拉姆福德獎章 是一項由英國皇家學會授予的獎項，旨在獎勵 對物質的熱學或光學性質做出傑出新發現的歐洲科學家。該獎由拉姆福德伯爵本傑明湯普森於 1796 年捐贈 5000 美元而始創，於 1800 年首次頒獎，此後每兩年頒發一次，獎金為 1000 英鎊。 自成立以來，該獎已授予包括拉姆福德伯爵本人在內的 101 位科學家。在所有獲獎人中，英國公民獲獎 53 次，德國 17 次，法國 14 次，荷蘭 7 次，瑞典 4 次，美國 3 次，義大利 2 次，澳大利亞、匈牙利，比利時，盧森堡和紐西蘭各 1 次。 獲獎者列表 年份 獲獎者 國籍 獲獎理由 參考 1800 本傑明湯普森 為他關於光和熱的多方面發現 1802 未頒發 1804 約翰萊斯利 為他的著作中發表的關於熱的實驗，題名 對熱的本質和熱的傳播的實驗性研究 1806 未頒發 1808 為他的著作中為照明的目的使用來自煤炭的氣體 1810 艾蒂安 路易馬呂斯 為反射光的新性質的發現，出版於 Memoires dArcueil 的第二卷 1812 未頒發 1814 為他關於露水的論文，發表於 the course of the preceding 1815 year 1816 漢弗裡戴維 為他關於燃燒與火焰的論文，出版於 Philosophical Transactions 的最後一卷 1818 大衛布儒斯特 為他關於光的偏振的發現 1820 未頒發 1822 未頒發 1824 奧古斯丁菲涅耳 For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics 1826 未頒發 1828 未頒發 1830 未頒發 1832 約翰弗雷德里克丹尼爾 For his Paper entitled Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer for measuring the expansion of Solids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831 1834 為他關於輻射熱的發現 1836 未頒發 1838 為他關於熱的極化的實驗，其解釋發表於 Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1840 讓 巴蒂斯特畢奧 為他的關於光的圓偏振的研究 1842 威廉福克斯塔爾博特 為他對照相術的探索和改進 1844 未頒發 1846 邁克爾法拉第 For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity inserted in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and in the Philosophical Magazine 1848 亨利維克托勒尼奧 For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines 1850 弗朗索瓦阿拉戈 For his experimental investigations on polarized light the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years 1852 喬治斯托克斯 為他對光的折射率變化的研究 1854 For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments 1856 路易巴斯德 For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery 1858 為他對光的多方面實驗性研究 1860 詹姆斯克拉克麥克斯韋 為他關於顏色分解的研究和其他光學論文 1862 古斯塔夫基爾霍夫 For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light 1864 約翰丁達爾 為他關於氣體和蒸汽吸收和輻射熱量的研究 1866 阿曼德斐索 For his optical researches especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies 1868 For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light published originally in 1858 1859 1870 為他對礦物光學的研究 1872 安德斯埃格斯特朗 為他對光譜的研究 1874 約瑟夫諾曼洛克耶 為他對太陽和化學元素的光譜研究 1875 為他對輻射能的研究 1876 皮埃爾讓森 For his numerous important researches in the radiation absorption of light carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope 1878 For his various optical researches and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light 1880 威廉哈金斯 For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars 1882 For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum especially the infrared region also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum 1884 為他的光譜學研究 1886 塞繆爾蘭利 For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer 1888 For important and longcontinued investigations which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun 1890 海因裡希赫茲 為他關於電磁輻射的工作 1892 尼爾斯克里斯托弗杜奈爾 為他關於恆星的光譜學的研究 1894 詹姆斯杜瓦 為他關於極低溫度物質性質的研究 1896 菲利普萊納德威廉倫琴 For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place 1898 For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether 1900 亨利貝可勒爾 For his discoveries in radiation proceding sic from uranium 1902 查爾斯阿爾格農帕森斯 For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes and for its recent extension to navigation 1904 歐內斯特盧瑟福 For his researches on radioactivity particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radioactive bodies 1906 為他關於熱的實驗性工作 1908 亨德里克洛倫茲 為他關於光學和電學的研究 1910 海因裡希魯本斯 On the ground of his researches on radiation especially of long wave length 1912 海克卡末林昂內斯 為他關於低溫的研究 1914 約翰斯特拉特，第三代瑞利男爵 為他關於熱力學和輻射的研究 1916 威廉亨利布拉格 為他關於 X 射線輻射的研究 1918 夏爾法布里 阿爾弗雷德佩羅 為他們對於光學的貢獻 1920 為他關於高真空氣體性質的研究 1922 彼得塞曼 為他對光學的研究 1924 查理士凡而儂波伊斯 為他對氣體熱量計的發明 1926 For his services to physical science especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism 1928 弗里德里希帕邢 為他對譜的知識的貢獻 1930 彼得德拜 為他關於比熱和 X 射線光譜的工作 1932 弗裡茨哈伯 For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions 1934 萬德約翰尼斯德哈斯 For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures and in particular for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation 1936 For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures 1938 In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics 1940 曼內西格巴恩 For his pioneer work in high precision Xray spectroscopy and its applications 1942 In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology 1944 In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine which have greatly influenced the development of the various types 1946 In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance 1948 弗朗西斯西蒙 For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero 1950 弗蘭克惠特爾 For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft 1952 弗裡茨澤爾尼克 In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy 1954 For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope 1956 In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction 1958 In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics 1960 In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena 1962 In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering 1964 亨德里克範德胡斯特 In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen 1966 In recognition of his distingsuihed sic and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain 1968 加博爾德奈什 In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics especially by establishing the principles of holography 1970 In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation 1972 In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology particularly the physics of clouds 1974 In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals 1976 伊利亞普里高津 Belgian In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics 1978 喬治波特 In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis 1980 In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium 1982 In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubblechamber optics 1984 In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery 1986 In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry 1988 In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces 1990 For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices such as costeffective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors now used in commercial flatpanel LCD colour TV screens 1992 In recognition of his wideranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the TemperleyLieb algebra 1994 In recognition of his contributions to polymer science in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization a fundamental ingredient in many materials to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology 1996 In recognition of his work on the 40Ar39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks 1998 In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymerbased electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays with advantages of very low cost flexibility and the option of curved or flat surfaces 2000 In recognition of his research on ultrashort pulse laser science and technology In his work on streak cameras he first demonstrated the technique of subpicosecond chronoscopy whereby the cameras by synchronous repetition can function as oscilloscopes He conducted pioneering work on coupled cavity modelocking and his discovery of the technique of selfmodelocking led to the commercialisation of subpicosecond pulses over a wide tuning range He also exploited diodepumped solidstate lasers in nonlinear optics for frequency conversion by demonstrating the worlds first allsolidstate optical parametric oscillator 2002 for his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces 2004 in recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation 2006 for his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids 2008 for his extensive and highly innovative work in ultracold matter 2010 for his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques 2012 for his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics including fibre Raman soliton and supercontinuum laser sources which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology 2014 for his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics investigating many ingenious nanostructures both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy solar cell performance and metamaterials applications 2016 奧爾特溫赫斯 表彰他在奈米表面等離子體啟用光學和具有量子增益的光學超材料方面的開創性工作。 2018 for pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales 參考資料 General Specific Category 皇家學會獎項