2010 年，全球航天活動中出現了許多重大事件。包括用於的 SpaceX 龍飛船的首次飛行，該飛船旨在為國際空間站運輸補給，以及獵鷹 9 號和米諾陶 4 號運載火箭的首飛。2010 年 6 月，韓國進行了第二次羅老運載火箭的發射，該火箭在 2009 年首飛失敗；然而，第二次嘗試也失敗了。宇宙 3 號 M 型運載火箭退役，於 4 月進行了其最後一次飛行；在 9 月進行了最後一次飛行後，也宣佈退役。 概述 2010 年的全球首次亞軌道發射於 1 月 10 日 2300（UTC）進行，當時一枚作為波音 YAL1 機載雷射系統的目標發射。1 月 11 日，中國進行了該國首次反彈道導彈試驗，涉及兩枚導彈。全球首次軌道發射於 1 月 16 日 1612（UTC）進行，當時長征三號丙運載火箭從西昌衛星發射中心發射了北斗 G1 導航衛星。 2010 年共進行了 74 次軌道發射，其中 70 次成功，4 次失敗。最後一次軌道發射是在 12 月 29 日，當時阿麗亞娜 5 號 ECA 構型從庫魯附近的蓋亞那太空中心發射了 Hispasat1E 和 Koreasat 6 號航天器。 深空探測 5 月，日本使用 HIIA 運載火箭發射發射了該國首個金星探測器 破曉 號。其目的是尋找金星上的閃電和火山。儘管發射成功，但該航天器未能在 12 月進入環繞金星的軌道，最終它在 5 年後的 2015 年 12 月才成功進入金星軌道。第一艘可操作的太陽帆 IKAROS 號與 破曉 號搭乘同一枚火箭升空。 日本的第一個小行星探測器 隼鳥 號於 6 月 13 日返回地球，此前它曾降落在小行星 25143 絲川 上收集樣本。這也是世界上第一個成功從小行星取樣返回的航天任務。 10 月 1 日 105957（UTC），中國成功發射嫦娥二號探測器，這是嫦娥工程的第二次任務。此次任務使用長征三號丙運載火箭從西昌衛星發射中心發射。嫦娥二號的任務與之前的嫦娥一號類似，但重點是繪製潛在著陸點，為嫦娥三號無人月球著陸器做好準備。 載人航天 2010 年按計劃進行了 7 次載人飛行任務，包括 3 次太空梭和 4 次聯盟號飛船任務，用於國際空間站乘組人員輪換。STS130 使用，是本年度首次載人飛行，奮進號於 2 月 8 日發射，搭載寧靜號節點艙和穹頂艙前往國際空間站。4 月 5 日，執行 STS131 任務，搭載 萊昂納多（MPLM）為空間站提供補給。 4 月 2 日，聯盟 TMA18 飛船將乘組人員送往國際空間站；該飛船計劃在空間站對接約 6 個月，以便乘組人員在緊急情況下撤離。此前不久，聯盟 TMA16 飛船脫離對接，將前一批國際空間站乘組人員送回地球。5 月 14 日，發射升空，執行其倒數第二次飛行 STS132 任務，將送往國際空間站。6 月 15 日，聯盟 TMA19 飛船搭載乘組發射升空。10 月 8 日，聯盟 TMA01M 飛船發射升空，這是現代化改造的聯盟 TMA 飛船的首次飛行，搭載乘組人員前往國際空間站。最後，在年底，於 12 月 15 日搭乘聯盟 TMA20 飛船發射升空。 發射失敗 2010 年共發生了 4 起軌道發射失敗事故。其中兩起影響地球同步衛星運載火箭（GSLV），一起影響羅老運載火箭，另一起影響質子運載火箭。第一次失敗發生在 4 月 15 日，當時是 GSLV MkII 型首次發射。火箭的第三級發生故障，導致火箭和 GSAT4 衛星無法進入軌道並墜入大海。第二次失敗發生在羅老運載火箭的第二次試飛期間，當時火箭搭載著 STSAT2B 航天器。火箭在起飛 137 秒後爆炸。 第三次故障發生在 12 月 5 日，當時搭載首個 Blok DM03 上面級的質子 M 運載火箭未能將三顆格洛納斯 M 衛星送入軌道。發射前，Blok DM 的燃料加註錯誤，導致火箭太重而無法到達停泊軌道。第四次故障發生在 2010 年 12 月 25 日，當時 GSLV MkI 型在 GSAT5P 發射過程中爆炸。由於第一級的液體燃料助推器失控，火箭被髮射場安全控制系統下令摧毀。 軌道發射 colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite January colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite February colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite March colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite April colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite May colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite June colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite July colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite August colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite September colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite October colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite November colspan8 stylebackgroundwhite December 亞軌道發射 深空機動 日期 UTC 航天器 事件 備註 12 January Cassini 65th flyby of Titan Closest approach 28 January Cassini 66th flyby of Titan Closest approach 31 January Artemis P1 Lunar flyby Closest approach at 0813 UTC 1 February Artemis P2 Lunar flyby Closest approach at 1444 UTC 13 February Artemis P1 Lunar flyby Closest approach at 1006 UTC 13 February Cassini Flyby of Mimas Closest approach 16 February Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 22 February Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 25 February Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 28 February Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 1 March Artemis P2 Lunar flyby Closest approach at 0411 UTC 2 March Cassini 2nd flyby of Rhea Closest approach 3 March Cassini Flyby of Helene Closest approach 3 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 7 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 10 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 13 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 