泳裝歷史，追溯男女泳裝隨時間和文化的變化，並觸及社會、宗教、法律對游泳和泳裝的態度。因為泳裝和近代游泳活動都來自西方，所以又可稱西方泳裝史。 西方古典時代和大多數文化，游泳要麼穿內衣，要麼裸體。到文藝復興，游泳普遍受到強烈反對。進入 18 世紀，游泳甚至被認為道德可疑，必須證明其健康合理性。到維多利亞時代，當時的泳裝在水中笨重甚至危險，尤其女式連身泳裝。到 20 世紀初，西方游泳才被視為一種合法的休閒活動或消遣，專門製作泳裝成為常態。從那時起，女性泳裝變得越來越寬鬆和合身。 古典時代 有羅馬壁畫展示了有女性穿著兩件式，以與現代比基尼相似的方式覆蓋胸部、臀部。但沒有證據表明其用於游泳。幾乎所有游泳圖畫是裸體游泳的。 在各種文化傳統，如果不是裸體游泳，人們通常會穿合適材料或內衣游泳，例如裡日本男子的褌。 中世紀 室內浴室、公眾浴場重新流行，但基本上仍然沒有穿衣服。要麼裸體，要麼用布包裹腹股溝。 17 世紀 女性泳裝源自巴斯。女性裸體沐浴一直是常態，直到 1670 年代之後，女性則穿著衣服沐浴。Celia Fiennes 在 1687 年對標準的女士泳裝作了詳細的描述： 女士們穿著由優質黃色帆布製成的衣服進入浴室，衣服堅硬且寬大，袖似牧師長袍一樣。水填滿以至於袖似消失了，看不見，不像其它襯裡那樣緊貼，看起來糟糕。先生們有同種優質帆布的腰帶和背心，這是最好的襯裡，因為洗澡水會變黃。 18 世紀 The 泳衣 in the 18th century was a loose anklelength fullsleeve type gown made of wool or flannel so that modesty or decency was not threatenedClaudia B Kidwell Womens Bathing and Swimming Costume in the United States Smithsonian Institution Press City of Washington 1968 In the United Kingdom until the mid19th century there was no law against nude swimming and each town was free to make its own laws For example the 巴斯 Corporation official bathing dress code of 1737 prescribed for men It is Ordered Established and Decreed by this Corporation that no Male person above the age of ten years shall at any time hereafter go into any Bath or Baths within this City by day or by night without a Pair of 內衣 and a 馬甲 西式外套 on their bodies In rivers lakes streams and the sea men swam in the nude where the practice was common Those who did not swim in the nude stripped to their underwear The Bath Corporation official bathing dress code of 1737 prescribed for women No Female person shall at any time hereafter go into a Bath or Baths within this City by day or by night without a decent Shift on their bodies was published in 1771 and its description of ladies bathing costume is different from that of Celia Fiennes a hundred years earlier The ladies wear jackets and petticoats of brown linen with chip hats in which they fix their handkerchiefs to wipe the sweat from their faces but truly whether it is owing to the steam that surrounds them or the heat of the water or the nature of the dress or to all these causes together they look so flushed and so frightful that I always turn my eyes another way 19 世紀 The English practice of men swimming in the nude was banned in the United Kingdom in 1860 Drawers or 四角褲 s as they were called came into use in the 1860s Even then there were many who protested against them and wanted to remain in the nude described mens bathing suits coming into use in the 1870s as a pair of very short red and white striped drawers In the first half of the 19th century the top became kneelength while an anklelength drawer was added as a bottom By the second half of the 19th century in France the sleeves started to vanish the bottom became shorter to reach only the knees and the top became hiplength and both became more form fittingHerbert Sanchez A Brief History Of Bathing Suits Article Garden Penelope Byrde points out that Smolletts description may not be accurate for he describes a twopiece costume not the one piece shift or smock that most people describe and is depicted in contemporary prints His description does however tally with Elizabeth Grants description of the guides costume at Ramsgate in 1811 The only difference is in the fabric the costumes are made of Flannel however was a common fabric for sea bathing costumes as many believed the warmer fabric was necessary in cold water In the West in the 19th century women wore a 泳衣 in the water These were loose anklelength fullsleeve type gown made of wool or flannel so that modesty or decency was not threatened They were long dresses of fabrics that would not become transparent when wet with weights sewn into the hems so that they would not rise up in the water The mens swim suit a rather formfitting wool garment with long sleeves and legs similar to long underwear was developed and would change little for a century In the 19th century the womans double suit was common comprising a gown from shoulder to knees plus a set of trousers with leggings going down to the ankles In the first half