zhtw 資料新聞學；zhcn 資料新聞；（zhtw 中國大陸稱資料新聞；zhcn 臺灣或稱資料新聞學；）是指透過對大量資料集進行分析與篩檢後來產出新聞報導（故事）的一種新聞處理程序。在資料新聞學中，我們常常會使用到網路上可自由取得的開放資料，然後使用開放原始碼軟體來處理分析。資料新聞學希望能服務大眾、協助消費者、經理管理人、政治人物來瞭解固定出現的模式，並根據出現的現像擬定策略。因此，資料新聞學將會使新聞記者在社會上扮演新的角色。 定義 根據資訊架構師和多媒體新聞記者 Mirko Lorenz 的說法，資訊新聞學是一個包含了下列這些元素的完整 workflow 工作流程 將資料純淨化、結構化來「深入資料」，挖掘特定資訊來「過濾資料」，再將資料「視覺化」以做出報導。Lorenz Mirko 2010 Data driven journalism What is there to learn Presented at IJ7 Innovation Journalism Conference 79 June 2010 Stanford CA 另外也可以將這個過處理過程擴充加入其他步驟，使其適用於個人層面或是更廣的公共層面。 資料新聞學訓練員暨作家 Paul Bradshaw 用一種類似的方式來描述這種資料導向的新聞工作：必須要能夠使用像是 MySQL 或是 Python 等資料處理軟體來「找到」資料；然後「訊問」它，也就是要能夠理解當中的術語以及統計學；最後藉由開放原始碼工具將其「視覺化」及「混搭」。Bradshaw Paul 1 October 2010 How to be a data journalist The Guardian 另外一個以結果導向來定義這個詞的資料記者暨網路趨勢研究者 web strategist Henk van Ess 2012 van Ess Henk 2012 Gory details of data driven journalism 認為「資料導向的新聞工作使得記者能夠找到尚未被發現的事件，或是透過這套搜尋資料的流程來找到新的角度完成這份報導，也就是運用可行的開放原始碼工具對這些資料（可能是任何形式）加工並呈現出來。」Van Ess 認為一些資料導向的工作流程會使其產品「不在好敘事的範疇裡」，因為做出來的結果在於強調問題，而非闡述問題。「一個好的資料導向生產流程擁有不同的層面。它不只能夠讓你找到只對你重要，且個人化的內容，還能夠鑽到相關的細節裡讓你能夠廣覽全域性。」 基於資料的新聞報導 Telling stories based on the data is the primary goal The findings from data can be transformed into any form of journalistic writing Visualizations can be used to create a clear understanding of a complex situation Furthermore elements of storytelling can be used to illustrate what the findings actually mean from the perspective of someone who is affected by a development This connection between data and story can be viewed as a new arc trying to span the gap between developments that are relevant but poorly understood to a story that is verifiable trustworthy relevant and easy to remember 資料品質 In many investigations the data that can be found might have omissions or is misleading As one layer of datadriven journalism a critical examination of the data quality is important In other cases the data might not be public or is not in the right format for further analysis eg is only available in a PDF Here the process of datadriven journalism can turn into stories about data quality or refusals to provide the data by institutions As the practice as a whole is in early development steps examinations of data sources data sets data quality and data format are therefore an equally important part of this work 資料新聞學和信任的力量 Based on the perspective of looking deeper into facts and drivers of events there is a suggested change in media strategies In this view the idea is to move from attention to trust The creation of attention which has been a pillar of media business models has lost its relevance because reports of new events are often faster distributed via new platforms such as Twitter than through traditional media channels On the other hand trust can be understood as a scarce resource While distributing information is much easier and faster via the web the abundance of offerings creates costs to verify and check the content of any story create an opportunity The view to transform media companies into trusted data hubs has been described in an article crosspublished in February 2011 on Ownieu and Nieman Lab 資料新聞學的進行過程 The process to transform raw data into stories is aking to a refinement and transformation The main goal is to extract information recipients can act upon The task of a data journalist is to extract what is hidden This approach can be applied to almost any context such as finances health environment or other areas of public interest 倒金字塔資料新聞學 In 2011 Paul Bradshaw introduced a model he called The Inverted Pyramid of Data Journalism 進行步驟 In order to achieve this the process should be split up into several steps While the steps leading to results can differ a basic distinction can be made by looking at six phases Find Searching for data on the web Clean Process to filter and transform data preparation for visualization Visualize Displaying the pattern either as a static or animated visual Publish Integrating the visuals attaching data to stories Distribute Enabling access on a variety of devices such as the web tablets and mobile Measure Tracking usage of data stories over time and across the spectrum of uses 步驟描述 尋找資料 Data can be obtained directly from governmental databases such as datagov datagovuk and World Bank Data API but also by placing Freedom of Information requests to government agencies some requests are made and aggregated on websites like the UKs What Do They Know While there is a worldwide trend towards opening data there are national differences as to what extend that information is freely available in usable formats If the data is in a webpage scrapers are used to generate a spreadsheet Examples of scrapers are ScraperWiki Firefox plugin OutWit Hub or Needlebase note Needlebase will be retired June 1 2012httpneedlebasecom accessed February 10 2012 In other cases OCRSoftware can be used to get data from PDFs Data can also be created by the public through crowd sourcing as shown in March 2012 at the Datajournalism Conference in Hamburg by Henk van Ess 資料清洗 Usually data is not in a format that is easy to visualize Examples being that there are too many data points or that the rows and columns need to be sorted differently Another issue is that once investigated many datasets need to be cleaned structured and transformed Various open source tools like Google Refine Data Wrangler and Google Spreadsheets allow uploading