伞菌目

伞菌目（学名：Agaricales），又名蘑菇目，是伞菌纲的一目。本目包含33科、413属和超过13000种已经描述的物种，其中包括6个化石属。本目所包含的种类广泛，从最常见的洋菇，致命的毒鹅膏和有迷幻性质的毒蝇伞，到可发光的发光类脐菇都是本目的种类。

## 分布和栖息地

伞菌目的物种无处不在，所有大洲均有发现。大部分生长在陆地，它们的栖息地包括所有类型的林地和草地，不同科之间的物种差别很大。伞菌目长期被认为是只生长在陆地，直到2005年发现的水生蘑菇(Psathyrella aquatica)，唯一在水下繁殖的蘑菇。

## 特征

伞菌目的担子果通常是肉质的，具有通常称为茎的菌柄、菌盖、和菌褶，其中产生担孢子。这是蘑菇的刻板结构。不同类型的蘑菇包括多孔菌，它们有孔（管）而不是菌褶，以及形成齿状或棘状突起的触须菌(hydnoid fungi)。

## 科

现时属于伞菌目的科有约40个，包括：

蘑菇科｜Agaricaceae

鹅膏菌科｜Amanitaceae

Asproinocybaceae｜T. Bau & G.F. Mou 2021

- Asproinocybe R. Heim 1970
- Asproinocybe sinensis
- Tricholosporum Guzmán 1975
- Tricholosporum guangxiense

Biannulariaceae｜Jülich 1982

粪锈伞科｜Bolbitiaceae｜Singer 1948

Broomeiaceae Callistosporiaceae Chromocyphellaceae

珊瑚菌科｜Clavariaceae

丝膜菌科｜Cortinariaceae

Crassisporiaceae

锈耳科｜Crepidotaceae｜，靴耳科

挂钟菌科｜Cyphellaceae

皮革菌科｜Cystostereaceae

粉褶菌科｜Entolomataceae

牛舌菌科｜Fistulinaceae

Hebelomataceae Hemigasteraceae

轴腹菌科｜Hydnangiaceae

蜡伞科｜Hygrophoraceae

腹菌科｜Hymenogastraceae

Inocybaceae｜Jülich 1982

- Astrosporina J.Schröt., 1889
- Astrosporina S.Imai, 1938
- Auritella Matheny & Bougher, 2006
- Cyphellathelia Jülich
- Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., 1863
- 凹孢丝盖伞属 Inosperma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe (Kuyper) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe abruptibulbosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe acystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe africana Aïgnon, Yorou & Ryberg
- Mallocybe agardhii (N.Lund) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe althoffiae (E.Horak) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe arenaria (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe arthrocystis (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe attenuatipes (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe coloradoensis (Tracy & Earle) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe cotoneovelata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe crassivelata Ferisin, Bizio, Esteve-Rav., Vizzini & Dovana
- Mallocybe delecta (P.Karst.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe depressa L.Fan, H.Zhou & N.Mao
- Mallocybe errata (E.Horak, Matheny & Desjardin) Haelew.
- Mallocybe fibrillosa (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fulviceps (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fulvipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fulvoumbonata (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe fuscomarginata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe granulosa (Jacobsson & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe gymnocarpa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe hebelomoides Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe heimii (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe homomorpha (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe isabellina (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe lagenicystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe latifolia (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe latispora (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe leucoblema (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe leucoloma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe malenconii (R.Heim) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe megalospora (Stangl & Bresinsky) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe multispora (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe myriadophylla (Vauras & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe nuptialis Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
- Mallocybe pakistanica
- Mallocybe pallidotomentosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe paludosa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe pelargoniodora (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe perbrevis (Weinm.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe peronata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe piceae L.Fan & N.Mao
- Mallocybe pinicola
- Mallocybe plebeia Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
- Mallocybe pseudodulcamara (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe pygmaea (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe pyrrhopoda (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe sabulosa (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe siciliana (Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti) Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti
- Mallocybe solidipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe squamosoannulata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe squarrosoannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subdecurrens (Ellis & Everh.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subflavospora (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe substraminipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe subtilior (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe terrigena (Fr.) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe tomentosula Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe umbrinofusca (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe unicolor (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe velicoronata (E.Ludw. & M.Huth) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe velutina Saba & Khalid
- Nothocybe Matheny & K.P.D.Latha, 2019
- Pseudosperma Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Tubariomyces Esteve-Rav. & Matheny, 2010

