巴勒斯坦教育指巴勒斯坦國（包括西岸地區及加沙走廊）的教育系統，由巴勒斯坦教育及高等教育部及管理。相對於國際標準，巴勒斯坦的國民入學率已達到較高水平。根據 2003 年的調查顯示，巴勒斯坦有六成的 10 至 24 歲人士享有教育優先權。其青少年識字率為 922，全國國民總體識字率則為 911。2007 年，巴勒斯坦的高等教育入學率為 462％，是世界上最高的國家之一。 教育系統 巴勒斯坦的學校分為男子學校、女子學校及男女校，而教育亦分成三個層級，分別為「基礎義務教育」、「中等教育」及「高等教育」。基礎義務教育指一至十年級，其中的學前教育為一至四年級；中等教育指十一至十二年級，由中學及部分職業學校提供課程；高等教育包含 11 所大學（1 所公立，10 所私立）與 11 所科技學院（4 所屬巴勒斯坦官方，2 所屬（UNRWA），以及 4 所公立學校、1 所私立學校），提供多為四年制的課程。除此之外，巴勒斯坦有 19 所社群學院，主要提供為期兩年的科學或商業文憑課程。 巴勒斯坦的第一所難民營學校於 1949 年成立，由紅十字國際委員會營運 Rosenfeld Maya Confronting the occupation work education and political activism of Palestinian families in a refugee camp Stanford University Press 2004 p213 not to be confused with the Palestine Red Crescent Society established in 1968 initially to operate ambulances；而第一所屬於 UNRWA 的六年制小學則在 1959 年開始營運 Rüdiger Wolfrum Christiane Philipp United Nations law policies and practice Volume 2 1995 p1358。UNRWA 的學校只提供一年級至十年級的課程，不涵蓋中學教育。自 1967 年起，UNRWA 在巴勒斯坦的教育中擔當著重要的角色。 根據巴勒斯坦的政策，即使一至三年級學生表現不佳，也不必留級。而四至十二年級學生的留級條件取決於全學年的平均分，當中每班的留級比率不多於 5。然而，學校不會為留級生提供額外的課程。 教育管理 巴勒斯坦教育及高等教育部（MOEHE）於 1994 年創立及運作，其設立目的為確保所有人可接受教育、改善教育質素及水平，以及為國民提供平衡和全面的發展。1996 年，MOEHE 拆分為兩個獨立的部門 基礎教育部及高等教育部，並在 2002 年再次合併成 MOEHE。MOEHE 負責管理巴勒斯坦的教育系統、招聘教師，並會與教育主管討論有關教師培訓的問題。另外，MOEHE 也負責管理政府教育機構，並監督 UNRWA 或私人教育組織。巴勒斯坦教育的管理體系由 22 個教育主管組成。當中有 16 個來自西岸地區，6 個來自加沙。 教育經費 巴勒斯坦的財政部負責提出教育經費的預算。2003 年，教育經費在政府總支出中大約佔兩成。除政府經費外，不少捐助國和國際組織也會為巴勒斯坦的教育提供資金。由於在教育方面的投資不足，巴勒斯坦的學習環境頗為擠迫和惡劣。不少學校沒有學費這一大收入來源，而且難以確保其有足夠物資，例如有特殊需要或遭受心理傷害的學生只能享有有限度的服務。此外，加沙和西岸地區的教育資源分配的問題在近年亦變得嚴重。 教育政策 A formal sector plan was not developed until five years after the creation of the MOEHE but this does not mean that planning was ignored until then A formal fiveyear plan was first discussed in 1998 and it took more than a year to prepare UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning IIEP provided technical assistance in developing the plan and the MOEHE set up two working teams one focused on policy and another worked the details FiveYear Education Development Plan 20002005 had five goals 1 to provide access to education for all children 2 to improve the quality of education 3 to develop formal and nonformal education 4 to develop management capacity in planning administration finance and 5 to develop human resources across the education system Education Development Strategic Plan EDSP 20082012 has four goals 1 to increase access of schoolaged children and students of all education levels and improve the ability of the education system to retain them Access 2 to improve the quality of teaching and learning Quality 3 to develop the capacity for planning and management and to improve the financial and management systems used Management and 4 to realize a gradual conversion of the higher education sector from a supplyoriented to a demandoriented sector which will gradually guarantee more compatibility between higher education outputs and labor market s need from qualitatively and quantitatively Relevance Goal 1 to 3 is for preschool general nonformal higher education and vocational education and Goal 4 is only for higher education and vocational education 學前教育 巴勒斯坦的學前教育物件為小童，小童通常會於 4 歲至 6 歲時接受學前教育。巴勒斯坦的學前教育入學率接近三成，當地約有 898 所私立幼稚園，其中只有 3 所由巴勒斯坦當局運營。雖然大多數的幼稚園為私立，但 MOEHE 會提供技術、許可證及資金，並協助督導教育及培訓教師。 基礎教育 預備階段 在 20052006 學年，共有 383748 個學生入學，屬於「預備階段」。當中有 195618 人為男性，188130 為女性。在這些學生當中，238000 人就讀巴勒斯坦當局所運營的學校，109419 人就讀 UNRWA 的學校，35829 人就讀私立學校。 預備階段的總入學率為 804，而男童及女童的入學率皆為 804。 一至四年級的教育沒有筆試和分數上的分級，教師會透過總結性評估、觀察等途徑判斷學生是否有進步及可畢業。 正式階段 在 20052006 學年，巴勒斯坦共有 569873 學生屬於「正式階段」，其中男性佔 296247，女性佔 283626。