唐米語

唐米語，也稱為Thāmī、Thangmi Kham、Thangmi Wakhe、Thani，是一種漢藏語言，由尼泊爾中東部的唐米人使用。唐米人將他們的語言稱為 Thangmi Kham 或 Thangmi Wakhe，而尼泊爾其他地區則將其稱為 Thāmī。然而，這些使用者中的大多數居住在尼泊爾的傳統故鄉多拉卡區(Dolakha)以及大吉嶺。唐米語使用天城文字母書寫。馬克·圖林（Mark Turin）對唐米語進行了廣泛記錄。

## 分布

唐米語主要在巴格馬蒂省的多拉卡地區、賽隆科拉（拉梅恰普縣北部狹長地帶，主要在格庫爾甘加）的村莊、辛杜帕爾喬克縣東部地區使用，部分移居到加德滿都谷地城市的老年人也講這種語言。

在多拉卡 (Dolakha) 和辛杜帕爾科克 (Sindhupalcok) 地區以外，很少有塔米族人講唐米語。

## 分類

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唐米語似乎與尼泊爾的其他語言有很多相似之處。例如，巴拉姆語（Barām），基蘭特語（Kiranti），尼瓦爾語（Newar）語。Konow (1909)、Shafer (1966)、Stein (1970)、Toba (1990)、van Driem (1992) 和 Turin 的研究表明，唐米語與拉伊語（Rai）和尼瓦爾語（Newar）密切相關。

## 文法

唐米語｜英語｜代詞

gai｜I｜第一人稱單數

ni｜we｜第一人稱複數

naɳ ｜you｜第二人稱單數

niɳ ｜you｜第二人稱複數

to｜he, she, it｜第三人稱單數

tobaɳ ｜they｜第三人稱複數

## 方言

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唐米語由兩種方言組成，即多拉克區（Dolakhā 東部）和辛杜帕爾喬克縣（Sindhupālchok 西部）。它們在音系、名詞和動詞形態以及詞彙方面有所不同。大多數唐米語人口使用 Dolakhā 方言，而只有少數人使用 Sindhupālcok。Dolakhā 方言提供了更完整的動詞一致系統，而 Sindhupālcok 方言的名詞形態則更複雜。

相互關係

英語｜Dolakhā｜Sindhupālchok

younger brother｜hu｜calaca hu

younger sister｜humi｜camaica hu

father's eldest brother｜jekhapa｜jhya?apa

father's younger brother｜ucyapa｜pacyu

father's eldest sister｜nini｜jhya?ama

father's younger sister｜nini｜nini

mother's eldest brother｜palam｜palam

mother's younger brother｜malam｜mou

mother's eldest sister｜jekhama｜jhya?ama

mother's younger sister｜macyu｜phus?ama

## 唐米歌曲

唐米人擁有豐富的文化和傳統。語言是他們身份的重要組成部分，他們通過文化（主要是音樂）來表達自己的語言。尼泊爾唐米人協會 (NTS) 創作了幾首唐米歌曲，這些歌曲於 2007 年錄製。歌詞由 Singh Bahadur Thami、Devendra Thami 和 Lok Bahadur Thami 創作。以下是一些示例：

## 比較詞彙

以下 210 個單詞的列表涵蓋五種唐米方言，來自 Regmi 等人（2014年）。涵蓋的方言包括：

- 多拉卡區巴布雷（Babre） VDC
- 多拉卡區拉皮浪（Lapilang） VDC
- 多拉卡區蘇斯帕·克沙瑪瓦蒂（Suspa Kshamavati） VDC
- 拉梅恰普區（Ramechhap）達杜窪（Daduwa） VDC
- 辛杜帕爾喬克縣（Sindhupalchok）喬卡蒂（Chokati） VDC