of the 19th century the top became kneelength while an anklelength drawer was added as a bottom By the second half of the 19th century in France the sleeves started to vanish the bottom became shorter to reach only the knees and the top became hiplength and both became more form fitting In the 1900s women wore wool dresses on the beach that were made of up to of fabric In the 維多利亞時代，Western cultures deplored nudity of any degree and people took great pains to cover themselves even bare chested male swimmers at ocean beaches Popular beach resorts were commonly equipped with s designed to avoid the exposure of people in swimsuits especially to people of the opposite sex In the United States 選美活動 s of women in bathing costumes became popular from the 1880s However such events were not regarded as respectable Beauty contests became more respectable with the first modern 美利堅小姐 contest held in 1921 though less respectable beauty contests continued to be held FilePunch Masculine beauty retouched1png 喬治杜穆裡埃於 1877 年在 Punch 創作的卡通片展示了男士和兒童泳衣 FileBathing suit MET CI50772ac Fjpg18761880 的美國泳衣 FileBathing suit MET CI421021ab Fjpg1885 的美國泳衣 FileBathing suit MET 19752276 Fjpg18901895 的美國泳衣 20 世紀早期 1907 年澳大利亞的游泳運動員作為水下芭蕾舞演員訪問美國，她的連體泳衣露出了手腿和脖子。與當時的男士泳裝相似。 到 1910 年，連體泳衣成為歐洲部分地區女性公認的泳裝。Liz Conor The spectacular modern woman feminine visibility in the 1920s page 152 Indiana University Press 2004 In 1907 the swimmer from Australia visited the United States as an underwater ballerina a version of 花樣游泳 involving diving into glass tanks Her swimsuit showed arms legs and the neck a costume she adopted from England and which was similar to mens swimsuits of the time Kellerman changed the suit to have long arms and legs and a collar still keeping the close fit that revealed the shapes underneath Kellerman marketed a line of bathing suits and her style of onepiece suits came to be known as the Annette Kellerman The onepiece swimming tights became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910 時尚芭莎 praised the Kellerman swimsuit writing in June 1920 vol 55 no 6 p 138 Annette Kellerman Bathing Attire is distinguished by an incomparable daring beauty of fit that always remains refined The following year in June 1921 vol 54 no 2504 p 101 it wrote that these bathing suits were famous for their perfect fit and exquisite plastic beauty of line 1910 儘管一些團體反對，泳裝仍開始進一步縮水。露出手臂，然後露出大腿。領口從脖子周圍退到胸部頂部周圍。 Despite opposition from some groups the formfitting style proved popular It was not long before swimwear started to shrink further At first arms were exposed and then legs up to midthigh Necklines receded from around the neck down to around the top of the bosom The development of new fabrics allowed for new varieties of more comfortable and practical swimwear Female swimming was introduced at the Competitors from 17 countries took part with women from nine countries wearing swimsuits similar to Kellermans swimsuit which were similar to swimsuits worn by the male swimmers In 1913 inspired by the breakthrough the designer made the first functional twopiece swimwear a closefitting onepiece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top Silent films such as 1912 saw in revealing attire and this was followed by the daringly dressed Sennett Bathing Beauties 19151929 The name swim suit was coined in 1915 by Jantzen Knitting Mills a sweater manufacturer who launched a swimwear brand named the Red Diving GirlThe Beginning History of Swimwear Global Intimate Wear 08072012 The first annual bathingsuit day at New Yorks 麥迪遜廣場花園 in 1916 was a landmarkJean Preer The Postmaster General andThe Magazine for Men page 1 Spring 1990 Vol 23 No 1 US National Archives and Records Administration The swimsuit apron a design for early swimwear disappeared by 1918 leaving a tunic covering the shorts Public nudity was a major concern in designing early swimwear It was a major factor behind the nonparticipation of American women in the 1912 OlympicsShelton Sandi Kahn 4 August 2012 Women swimmers bucked tide of sexism to compete in Olympics 100 years ago SCSU librarians book says