

Spasskijela｜Tenora, 1959

Sphairidion｜Goodsir, 1845

Steganobothrium｜Diesing, 1854

Stenotenia｜Gervais, 1870

Strobilocercus｜Sambon, 1924

Synbia｜Tschudi, 1837

Taeniea｜Braun, 1894

Taxocyclocotyle｜Diesing, 1854

Terratas｜Blanchard, 1886

Tetrabothriorhynchus｜Diesing, 1850

Tetracisdicotyla｜Fuhrmann, 1907

Tetracotylus｜Monticelli, 1892

Tetrarhyncha

Tetrastoma｜Forbes, 1840

Tetrathyridium｜Rudolphi, 1819

Tetrathyrus｜Creplin, 1851

Thornonema｜Andrássy, 1959

Urocystidium｜Beddard, 1912

Versicaria｜Baird, 1853

## 特征

成虫扁长如腰带，分节，白色或乳白色，体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节（scolex）、颈部（neck）、节片（proglottid）组成，前端细。

头节上有槽、吸盘或钩，借此附着在宿主肠壁上；节片由颈分裂而来，节片由一至数千不等，越往后越宽大；每一节片相当一个体，称链体（stroblius），链体是虫体最显著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料；随着生殖器官的发育，节片愈后愈成熟，有卵的节片称为孕节，最后逐节或整段脱落，随粪便排出宿主体外。

## 生活史

卵内具有钩的胚，胚逸出后侵入中间宿主，发育为实心或囊状的蚴，蚴被最终宿主吞食后，即在小肠内成长为成虫；例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。

## 基本资料

- 说明：Taenia saginata
- 学名：Cestoda
- subdivision_ranks：亚纲
- 栽培群成员：单节绦虫亚纲、多节绦虫亚纲