還提供了 Kansakar (2010) 中的巴拉姆語（Baram）的詞彙以供比較。

詞義｜Babre｜Lapilang｜Suspa Kshamavati｜Dadhuwa|Daduwa｜Chokati｜Baram

body｜mɑŋ｜mɑŋ｜mɑŋ｜mɑŋ｜jiu｜aŋ (IA loan)

head｜kɑpu｜kɑpu｜kɑpu｜kɑpu｜kɑpu｜kəpu

hair｜cimyɑŋ｜cimeŋ｜cimeŋ｜mus｜mus｜sjam

face｜kʰen｜kʰen｜kʰen｜kʰen｜kʰen｜mik

eye｜mese｜mese｜mesek｜mese｜mese｜mik

ear｜kulnɑ｜kulnɑ｜kulnɑ｜kulnɑ｜kulŋɑ｜kuna

nose｜ciŋɑ｜ciŋyɑ｜ciŋɑ｜cĩyɑ̃｜ciyɑ̃｜cina

mouth｜uɡo｜uɡo｜uɡo｜ogo｜ogo｜anam

teeth｜suwɑ｜suwɑ｜suwɑ｜suwɑ｜suwɑ｜swa

tongue｜cile｜cile｜cile｜cile｜cile｜ce le

breast｜cucu｜cyucyu｜cucu｜nunu｜cucu｜nənu

belly｜bɑŋkɑl｜bɑŋkɑl｜bɑŋkɑl｜bʌŋɡʌl｜bʌŋɡɑl｜ujaŋ

arm/hand｜lɑʔ｜lɑʔ｜lɑk｜lɑ｜lɑ｜hit

elbow｜uru｜ɽuŋ｜uru｜uru｜kuino｜kuina (IA loan)

palm｜oilyɑ｜lɑʔ｜lɑk｜pɑti｜lɑ｜lapʈa

finger｜cʰumpi｜cʰumpi｜cumpi｜cyukuri｜cukuri｜əŋla (IA loan)

fingernail｜pin｜pin｜pin｜pin｜pin｜luŋdziŋ

leg｜konʈe｜konʈe｜konʈe｜konʈe｜lɑi｜undzik

skin｜ʃebi｜ʃebi｜ʃebi｜ʃebi｜ʃebi｜chala (IA loan)

bone｜koʃɑ｜koʃɑ｜koʃɑ｜koʃyɑ｜koʃyɑ｜haɖ (IA loan)

heart｜loŋse｜loŋse｜loŋsek｜loŋse｜loŋse｜muʈu (IA loan)

blood｜cɑi｜cɑi｜cɑi｜cʌi｜cʌi｜cihui

urine｜uʃi｜uʃi｜uʃi｜uʃi｜uʃi｜ci

feces｜kuɽi｜kuɽi｜kiɽi｜kuɽi｜kili｜ku

village｜rɑɽe｜dese｜dese｜dese｜dese｜hannuŋ (IA loan)

house｜nem｜nem｜nem｜nem｜nem｜nam

roof｜cʰɑnɑ｜cʰɑnɑ｜pɑli｜pɑli｜cʰɑnɑ｜chano

door｜kʰɑɽoŋ｜kʰɑɽuŋ｜kʰɑɽo｜kʰʌɽu｜kʰɑɽu｜ɖhoka (IA loan)

firewood｜seŋ｜seŋ｜seŋ｜seŋ｜seŋ｜siŋ

broom｜tʰope｜tʰope｜tʰope｜tʰope｜tʰope｜astuŋ

mortar｜yɑmbɑʔ｜lokmɑŋ｜lokmɑŋ｜ʈim｜luŋ｜siləuʈo (IA loan)

pestle｜ulum｜lok｜ulum｜ulum｜loɦoro｜lohoro

hammer｜ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ｜ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ｜ʈʰokʈʰoke｜ʈʰukʈʰukiɑ｜ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ｜hətəuɖo (IA loan)

knife｜ɑikucɑ｜ɑikucɑ｜ɑikucɑ｜kɑrdɑ｜cʌkku｜ukhmen

axe｜rɑpɑ｜rɑpɑ｜rɑpɑ｜rɑʔpɑ｜rɑpɑ｜kəm

rope｜ʃɑkpɑ｜ʃɑkpɑ｜ʃɑkpɑ｜ʃyɑpɑ｜ɖɑmlɑ｜ɖori (IA loan)

