讓 加斯帕爾 菲利克斯拉謝拉維松 莫利安（，；），法國哲學家。後人評價他 或許是 19 世紀下半葉法國最有影響力的哲學家。Sinclair 2019 p 1 他的原名是菲利克斯拉維松，這也是他最廣為人知的名字。Sinclair 2016 p 1 他的 開創性的關鍵 著作是《論習慣》（De lhabitude，1838），英譯本題為 Of Habit。Carlisle 2010 p 125Sinclair 2016 p 1Grosz 2013 p 219 拉維松的哲學屬於法國屬靈主義 屬靈主義（Spiritualism，字面義：招魂術）和 唯靈論（Spiritism，字面義：通靈術）涵義相近，區別是前者可能不相信輪迴。httpsconnectspringerpubcomcontentbook9780826199348chapterch17 傳統，該傳統始於曼恩德比朗（17661824）的文章《習慣對思想能力的影響》（The Influence of Habit on the Faculty of Thinking 1802）。不過，拉維松把他的學說發展成了他所謂的 屬靈主義的現實主義（spiritualist realism）以及 屬靈主義的實證主義（spiritualist positivism）。 根據研究拉維松的學者馬克辛克萊（Mark Sinclair）的說法，可以認為，拉維松創立了 偶然性學派。Sinclair 2019 pp 910 拉維松學說最著名、影響力最大的繼承者是亨利柏格森，後者可以說是將此哲學傳統延續到了 20 世紀 30 年代，Sinclair 2019 p 1 儘管也可以認為 人生哲學 的這宗 血脈 於 20 世紀後期在吉爾德勒茲那裡有所迴歸。Grosz 2013 p 219 拉維鬆快三十歲時拒絕了雷恩大學的職位，此後也不曾在法國國立大學系統工作。Sinclair 2019 p 7 在 1838 年，他受僱擔任公共建設部的首席私人秘書，而後穩步走上高位，比如圖書館監察長，然後在盧浮宮當古典文物策展人。Sinclair 2019 p 8 晚年獲任法國哲學界評委會主席，這是個 相當有影響力的職位。Sinclair 2019 p 9 拉維松不僅是哲學家、古典學家、檔案家和教育管理家，而且也是畫家，以 拉謝 之名出展。 哲學工作 在哲學上，他是維克多庫贊（Victor Cousin）的學派中的一員，在許多重要問題上都與他有過爭論。在他看來，意識行為是所有知識的基礎。意識的行動是意志的表現，而意志是智力生活的動力和創造力。上帝的理念是心靈的各種能力（faculties）在其對自然之中以及人之中的和諧的觀察中所給出的累積起來的直覺。在 19 世紀後期，這種理論對法國的思辨哲學相當有影響。 著作 拉維松 完整的三大 哲學著作是： 《關於亞里士多德形而上學的隨筆》Essai sur la métaphysique dAristote 兩卷（1837 年和 1846 年）； 《論習慣》（DE Lhabitude，On Habit，1838）； 《關於 19 世紀法國哲學的報告》（Rapport sur la philosophie en France au XIXeme siècle，1867）。 Sinclair 2019 p 6 Carlisle Sinclair 2008 pp 45 此外，拉維松還有許多 值得注意的文章，例如 《當代哲學》（La Philosophie contemporaine，Contemporary Philosophy，1840 年）； 《帕斯卡爾的哲學》（La Philosophie de Pascale，Pascals Philosophy，1887 年）； 《形而上學與道德》（Métaphysique et Morale，Metaphysics and Morals，1893 年）。 Carlisle Sinclair 2008 p 5 他去世後，還 留下了一部重要遺作的片斷，死後得以出版，先是以《哲學遺囑》（Testament philosophique）為題發表於《形而上學與道德評論》（Revue de métaphysique et de morale，Philosophical Testament，1901 年），後來以擴充過的形式出版為《哲學遺囑》（Testament philosophique，Philosophical Testament，1933 年）。 Sinclair 2016 p vii 年份 標題 初版詳情 英文標題 英文版出版詳情 1834 De la Métaphysique dAristote Unpublished competition manuscriptSelections in De la nature à lesprit 2001 1837 Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Vol 1 Paris Imprimerie Royale 1837 1838 De lhabitude Sorbonne doctoral thesis primaryParis H Fournier 1838 Of Habit 1 Trans C Carlisle M Sinclair Of Habit London New York Continuum 20082 Updated trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 3158 1838 Speusippi de Primis Rerum Principiis Placita Qualia Fuisse Videantur ex Aristotele Sorbonne doctoral thesis secondary In LatinTranslated into French in 2012 1840 La Philosophie contemporaine Fragments de philosophie par M Hamilton in La Revue des deux mondes 1840 pp397427 Contemporary Philosophy Trans J Dunham Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 5984 1845 Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Vol 2 Paris Joubert 1845 1854 De lenseignement du dessin dans les lycées Paris Dupont 1854 The Art of Drawing According to Leonardo da VinciPart trans Trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 14558 1856 Mémoire sur le Stoïcisme in Mémoires de lInstitut Impériale de France Académie des Insciptions et BelleLettres vol XXI 1857 pp 194 Essay on Stoicism Trans A Efal and M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 85144 1867 La Philosophie en France au XIXème siècle Paris Hachette 1867 1871 Venus de Milo Version 1 Paris Hachette 1871 1875 Les classiques de lart modèles pour lenseignemnet du dessin Paris Rapilly 1875 1880 Les monuments funéraires des Grecs in Revue politique et littéraire Revue blue 10 April 1880 vol XVIII pp 96370 Greek Funerary Monuments Trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 229242 1882 Lenseignement du dessin daprès M F Ravaisson in Dictionnaire de pedagogie et dinstruction primaire Vol 1 1882 Paris Hachette pp 67184 On the Teaching of Drawing Trans T Viola and M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 159188 1887 La Philosophie de Pascale in La Revue des deux mondes 80 1887 pp 399428 Pascals Philosophy Trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 25378 1892 Les mystères Fragment dune étude sur lhistoire des religions in Revue politique et littéraire Revue blue 19 March 1892 pp 3626 Mysteries Fragment of a Study of the History of Religion Trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 243252 1892 La Venus de Milo Version 2 in Mémoires de lAcadémie des Insciptions et BelleLettres vol XXXIV Part 1 1892 pp 145256also as offprints by Klincksieck Paris 1892 Venus de MiloPart trans Trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 189228 1893 Métaphysique et morale in Revue de métaphysique et morale 1 1893 625 Metaphysics and Morals Trans M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 27994 1901 Testament philosophique Original Ed Xavier Léon in Revue de métaphysique et de morale 91 1901 pp 131 1933 Testament philosophique Expanded Ed Charles Devivaise Paris Boivin 1933 Philosophical Testament Trans J Dunham and M Sinclair Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays 2016 pp 295336 Notes a Sinclair in Being Inclined In 1834 when 21 years of age Ravaisson was the remarkably young laureate of a competition organized by the Académie des sciences morales et politiques on Aristotles Metaphysics and its historical