斯蒂格勒定律，又稱名字命名法則。是芝加哥大學一位很有幽默感的統計學家史蒂芬史蒂格勒提出的一定律，最簡單的說法是 沒有科學的發現是因其原有發現者的名字而命名，即科學定律最後的命名大多歸功於後來更有名望的科學家。斯蒂格勒自己認為斯蒂格勒定律其實是羅伯特金莫頓最先發現，因此「斯蒂格勒定律」本身的命名也符合斯蒂格勒定律。 著名示例包括： 高斯分佈：最早是由棣莫弗在 1718 年著作中提出。 本福特定律：最早是由西蒙紐康在 1881 年提出。 三次方程的卡爾達諾公式：解法的思路來自塔塔利亞。 尤拉數 e：雅各布伯努利第一個注意到此常數。 RSA 加密演算法：RSA 是 1977 年由羅納德李維斯特（Ron Rivest）、阿迪薩莫爾（Adi Shamir）和倫納德阿德曼（Leonard Adleman）一起提出的。當時他們三人都在麻省理工學院工作。RSA 就是他們三人姓氏開頭字母拼在一起組成的。其實 1973 年，在英國政府通訊總部工作的數學家克利福德柯克斯（英語：）在一個內部檔案中就提出了一個相同的演算法，但他的發現被列入機密，一直到 1997 年才被髮表。 A 阿哈羅諾夫 玻姆效應。和在 1949 年首次預測了這種效應，後來亞基爾阿哈羅諾夫和戴維玻姆在 1959 年重新發現了類似的效應 阿拉伯數字，於 7 世紀左右在印度發展起來的。 於 1797 年由卡斯帕爾韋塞爾創作，比讓 羅貝爾阿爾岡早 9 年。 阿瑞尼斯方程式。該方程最早由荷蘭化學家於 1884 年發現；五年後 1889 年，瑞典化學家斯萬特奧古斯特阿倫尼烏斯為其提供了物理理由和解釋。 。由莉澤邁特納於 1922 年首次發現，然後於 1923 年又由獨立發現。 B 貝利 波爾溫 普勞夫公式 was discovered by 西蒙普勞夫，who has since expressed regret at having to share credit for his discovery 貝克德爾測驗，a gender bias test for films popularised by and named after comic strip writer Alison Bechdel despite her repeated insistence that the test was devised by her friend Liz Wallace 貝爾曼 福特演算法，which is an algorithm for computing the shortestlength path was proposed by Alfonso Shimbel who presented the algorithm in 1954 but was named after Richard Bellman and Lester Ford Jr who published equivalent forms in 1956 and 1958 本福特定律，named after physicist who stated it in 1938 although it had been previously stated by 西蒙紐康 in 1881 伯特蘭投票問題 proved using which states the probability that the winning candidate in an election stays in the lead throughout the count It was first published by in 1878 nine years before s proof did not use reflection though reflection is now the method commonly taught The 貝塞麥轉爐鍊鋼法 was discovered by in 1851 Henry Bessemer was the first to obtain a patent in 1855 The 貝特薩爾皮特方程 named after Hans Bethe and which describes the s of a twobody system in The equation was first published by 南部陽一郎，but without derivation which shows the maximum attainable energy efficiency of a wind turbine was discovered first by It was subsequently independently rediscovered by and also 貝特里奇頭條定律，stating that when a headline asks a yesno question the answer is no Considered an old truism among s it was well known before Betteridge wrote about it in 2009 The appears in a 1752 book by but is named after who rediscovered it in 1960 The 布萊克 舒爾斯模型 postulating a geometric Brownian motion as a model for stock market returns credited to the 1973 academic papers of 費雪布雷克，邁倫舒爾茲 and 羅伯特科克斯默頓 was first proposed by 保羅薩繆爾森 in 1965 was described independently by C Mau 1923 and Harald Nilsonne 1929 both writing in German before it was described in English by Walter Putnam Blount 1937 of 1772 states that the distances of the planets from the sun follow a simple arithmetical rule But it was first stated by in 1766 not 約翰波得 The 邦費羅尼校正 is named after Italian for its use of Bonferroni C E Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilità Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze 1936 However its development is often credited to who described the procedures application to BC 正規形式，a used in Definition of what we now know as BCNF appeared in a paper by Ian Heath in 1971Heath I Unacceptable File Operations in a Relational Database Proc 1971 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description Access and Control San Diego California November 1112 1971 Date writes Since that definition predated Boyce and Codds own definition by some three years it seems to me that BCNF ought by rights to be called Heath normal form But it isntDate CJ Database in Depth Relational Theory for Practitioners OReilly 2005 p 142 玻意耳 馬略特定律，which stipulates the reciprocal relation between the pressure and the volume of a gas was first noted by and In France the law is known as Mariottes law after 埃德姆馬略特，who published his results later than Boyle but crucially added that the relation holds only when temperature is kept constant one of the most popular models for 成對比較，first described by Ernst Zermelo in 1929 as quoted from Wikipedia itself The engine cycle is named after George Brayton 18301892 the American engineer who developed it originally for use in piston engines although it was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber in 1791 Burnsides lemma a counting technique in was discovered by Augustin Louis