約翰雷姆賽麥克庫洛赫（，）是一位蘇格蘭經濟學家、作家和編輯，生於蘇格蘭威格頓郡惠索恩，逝世於倫敦。他最著名是打從 1823 年李嘉圖離世之後，擔當李嘉圖經濟學派的領導者角色。麥克庫洛赫是第一名被倫敦大學學院任命的政治經濟學教授。他對經濟政策的論著範圍廣泛。另一件讓人津津樂道的事是麥克庫洛赫乃是一位收集經濟資料、統計分析以至出版的拓荒者。 麥克庫洛赫是蘇格蘭人報的其中一位創辦人，也是第一位編輯。他同時為《愛丁堡評論》工作。另外，他編輯了 1828 年版本的國富論 。 事業 麥克庫洛赫年輕時在愛丁堡大學就讀法律，後來改為修讀政治經濟學，但沒有畢業。 麥克庫洛赫收集了早期的政治經濟學文獻，並撰寫了一些關於經濟學研究方法和經濟思想史的論著 J R McCulloch Early English Tracts on Commerce London Political Economy Club 1856 Cambridge Eng University Press 1954 。他逝世以後，他的藏書被奧弗斯通男爵收購了，最後移送至雷丁大學展示。麥克庫洛赫熱心參與政治經濟學的研究工作，他是倫敦政治經濟學會的其中一名成員，這個學會由他的好友詹姆斯穆勒創立於 1821 年 James Mill 17731836 New School 。學會是一個學術討論圈子，成員經常就政治經濟學的基本原理進行交流討論。 麥克庫洛赫其中一份為人知曉的著作是一本教科書，名為 政治經濟學原理（1825 年在愛丁堡出版）。他一直繼續他的工作直至他離世。這本著作提供了一個讓早期經濟學界長期爭論的話題，那就是木桶的葡萄酒發酵過程中是否屬於 勞動 的問題，這個問題引申出所得分配問題的爭論，麥克庫洛赫認為發酵是自然力的 勞動，這種勞動可以創造 價值，由於這種 勞動 不是勞動者的貢獻，因此資本擁有者和企業家有權分享利潤和利息。這個 葡萄酒 問題帶來的是給經濟學界長達半世紀關於勞動價值理論合理與否的爭論。 這個問題仍然是勞動價值理論及相關討論的重要元素。麥克庫洛赫使用這個例子來舉例：時間本身不能產生任何效果，他只是給予一個間隔，是真正有效的原因起作用罷了。所以很明顯，它與價值毫不相干。 李嘉圖身為當時政治經濟學研究的權威人物，曾經在政治經濟學會的學術討論私底下表示 不存在絕對價值的量度 Ricardo to Malthus August 15 1823 Quoted by Halevy The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism Beacon Press 1955 p 352 ，這和麥克庫洛赫的論點互相呼應。 麥克庫洛赫逝世於 1864 年，葬於倫敦賓頓墳場。 colspan2 stylebackground CFCFCF textalign center 著作列表 An Essay on a Reduction of the Interest of the National Debt 1816 On Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1818 Edinburgh Review Taxation and the Corn Laws 1820 Edinburgh Review The Opinions of Messrs Say Sismondi and Malthus on Effects of Machinery and Accumulation 1821 Edinburgh Review On Combination Laws Restraints on Emigration c 1824 Edinburgh Review Political Economy 1824 Encyclopaedia Britannica French Law of Succession 1824 Edinburgh Review A Discourse on the Rise Progress Peculiar Objects and Importance of Political Economy 1824 The Principles of Political Economy with a sketch of the rise and progress of the science 1825 An Essay on the Circumstances which Determine the Rate of Wages and the Condition of the Working Classes 1826 On Commercial Revulsions 1826 Edinburgh Review Abolition of the Corn Laws 1826 Edinburgh Review On Poor Laws 1828 Edinburgh Review Rise Progress Present State and Prospects of the British Cotton Manufacture 1827 Edinburgh Review Introduction to An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith ed JR McCulloch 1828 Jones on the Theory of Rent Edinburgh Review 1831 Principles Practice and History of Commerce 1831 Chalmers on Political Economy 1832 Edinburgh Review A Dictionary Practical Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation 1832 A Descriptive and Statistical Account of the British Empire exhibiting its extent physical capacities population industry and civil and religious institutions 2 volumes 1837 Statements Illustrative of the Policy and Probable Consequence of the Proposed Repeal of the Existing Corn Law 1841 The Literature of Political Economy 1845 The Works of David Ricardo Esq with a notice of the life and writings of the author ed JR McCulloch 1846 A Treatise on the Succession to Property Vacant by Death 1848 A Treatise on Metallic and Paper Money and Banks 1858 Treatises and Essays 1859 A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System 1863 An Essay on a Reduction of the Interest of the National Debt 1816 On Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1818 Edinburgh Review Taxation and the Corn Laws 1820 Edinburgh Review The Opinions of Messrs Say Sismondi and Malthus on Effects of Machinery and Accumulation 1821 Edinburgh Review On Combination Laws Restraints on Emigration c 1824 Edinburgh Review Political Economy 1824 Encyclopaedia Britannica French Law of Succession 1824 Edinburgh Review A Discourse on the Rise Progress Peculiar Objects and Importance of Political Economy 1824 The Principles of Political Economy with a sketch of the rise and progress of the science 1825 An Essay on the Circumstances which Determine the Rate of Wages and the Condition of the Working Classes 1826 On Commercial Revulsions 1826 Edinburgh Review Abolition of the Corn Laws 1826 Edinburgh Review On Poor Laws 1828 Edinburgh Review Rise Progress Present State and Prospects of the British Cotton Manufacture 1827 Edinburgh Review Introduction to An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith ed JR McCulloch 1828 Jones on the Theory of Rent Edinburgh Review 1831 Principles Practice and History of Commerce 1831 Chalmers on Political Economy 1832 Edinburgh Review A Dictionary Practical Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation 1832 A Descriptive and Statistical Account of the British Empire exhibiting its extent physical capacities population industry and civil and religious institutions 2 volumes 1837 Statements Illustrative of the Policy and Probable Consequence of the Proposed Repeal of the Existing Corn Law 1841 The Literature of Political Economy 1845 The Works of David Ricardo Esq with a notice of the life and writings of the author ed JR McCulloch 1846 A Treatise on the Succession to Property Vacant by Death 1848 A Treatise on Metallic and Paper Money and Banks 1858 Treatises and Essays 1859 A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System 1863 批評 麥克庫洛赫的理論工作遭到奧地利經濟學家歐根博姆 巴維克在著作《資本利息理論的歷史和批判》（1884 年）發表的苛刻批評。 或許沒有英國學派的成員會這樣不高興在他所面對的利息理論主題上所下的功夫，一如麥克庫洛赫般幫倒忙。（原文：But probably no member of the English school has been so unhappy in his treatment of the subject or done the theory of interest such a disservice as McCulloch） 博姆 巴維克寫道。他徘徊在數種不同意見的邊緣。他周旋於各種意見內使自己陷入明顯的自相矛盾，而且他沒有擴充任何一種意見以形成一個能夠顯得前後一致的理論。（原文：He hovers about the fringes of a number of divergent opinions He penetrates just far enough into each to become involved in glaring selfcontradictions but he does not expand any one of them sufficiently to form a theory that even approaches consistency） 勞動價值理論是一個例外，麥克庫洛赫似乎非常堅持於這個理論有別於他在處理其他主題上那麼矛盾。博姆 巴維克承認這點，但是他指出麥克庫洛赫的勞動價值理論個人敍述版本 或者是發生於一個認真思考者身上最荒謬可笑的形式（原文：the most absurd that could possibly occur to a serious thinker） 有關葡萄酒發酵的價值問題，博姆 巴維克評論此問題 他（麥克庫洛赫）希望證明的和他最後證明所出的結果存在極大的分別（原文：enormous difference between what he was supposed to prove and what he did prove）。雖然葡萄酒此例可證明時間單純過去並不足以產生價值增加的情況，不過這說明無助於協助勞動價值理論的合理性。葡萄酒物質上的轉變經由微生物經過發酵過程釋出酒精，交換價值的改變牽涉到公眾面臨選擇的主觀喜好，包括葡萄酒對葡萄果汁，還有舊酒對新酒。 參考 註釋 參考書目 Denis P OBrien J R McCulloch A Study in Classical Economics George Allen Unwin 1970 ISBN 0043301584 Collected works of J R McCulloch with introductions by Denis OBrien 8 volumes RoutledgeThoemmes Press 1995 Category 經濟思想史學家 Category 蘇格蘭經濟學家 Category 蘇格蘭歷史學家 Category 蘇格蘭編輯 Category 蘇格蘭作家 Category 倫敦大學學院教師 Category 愛丁堡大學校友 Category 鄧弗里斯 加洛韋人