16 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 19 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 23 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 26 March Mars Express Flyby of Phobos Closest approach 28 March Artemis P2 Lunar flyby Closest approach at 0734 UTC 5 April Cassini 67th flyby of Titan Closest approach 7 April Cassini 2nd flyby of Dione Closest approach 28 April Cassini 9th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach 18 May Cassini 10th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach 20 May Cassini 68th flyby of Titan Closest approach 5 June Cassini 69th flyby of Titan Closest approach 13 June Hayabusa First sample return mission from asteroid Sample canister successful recovered to Earth 21 June Cassini 70th flyby of Titan Closest approach 7 July Cassini 71st flyby of Titan Closest approach 10 July Rosetta Flyby of 21 Lutetia Closest approach 13 August Cassini 11th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach 25 August Artemis P1 LL2 orbit insertion 24 September Cassini 72nd flyby of Titan Closest approach 6 October Change 2 Lunar orbit insertion 16 October Cassini Flyby of Pallene Closest approach 22 October Artemis P2 LL1 orbit insertion 4 November Deep Impact Flyby of Hartley 2 Closest approach 11 November Cassini 73rd flyby of Titan 30 November Cassini 12th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach 7 December Closest approach 8 December Closest approach 21 December Cassini 13th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach December not confirmed 卡西尼號在上半年對土衛四、土衛二、土衛一、土衛五、土衛三和土衛六進行遠距離、非目標飛掠。 艙外活動 開始時間 持續時間 結束時間 航天器 乘組 工作內容 備註 14 January1005 5 hours 1549 ISS Pirs Oleg Kotov Maksim Surayev Prepared the Poisk module for future dockings 12 February0217 6 hours32 minutes 0849 STS130ISS Quest Robert L Behnken Nicholas Patrick Removed a protective cover on a port on the Unity node where Tranquility was berthed halfway through the spacewalk The pair then transferred a spare parts platform for the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator from the shuttle to the station Once that task is completed Behnken and Patrick made several connections on the newly installed Tranquility node to begin its activation 14 February0220 5 hours54 minutes 0814 STS130ISS Quest Robert L BehnkenNicholas Patrick Installed ammonia plumbing and connectors between Unity Destiny and Tranquility and covered them with thermal insulation Prepared the nadir port on Tranquility for the relocation of the Cupola and installed handrails on the exterior of Tranquility 17 February0215 5 hours48 minutes 0803 STS130ISS Quest Robert L BehnkenNicholas Patrick Installed additional ammonia plumbing between Unity and Tranquility removed insulation and launch locks from the Cupola installed additional handrails on the exterior of Tranquility and performed getahead tasks to support the installation of a Power Data Grapple Fixture PDGF on the exterior of Zarya with cable installation on Unity and the S0 truss 9 April0531 6 hours27 minutes 1158 STS131ISS Quest Richard Mastracchio Clayton Anderson Relocated new an ammonia tank from the Shuttles payload bay to a temporary stowage location and disconnected the fluid lines to the old ammonia tank on the S1 truss Retrieved a Japanese seed experiment from the exterior of the Kibo laboratory for return to earth and replaced a failed gyroscope on the S0 truss Performed getahead tasks including the