蒂奧得螺屬

蒂奧得螺屬（學名：Theodoxus）是腹足綱蜑螺科軟體動物的一個屬，體型細小，有螺厴，棲息於淡水或半鹹水環境中。

## 分佈

本屬物種分佈於歐洲及北非，並往東延伸至伊朗非海洋軟體動物列表。除本屬以外，蜑螺科並沒有其他屬與本屬具同域。這在蜑螺科相當例外，因為其他蜑螺科物種只分佈於南半球的熱帶。本屬物種均為蜑螺科僅有棲息於溫帶的物種。

Bunje 和 Lindberg (2007) 提出了Theodoxus分支的第一個系統發育假說。Theodoxus屬的進化受到中新世地中海與副特提斯海分離的影響。

## 形態描述

<image>

本屬物種的螺殼呈半卵形，具有平坦的殼口。沒有螺臍。螺柱及內螺層溶解。

蒂奧得螺屬物種間的差異，無論是大小、外殼膜上的顏色與花紋變化、螺厴及齒舌的細節都有很大差異，這使得本屬物種的辨認比較困難。

## 生態

These animals live on stones, and often also under stones, in up to 5–6 m depth or deeper, feeding on algal covers. Theodoxus needs rough surfaces in order to be able to digest its food, so a stony 基質 (生物生活環境) is necessary. Green algae are not consumed; Theodoxus has no 纖維素酶s. These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other Theodoxus animals; only one juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food.

## 物種

截至2007年，還未有對蒂奧得螺屬作系統評價的研究。Bunje (2004) 的研究指出本屬至少有34個現害種；而在2015年度的國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄列出了本屬包括有至少23個物種。

本屬包括下列各物種：

Subgenus Brusinaella Andrusov, 1912

- † Theodoxus petasatus (Seninski, 1905)

Subgenus Calvertia Bourguignat, 1880

- † Theodoxus acuticarinatus (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus amblygonioides Wenz, 1930
- † Theodoxus amethystinus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus anconae (Capellini, 1880)
- † Theodoxus angularis Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus anonymus Anistratenko & Gozhik, 1995
- † Theodoxus atticus Kühn, 1963
- † Theodoxus barakovici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus bessarabicus (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus brusinai (Pavlović, 1931)
- † Theodoxus capellinii (Pantanelli, 1876)
- † Theodoxus capillaceus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus crescens (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus doderleini (d'Ancona, 1869)
- † Theodoxus dumortieri (Fontannes, 1878)
- † Theodoxus fasciatus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus gnezdai (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus grateloupianus (Férussac, 1823)
- † Theodoxus hoernesanus (Semper, 1867)
- † Theodoxus ingulenzis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus kalodictya (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus koslinskyi (Porumbaru, 1881)
- † Theodoxus lamellatus (Brusina, 1892)
- † Theodoxus lineatus (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus lorkovici (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus macedonicus Wenz, 1943
- † Theodoxus maculosus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus mayeri (Semper, 1867)
- † Theodoxus militaris (Neumayr, 1869)
- † Theodoxus miljkovici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus millepunctatus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus moeschi Locard, 1893
- † Theodoxus morulus Kühn, 1963
- † Theodoxus mutinensis (d'Ancona, 1869)
- † Theodoxus neumayri (Burgerstein, 1877)
- † Theodoxus nitens Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus nivosus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus novorossicus (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus obtusangulaeformis Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus oxytropida (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus pavlovici Milošević, 1983
- † Theodoxus philippianus Locard, 1883
- † Theodoxus pilari (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus platystoma (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus pseudodanubialis (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus pseudofluviatilis Locard, 1893
- † Theodoxus pseudograteloupanus (Sinzov, 1884)
- † Theodoxus radmanesti (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus radovanovici (Brusina, 1893)
- † Theodoxus reiseri (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus rugosus (Pavlović, 1931)
- † Theodoxus sagittiferus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus schachmaticus (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus scoliogramma (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus semidentatus (Sandberger, 1875)
- † Theodoxus serrulatus (Brusina, 1892)
- † Theodoxus slavonicus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus sophievkaensis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus stanae (Brusina, 1893)
- † Theodoxus stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887)
- † Theodoxus stefanescuiformis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus subquadrofasciatus Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus subslavonicus Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus sundicus (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus suskalovici (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Theodoxus sycophantus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus tropidophorus (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus turbinatus (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus veljetinensis (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Theodoxus venustus (Brusina, 1897)
- † Theodoxus xanthozona (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus zagradovkaensis Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus zivkovici (Pavlović, 1903)

Subgenus Neritonyx Andrusov, 1912

- † Theodoxus unguiculatus (Seninski, 1905)

Subgenus Ninniopsis Tomlin, 1930

- † Theodoxus colchicus (Andrusov, 1912)