thread｜dʰɑɡo｜sɑle｜benɑ｜ʃyɑpɑ｜dʰɑgo｜ləkthun

needle｜ɦili｜ɦili｜yuli｜yuli｜ɦuli｜pənuŋ

cloth｜myuŋ｜miŋmyɑŋ｜myuŋ｜myũ｜myuŋ｜mu

ring｜sɑimundro｜sɑimundro｜sɑimundro｜ʌŋɡuliŋ｜ʌũʈʰi｜əŋʈhi (IA loan)

sun｜uni｜uni｜uni｜uni｜uni｜uni

moon｜cʌlʌuni｜cʌlʌuni｜cʌlʌuni｜cʌlɑʔuni｜cʌlɑuni｜cəlauni

sky｜sʌrɡyɑ｜sʌrɡyɑ｜sʌrɡe｜sʌrɡe｜ʌkɑs｜akas (IA loan)

star｜ucʰi｜ucʰi｜ucʰi｜ucʰi｜ucʰi｜tara (IA loan)

rain｜pɑŋku｜pɑŋkuyusɑ｜jʰʌriuɑn｜ʃyɑrde｜jʰɑri｜aŋmət

water｜pɑŋku｜pɑŋku｜pɑŋku｜pʌŋku｜pɑŋku｜awa

river｜ʃoŋ｜ʃoŋ｜ʃoŋ｜ʃoŋ｜ʃoŋ｜gudul

cloud｜dʰummɑ｜kʰɑʃu｜kʰɑsu｜dʰummɑ｜dʰumpɑ｜a mu

lightning｜mirlisidu｜sʌrɡyɑtowɑn｜mirliksɑ｜miklik｜gʌɽɑŋguɽuŋtʰɑ

rainbow｜indreni｜indreni｜indreni｜lʌrkuni｜indreni｜indreni (IA loan)

wind｜pʰɑʃɑ｜pʰɑʃɑ｜pʰɑʃɑ｜pʰɑʃyɑ｜pʰɑʃyɑ｜asi

stone｜ɽiŋ｜ɽiŋ｜liŋ｜ɽiŋ｜lyuŋ｜kumba

path｜ulɑm｜ulɑm｜ulɑm｜ulɑm｜ulɑm｜uŋma

sand｜pʰɑʃeɽiŋ｜kʰreʔduɽiŋ｜jɑŋkʰɑ｜syɑŋɖo｜bʌluwɑ｜balwa (IA loan)

fire｜me｜me｜me｜me｜me｜mui

smoke｜ɑsku｜ɑsku｜ɑsku｜ɑcʰɑ｜dʰuwɑ̃tʰɑn｜isku

ash｜tɑrbɑ｜trɑbɑ｜trɑbɑ｜trɑbɑ｜tɑbrɑ｜maju

mud｜nɑsɑ｜nɑsɑ｜nɑsɑ｜nɑsɑ｜nɑsɑ｜nəsa

dust｜pʰɑʃe｜pʰɑsse｜dʰule｜buʃi｜dʰulo｜dhulo

gold｜sun｜loŋ｜luŋ｜ɡoɦo｜sun｜sun (IA loan)

tree｜doŋbo｜duŋbo｜dombo｜pole｜ruk｜sjaŋma

leaf｜ɑjɑ｜ɑjɑ｜ɑjɑ｜ɑjɑ｜ɑjɑ｜su

root｜pole｜pole｜nɑrɑ｜dɑrɑ｜jɑrɑ｜dzəra

thorn｜puʈu｜puʈu｜puʈu｜puʈu｜puʈu｜achu

flower｜reŋ｜reŋ｜reŋ｜reŋ｜reŋ｜phul (IA loan)

fruit｜pʰɑlpʰul｜pʰɑlpʰul｜pʰɑlpʰul｜kʌntʰʌmʌl｜pʰɑlpʰul｜phalphul (IA loan)

mango｜ɑ̃p｜ɑ̃p｜ɑmcur｜ɑ̃p｜ɑ̃p｜əmba (IA loan)

