唐米語，也稱為 Thāmī、Thangmi Kham、Thangmi Wakhe、Thani，是一種漢藏語言，由尼泊爾中東部的唐米人使用。唐米人將他們的語言稱為 Thangmi Kham 或 Thangmi Wakhe，而尼泊爾其他地區則將其稱為 Thāmī。然而，這些使用者中的大多數居住在尼泊爾的傳統故鄉多拉卡區 Dolakha 以及大吉嶺。唐米語使用天城文字母書寫。馬克圖林（Mark Turin）對唐米語進行了廣泛記錄。 分佈 唐米語主要在巴格馬蒂省的多拉卡地區、賽隆科拉（拉梅恰普縣北部狹長地帶，主要在格庫爾甘加）的村莊、辛杜帕爾喬克縣東部地區使用，部分移居到加德滿都谷地城市的老年人也講這種語言。 在多拉卡 Dolakha 和辛杜帕爾科克 Sindhupalcok 地區以外，很少有塔米族人講唐米語。 分類 唐米語似乎與尼泊爾的其他語言有很多相似之處。例如，巴拉姆語（Barām），基蘭特語（Kiranti），尼瓦爾語（Newar） 語。Konow 1909、Shafer 1966、Stein 1970、Toba 1990、van Driem 1992 和 Turin 的研究表明，唐米語與拉伊語（Rai）和尼瓦爾語（Newar）密切相關。 文法 唐米語 英語 代詞 gai I 第一人稱單數 ni we 第一人稱複數 naɳ you 第二人稱單數 niɳ you 第二人稱複數 to he she it 第三人稱單數 tobaɳ they 第三人稱複數 方言 唐米語由兩種方言組成，即多拉克區（Dolakhā 東部）和辛杜帕爾喬克縣（Sindhupālchok 西部）。它們在音系、名詞和動詞形態以及詞彙方面有所不同。大多數唐米語人口使用 Dolakhā 方言，而只有少數人使用 Sindhupālcok。Dolakhā 方言提供了更完整的動詞一致系統，而 Sindhupālcok 方言的名詞形態則更復雜。 相互關係 相互關係 相互關係 英語 Dolakhā Sindhupālchok younger brother hu calaca hu younger sister humi camaica hu fathers eldest brother jekhapa jhyaapa fathers younger brother ucyapa pacyu fathers eldest sister nini jhyaama fathers younger sister nini nini mothers eldest brother palam palam mothers younger brother malam mou mothers eldest sister jekhama jhyaama mothers younger sister macyu phusama 唐米歌曲 唐米人擁有豐富的文化和傳統。語言是他們身份的重要組成部分，他們透過文化（主要是音樂）來表達自己的語言。尼泊爾唐米人協會 NTS 創作了幾首唐米歌曲，這些歌曲於 2007 年錄製。歌詞由 Singh Bahadur Thami、Devendra Thami 和 Lok Bahadur Thami 創作。以下是一些示例： 比較詞彙 以下 210 個單詞的列表涵蓋五種唐米方言，來自 Regmi 等人（2014 年）。Regmi Dan Raj Gopal Thakur and Shobha Kumari Mahato 2014 A sociolinguistic survey of Thami Linguistic Survey of Nepal LinSuN Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal 涵蓋的方言包括： 多拉卡區巴布雷（Babre） VDC 多拉卡區拉皮浪（Lapilang） VDC 多拉卡區蘇斯帕克沙瑪瓦蒂（Suspa Kshamavati） VDC 拉梅恰普區（Ramechhap）達杜窪（Daduwa） VDC 辛杜帕爾喬克縣（Sindhupalchok）喬卡蒂（Chokati） VDC 還提供了 Kansakar 2010 Kansakar Tej Ratna 2010 Baram wordlist unpublished ms contributed to STEDT 中的巴拉姆語（Baram）的詞彙以供比較。 