聚變實驗列表

用於發展聚變能的實驗總是會使用專門的裝置，這些裝置可以根據他們使用的聚變原理和燃料自持方式來進行區分。

主要區分為磁約束和慣性約束兩種。在磁約束中，熱等離子體膨脹的趨勢被等離子體中的電流和外部線圈產生的磁場之間的洛倫茲力抵消。粒子密度範圍趨向於-，線性尺寸範圍為0.1 m至10m。粒子和能量約束時間在從幾毫秒到超過一秒的範圍內，但是配置本身通常通過輸入粒子、能量和電流來維持數倍或數千倍的時間。一些理論能夠無限期地維持等離子體。

## 磁約束

### 環形器

環形器可以是軸對稱的，例如托卡馬克和反場箍縮，也可以是不對稱的，比如仿星器。通過放棄環形對稱性而獲得的額外的自由度可能最終可以產生更好的約束，但工程、理論和實驗診斷上的成本十分複雜。仿星器通常具有周期性，例如五倍的旋轉對稱。反場箍縮，儘管具有一些理論上的優勢，例如低磁場線圈，還沒有證明是成功的。

#### 托卡馬克

裝置名稱｜狀態｜建造時間｜運行時間｜地點｜所屬組織｜最大/最小半徑｜磁場｜等離子電流｜備註｜照片

T-1｜關閉｜?｜1957-1959｜莫斯科｜庫爾恰托夫研究所｜0.625 m/0.13 m｜1 T｜0.04 MA｜首台托卡馬克｜

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T-3｜關閉｜?｜1962-?｜莫斯科｜庫爾恰托夫研究所｜1 m/0.12 m｜2.5 T｜0.06 MA

ST (Symmetric Tokamak)｜關閉｜Model C｜1970-1974｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜1.09 m/0.13 m｜5.0 T｜0.13 MA｜美國首台托卡馬克，從Model C仿星器改造而來

ORMAK (Oak Ridge tokaMAK)｜關閉｜1971-1976｜橡樹嶺｜橡樹嶺國家實驗室｜0.8 m/0.23 m｜2.5 T｜0.34 MA｜等離子體溫度首次達到20 MK

ATC｜關閉｜1971-1972｜1972-1976｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.88 m/0.11 m｜2 T｜0.05 MA｜演示了等離子體壓縮｜

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TFR (Tokamak de Fontenay-aux-Roses)｜關閉｜1973-1984｜豐特奈-歐羅斯｜原子能和替代能源委員會｜1 m/0.2 m｜6 T｜0.49

T-10 (Tokamak-10)｜關閉｜1975-?｜莫斯科｜庫爾恰托夫研究所｜1.50 m/0.36 m｜4 T｜0.6 MA｜當時最大的托卡馬克裝置｜

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PLT (Princeton Large Torus)｜關閉｜1975-1986｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜1.32 m/0.4 m｜4 T｜0.7 MA｜等離子體電流首次達到1 MA｜

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ASDEX (Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment)｜改造 →HL-2A｜1980-1990｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜1.65 m/0.4 m｜2.8 T｜0.5 MA｜1982年發現了H模

TEXTOR ｜關閉｜1976-1980｜1981-2013｜於利希｜於利希研究中心｜1.75 m/0.47 m｜2.8 T｜0.8 MA｜研究等離子體-壁相互作用

TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor)｜關閉｜1980-1982｜1982-1997｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜2.4 m/0.8 m｜6 T｜3 MA｜創造了聚變能輸出10.7 MW、等離子體溫度510 MK的紀錄｜

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JET ｜運行中｜1978-1983｜1983-｜卡爾漢姆｜Culham Centre for Fusion Energy｜2.96 m/0.96 m｜4 T｜7 MA｜創造了聚變能輸出16.1 MW的紀錄｜

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Tokamak Novillo｜關閉｜NOVA-II｜1983-2004｜墨西哥城｜Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares｜0.23 m/0.06 m｜1 T｜0.01 MA｜研究等離子體-壁相互作用

JT-60 (Japan Torus-60)｜改造 →JT-60SA｜1985-2010｜那珂市｜Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute｜3.4 m/1.0 m｜4 T｜3 MA｜High-beta steady-state operation, highest fusion triple product

DIII-D｜運行中｜1986｜1986-｜聖地牙哥 (加利福尼亞州)｜General Atomics｜1.67 m/0.67 m｜2.2 T｜3 MA｜托卡馬克優化設計｜