banana｜muĩ｜mui｜muĩ｜muĩ｜mui｜umse

wheat (husked)｜jɑʔcʰo｜jɑʔcʰo｜jɑkso｜jɑcʰo｜jɑʔcʰo｜gəu

barley｜ɑkɑn｜ɑkɑn｜ɑkɑn｜ɑkɑn｜ɑkɑn｜dzəu

rice (husked)｜jɑke｜jɑki｜jɑke｜meke｜jɑke｜hadza

potato｜kwɑi｜kwɑi｜kwɑi｜kwɑi｜koi｜alu (IA loan)

eggplant｜bɑnʈɑ｜bɑnʈɑ｜bʰenʈɑ｜bʌnʈɑ｜bʰẽɽi｜bhənʈa (IA loan)

groundnut｜bʌdɑm｜bʌdɑm｜bʌdɑm｜bʌdɑm｜bʌdɑm｜bədam (IA loan)

chili｜mɑrci｜mʌrci｜mɑrci｜ɑso｜kʰorsɑni｜asok

turmeric｜ɦʌrdi｜ɦʌrdi｜ɦʌrdi｜besɑr｜besɑr｜besar (IA loan)

garlic｜lʌsun｜lʌsun｜lʌsun｜lʌmbo｜lʌsun｜ləsun (IA loan)

onion｜pyɑj｜pyɑj｜pyɑj｜pyɑj｜pyɑj｜pjadz (IA loan)

cauliflower｜reŋkopi｜reŋkopi｜kopi｜kɑuli｜kɑuli｜kauli (IA loan)

tomato｜bɑnʈɑ｜ɡyɑmbɑlɑ｜ɡɑmbʌl｜bʌnʈɑ｜golbʰẽɽɑ｜golbhẽɖa (IA loan)

cabbage｜ɑjɑkopi｜ɑjɑkopi｜bʌndɑ｜bʌndɑ｜bʌndɑ｜bənda (IA loan)

oil｜ɑsɑ｜ɑsɑ｜ɑsɑ｜ɑsɑ｜ɑsɑ｜asa

salt｜cʰyɑ｜cʰyɑ｜cʰɑ｜cʰyɑ｜cʰɑ｜cha

meat｜cici｜cici｜cici｜ɑcʰin｜cici｜ku sja

fat (of meat)｜cʰeu｜cʰou｜cʰeu｜cʰo｜cʰyʌu｜kucho

fish｜nɑŋɑ｜nɑŋɑ｜nɑŋɑ｜nɑŋɑ｜nɑŋɑ｜nəŋa

chicken｜wɑcɑ｜wɑcɑ｜wɑcɑ｜wɑcɑ｜wɑcɑ｜hocca

egg｜om｜ɑɦum｜ɑɦum｜ɑum｜ɑum｜ohom

cow｜mɑmɑʃyɑ｜mɑmɑʃyɑ｜mɑmɑʃyɑ｜ʃyɑ｜ʃyɑ｜sja

buffalo｜meʃɑ｜meʃɑ｜meʃɑ｜meʃyɑ｜miʃyɑ｜bhəisi (IA loan)

milk｜olon｜olon｜olʌn｜nunu｜nunu｜nənu

horns｜nɑru｜nɑru｜nɑru｜nɑru｜nɑru｜ujuŋ

tail｜lime｜lime｜limek｜leme｜lime｜pitik

goat｜ʈuɽi｜ʈuɽi｜ʈuɽi｜culi｜culi｜mi chja

dog｜kucu｜kucu｜kucu｜kucu｜kucu｜a kja

snake｜rul｜rul｜rul｜rul｜rul｜pəi hu

monkey｜mɑkɑr｜mɑkɑr｜mɑkɑr｜yu｜yu｜pəi huk

mosquito｜ʈinini｜ʈinini｜ʈinini｜lʌkʰʌʈoʈo｜lɑmkʰuʈʈe｜lamkhuʈʈe (IA loan)

