疣螈屬

疣螈屬（學名：Tylototriton），是蠑螈科中的一個屬，也被稱之為鱷魚蠑螈（crocodile newts）、多節蠑螈（knobby newts）。

大多數物種是近期被報導的。它們分布於印度東北部、尼泊爾至緬甸、泰國北部、寮國、越南和中國南方。

## 特徵

疣螈屬物種皮膚粗糙，滿布瘰粒和疣粒，有的體側有12～16枚瘰粒或瘰疣連續隆起成縱行。頭部扁平而寬短，無唇褶，頭側骨質脊棱明顯，背正中脊棱明顯。舌卵圓，前後端粘連，兩側游離。指、趾無蹼，尾一般側扁較長。犁骨齒列呈「∧」形，前端會合；前頜骨2，鼻突短，不達額骨；鼻骨大，介於前頜骨和額骨之間，額鱗弧粗壯；上頜骨長，與方骨相觸，翼骨前端或以韌帶或直接與上頜骨連接。基舌軟骨前端有2對指狀突；角鰓骨2對，第二對軟骨質，上鰓骨僅1對，骨質細小。大部分卵單生，產於靜水中或塘邊陸地潮濕環境中。睪丸豆形，每側2～3葉。早期幼體眼後下方有平衡枝；3對羽狀外鰓發達；體尾肥實，尾背鰭起於體背前部。成體一般營陸棲生活。

## 物種

截止2022年6月14日，根據 Amphibian Species of the World 中的數據，本屬含有36種：

角疣螈｜Tylototriton anguliceps｜Le, Nguyen, Nishikawa, Nguyen, Pham, Matsui, Bernardes & Nguyen, 2015

安徽疣螈｜Tylototriton anhuiensis｜Qian, Sun, Li, Guo, Pan, Kang, Wang, Jiang, Wu & Zhang, 2017

細痣疣螈｜Tylototriton asperrimus｜Unterstein, 1930

寬脊疣螈｜Tylototriton broadoridgus｜Shen, Jiang & Mo, 2012

大別疣螈｜Tylototriton dabienicus｜Chen, Wang & Tao, 2010

大婁山疣螈｜Tylototriton daloushanensis｜Zhou, Xiao & Luo, 2022

桂林疣螈｜Tylototriton guilinensis｜Xiao, Chen, Wu, Pan, Chen, Yu & Huang, 2026

海南疣螈｜Tylototriton hainanensis｜Fei, Ye & Yang, 1984

喜山疣螈｜Tylototriton himalayanus｜Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang, 2015

玉龍疣螈｜Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi｜Dufresnes & Hernandez, 2022

片馬疣螈｜Tylototriton joe｜Rao, Zeng, Zhu and Ma, 2022

克欽疣螈｜Tylototriton kachinorum｜Zaw, Lay, Pawangkhanant, Gorin & Poyarkov, 2019

貴州疣螈｜Tylototriton kweichowensis｜Fang & Chang, 1932

瀏陽疣螈｜Tylototriton liuyangensis｜Yang, Jiang, Shen & Fei, 2014

莽山疣螈｜Tylototriton lizhengchangi｜Hou, Zhang, Jiang, Li & Lu, 2012

茂蘭疣螈｜Tylototriton maolanensis｜Li, Wei, Cheng, Zhang, and Wang, 2020

伊洛瓦底疣螈｜Tylototriton ngarsuensis｜Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza, Grismer, Murdoch & Lin,2018，恩加蘇疣螈

Tylototriton ngoclinhensis｜Phung, Pham, Nguyen, Ninh, Nguyen, Bernardes, Le, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2023

寮國疣螈｜Tylototriton notialis｜Stuart, Phimmachak, Sivongxay & Robichaud, 2010

潘氏疣螈｜Tylototriton panhai｜Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui, 2013

邦瓦疣螈｜Tylototriton panwaensis｜Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza & Murdoch, 2019

帕氏疣螈｜Tylototriton pasmansi｜M. Bernardes, M. D. Le, T. Q. Nguyen, C. T. Pham, A. V. Pham, T.T. Nguyen & T. Ziegler

- Tylototriton pasmansi obsti M. Bernardes, M. D. Le, T. Q. Nguyen, C.T. Pham, A. V. Pham, T.T. Nguyen & T. Ziegler

普卡疣螈｜Tylototriton phukhaensis｜Pomchote, Khonsue, Thammachoti, Hernandez, Suwannapoom et Nishikawa

琅勃拉邦疣螈｜Tylototriton podichthys｜Phimmachak, Aowphol & Stuart, 2015

Tylototriton primigenius｜Noble, 1928

川南疣螈｜Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus｜Hou, Gu, Zhang, Zeng & Lu, 2012

麗色疣螈｜Tylototriton pulcherrimus｜Hou, Zhang, Li & Lu, 2021

紅瘰疣螈｜Tylototriton shanjing｜Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang, 1995 — 曾被視為黑棕疣螈

緬甸疣螈｜Tylototriton shanorum｜Nishikawa, Matsui & Rao, 2014

辛氏疣螈｜Tylototriton sini｜Lyu, Wang, Zeng, Zhou, Qi, Wan & Wang

斯氏疣螈｜Tylototriton sparreboomi｜Bernardes, Le, Nguyen, Pham, Pham, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2020

大涼疣螈｜Tylototriton taliangensis｜Liu, 1950

泰疣螈｜Tylototriton thaiorum｜Poyarkov, Nguyen & Arkhipov, 2021

桐梓疣螈｜Tylototriton tongziensis｜Li, Liu, Shi, Wei & Wang, 2022

翁龐疣螈｜Tylototriton umphangensis｜Pomchote, Peerachidacho, Hernandez, Sapewisut, Khonsue, Thammachoti & Nishikawa, 2021

清邁疣螈｜Tylototriton uyenoi｜Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui, 2013

黑棕疣螈｜Tylototriton verrucosus｜Anderson, 1871，棕黑疣螈

越南疣螈｜Tylototriton vietnamensis｜Böhme, Schöttler, Nguyen & Köhler, 2005

Tylototriton vietnamirabilis｜Ong, T. Q. Phan, Hoang, M. H. T. Nguyen, T. T. Nguyen, Ziegler, T. Q. Nguyen and C. T. Pham, 2026

文縣疣螈｜Tylototriton wenxianensis｜Fei, Ye & Yang, 1984

五峰瑤螈｜Tylototriton wufengensis｜Li, Shi, Liu, Luo, J. Wang, Liao, Y. Wang, Gong, Wu & B. Wang, 2026

滇南疣螈｜Tylototriton yangi｜Hou, Zhang, Zhou, Li & Lu, 2012

再蒙疣螈｜Tylototriton zaimeng｜Decemson, Lalremsanga, Elangbam, Vabeiryureilai, Shinde, Purkayastha, Arkhipov, Bragin & Poyarkov, 2023

蔡氏疣螈｜Tylototriton ziegleri｜Nishikawa, Matsui & Nguyen, 2013

## 保育狀況

本屬所有種均被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。

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- 紅瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing

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- 黑棕疣螈 Tylototriton verrucosus

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- 蔡氏疣螈（Tylototriton ziegleri）

## 外部連結

- Tylototriton at CalPhotos
- 余平靜 趙爾宓.，我國棘螈屬（Echinotriton）和疣螈屬（Tylototriton）的研究概況. 《四川動物》2005年第04期

## 基本資料

- 說明：紅瘰疣螈 Tylototriton shanjing
- 學名：Tylototriton
- 命名者：Andersson, 1871
- 模式種：棕黑疣螈、Tylototriton verrucosus
- type_species_authority：Anderson, 1871