布里頓 諾曼 BN2 島民（英文：BrittenNorman BN2 Islander）是英國的輕型通用飛機與支線客機。由英國布里頓 諾曼公司設計製造。目前 750 架在用。全世界超過 30 個國家的軍隊或執法機構使用該型號飛機。 開發 起源 1953 年，BrittenNorman was formed for the purpose of converting and operating agricultural aircraft amongst other vehicles such as the Cushioncraft hovercraftSimpson 1991 p 77Fricker 1968 p 75 In 1963 the firm initiated development work upon what would become the Islander having sensed a demand for a single and inexpensive twinpiston engine aircraft The founders John Britten and Desmond Norman had observed the rapid growth of the commuter airline sector and concluded that capacity was of a higher value to these operators than either range or cruising speed thus the Islander emphasized payload over either of these attributes Through the use of low wing and spanloading to generate greater effectiveness than conventional counterparts the Islander could lift considerably heavier payloads than the typical aircraft in its power weight or cost classesFricker 1968 pp 7576 To reduce manufacturing costs both the wings and tail surfaces maintain a constant chord and thickness while the ribs within the aircrafts wing are all identical both rivets and external fishplate joints are used for the same purposeFricker 1968 p 76 The type was originally intended to use a fabricandsteel design A light alloy monocoque approach was adopted instead The structure is designed to give rise to and experience low levels of stress and has an infinite fatigue life without testing On 13 June 1965 the first prototype BN2 Islander conducted its maiden flight powered by a pair of RollsRoyceContinental IO360B piston engines only four days later the prototype appeared at the Paris Air ShowGreen 1976 p 52 The IO360B engines were later replaced by more powerful Lycoming O540E engines which were located further outboard on the wings for superior singleengine climb performance On 20 August 1966 a second BN2 prototype performed its first flight These prototype aircraft while resembling subsequent production models for the most part were outfitted with different less powerful engines On 24 April 1967 the first production Islander performed its first flight UK type certification was received in August 1967 US authorities also certified the type in December 1967 Initial production of the Islander started at the BrittenNorman factory at Bembridge on the Isle of Wight however within a few years the company found that it could not produce the aircraft at a sufficient rate to keep up with the customer demandFricker John Foreign Accent Flying December 1968 Vol 83 No 6 ISSN 00154806 p 26 To expand production a contract was placed with Intreprinderea de Reparatii Material Aeronautic IRMA of Romania initially to assemble kitform aircraft which were then sent to the UK for completion In August 1969 the first Romanianassembled Islander performed its first flight IRMA proved successful at economically producing the aircraft producing roughly 3040 aircraft per year at times and eventually became the primary manufacturing site for the Islander In 1977 IRMA received a contract for the production of a further 100 Islanders from that point on the firm produced all subsequent Islander aircraftHamiltonPaterson 2010 p 255 More than 500 of the type were manufactured in Romania In 1970 a military version of the Islander marketed as the Defender conducted its first flight Modifications included the addition of underwing hardpoints for armamentsequipment and the main cabin area being fitted out for light troop transport and support aircraft duties The Defender capitalised on the aircrafts rugged structure making it suitable for longterm operations in developing countries Purchases from police and military customers have typically been for use in surveillance and counterterrorism operations The Maritime Defender is another military version of the Islander intended for search and rescue coastal patrol and fishery protection Further development Despite the relative success of the Islander BrittenNorman experienced wider financial difficulties during the late 1960s ultimately resulting in the company