拉律戰爭，或譯拿律戰爭，是發生於馬來西亞拉律地區（也譯拿律，，今霹靂州太平一帶）的一系列戰事爭端。第一場戰事始於 1861 年 7 月，並以《邦咯條約》的簽署告終。戰爭起因於當地華人秘密會社爭奪霹靂州拉律地區的礦區控制權的衝突，以及拉惹阿都拉和雅依布拉欣間的繼承戰爭。 第一次拉律戰爭 186162 1861 年 7 月，第一次拉律戰爭爆發。有關控制礦井水源的爭論升級，海山公司將義興公司趕出新吉輦 （ 今 ）。 Notes on the Larut Disturbances by Khoo Kay Kim A history of Perak Sir Richard Olof Winstedt Richard James Wilkinson Sir William Edward Maxwell republished by Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1974 PPivvHistory of Malaya 14001959 Joginder Singh Jessy Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications 1963 P151A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan Oxford University Press 1978 PP78123The Malayan tin industry to 1914 with special reference to the states of Perak Selangor Negri Sembilan and Pahang by Lin Ken Wong Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press 1965 P27 海峽殖民地總督干預，要求拿律土酋卡依布拉欣代表霹靂州蘇丹賠償義興公司 17447 美元。A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan Oxford University Press 1978 PP79The Western Malay States 18501873 the effects of commercial development on Malay politics Kay Kim Khoo Oxford University Press 1972 P129A history of Malaya Joseph Kennedy Macmillan 1970 P138A short history of Malaya Gerald Percy Dartford Longmans Green 1963 P128The Making of Modern SouthEast Asia The European conquest D J M Tate Oxford University Press 1971 P276 第二次拉律戰爭 1865 1865 年 6 月，因兩派結社成員間的賭博爭吵，爆發第二次拉律戰爭。海山公司成員俘虜了 14 名義興公司成員，其中 13 人被殺。第 14 人逃跑，通知會社。義興公司展開報復，襲擊海山公司村莊，夷為平地，殺死了 40 名男子。戰鬥蔓延到威斯利省和檳城島，其他秘密結社陸續加入戰鬥。雙方戰至筋疲力盡，最終達成協議。在官方調查後，海山和義興，因破壞檳城和平，各被罰款 5000 美元，流放領導人。History of Malaya 14001959 Joginder Singh Jessy Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications 1963 P152Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 64 MBRAS 1991 P10A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan Oxford University Press 1978 P79The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya a historical study Wilfred Blythe Royal Institute of International Affairs Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford UP 1969 P115 1870 年，拉律地區共有約 4 萬名客家和粵語礦工，兩組礦區相距較近。Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 36 Part 2 MBRAS 1968 P44The dynamics of Chinese dialect groups in early Malaya LauFong Mak Singapore Society of Asian Studies 1995 P72 第三次拉律戰爭 187172 1871 年，爆發了第三次拉律戰爭。起因，據傳，來自一件醜聞，涉及義興公司首領和海山首領鄭景貴侄子妻子的婚外情。婚外情曝光後，這對姦夫淫婦，遭到嚴刑拷打，浸豬籠，最終扔進廢棄礦池淹死。為首領報仇，義興公司率領經檳城帶進來的 4000 名中國大陸僱傭兵襲擊海山，首次將海山公司趕出拉律。約一萬名海山公司成員在檳城尋求庇護。幾個月後，由卡依布拉欣支援的海山公司奪會了馬當和拉律礦山。此時，1871 年，蘇丹阿里去世後，拉惹阿都拉 宣稱霹靂州王位，反對在阿都拉缺席時獲任命的蘇丹伊斯邁，以及 卡依布拉欣與海山公司。華裔礦工間的戰爭遂演變成霹靂州馬來蘇丹的內戰。The Making of Modern SouthEast Asia The European conquest D J M Tate Oxford University Press 1971 PP274276A gallery of Chinese kapitans Choon San Wong Ministry of Culture Singapore 1963 P72The journals of J W W Birch first British resident to Perak 18741875 James Wheeler Woodford Birch Oxford University Press 1976The Chinese in Malaya Victor Purcell Oxford Univ Press 1948 P107Chinese secret societies in Malaya a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900 Leon Comber Published for the Association for Asian Studies by JJ Augustin 1959 P158A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan Oxford University Press 1978 P80The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya a historical study Wilfred Blythe Royal Institute of International Affairs Oxford UP 1969 P179Triad and tabut a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula AD 18001935 Parts 18001935 Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne Govt Print Off 1941 PP267270 第四次拉律戰爭和邦咯條約 187374 1873 年，距離上次戰爭僅一年，第四次拉律戰爭爆發 。海山公司奪回拉律幾周後，義興公司在拉惹阿都拉支援下，動用來自新加坡和中國的武器人員反擊。卡依布拉欣在馬當的財產被毀。當地馬來居民遭殺掠。混亂蔓延到吉輦、邦咯和天定。在拉律戰爭中，始終旁觀的馬來酋長震驚於華裔礦工及秘密結社造成的混亂。海峽殖民地檳城華人看到投資在拉律戰爭中遭到破壞，尋求英國干預。超過 4 萬名來自海山與義興的華人參與霹靂王室的繼承戰爭。