中等強國是一個於國際關係中使用的一個詞。中等強國是用來描述一些並非超級大國或列強，但在國際上有一定影響力的國家。國際社會仍未對中等強國的定義有共識。 定義 中等強國並沒有統一的定義。某些研究人員以 GNP 來劃分中等強國。在經濟方面來說，中等強國普遍上是指國家的經濟體系不大，但也不小。但是，經濟並不是劃分中等強國的標準。在原本的定義中，中等強國指一個國家對國際某程度上有一些影響力，但其影響力並不遍佈世界每個角落。但是，這個定義並沒有成為標準。因此，某些中等強國列表中可能包含「大國」或「小國」。 中等強國的外交 中等強國外交特點： 透過全球性組織進行多方合作和與其他中等強國結盟。 對外政策有極大程度的公民社會的參與。 國家認同建立並反映於「新穎的外交政策」上，如維持和平、人類安全保障、加入國際刑事法院、參加京都議定書等環保條約等。 中等強國列表 以下是一個中等強國列表，所有被列出的國家皆被學者或專家承認其中等強國的地位。只是中等強國和大國之間的重複國家，以及中等強國和小國之間的重覆國家，其邊界定義模糊。 美國、中國、法國、英國、俄羅斯通常都被認定為大國，而非中等強國，全因其軍事和戰略地位顯赫，以及其有核國家、聯合國安理會常任理事國的地位。而美國更加是全球唯一的超級大國。 日本、德國、印度、巴西有時被認定為大國，而非中等強國。原因是這四國，為最有實力爭取聯合國安全理事會常任理事國擴增改革的新成員候選國；這四國並組成四國聯盟，希望透過相互支援，推動未來改革的成功。此外，這四國在國際間也擁有不小的影響力，其中日本、德國是七大工業國組織成員國，而印度、巴西則是金磚國家成員國。 Tobias Harris Japan Accepts its MiddlePower Fate Far Eastern Economic Review Vol 171 No 6 2008 p 45 Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia sitting uneasily between the US its security ally and China its most important economic partner In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia India South Korea and the members of AseanHazleton WA 2005 Middle Power Bandwagoning Australias Security Relationship with the United States allacademicYasmi Adriansyah Questioning Indonesias place in the world Asia Times 20 September 2011 Countries often categorized as middle power MP include Australia Canada and Japan The reasons for this categorization are the nations advanced politicaleconomic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arenaparticularly with the emerging notion of BRIC Brazil Russia India and China Wurst J 2006 Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper GSICooper AF 1997 Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers after the Cold War palgraveBernard Wood Towards NorthSouth Middle Power Coalitions in Middle Power Internationalism The NorthSouth Dimension edited by Cranford Pratt Montreal McGillQueens University Press 1990 Higgott RA Cooper AF 1990 Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building Inoguchi K 2002 The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote Behringer RM 2005 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda SAGECrosby AD 1997 A MiddlePower Military in Alliance Canada and NORAD JSTORPetersen K 2003 Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power Dissident Voice Pratt C 1990 Middle Power Internationalism MQUP Ploughshares Monitor 1997 Scrapping the Bomb The role of middle power countries Solomon S 1997 South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership ISSJonathan H Ping Middle Power Statecraft Indonesia Malaysia and the Asia Pacific Aldershot Ashgate Publishing 2005 Middle Power Internationalism The NorthSouth Dimension edited by Cranford Pratt Montreal McGillQueens University Press 1990 Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy See Federiga Bindi Italy and the European Union Washington DC Brookings Institution Press 2011 p 171Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military cultural and diplomatic affairs The countrys European political social and economic influence make it a major regional power See Italy Justice System and National Police Handbook Vol 1 Washington DC International Business Publications 2009 p 9 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch Syria and Iran Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System London Routledge 1997 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch Syria and Iran Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System London Routledge 1997Ahouie M 2004 Iran Analysis Quarterly MITForeign Affairs Committee 2006 Iran Kim R Nossal and Richard Stubbs Mahathirs Malaysia An Emerging Middle Power in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas The Cases of Argentina and Mexico in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997Pierre G Goad Middle Powers to the Rescue Far Eastern Economic Review Vol 163 No 24 2000 p 69Pellicer O 2006 Mexico a Reluctant Middle Power FES Middle Powers Initiative 2004 Building Bridges What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT GSI Heine J 2006 On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy ISNGladys Lechini Middle Powers IBSA and the New SouthSouth Cooperation NACLA Report on the Americas Vol 40 No 5 2007 2833 Today a new more selective SouthSouth cooperation has appeared bringing some hope to the people of our regions The trilateral alliance known as the India Brazil and South Africa Dialogue Forum or IBSA exemplifies the trend The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests All three consider themselves middle powers and leaders of their respective regions yet they have also been subject to pressures from the NorthDaniel Flemes Emerging Middle Powers Soft Balancing Strategy State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum Hamburg GIGA 2007 Kirton J 2006 Harpers Foreign Policy Success according to Yves Lacoste Géopolitique Larousse 2009p 134 both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas Peter Vale South Africa Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997Janis Van Der Westhuizen South Africas Emergence as a Middle Power Third World Quarterly Vol 19 No 3 1998 pp 435455Pfister R 2006 The Apartheid Republuc and African States HNet Loo BF 2005 Transforming Singapores Military Security Landscape Problems and Prospects allacademicTan ATH 1999 Singapores Defence Capabilities Trends and Implications questia Rudengren J Gisle P Brann K 1995 Middle Power Clout Sweden And The Development Banks Armstrong DF 1997 South Koreas foreign policy in the postCold War era A middle power perspective Gilbert Rozman South Korea and SinoJapanese Rivalry A Middle Powers Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle Pacific Review Vol 20 No 2 2007 pp 197220Woosang Kim Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security in The United States and Northeast Asia Debates Issues and New Order edited by G John Ikenbgerry and Chungin Moon Lantham Rowman Littlefield 2008 Andrew F Cooper Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M Shaw Lessons fromfor BRICSAM about SouthNorth Relations at the Start of the 21st Century Economic Size Trumps All Else International Studies Review Vol 9 No 4 Winter 2007 pp 675 687Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel Turkey A Middle Power in the New Order in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Andrew F Cooper Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M Shaw Lessons fromfor BRICSAM about SouthNorth Relations at the Start of the 21st Century Economic Size Trumps All Else International Studies Review Vol 9 No 4 Winter 2007 pp 675 687 參見 超級強國 潛在超級大國 大國 地域大國 小國 新興工業化國家 參考 外部連結 中等強國 延伸閱讀 booksgooglecom Weak States in the International System By Michael I Handel South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership Relocating Middle Powers Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order Middle Power Internationalism Book info Emerging Powers Governance in a Changing Global Order a Queens Centre for International Relations annual report Category 國家型別 Category 軍事術語 Category 霸權 Category 國際關係理論 Category 政治學術語 Category16 世紀新詞 Category 政治術語