Cauchy or possibly others originally attributed it to Ferdinand Georg Frobenius Ironically Burnside made many original contributions to group theory and Burnsides Lemma is sometimes jokingly referred to as the lemma that is not Burnsides 布里丹之驢 originates from the Persian philosopher 安薩裡 The version popularised by Jean Buridan also does not include the eponymous donkey C also known by other variations such as SchröderBernstein theorem first proved by Richard Dedekind 康托爾集 discovered in 1874 by and introduced by German mathematician Georg Cantor 1883 卡邁克爾數 Václav Šimerka listed the first seven Carmichael numbers in 1885 they are named after 羅伯特丹尼卡邁克爾 who subsequently discovered the first one in 1910 first investigated by Wilhelm Killing The solution to general 三次方程 s is known as Cardanos formula despite Cardano stating that it was discovered by Scipione del Ferro who passed the knowledge to his student Antonio Maria Fior Around 1535 尼科洛塔爾塔利亞 learned of this from Fior and rederived the formula for the cubic which he later shared with CardanoJ Stillwell Mathematics and Its History 3rd Ed Springer2010 卡塞格林反射鏡，named after a design published in 1672 which has been attributed to 洛朗卡塞格蘭，André Baranne and Françoise Launay Cassegrain a famous unknown of instrumental astronomy Journal of Optics 1997 vol 28 no 4 pp 158172 15 but was already known to 博納文圖拉卡瓦列裡 in 1632Stargazer the Life and Times of the Telescope by Fred Watson p 134 and 馬蘭梅森 in 1636Stargazer p 115 Named for but and her contemporaries wrote about similar methods of philosophical exploration 8 to 10 years before Descartes was born for measuring the universal gravitational constant first devised and constructed by 約翰米歇爾 錢德拉塞卡極限 The mass upper limit of a it was first discovered by and and was only later improved by 蘇布拉馬尼揚錢德拉塞卡 切比雪夫不等式 Guarantees that for a wide class of no more than a certain fraction of values can be more than a certain distance from the It was first formulated by his friend and colleague in 1853 and proved by Chebyshev in 1867 A bound on the tail distribution of sums of independent random variables named after 赫爾曼切爾諾夫 but due to Herman Rubin A named after and developed earlier by named after and 約翰圖基 but invented 160 years earlier in 1805 by Carl Friedrich Gauss a critical temperature of phase change in Named after 皮埃爾居里，who reported it in his thesis in 1895 but the phenomenon was found by before 1832 Currying a technique for transforming an narity function to a chain of functions Named after Haskell Curry though it was originally discovered by D of continuous improvement himself always referred to it as the cycle 德摩根定律 of logic transformation rules of propositional logic Named after 19thcentury British mathematician Augustus De Morgan but already known to medieval philosophers such as Jean Buridan 戴森球 s are named after 弗里曼戴森，but Dyson himself credited the original idea to 奧拉夫斯塔普雷頓 E the discovery of the constant itself is credited to 雅各布伯努利，but it is named after Leonhard Euler 尤拉公式 an equivalent formula was proved by 30 years before Euler published his proof F 法裡數列 published the proof to a conjecture put forth by Unknown to both men similar results had been published earlier by 快速傅立葉變換 The algorithm proposed in 1965 by to interpolate the coefficients of a polynomial from its evaluations in a quasilinear number of multiplication was 費馬大定理 An unusual example in that it is named after Pierre de Fermat who proposed it three and a half centuries prior to its proof by Andrew Wiles 費米黃金定則，a calculation was discovered by Paul Dirac The 費米悖論，stated in an unpublished work by 康斯坦丁齊奧爾科夫斯基 in 1933 Tsiolkovsky in turn stated that others had already considered this question The FloydWarshall 演算法 for finding shortest paths in a weighted graph is named after and who independently published papers about it in 1962 However 貝爾納羅伊 had previously published an equivalent algorithm in 1959 The 夫朗和斐譜線 in the solar spectrum were first noted by 威廉海德沃拉斯頓 twelve years before they were rediscovered and studied systematically by 約瑟夫馮夫琅和費 菲涅耳透鏡 The idea of creating a thinner lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is often attributed to s in a Galois group of global fields were first created by Fibonacci was not the first to discover the famous sequence They