文化鬥爭是指普魯士王國與羅馬天主教會在 1870 年代的政治角力。 當時普魯士王國首相卑斯麥於 1871 年到 1878 年所頒布的政策，旨在減少羅馬天主教會對普魯士的影響和權力；該政策最終失敗告吹。 歷史 俾斯麥作為堅定的新教徒，從未完全相信羅馬天主教徒對德意志帝國的忠誠度 Britannica The Editors of Encyclopaedia Kulturkampf Encyclopedia Britannica 25 Feb 2013 httpswwwbritannicacomeventKulturkampf Accessed 30 April 2021；此前，教宗無誤論在第一次梵蒂岡大公會議中由教宗庇護九世正式頒佈為天主教教義，使得德國天主教徒內部產生分裂，也引來的普魯士政府的干涉。德國政府認為羅馬天主教會在德國東方激起波蘭民族主義情緒，德國天主教徒支援教廷的行為也使俾斯麥對天主教徒產生了懷疑；天主教徒此前在 1870 年成立德國中央黨，不信任新教為主體的普魯士在德國內的主導地位，也經常反對俾斯麥的政策。 從 1871 年至 1876 年，普魯士政府頒佈了一系列政策，旨在削弱天主教會的勢力；政策包括對神職人員的教育背景提出要求並進行考核、禁止耶穌會的工作、將教育和婚姻世俗化（即取消教會主導的制度）等 Fulbrook Mary A concise history of Germany Cambridge University Press 2019。一部分沒有遵守此些政策的天主教神父和主教被驅逐出境或監禁，但文化鬥爭反而使天主教徒更加團結；在 1874 年的選舉中，中央黨的得票數反而增加了一倍。至 1870 年代後期，俾斯麥開始傾向於保守主義和貿易保護主義而非自由主義，並逐漸結束了文化鬥爭、修改部分針對天主教會的法律。 有學者認為，文化鬥爭造就了德國中央黨，並使其成為此後數十年在德國政壇上不可輕視的勢力；甚至二戰後的德國基督教民主聯盟也深受德國中央黨影響。 另見 文化戰爭 費裡法 宗教自由 資料來源 參考文獻 Anderson Margaret Lavinia Windthorst A Political Biography 1981 the leader pf the Catholic Center Party Bennette Rebecca Ayako Fighting for the Soul of Germany The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification Harvard University Press 2012 368 pages examines Catholics promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871 Blackbourn David Marpingen Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in NineteenthCentury Germany Oxford 1993 Gross Michael B The War against Catholicism Liberalism and the AntiCatholic Imagination in NineteenthCentury Germany 2005 Hope Nicholas Prussian Protestantism in Philip G Dwyer ed Modern Prussian History 18301947 2001 pp 188208 Lamberti Marjorie Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia 18661914 in Philip G Dwyer ed Modern Prussian History 18301947 2001 pp 169187 Ross Ronald J The failure of Bismarcks Kulturkampf Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany 18711887 Washington DC 1998 Ross Ronald J Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany Journal of Modern History 1984 456482 in JSTOR Ross Ronald J The Kulturkampf Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarcks Germany in by Richard Helmstadter ed Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century 1997 pp 172195 Trzeciakowski Lech The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland East European Monographs 1990 223 pp Zeender John Ludwig Windthorst 18121891 History 1992 77250 pp 23754 the leader pf the Catholic Center Party 外部連結 detailed article by Martin Spahn written in 1910 Bismarcks Failure the Kulturkampf long description Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League 1887 Statistics on Membership 18871913 English trasnslation a German antiCatholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf Bismarcks Domestic Polices 1871 1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarcks entire domestic policies by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin Kulturkampf Now and Then 13paged essay in pdf by a Professor of the United States Air Force Academy Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament 1873 speech of Ludwig Windthorst following its analysis Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Speech in the Prussian House of Lords March 10 1873 Kulturkampf Bibliography by LitDok EastCentral Europe HerderInstitut Marburg Category 宗教與政治 Category 侵犯人權 Category 宗教迫害 Category 德國天主教史 Category 德意志帝國 Category 奧托馮俾斯麥 Category19 世紀基督教 Category 德語詞彙或短語