當中有 70 的學生就讀巴勒斯坦當局運營的學校，25 就讀 UNRWA 的學校，5 就讀私立學校。 正式階段的總入學率為 975，男童的入學率為 957，女童則為 995。 巴勒斯坦基礎教育的畢業考試主要為九年級學生而設。不過，能力與九年級學生相當的離校生亦可參加畢業考試，以獲取基礎教育考試證書。 2003 和 2007 年，八年級的學生需要參加 TIMSS 評估。2003 年數學和科學測試的分數分別為 390 和 435，2007 年則為 367 和 404。 中等教育 Secondary education consists of two years and includes an academic and a vocational program MOEHE 2005b Students are able to select either of these programs but their right to entry is based on successful completion of Grade 10 based on the results of their final assessments In secondary academic education in 20052006 a total 118868 students were enrolled in schools Among them most students were enrolled in schools provided by the Palestinian Authority 114790 students 97 percent of total and about 3 percent of the students were enrolled in private schools UNRWA does not provide education at secondary level Gross enrollment ratios for empowerment stage were 975 for total 957 for male and 995 for female students In secondary vocational education during the 20052006 school year a total of 5999 students were enrolled in schools Among them most students were enrolled in schools operated by the Palestinian Authority 5653 students 94 percent of total and about 6 percent of the students were enrolled in private schools Gross enrollment ratios for empowerment stage are 975 for total 957 for male and 995 for female students Gross enrollment ratios for secondary education were 752 for total 692 for male and 816 for female students In the secondary education 20052006 school year there were in total 3734 classes of which 185 classes 5 percent were coeducational While in the West Bank the share of coeducational classes was 74 percent in The Gaza Strip only 01 percent of the total classes were coeducational in fact only one school Certificate of General Secondary Education Examination Tawjihee was issued for high school students in grade 12 to prepare them for admission to the universities 高等教育 高等教育通常包括四年的大學教育，學生在當中可取得學士學歷，而碩士學歷則需要額外就讀兩年方可取得。有些院校則提供兩年的文憑課程。 2005 年，加薩及西岸地區有 10 所大學、1 所遠距教學院校（聖城公開大學）、13 所大學學院，以及 19 所社群學院。當中大部分的院校都是在以色列的佔領下建立和發展的。大多數的大學都是非牟利機構，他們將募捐的款項和巴勒斯坦當局提供的資金一併使用。 在 20042005 學年，高等教育機構共招收了 138139 名學生。當中有 76650 名學生就讀大學，46453 名學生就讀遠距教學院校，6034 名學生就讀大學學院，以及 9002 名學生就讀社群學院。在大學、公開大學和大學院校，男性學生的比例比女性學生高，社群學院的女性比例則較男性高。2007 年，高等教育總入學率為 462，男性為 416，女性則為 509。 在巴勒斯坦的高等教育中，就讀社會科學、教育、人文和藝術的學生人數較多，就讀科學和工程的則相對少。 高等教育的需求在近年明顯上升。1995 至 2006 年期間，入讀高等教育院校的學生增加了三倍。有學者指，巴勒斯坦當局不僅要滿足因中等教育畢業生人數增加而引致的更大高等教育需求，更要保持高登教育的質素和相關性，以適應全球經濟的不斷變化的需要。另外，由於巴勒斯坦當局的財政狀況不佳，高等教育的資金被認為不足夠。現時巴勒斯坦的高等教育制度非常依賴學生繳付的費用，學費佔大學經營成本的六成。 The MOEHE has developed a new student loan scheme for tertiary education The objectives of this loan scheme are 1 to create a sustainable resource that will assist students into the future 2 to ensure that students understand their responsibility to share the cost of their education 3 to provide a strong streamlined repayment system that is easy and fair repayments of loans must be collected from all students and 4 to provide a collection mechanism that will ensure sustainability a revolving fund UNESCO states that because of isolation the Universities have suffered in particular from the absence of research departments Interuniversity cooperation programmes are underway such as TOKTEN PEACE and MEDCAMPUS They are supported by partners such as the European Union UNESCO and the UNDP The PEACE programme PalestinianEuropean Academic Cooperation in Education involves 23 Palestinian Authority and European universities It has been particularly noteworthy for