Limnoperdaceae

马勃科｜Lycoperdaceae

离褶伞科｜Lyophyllaceae

Macrocystidiaceae

小皮伞科｜Marasmiaceae

小菇科｜Mycenaceae

Mythicomycetaceae Niaceae Nidulariaceae

光茸菌科｜Omphalotaceae

Palaeoclavariaceae Phelloriniaceae Phyllotopsidaceae Physalacriaceae

侧耳科｜Pleurotaceae

光柄菇科｜Pluteaceae

Porotheleaceae

鬼伞科｜Psathyrellaceae

Pseudoclitocybaceae

羽瑚菌科｜Pterulaceae

Radulomycetaceae Sarcomyxaceae

裂褶菌科｜Schizophyllaceae

Secotiaceae Squamanitaceae Stephanosporaceae

球盖菇科｜Strophariaceae

口蘑科｜Tricholomataceae

Tubariaceae Tulostomataceae Typhulaceae

科的地位未定的属：

Acanthocorticium｜Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb.

Acanthocystidium｜Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb

Acinophora｜Rafinesque, 1808

Albocoprinus Aleurocystis

鹅膏菌属｜Amanita｜Adanson, 1763

Amogaster｜M.A.Castellano, 1995

拟变孔菌属｜Anomoloma

Aureofungus｜Hibbett, Binder & Wang, 2003

Australocybe

Baumanniella｜Henn.

Blasiphalia｜Redhead

Bresadolina Chalymmota

Cheilophlebium｜Opiz & Gintl, 1856

Collyria｜E.M.Fries, 1849

Copelandia

Cribrospora｜Pacioni & P.Fantini, 2000

Cycloderma｜Klotzsch, 1832

Cypellomyces｜Spegazzini, 1906

Cysodermella｜H.Harmaja, 2002

小囊皮菌属｜Cystodermella｜Hamaja

树状皮革菌属｜Dendrothele

Disporotrichum｜Stalpers, 1984

Eriosperma｜Rafinesque, 1808

Flammeopellis｜Y.C.Dai, B.K.Cui & C.L.Zhao, 2014

Geasterites｜Pia, 1927

Gerontomyces｜Poinar, 2016

Gondwanagaricites｜Heads et al., 2017

Gramincola｜Velenovský, 1947

Hertzogia

Hygrophorocybe｜Vizzini & Contu, 2014

Hypomnema｜Britzelmayr, 1883

Inopilus｜(Romagn.) Pegler

Laterradea｜Raspail, 1824

Lignomphalia

Mesophelliopsis｜Batista & A.F.Vital, 1957

Microcollybia

Micromphale｜Nees

蒙氏假菇属｜Montagnea｜(DC.) Zeller

Mycospongia｜Velenovský, 1939

Mylitta｜E.M.Fries, 1825

新桩菇属｜Neopaxillus

- Neopaxillus bryogenus E.Horak
- Neopaxillus dominicanus Angelini & Vizzini
- Neopaxillus echinospermus (Speg.) Singer
- Neopaxillus plumbeus Singer & Lodge
- Neopaxillus reticulatus (Petch) Pegler

Nigrocarnea

Palaeoagaracites｜Poinar & Buckley, 2007

Palaeoagaricites｜G.O.Poinar Jr. & R.Buckley, 2007

Phaeotephrocybe

Phlebophyllum｜R.Heim, 1969

Pholiota｜(Fr.) Quél

Pilosace｜(Fr.) Quél.

Pleuromycenula

褶尾菌属｜Plicatura｜Peck

Polygaster｜E.M.Fries, 1823

Praearthromyces

Radulomycetopsis｜G.S.Dhingra, Priyanka & J.Kaur, 2012

Rotula｜Rafinesque, 1815

Stemastrum｜Rafinesque, 1808

Strobilurusl

Stylobates｜E.M.Fries, 1837

Synnematomyces｜Kobayasi, 1981

## 生命周期

真菌子实体是生命周期的孢子产生阶段。大多数真菌通过孢子繁殖，子实体专为孢子的产生和传播而开发。子实体产生的孢子通常是有性生殖的结果。

## 基本资料

- 说明：平菇 Pleurotus ostreatus
- 学名：Agaricales
- 命名者：Underw., 1899
- subdivision_ranks：亚目
- 栽培群成员：伞菌亚目 Agaricineae、蜡伞亚目 Hygrophorineae、小皮伞亚目 Marasmiineae、侧耳亚目 Pleurotineae、光柄菇亚目 Pluteineae、裂褶菌亚目 Schizophyllineae、口蘑亚目 Tricholomatineae