詞義 Babre Lapilang Suspa Kshamavati Daduwa Chokati Baram body mɑŋ mɑŋ mɑŋ mɑŋ jiu aŋ IA loan head kɑpu kɑpu kɑpu kɑpu kɑpu kəpu hair cimyɑŋ cimeŋ cimeŋ mus mus sjam face kʰen kʰen kʰen kʰen kʰen mik eye mese mese mesek mese mese mik ear kulnɑ kulnɑ kulnɑ kulnɑ kulŋɑ kuna nose ciŋɑ ciŋyɑ ciŋɑ cĩyɑ ciyɑ cina mouth uɡo uɡo uɡo ogo ogo anam teeth suwɑ suwɑ suwɑ suwɑ suwɑ swa tongue cile cile cile cile cile ce le breast cucu cyucyu cucu nunu cucu nənu belly bɑŋkɑl bɑŋkɑl bɑŋkɑl bʌŋɡʌl bʌŋɡɑl ujaŋ armhand lɑʔ lɑʔ lɑk lɑ lɑ hit elbow uru ɽuŋ uru uru kuino kuina IA loan palm oilyɑ lɑʔ lɑk pɑti lɑ lapʈa finger cʰumpi cʰumpi cumpi cyukuri cukuri əŋla IA loan fingernail pin pin pin pin pin luŋdziŋ leg konʈe konʈe konʈe konʈe lɑi undzik skin ʃebi ʃebi ʃebi ʃebi ʃebi chala IA loan bone koʃɑ koʃɑ koʃɑ koʃyɑ koʃyɑ haɖ IA loan heart loŋse loŋse loŋsek loŋse loŋse muʈu IA loan blood cɑi cɑi cɑi cʌi cʌi cihui urine uʃi uʃi uʃi uʃi uʃi ci feces kuɽi kuɽi kiɽi kuɽi kili ku village rɑɽe dese dese dese dese hannuŋ IA loan house nem nem nem nem nem nam roof cʰɑnɑ cʰɑnɑ pɑli pɑli cʰɑnɑ chano door kʰɑɽoŋ kʰɑɽuŋ kʰɑɽo kʰʌɽu kʰɑɽu ɖhoka IA loan firewood seŋ seŋ seŋ seŋ seŋ siŋ broom tʰope tʰope tʰope tʰope tʰope astuŋ mortar yɑmbɑʔ lokmɑŋ lokmɑŋ ʈim luŋ siləuʈo IA loan pestle ulum lok ulum ulum loɦoro lohoro hammer ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ ʈʰokʈʰoke ʈʰukʈʰukiɑ ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ hətəuɖo IA loan knife ɑikucɑ ɑikucɑ ɑikucɑ kɑrdɑ cʌkku ukhmen axe rɑpɑ rɑpɑ rɑpɑ rɑʔpɑ rɑpɑ kəm rope ʃɑkpɑ ʃɑkpɑ ʃɑkpɑ ʃyɑpɑ ɖɑmlɑ ɖori IA loan thread dʰɑɡo sɑle benɑ ʃyɑpɑ dʰɑgo ləkthun needle ɦili ɦili yuli yuli ɦuli pənuŋ cloth myuŋ miŋmyɑŋ myuŋ myũ myuŋ mu ring sɑimundro sɑimundro sɑimundro ʌŋɡuliŋ ʌũʈʰi əŋʈhi IA loan sun uni uni uni uni uni uni moon cʌlʌuni cʌlʌuni cʌlʌuni cʌlɑʔuni cʌlɑuni cəlauni sky sʌrɡyɑ sʌrɡyɑ sʌrɡe sʌrɡe ʌkɑs akas IA loan star ucʰi ucʰi ucʰi ucʰi ucʰi tara IA loan rain pɑŋku pɑŋkuyusɑ jʰʌriuɑn ʃyɑrde jʰɑri aŋmət water pɑŋku pɑŋku pɑŋku pʌŋku pɑŋku awa river ʃoŋ ʃoŋ ʃoŋ ʃoŋ ʃoŋ gudul cloud dʰummɑ kʰɑʃu kʰɑsu dʰummɑ dʰumpɑ a mu lightning mirlisidu sʌrɡyɑtowɑn mirliksɑ miklik gʌɽɑŋguɽuŋtʰɑ rainbow indreni indreni indreni lʌrkuni indreni indreni IA loan wind pʰɑʃɑ pʰɑʃɑ pʰɑʃɑ pʰɑʃyɑ pʰɑʃyɑ asi stone ɽiŋ ɽiŋ liŋ ɽiŋ lyuŋ kumba path ulɑm ulɑm ulɑm ulɑm ulɑm