entering receivership in October 1971 In August 1972 BrittenNorman was purchased by the Fairey Aviation Group forming the Fairey BrittenNorman company shortly thereafter the majority of manufacturing activity for both the Islander and Trislander was transferred to its Avions Fairey factory in Gosselies Belgium Completed aircraft were flown to Bembridge for final customer preparation prior to deliveryAvions Fairey Gosselies Sonaca a Tips of genie Belgian Aircraft History Association Retrieved 25 March 2016Fricker John Past and Present Flying Magazine September 1977 Vol 101 No 3 ISSN 00154806 p 271 Fairey Aviation set about the development of a more powerful model the Turbo Islander equipped with a pair of Lycoming LTP101 turboprop engines However testing revealed that the LTP101 engines were too powerful for the aircraft thus following a period of redesigning the project evolved into the Turbine Islander BN2T equipped with a pair of Allison 250 turboprop engines instead However Fairey itself encountered financial difficulty resulting in the Fairey BrittenNorman company entering receivership and the firms acquisition by Oerlikon Buerle of Switzerland leading to the formation of Pilatus BrittenNorman at which point some production activity was transferred back to Bembridge Another development was a turbonormalizing system with RaJay turbocharger for the 2 3 6 8 and 9 models allowing full power up to 14000 feet with attendant increase in true airspeed and takeoff and climb performance Presently Talco in Texas holds the STC In 1969 an improved version the BN2A Islander conducted its maiden flight It incorporated aerodynamic and flight equipment improvements such as lowerdrag engine cowlings and undercarriage an improved interior and an expanded rear baggage area with external access In 1970 to improve hotandhigh performance more powerful Lycoming O540K1B5 engines were made available alongside optional tiptanks and an elongated nose to house baggage In 1977 a single standard BN2 was reengined with Dowty Rotol ducted fans The ducted fan produced less noise than conventional propeller propulsion Some structural strengthening of the main wing spar at the root was required due to the extra weightHirst Mike Building the quiet Islander Flight International 16 July 1977 p 210 This aircraft was subject to 18 months of flying trials to test the suitability of the ducted fan as a means of reducing aircraft noise these tests reportedly demonstrated a 20 decibel noise reduction as well as increased thrust and reduced pollutionReporting Points Flying Magazine October 1977 ISSN 00154806 p 25 In 1978 a further improved version the BN2B Islander II was produced as a result of a product improvement program The BN2B model involved several changes including a redesigned cockpit and a reduction in cabin noise levels In 1980 it was decided to make available turboprop engines for the type adopting twin Allison 250B17C engines when the latter are installed the aircraft is designated the BN2T Turbine Islander The first such BN2T entered service in 1981 In February 1999 the acquisition of Romaero the Romanian manufacturer of the Islander by BrittenNorman Group was announcedBrittenNorman takes over Romanias Romaero Aviation Week 8 February 1999BrittenNorman enjoys new Romanian rhapsody Flight International 14 June 1999 By May 2006 a greater sales emphasis was being placed upon the Defender over the IslanderMorrison Murdo Great Britten Flight International 20 June 2006 In December 2006 aerospace publication Flight International observed that The only civil aircraft that remains in production in the UK is the tiny BrittenNorman IslanderKingsleyJones Max Final landing A history of the UK aircraft industry or Why Britain botched building airliners Flight International 22 December 2006 In May 2010 BrittenNorman announced that manufacturing of the Islander would be relocated from Romania to a new site in the UK due to the rising costs of production in RomaniaMorrison Murdo BrittenNorman brings production back to the UK Flight International 28 May 2010 Electric Project Fresson Supported by