Triad and tabut a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula AD 18001935 Parts 18001935 Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne Govt Print Off 1941 P270275History of Malaya 14001959Joginder Singh Jessy Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications 1963 P158A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan Oxford University Press 1978 PThe first 150 years of Singapore Donald Moore Joanna Moore 1969 P361Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 64 MBRAS 1991 P11 霹靂蘇丹國陷入曠日持久的繼承鬥爭，無法維持秩序。事泰失控，對馬來人、華人和英國人不利。 A History of Malaysia By Barbara Watson Andaya Leonard Y Andaya Palgrave Macmillan 1984 P150151 A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan Oxford University Press 1978 P80 Pasir Salak pusat gerakan menentang British di Perak Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali Yayasan Perak 1997 PP824 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 64 MBRAS 1991 P13 Triad and tabut a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula AD 18001935 Parts 18001935 Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne Govt Print Off 1941 P279 The development of British Malaya 18961909 Honchan Chai Oxford UP 1968 P5 A short history of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei Constance Mary Turnbull Graham Brash 1981 P134 維多利亞時代的旅行家和冒險家伊莎貝拉（Isabella Lucy Bird，18311904 年）在《通廣黃金克森尼索的道路》（ 1892） 中陳述，拉惹阿都拉與友人陳金鐘，以及新加坡英國商人，起草了一封信給海峽殖民地總督，尋求將霹靂州置於英國保護下，說 需要一位能人來展示善治。The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither By Isabella Bird Cambridge University Press 2010 P269 Life of Lieutenant General the Honorable Sir Andrew Clarke By Robert Hamilton Vetch Kessinger Publishing 2005 P149The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya a historical study Wilfred Blythe Royal Institute of International Affairs Oxford UP 1969 P186British Intervention in Malaya 18671877Cyril Northcote Parkinson University of Malaya Press 1964 PP122 255 1872 年 9 月 26 日，在 2 千名森寧會人襲擊 1 萬 2 千名中山會人後，鄭景貴聯合 44 位華裔領袖請求英國干預。Triad and tabut a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula AD 18001935 Parts 18001935 Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne Govt Print Off 1941 P276A gallery of Chinese kapitans Choon San Wong Ministry of Culture Singapore 1963 P102The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya a historical study Wilfred Blythe Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford UP 1969 P177 為恢復霹靂州法律和秩序，英國干預馬來國家事務，協助邦咯條約的簽訂。 1874 年，海峽殖民地總督爵士在邦咯島召開會議，阿都拉獲得霹靂州蘇丹王位，而不是競爭對手伊斯邁。 Malaysia Singapore Brunei By Simon Richmond Lonely Planet 2010 P144 Triad and tabut a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula AD 18001935 Parts 18001935 Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne Govt Print Off 1941 P299 Chinese secret societies in Malaya a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900 Leon Comber Published for the Association for Asian Studies by JJ Augustin 1959 P200 1874 年 1 月 20 日，在邦咯島的冥王號上，各方簽署條約，以解決華人爭端及蘇丹繼承權，併為英國居住區鋪平道路獲任管理拉律，及協助管理英國居民 Nineteenthcentury Malaya the origins of British political control Charles Donald Cowan Oxford University Press 1967 P184 Swettenham by Henry Sackville Barlow Southdene 1995 P119 Footprints in Malaya by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham Hutchinson 1942 P30 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 27 MBRAS 1 January 1954 P12 Imperial Connections India in the Indian Ocean Arena 18601920 By Thomas R Metcalf University of California Press 2008 P39 Absent history the untold story of Special Branch Operations in Singapore 19151942 Kah Choon Ban Raffles 2001 9789814071024 P41 海山公司首領鄭景貴，與義興公司首領陳亞炎，分別受封為中國甲必丹。拉律更名為太平，作為休戰狀態的確認。三天後，鄭景貴受任為安撫委員會成員。其他成員包含瑞天咸和必麒麟。委員會目標是，以友好方式，解決拉律錫礦爭吵。 