reception with a dissertation De la Métaphysique dAristote that he would later publish in a revised and expanded form as Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Volume 1 1837Sinclair 2019 p 7 See also Sinclair Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 23 b Sinclair in Being Inclined Long sections of De la Métaphysique dAristote with the original pagination in the margins are published in R Belay and C Marin De la nature à lesprit Paris ENS Editions 2001 20113Sinclair 2019 p xi c Revised and expanded version of Ravaissons 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristoteSinclair 2019 p 7 d See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 e See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p xi f See Sinclairs Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p vi g As well as translating the text Carlisle and Sinclair also included two extensive supplements by way of an Editors Introduction and Editors CommentaryCarlisle Sinclair 2008 pp 121 78114 In addition there is a long preface from Catherine Malabou titledAddiction and Grace h This publication is a bilingual edition of the text and presents both De lhabitude and the translation by Carlisle and Sinclair Of Habit on facing pages of the book The French version is the Alcan edition of 1933Carlisle Sinclair 2008 p 20 i Sinclair writes that the translation has been modified since the original translation by Carlisle and himself a few years earlier in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit LondonNew York Continuum 2008Sinclair 2016 p vi j See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 k Translated as La doctrine de Speusippe sur les premiers principes selon le témoignage dAristote in Cahiers Philosophiques n129 2ème trimestre 2012 pp 6896 Translation by Alain Petit preceded by an introduction from Petit titled Le symptôme Speusippe le spectre de lémanatisme dans la pensée métaphysique de Ravaisson 2012 l See also Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 89 m See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 34 Sinclair points out that this second volume developed but did not repeat work from his 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristote 1834 which had been revised and expanded in volume one 1837 Sinclair also mentions that a third and fourth volume were planned but never came to fruition In a footnote however Sinclair continues that Charles Devivaise published some of Ravaissons work towards the third volume as Essai sur la Metaphysique dAristote Fragments du Tome III Paris Vrin 1953Sinclair 2016 p 25 n This published text originally appeared as Rapport addressé à M le ministre de lInstruction publique et des cultes 28 December 1853Sinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 o This translation is of the first untitled segment of the textSinclair 2016 p vi In a footnote Sinclair writes For reasons of economy I follow Dominique Janicaud in LArt et les mystères grecs Paris LHerne 1985 in producing just the first section of the report but I alter his title LArt et le dessin daprès Léonard da VinciSinclair 2016 p 27 p Original version presented as a paper to the Académie des Insciptions et BelleLettres in 1849 then 1851 this version extended for publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1011 Published in 1856 with a cover date of 1877Sinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 11 q See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1315 r The first of two versions the second reworked edition published in 1892 See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 s Publication detailsSinclair 2016 p 28 t Originally written in 1854 and not published for 20 years See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1213 Sinclair also has a footnote with further detailsSinclair 2016 p 27 u See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p 18 v This article was one of several that appeared under the heading Dessin the volume was edited by Ferdinand BuissonSinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 12 w See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 x See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1920 y See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1819 z The second of two versions the first edition was published in 1871 and was subsequently reworked in this much later publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 aa The translation here is only part of the original article the third and final section pp 188256Sinclair 2016 p vi bb Specially commissioned lead essay for the first issue of the journalSinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2021 cc Posthumous publications from notesSinclair 2016 p vii see Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2122 Notes a Sinclair in Being Inclined In 1834 when 21 years of age Ravaisson was the remarkably young laureate of a competition organized by the Académie des sciences morales et politiques on Aristotles Metaphysics and its historical reception with a dissertation De la Métaphysique dAristote that he would later publish in a revised and expanded form as Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Volume 1 1837Sinclair 2019 