ant｜ʈiko｜ʈiku｜ʈiku｜cukku｜cuku｜anap

spider｜mɑkɑrpɑpɑ｜mɑkɑrpɑpɑ｜mɑkɑrpɑpɑ｜jrɑmpʰɑl｜jʌrɑmpɑl｜dzənna

name｜nɑme｜nɑme｜nɑme｜nɑme｜nɑme｜u men

man｜mi｜mi｜mi｜mi｜mi｜bal

woman｜cɑmɑicɑ｜cɑmɑicɑ｜cɑmɑicɑ｜cɑmɑicɑ｜cɑmɑicɑ｜mama

child｜ɦocɑ｜ucɑ｜ɦucɑ｜ɦuccɑ｜ɦucɑ｜uca

father｜ɑpɑ｜ɑpɑ｜ɑpɑ｜ɑpɑ｜ɑpɑ｜papa

mother｜ɑmɑ｜ɑmɑ｜ɑmɑ｜ɑmɑ｜ɑmɑ｜ama (IA loan)

older brother｜bubu｜bubu｜bubu｜bubu｜bubu｜dadze (IA loan)

younger brother｜ɦu｜ɦu｜ɦu｜ɦu｜ɦu｜ale

older sister｜tete｜tete｜tete｜tete｜tete｜didi (IA loan)

younger sister｜ɦumi｜ɦomi｜ɦumi｜ɦumi｜ɦu｜abi

son｜cɑ｜cɑ｜cɑ｜cɑ｜cɑ｜ucuwa

daughter｜cɑmɑi｜cɑmɑi｜cɑmɑi｜cɑmɑi｜cɑmɑi｜ucuməi

husband｜lɑwɑ｜ʈʰoɽe｜lɑwɑ｜lɑwɑ｜lɑwɑ｜ukəi

wife｜umɑ｜umɑ｜umɑ｜umɑ｜umɑ｜uməi

boy｜ʃɑrɑ｜ʃɑrɑ｜cɑɦucɑ｜ʃɑrɑ｜cɑ｜papaca

girl｜ʃɑrmɑ｜ʃɑrmɑ｜cɑmɑicɑ｜ʃyɑrmi｜cɑmɑi｜mamaca

day｜unise｜unise｜unise｜ʃyɑŋ｜unise｜unis

night｜ʈɑɦe｜ʈɑɦe｜ʈɑe｜cyɑe｜cyɑ｜rat (IA loan)

morning｜bʌcinʈe｜bʌcinʈe｜bʌsinʈe｜bʌsinʈe｜bɑʃe｜hamdzaŋ

noon｜unise｜unise｜unise｜unise｜unise｜diuso (IA loan)

evening｜ŋyoɽiŋ｜ŋyoɽi｜ŋyʌɽiŋ｜nyõɽi｜cyɑtʰɑn｜hole

yesterday｜miryɑŋ｜miryɑŋ｜miryɑŋ｜merɡʰyɑŋ｜merɡʰyɑŋ｜minja

today｜yɑŋ｜yɑŋ｜yɑŋ｜yɑŋ｜yɑŋ｜təja

tomorrow｜bɑʈʈʰe｜bɑʈʈʰe｜bɑʈʰe｜bɑʃe｜bʰʌĩse｜hogei

week｜ɦʌptɑ｜ɦʌptɑ｜ɦʌptɑ｜loʔʃyɑŋ｜sɑtɑdin｜həpta (IA loan)

month｜mʌinɑ｜mʌinɑ｜mʌɦine｜sumcpʃyɑŋ｜mʌinɑ｜məina (IA loan)

year｜kɑle｜kɑle｜kɑle｜dɑrɑ｜bʌrsʌ｜bərsə (IA loan)