existed in Indian mathematics since 200 BC Fibonacci gave the series in 1202 AD G the property of infinite sets was known to 鄧斯司各脫 高斯定律 first described by in 1773 over half a century before Gauss shows that Lagrange has priority over Gauss Others after Gauss discovered Gauss Law too first by in 1831 the normal distribution was introduced by 亞伯拉罕棣莫弗 in 1733 but named after Carl Friedrich Gauss who began using it in 1794 高斯消去法 was already in wellknown textbooks such as Thomas Simpsons when Gauss in 1809 remarked that he used common elimination 吉布斯現象 named for Josiah Willard Gibbs who published in 1901 First discovered by in 1851 古德哈特定律，with several earlier variations like 坎貝爾定律 The also known as the diode bridge was invented and patented in 1896 by a year before it was published by The 格里望遠鏡 is named after who published it in 1663 but was already known to 博納文圖拉卡瓦列裡 in 1632 and 馬蘭梅森 in 1636 劣幣驅逐良幣 was described by 尼古拉哥白尼 in 1519 the year of 托馬斯格雷沙姆s birth the theory was developed by who named them after his advisor H was observed by astronomers since at least 240 BC but named after 愛德蒙哈雷 who computed its orbit and accurately predicted its return 哈斯圖 s were used by Henri Gustav Vogt three years before the birth of 赫爾穆特哈斯 is named after 彼得希格斯 but was first theorized by 羅伯特布勞特 and 弗朗索瓦恩格勒，albeit not published before Higgs had submitted his own paper 海倫公式 is named after 亞歷山大港的希羅 but is due to Archimedes HP 濾波 was popularized in the field of economics in the 1990s by economists and winner 愛德華普雷斯科特Hodrick Robert and Edward C Prescott 1997 Postwar US Business Cycles An Empirical Investigation Journal of Money Credit and Banking 29 1 116 However it was first proposed much earlier by 埃德蒙泰勒魏泰克 in 1923Whittaker E T 1923 On a new method of graduation Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Association 78 8189 as quoted in Philips 2010 哈勃勒梅特定律 was derived by Georges Lemaître two years before 愛德文哈勃 I Ising model was invented by 威廉楞次，but given to his student 恩斯特伊辛 to study J was first discovered by before 1732 in the sense of sister species often being allopatric himself gives credit for earlier observation of this pattern was first derived by in 1913 Edit A mere 3 years after Joukowski who was actually published it in 1910EBSaff and AD Snider Fundamentals of Complex Analysis 3rd Ed Prentice Hall 2003 K invented by Charles Babbage who recorded it in his diary but didnt otherwise publish it SN 1604 was first observed by several days before 約翰內斯開普勒 基靈型 invented by Élie Cartan was developed first by 1931 and later by 1934 柯伊伯帶 theoretically described by a number of astronomers before 傑拉德柯伊伯；Kuiper theorized that such a belt no longer existed was conceived and developed for music teaching by a pupil of Kodály 克羅內克積 Johann Georg Zehfuss already in 1858 described the matrix operation we now know as the Kronecker product L 洛必達法則 to calculate the limit of quotient of functions at a point were both functions converge to 0 or both converge to infinity is named after 紀堯姆德洛必達，but is generally believed to have been discovered by 約翰白努利 拉馬克主義 is generally used to refer to the idea of or but the idea predates JeanBaptiste Lamarck and was not the central part of his theory of was discovered by 皮埃爾布蓋 拉普拉斯 龍格 冷次向量 was first discovered as a conserved quantity by 雅各布赫爾曼 and 約翰白努利 Π 的萊布尼茨公式 The formula was first discovered by 15thcentury Indian mathematician but it is named after after the latter discovered it independently 300 years later is named after 威爾赫姆萊克希斯 but was previously theorized by and Otto Brasche The 利氏冷凝管，which 尤斯圖斯馮李比希 popularized was attributed to by Liebig himself but had already been developed independently by and in neurology the barber chair phenomenon was first described by and Chatelin French neurologist published his first report three years later 林納斯定律 named after Linus Torvalds but actually described by Eric S Raymond in The Cathedral and the Bazaar M describing the order in which electron orbitals are filled named after but first discovered by 夏爾雅內 馬太效應，named by Robert K Merton after the writer of the 馬太福音 quoting the words of Jesus the formulation that one in a family is tragic two suspicious and three murder originally described by 梅特羅波利斯－黑斯廷斯演算法 The algorithm was named after Nicholas Metropolis who was