查爾斯皮爾森（，），是英國律師和政治家。他是倫敦市律師和社會運動家，曾短暫擔任過選區的國會議員。他主要推動刑法改革、廢除死刑、推行普選權，並反對陪審員選任制度中的貪腐行為。 皮爾森在擔任城市律師期間發揮了影響力來改善交通運輸。他最初的提案是要在市內設一個以隧道連線的中央火車站，由多家鐵路公司共用，以便工人到更遠的地方通勤。這項提案被否決後，皮爾森提議建設首都北方的地下鐵路，因此而產生的大都會鐵路是世界上第一條地下鐵路，而在那之後，倫敦地鐵網路和倫敦的發展也突飛猛進。 早年生活 1793 年 10 月 4 日，查爾斯皮爾森在倫敦市克萊門特巷 25 號出生，他的父親湯瑪士皮爾森是一名室內裝潢工和羽毛商人，母親名為莎拉Robbins 2004。查爾斯皮爾森在義本接受教育後，在父親底下當學徒，不過他後來學習法律，並在 1816 年獲取律師資格 Wolmar 2004 p 8。1817 年，他和男子服飾經售商同業公會的契約解除，並與肖像畫家結婚，兩人育有一女，瑪莉達頓皮爾森。 職業生涯 In 1817 Pearson was elected a councilman of the City of London Corporation for Bishopsgate ward and served in that role from 1817 to 1820 and from 1830 to 1836 as well He served as chairman of the City board of health from 1831 to 1833 In 1839 he gave up his extensive private practice and was appointed City Solicitor holding that office until his deathPearsons income in the late 1830s was in excess of 2400 and his annual income as City Solicitor in the early 1840s was approximately 2110 Pearson 1844 pp 200201 Despite his comfortable upbringing and his high social status Pearson was a radical and throughout his life he fought a number of campaigns on progressive and reforming issues including the removal from the Monument inscription blaming the Great Fire of London on Catholics the abolition of packed special jury lists for political trials and the overturning of the ban on Jews becoming brokers in the CityWolmar 2004 p 17Pearson 1844 pp 2627 Pearson was in favour of the disestablishment of the Church of England and opposed capital punishment Politically he supported universal suffrage and electoral reform to balance the sizes of parliamentary constituencies He unsuccessfully attempted to break the local monopolies developed by the gas companies calling for the distribution pipework to be owned collectively by the consumers Pearson was a Liberal and was elected at the 1847 general election as a Member of Parliament for LambethCraig 1989 p 12 His campaign was prompted by a desire to promote his penal reform campaign in parliament He resigned his seat in 1850 thorough the mechanism of accepting the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds 地下鐵政策 Recognising the increasing congestion in the City and its rapidly growing suburbs Pearson published a pamphlet in 1845 calling for the construction of an underground railway through the Fleet valley to Farringdon The proposed railway would have been an atmospheric railway with trains pushed through tunnels by compressed air Although the proposal was ridiculed and came to nothing and would almost certainly have failed if it had been built due to the shortcomings of the technology proposed Pearson continued to lobby for a variety of railway schemes throughout the 1840s and 1850sHarter 2005 p 503 In 1846 Pearson proposed with the support of the City Corporation a central railway station for London located in Farringdon that was estimated to cost 1 million approximately today The station to be shared by multiple railway companies was to be approached from the north in a covered cutting wide Pearsons aim in promoting this plan was to facilitate the improvement of the social conditions of City workers by enabling them to commute into London on cheap trains from new residential developments of good quality cheap homes built outside the capital The 1846 Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini rejected the proposal preferring to define a limit around the centre of the capital into which no new railway lines could be extended In 1854 a Royal Commission was set up to examine a number of new proposals for railways in London Pearson made a proposal for a railway connecting the London Termini and presented as evidence the first survey of traffic coming into London which demonstrated the high level of congestion caused by the huge number of carts cabs and omnibuses filling the roadsWolmar 2004 p 22 Pearsons commentary on this was that the overcrowding of the city is caused first by the natural increase in the population and area of the surrounding district secondly by the influx of provincial passengers by the great railways North of London and the obstruction experienced in the streets by omnibuses and cabs coming from their distant stations to bring the provincial travellers to and from the heart of the city I point next to the vast increase of what I may term the migratory population the population of the city who now oscillate between the country and the city who leave the City of London every afternoon and return every morningCommons Select Committee on Metropolitan Communications 18545 quoted in Wolmar 2004 p 22 Many of the proposed schemes were rejected but the Commission did recommend that a railway be constructed linking the termini with the docks and the General Post Office at St Martins Le Grand A private bill for the Metropolitan Railway between Praed Street in Paddington and Farringdon received assent on 7 August 1854 Although not a director or significant shareholder of the new companyPearson owned only fifty shares in the Metropolitan Railway Wolmar 2004 p 32 Pearson continued to promote the project over the next few years and use his influence to help the company raise the 1 million of capital needed for the construction of the line He issued a pamphlet A twenty minutes letter to the citizens of London in favour of the Metropolitan Railway and City Station encouraging investment and he even persuaded the City of London to invest on the basis that the railway would alleviate the Citys congestion problemsWolmar 2004 p 32 Once the railway was in operation the City sold its shares at a profitWolmar 2004 pp 3032 By 1860 the funds had been collected and the final route decided Work on the railway started taking less than three years to excavate through some of the worst slums of Victorian London and under some of the busiest streets 1862 年 9 月 14 日，皮爾森在旺茲沃思倫敦自治市的自宅中逝世，無緣親眼見證大都會鐵路在 1863 年 1 月 10 日通車。皮爾森拒絕了鐵路公司的報酬 Wolmar 2004 p 40，不過在鐵路通車後不久，鐵路公司頒贈給瑪莉每年 250 英鎊的報酬。1862 年 9 月 23 日，他的遺體被葬在西諾伍德式公墓。 影響 Transport writer Christian Wolmar considers Pearson to have by far the best claim to be the first to propose the idea of an underground railway to deal with Londons congestion problemWolmar 2004 pp 89 Michael Robbins considers that without Pearsons constant advocacyhis gadfly conduct which he managed to combine with holding high office in the City of Londonthe Metropolitan Railway the first of its kind in the world and the nucleus of Londons underground system could not have come into existence when it did When it opened the Metropolitan Railway had a significant impact on street traffic particularly cabs and omnibuses but these quickly recovered to near their former levels despite the Metropolitan Railway also carrying over 9 million passengers in its first year of operationSimmons 2002 p 282 The Metropolitan Railway and the network of underground lines that grew from it was the first in the world and the idea was not adopted elsewhere until 1896 when the Budapest Metro and the Glasgow Subway were both opened Without Pearsons promotion of the idea of an underground railway when he did it is possible that transport developments at the end of the 19th century developments such as electric trams and vehicles powered by internal combustion engines might have meant the underground solution was ignoredWolmar 2004 p 9 The expansion of the capital that the underground network and its suburban surface extensions enabled was considerable and rapid and helped the population of what is now Greater London to increase from 3094391 in 1861 to 6226494 in 19011861 data 1861 Census England and Wales 1901 data 1911 Census England and Wales Recompiled in 參考來源 參考書目 外部連結 Category 鐵路先驅 Category 英國鐵路相關人物 Category 倫敦地鐵 Category 罹患水腫病逝世者 Category 英國自由黨黨員 分類：第 15 屆英國下議院議員