opening of a window flap on the zenith CBM of Harmony and removed launch restraint bolts from a Flex Hose Rotary Coupler FHRC on the P1 truss 11 April0530 7 hours26 minutes 1256 STS131ISS Quest Richard MastracchioClayton Anderson The old ammonia tank was removed from the S1 truss and was replaced with the new tank The electrical connections to the tank were made but the fluid lines were deferred to the missions third EVA due to time constraints since the installation was prolonged by a problem with the bolts that hold the tank to the truss The old tank was relocated to a temporary stowage location on the station and a foot restraint was relocated in preparation for a future shuttle missions spacewalk 13 April0614 6 hours24 minutes 1236 STS131ISS Quest Richard MastracchioClayton Anderson The fluid lines were connected to the new ammonia tank and the old tank was moved to the shuttles payload bay for return to Earth Micrometeoroid debris shields from the Quest airlock which were no longer necessary were brought inside the airlock for return to Earth inside the Leonardo MPLM The Z1 truss was prepared for the installation of a spare antenna on the next shuttle mission and a foot restraint was relocated in preparation for a future spacewalk The retrieval of an external carrier plate on Columbus was deferred to another shuttle mission due to time constraints after problems were encountered with attaching the old ammonia tank to a carrier in the payload bay and several other tasks were deferred to later EVAs due to the replanning from the problems with the missions second EVA 17 May1154 7 hours25 minutes 1919 STS132ISS Quest Garrett Reisman Stephen G Bowen Installed a spare spacetoground Kuband antenna on the Z1 truss installed new tool platform on Dextre and broke torque on bolts holding replacement batteries to the ICCVLD cargo carrier 19 May1038 7 hours9 minutes 1747 STS132ISS Quest Stephen G Bowen Michael T Good Repaired Atlantis Orbiter Boom Sensor System OBSS P6 battery replacement 4 of 6 units and removed gimbal locks from the Kuband antenna installed on the first EVA of the mission 21 May1027 6 hours46 minutes 1713 STS132ISS Quest Michael T GoodGarrett Reisman P6 battery replacement final 2 of 6 units installed ammonia jumpers at the P4P5 interface retrieved a spare PDGF from Atlantis payload bay and stowed it inside the Quest airlock The spacewalkers also replenished supplies of EVA tools in toolboxes on the exterior of the station 27 July0411 6 hours42 minutes 1053 Expedition 24ISS Pirs Fyodor Yurchikhin Mikhail Korniyenko Replaced an ATV video camera on Zvezda routed command and data handling lines from Zvezda and Zarya to the new Rassvet module as well as made KURS connections between Rassvet and Zarya to allow future automated dockings to the new module Then the two cosmonauts jettisoned the old ATV video camera 7 August1119 8 hours3 minutes 1922 Expedition 24ISS Quest Tracy Caldwell Dyson Attempted to replace failed S1 ammonia pump module The spacewalkers did not complete all of the planned tasks due to a quick disconnect that got stuck and would not release The pair had to complete a bakeout in order to ensure there was no ammonia on their suits before reentering the Space Station 11 August1227 7 hours26 minutes 1953 Expedition 24ISS Quest Douglas H WheelockTracy Caldwell Dyson Completed removal of failed pump module from the S1 truss and began installation preparations on the replacement pump 16 August1020 7 hours20 minutes 1740 Expedition 24ISS Quest Douglas H WheelockTracy Caldwell Dyson Installed new pump module on the S1 truss 15 November1455 6 hours27 minutes 2122 Expedition 25ISS Pirs Fyodor YurchikhinOleg Skripochka Install a multipurpose workstation on Zvezda retrieve camera retrieve kontur install new materials experiment collect samples below insulation 軌道發射統計 按國家（區域） 就本章節的主旨而言，每次航天飛行所屬的國家以火箭的原產國為準，而不是發射服務提供商或發射場所在國。