眼動追蹤

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眼動追蹤（Eye Tracking），是指通過測量眼睛的注視點的位置或者眼球相對頭部的運動而實現對眼球運動的追蹤。眼動儀是一種能夠跟蹤測量眼球位置及眼球運動資訊的一種設備，在視覺系統、心理學、認知語言學的研究中有廣泛的應用。目前眼動追蹤有多種方法，其中最常用的無創手段是通過影片拍攝設備來獲取眼睛的位置。有創的手段包括在眼睛中埋置眼動測定線圈或者使用微電極描記眼動電圖。

## 研究歷史

在19世紀，眼動的研究主要是靠直接對眼睛進行觀察完成的。

1879年，法國巴黎的眼科醫生賈馮（Louis Émile Javal）發現人們在閱讀文字的時候，眼睛的注視點並不是平滑的划過所注視的文字，而是在某一點停留一段時間（注視），然後進行一詞快速眼動切換。人們根據這項發現提出了關於文字閱讀的許多被認為重要的問題：人們的眼睛遇到哪些單詞會停下來？會在這些單詞上停留多長時間？眼睛什麼時候會回顧前面已經看到過的單詞？這些問題在 20 世紀得到了廣泛的研究。

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埃德蒙·休伊（Edmund Huey）使用帶有人工瞳孔的接觸鏡製造出了最早的眼動儀。休伊定量研究了眼睛的回顧現象（回顧現象在快速眼動中所占的比例很小），他發現人們在閱讀的時候，有些單詞根本就沒有被注視過。

第一台非侵入式的眼動儀是巴斯韋爾（Guy Thomas Buswell）在芝加哥發明的。這台眼動儀的原理是，將一束光打到眼睛表面，然後使用膠捲記錄從眼睛反射回來的光，據此分析眼睛注視點的位置。巴斯韋爾對人們進行文字閱讀和瀏覽照片時的眼動狀況做了系統的研究。

1950 年，阿爾弗雷德·雅布斯在眼動研究方面作出了許多被認為重要的工作，他在1967年出版的一本書也被廣泛引用。他發現給被試者的分配的任務目標很大程度上決定了被試者的眼動軌跡。在他的著作中，他這樣描述眼睛的注視點與人們的注視興趣：

「所有的記錄..都表明眼動的特徴幾乎是完全獨立的。只要列印在平面或是接近平面的材質上，頂多只會輕微的受到該材質的影響」。觀察圖形時，眼動的週期「不只是在圖形上看到了什麼，更包括觀察者遭遇問題時，期望在圖形上找出更多資訊的情境」。

「眼動的記錄顯示，觀察者通常將注意力集中在圖形上的特定元素...眼睛的移動反映了人們的思考過程；因此，側錄觀察者的眼睛移動，可以一個程度的了解觀察者在想什麼。記錄是什麼東西吸引了觀察者的注意是很容易的事（因此，也能知道觀察者在想什麼），記錄其順序、頻率也非常容易」。

「觀察者的注意力經常望向一些不重要的事物，但對觀察者本身而言可能很重要。觀察者在某些情境下經常將注意力放在一些不尋常的元素上，比如不熟悉時、不完全理解時...」。

「...當觀察者改變注視的點時，觀察者仍會不斷的來回注視。觀察者的知覺並不會用在第二個注視的元素上，而會反覆思索對觀察者而言最動要的元素」。

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## 另外參見

- 注意力追蹤
- 眼動
- 閱讀文字時的眼動
- 閱讀樂譜時的眼動
- 中央凹
- Gaze-contingency paradigm
- 周邊視野
- Foveated imaging
- 眼動追蹤儀
- 換位字母效應

## 擴展閱讀

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### 商業化眼動追蹤儀

- Bojko, A. (2006). Using Eye Tracking to Compare Web Page Designs: A Case Study. Journal of Usability Studies, Vol.1, No. 3.
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- Wittenstein, Jerran. (2006). EyeTracking sees gold in its technology. Electronic Version. San Diego Source, The Daily Transcript, April, 3rd, 2006.