extracting or formatting data 資料視覺化 To visualize data in the form of graphs and charts applications such as Many Eyes or Tableau Public are available Yahoo Pipes and Open Heat Map are examples of tools that enable the creation of maps based on data spreadsheets The number of options and platforms is expanding Some new offerings provide options to search display and embed data an example being Timetric To create meaningful and relevant visualizations journalists use a growing number of tools There are by now several descriptions what to look for and how to do it Most notable published articles are Joel Gunter ijf11 Lessons in data journalism from the New York Times published on Journalismcouk April 16 2011 Steve Myers Using Data Visualization as a Reporting Tool Can Reveal Storys Shape published on Poynter April 10 2009 updated March 4 2011 including a link to a tutorial by Sarah Cohen As of 2011 the use of HTML 5 libraries using the canvas tag is gaining in popularity There are numerous libraries enabling to graph data in a growing variety of forms One example here would be RGraph As of 2011 there is a growing list of JavaScript libraries allowing to visualize data 出版資料故事 There are different options to publish data and visualizations A basic approach is to attach the data to single stories similar to embedding web videos More advanced concepts allow to create single dossiers eg to display a number of visualizations articles and links to the data on one page Often such specials have to be coded individually as many Content Management Systems are designed to display single posts based on the date of publication 散佈資料 Providing access to existing data is another phase which is gaining importance Think of the sites as marketplaces commercial or not where datasets can be found easily by others Especially of the insights for an article where gained from Open Data journalists should provide a link to the data they used for others to investigate potentially starting another cycle of interogation leading to new insights Providing access to data and enabling groups to discuss what information could be extracted is the main idea behind Buzzdata a site using the concepts of social media such as sharing and following to create a community for data investigations Other platforms which can be used both to gather or to distribute data Help Me Investigate created by Paul Bradshaw Kasabi currently in public beta Aug 2011 Timetric 評量以資料說故事的影響 A final step of the process is to measure how often a dataset or visualization is viewed In the context of datadriven journalism the extent of such tracking such as collecting user data or any other information that could be used for marketing reasons or other uses beyond the control of the user should be viewed as problematic One newer nonintrusive option to measure usage is a lightweight tracker called PixelPing The tracker is the result of a project by ProPublica and DocumentCloud There is a corresponding backend solution to collect the data The software is open source and can be downloaded via GitHub 例項 There is a growing list of examples how datadriven journalism can be applied The Guardian being one of the pioneering media companies in this space see Data journalism at the Guardian what is it and how do we do it Rogers Simon 2011 httpwwwguardiancouknewsdatablog2011jul28datajournalism has compiled an extensive list of data stories see All of our data journalism in one spreadsheet Evans Lisa 2011 httpwwwguardiancouknewsdatablog2011jan27datastoreofficefornationalstatistics Other prominent uses of data driven journalism is related to the release by whistleblower organization WikiLeaks of the Afghan War Diary a compendium of 91000 secret military reports covering the war in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2010Kabul War Diary 26 July 2010 WikiLeaks Three global broadsheets namely The Guardian The New York Times and Der Spiegel dedicated extensive sectionsAfghanistan The War Logs 26 July 2010 The GuardianThe War Logs 26 July 2010 The New York TimesThe Afghanistan Protocol Explosive Leaks Provide Image of War from Those Fighting It 26 July 2010 Der Spiegel to the documents The Guardians reporting included an interactive map pointing out the type location and casualties caused by 16000 IED attacksAfghanistan war logs IED attacks on civilians coalition and Afghan troops 26 July 2010 The Guardian The New York Times published a selection of reports that permits rolling over underlined text to reveal explanations of military termsText From a Selection of the Secret Dispatches 26 July 2010 The New York Times while Der Spiegel provided hybrid visualizations containing both graphs and maps on topics like the number deaths related to insurgent bomb attacksDeathly Toll Death as a result of insurgent bomb attacks 26 July 2010 Der Spiegel For the Iraq War logs release The Guardian used Google Fusion tables to create an interactive map of every incident where someone diedWikileaks Iraq war logs every death mapped 22 October 2010 Guardian Datablog a technique it used again in the England riots of 2011UK riots every verified incident interactive map 11 August 2011 Guardian Datablog 參見 Database journalism Computational journalism Open science data 開放原始碼 Open knowledge 陽光法案 資訊視覺化 外部連結 DataDrivenJournalismnet The Data Journalism Handbook 「資料新聞學」手冊 資料新聞學，從零開始 網站 參考文獻 Category 新聞學