old｜kʰɑru｜kʰɑru｜kʰɑru｜kʰɑru｜kʰɑru｜cəŋpa

new｜nɑke｜nɑke｜nɑkɑ｜nɑkɑ｜nɑkɑ｜kawoi

good｜ɑprɑ｜ɑprɑ｜ɑprɑ｜kʌstɑ｜ɑprɑ｜kisen

bad｜mɑʔɑprɑ｜mɑʔɑprɑ｜ɦijebɑ｜mɑjɑdu｜mɑʔɑprɑ｜məsen

wet｜pʰodu｜pʰodu｜pʰodu｜pʰodu｜bʰijɑiŋɑn｜kjasun

dry｜ɡɑŋdu｜mɑpʰodu｜pʰʌŋpʰʌŋ｜gʌŋdu｜mɑbʰijɑi｜sukhkha (IA loan)

long｜ʌlʌmɡɑ｜ʌlʌmɡɑ｜ʌlʌmɡɑ｜ʌlʌmɡɑ｜ʌlʌmɡɑ｜alok

short｜ucʰiɡɑ｜ucʰiɡɑ｜ucʰikɑ｜ucʰiɡɑ｜ucʰiɡɑ｜ikuri

hot｜ɑdum｜ɑdum｜ɑdum｜ɑdum｜ɑdum｜kewon

cold｜ʈilɑ｜ʈilɑ｜ɑjik｜iji｜cilɑŋɑn｜kjasun

cɑkʰur｜cɑkʰur｜cɑkʰur｜cɑkʰur｜dɑɦine｜daine (IA loan)

kʰolɑ｜kʰolɑ｜kʰolɑ｜kʰolɑ｜debre｜debre (IA loan)

near｜kʰer｜kʰer｜kʰerte｜kʰereŋ｜cʰeute｜igin

far｜ʌlʌmtʰɑ｜ʌlʌmtʰɑ｜ʌlʌmtʰɑ｜ʌlʌmtʰɑ｜ɑlɑmtʰɑ｜kalok

big｜jekʰɑ｜jekʰɑ｜jekʰɑ｜jekʰɑ｜jʰokɑ｜alam

small｜ucyɑ｜ucyɑ｜ucɑcɑ｜ucyɑncɑ｜ecenɑ｜ikine

heavy｜ɡʌruŋ｜ɡʌruŋ｜ɡɑnunidu｜gʌrum｜ɡʌruŋ｜gegruŋ (IA loan)

light｜ɦʌluŋ｜ɦʌluŋ｜pʰinpʰincɑ｜ɦʌluŋ｜ɦʌluŋ｜həlka (IA loan)

above｜ɦyute｜ɦyute｜ɦyute｜ɦyute｜ɦyobbi｜khuŋ

below｜nʰɑte｜nʰɑte｜nʰɑte｜nʰɑnɑi｜nɑbi｜hjaŋ

white｜ubo｜ubo｜ubo｜ubo｜obo｜gjabo

black｜kiji｜kiji｜kiji｜kiji｜kiji｜ciliŋ

red｜ɖiŋɖiŋ｜ɖiŋɖiŋ｜ɖiŋɖiŋ｜ɖiŋɖiŋ｜keret｜phəija

one｜di｜di｜di｜di｜de｜de

two｜nis｜nis｜nis｜nis｜nis｜nis

three｜sum｜sum｜sum｜sum｜sum｜som

four｜oli｜oli｜oli｜oli｜wɑli｜car (IA loan)

five｜wɑlŋɑ｜wɑlŋɑ｜wɑlŋɑ｜wɑ̃lɑ｜hwɑlŋɑ｜pãc (IA loan)

six｜mɑt｜mɑt｜mɑt｜mʌt｜mɑt｜chə (IA loan)

seven｜rɑ｜rɑ｜ro｜lo｜ɽo｜sat (IA loan)

eight｜lɑ｜lɑ｜lɑ｜lɑ｜lɑ｜aʈh (IA loan)

nine｜kit｜kit｜kyut｜kit｜kit｜nəu

ten｜dicip｜dicip｜dicip｜dicip｜dʰicip｜dəs

eleven｜dicipdi｜dicipdi｜dicipdi｜dicipdi｜dʰicipde｜egharə

twelve｜dicipnis｜dicipnis｜dicipnis｜dicipnis｜dʰicipnis｜barə

twenty｜nisdicip｜nisdicip｜nisdicip｜nisdicip｜nisdʰicip｜bis

one hundred｜dicipdicip｜dicipdicip｜dicipdicip｜dicipdicip｜dʰicipdʰicip｜de səe (IA loan)

