1948 年阿拉伯 以色列戰爭是第一次中東戰爭的第二階段和最後階段，發生於 1948 年 5 月 15 日至 1949 年 3 月 10 日。 背景 自 1917 年《貝爾福宣言》和 1920 年巴勒斯坦託管地成立以來，阿拉伯人和猶太人之間，以及阿拉伯人和猶太人與英國軍隊之間一直瀰漫著緊張氣氛且衝突不斷。英國的政策讓阿拉伯人和猶太人都不滿意。阿拉伯人對英國人的不滿造成了 19361939 年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人起事，而猶太人的不滿則導致 19441947 年巴勒斯坦猶太人起事發生。1947 年 11 月 29 日，一個計劃將巴勒斯坦分為一個阿拉伯人國家和一個猶太人國家的《聯合國大會第 181 號決議》通過後，各方之間的緊張局勢演變成 19471948 年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰。1947 年 11 月 30 日，阿拉伯人對兩輛載有猶太人的公共汽車發動伏擊，此次伏擊是第一次中東戰爭中首次出現傷亡事故。 戰爭 1948 年 5 月 14 日午夜，英國對巴勒斯坦的委任統治結束，而在當天早些時候，以色列發表了《以色列獨立宣言》。5 月 15 日上午，埃及、外約旦、敘利亞和伊拉克組建的遠征軍進入巴勒斯坦託管地領土 David Tal War in Palestine 1948 Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy p 153。遠征軍控制了巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人地區，並襲擊了以色列軍隊和幾個猶太人定居點 Benny Morris 2008 p 401Zeev Maoz Defending the Holy Land University of Michigan Press 2009 p 4 A combined invasion of a Jordanian and Egyptian army started The Syrian and the Lebanese armies engaged in a token effort but did not stage a major attack on the Jewish state。19471948 年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰轉變為以色列與阿拉伯國家之間的衝突。此後 10 個月的戰鬥主要發生在巴勒斯坦託管地和西奈半島以及黎巴嫩南部，中間有幾個休戰期 Rogan and Shlaim 2007 p 99。 結果和影響 戰爭的結果是，以色列國控制了《聯合國大會第 181 號決議》劃定的的猶太人國家領土以及《聯合國大會第 181 號決議》劃定的阿拉伯人國家的近 60 的領土，包括雅法、盧德、拉姆拉、加利利以及內蓋夫部分地區、特拉維夫 耶路撒冷公路沿線的一條寬闊地帶、西耶路撒冷和約旦河西岸的部分領土 Cragg 1997 pp 57 116。外約旦控制了巴勒斯坦託管地的剩餘部分並將其吞併，埃及軍隊控制了加沙地帶。在 1948 年 12 月 1 日的耶利哥會議上，2000 名巴勒斯坦代表呼籲將巴勒斯坦和外約旦統一，以此作為實現阿拉伯全面統一的一步 Benvenisti Meron 1996 City of Stone The Hidden History of Jerusalem University of California Press p 27。 1948 年阿拉伯 以色列戰爭引發了整個中東地區人口結構的重大變化。大約有 70 萬巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人逃離或被驅逐出巴勒斯坦，這些人成為了巴勒斯坦難民。在戰後的三年裡，約有 70 萬猶太人移居以色列 Morris 2001 pp 25960。在戰爭期間和戰後不久，約有 26 萬猶太人從阿拉伯世界移居以色列 Fischbach Michael R Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries Columbia University Press 2008 p27。 參考文獻 戰爭參與方 Dunkelman Ben 1976 Dual Allegiance An Autobiography Macmillan Company of Canada Toronto Kagan Benjamin 1966 The Secret Battle for Israel World Publishing Cleveland Lorch Netanel 1961 The Edge of the Sword Israels War of Independence 19471949 New York London G P Putnams Sons 其他來源 Adrian Nathan 2004 Britain Israel and AngloJewry 194957 Routledge Aloni 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