BrittenNorman Cranfield Aerospace wants to develop an electric propulsion system for the over 700 Islanders currently operated Trislander In 1968 the original second Islander prototype was reused for a further development programme being modified into a stretched aircraft with greater capacity referred to as the Super Islander However the Super Islander programme was aborted without proceeding to certification The prototype later received further design changes to produce the threeengined version the BN2A Mk III Trislander This aircraft has a stretched fuselage modified landing gear and a third engine which is mounted on the tail On 11 September 1970 the Trislander prototype conducted its maiden flight appearing at the 1970 Farnborough Air Show the same day 設計 The BrittenNorman BN2 Islander is a highwing cantilever monoplane with a rectangular fuselage and two wingmounted engines early aircraft were equipped with a pair of piston engines while later production models may be alternatively fitted with turboprop engines in their place The rectangular cross section fuselage which is furnished with a conventional tail unit and fixed tricycle landing gear typically accommodates a single pilot and up to nine passengers in a commuter configuration each row being accessed by its own door the cabin can be rapidly reconfigured allowing for a single aircraft to undertake a diverse range of tasks within a minimal period of timeOrbis 1985 p 992 Often referring to the type as The worlds most versatile aircraftIslands The Worlds Most Versatile Aircraft Britten Norman Retrieved 25 March 2016 BrittenNorman promotes the Islanders low direct operating costs minimal maintenance and its stability in flight as major attributes of the aircraftIslander Britten Norman Retrieved 25 March 2016 The original Islander was designed with an emphasis upon providing ease of access within the short haul sector to remote locations as a safe efficient and profitable transport aircraft It has been regularly used by such operators including the frequent use of unprepared rough airstrips and from challenging terrain the Islander being capable of short takeoff and landing STOL operations The low load height and wide side doors provide for easy access for passenger and cargo operations while the aircrafts ability to maintain a high takeoff frequency has led to the types use for parachuting For operating within noisesensitive environments silencers can be equipped on both the aircrafts engine and propellersPilatus BrittenNorman will adopt Islander silencer Flight International 7 January 1998 Designed as a small and inexpensive commuterutility aircraft various cabin configurations and equipment loadouts are available to suit a wide variety of different purposes including charter flights scheduled flights agricultural uses aerial firefighting air freight VIPexecutive transport aerial surveillance air ambulance paradropping and law enforcementGoold Ian BrittenNorman Islander celebrates 40th anniversary AIN Online 16 October 2006 The design programme can be entirely personalized allowing each customer to be involved in every area of the aircrafts manufacture to mold it to their preferences Later versions of the Islander offer various options including enlarged bay doors 3bladed scimitar propellers low drag fairings modern interior ergonomic leather seating inflight entertainment systems and alternative seat arrangements underwing hardpoints can also be installed for carrying pod spray booms and other external stores 使用歷史 Immediately following commercial availability US distributor Jonas Aircraft ordered 30 Islanders and placed orders for another 112 aircraft within a year When equipped with four 54gallon fuel tanks the Islander was able to ferry itself across the transatlantic route via Gander International Airport Newfoundland for US deliveries The Islanders longrange capabilities were highlighted when the type won the 1969 LondonSydney air race In 1974 sales of the Islander surpassed the 548order record for British multiengine commercial aircraft In 1982 another production milestone was reached