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STOR-M (Saskatchewan Torus-Modified)｜運行中｜1987-｜薩斯卡通｜Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)｜0.46 m/0.125 m｜1 T｜0.06 MA｜研究等離子體加熱和反常運輸

T-15｜改造 →T-15MD｜1983-1988｜1988-1995｜莫斯科｜庫爾恰托夫研究所｜2.43 m/0.7 m｜3.6 T｜1 MA｜首台超導托卡馬克｜

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Tore Supra｜改造 →WEST｜1988-2011｜卡達拉舍｜Département de Recherches sur la Fusion Contrôlée｜2.25 m/0.7 m｜4.5 T｜2 MA｜主動冷卻的大型托卡馬克

ADITYA (tokamak)｜運行中｜1989-｜甘地訥格爾｜Institute for Plasma Research｜0.75 m/0.25 m｜1.2 T｜0.25 MA

COMPASS (COMPact ASSembly)｜運行中｜1980-｜1989-｜布拉格｜Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR｜0.56 m/0.23 m｜2.1 T｜0.32 MA｜

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FTU｜運行中｜1990-｜弗拉斯卡蒂｜ENEA｜0.935 m/0.35 m｜8 T｜1.6 MA

START ｜關閉｜1990-1998｜卡爾漢姆｜Culham Centre for Fusion Energy｜0.3 m/?｜0.5 T｜0.31 MA｜首台全尺寸球形托卡馬克

ASDEX Upgrade (Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment)｜運行中｜1991-｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜1.65 m/0.5 m｜2.6 T｜1.4 MA｜

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Alcator C-Mod (Alto Campo Toro)｜關閉｜1986-｜1991-2016｜劍橋｜麻省理工學院｜0.68 m/0.22 m｜8 T｜2 MA｜創造了等離子體壓力2.05 bar的紀錄｜

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ISTTOK (Instituto Superior Técnico TOKamak)｜運行中｜1992-｜里斯本｜Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear｜0.46 m/0.085 m｜2.8 T｜0.01 MA

TCV (Tokamak à Configuration Variable)｜運行中｜1992-｜洛桑｜洛桑聯邦理工學院｜0.88 m/0.25 m｜1.43 T｜1.2 MA｜聚變研究｜

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Pegasus Toroidal Experiment｜運行中｜?｜1996-｜麥迪遜｜威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校｜0.45 m/0.4 m｜0.18 T｜0.3 MA｜極低長寬比｜

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NSTX (National Spherical Torus Experiment)｜運行中｜1999-｜平原鎮Plainsboro Township｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.85 m/0.68 m｜0.3 T｜2 MA｜研究球形托卡馬克理論｜

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ET (Electric Tokamak)｜改造 →ETPD｜1998｜1999-2006｜洛杉磯｜加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校｜5 m/1 m｜0.25 T｜0.045｜當時最大的托卡馬克裝置｜

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CDX-U (Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade)｜改造 →LTX｜2000-2005｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.3 m/? m｜0.23 T｜0.03 MA｜Study Lithium in plasma walls｜

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MAST (Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak)｜改造 →MAST-Upgrade｜1997-1999｜1999-2013｜卡爾漢姆｜Culham Centre for Fusion Energy｜0.9 m/0.6 m｜0.55 T｜1.4 MA｜研究球形托卡馬克聚變｜

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SST-1 (Steady State Superconducting Tokamak)｜運行中｜2001-｜2005-｜甘地訥格爾｜Institute for Plasma Research｜1.1 m/0.2 m｜3 T｜0.22 MA｜Produce a 1000s elongated double null divertor plasma

EAST ｜運行中｜2003-2006｜2006-｜合肥｜中國科學院合肥物質科學研究院｜1.85 m/0.4 5m｜3.5 T｜0.5 MA｜H模式等離子體在50 MK時自持超過100 s｜

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KSTAR ｜運行中｜1998-2007｜2008-｜大田廣域市｜National Fusion Research Institute｜1.8 m/0.5 m｜3.5 T｜2 MA｜全超導托卡馬克｜

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LTX (Lithium Tokamak Experiment)｜運行中｜2005-2008｜2008-｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.4 m/? m｜0.4 T｜0.4 MA｜Study Lithium in plasma walls｜

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QUEST (Spherical Tokamak)｜運行中｜2008-｜春日市｜Kyushu University｜0.68 m/0.4 m｜0.25 T｜0.02 MA｜研究球形托卡馬克中的穩態等離子體

Kazakhstan Tokamak for Material testing (KTM)｜運行中｜2000-2010｜2010-｜庫爾恰托夫｜National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan｜0.86 m/0.43 m｜1 T｜0.75 MA｜Testing of wall and divertor