having allowed students and teachers from the West Bank and Gaza to be admitted to European faculties at a time when the university establishments of Gaza and the West Bank were closed In a second phase it is to provide for the dispatch of missions of volunteer academics on sabbatical from Europe North America and the rest of the world to the West Bank and Gaza Palestinian students wishing to obtain a doctorate must study either in Israel or overseas 教育院校與機構 巴勒斯坦學術網路 職業技術培訓教育 TVET Formal vocational education starts after basic education and lasts two years After graduation students can join university colleges diploma in 2 years or Bachelor in 4 years or colleges 2 years There are five streams in schoolbased vocational training industrial agricultural commercial hotel and home economics Fifteen secondary industrial schools offer 17 specializations and 2185 students are enrolled in 200405 All but three of these industrial schools are funded by government Sixty four academic secondary schools offer commercial subjects and nearly 3000 students are enrolled The two hotel training schools are private Total students enrollment for the five streams increased from around 3000 in 19992000 to 5561 in 200405 This is considerably lower than the MOEHE 20002005 target 9000 students enrollment This is partly because this type of training remains unpopular among most students and parentsguardians The demand for most vocational training is weak A few community colleges with limited capacity of 200300 students have high applicantplace ratio especially for nursing and the UNRWA Gaza Training Centre The rest of community colleges have only around one applicantplace ratio Manual skilled occupations continue to have low status and only the least academically able students are expected to enroll at TVET institutions The majority of colleges have low studentteacher ratios and high unit cost In addition to community colleges the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs provides other TVET opportunities Twelve Rehabilitation Centers that target dropouts slow learners are run by this Ministry Total enrollments were around 850 in 200405 with 380 graduates The Ministry of ExDetainees also offers TVET to around 1000 students and most of them are males Four hundred fifty students are enrolled in the National Institute of Information Technology The ministry also handles TVET centres enrollment 6600 students which offer curriculum in trade 2 years technicalsemiprofessional 2 years and certificate courses 1 2 years Besides The UNRWA provides shortterm courses 840 weeks 國家教學課程大綱 在統一課程推行前，加沙和西岸地區長期使用其他國家的教材。2000 年，巴勒斯坦當局透過推出全國統編教材以實施全國課程。最初，這些教材首先為一年級和六年級所應用。其後，在 2001 年，二年級和七年級的學生也開始使用這些教材。2006 年，巴勒斯坦所有學生都使用全國統編教材。 研究機構 耶路撒冷應用研究機構 巴勒斯坦研究機構 學校 巴勒斯坦美國學校 AlArkam 學校 Rafah 男女乙小學 Ramallah Friends 學校 對難民的教育政策 自 1950 年起，UNRWA 一直是為難民兒童提供基礎教育的主要機構，所有已登記的難民兒童可在 15 歲前享有免費的基礎教育。截至 2009 年 12 月 31 日，巴勒斯坦有接近 482000 個學生在 691 所學校裡就讀。 UNRWA 學校遵從巴勒斯坦的課程設定，使得 UNRWA 學生能升讀更高階的課程，或者取得當地認可的資歷。 在 1960 年代，UNRWA 的學校實現全面性別平等。這些學校的教室十分擠迫，環境也比較狹窄，學生與教師共同使用一座建築。然而，需要注意的是，並不是所有難民兒童都在 UNRWA 學校就讀，部分難民兒童會在約旦或敘利亞就讀當地的政府學校。 UNRWA 也營運 8 所職業和技術培訓中心，以及 3 所教師培訓學院。 參見 參考資料 Elias HTuma Haim DarinDrabkin The Economic Case for Palestine Croom Helm London 1978 p 48 respectively Professor of Economics at CalU Davis and Director of the Institute for Land Resource Planning at Tel Aviv and consultant for the UN 外部連結 Palestinian Ministry of Education Medeas information files Palestinian Universities UNESCO Palestinian education Category 西亞教育