伊斯坦堡機場（，；），原稱伊斯坦堡新機場（，），是土耳其最大城市伊斯坦堡主要的聯外國際機場，亦是來往歐洲、亞洲及非州的重要航空中轉站之一，位於伊斯坦堡歐洲一方中北部的，於 2018 年 10 月 29 日土耳其國慶日區域性啟用。2019 年 4 月 6 日起，所有原伊斯坦堡阿塔圖克機場的客運航班轉移至該機場作業。 歷史 背景 伊斯坦堡阿塔圖克機場空間不足的問題使得增建跑道變得困難。這限制了機場及其所在城市的發展。因此，土耳其機場管理局無法讓更多的航班、貨物容納於伊斯坦堡阿塔圖克機場。這增加了與空中交通擁擠相關的問題。因此，他們決定建造另一個機場。這個機場旨在服務伊斯坦堡。 由於伊斯坦堡阿塔圖克機場停機位不足，土耳其航空公司的飛機被轉移到薩比哈格克琴機場。薩比哈格克琴機場的航站樓已達到最大容量，可為 2500 萬乘客提供服務。此外，在 2015 年，該機場已經為 2800 萬乘客提供了服務。這一現像是由於 2013 年以來交通增長率平均為 20％。 伊斯坦堡阿塔圖克機場是歐洲最繁忙的機場之一。自 2013 年以來，它在客流量方面一直位居歐洲五大繁忙機場之列。在 2017 年，伊斯坦布林的兩個機場共處理了超過 1 億名乘客。就區域機場面積而言，倫敦地區的六個機場每年為超過 15 億名乘客提供服務，而巴黎地區的三個機場每年為大約 1 億名乘客提供服務。 Location 有關當局決定在 Arnavutköy Göktürk 和 Çatalca 伊斯坦布林市中心以北和之間 黑海 的沿岸城鎮，Tayakadın 和 Akpınar 道路交叉口建設新機場。這個區域 鄰近 Lake Terkos 有些 區域是國有林地。伊斯坦布林機場和阿塔圖爾克機場之間的距離約為 The area encompassed old openpit coal mines which were later filled with soil According to the Environmental Impact Assessment ÇED report published in April 2013 there were a total of 2513341 trees in the area and 657950 of them would need to be cut indispensably while 1855391 trees would be moved to new places However the Ministry of Forest and Water Management claimed the exact number of trees cut and moved would only be revealed after construction was complete Construction For Istanbul Atatürk Airport a tender was made for its construction as well as its functioning The same was held on May 3 2013 4 stages of construction were decided for this project It is said that with the completion of these stages the airport being constructed could serve many passengers Their number was estimated to be around 200 million Considering the time when the airport was being planned this serving capacity could be the biggest across the globe It was decided that in a duration of 42 months stage 1 would be complete Also the handing over of land would get over The project aimed at utilizing around 7 billion This sum did not include any financing cost The government assured a consortium for both construction purposes and operation Further passengers in a number of 342 million were assured over a period of 12 years Grimshaw based in London headed this design team The team had the Nordic Office of Architecture from Norway In addition Haptic based in London was also a part of the team At the bidding session on 3 May 2013 only four out of fifteen Turkish and two foreign companies that were qualified as bidders showed up The Turkish joint venture consortium of CengizKolinLimakMapaKalyon won the tender and were obliged to pay the government 26142 billion including valueadded tax for a 25year lease starting from 2018 The completion date of the constructions first stage was officially set for 2018 42 months after the finalization of the tenders approval The groundbreaking ceremony took place on 7 June 2014Grundsteinlegung für MegaFlughafen in Istanbul weltde 7 Juni 2014 retrieved 8 June 2014 though construction only started in May 2015 after the land was officially handed over The inauguration of the airport took place on the planned date of 29 October 2018 It was reported that the first test landing at the airport would take place on 26 February 2018 however the first landing took place on 20 June 2018 Istanbul Grand Airport to open in October 2018 German 6 October 2017 Testing of navigational and electronic systems with DHMİ aircraft had begun on 15 May 2018 The control tower is in the shape of the Turkish national flower the tulip Project stages The construction of the airport is taking place in several stages expanding the airport and its facilities over time The first stage consists of the main terminal with an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and an area of making it the worlds largest airport terminal building under a single roof despite Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 having a larger floor area at due to tunnels connecting its two concourses There will also be two pairs of parallel runways connected to eight parallel taxiways to the west of the main terminal approximately of apron space and an indoor carpark with a capacity of 12000 vehicles In addition the airport will feature three technical blocks for repairs maintenance and fueling as well as an air traffic control tower eight ramp control towers and hangars for cargo and general aviation aircraft Several other services are also to be in operation including hospitals frequentflyer and VIP lounges prayer rooms convention centers and hotels some