派亞氏淋巴叢，又稱培氏斑、zhcn 派亞氏淋巴叢；zhtw 派爾集合淋巴結，是有組織的淋巴結，以 17 世紀的瑞士解剖學家約翰康拉德派亞命名 Reprinted as Peyer referred to Peyers patches as plexus or agmina glandularum clusters of glands From Peyer 1681 p 7 Tenui a perfectiorum animalium Intestina accuratius perlustranti crebra hinc inde variis intervallis corpusculorum glandulosorum Agmina sive Plexus se produnt diversae Magnitudinis atque Figurae I knew from careful study of more advanced animals the intestines bear often here and there at various intervals clusters of glandular small bodies or plexuses of diverse size and shape From p 15 has Plexus seu agmina Glandularum voco I call them plexuses or clusters of glands He described their appearance From p 8 Horum vero Plexuum facies modo in orbem concinnata modo in Ovi aut Olivae oblongam aliamve angulosam ac magis anomalam disposita figuram cernitur But the configurations of these plexuses are arranged at one time in a circle at another time it is seen in an egg shape or an oblong olive shape or other faceted and more irregularly arranged shape Drawings of Peyers patches appear after pages 22 and 24。它們是的一個重要部分，通常在人類的小腸最低部分發現，主要在遠端空腸和迴腸，但也可以在十二指腸中檢測到。 歷史 派亞氏淋巴叢在 17 世紀已經被幾個解剖學家觀察和描述過 Anatomists who mentioned Peyers patches included Johann Theodor Schenck 1619 1671 Schenk thought that intestinal worms resided in Peyers patches and that the orifices of the patches were the worms mouths From p 334 In canibus saepissime observavi non ad ventriculum a praeter labente chylo sibi conveniens allicerent In dogs I very often noticed not only near the stomach but also on the walls of their small intestines fleshcolored or glandular blisters appearing to swim one after another in which when we dissected them I observed some smooth reddish worms vermium living there in clusters with their heads facing towards the cavity of the intestines in which part there were glands with orifices but reversed so that from there they obtained from the chyle flowing past nourishment that was suitable for them Jeremias Loss 1643 1684 On page 12 Loss states that some glands are located inter Membranas viscerum quorundam between the membranes of certain internal organs prout id in Glandulis Intestinorum satis manifestum est as it is quite clear in the glands of the intestines where In Intestinis ita congregantur interdum pauciores interdum plures ut areolas quasdam constituant in the intestines there are thus gathered sometimes fewer glands sometimes more glands so that they form certain round patches Johannes Nicolaus Pechlin 1646 1706 From p 510 ego tenuium glandularum glomeratum agmen esse ratus I