p 7 See also Sinclair Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 23 b Sinclair in Being Inclined Long sections of De la Métaphysique dAristote with the original pagination in the margins are published in R Belay and C Marin De la nature à lesprit Paris ENS Editions 2001 20113Sinclair 2019 p xi c Revised and expanded version of Ravaissons 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristoteSinclair 2019 p 7 d See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 e See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p xi f See Sinclairs Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p vi g As well as translating the text Carlisle and Sinclair also included two extensive supplements by way of an Editors Introduction and Editors CommentaryCarlisle Sinclair 2008 pp 121 78114 In addition there is a long preface from Catherine Malabou titledAddiction and Grace h This publication is a bilingual edition of the text and presents both De lhabitude and the translation by Carlisle and Sinclair Of Habit on facing pages of the book The French version is the Alcan edition of 1933Carlisle Sinclair 2008 p 20 i Sinclair writes that the translation has been modified since the original translation by Carlisle and himself a few years earlier in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit LondonNew York Continuum 2008Sinclair 2016 p vi j See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 k Translated as La doctrine de Speusippe sur les premiers principes selon le témoignage dAristote in Cahiers Philosophiques n129 2ème trimestre 2012 pp 6896 Translation by Alain Petit preceded by an introduction from Petit titled Le symptôme Speusippe le spectre de lémanatisme dans la pensée métaphysique de Ravaisson 2012 l See also Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 89 m See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 34 Sinclair points out that this second volume developed but did not repeat work from his 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristote 1834 which had been revised and expanded in volume one 1837 Sinclair also mentions that a third and fourth volume were planned but never came to fruition In a footnote however Sinclair continues that Charles Devivaise published some of Ravaissons work towards the third volume as Essai sur la Metaphysique dAristote Fragments du Tome III Paris Vrin 1953Sinclair 2016 p 25 n This published text originally appeared as Rapport addressé à M le ministre de lInstruction publique et des cultes 28 December 1853Sinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 o This translation is of the first untitled segment of the textSinclair 2016 p vi In a footnote Sinclair writes For reasons of economy I follow Dominique Janicaud in LArt et les mystères grecs Paris LHerne 1985 in producing just the first section of the report but I alter his title LArt et le dessin daprès Léonard da VinciSinclair 2016 p 27 p Original version presented as a paper to the Académie des Insciptions et BelleLettres in 1849 then 1851 this version extended for publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1011 Published in 1856 with a cover date of 1877Sinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 11 q See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1315 r The first of two versions the second reworked edition published in 1892 See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 s Publication detailsSinclair 2016 p 28 t Originally written in 1854 and not published for 20 years See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1213 Sinclair also has a footnote with further detailsSinclair 2016 p 27 u See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p 18 v This article was one of several that appeared under the heading Dessin the volume was edited by Ferdinand BuissonSinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 12 w See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 x See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1920 y See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1819 z The second of two versions the first edition was published in 1871 and was subsequently reworked in this much later publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 aa The translation here is only part of the original article the third and final section pp 188256Sinclair 2016 p vi bb Specially commissioned lead essay for the first issue of the journalSinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2021 cc Posthumous publications from notesSinclair 2016 p vii see Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2122 Notes a Sinclair in Being Inclined In 1834 when 21 years of age Ravaisson was the remarkably young laureate of a competition organized by the Académie des sciences morales et politiques on Aristotles Metaphysics and its historical reception with a dissertation De la Métaphysique dAristote that he would later publish in a revised and expanded form as Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Volume 1 1837Sinclair 2019 p 7 See also Sinclair Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 23 b Sinclair in Being Inclined Long sections of De la Métaphysique dAristote with the original pagination in the margins