of these are expected to form part of the Istanbul Airport City project The second stage will add a third independent runway to the east of the main terminal as well as a fourth remote runway with an eastwest heading and additional taxiways and apron areas The third stage is planned to add a second passenger terminal with a capacity of 60 million annual passengers and an estimated area of around as well as an additional runway and new support facilities area The final and fourth stage of expansion will along with adding another runway allow for the construction of satellite terminals with a combined capacity of 50 million passengers and area of up to if needed Once fully completed by 2025 the airport will have six sets of runways eight in total 16 taxiways and a total annual passenger capacity of 150 million passengers If fully expanded to a capacity of 200 million the airport will exhibit four terminal buildings with interconnecting rail access that combine for a total indoor area of The airport will also have a apron with a parking capacity of 500 aircraft VIP lounges cargo and general aviation facilities a state palace and indoor and outdoor parking that can accommodate up to 70000 cars A medical center aircraft rescue and firefighting stations hotels convention centers power plants and wastewater treatment facilities will also be built Controversies The Turkish Chamber of Environmental Engineers ÇMO took the project tender to court on grounds that the project violated the existing legislation for the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment ÇED report In February 2014 an Istanbul administrative court ordered construction of the airport to be suspended However the groundbreaking ceremony still took place a few months later on 7 June 2014 A report published in Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet in February 2018 claimed that more than 400 workers had been killed during the construction of the airport with accidents killing three to four workers every week and families of the killed workers being paid to remain silent about the incidents Turkish daily Evrensel also alleged that fatal accidents continued to occur This prompted opposition MP Veli Ağbaba to submit a written questionnaire to the Turkish parliament on 13 February 2018 In response the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security claimed that there were only 27 fatalities during the construction of the airport In October 2019 UK publications Construction News and Architects Journal published a joint investigation into fatalities at the airport nicknamed by workers the cemetery as so many have died By this point the official death toll had risen to 55 h unofficial estimates suggested that the figure could be higher than 400 Four architects worked on the airports design three of them being UKbased Grimshaw Architects Scott Brownrigg and Haptic Architects Mass worker protests broke out on 14 September 2018 after a bus carrying workers crashed injuring 17 Complaints by workers included poor living conditions in vermininfested dormitories issues in transportation that had left them stranded under the rain or on site during holidays and long delays in payments among others Police and gendarmerie forces were called in and workers eventually returned to work under alleged threats of arrest or further withholding of wages On 19 December 2018 part of the airport construction site was flooded after heavy rainfall In January 2020 MP Meral Danış Bestaş demanded an explanation for why the new translation service of 36 languages at Istanbul Airport did not include Kurdish the biggest minority language and thus secondbiggest language overall within Turkey Operations The opening ceremony took place on 29 October 2018 scheduled so as to coincide with the 95th anniversary of the proclamation of the Turkish Republic The airport had been unofficially known as Istanbul New Airport during construction the new official name of Istanbul Airport was announced at the opening ceremony The first flight from the airport was Turkish Airlines flight TK2124 to the Turkish capital Ankara on 31 October 2018 On 1 November 2018 five daily flights began to arrive and depart from the airport from Ankara Antalya Baku North Nicosia and İzmir followed by Adana and Trabzon starting in December Before the full transfer all flights were operated exclusively by Turkish Airlines