who｜su｜su｜su｜su｜su｜su

what｜ɦɑrɑ｜ɦɑrɑ｜ɦɑrɑ｜ɦɑrɑ｜ɦɑrɑ｜hai

where｜kutɑ｜kutɑ｜kutɑ｜kutɑ｜kutɑ｜kuni

when｜kutɑleŋ｜kutɑleŋ｜kutɑleŋ｜kutɑleŋ｜ɦɑŋgɑlyɑŋ｜kəile

how many｜ɦɑni｜ɦɑni｜ɦɑni｜ɦɑ̃lĩ｜ɦɑi｜kwa

which｜kundu｜kundu｜kundu｜kundu｜kundu｜kun

this｜kɑ｜kɑ｜kɑ｜kɑ｜kɑ｜jo

that｜to｜to｜to｜dʰɑ｜to｜tjo

these｜kɑbɑŋ｜kɑbɑŋ｜kɑbɑŋ｜kʌpʌliŋ｜kɑbɑli｜jibaŋ

those｜tobɑŋ｜tobɑŋ｜tobɑŋ｜topʌliŋ｜tobɑŋ｜ubaŋ

same｜to｜to｜to｜to｜to｜ui

different｜bʰindʌi｜bʰindʌi｜beɡɑle｜toŋɑkɑ｜pʰʌrʌk｜phərək (IA loan)

whole｜sɑkkʰɑle｜sɑkʰɑle｜sɑkɑle｜sɑkɑle｜sʌkkʰɑli｜səbəi (IA loan)

broken｜kwɑdu｜kwɑʔdu｜kwɑɡdu｜ʈʰemɑn｜cʰyomdu｜kipak

few｜ucʰincɑ｜ucʰincɑ｜ucʰin｜ucʰincɑ｜icʰini｜jurse

many｜ɑɦe｜ɑɦe｜ɑɦe｜ɑɦe｜ɑɦe｜dherəi (IA loan)

all｜sɑkkʰɑle｜sɑkʰɑle｜sɑkɑle｜sɑkɑle｜sʌkkʰɑli｜səpəi (IA loan)

