土爾沙種族屠殺又被稱作土爾沙屠殺、土爾沙種族騷動、格林伍德屠殺或黑色華爾街屠殺 Nearly 100 Years Later Tulsa Begins Search for Mass Graves From 1921 Black Wall Street Massacre The Root Retrieved October 9 2019 Rao Sameer May 31 2017 Its Been 96 Years Since White Mobs Destroyed Tulsas Black Wall Street Colorlines，是指 1921 年 5 月 31 日至 6 月 1 日，美國白人攻擊奧克拉荷馬州土爾沙的非裔美國人社群的居民和企業並屠殺非裔美國人，這被視為美國歷史上最為嚴重的種族暴力事件之一 Scott Ellsworth Tulsa Race Riot The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 2009 accessed 31 December 2016。該地社群原本是美國最富有的非裔美國人社群，然而這次襲擊事件分別以地面和空中攻擊的方式摧毀該地區超過 35 個街區。最終，有超過 800 人被送往醫院，並有超過 6000 名非裔美國人居民被逮捕和拘留數天。 後續 川普造勢爭議 2020 年 6 月，美國總統唐納川普宣佈 6 月 19 日六月節在土爾沙舉辦 2019 冠狀病毒病美國疫情暫停總統選舉活動後的首場造勢大會，當時喬治佛洛伊德之死正鬧得沸沸揚揚，遭非裔美國人批評「褻瀆土爾沙人民」、「侮辱自由日象徵」。6 月 12 日，川普宣佈，「出於尊重」，將造勢大會日期改為 6 月 20 日，把重大假期還給非裔美國人。6 月 19 日，非裔美國人民權運動牧師阿爾夏普頓抨擊川普的選舉口號「讓美國再次偉大」時說，川普在近期暴露了他自己對黑人歷史的無知，美國在過去大部分時間裡都只為了白人偉大。 紀念日 2021 年 5 月 31 日，美國總統喬拜登發表公告，宣佈當天為 1921 年塔爾薩種族屠殺一百週年紀念日，呼籲美國民眾 反思我們國家種族恐怖的深刻根源。拜登在塔爾薩種族屠殺紀念公告中承認，美國聯邦政府在這起事件中扮演了不光彩的角色：事件發生後，當地透過法令實施新的建築標準，建房成本之高令多數黑人家庭無法重建家園；事件發生後，聯邦政府把格林伍德社群列為 危險 區域，令黑人房主無法以同等條件獲得住房貸款；其後幾十年，聯邦政府的投資，包括穿過格林伍德的聯邦高速公路建設，使格林伍德社群遭到拆除和切斷。 2021 年 6 月 1 日，拜登親赴土爾沙，會見土爾沙種族屠殺倖存者 3 人，並發表土爾沙種族屠殺一百週年紀念演講。拜登說，土爾沙種族屠殺 不是騷亂，這是大屠殺我們史上最惡劣的一次，卻不是唯一的一次，且被我們的歷史遺忘了太久，事件才發生，就有人明顯想把它從我們的集體記憶中抹去長久以來，土爾沙的學校沒有教授這段歷史，更不用說其他地區的學校。拜登是第一位承認土爾沙種族屠殺，並在土爾沙種族屠殺紀念日前往土爾沙悼念的美國總統。拜登說，仇恨一直沒有消失，現在美國仍然存在對非裔美國人和亞裔美國人的仇恨與歧視，他的政府將會努力解決這些問題。記者詢問拜登是否要為土爾沙種族屠殺代表國家道歉，拜登並未回應。 參見 羅斯伍德大屠殺 美國內亂事件一覽表 參考資料 延伸閱讀 Alfred L Brophy Reconstructing the Dreamland The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Race Reparations and Reconciliation New York Oxford University Press 2002 Scott Ellsworth Death in a Promised Land The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Baton Rouge LA Louisiana State University Press 1992 Donald Halliburton Tulsa Race War of 1921 San Jose CA R and E Publishing 1975 James S Hirsch Riot and Remembrance The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy Boston MA Houghton Mifflin 2002 Rob Hower 1921 Tulsa Race Riot The American Red CrossAngels of Mercy Tulsa OK Homestead Press 1993 Hannibal B Johnson Black Wall Street From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsas Historic Greenwood District Austin TX Eakin Press 1998 Tim Madigan The Burning Massacre Destruction and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 New York Thomas Dunne Books 2001 Mary E Jones Parrish Race Riot 1921 Events of the Tulsa Disaster Tulsa OK Out on a Limb Publishing 1998 Lee E Williams Anatomy of Four Race Riots Racial Conflict in Knoxville Elaine Arkansas Tulsa and Chicago 19191921 Hattiesburg MS University and College Press of Mississippi 1972 外部連結 The Crisis Magazine Vol 22 No 3 on the Tulsa Race Riot pp114116 What happened to Black Wall Street on June 1 1921 San Francisco Bay View Tulsa Race Riot Greenwood Cultural Center A Historical Study of the Perceived Racial Definitions and Events Leading to The Tulsa Race Riot 2011 History Thesis Oklahoma City University Red Cross Report 1921 on Actions Taken due to Riot Tulsa Historical Society Facts and Links for The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Subliminalorg Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive University of Tulsa McFarlin Library Special Collections links to inventory related materials and photographs Link to Ruth Sigler Avery Tulsa Race Riot Archive Index Special Collections Archives Oklahoma State University Tulsa Oklahoma Commission Report on the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 February 28 2001 Internet Archive full text online Tulsa Race Riot Tulsa Historical Society Tulsa Race Riot Oklahoma Historical Society Tulsa Race Riot Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection Tulsa City County Library African American Resource Center Associated Press Tulsa Guard Kills Man Evening Public Ledger Philadelphia PA 6 June 1921 article includes photo of burnedout portion of Greenwood Chronicling America Library of Congress Tulsa Tribune May 31 1921 Tulsa Race Riot blog 18 June 2014 The Morning Tulsa Daily World 1 June 1921 Library of Congress The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1 1921 Extra The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1 1921 2nd Extra The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1 1921 3rd Extra The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 3 1921 William Redfearns Brief in Redfearn v American Central Insurance Company Oklahoma Supreme Court 1924 The Durant Weekly News 3 June 1921 Chronicling America Library of Congress Linda Christensen Why Teaching the Tulsa Race Riot is More Than Just Teaching History May 28 2013 GOOD Magazine Linda Christensen Burned Out of Homes and History Unearthing the Silent Voices of the Tulsa Race Riot 8page lesson plan for high school Students 2013 Zinn Education ProjectRethinking Schools Tulsa race riot Collection of 11 photographic postcards of the race riot that took place in Tulsa Oklahoma on May 31 and June 1 1921 Pictures illustrate the devastation to the Greenwood Districts AfricanAmerican community including whole blocks burned to the ground bodies of victims and the damaged convention hall Listing of knownunknownpossible WhiteAfricanAmerican casualties of the Tulsa Race Riots I Marc Carlson A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs Part 2 Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice AlJazeera 19 July 2014 Voices of Oklahoma interview with Otis Clark First person interview conducted on November 23 2009 with Otis Clark survivor of the Tulsa Race Riot Category 美國屠殺事件 Category 美國種族隔離 Category 針對非洲裔美國人的種族暴力行徑 Category1921 年罪案 Category1921 年 5 月 Category1921 年 6 月 Category 美國白人至上主義