Regularly scheduled flights to all of the new airports destinations continued to depart from Atatürk and Sabiha Gökçen airports alongside these trial flights It was originally planned that on 31 December 2018 all equipment from Atatürk Airport would be transferred to the new airport via the O7 Motorway As of 17 January 2019 the transfer phase was set to start 1 March 2019 However on 25 February the transfer phase was moved a fourth time to 5 April 2019 The full transfer of all scheduled commercial passenger flights from Istanbul Atatürk Airport to the new Istanbul Airport took place on 6 April 2019 between 0200 and 1400 Hundreds of trucks carried more than 10000 pieces of equipment each weighing about 44 tons were moved to the new airport over 41 hours Istanbul Atatürk Airports IATA code IST was also transferred to the new airport 新機場的位置 新機場位於伊斯坦堡市區往北約 35 公里的阿爾納武特柯伊市，若從伊斯坦堡市區出發乘搭巴士前往新機場約需 40 分鐘。 機場設施 該機場目前有一個為國內和國際航班服務的航站樓和 5 個正在執行的跑道。 兩條 1735 跑道的長度均為 4100 公尺（13451 英尺），而 1634 跑道的長度為 3750 公尺（12303 英尺）。 17L35R 和 16R34L 跑道寬 60 公尺（197 英尺），而 17R35L 和 16L34R 跑道寬 45 公尺（148 英尺）；所有跑道表面均為瀝青。 大廳 機場共有 5 個大廳（航廈），字母排列為 A、B、D、F、G，共有 143 座旅客登機橋。 G 大廳位於東南部，專供國內航班使用。 位於 G 大廳以北的 F 大廳的 3 個旅客登機橋也已分配給國內航班。 大廳 A、B、D 和 F 則用於國際航班使用；C 和 E 大廳直接連線到主航站樓，因此不是獨立的大廳。 安全 3500 名保全人員、 1850 名警察、及 750 名移民官員，為機場提供安全保障。使用地面雷達保護機場周邊，每 60 公尺設定固定閉路監視器，每 360 公尺設定可平移、傾斜、變焦等之高階監視器，每 720 米安裝一光纖感測熱像儀。 營運中的航站樓使用多達 9000 個以上閉路監視器。 備註：機場設施已由 Laithomas 翻譯完畢，還請更為專業之維基百科使用者協助調整排版及原文所附圖片，感恩～The airport currently has one terminal in service for domestic and international flights and four runways that are currently in operation The two 1735 runways are both 4100 metres 13451 feet long while the 1634 runways are both 3750 metres 12303 feet long Runways 17L35R and 16R34L are 60 metres 197 feet wide while 17R35L and 16L34R are 45 metres 148 feet wide All runway surfaces are asphalt Concourses The airport features a total of five concourses lettered A B D F and G with a total of 143 passenger boarding bridges Concourse G which is located in the southeast is reserved solely for domestic flights Three passenger boarding bridges of Concourse F which is directly to the north of Concourse G have also been allocated for domestic flights Concourses A B D and F are used for international flights The C and E concourses connect directly to the main terminal and are therefore not independent concourses Security 3500 security personnel and a total of 1850 police including 750 immigration officers provide the airports security The sites perimeter is protected using ground radar fixed CCTV cameras every 60 meters pantiltzoom cameras every 360 meters thermal cameras and fiber optic sensors every 720 meters The active terminal building uses up to 9000 CCTV cameras 航空公司及航點 客運 貨運 啟用狀況 斥資 116 億美金興建的新機場，原計劃在 2018 年 10 月 29 日第一期竣工啟用，但由於工程嚴重延誤，新機場只能在 2018 年 10 月 29 日區域性啟用，而第一期全面竣工日期延誤至 2019 年 4 月 6 日，而 4 月 6 日起，原伊斯坦堡阿塔圖克機場的所有客運航班轉移至此，而當第四期工程在 2028 年全面竣工後，每年可處理 15 億旅客，4 座航廈，還有 6 條跑道（第一期只有 4 條跑道），以及 500 個停機坪（其中 143 個停機位附有登機橋），每小時可處理 19 架次升降，第四期竣工後將成為全球最大的機場。 機埸客運航廈的屋頂採用凸孤度設計，由一枝枝小型的支柱支撐著屋頂，可以從外面引入一些自然光線，而航廈上方的屋頂形成了一個個彎曲的三角形，而玻璃最上方形成了彎曲，而屋頂也形成了一個三角形。 事故和事件 2022 年 11 月 有人對飛往機場的俄羅斯航空公司 SU2130 型飛機發出了炸彈威脅。正因為如此，飛機在 1400 降落在伊斯坦布林機場後被帶到了一個安全的停車區以確保安全。飛機停放在安全地點後，警察小組對飛機進行了搜查，確定威脅是假的。 統計 以下是伊斯坦布林機場 20182023 年的乘客資料和增減記錄： 伊斯坦布林機場乘客統計 年份 國內旅客傳送量 變化 國際旅客傳送量 變化 合計 變化 2018 65006 30199 95205 2019 12574641 192439 39434579 1304824 52009220 545287 2020 7414437 41 15994695 596 23409132 55 2021 10590203 42 26586306 67 37176509 59 2022 15894315 49 48591863 83 64486178 73 2023 截至 2 月 2396623 29 8371441 61 10768064 53 聯外交通 Although currently the airport is only serviced from the city by affordable private Havaist and public İETT buses it will eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro The new M11 line starting from Gayrettepe station is scheduled to open in late 2021 Another from Halkalı on the Marmaray rail line is expected to be completed in 2022 Mainline railway will connect the airport to Halkalı and via outer city bypass running over the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge across the Bosporus and connecting with the Asian rail network at Gebze Taxi Istanbul city taxis are readily available 24 hours a day outside the arrival and departure areas of the airport A trip to Istanbul city centre by taxi takes approximately 40 minutes 參考資料 外部連結 Category 土耳其機場 Category 伊斯坦堡建築物 Category2018 年啟用的機場 Category2018 年土耳其建立