瑪利亞金布塔斯 （，1921 年 1 月 23 日 1994 年 2 月 2 日）為美國籍的立陶宛考古學家，以研究古歐洲新石器時代和青銅時代文化的學術成就而聞名於世，而她的墳塚假說亦被廣泛接納。此假說指出原始印歐語族的起源源於東歐大草原。瑪利亞金布塔斯認為，在立陶宛以及橫跨歐亞大陸的新石器時期的遺址提供了考古證據，證明古代印歐社會既不是母系社會也不是父系社會，但後來她又在某些學術圈子提出意見，認定這些古代社會皆為母系氏族。C Spretnak 2011 Anatomy of a Backlash Concerning the Work of Marija Gimbutas The Journal of Archaeomythology vol 7 生平 瑪利亞金布塔斯出生於立陶宛首都維爾紐斯，本名瑪利亞碧露蒂阿爾塞凱特（立陶宛語：Marija Birutė Alseikaitė），父母都是當地的知識分子。她的母親獲得柏林大學的眼科博士學位，也是立陶宛第一位女醫生。父親則是塔爾圖大學的醫學學位。1918 年立陶宛獨立後，兩人合力創辦維爾紐斯的第一所醫院。除了本身的醫學學科以外，阿爾塞凱特的父母還是立陶宛傳統民間藝術的支持者和鑑賞家，經常邀請維爾紐斯當地的音樂家、作家到家裡做客。這些人對提升阿爾塞凱特的文化素養提供了很大的幫助。 1931 年，阿爾塞凱特和父母一起遷居到考納斯。1936 年，阿爾塞凱特的父親去世，給了阿爾塞凱特比較大的衝擊，也促使她重新思考人生，決定開始認真讀書併成為一名學者。1941 年，她嫁給了建築師約爾吉斯金布塔斯，婚後冠夫姓，先後經歷了蘇聯和納粹德國的統治。1944 年，蘇聯進軍至立陶宛，金布塔斯一家決定逃離，他們先逃亡到納粹帝國，隨後到達維也納，然後是因斯布魯克和巴伐利亞。金布塔斯評價這段流亡生活說：生活就像一顆小植物一樣扭曲了我，但我的工作仍然朝著一個方向持續進行。 1945 年，金布塔斯在蒂賓根大學獲得博士後獎學金。20 世紀 50 年代，金布塔斯一家離開了聯邦德國，前往美國。金布塔斯主要的成就就是在美國取得。1993 年，金布塔斯獲頒立陶宛考納斯的維陶塔斯馬格努斯大學的榮譽博士學位。1994 年 2 月 2 日金布塔斯在洛杉磯去世，終年 73 歲。她被埋葬在考納斯的。 學說 1956 年金布塔斯在《史前的東歐（第一部分）》中首先提出該假說時，她綜合地利用了考古學和語言學來對印歐起源問題進行研究。假說將原始印歐語使用者與東歐大草原的亞姆納文化及其前身相聯絡，並將印歐人的原住地定位在東歐大草原，提出晚期原始印歐語的各種方言曾在這一地區被使用。假說並且認為該文化逐漸擴張直至佔據整個的東歐大草原，最晚階段的文化（墳塚丁）即為前 3000 年左右的亞姆納文化。History And Archaeology Through Laboratory Examinations Tome Egumenoski Aleksandar Donski 2012 pp8 著作 專著 Gimbutas Marija 1946 Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit Tübingen H Laupp Gimbutas Marija 1956 The Prehistory of Eastern Europe Part I Mesolithic Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area American School of Prehistoric Research Harvard University Bulletin No 20 Cambridge MA Peabody Museum Gimbutas Marija 1958 Ancient symbolism in Lithuanian folk art Philadelphia American Folklore Society Memoirs of the American Folklore Society 49 Gimbutas Marija 1963 The Balts London Thames and Hudson Ancient peoples and places 33 Gimbutas Marija 1965 Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe The HagueLondon Mouton Gimbutas Marija 1971 The Slavs London Thames and Hudson Ancient peoples and places 74 Gimbutas Marija 1974 The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe 7000 to 3500 BC Myths Legends and Cult Images London Thames and Hudson Gimbutienė Marija 1985 Baltai priešistoriniais laikais etnogenezė materialinė kultūra ir mitologija Vilnius Mokslas Gimbutas Marija 1989 The Language of the Goddess Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization San Francisco Harper Row Gimbutas Marija 1991 The Civilization of the Goddess The World of Old Europe San Francisco Harper Gimbutas Marija 1992 Die Ethnogenese der europäischen Indogermanen Innsbruck Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft Vorträge und kleinere Schriften 54 Gimbutas Marija 1994 Das Ende Alteuropas Der Einfall von Steppennomaden aus Südrussland und die Indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas Innsbruck Institut für Sprachwissenschaft Gimbutas Marija edited and supplemented by Miriam Robbins Dexter 1999 The Living Goddesses BerkeleyLos Angeles University of California Press 著集 Gimbutas Marija ed 1974 Obre Neolithic Sites in Bosnia Sarajevo A Archaeologic Gimbutas Marija ed 1976 Neolithic Macedonia as reflected by excavation at Anza southeast Yugoslavia Los Angeles Institute of Archaeology University of California Monumenta archaeologica 1 Renfrew Colin Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine S Elster 1986 Excavations at Sitagroi a prehistoric village in northeast Greece Vol 1 Los Angeles Institute of Archaeology University of California Monumenta archaeologica 13 Gimbutas Marija Shan Winn and Daniel Shimabuku 1989 Achilleion a Neolithic settlement in Thessaly Greece 64005600 BC Los Angeles Institute of Archaeology University of California Los Angeles Monumenta archaeologica 14 文章 1960 Culture Change in Europe at the Start of the Second Millennium BC A Contribution to the IndoEuropean