uŋma sand pʰɑʃeɽiŋ kʰreʔduɽiŋ jɑŋkʰɑ syɑŋɖo bʌluwɑ balwa IA loan fire me me me me me mui smoke ɑsku ɑsku ɑsku ɑcʰɑ dʰuwɑtʰɑn isku ash tɑrbɑ trɑbɑ trɑbɑ trɑbɑ tɑbrɑ maju mud nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nəsa dust pʰɑʃe pʰɑsse dʰule buʃi dʰulo dhulo gold sun loŋ luŋ ɡoɦo sun sun IA loan tree doŋbo duŋbo dombo pole ruk sjaŋma leaf ɑjɑ ɑjɑ ɑjɑ ɑjɑ ɑjɑ su root pole pole nɑrɑ dɑrɑ jɑrɑ dzəra thorn puʈu puʈu puʈu puʈu puʈu achu flower reŋ reŋ reŋ reŋ reŋ phul IA loan fruit pʰɑlpʰul pʰɑlpʰul pʰɑlpʰul kʌntʰʌmʌl pʰɑlpʰul phalphul IA loan mango ɑp ɑp ɑmcur ɑp ɑp əmba IA loan banana muĩ mui muĩ muĩ mui umse wheat husked jɑʔcʰo jɑʔcʰo jɑkso jɑcʰo jɑʔcʰo gəu barley ɑkɑn ɑkɑn ɑkɑn ɑkɑn ɑkɑn dzəu rice husked jɑke jɑki jɑke meke jɑke hadza potato kwɑi kwɑi kwɑi kwɑi koi alu IA loan eggplant bɑnʈɑ bɑnʈɑ bʰenʈɑ bʌnʈɑ bʰẽɽi bhənʈa IA loan groundnut bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bədam IA loan chili mɑrci mʌrci mɑrci ɑso kʰorsɑni asok turmeric ɦʌrdi ɦʌrdi ɦʌrdi besɑr besɑr besar IA loan garlic lʌsun lʌsun lʌsun lʌmbo lʌsun ləsun IA loan onion pyɑj pyɑj pyɑj pyɑj pyɑj pjadz IA loan cauliflower reŋkopi reŋkopi kopi kɑuli kɑuli kauli IA loan tomato bɑnʈɑ ɡyɑmbɑlɑ ɡɑmbʌl bʌnʈɑ golbʰẽɽɑ golbhẽɖa IA loan cabbage ɑjɑkopi ɑjɑkopi bʌndɑ bʌndɑ bʌndɑ bənda IA loan oil ɑsɑ ɑsɑ ɑsɑ ɑsɑ ɑsɑ asa salt cʰyɑ cʰyɑ cʰɑ cʰyɑ cʰɑ cha meat cici cici cici ɑcʰin cici ku sja fat of meat cʰeu cʰou cʰeu cʰo cʰyʌu kucho fish nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nəŋa chicken wɑcɑ wɑcɑ wɑcɑ wɑcɑ wɑcɑ hocca egg om ɑɦum ɑɦum ɑum ɑum ohom cow mɑmɑʃyɑ mɑmɑʃyɑ mɑmɑʃyɑ ʃyɑ ʃyɑ sja buffalo meʃɑ meʃɑ meʃɑ meʃyɑ miʃyɑ bhəisi IA loan milk olon olon olʌn nunu nunu nənu horns nɑru nɑru nɑru nɑru nɑru ujuŋ tail lime lime limek leme lime pitik goat ʈuɽi ʈuɽi ʈuɽi culi culi mi chja dog kucu kucu kucu kucu kucu a kja snake rul rul rul rul rul pəi hu monkey mɑkɑr mɑkɑr mɑkɑr yu yu pəi huk mosquito ʈinini ʈinini ʈinini lʌkʰʌʈoʈo lɑmkʰuʈʈe lamkhuʈʈe IA loan ant ʈiko ʈiku ʈiku cukku cuku anap spider mɑkɑrpɑpɑ mɑkɑrpɑpɑ mɑkɑrpɑpɑ jrɑmpʰɑl jʌrɑmpɑl dzənna name nɑme nɑme