competition deemed too unfemale video nhregistercom At those Games British women wore fullbody silk suits of such a volume that they could be passed through a wedding ring The suits were complemented by 胸罩 and 比基尼泳衣 style briefs as they became transparent when wet Womens coaches were rare at early Olympics and to further reduce the chances of harassment women were accompanied by Manning Jo 11 August 2008 First champ would be thrilled BBC Even men wore 連體泳衣 s covering the body from hips to shoulders up to the 1940sDaily News pp 1 5 1920 During the 1920s and 1930s people began to shift from taking in the water to taking in the sun at bathhouses and spas and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features 嫘縈 was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tightfitting swimsuits but its durability especially when wet proved problematic with and 絲綢 also sometimes being used and 歌舞雜耍表演 performers wore twopiece outfits in the 1920s The 1929 film 持攝影機的人 shows Russian women wearing early twopiece swimsuits which expose their midriff and a few who are topless Films of holidaymakers in Germany in the 1930s show women wearing twopiece suits In 1928 速比濤 introduced their racerback silk suit that was optimized to fit the body shapeOur History speedocomauDaily News p 6 1930 By the 1930s men began to go without shirts for swimming and barechestedness in male swimwear became the norm by the end of the 1940s including in competitive swimming events in which men are not only barechested but wear a swimming suit that is intended merely to meet public decency requirements The norm of male barechestedness in swimwear extended to other competitive sports such as professional boxing and professional wrestling By the 1930s necklines plunged at the back sleeves disappeared and sides were cut away and tightened With the development of new clothing materials particularly 乳膠 and 尼龍，through the 1930s swimsuits gradually began hugging the body with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning Hollywood endorsed the new glamour with films such as 1949 in which wore provocatively named costumes such as Double Entendre and Honey Child Williams who also was an champion in the 100 meter 自由泳 1939 THE 1930s Sports Overview Novel GuideEsther Williams Everything2 also portrayed Kellerman in the 1952 film titled as The One Piece Bathing Suit in UK Janet Podell Famous First Facts page 51 HW Wilson 2000 American designer a winner 1947 and a notable alumna of the New York art school 普瑞特藝術學院，who believed clothes must be comfortable and practical designed a large part of her wardrobe which included mostly onepiece suits that were considered fashionable even in the early 1980sGayle Kimball Womens Culture The Womens Renaissance of the Seventies page 141 Scarecrow Press 1981 This was when Cole of California started marketing revealing prohibition suits and introduced almost bareback designsKathleen Morgan Drowne Patrick Huber The 1920s page 104 Greenwood Publishing Group 2004 可可香奈爾 made suntans fashionable and in 1932 French designer 瑪德琳薇歐奈 offered an exposed midriff in an evening gown They were seen a year later in The film of 1932 showcases 花樣游泳 that featured bikinis s 1937 also showed twopiece bathing suitsThe Bikini 大都會藝術博物館 The 1934 film featured chorus girls wearing twopiece outfits which look identical to modern bikinis In 1934 a National Recreation Association study on the use of leisure time found that swimming encouraged by the freedom of movement the new swimwear designs provided was second only to movies in popularity as free time activity out of a list of 94 activities In 1935 American designer cut out the side panels of a style bathing suit the bikinis forerunnerSamantha Critchell Little wonder that bikinis have fit in almost from the start 20060528 The 1938 invention of the Telescopic Watersuit in shirred elastic cotton ushered into the end the era of wool Cotton suntops printed with palm trees and silk or rayon pyjamas usually with a blouse top became popular by 1939 Speedo racerback silk suit that uncovered the 肩胛骨 almost