eat｜cyɑsɑ｜cyɑsɑ｜cyɑsɑ｜cyɑsɑ｜cyɑsɑ｜cago

bite｜ceʔsɑ｜ceʔsɑ｜ceksɑ｜ceʔsɑ｜ceʔsɑ｜aŋakko

hungry｜krɑisɑ｜krɑisɑ｜kʌrɑisɑ｜krʌisɑ｜isɑkɑrɑinɑn｜hego

drink｜tunsɑ｜tunsɑ｜tunsɑ｜tuncʰɑ｜tuncʰɑ｜sjaŋgo

thirsty｜lɑkɑisɑ｜lɑkɑisɑ｜lɑkɑsɑ｜lɑkɑŋsɑ｜lɑkɑinɑn｜əs kago

sleep｜ɑmisɑ｜ɑmisɑ｜ɑmisɑ｜ɑmisɑ｜ɑmisɑ｜nago

lie｜pʌlʈʌisisɑ｜pʌlʈʌisisɑ｜pʌlʈʌisɑ｜bliŋsɑ｜pʌlʈʌisisɑ｜ləllumgo

sit｜ɦoʔsɑ｜ɦoʔsɑ｜ɦoksɑ｜ɦoʔsɑ｜ɦoʔsɑ｜hukko

give｜piʔsɑ｜piʔsɑ｜pisɑ｜piʔsɑ｜piccʰɑ｜pigo

burn｜cieʔsɑ｜jousɑ｜jyoksɑ｜joʔsɑ｜jyʌusɑ｜cimakko

die｜sisɑ｜sisɑ｜sisɑ｜sisɑ｜sisɑ｜sigo

kill｜sɑtcʰɑ｜sɑtcʰɑ｜sɑtcʰɑ｜sʌtcʰɑ｜sɑccʰɑ｜sat ko

fly｜persɑ｜persɑ｜persɑ｜persɑ｜persɑ｜ublego

walk｜cɑwɑsɑ｜cɑwɑsɑ｜cɑwɑsɑ｜cɑwɑsɑ｜cɑwɑsɑ｜dzjogo

run｜droʔsɑ｜droʔsɑ｜droksɑ｜droʔsɑ｜dorʌsɑ｜gəbango

go｜ɦensɑ｜ɦensɑ｜ɦensɑ｜ɦensɑ｜ɦensɑ｜jago

come｜rɑʔsɑ｜rɑʔsɑ｜rɑsɑ｜rɑʔsɑ｜rɑʔsɑ｜təigo

speak｜cijyɑŋsɑ｜cijyɑŋsɑ｜cijyɑŋsɑ｜cijyɑŋsɑ｜cijɑŋsɑ｜khəlago

hear/listen｜nɑsɑisɑ｜nɑsɑisɑ｜nɑsɑisɑ｜nɑsɑisɑ｜nɑsɑisɑ｜nago

look｜yoʔsɑ｜yoʔsɑ｜yosɑ｜jyɑpsɑ｜jyɑpsɑ｜ni go

I｜ɡɑi｜ɡɑi｜ɡɑi｜ɡʌi｜ɡɑi｜ŋa

you (informal)｜nɑŋ｜nɑŋ｜nɑŋ｜nʌŋ｜nɑŋ｜nuŋ

you (formal)｜nɑŋtʰe｜nɑŋtʰe｜nɑŋkʰe｜nʌŋ｜nɑŋ｜nuŋ

he｜to｜to｜to｜to｜to｜u (IA loan)

she｜to｜to｜to｜to｜to｜u

we (inclusive)｜ni｜ni｜ni｜ni｜tʰe｜niru

we (exclusive)｜ni｜ni｜ni｜ni｜tʰe｜niru

you (plural)｜niŋpɑli｜niŋpɑli｜niŋ｜nʌŋpɑliŋ｜nʌŋpɑli｜tibaŋ

they｜tobɑŋ｜tobɑŋ｜tobɑŋ｜topɑliŋ｜topɑliŋ｜ubaŋ

## 延伸閱讀

- . 2012.
- Saxena, A. (Ed.). (2004). Himalayan languages: past and present (Vol. 149). Walter de Gruyter.
- Shneiderman, S. B. (2009). Rituals of ethnicity: Migration, mixture, and the making of Thangmi identity across Himalayan borders (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
- Sara, S. (2015). Epilogue: Thami ke ho?What Is Thami?. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 252). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Sara, S. (2015). 3. Origin Myths and Myths of Originality. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 61). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Grierson, G. A. (1909). Tibeto-Burman Family: General Introduction, Specimens of the Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects, and the North Assam group. (Linguistic Survey of India, III(I).) Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 669pp.
- Shneiderman, S. (2010). 『Producing』 Thangmi Ritual Texts: Practice, performance and collaboration. In Imogen Gunn and Mark Turin (eds.) Language Documentation and Description, Vol 8, 159–174 London: SOAS.
- Turin, M. (2011). Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 6: A Grammar of the Thangmi Language (2 vols): With an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill.

## 外部連結

- OLAC resources in and about the Thangmi language
- http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/music/rengpatangko/
- http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4838

## 基本資料

- 早期形式：唐米語
- 別名：Thāmī, Thangmi Khan,Thani
- 原文名：Thangmi Kham and Thangmi Wakhe
- 發音：thang-mi
- 地區：尼泊爾、中國？
- 族裔：唐米人
- 講者：23,200
- 日期：2011
- ref：e18
- 管理機構：漢藏語系
- 譜系學分類：藏緬語族
- 譜系學分類：尼瓦爾語支
- 譜系學分類：巴拉姆–唐米語
- dia1：多拉卡(Dolakha)
- dia2：辛杜帕爾科克(Sindhupalcok)
- iso3：thf
- glotto：than1259
- 名稱：Thangmi