nɑme nɑme nɑme u men man mi mi mi mi mi bal woman cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ mama child ɦocɑ ucɑ ɦucɑ ɦuccɑ ɦucɑ uca father ɑpɑ ɑpɑ ɑpɑ ɑpɑ ɑpɑ papa mother ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ama IA loan older brother bubu bubu bubu bubu bubu dadze IA loan younger brother ɦu ɦu ɦu ɦu ɦu ale older sister tete tete tete tete tete didi IA loan younger sister ɦumi ɦomi ɦumi ɦumi ɦu abi son cɑ cɑ cɑ cɑ cɑ ucuwa daughter cɑmɑi cɑmɑi cɑmɑi cɑmɑi cɑmɑi ucuməi husband lɑwɑ ʈʰoɽe lɑwɑ lɑwɑ lɑwɑ ukəi wife umɑ umɑ umɑ umɑ umɑ uməi boy ʃɑrɑ ʃɑrɑ cɑɦucɑ ʃɑrɑ cɑ papaca girl ʃɑrmɑ ʃɑrmɑ cɑmɑicɑ ʃyɑrmi cɑmɑi mamaca day unise unise unise ʃyɑŋ unise unis night ʈɑɦe ʈɑɦe ʈɑe cyɑe cyɑ rat IA loan morning bʌcinʈe bʌcinʈe bʌsinʈe bʌsinʈe bɑʃe hamdzaŋ noon unise unise unise unise unise diuso IA loan evening ŋyoɽiŋ ŋyoɽi ŋyʌɽiŋ nyõɽi cyɑtʰɑn hole yesterday miryɑŋ miryɑŋ miryɑŋ merɡʰyɑŋ merɡʰyɑŋ minja today yɑŋ yɑŋ yɑŋ yɑŋ yɑŋ təja tomorrow bɑʈʈʰe bɑʈʈʰe bɑʈʰe bɑʃe bʰʌĩse hogei week ɦʌptɑ ɦʌptɑ ɦʌptɑ loʔʃyɑŋ sɑtɑdin həpta IA loan month mʌinɑ mʌinɑ mʌɦine sumcpʃyɑŋ mʌinɑ məina IA loan year kɑle kɑle kɑle dɑrɑ bʌrsʌ bərsə IA loan old kʰɑru kʰɑru kʰɑru kʰɑru kʰɑru cəŋpa new nɑke nɑke nɑkɑ nɑkɑ nɑkɑ kawoi good ɑprɑ ɑprɑ ɑprɑ kʌstɑ ɑprɑ kisen bad mɑʔɑprɑ mɑʔɑprɑ ɦijebɑ mɑjɑdu mɑʔɑprɑ məsen wet pʰodu pʰodu pʰodu pʰodu bʰijɑiŋɑn kjasun dry ɡɑŋdu mɑpʰodu pʰʌŋpʰʌŋ gʌŋdu mɑbʰijɑi sukhkha IA loan long ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ alok short ucʰiɡɑ ucʰiɡɑ ucʰikɑ ucʰiɡɑ ucʰiɡɑ ikuri hot ɑdum ɑdum ɑdum ɑdum ɑdum kewon cold ʈilɑ ʈilɑ ɑjik iji cilɑŋɑn kjasun right cɑkʰur cɑkʰur cɑkʰur cɑkʰur dɑɦine daine IA loan left kʰolɑ kʰolɑ kʰolɑ kʰolɑ debre debre IA loan near kʰer kʰer kʰerte kʰereŋ cʰeute igin far ʌlʌmtʰɑ ʌlʌmtʰɑ ʌlʌmtʰɑ ʌlʌmtʰɑ ɑlɑmtʰɑ kalok big jekʰɑ jekʰɑ jekʰɑ jekʰɑ jʰokɑ alam small ucyɑ ucyɑ ucɑcɑ ucyɑncɑ ecenɑ ikine heavy ɡʌruŋ ɡʌruŋ ɡɑnunidu gʌrum ɡʌruŋ gegruŋ IA loan light ɦʌluŋ ɦʌluŋ pʰinpʰincɑ ɦʌluŋ ɦʌluŋ həlka IA loan above ɦyute ɦyute ɦyute ɦyute ɦyobbi khuŋ below nʰɑte nʰɑte nʰɑte nʰɑnɑi nɑbi hjaŋ white ubo ubo ubo