resulted in disqualification of 克萊爾丹尼斯 at the 1932 Olympics but became a norm by 1936Daily News p 7 Meanwhile men were allowed to swim in barechest suits in 1936 and in briefs only at the 1948 OlympicsDaily News p 8 1940 Wartime production during 第二次世界大戰 required vast amounts of 棉花，絲綢，尼龍，羊毛，皮革，and 天然橡膠 In 1942 the United States 戰時生產委員會 issued Regulation L85 cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and mandating a 10 reduction in the amount of fabric in womens beachwearBikini Introduced This Day in History 歷史頻道 To comply with the regulations swimsuit manufacturers produced twopiece suits with bare midriffs The fabric shortage continued for some time after the end of the war Womens swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriffbaring suits and tops However midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public Because of the figurehugging nature of these garments 魅力攝影 since the 1940s and 1950s has often featured people wearing swimsuits This type of glamour photography eventually evolved into swimsuit photography exemplified by the annual 運動畫刊泳裝特輯 Beauty contests also required contestants to wear formfitting swimsuits Twopiece swimsuits without the usual skirt panel and other superfluous material started appearing in the US when the government ordered the 10 reduction in fabric used in womans swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing By that time twopiece swimsuits were ubiquitous on American beaches The July 9 1945 生活 雜誌 shows women in 巴黎 wearing similar items 美國電影 stars like 艾娃加德納，麗塔海華絲 and 拉娜特納 tried similar swimwear or 泳衣James Kitchling Short History of Bikinis and Swimsuits Articles Central 20080802 海報女郎 of Hayworth and in the costume were widely distributed The most provocative swimsuit was the 1946 Moonlight Buoy a bottom and a top of material that weighed only eight ounces What made the Moonlight Buoy distinctive was a large 軟木 材料 帶扣 attached to the bottoms which made it possible to tie the top to the cork buckle and splash around 天然主義 while keeping both parts of the suit afloat 生活 雜誌 magazine had a 影像式論文 on the Moonlight Buoy and wrote The name of the suit of course suggests the nocturnal conditions under which nude swimming is most agreeable 1950 Swimwear of the 1940s 50s and early 60s followed the 剪影 mostly from the early 1930s whereas after 第二次世界大戰，a new wardrobe and style of vacationswimwear arose coupled with an increase of leisure time and bustling postwar resortsStevenson N J 2012 Fashion A visual history from regency Romance to retro revolution New York The Ivy Press Limited In 1951 a huge celebration called The Festival of Britain was promoted of everything new and modern and cast a line into the future building on a feeling of hope Beachwear style were very popular in US and Europe but this fashion originated on the 蔚藍海岸，which people was quoted this place as A sunny place for shady people Keeping in line with the ultrafeminine look dominated by 克里斯汀迪奧 品牌 which brought out his one and only collection of swimwear for the Cole of California in 1955 He designed a series of floral printed swimsuits with halter neckline style It evolved into a dress followed his New Look silhouette with cinched waists and constructed bustlines accessorized with earrings bracelets hats scarves sunglasses hand bags and coverupsDaniel Delis Hill As Seen in Vogue page 63 Texas Tech University Press 2007 American Women inspired by Hollywoods film stars For example Doris Day offering a girlnextdoor look and the accession and coronation of the young Queen Elizabeth in February 1952 and June 1953 respectivelyLaver J 2012 Costume and fashion A concise history London Thames Hudson Ltd For the early 50s despite the reaction to the 比基尼泳衣 worn by Brigitte Bardot in in 1952 most women in the 1950s still wore onepiece suits To increasing female emancipation and realized the commercial possibilities of beauty pageants big companies launched beauty contests to find girls who could help promote products believing that a picture of a pretty girl in a swimsuit was the best promotion Instead of swimsuits