with the delivery of the 1000th Islander From the 1980s onwards sales noticeably declined according to BrittenNorman Chief Executive William Hynett this was due to the global market having become saturated by the type and there being only a low civil demand for additional aircraft in part due to the longevity of inservice Islanders As of 2016 BrittenNorman claim that the Islander is in daily service with roughly 500 operators in more than 120 countries 在 1976 年至 2006 年之間，蘇格蘭航空 Loganair 運營了 a number of Islanders as air ambulances covering areas such as the island communities in the HebridesLowton Edward At what altitude did you have your baby National Museum of Flight seeks mothers who gave birth midflight Culture 24 16 June 2015 The Islander services Loganairs Westray to Papa Westray flight the shortest scheduled flight in the world at the scheduled flight time including taxiing is two minutesGetting here is easy by sea or air Westray and Papa Westray Retrieved 25 March 2016Final trip for Orkney shortest flight pilot BBC News 23 May 2013KaminskiMorrow David VIDEO Loganair brings back worlds shortest flight Flight International 28 February 2011 Several commuter airlines and general aviation charter operators in the US also flew the Islander including Stol Air Commuter in scheduled passenger service in northern California from their San Francisco International Airport SFO hub and Channel Islands Aviation in southern California which used the aircraft for the flights to Channel Islands National Park Another US commuter airline operator was Wings Airways which operated high frequency shuttle service into the Philadelphia International Airport PHL By October 2019 800 Islanders were in service including around 600 used for short flights 型號 來源：Simpson 1991 pp 7879 BN2 Prototype first flown in 1966 with two 260 hp Lycoming O540E4B5 piston engines BN2A Production version with minor modification from prototype and increased takeoff weight BN2A2 A BN2A with modified flaps and two 300 hp Lycoming IO540K1B5 fuel injected engines BN2A3 A BN2A2 with increased wingspan and fitted with extra wingtip fuel tanks BN2A6 A BN2A with wing leading edge modifications and two 260 hp Lycoming O540E4C5 engine BN2A7 A BN2A6 with increased wingspan and fuel capacity BN2A8 BN2A6 的下垂翼版本。 BN2A9 BN2A7 的下垂翼版本。 BN2A10 A BN2A8 with increased takeoff weight and 270 hp Lycoming TIO540H1A turbocharged fuel injected engines BN2A20 A BN2A2 with increased takeoff weight and minor improvements 相比於 BN2A3，增加了起飛時的載重量。 BN2A23 ABN2A21 的鼻錐延長版本。 BN2A24 BN2A26 的鼻錐延長版本。 BN2A25 A BN2A27 的鼻錐延長版本。 BN2A26 相比於 BN2A8，增加了起飛時的載重量。 相比於 BN2A9，增加了起飛時的載重量。 BN2A30 A BN2A20 fitted with floats Twin floats were attached to the undercarriage legs and incorporated retractable landing gear BN2A41 Turbo Islander with lengthened nose droop flaps and two Lycoming LTP101 turboprops first flown in 1977 BrittenNorman BN2B Defender thumb right A Maltese Air Force Islander Defender military variant with 300 hp IO540K1B5 engines and underwing hard points and military modifications BN2B20 A BN2A20 with improved soundproofing and increased landing weight and other minor modifications BN2B21 A BN2A21 with Model B improvements A BN2A26 with Model B improvements BN2B27 A BN2A27 with Model B improvements BN2T Turbine Islander based on BN2A26 with two 320 shp Allison 250B17C turboprops Seating for up to 9 passengers Islander AL1 Variant of the BN2T for communications and reconnaissance duties with the British Army seven built Used for aerial reconnaissance and photography in Northern Ireland during Operation Banner by No 1 Flight Army Air Corps based at AldergroveRipley and Chappel 1993 p 30 Redesignated Islander R1 in 2019 after being transferred to the Royal Air Force Islander CC2 and CC2A Variant of the BN2T for the Royal Air Force three operatedLake 2008 pp 4445 Islander BN2T CC Mk2 Royal Air Force Retrieved 22 November 2008 Note While officially described as communications and photo survey aircraft these aircraft are believed to also operate in a surveillance roleLake 2008 pp 4546 These aircraft were retired from the RAF in 2017 