Problem Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Philadelphia September 19 1956 ed AFC Wallace Philadelphia University of Philadelphia Press 1960 pp 540552 1961 Notes on the chronology and expansion of the Pitgrave culture LEurope à la fin de lAge de la pierre eds J Bohm S J De Laet Prague Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 1961 pp 193200 1963 The IndoEuropeans archaeological problems American Anthropologist 65 1963 815836 1970 ProtoIndoEuropean Culture The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth Fourth and Third Millennia BC IndoEuropean and IndoEuropeans Papers Presented at the Third IndoEuropean Conference at the University of Pennsylvania ed George Cardona Henry M Hoenigswald Alfred Senn Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1970 pp 155197 1973 Old Europe c 70003500 BC The Earliest European Civilization Before the Infiltration of the IndoEuropean Peoples Journal of IndoEuropean Studies JIES 1 1973 121 1977 The First Wave of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe JIES 5 1977 277338 Gold Treasure at Varna Archaeology 30 1 1977 4451 1979 The Three Waves of Kurgan People into Old Europe 45002500 BC Archives suisses danthropologie genérale 432 1979 113137 1980 The Kurgan wave 2 c34003200 BC into Europe and the following transformation of culture JIES 8 1980 273315 The Temples of Old Europe Archaeology 336 1980 4150 1982 Old Europe in the Fifth Millennium BC The European Situation on the Arrival of IndoEuropeans The IndoEuropeans in the Fourth and Third Millennia BC ed Edgar C Polomé Ann Arbor Karoma Publishers 1982 pp 160 Women and Culture in Goddessoriented Old Europe The Politics of Womens Spirituality ed Charlene Spretnak New York Doubleday 1982 pp 2231 Vulvas Breasts and Buttocks of the Goddess Creatress Commentary on the Origins of Art The Shape of the Past Studies in Honor of Franklin D Murphy eds Giorgio Buccellati Charles Speroni Los Angeles UCLA Institute of Archaeology 1982 1985 Primary and Secondary Homeland of the IndoEuropeans Comments on GamkrelidzeIvanov Articles JIES 1312 1985 185202 1986 Kurgan Culture and the Horse critique of the article The Kurgan Culture IndoEuropean origins and the domestication of the horse a reconsideration by David W Anthony same issue pp 291313 Current Anthropology 274 1986 305307 1987 The PreChristian Religion of Lithuania La Cristianizzazione della Lituania Rome 1987 1988 A Review of Archaeology and Language by Colin Renfrew Current Anthropology 293 Jul 1988 453456 Accounting For a Great Change critique of Archaeology and Language by C Renfrew London Times Literary Supplement Jun 2430 1988 p 714 1990 The Social Structure of the Old Europe Part II JIES 18 1990 225284 1992 The Chronologies of Eastern Europe Neolithic through Early Bronze Age Chronologies in Old World Archaeology vol 1 ed RW Ehrich Chicago London University of Chicago Press 1992 pp 395406 文集 Dexter Miriam Robbins and Karlene JonesBley eds 1997 The Kurgan culture and the IndoEuropeanization of Europe Selected articles from 1952 to 1993 by M Gimbutas Journal of IndoEuropean Studies monograph 18 Washington DC Institute for the Study of Man 榮譽研究 Skomal Susan Nacev Edgar C Polomé eds 1987 ProtoIndoEuropean The Archaeology of a Linguistic Problem Studies in Honor of Marija Gimbutas Washington DC Institute for the Study of Man Marler Joan ed 1997 From the Realm of the Ancestors An Anthology in Honor of Marija Gimbutas Manchester CT Knowledge Ideas Trends Inc Dexter Miriam Robbins and Edgar C Polomé eds 1997 Varia on the IndoEuropean Past Papers in Memory of Gimbutas Marija Journal of IndoEuropean Studies Monograph 19 Washington DC The Institute for the Study of Man 另見 路易斯H摩爾根 JJ巴霍芬 亞姆納文化 資料來源 參考文獻 Category1921 年出生 Category1994 年逝世 Category 美國考古學家 Category 女性主義者 Category 美國作家 Category 維爾紐斯大學校友 Category 蒂賓根大學校友 Category 葬於彼得拉休奈公墓者