Subgenus Neritaea Roth, 1855

- (Récluz, 1841)
- † Theodoxus groyanus (Férussac, 1823)
- (Sowerby)
- † Theodoxus micans (Gaudry & Fischer in Gaudry, 1867)
- (Reeve, 1856) - synonym: Theodoxus africanus (Reeve, 1856)
- † Theodoxus subdoricus Schütt, 1976
- Theodoxus subterrelictus Schütt, 1963
- Theodoxus peloponensis (Récluz, 1841)
- Theodoxus varius (Menke, 1828)

Subgenus Theodoxus Montfort, 1810

- Schütt, 1965
- Theodoxus baeticus (Lamarck, 1822)
- † Theodoxus becenensis (Cobălcescu, 1883)
- † Theodoxus brenneri (Handmann, 1882)
- † Theodoxus carasiensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus constantiae Stefanescu, 1896
- † Theodoxus culceri (Porumbaru, 1881)
- † Theodoxus cyrtocelis (Krauss, 1852)
- (Pfeiffer, 1828)
- † Theodoxus denisluensis (Oppenheim, 1919)
- † Theodoxus deperditus (Almera, 1894)
- † Theodoxus elongatulus (Philippi, 1844)
- † Theodoxus eugenii Jekelius, 1944
- (Clessin, 1886)
- (Linnaeus, 1758) - 模式種. synonyms: Theodoxus brauneri (Lindholm, 1908) (but as separate species per); Theodoxus brauneri f. lacrymans Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus brauneri f. alboguttata Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus brauneri f. pulherrima Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810. Bunje (2005) does not consider Theodoxus velox Anistratenko, 1999 to be a distinct species from Theodoxus fluviatilis.
- † Theodoxus gregarius (Thomä, 1845)
- Theodoxus heldreichi (Martens, 1879)
- † Theodoxus hisingeri (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841)
- Theodoxus hispalensis (Martens, 1879)
- † Theodoxus jekeliusi Jurišić-Polšak, 1979
- † Theodoxus leobersdorfensis (Handmann, 1887)
- (Philippi, 1836)
- † Theodoxus milessii Papp, 1979
- † Theodoxus moosbrunnensis Papp, 1953
- † Theodoxus morellii (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841)
- Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Theodoxus lituratus (Eichwald, 1838)
- † Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouër, 1879)
- (Pfeiffer, 1828)
- † Theodoxus punctatolineatus (Sinzov, 1896)
- (Bourguignat, 1852)
- † Theodoxus scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
- † Theodoxus semiplicatus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875)
- † Theodoxus simplex (Fuchs, 1877)
- † Theodoxus subglobosus (Eichwald, 1853)
- (Bourguignat in Issel, 1865) or Theodoxus fluviatilis subthermalis Issel, 1865
- (Pfeiffer, 1828)
- † Theodoxus trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839)
- † Theodoxus turislavicus Jekelius, 1944
- (Graells, 1846)
- † Theodoxus zografi (Brusina, 1902)

Subgenus ?

- † Theodoxus abnormis (Jenkins, 1864)
- † Theodoxus almelae (Revilla, 1958)
- Theodoxus astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994
- † Theodoxus banaticus Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus bohotinensis (Simionescu & Barbu, 1940)
- † Theodoxus bolivari (Royo Gómez, 1922)
- † Theodoxus bukowskii (Oppenheim, 1919)
- Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828)
- (Leach, 1815)
- † Theodoxus crenulatus (Klein, 1853)
- † Theodoxus cunici (Brusina, 1892)
- Theodoxus danasteri (Lindholm, 1908)
- † Theodoxus doricus (Neumayr, 1880)
- (Clessin, 1886)
- Theodoxus gloeri Odabaşi & Arslan, 2015
- Theodoxus gurur Sands & Glöer, 2020
- † Theodoxus hellenicus (Bukowski, 1896)
- † Theodoxus imbricatus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus karasuna
- † Theodoxus licherdopoli (Stefanescu, 1896)
- Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, 1879)
- Theodoxus macri (Sowerby, 1849)
- (Bourguignat, 1864)
- Theodoxus marteli (Pallary, 1920)
- Theodoxus milachevitchi Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966
- Theodoxus mutinensis
- (Récluz, 1841)
- Theodoxus olivaceus
- Lindholm, 1924
- Theodoxus pallidus Dunker, 1861
- † Theodoxus pappi Sauerzopf, 1952
- † Theodoxus paradisii (Magrograssi, 1928)
- † Theodoxus patrae Esu & Girotti, 2015
- † Theodoxus percarinatus (Oppenheim, 1919)
- Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouêr, 1879)
- † Theodoxus politioanei Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus politus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus poppei Ahuir, 2020
- † Theodoxus postcrenulatus Papp, 1953
- † Theodoxus prozlatarici Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus pseudodacicus Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 †
- † Theodoxus quadrifasciatus (Bielz, 1864) †

