符號奠基問題

符號奠基問題，又稱符號接地問題（英語：Symbol grounding problem）在認知科學和語義學中指的是「單詞（通常指符號）如何獲得含義」的問題，與意義本身是什麼的問題關係密切。而意義問題與心理狀態是如何有意義的問題相關，因此符號奠基問題也與意識難題有關（即某些物理系統與主觀經驗的內容之間的聯繫是什麼？）。

## 參見

、捆綁問題、類別知覺、溝通行動、意識、形式語言、形式系統 ｜、框架難題、詮釋學、物理符號系統、語用學、語義學、符號闡釋過程 ｜、符號學、記號、記號關聯、情境認知、句法、圖靈機

## 參考文獻

注意：本文基於最初發表於《自然/麥克米倫認知科學百科全書》中的條目，此條目此後由作者和維基百科社群進行了修訂。

- Blondin Masse, A, G. Chicoisne, Y. Gargouri, S. Harnad, O. Picard, O. Marcotte (2008) How Is Meaning Grounded in Dictionary Definitions? TextGraphs-3 Workshop, 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Coling 2008, Manchester, 18–22 August 2008
- Cangelosi, A. & Harnad, S. (2001) The Adaptive Advantage of Symbolic Theft Over Sensorimotor Toil: Grounding Language in Perceptual Categories. Evolution of Communication 4(1) 117–142.
- Cangelosi, A.; Greco, A.; Harnad, S. From robotic toil to symbolic theft: grounding transfer from entry-level to higher-level categories. Connection Science12(2) 143–62.
- Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
- Frege, G. (1952/1892). On sense and reference. In P. Geach and M. Black, Eds., Translations of the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford: Blackwell
- Harnad, S. (1990) The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D 42: 335–346.
- Harnad, S. (1992) There Is Only One Mind/Body Problem . Symposium on the Perception of Intentionality, XXV World Congress of Psychology, Brussels, Belgium, July 1992 International Journal of Psychology 27: 521
- Harnad, S. (1994) Computation Is Just Interpretable Symbol Manipulation: Cognition Isn't. Minds and Machines 4:379–390 (Special Issue on "What Is Computation")
- Harnad, S. (1995) Why and How We Are Not Zombies. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1: 164–167.
- Harnad, S. (2000) Minds, Machines and Turing: The Indistinguishability of Indistinguishables . Journal of Logic, Language, and Information 9(4): 425–445. (Special Issue on "Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence")
- Harnad, S. (2001a) Minds, Machines and Searle II: What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument? In: M. Bishop & J. Preston (eds.) Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument. Oxford University Press.
- Harnad, S. (2001b) No Easy Way Out. The Sciences 41(2) 36–42.
- Harnad, Stevan (2001a) Explaining the Mind: Problems, Problems . The Sciences 41: 36–42.
- Harnad, Stevan (2001b) The Mind/Body Problem is the Feeling/Function Problem: Harnad on Dennett on Chalmers . Technical Report. Department of Electronics and Computer Sciences. University of Southampton.
- Harnad, S. (2003) Can a Machine Be Conscious? How?. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10(4–5): 69–75.
- Harnad, S. (2005) To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is categorization. in Lefebvre, C. and Cohen, H., Eds. Handbook of Categorization. Elsevier.
- Harnad, S. (2007) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence. In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Kluwer
- Harnad, S. (2006) Cohabitation: Computation at 70 Cognition at 20. In Dedrick, D., Eds. Essays in Honour of Zenon Pylyshyn.
- MacDorman, Karl F. (1999). Grounding symbols through sensorimotor integration. Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan, 17(1), 20–24. Online version
- MacDorman, Karl F. (2007). Life after the symbol system metaphor. Interaction Studies, 8(1), 143–158. Online version
- Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition. Cambridge MA: MIT/Bradford
- Searle, John. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3): 417–457
- Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano (2005). The symbol grounding problem: A critical review of fifteen years of research. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(4), 419–445. Online version
- Turing, A.M. (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49 433–460 Reprinted in Minds and machines. A. Anderson (ed.), Engelwood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964.