迈克尔·波特

迈克尔·尤金·波特（Michael Eugene Porter，1947年5月23日），生于美国密歇根州安娜堡，著名管理学家，企业经营策略和竞争力的权威，26岁成为哈佛商学院教授，是哈佛历史上最年轻的教授，2001年领导着“战略和竞争研究所”，曾任雷根政府“产业竞争力委员会”的委员；而喜欢棒球的波特，也是波士顿红袜队的资深策略顾问。

## 生平

1969年，于普林斯顿大学取得航空及机械工程系学士学位。1971年，于哈佛大学商学院，取得MBA学位。1973年，于哈佛大学取得企业经济学（business economics）博士学位。

1984年他是美国摩立特集团的创始合作人之一，是全球领先的战略和管理综合性咨询公司，总部设在美国马萨诸塞州剑桥。

1994年他创建了创建富有竞争力的市内贫民区 ICIC（Initiative for a Competitive Inner City），一个任务是预测贫困内城的经济发展的非盈利性组织。

2012年11月，迈克尔波特创立的摩立特集团宣告破产。

## 学术贡献

- 价值链（Value chain）
- 产业竞争的五力分析（5 forces analysis）
- 钻石模型（Diamond Model）
- 市场定位（market positioning）-区分为差异化基础（variety base）、需求基础（need base）、和经由特殊管道基础（access base）的市场定位
- 策略群组（strategic groups，strategic sets）
- 竞争策略（generic strategies）-区分为成本领先、差异化和集中化
- 区域经济发展的产业集群（Porter's clusters）

## 主要著作

### 竞争战略

- Porter, M.E. (1979) "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979.
- Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980. The book was voted the ninth most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management.
- Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, 1985.
- Porter, M.E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1986.
- Porter, M.E. (1987) "From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy", Harvard Business Review, May/June 1987, pp. 43–59.
- Porter, M.E. (1996) "What is Strategy", Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec 1996.
- Porter, (2017) "Michael Porter on Creating Competitive Advantage for Yourself" , HBR Ascend
- Porter, M.E. (1998) On Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School, 1998.
- Porter, M.E. (1990, 1998) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New York, 1990.
- Porter, M.E. (1991) "Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy", Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue), pp. 95–117. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.4250121008/abstract
- McGahan, A.M. & Porter, M.E. Porter. (1997) "How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?" Strategic Management Journal, 18 (Summer Special Issue), pp. 15–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199707)18:1%2B%3C15::AID-SMJ916%3E3.0.CO;2-1/abstract
- Porter, M.E. (2001) "Strategy and the Internet", Harvard Business Review, March 2001, pp. 62–78.
- Porter, M.E. & Kramer, M.R. (2006) "Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility", Harvard Business Review, December 2069, pp. 78–92.
- Porter, M.E. (2008) "The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, January 2008, pp. 79–93.
- Porter, M.E. & Kramer, M.R. (2011) "Creating Shared Value", Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb 2011, Vol. 89 Issue 1/2, pp. 62–77
- Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2014) "How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Competition" , Harvard Business Review, November 2014, pp. 65–88
- Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2015) " How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Companies" , Harvard Business Review, October 2015, pp. 97–114
- Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2017) " Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy" , Harvard Business Review, November 2017, pp. 46–62

波特在管理学领域堪称经典的“竞争”三部曲是：

- 《竞争策略》（Competitive Strategy，1980）
- 《竞争优势》（Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance，1985）
- 《国家竞争优势》（The Competitive Advantage of Nations，1989）

### 美国政治竞争力

- Gehl, K.M. & Porter, M.E. (2017) " Why Competition in the Politics Industry is Failing America ", Harvard Business School, September 2017.

### 美国健康医疗

- Porter, M.E. & Teisberg, E.O. (2006) Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition On Results, Harvard Business School Press, 2006.
- Berwick, DM, Jain SH, and Porter ME. "Clinical Registries: The Opportunity For The Nation." Health Affairs Blogs, May 2011.

### 全球医疗健康

- Jain SH, Weintraub R, Rhatigan J, Porter ME, Kim JY. "Delivering Global Health". Student British Medical Journal 2008; 16:27.
- Kim JY, Rhatigan J, Jain SH, Weintraub R, Porter ME. "From a declaration of values to the creation of value in global health: a report from Harvard University's Global Health Delivery Project". Global Public Health. 2010 Mar; 5(2):181–88.
- Rhatigan, Joseph, Sachin H Jain, Joia S. Mukherjee, and Michael E. Porter. "Applying the Care Delivery Value Chain: HIV/AIDS Care in Resource Poor Settings." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-093, February 2009.

## 书籍和评论

- Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy. Magretta, Joan. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2012.
- The Lords of Strategy: The Secret Intellectual History of the New Corporate World. Kiechel, Walter III. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 2010.
- The Porter Hypothesis After 20 Years: How Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness? Stefan Ambec, Mark A. Cohen, Stewart Elgie, and Paul Lanoie. Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, Washington DC, 2011.
- Well-Designed Environmental Regulations will Strengthen Companies' Competitiveness: Reviewing the Porter Hypothesis. Mitsuhashi Tadahiro (ed.) Japan, 2008.
- From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: Evolution of Competitiveness Theory y. Cho, Dong-Sung Cho and Hwy-Chang Moon. Asia-Pacific Business Series, Korea, 2000.
- “Retrospective: Michael Porter's Competitive Strategy.” Academy of Management Executive, May 2002, Vol. 16, No. 2
- Perspectives on Strategy: Contributions of Michael E. Porter, F.A.J. van den Bosch and A.P. de Man (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997.
- O Projecto Porter: A aplicação a Portugal 1993/94. Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério da Indústria e Energia, May 1995.
- Sölvell, Ö. (2015), The Competitive Advantage of Nations 25 years – opening up new perspectives on competitiveness. Competitiveness Review, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2015-0068.

## 批评

波特的论述与主张遭到一些学术人士批评，认为其逻辑辩证前后矛盾，另外也被人认为其结论缺乏实务经验的支持，以及论述中所举的产业案例有刻意挑选及润饰之嫌。

在其顾问公司倒闭负债五亿美元后质疑者的声浪更是大幅成长，认为波特的理论性远大于实用性，不过是象牙塔内的纸上谈兵。《福布斯》杂志在2012年11月20日发表认为波特提出的“五力分析”，想要替企业架构出竞争进入障碍，只是在企业全球化的浪潮中国界消失了、知识沦为大宗商品，没人能建立垄断性障碍，目前胜出的企业像苹果、亚马逊等，都必须仰赖不断创新来创造价值，其管理学理论在生产过剩的买方时代已经没有意义，在高度全球竞争白热化的时代，各公司需要细节面、针对其产业特化的极细部顾问服务，这些都需要特化型的专家长年研究，而非只懂理论的大学教授能胜任，不会再有企业想为了讲述大概略方向战略的建议而付顾问费。

## 基本资料

- 日语原文：迈克尔·尤金·波特
- 职业：管理学家
- 活跃时期：1973年至今
- 原文名：Michael Eugene Porter
- 性别：男
- 出生日期：1947年5月23日
- 出生地：美国密歇根州安娜堡
- 国籍：美国
- 学历：普林斯顿大学航空机械学士、哈佛大学企管硕士、哈佛大学企业经济学博士
- past：摩立特顾问公司创办人（已被德勤收购）、哈佛商学院教授、里根政府“产业竞争力委员会”委员、波士顿红袜队策略顾问
- 主要著作：《竞争策略》、《竞争优势》、《国家竞争优势》