considered the heaped cluster of fine glands Martin Lister ca 1638 1712 From p 6062 As 1 Glandulae miliares of the small Guts which may also in some Animals be well calld fragiformes from the figure of the one half of a Strawberry and which yet I take to be Excretive glanduls because Conglomerate Nehemiah Grew 1641 1712 Grew called Peyers patches pancreas intestinale，但在 1677 年，瑞士解剖學家約翰康拉德派亞非常清楚地描述這種結狀構造，以至於它們最終以他的名字命名 There were many earlier names for Peyers patches 。然而派亞認為它們是向小腸排放一些促進消化的物質的腺體。直到 1850 年，瑞士醫生魯道夫奧斯卡齊格勒（Rudolph Oskar Ziegler）在仔細的顯微鏡檢查後提出，派亞氏淋巴叢實際上是淋巴腺 Ziegler Rudolph Oskar 1850 Ueber die solitären und Peyerschen Follikel InauguralAbhandlung der medicinischen Facultät der JuliusMaximiliansUniversität zu Würzburg vorgelegt On solitary and Peyers follicles Inaugural treatise submitted to the medical faculty of the JuliusMaximiliansUniversity of Würzburg in German Würzburg Germany Friederich Ernst Thein From p 37 Ebensogross wo nicht grösser ist die Aehnlichkeit der sogenannten Peyerschen Drüsen und der Lymphdrüsen Just as great if not greater is the resemblance between the socalled Peyers glands and the lymph glands From p 38 ja man könnte selbst versucht sein die letzteren für nichts als eine Art von zwischen den Wänden der Darmsschleimhaut eingebetteten Lymphdrüsen zu halten indeed one could even be tempted to regard the latter ie the Peyers patches as nothing but some type of lymph glands which are embedded between the walls of the intestinal mucosa。 構造 派亞氏淋巴叢是可觀察到的的拉長增厚，長度為幾公分，在人體中發現約 100 個。在顯微鏡下，派亞氏淋巴叢顯示為橢圓形或圓形的淋巴濾泡（類似於淋巴結），位於迴腸的黏膜層，並延伸到黏膜下層。派亞氏淋巴叢的數量在 15 至 25 歲達到高峰，然後在成年期下降。在迴腸遠端，它們數量眾多，形成一個淋巴環。在人類中至少有 46 的派亞氏淋巴叢集中在迴腸遠端 25 公分處。值得注意的是，不同個體的派亞氏淋巴叢的大小、形狀和分佈都有很大的差異。在成年人中，B 細胞被認為是卵泡生髮中心的主導。T 細胞存在於濾泡之間的區域。在單核細胞中，CD4CD25（10）細胞和 CD8CD25（5）細胞在派亞氏淋巴叢中比外周血中更豐富。 派亞氏淋巴叢的特點是濾泡相關上皮（FAE），它覆蓋所有的淋巴濾泡。FAE 與典型的小腸絨毛上皮不同：它有較少的杯狀細胞 ，因此黏液層較薄，而且它的特點是存在專門的 M 細胞或微皺褶細胞，它們提供從腔內吸收和運輸抗原的功能。此外，與腸道絨毛相比，FAE 的基底層更加多孔。最後，FAE 細胞對離子和大分子的滲透性較低，這基本上是由於緊密連線蛋白的較高表達。 功能 由於消化道的暴露在外部環境中，其中大部分是潛在的病原微生物，因此派亞氏淋巴叢在腸腔的免疫監視和促進黏膜內免疫反應的產生方面確立了其重要性。 進入腸道的病原微生物和其他抗原會遇到巨噬細胞、樹突狀細胞、B 細胞和 T 細胞，這些細胞在派亞氏淋巴叢和的其他部位發現。因此派亞氏淋巴叢對消化系統的作用就像扁桃體對呼吸系統的作用一樣，捕獲外來顆粒，監視它們，並將其消滅。 派亞氏淋巴叢被一種特殊的 FAE 所覆蓋，該上皮含有被稱為微皺褶細胞（M 細胞）的特殊細胞，該細胞直接從管腔中取樣抗原並將其傳遞給抗原呈遞細胞（位於其基底面的獨特口袋狀結構中）。樹突狀細胞和巨噬細胞也可以透過將樹突延伸到經細胞的 M 細胞特異性孔中來直接對腔體進行取樣。同時 FAE 細胞的旁路被緊緊關閉，以防止抗原的滲透和與免疫細胞的持續接觸。T 細胞、B 細胞和記憶細胞在派亞氏淋巴叢遇到抗原時受到刺激，然後這些細胞傳到，免疫反應在那裡被放大。被啟用的淋巴細胞透過胸導管進入血流，並前往腸道，在那裡執行其最終的效應器功能。 B 細胞的成熟是在派亞氏淋巴叢中進行的。 臨床意義 儘管在免疫反應中很重要，但派亞氏淋巴叢中淋巴組織的過度生長是病理性的，因為派亞氏淋巴叢的肥大與特發性腸套疊密切相關。 擁有過多或大於正常的派亞氏淋巴叢與朊毒體疾病的風險增加有關。 沙門氏菌屬和脊髓灰質炎病毒也針對腸道的這一部分。 參見 肺癌 流行性感冒 參考資料 Category 淋巴系統 Category 淋巴組織