the director of the Theoretical Division of Los Alamos National Laboratory at the time of writing the paper However Metropolis did not contribute to that study in any way as confirmed by various The research problem was proposed by and solved by and Furthermore according to and 埃米利奧塞格雷，the original algorithm was invented by 恩里科費米 and reinvented by Moores Law N were known and proposed in separate ways by Galileo and before Newton did in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Newton owns the discovery of only the third oneCf Clifford A Pickover De Arquímides a Hawkingp 137 Normans law proposed by Donald Norman is a general restatement of Stiglers Law No saying or pronouncement is named after its originator This law was named for Norman as an example of Stiglers Law which was itself not named after its originatorPhDDesign Discussion List 7 January 2013 httpswwwjiscmailacukcgibinwebadminA2ind1301LphddesignD0P11022 Nortons theorem was published in November 1926 by and independently discovered by 愛德華勞裡諾頓 who presented it in an internal Bell Labs technical report dated November 1926 The name NyquistShannon sampling theorem honours Harry Nyquist and Claude Shannon but the theorem was also previously discovered by E T Whittaker published in 1915 and Shannon cited Whittakers paper in his work from Wikipedia O The 奧爾特雲 around the solar system was first postulated by 恩斯特奧匹克 in 1932 and independently introduced by 揚奧爾特 in 1960 奧伯斯佯謬 was formulated by Kepler in the 17th century long before Olbers was born P 帕德近似 named after and developed by 亨利帕德 around 1890 but was first introduced by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius 楊輝三角形 named after and discovered by but identified several times before him independently was originally derived by 奧古斯特布拉菲 and published in 1846Analyse Mathematique Sure Les Probabilties des Erreurs de Situation dun Point Mem Acad Roy Sei Inst France Sci Math et Phys t 9 p 255332 1846Wright S 1921 Correlation and causation Journal of agricultural research 20 7 pp557585 佩爾方程，studied in ancient India but mistakenly attributed to by Leonhard Euler Apparently Euler confused first European mathematician to find a general solution of the equation with Pell 潘洛斯三角，an first created by the Swedish artist in 1934 The mathematician Roger Penrose independently devised and popularised it in the 1950s 佩特森圖 as an example in graph theory put forward by Julius Petersen in 1898 though it previous appeared in a paper by a COVID19 developed by BioNTech Due to its small size BioNTech partnered with the pharmaceutical companies Pfizer and for support with clinical trials logistics and manufacturing The vaccines clinical name is BNT162b2 and it is currently marketed under the name Comirnaty 柏拉圖立體 s were described earlier by and some of them even earlier by the 普萊費爾公理，an alternative to Euclids fifth postulate on parallel lines first stated by 普羅克洛 in the 5th century AD but named after 約翰普萊費爾 after he included it in his 1795 book Elements of Geometry and credited it to 波雷費密碼，invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1854 but named after who promoted its use 坡氏定律，formally stated by Nathan Poe in 2005 but following Internet norms going back as far as Jerry Schwarz in 1983 The 龐加萊圓盤模型 and the 龐加萊半平面模型 of hyperbolic geometry are named after Henri Poincaré who studied them in 1882 However 埃烏傑尼奧貝爾特拉米 published a paper on these models previously in 1868 卜瓦松分佈 described by 西梅翁德尼泊松 in 1837 though the result had already been given in 171121 by 亞伯拉罕棣莫弗 predicted by Fresnels theory of diffraction named after Poisson who ridiculed the theory especially its prediction of the existence of this spotPhysics Kenneth S Krane volume 4 4th edition chapter 46 It is also called the Arago spot as 弗朗索瓦阿拉戈 observed it or the Fresnel bright spot after 奧古斯丁菲涅耳s theory though it had already been observed by 約瑟夫 尼古拉斯德利爾 and a century earlier 普林姆演算法 the algorithm was developed in 1930 27 years before Prim independently did by the Czech mathematician also known as variant angina referring to angina chest pain caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries Described twice in the 1930s before being published by Prinzmetal in 1959Parkinson J Bedford DE Electrocardiographic changes during brief attacks