The MandarinCapitalists from Nanyang Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernisation of China 18931911 By Michael R Godle Cambridge University Press 25 July 2002 P28 A gallery of Chinese kapitans Choon San Wong Ministry of Culture Singapore 1963 P77 Rough guide to Malaysia Singapore Brunei By Charles de Ledesma Mark Lewis Pauline Savage P181 Taiping ibukota Perak by Kay Kim Khoo Persatuan Muzium Malaysia 1981 P8 The evolution of the urban system in Malaya Heng Kow Lim Penerbit Universiti Malaya 1978 PP5154 委員會決定，將太平的礦山分配給海山，將甘文丁的礦山分配給義興。A gallery of Chinese kapitans by Choon San Wong Ministry of Culture Singapore 1963 P78The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya a historical study by Wilfred Blythe Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford UP 1969 PP121 123 180 1880 年代，在太平建立了馬來半島第一座供奉何仙姑的寺廟。學者廖小菁認為建廟是戰後的 和解工程，為謀建凝塑大廣東認同的整合機制，所攜手進行的一系列文化操作的結果Irene Liao 拉律戰爭與何仙姑信仰在英屬馬來亞的開展 The Larut Wars and the Beginning of the He Xiangu Cult in British Malaya Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica 100 2018 4784 47。許多華裔礦工來自何仙姑崇拜中心增城區。 餘波 1875 年，新任命的英國駐紮總長在馬哈拉惹里拉命令下遭到暗殺。里拉是上霹靂州的王子和穆夫提，是馬來西亞民族主義者，希望恢復英國禁止的奴隸制，或恢復霹靂州的獨立，來保護自己的經濟利益。在隨後的中，英軍擊敗叛軍，進行報復，處決里拉。因認為兩人參與暗殺行動，拉惹阿都拉和卡依布拉欣遭流放至塞席爾。 1877 年，英國任命霹靂州攝政；1886 年，成為霹靂州新蘇丹。 參考書目 《拜別唐山：在馬來半島異域重生》，白偉權著，臺北市：一八四一出版，2024 年。 參見 鄭景貴 參考 註腳 延伸閱讀 Southeast Asia a historical encyclopaedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor Volume 2Southeast Asia A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor Edited by Keat Gin Ooi Published by ABCCLIO 2004 P775 Ipoh when tin was king By Ho Tak Ming Perak Academy 2009 PP967 Thai south and Malay north ethnic interactions on the plural Peninsula Michael John Montesano Patrick Jory NUS Press 2008 P208 Fifteenth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission Congressional edition Volume 3826 United States Congress US GPO 1899 PP529 530 534 The New Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 9 2003 PP113278 Sir Frank Swettenhams Malayan journals 18741876 by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham illustrated reprint Oxford University Press 1975 Nineteenthcentury Malaya the origins of British political control Volume 11 of London oriental series Charles Donald Cowan Oxford University Press 1967 In search of Southeast Asia a modern history David P Chandler David Joel Steinberg University of Hawaii Press 1987 In quest of unity the centralisation theme in Malaysian FederalState relations 195775 Issue 39 of Occasional paper Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Robert O Tilman Institute of Southeast Asian 1976 Monthly summary of commerce and finance of the United States United States Dept of the Treasury Bureau of Statistics United States Dept of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Statistics United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce GPO 1901 PP12491250 The protected Malay States 18741895 Emily Sadka University of Malaya Press 1968 Papers on Malayan history K G Tregonning Journal SouthEast Asian History 1962 Papers on Malay subjects Richard James Wilkinson Oxford University Press 1971 A history of Perak Issue 3 of MBRAS reprints Sir Richard Olof Winstedt Richard James Wilkinson Sir William Edward Maxwell MBRAS 1974 Pickering protector of Chinese Robert Nicholas Jackson Oxford U P 1966 The development of the tin mining industry of Malaya Yat Hoong Yip University of Malaya Press 1969 The Malayan tin industry to 1914 with special reference to the states of Perak Selangor Negri Sembilan and Pahang Volume 14 of Monographs of the Association for Asian Studies Lin Ken Wong University of Arizona Press 1965 The Malay States 18771895 political change and social policy Philip Fook Seng Loh Oxford University Press 1969 Category 三合會 Category 組織犯罪衝突 Category1865 年衝突 Category1862 年衝突 Category1861 年衝突