ST25-HTS｜運行中｜2012-2015｜2015-｜卡爾漢姆｜Tokamak Energy Ltd｜0.25 m/0.125 m｜0.1 T｜0.02 MA｜穩態等離子體｜

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WEST (Tungsten Environment in Steady-state Tokamak)｜運行中｜2013-2016｜2016-｜卡達拉舍｜Département de Recherches sur la Fusion Contrôlée｜2.5 m/0.5 m｜3.7 T｜1 MA｜主動冷卻超導托卡馬克｜

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ST40｜運行中｜2017-2018｜2018-｜卡爾漢姆｜Tokamak Energy Ltd｜0.4 m/0.3 m｜3 T｜2 MA｜首撞球形強場托卡馬克｜

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JT-60SA (Japan Torus-60 super, advanced)｜建設中｜2013-2020?｜2020?｜那珂｜Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute｜2.96 m/1.18 m｜2.25 T｜5.5 MA｜Optimise plasma configurations for ITER and DEMO with full non-inductive steady-state operation｜

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ITER｜建設中｜2013-｜2025?｜卡達拉舍｜ITER Council｜6.2 m/2.0 m｜5.3 T｜15 MA ?｜Demonstrate feasibility of fusion on a power-plant scale with 500 MW fusion power｜

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DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test facility)｜規劃｜?｜2022?｜弗拉斯卡蒂｜ENEA｜2.15 m/0.70 m｜6 T ?｜6 MA ?｜Divertor design

IGNITOR｜規劃｜?｜>2024｜特羅伊茨克 (車里雅賓斯克州)｜ENEA｜1.32 m/0.47 m｜13 T｜11 MA ?｜Compact fustion reactor with self-sustained plasma and 100 MW of planned fusion power

CFETR ｜規劃｜2020?｜2030?｜中國科學院等離子體物理研究所｜5.7 m ?｜5 T ?｜10 MA ?｜Bridge gaps between ITER and DEMO, planned fusion power 1000 MW

K-DEMO ｜規劃｜2037?｜National Fusion Research Institute｜6.8 m/2.1 m｜7 T｜12 MA ?｜Prototype for the development of commercial fusion reactors with around 2200 MW of fusion power｜

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DEMO｜規劃｜2031?｜2044?｜?｜9 m/3 m ?｜6 T ?｜20 MA ?｜Prototype for a commercial fusion reactor｜

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#### 仿星器

Device Name｜Status｜Construction｜Operation｜Type｜Location｜Organisation｜Major/Minor Radius｜B-field｜Purpose｜Image

Model A｜關閉｜1952-1953｜1953-?｜Figure-8｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.3 m/0.02 m｜0.1 T｜First stellarator

Model B｜關閉｜1953-1954｜1954-1959｜Figure-8｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.3 m/0.02 m｜5 T｜Development of plasma diagnostics

Model B-2｜關閉｜Figure-8｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.3 m/0.02 m｜5 T

Model B-3｜關閉｜1958｜Figure-8｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜0.4 m/0.02 m｜4 T

Model B-64｜關閉｜1955｜Square｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜? m/0.05 m｜1.8 T

Model B-65｜關閉｜Racetrack｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室

Model B-66｜關閉｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室

Wendelstein 1-A｜關閉｜1960｜Racetrack｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜0.35 m/0.02 m｜2 T｜ℓ=3

Wendelstein 1-B｜關閉｜1960｜Racetrack｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜0.35 m/0.02 m｜2 T｜ℓ=2

Model C｜改造 →ST｜1957-1962｜1962-1969｜Racetrack｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜1.9 m/0.07 m｜3.5 T｜Found large plasma losses by Bohm diffusion

L-1｜關閉｜1963｜1963-1971｜Lebedev｜Lebedev Physical Institute｜0.6 m/0.05 m｜1 T

SIRIUS｜關閉｜1964-?｜哈爾科夫

TOR-1｜關閉｜1967｜1967-1973｜Lebedev｜Lebedev Physical Institute｜0.6 m/0.05 m｜1 T

TOR-2｜關閉｜?｜1967-1973｜Lebedev｜列別傑夫物理研究所｜0.63 m/0.036 m｜2.5 T

Wendelstein 2-A｜關閉｜1965-1968｜1968-1974｜Heliotron｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜0.5 m/0.05 m｜0.6 T｜Good plasma confinement 「Munich mystery」｜