are published in R Belay and C Marin De la nature à lesprit Paris ENS Editions 2001 20113Sinclair 2019 p xi c Revised and expanded version of Ravaissons 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristoteSinclair 2019 p 7 d See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 e See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p xi f See Sinclairs Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p vi g As well as translating the text Carlisle and Sinclair also included two extensive supplements by way of an Editors Introduction and Editors CommentaryCarlisle Sinclair 2008 pp 121 78114 In addition there is a long preface from Catherine Malabou titledAddiction and Grace h This publication is a bilingual edition of the text and presents both De lhabitude and the translation by Carlisle and Sinclair Of Habit on facing pages of the book The French version is the Alcan edition of 1933Carlisle Sinclair 2008 p 20 i Sinclair writes that the translation has been modified since the original translation by Carlisle and himself a few years earlier in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit LondonNew York Continuum 2008Sinclair 2016 p vi j See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 k Translated as La doctrine de Speusippe sur les premiers principes selon le témoignage dAristote in Cahiers Philosophiques n129 2ème trimestre 2012 pp 6896 Translation by Alain Petit preceded by an introduction from Petit titled Le symptôme Speusippe le spectre de lémanatisme dans la pensée métaphysique de Ravaisson 2012 l See also Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 89 m See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 34 Sinclair points out that this second volume developed but did not repeat work from his 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristote 1834 which had been revised and expanded in volume one 1837 Sinclair also mentions that a third and fourth volume were planned but never came to fruition In a footnote however Sinclair continues that Charles Devivaise published some of Ravaissons work towards the third volume as Essai sur la Metaphysique dAristote Fragments du Tome III Paris Vrin 1953Sinclair 2016 p 25 n This published text originally appeared as Rapport addressé à M le ministre de lInstruction publique et des cultes 28 December 1853Sinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 o This translation is of the first untitled segment of the textSinclair 2016 p vi In a footnote Sinclair writes For reasons of economy I follow Dominique Janicaud in LArt et les mystères grecs Paris LHerne 1985 in producing just the first section of the report but I alter his title LArt et le dessin daprès Léonard da VinciSinclair 2016 p 27 p Original version presented as a paper to the Académie des Insciptions et BelleLettres in 1849 then 1851 this version extended for publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1011 Published in 1856 with a cover date of 1877Sinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 11 q See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1315 r The first of two versions the second reworked edition published in 1892 See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 s Publication detailsSinclair 2016 p 28 t Originally written in 1854 and not published for 20 years See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1213 Sinclair also has a footnote with further detailsSinclair 2016 p 27 u See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p 18 v This article was one of several that appeared under the heading Dessin the volume was edited by Ferdinand BuissonSinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 12 w See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 x See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1920 y See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1819 z The second of two versions the first edition was published in 1871 and was subsequently reworked in this much later publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 aa The translation here is only part of the original article the third and final section pp 188256Sinclair 2016 p vi bb Specially commissioned lead essay for the first issue of the journalSinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2021 cc Posthumous publications from notesSinclair 2016 p vii see Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2122 Notes a Sinclair in Being Inclined In 1834 when 21 years of age Ravaisson was the remarkably young laureate of a competition organized by the Académie des sciences morales et politiques on Aristotles Metaphysics and its historical reception with a dissertation De la Métaphysique dAristote that he would later publish in a revised and expanded form as Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Volume 1 1837Sinclair 2019 p 7 See also Sinclair Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 23 b Sinclair in Being Inclined Long sections of De la Métaphysique dAristote with the original pagination in the margins are published in R Belay and C Marin De la nature à lesprit Paris ENS Editions 2001 20113Sinclair 2019 p xi c Revised and expanded version of Ravaissons 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristoteSinclair 2019 p 7 d See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 e See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p xi f See Sinclairs Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p vi g As well as translating the text Carlisle and Sinclair also included two extensive supplements by way of an Editors Introduction and Editors CommentaryCarlisle Sinclair 2008 pp 121 78114 In addition there is a long preface from Catherine Malabou titledAddiction and Grace h This publication is a bilingual edition of the text and presents both De lhabitude and the translation by Carlisle and Sinclair Of Habit on facing pages of the book The French version is the Alcan edition of 1933Carlisle Sinclair 2008 p 20 i Sinclair writes that the translation has been modified since the original translation by Carlisle and himself a few years earlier in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit LondonNew York Continuum 2008Sinclair 2016 p vi j See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 k Translated as La doctrine de Speusippe sur les premiers principes selon le témoignage dAristote in Cahiers Philosophiques n129 2ème trimestre 2012 pp 6896 Translation by Alain Petit preceded by an introduction from Petit titled Le symptôme Speusippe le spectre de lémanatisme dans la pensée métaphysique de Ravaisson 2012 l See also Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 89 m See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 34 Sinclair points out that this second volume developed but did not repeat work from his 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristote 1834 which had been revised and expanded in volume one 1837 Sinclair also mentions that a third and fourth volume were planned but never came to fruition In a footnote however Sinclair continues that Charles Devivaise published some of Ravaissons work towards the third volume as Essai sur la Metaphysique dAristote Fragments du Tome III Paris Vrin 1953Sinclair 2016 p 25 n This published text originally appeared as Rapport addressé à M le ministre de lInstruction publique et des cultes 28 December 1853Sinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 o This translation is of the first untitled segment of the textSinclair 2016 p vi In a footnote Sinclair writes For reasons of economy I follow Dominique Janicaud in LArt et les mystères grecs Paris LHerne 1985 in producing just the first section of the report but I alter his title LArt et le dessin daprès Léonard da VinciSinclair 2016 p 27 p Original version presented as a paper to the Académie des Insciptions et BelleLettres in 1849 then 1851 this version extended for publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1011 Published in 1856 with a cover date of 1877Sinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 11 q See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1315 r The first of two versions the second reworked edition published in 1892 See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 s Publication detailsSinclair 2016 p 28 t Originally written in 1854 and not published for 20 years See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1213 Sinclair also has a footnote with further detailsSinclair 2016 p 27 u See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p 18 v This article was one of several that appeared under the heading Dessin the volume was edited by Ferdinand BuissonSinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 12 w See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 x See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1920 y See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1819 z The second of two versions the first edition was published in 1871 and was subsequently reworked in this much later publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 aa The translation here is only part of the original article the third and final section pp 188256Sinclair 2016 p vi bb Specially commissioned lead essay for the first issue of the journalSinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2021 cc Posthumous publications from notesSinclair 2016 p vii see Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2122 Notes a Sinclair in Being Inclined In 1834 when 21 years of age Ravaisson was the remarkably young laureate of a competition organized by the Académie des sciences morales et politiques on Aristotles Metaphysics and its historical reception with a dissertation De la Métaphysique dAristote that he would later publish in a revised and expanded form as Essai sur la Métaphysique dAristote Volume 1 1837Sinclair 2019 p 7 See also Sinclair Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 23 b Sinclair in Being Inclined Long sections of De la Métaphysique dAristote with the original pagination in the margins are published in R Belay and C Marin De la nature à lesprit Paris ENS Editions 2001 20113Sinclair 2019 p xi c Revised and expanded version of Ravaissons 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristoteSinclair 2019 p 7 d See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 e See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p xi f See Sinclairs Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p