Theodoxus reticularis Sowerby, 1838 IT IS A SYNONYM OF Clithon reticularis http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/166739/0 -->

- † Theodoxus reticulatus Pană, 1990

Theodoxus retropictus UNREFERENCED - see probably Clithon retropictum -->

- † Theodoxus rhodiensis (Tournouër in Fischer, 1877)
- Theodoxus sarmaticus (Lindholm, 1901)
- Theodoxus schultzii (Grimm, 1877)
- † Theodoxus scriptus (Stefanescu, 1896)
- † Theodoxus serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914
- † Theodoxus sinjanus (Brusina, 1876)
- † Theodoxus soceni Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus sphaeroidalis (Revilla, 1958)
- † Theodoxus spratti (Jenkins, 1864)
- † Theodoxus stoicai Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014
- Bourguignat in Issel, 1865
- † Theodoxus susuzianus Harzhauser, Neubauer & Hoşgör, 2018
- † Theodoxus timisensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus trilophosensis Rust, 1997
- Theodoxus velascoi (Graëlls, 1846)
- V. Anistratenko in O. Anistratenko, Starobogatov & V. Anistratenko, 1999
- Theodoxus vespertinus (Sowerby II, 1849)
- Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer, 2020
- Theodoxus wilkei Sands & Glöer, 2020
- † Theodoxus zlatarici Brusina, 1902)

Synonyms:

- † Theodoxus burdigalensis (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839)
- Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) and Theodoxus cariosa are synonyms of Neritina cariosa (Wood, 1828)
- † Theodoxus dacicus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) leobersdorfensis dacicus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus doriae Issel, 1865: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Theodoxus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874) is a synonym of Mousson, 1874
- † Theodoxus intracarpatica Jekelius, 1944 : synonym of † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- † Theodoxus mariae (Handmann, 1887): synonym of † Neritina mariae Handmann, 1887
- † Theodoxus martensi (Brusina, 1884): synonym of † Ninnia martensi (Brusina, 1884)
- Theodoxus neglectus is a synonym of Neritina neglecta (Pease, 1861)
- † Theodoxus oslavanensis Rzehak, 1893: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cyrtocelis austriacus (Rzehak, 1893)
- Theodoxus oualaniense (Lesson, 1831): synonym of Checked: verified by a taxonomic editorClithon oualaniense (Lesson, 1831)
- † Theodoxus perlongus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi perlongus Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus petralbensis Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi petralbensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus pictus (Férussac, 1823): synonym of † Agapilia picta (Férussac, 1823)
- Theodoxus reclivatus Say, 1822: synonym of (Röding, 1798)
- † Theodoxus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1896): synonym of † Theodoxus (Calvertia) stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887)
- † Theodoxus scamandri (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880): synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
- Theodoxus vespertinus : synonym of Neritina vespertinus (Sowerby, 1849)
- † Theodoxus vetranici (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † Neritina vetranici (Brusina, 1902)
- Theodoxus virginea (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of (Linnaeus, 1758)
- † Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) pictus bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839): synonym of † Agapilia picta bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839)

## 基本資料

- 說明：An oblique left side view of a live
- 學名：Theodoxus
- 命名者：1810
- 異名：† Brusinaella Andrusov, 1912、† Calvertia Bourguignat, 1881、† Meganinnia Davitashvili, 1930、Nerita (Theodoxus) Montfort, 1810、Neritina Montfort, 1810、Neritina (Neritaea) J. R. Roth, 1855、Neritina (Neritodonta) Brusina, 1884 (junior synonym)、Neritina (Theodoxia) Bourguignat, 1877 (unjustified emendation)、Neritina (Theodoxus) Montfort, 1810、Neritoconus Kobelt, 1871、Neritodonta Brusina, 1884 (junior synonym)、Neritonyx Andrusov, 1912、Ninnia Brusina, 1903、Neritoglobus Kobelt, 1871、† Ninniopsis Tomlin, 1930 (original rank)、† Pettretinia Bourguignat, 1881 (subjective synonym)、† Saintsimonia Bourguignat, 1881 (subjective synonym)、Theodoxia Bourguignat, 1877 (Invalid: unjustified emendation of Theodoxus)、Theodoxis Montfort, 1810 (alternative original spelling, not in use)、† Theodoxus (Brusinaella) Andrusov, 1912· accepted, alternate representation、Theodoxus (Calvertia) Bourguignat, 1880· accepted, alternate representation、Theodoxus (Neritaea) J. R. Roth, 1855· accepted, alternate representation、† Theodoxus (Neritonyx) Andrusov, 1912· accepted, alternate representation、† Theodoxus (Ninniopsis) Tomlin, 1930· accepted, alternate representation、Theodoxus (Theodoxus) Montfort, 1810· accepted, alternate representation、† Tripaloia Bourguignat, 1881
- 模式種：Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810
- 母公司：3