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Wendelstein 2-B｜關閉｜?-1970｜1971-?｜Heliotron｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜0.5 m/0.055 m｜1.25 T｜Demonstrated similar performance than tokamaks｜

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L-2｜關閉｜?｜1975-?｜Lebedev｜Lebedev Physical Institute｜1 m/0.11 m｜2.0 T

WEGA｜改造 →HIDRA｜1972-1975｜1975-2013｜Classical stellarator｜格賴夫斯瓦爾德｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜0.72 m/0.15 m｜1.4 T｜Test lower hybrid heating｜

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Wendelstein 7-A｜關閉｜?｜1975-1985｜Classical stellarator｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜2 m/0.1 m｜3.5 T｜First "pure" stellarator without plasma current

Heliotron-E｜關閉｜?｜1980-?｜Heliotron｜2.2 m/0.2 m｜1.9 T

Heliotron-DR｜關閉｜?｜1981-?｜Heliotron｜0.9 m/0.07 m｜0.6 T

Auburn Torsatron｜關閉｜?｜1984-1990｜Torsatron｜奧本｜奧本大學｜0.58 m/0.14 m｜0.2 T

Wendelstein 7-AS｜關閉｜1982-1988｜1988-2002｜Modular, advanced stellarator｜加興｜Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik｜2 m/0.13 m｜2.6 T｜First H-mode in a stellarator in 1992｜

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Compact Helical System (CHS)｜關閉｜?｜1989-?｜Heliotron｜土岐｜National Institute for Fusion Science｜1 m/0.2 m｜1.5 T

Compact Auburn Torsatron (CAT)｜關閉｜?-1990｜1990-2000｜Torsatron｜奧本｜奧本大學｜0.53 m/0.11 m｜0.1 T｜Study magnetic flux surfaces

H-1NF｜運行中｜1992-｜Heliac｜坎培拉｜Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University｜1.0 m/0.19 m｜0.5 T｜

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TJ-K｜運行中｜TJ-IU｜1994-｜Torsatron｜基爾｜斯圖加特大學｜0.60 m/0.10 m｜0.5 T｜Teaching

TJ-II｜運行中｜1991-｜1997-｜flexible Heliac｜馬德里｜National Fusion Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (Ciemat)｜1.5 m/0.28 m｜1.2 T｜Study plasma in flexible configuration

LHD (Large Helical Device)｜運行中｜1990-1998｜1998-｜Heliotron｜土岐｜National Institute for Fusion Science｜3.5 m/0.6 m｜3 T｜Determine feasibility of a stellarator fusion reactor｜

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HSX (Helically Symmetric Experiment)｜運行中｜1999-｜Modular, quasi-helically symmetric｜麥迪遜｜University of Wisconsin–Madison｜1.2 m/0.15 m｜1 T｜investigate plasma transport｜

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Heliotron J (Heliotron J)｜運行中｜2000-｜Heliotron｜京都｜Institute of Advanced Energy｜1.2 m/0.1 m｜1.5 T｜Study helical-axis heliotron configuration

Uragan-2(M)｜?｜?｜?｜Heliotron, Torsatron｜哈爾科夫｜National Science Center, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT)｜1.7 m/0.24 m｜2.4 T｜?

Uragan-3 (Uragan-3M)｜?｜?｜?｜Torsatron｜哈爾科夫｜National Science Center, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT)｜1.0 m/0.12 m｜1.3 T｜?

Columbia Non-neutral Torus (CNT)｜運行中｜?｜2004-｜Circular interlocked coils｜紐約｜哥倫比亞大學｜0.3 m/0.1 m｜0.2 T｜Study of non-neutral plasmas

Quasi-poloidal stellarator (QPS)｜取消｜2001-2007｜Modular｜橡樹嶺｜橡樹嶺國家實驗室｜0.9 m/0.33 m｜1.0 T｜Stellarator research｜

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NCSX (National Compact Stellarator Experiment)｜取消｜2004-2008｜Helias｜普林斯頓｜普林斯頓等離子體物理實驗室｜1.4 m/0.32 m｜1.7 T｜High-β stability｜

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Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH)｜運行中｜?｜2007?-｜Torsatron｜奧本｜奧本大學｜0.75 m/0.2 m｜0.7 T｜Hybrid stellarator/tokamak

HIDRA (Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications)｜運行中｜2013-2014 (WEGA)｜2014-｜?｜厄巴納 (伊利諾州)｜University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign｜0.72 m/0.19 m｜0.5 T｜仿星器和托卡馬克合二為一的裝置｜