ubo obo gjabo black kiji kiji kiji kiji kiji ciliŋ red ɖiŋɖiŋ ɖiŋɖiŋ ɖiŋɖiŋ ɖiŋɖiŋ keret phəija one di di di di de de two nis nis nis nis nis nis three sum sum sum sum sum som four oli oli oli oli wɑli car IA loan five wɑlŋɑ wɑlŋɑ wɑlŋɑ wɑlɑ hwɑlŋɑ pãc IA loan six mɑt mɑt mɑt mʌt mɑt chə IA loan seven rɑ rɑ ro lo ɽo sat IA loan eight lɑ lɑ lɑ lɑ lɑ aʈh IA loan nine kit kit kyut kit kit nəu ten dicip dicip dicip dicip dʰicip dəs eleven dicipdi dicipdi dicipdi dicipdi dʰicipde egharə twelve dicipnis dicipnis dicipnis dicipnis dʰicipnis barə twenty nisdicip nisdicip nisdicip nisdicip nisdʰicip bis one hundred dicipdicip dicipdicip dicipdicip dicipdicip dʰicipdʰicip de səe IA loan who su su su su su su what ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ hai where kutɑ kutɑ kutɑ kutɑ kutɑ kuni when kutɑleŋ kutɑleŋ kutɑleŋ kutɑleŋ ɦɑŋgɑlyɑŋ kəile how many ɦɑni ɦɑni ɦɑni ɦɑlĩ ɦɑi kwa which kundu kundu kundu kundu kundu kun this kɑ kɑ kɑ kɑ kɑ jo that to to to dʰɑ to tjo these kɑbɑŋ kɑbɑŋ kɑbɑŋ kʌpʌliŋ kɑbɑli jibaŋ those tobɑŋ tobɑŋ tobɑŋ topʌliŋ tobɑŋ ubaŋ same to to to to to ui different bʰindʌi bʰindʌi beɡɑle toŋɑkɑ pʰʌrʌk phərək IA loan whole sɑkkʰɑle sɑkʰɑle sɑkɑle sɑkɑle sʌkkʰɑli səbəi IA loan broken kwɑdu kwɑʔdu kwɑɡdu ʈʰemɑn cʰyomdu kipak few ucʰincɑ ucʰincɑ ucʰin ucʰincɑ icʰini jurse many ɑɦe ɑɦe ɑɦe ɑɦe ɑɦe dherəi IA loan all sɑkkʰɑle sɑkʰɑle sɑkɑle sɑkɑle sʌkkʰɑli səpəi IA loan eat cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cago bite ceʔsɑ ceʔsɑ ceksɑ ceʔsɑ ceʔsɑ aŋakko hungry krɑisɑ krɑisɑ kʌrɑisɑ krʌisɑ isɑkɑrɑinɑn hego drink tunsɑ tunsɑ tunsɑ tuncʰɑ tuncʰɑ sjaŋgo thirsty lɑkɑisɑ lɑkɑisɑ lɑkɑsɑ lɑkɑŋsɑ lɑkɑinɑn əs kago sleep ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ nago lie pʌlʈʌisisɑ pʌlʈʌisisɑ pʌlʈʌisɑ bliŋsɑ pʌlʈʌisisɑ ləllumgo sit ɦoʔsɑ ɦoʔsɑ ɦoksɑ ɦoʔsɑ ɦoʔsɑ hukko give piʔsɑ piʔsɑ pisɑ piʔsɑ piccʰɑ pigo burn cieʔsɑ jousɑ jyoksɑ joʔsɑ jyʌusɑ cimakko die sisɑ sisɑ sisɑ sisɑ sisɑ sigo kill sɑtcʰɑ sɑtcʰɑ sɑtcʰɑ sʌtcʰɑ sɑccʰɑ sat ko fly persɑ persɑ persɑ persɑ persɑ ublego walk cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ dzjogo run droʔsɑ droʔsɑ droksɑ droʔsɑ dorʌsɑ gəbango go ɦensɑ ɦensɑ ɦensɑ ɦensɑ ɦensɑ jago come rɑʔsɑ rɑʔsɑ rɑsɑ rɑʔsɑ rɑʔsɑ təigo speak cijyɑŋsɑ cijyɑŋsɑ cijyɑŋsɑ cijyɑŋsɑ cijɑŋsɑ khəlago hearlisten nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nago look yoʔsɑ yoʔsɑ yosɑ jyɑpsɑ jyɑpsɑ ni go I ɡɑi ɡɑi ɡɑi ɡʌi ɡɑi ŋa you informal nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ nʌŋ nɑŋ nuŋ you formal nɑŋtʰe nɑŋtʰe nɑŋkʰe nʌŋ nɑŋ nuŋ he to to to to to u IA loan she to to to to to u we inclusive ni ni ni ni tʰe niru we exclusive ni ni ni ni tʰe niru you plural niŋpɑli niŋpɑli niŋ nʌŋpɑliŋ nʌŋpɑli tibaŋ they tobɑŋ tobɑŋ tobɑŋ topɑliŋ topɑliŋ ubaŋ 參考文獻 延伸閱讀 2012 Saxena A Ed 2004 Himalayan languages past and present Vol 149 Walter de Gruyter Shneiderman S B 2009 Rituals of ethnicity Migration mixture and the making of Thangmi identity across Himalayan borders Doctoral dissertation Cornell University Sara S 2015 Epilogue Thami ke hoWhat Is Thami In Rituals of Ethnicity Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India p 252 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Sara S 2015 3 Origin Myths and Myths of Originality In Rituals of Ethnicity Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India p 61 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Grierson G A 1909 TibetoBurman Family General Introduction Specimens of the Tibetan Dialects the Himalayan Dialects and the North Assam group Linguistic Survey of India III I Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing 669pp Shneiderman S 2010 Producing Thangmi Ritual Texts Practice performance and collaboration In Imogen Gunn and Mark Turin eds Language Documentation and Description Vol 8 159174 London SOAS Turin M 2011 Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region Volume 6 A Grammar of the Thangmi Language 2 vols With an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture Brill 外部連結 OLAC resources in and about the Thangmi language httpwwwdigitalhimalayacomcollectionsmusicrengpatangko httpwwwendangeredlanguagescomlang4838 Category 藏語群 Category 尼泊爾語言