vi g As well as translating the text Carlisle and Sinclair also included two extensive supplements by way of an Editors Introduction and Editors CommentaryCarlisle Sinclair 2008 pp 121 78114 In addition there is a long preface from Catherine Malabou titledAddiction and Grace h This publication is a bilingual edition of the text and presents both De lhabitude and the translation by Carlisle and Sinclair Of Habit on facing pages of the book The French version is the Alcan edition of 1933Carlisle Sinclair 2008 p 20 i Sinclair writes that the translation has been modified since the original translation by Carlisle and himself a few years earlier in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit LondonNew York Continuum 2008Sinclair 2016 p vi j See Sinclair in Being InclinedSinclair 2019 p 6 k Translated as La doctrine de Speusippe sur les premiers principes selon le témoignage dAristote in Cahiers Philosophiques n129 2ème trimestre 2012 pp 6896 Translation by Alain Petit preceded by an introduction from Petit titled Le symptôme Speusippe le spectre de lémanatisme dans la pensée métaphysique de Ravaisson 2012 l See also Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 89 m See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 34 Sinclair points out that this second volume developed but did not repeat work from his 1834 prize winning essay De la Métaphysique dAristote 1834 which had been revised and expanded in volume one 1837 Sinclair also mentions that a third and fourth volume were planned but never came to fruition In a footnote however Sinclair continues that Charles Devivaise published some of Ravaissons work towards the third volume as Essai sur la Metaphysique dAristote Fragments du Tome III Paris Vrin 1953Sinclair 2016 p 25 n This published text originally appeared as Rapport addressé à M le ministre de lInstruction publique et des cultes 28 December 1853Sinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 o This translation is of the first untitled segment of the textSinclair 2016 p vi In a footnote Sinclair writes For reasons of economy I follow Dominique Janicaud in LArt et les mystères grecs Paris LHerne 1985 in producing just the first section of the report but I alter his title LArt et le dessin daprès Léonard da VinciSinclair 2016 p 27 p Original version presented as a paper to the Académie des Insciptions et BelleLettres in 1849 then 1851 this version extended for publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1011 Published in 1856 with a cover date of 1877Sinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 11 q See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1315 r The first of two versions the second reworked edition published in 1892 See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 s Publication detailsSinclair 2016 p 28 t Originally written in 1854 and not published for 20 years See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1213 Sinclair also has a footnote with further detailsSinclair 2016 p 27 u See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 p 18 v This article was one of several that appeared under the heading Dessin the volume was edited by Ferdinand BuissonSinclair 2016 p viSinclair 2016 p 12 w See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1112 x See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1920 y See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1819 z The second of two versions the first edition was published in 1871 and was subsequently reworked in this much later publication See Sinclairs commentary in Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 1518 aa The translation here is only part of the original article the third and final section pp 188256Sinclair 2016 p vi bb Specially commissioned lead essay for the first issue of the journalSinclair 2016 p vi See Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2021 cc Posthumous publications from notesSinclair 2016 p vii see Sinclairs commentary inIntroductionin Félix Ravaisson Selected EssaysSinclair 2016 pp 2122 參考文獻 註釋 來源 主要參考 Sinclair Mark Being Inclined Félix Ravaissons Philosophy of Habit Oxford Oxford University Press 2019 次要參考 Carlisle Clare Between Freedom and Necessity Félix Ravaisson on Habit and the Moral Life in Inquiry 432 2010 pp 12345 Carlisle Clare and Mark Sinclair Editors Introduction and Editors Commentary in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit translation introduction and commentary by Clare Carlisle and Mark Sinclair LondonNew York Continuum 2008 pp 121 78114 Grosz Elizabeth Habit Today Ravaisson Bergson Deleuze and Us in Body and Society 1923 2013 pp 21739 Malabou Catherine Addiction and Grace Preface to Félix Ravaissons Of Habit in Félix Ravaisson Of Habit translation introduction and commentary by Clare Carlisle and Mark Sinclair LondonNew York Continuum 2008 pp viixx Sinclair Mark Introduction in Félix Ravaisson Selected Essays edited by Mark Sinclair translated by Jeremy Dunham Adi Efal Mark Sinclair Tullio Viola London Bloomsbury 2016 pp 129 Category 心靈哲學家 Category 歷史哲學家 Category 教育哲學家 Category 文化哲學家 Category 美學家 Category 本體論者 Category 道德哲學家 Category 形而上學學者 Category19 世紀法國哲學家 Category 法國男性作家 Category 知識論者 Category 歐陸哲學家