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UST_2｜運行中｜2013｜2014-｜modular three period quasi-isodynamic｜馬德里｜Charles III University of Madrid｜0.29 m/0.04 m｜0.089 T｜3D printed stellarator｜

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Wendelstein 7-X｜運行中｜1996-2015｜2015-｜Helias｜格賴夫斯瓦爾德｜馬克斯-普朗克等離子體物理研究所｜5.5 m/0.53 m｜3 T｜Steady-state plasma in fully optimized stellarator｜

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SCR-1 (Stellarator of Costa Rica)｜運行中｜2011-2015｜2016-｜Modular｜卡塔戈｜Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica｜0.14 m/0.042 m｜0.044 T｜

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#### 反場箍縮

- RFX (Reversed-Field eXperiment), Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy
- MST (Madison Symmetric Torus), 威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校, United States
- T2R, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- TPE-RX, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan
- KTX (Keda Torus eXperiment) in China (since 2015)

#### 磁鏡

- Baseball I/Baseball II, 勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室，利弗莫爾，加利福尼亞州。
- TMX, TMX, 勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室，利弗莫爾，加利福尼亞州。
- MFTF, 勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室，利弗莫爾, 加利福尼亞州。
- Gas Dynamic Trap, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 阿卡傑姆戈羅多克，俄羅斯。

#### 球形馬克

- Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment

#### 場反向位形

- C-2 Tri Alpha EnergyTri_Alpha_Energy
- C-2U Tri Alpha Energy
- C-3 (under construction?) Tri Alpha Energy
- LSX, 華盛頓大學
- IPA, 華盛頓大學
- HF, 華盛頓大學
- IPA-HF, 華盛頓大學

### Open field lines

#### Plasma pinch

- Trisops - 2 facing theta-pinch guns

#### 懸浮偶極

- 懸浮偶極 (LDX), MIT/哥倫比亞大學, United States

## 慣性約束

### 雷射驅動

#### 當前或正在建設的實驗設施

##### 固態雷射器

- National Ignition Facility (NIF) at LLNL in California, US
- Laser Mégajoule of the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique in Bordeaux, France (under construction)
- OMEGA EL Laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, US
- Gekko XII at the Institute for Laser Engineering in Osaka, Japan
- ISKRA-4 and ISKRA-5 Lasers at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center VNIIEF
- Pharos laser, 2 beam 1 kJ/pulse (IR) Nd:Glass laser at the Naval Research Laboratories
- Vulcan laser at the central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 2.6 kJ/pulse (IR) Nd:glass laser
- Trident laser, at LANL; 3 beams total; 2 x 400 J beams, 100 ps – 1 us; 1 beam ~100 J, 600 fs – 2 ns.

##### 氣體雷射器

- NIKE laser at the Naval Research Laboratories, Krypton Fluoride gas laser
- PALS, formerly the "Asterix IV", at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1 kJ max. output iodine laser at 1.315 micrometre fundamental wavelength

#### 已拆除實驗設施

##### 固態雷射器

- 4 pi laser built during the mid 1960s at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Long path laser built at LLNL in 1972
- The two beam Janus laser built at LLNL in 1975
- The two beam Cyclops laser built at LLNL in 1975
- The two beam Argus laser built at LLNL in 1976
- The 20 beam Shiva laser built at LLNL in 1977
- 24 beam OMEGA laser completed in 1980 at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics
- The 10 beam Nova laser (dismantled) at LLNL. (First shot taken, December 1984 – final shot taken and dismantled in 1999)

##### 氣體雷射器

- "Single Beam System" or simply "67" after the building number it was housed in, a 1 kJ carbon dioxide laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Gemini laser, 2 beams, 2.5 kJ carbon dioxide laser at LANL
- Helios laser, 8 beam, ~10 kJ carbon dioxide laser at LANL — Media at Wikimedia Commons
- Antares laser at LANL. (40 kJ CO2 laser, largest ever built, production of hot electrons in target plasma due to long wavelength of laser resulted in poor laser/plasma energy coupling)
- Aurora laser 96 beam 1.3 kJ total krypton fluoride (KrF) laser at LANL
- Sprite laser few joules/pulse laser at the Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

### Z-箍縮

- Z Pulsed Power Facility
- ZEBRA device at the University of Nevada's Nevada Terawatt Facility
- Saturn accelerator at Sandia National Laboratory
- MAGPIE at Imperial College London
- COBRA at Cornell University
- PULSOTRON

## 慣性靜電約束

- Fusor
- Polywell

## 磁化靶聚變

- FRX-L
- FRCHX
- General Fusion - under development
- LINUS project