these contests popularized the 連身短褲，but swimsuits remained the highlight in the beauty contest The first bikinis appeared just after 第二次世界大戰 Early examples were not very different from the womens two pieces common since the 1920s except that they had a gap below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff They were named after 比基尼環礁，the site of several nuclear weapons tests for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer Beside 克里斯汀迪奧，some designers also launched the swimwear collection such as Bob and Bill Meistrell of body glove and Robert and Jack ONeill of the surf brand ONeill Many of these prebikinis had fancy names like Double Entendre Honey Child to maximize 乳房 Shipshape to minimize 乳房 Diamond Lil trimmed with 仿製金剛石 s and 蕾絲 Swimming In Mink trimmed with 皮草 across the and Spearfisherman heavy with a rope belt for carrying a knife Beau Catcher Leading Lady Pretty Foxy Side Issue Forecast and Fabulous FitWilliam Oscar Johnson In The Swim Sports Illustrated 19890207 However the bikini was banned from the Miss World contest following the crowning of Some people declared the bikini to be morally indecent Even in Europe in 1950 there was an Italian magazine also declared that the bikini should be worn purely for the sunbathing purposes or on board boats According to Vogue 雜誌 the swimwear had become more of state of dress not undress by the mid1950s Bikini had a colorful period on the cinema screens and made an impact in the late 50s inspired by the film such as 上帝創造女人 by 羅傑華汀，launched Bardot into the spotlight and became the benchmark for bikini on celluloid Also her outfit sets a whole new trend for sex symbols Starting in the 1940s the manufacturing advances enabled swimsuits to fit without the help of elastic and aid as performance aid in competitive swimming In the early 1950s other synthetics beside the screen print technique was being developed such as polyester and acrylic with quickdrying properties In US the 夏威夷州 an 日本 ese inspired prints were often used In Europe moved swimwear textile on a generation when he began to design prints for Rose Marrie Reid swimwear By the late 1950s new materials were developed and applied on the corsetry swimwear such as a fabric woven from artificial chromspun acetate that used for a more tightly fitted appearance 速比濤 produced the wool and cotton swimwear for the Melbourne Olympics in 1956 In 1956 Speedo became the first company to introduce 尼龍Daily News pp 9 12 Mens swimsuits developed roughly in parallel to womens during this period with the shorts covering progressively less Racingstyle speedo suits became popular as did 丁字褲 s G 弦褲 s and 比基尼泳衣 style briefs Typically these are more popular in more 熱帶 regions however they may also be worn at public 游泳池 s and inland lakes 1960 In 1964 designer conceived and produced the monokini a revolutionary and controversial design included a bottom that extended from the midriff to the upper thigh and was held up by shoestring laces that make a halter around the neck 1970 In the 1970s Speedo added 氨綸 to their swimsuits that improved their elasticity durability and reduced water drag 21 out of 22 records at the 1972 Olympics were broken using nylonelastane suits At the same Olympics East German swimmers adopted suits that were tightly following the body shape the socalled skinsuits They were initially made of cotton and became virtually transparent when wet The revealing shape and transparency caused outrage among US swimmers meanwhile at the East German women won 10 of 14 events and set seven world records Those championships became the turning point for the world to adopt the skinsuit modified with novel synthetic materials as a standard competitive swimwearCampbell Jule 12 August 1974 Light Tight And Right For Racing Sports Illustrated Archived from the original on February 5 2013 1980 In 1985 Gernreich unveiled the lesser known a bathing suit meant to expose 陰毛Elizabeth Gunther Stewart Paula Spencer Dawn Danby The V Book A Doctors Guide to Complete Vulvovaginal Health page 104 Bantam Books 2002 The pubikini is a small piece