MaritimeDefender Armed maritime reconnaissance and patrol aircraft BN2AIII Trislander Threeengined Trislander a stretched BN2A with 18 seats and three 260 hp Lycoming O540E4C5 piston engines 使用者 軍用與執法 在用 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 33 Flight International 1420 December 2010 p 30 緬甸空軍 柬埔寨王家空軍 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 34 Flight International 1420 December 2010 p 34 塞普勒斯空軍 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 36 芬蘭空軍 Flight International 1420 December 2010 p 35 印度海軍 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 39 愛爾蘭空軍 愛爾蘭和平衛隊（警察）Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 40 以色列空軍 牙買加國防軍 Flight International 1420 December 2010 p 41 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 43 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 44 Flight International 1420 December 2010 p 44 巴基斯坦海軍 菲律賓海軍 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 46 用於偵察聯絡。許可製造 菲律賓海岸警衛隊 用於偵察、搜救 卡達皇家空軍 盧安達國防軍 塞席爾空軍 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 47 南非空軍 蘇利南空軍 北愛爾蘭警察 英國皇家空軍 R Mk1 型號 2019 年從英國陸軍調入。 2017 年部署了 CC Mk2 型號 委內瑞拉陸軍 Hoyle Flight International 814 December 2015 p 53 以前 安哥拉空軍 Flight International 1420 December 2010 p 29 西斯凱國防軍 皇家香港輔助空軍 伊拉克空軍 菲律賓空軍 許可製造 羅德西亞空軍 阿布迪拜國防軍空軍 民用 Lady Elliot Island EcoResort Seair Pacific 阿巴科航空 前使用者 2 Alair MHA Enterprises 1 Gillam Air Services 1 前使用者 Gold Belt Air Transport 前使用者 Great River Air 2 前使用者 Northstar Air Tours 1 1 Sander Geophysics 2 South Nahanni Airways 1 Strait Air 前使用者 Top of the World Flying Services 前使用者 Tsayta Aviation 1 Villers Air Services 1 Wagner Aviation 前使用者 Archipiélagos Aviación operates the two Islanders in Chile and the former South Pacific Korp aircraft South Pacific Korp 擁有 3 架島民：BN2A9 OYDZV BN2A20 OYRPZ，BN2B26 OYCFV Emetebe Airlines Galapagos Avies Ltd 太平洋太陽航空 Air Hamburg Bremerhaven Airline Helgoland Airlines Holiday Express Stuttgarter Flugdienst 漢堡航空 前使用者 愛爾蘭警察 Ayit Aviation Aertirrena 第一航空 旭伸航空 2008 年 10 月 1 日停運 新中央航空 琉球空中通勤 海豚航空 珊瑚太陽航空 2 馬拉維航空 馬來西亞國際航空 Aero Taxis de CV 2 1 向風快運航空 2 向風群島航空 Wanaka 奧克蘭 4 奧克蘭 2 前使用者 前使用者 Queenstown Invercargill Kaikoura Aero Taxi Intl ANSA AVIATUR Aviones de Panama SA PARSA TRANSPASA MidSea Express Pacificair Azores Islands 葡屬東帝汶 Regional Air Services 玻里尼西亞航空 大鵬航空 國華航空 群鷹翔國土資源航空 前使用者 2Excel Aviation Ltd APEM Aviation 前使用者 海峽群島 1968 c1990 藍色群島航空，海峽群島 Channel Islands Air Search 海峽群島 前使用者 前使用者 前使用者 洛根航空 Precision Terrain Surveys Ltd 前使用者 Skydive Headcorn Gem Air LLC Salmon Idaho Florida 前使用者 Florence South Carolina 前使用者 AmericAirhttpwwwtimetableimagescom AmericAir timetable Washington Dulles International Airport 前使用者 美屬薩摩亞政府 Boise Idaho Cape Air Channel Islands Aviation Camarillo California Commutaire International Airways Florida 前使用者 Great Northern Air Griffing Flying Service Port Clinton Ohio Harbor Airlines Oak Harbor Washington State Homer Air Alaska Iliamna Air Taxi Alaska 美屬薩摩亞 Florida Kodiak Alaska Beaver Island Michigan 4 在用 Juneau Alaska McCall Idaho Munz Northern Airlines Nome Alaska 12 前使用者 Westerly Rhode Island 在用 Pelican Airways Princeton Airways Princeton Airport New Jersey 前使用者 Alaska Salmon Idaho 前使用者 Friday Harbor Washington State Kodiak Alaska Slocum Airlines Florida 前使用者 SouthCentral Air 阿拉斯加 前使用者 Guam 前使用者 San Francisco California 前使用者 Tropic Air Charters Ft Lauderdale Florida 前使用者 Williams Air 前使用者 Blue Bell Pennsylvania 前使用者 萬那杜航空 盧薩卡 事故 2012 年大鵬航空 BN2 空難 委內瑞拉環空 BN2A27 墜毀事件 2013 年 技術性能 BN2A 島民 參見 參考文獻 引用 書目 Fricker John The BrittenNorman Islander Flying April 1968 Vol 82 No 4 ISSN 00154806 pp 7577 Green William The Observers Book of Aircraft London Frederick Warne Co Ltd 1976 HamiltonPaterson James Empire of the Clouds When Britains Aircraft Ruled the World Faber Faber 2010 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Part Work 19821985 London Orbis Publishing 1985 Lake Jon Aircraft of the RAF Part 8 Islander Air International Vol 75 Number 6 December 2008 pp 4446 Ripley Tim and Chappel Mike Security forces in Northern Ireland 196992 Osprey 1993 Simpson RW Airlifes General Aviation London Airlife Publishing 1991 p 190 Category 飛機