例如，第聶伯運載火箭雖然從俄羅斯發射，但被計入烏克蘭。 國家（區域） 國家（區域） 發射數 成功數 失敗數 部分失敗數 備註 15 15 0 0 6 6 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 俄羅斯提供技術支援 28 27 1 0 3 3 0 0 從俄羅斯發射 15 15 0 0 總計 總計 74 70 4 0 按火箭 By family Family Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks Angara 1 0 1 0 Ariane 6 6 0 0 Atlas 4 4 0 0 Delta 4 4 0 0 Falcon 2 2 0 0 GLSV 2 0 2 0 HII 2 2 0 0 Long March 15 15 0 0 Minotaur 2 2 0 0 PSLV 1 1 0 0 R7 13 13 0 0 R14 1 1 0 0 R36 3 3 0 0 Shavit 1 1 0 0 Space Shuttle 3 3 0 0 Universal Rocket 14 13 1 0 By type Rocket Country Family Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks Ariane 5 Ariane 6 6 0 0 Atlas V Atlas 4 4 0 0 Delta II Delta 1 1 0 0 Delta IV Delta 3 3 0 0 Dnepr R36 3 3 0 0 Falcon 9 Falcon 2 2 0 0 Maiden flight GSLV GSLV 2 0 2 0 HIIA HII 2 2 0 0 Kosmos R12R14 1 1 0 0 Long March 2 Long March 3 3 0 0 Long March 3 Long March 8 8 0 0 Long March 4 Long March 4 4 0 0 Minotaur IV Minotaur 2 2 0 0 Maiden flight Molniya R7 1 1 0 0 Final flight Naro Angara 1 0 1 0 Proton Universal Rocket 12 11 1 0 PSLV PSLV 1 1 0 0 Shavit Shavit 1 1 0 0 Soyuz R7 10 10 0 0 Soyuz2 R7 2 2 0 0 Space Shuttle Space Shuttle 3 3 0 0 UR100 Universal Rocket 2 2 0 0 By configuration Rocket Country Type Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks Ariane 5 ECA Ariane 5 6 6 0 0 Atlas V 401 Atlas V 1 1 0 0 Atlas V 501 Atlas V 2 2 0 0 Maiden flight Atlas V 531 Atlas V 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight Delta II 7420 Delta II 1 1 0 0 Final flight Delta IVM42 Delta IV 2 2 0 0 Delta IV Heavy Delta IV 1 1 0 0 Dnepr Dnepr 3 3 0 0 Falcon 9 v10 Falcon 9 2 2 0 0 Maiden flight GSLV Mk I c GSLV 1 0 1 0 Only flight GSLV Mk II GSLV 1 0 1 0 Maiden flight HIIA 202 HIIA 2 2 0 0 Kosmos3M Kosmos 1 1 0 0 Final flight Long March 2D Long March 2 3 3 0 0 Long March 3A Long March 3 3 3 0 0 Long March 3B Long March 3 1 1 0 0 Long March 3C Long March 3 4 4 0 0 Long March 4B Long March 4 1 1 0 0 Long March 4C Long March 4 3 3 0 0 Minotaur IV Minotaur IV 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight Minotaur IV HAPS Minotaur IV 1 1 0 0 Maiden flight MolniyaM 2BL Molniya 1 1 0 0 Final flight Naro1 Naro 1 0 1 0 ProtonM DM2 Proton 2 2 0 0 ProtonM DM03 Proton 1 0 1 0 ProtonM BrizM Proton 9 9 0 0 PSLVCA PSLV 1 1 0 0 Rokot BrizKM UR100 2 2 0 0 Shavit2 Shavit 1 1 0 0 Soyuz21a FregatM Soyuz2 2 2 0 0 SoyuzU Soyuz 6 6 0 0 SoyuzFG Soyuz 4 4 0 0 Space Shuttle Space Shuttle 3 3 0 0 按發射場 Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks Baikonur 24 23 1 0 Cape Canaveral 8 8 0 0 Dombarovsky 1 1 0 0 Jiuquan 4 4 0 0 Kennedy 3 3 0 0 Kodiak 1 1 0 0 Kourou 6 6 0 0 Naro 1 0 1 0 Palmachim 1 1 0 0 Plesetsk 6 6 0 0 Satish Dhawan 3 1 2 0 Taiyuan 3 3 0 0 Tanegashima 2 2 0 0 Vandenberg 3 3 0 0 Xichang 8 8 0 0 Total Total 74 70 4 0 按軌道 Orbital regime Launches Failures Accidentallyachieved Remarks Transatmospheric 0 0 0 0 Low Earth 37 36 1 0 12 to ISS Medium Earth Molniya 6 5 1 0 Geosynchronous GTO 29 27 2 0 High Earth Lunar transfer 1 1 0 0 Heliocentric Planetary transfer 1 1 0 0 Total 74 70 4 0 參考 腳註 Category 航天年表