of fabric that hugs the hips and buttocks but leaves the pubic region exposed described as a tiny Vshaped fabric strip and a piece de resistance totally freeing the human bodyCatalog adds options for overweight girls Article 1 of 1 found Denver Post 19920102 It featured a thongstyle bottom while the front was a tiny Vshaped strip of fabric that dipped below the womans 陰阜，exposing her 陰毛 and portions of her 女陰Elizabeth Gunther Stewart Paula Spencer and Dawn Danby The V Book page 104 Bantam Books 2002 This was his last design four weeks before his deathKlaus Honnef Helmut Newton and Carol Squiers Portraits Photographs from Europe and America page 21 Schirmer 2004 Cathy Horn Rudi Revisited 華盛頓郵報，19911117 page 03 1990 and the concept of mixandmatch swimwears were the two major innovations in that genre in the late 1990sValerie Steele Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion page 255 Charles Scribners Sons 2005 Designer the US swimwear mogul was the originator of this styleBecky Homan Tankini goes over the top Page 42 St Louis PostDispatch 19990403 Hailed as the first major innovation in womens swimsuit design in several decades the twopiece tankini blended the freedom of a bikini with the more modest coverage of a onepiece bathing suit and quickly captured nearly a third of the swimwear marketLaura Avery Newsmakers 07 Cumulation page 117 Thomson Gale 2007 Rose Apodaca Jones Five decades in the swim WWD Fairchild Publications 20010423 Aimed at closing a gap in the swimwear market the popularity of tankini largely came from Coles tapping into womens anxieties about swimwearLaura Avery Thomson Gale Newsmakers Cumulation page 118 Thomson Gale 2007 In the years following its introduction tankinis diversified in style and range adding other big name designers such as 拉爾夫勞倫，唐娜卡蘭，諾帝卡，and 卡爾文克雷恩 設計師Bridget Quinn Stickline Swimsuit Fashion for Women Washington Post 20050622 For men longer and baggier shorts became popular in this era with the hems often reaching to the knees Often called boardshorts and swim trunks these were worn lower on the hips than regular shorts 2000 In 2005 a controversy broke out when 佛教 s complained against swimwear manufacturer Ondade Mar and lingerie giant 維多利亞的秘密 started marketing tankinis featuring Buddhist iconographyLisa Nakamura Digitizing Race page 186 University of Minnesota Press 2007 In the same year 耐克s breast cancer awareness swimwear collection featured four different cuts of tankiniSamantha Critchell Cancer charities pink at heart St Petersburg Times 20050929 In 2000 Speedo launched the 速比濤 suit series that mimicked shark skin Their surface contained bumps and ridges that channeled the water over the swimmers body approximately 3 more efficiently than traditional materialsA revolutionary swimsuit European Patent Office 2009 Murphy Sean 19 April 2000 Fastskin fastalk hype or help abcnetau Those suits covered most of the body from neck to ankles and wrists and their shape was optimized for specific swimming strokes compressing some body parts while allowing more freedom to the othersDaily News p 14Nasr Susan L Can a swimsuit make you swim faster sciencehowstuffworkscom Those suits were approved for the 2000 Olympics where they helped win 83 of the medals By the next Olympics similar suits had been developed by but they were not approved by the 世界水上運動TYR Appeals Ban of Arm Bands collegeswimmingcom 8 June 2004 In July 2009 世界水上運動 voted to ban nontextile nonwoven swimsuits in competitive events from 2010 The new policy was implemented to combat the issues associated with performance enhancing costumes hindering the ability to accurately measure the performance of swimmers Subsequently the new ruling states that mens swimsuits may maximally cover the area from the navel to the knee and womens counterparts from the shoulder to the kneeFINA bans hitech suits from 2010 BBC 31 July 2009 2010 2009 年 7 月，世界水上運動投票決定禁止在 2010 年的比賽專案中使用非紡織（無紡布）泳衣。男士泳衣可以最大限度地覆蓋從肚臍到膝蓋的區域，而女士泳衣則可以最大限度地覆蓋從肩膀到膝蓋的區域。 參見 參考 來源 Victoriana Maganzine CNN 1 CNN 2 BBC 1 BBC 2 CBS News MNN Category 服裝史 Category 泳裝 Category 游泳裝備