of angina pectoris Lancet 1931 115Brow GR Holman DV Electrocardiographic study during a paroxysm of angina pectoris Am Heart J 1933 9259Prinzmetal M Kennamer R Merliss R et al A variant form of angina pectoris Preliminary report Am Heart J 1959 27375 勾股定理，named after the mathematician 畢達哥拉斯，although it was known before him to although it is not known if the Babylonians possessed a proof of the result yet it is not known either whether Pythagoras the result R The Reynolds number in fluid mechanics was introduced by but is named after 奧斯鮑恩雷諾，who popularized its use Richards equation is attributed to Richards in his 1931 publication but was earlier introduced by Richardson in 1922 in his book Weather prediction by numerical process Cambridge University press p 262 as pointed out by John Knight and Peter Raats in The contributions of Lewis Fry Richardson to drainage theory soil physics and the soilplantatmosphere continuum EGU General Assembly 2016 S The was invented by 查爾斯約瑟夫米納德 The 肖特基二極體 was neither discovered by nor its operation correctly explained by him The actual nature of the was noted by Hans Bethe The 康托爾 伯恩斯坦 施羅德定理 in set theory was first stated without proof by Georg Cantor and first proved by Richard Dedekind Shueys equation from 1985 which is an approximation of the Zoeprittz Equation first published in 1919 辛普森悖論，a term introduced by Colin R Blyth in 1972 but Edward Simpson did not actually discover this statistical paradox The 西姆松定理 in geometry is named for but cannot be found in Simsons works Instead it was first discovered by in 1797 斯涅爾定律 of refraction named after 威理博司乃耳，a Dutch scientist also known as of refraction after 勒內笛卡爾 was discovered by the was solved by Willebrord Snellius only and restated by 75 years later s named fors work in 1754 were first found by in 17461750 Stiglers law attributed by 史蒂芬史蒂格勒 himself to Robert K Merton though the phenomenon had previously been noted by othersFor example 亨利杜德耐 noted in his 1917 Amusements in Mathematics solution 129 that 佩爾方程 was called that apparently because Pell neither first propounded the question nor first solved it 史特靈公式，which was presaged in published work by 亞伯拉罕棣莫弗 discovered by 第一代開爾文男爵威廉湯姆森 T The was described in 1672 by but named after who also described it in 1888 in ecology was discovered by H Fairfield Smith in 1938 but named after L R Taylor who rediscovered it in 1961 Thévenins theorem in circuit theory was discovered by 赫爾曼馮亥姆霍茲 in 1853 but named after 萊昂夏爾戴維南 who rediscovered it in 1883 V 文氏圖 s are named after John Venn who popularized them in the 1880s but Leonhard Euler had already introduced them in 1768GrattanGuinness Ivor 1997 The Rainbow of Mathematics pp 563564 New York W W Norton 維吉尼亞密碼 was originally described by 吉奧萬巴蒂斯塔貝拉索 in his 1553 book La cifra del Sig Giovan Battista Bellaso but later misattributed to 布萊斯德維吉尼亞 in the 19th century The 馮諾伊曼結構 of computer hardware is misattributed to John von Neumann because he wrote a preliminary report called First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC that did not include the names of the inventors 約翰莫奇利 and 約翰皮斯普埃克特 沃羅諾伊圖 s are named after 格奧爾基沃羅諾伊，who defined and studied the general ndimensional case in 1908 but have already been used by 1644 1850 and 1854 W were hypothesized by Hao Wang not to exist but an example was constructed by his student 惠斯登電橋，an electrical invented by in 1833 but named after Sir Charles Wheatstone who improved and popularized it in 1843 魏德曼花紋 s named after in 1808 but previously reported by in 1804 a principle of was stated by in 1935 but named by in 1973 威爾遜迴圈，named in 1974 by after the Canadian geologist for Wilsons 1966 proposal that the Atlantic Ocean had previously closed and then opened again a theory that the Swiss geologist had proposed in the 1920s Y 八木天線，a successful and popular beam antenna whose primary inventor was but which was popularized by and formerly popularly named for his collaborator 八木秀次 Z 齊夫定律 states that given some of utterances the frequency of any word is to its rank in the frequency table The law is named after an early twentieth century American Zipf popularized Zipfs law and sought to explain it though he did not claim to have originated it 參見 重複獨立發現發明列表 參考 Category 發明或發現列表 Category 命名來源 Category 科學方法