自由意志社會主義，是社會主義運動中一系列反權威的政治學說 It implies a classless and antiauthoritarian ie libertarian society in which people manage their own affairs I1 Isnt libertarian socialism an oxymoron at An Anarchist FAQ，其反對中央集權的國有理念 unlike other socialists they tend to see to various different degrees depending on the thinker to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation Roderick T Long Toward a libertarian theory of class Social Philosophy and Policy Volume 15 Issue 02 Summer 1998 p 305，是主張基層工人自治的流派。自由意志社會主義的理念與無政府主義和左翼自由意志主義的理念有所重疊 Bookchin Murray and Janet Biehl The Murray Bookchin Reader Cassell 1997 p 170 Hicks Steven V and Daniel E Shannon The American journal of economics and sociolology Blackwell Pub 2003 p 612，它批判僱傭勞動制 Therefore rather than being an oxymoronlibertarian socialismindicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney As true socialists oppose wage labour they must also oppose the state for the same reasons Similarly libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state I1 Isnt libertarian socialism an oxymoron in An Anarchist FAQ，提倡工人自治、參與型經濟（或地方計畫經濟）和去中心化的政治組織 Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of antiparliamentary democratic antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation strongly linked to working class activism Alex Prichard Ruth Kinna Saku Pinta and Dave Berry eds Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan December 2012 p 13preferringa system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized local voluntary participatory cooperative associations Roderick T LongToward a libertarian theory of classSocial Philosophy and Policy Volume 15 Issue 02 Summer 1998 p 305What is of particular interest here however is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions including Coles tend to share Charles Masquelier Critical theory and libertarian socialism Realizing the political potential of critical social theory Bloombury New YorkLondon 2014 p 189。 自由意志社會主義者通常會反對國家這一政治實體本身 So libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy along with the state as such Through workers selfmanagement it proposes to bring an end to authority exploitation and hierarchy in production I1 Isnt libertarian socialism an oxymoron in An Anarchist FAQ，他們宣稱以工團或社群為單位，透過無產階級自下而上流動民主的社會主義制度，來建立一個基於平等和自由之上的公有制社會 Mendes Silva Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo Vol 1（1896）Society should be free through mankinds spontaneous federative affiliation to life based on the community of land and tools of the trade meaning Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property and liberty by abolition of authority。支持者提倡採用直接民主制以及小政府管理手段（由工會、工人委員會、基層政權、公民議會等機構構成的民主邦聯制），來達到政治權力去中心化的效果 preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized local voluntary participatory cooperative associationssometimes as a complement to and check on state power。其目的在於建立無產階級自由聯合體 What is implied by the term libertarian socialism The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination repression and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity thought and actionAn approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution womens and childrens liberation and the critique and transformation of daily life as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being nor do we equate liberation with changing our lifestyles and our heads Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety or it is nothing What is Libertarian Socialism by Ulli Diemer Volume 2 Number 1 Summer 1997 issue of The Red Menace，保障工人們的自由 LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought expression or choicce of lifestyle Roderick T Long Toward a libertarian theory of class Social Philosophy and Policy Volume 15 Issue 02 Summer 1998 p 305what categorizes libertarian socialism is a focus on forms of social organization to further the freedom of the individual combined with an advocacy of nonstate means for achieving this Matt Dawson Late modernity individualization and socialism An Associational Critique of Neoliberalism Palgrave MacMillan 2013 p 64，捨棄影響人們生活種種方面的資本剝削和政治威權 Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control as explored in thesociology of power and the correlative duty to obey as explred in thephilosophy of practical reason Anarchism is distinguished philosophically by its scepticism towards such moral relations by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power and practically by its challenge to thoseauthoritativepowers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundationAnarchism and Authority A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin AshGate 2007 p 1 The IAF IFA fights for the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical political social religious cultural or sexualPrinciples of The International of Anarchist Federations Anarchism then really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property liberation from the shackles and restraint of government Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life according to individual desires tastes and inclinationsEmma GoldmanWhat it Really Stands for Anarchyin Anarchism and Other EssaysIndividualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as followsThey found that they must turn either to the right or to the left follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty Marx went one way Warren and Proudhon the other Thus were born State Socialism and AnarchismAuthority takes many shapes but broadly speaking her enemies divide themselves into three classes first those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress opposing her openly avowedly sincerely consistently universally second those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world third those who distrust her as a means of progress believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon violating and outraging her These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy of the second in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy of the third in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl MarxBenjamin Tucker Individual Liberty Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunins antiauthoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and nonstate forms of authority as followsAll anarchists deny authority many of them fight against itp 9Bakunin did not convert the Leagues central committee to his full program but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868 demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State。這些特點使得自由意志社會主義能夠跟列寧主義、布林什維克主義、社會民主主義區分開來 It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like Adam Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and antistatist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west John ONeil The Market Ethics knowledge and politics Routledge 1998 p 3In some ways it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual political formation it is so first and foremost negatively as opposed to other socialist traditions I have labelled this negative polesocialist orthodoxy composed of both Leninists and social democratsWhat I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West pursuing a kind of social capitalism and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi peripheral countries which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism Generally the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism the law of value money private property class the state and they were to characterize these solutions as statist substitutionist and authoritarian Chamsy el Ojeili Beyond postsocialism Dialogues with the farleft Palgrave Macmillan 2015 p 8。 被稱為自由意志社會主義的政治哲學包括（但不必然是）多種形式的共產主義（包括盧森堡主義、委員會共產主義等等）或無政府主義（包括無政府共產主義、集體無政府主義、無政府工團主義、互助主義 A Mutualist FAQ A4 Are Mutualists Socialists 、社會生態學 Bookchin Murray PostScarcity Anarchism AK Press 2004 pxl 和自治主義等等）Chomsky Noam Chomsky on Democracy and Education Routledge 2002 p133。有些作者將自由意志社會主義作為無政府主義的同義詞 Ross Dr Jeffery Ian Controlling State Crime Transaction Publishers 200 p400，特別是社會無政府主義。Ostergaard Geoffrey Anarchism A Dictionary of Marxist Thought Blackwell Publishing 1991 p 21Noam Chomsky Carlos Peregrín Otero Language and Politics AK Press 2004 p 739 概要 自由意志社會主義是一種有著各式闡述的意識型態，但其中可找出一些互通的共性。其擁護者支援以工人為導向的分配製度，完全背離了資本主義經濟（社會主義）。Brooks Frank H The Individualist Anarchists An Anthology of Liberty Transaction Publishers 1994 p 75 他們建議在一定程度上實行這個經濟制度，試圖達到個人自由的最大化，以及權力或管理集中的最小化（自由意志主義）。自由意志社會主義者強烈批判強制性制度，常導致他們反對國家的合法性，轉而支援無政府主義。Spiegel Henry The Growth of Economic Thought Duke University Press 1991 p446 其擁護者試圖以政治和經濟分權的方式達成目標，通常會涉及到大型財產和企業的社會化。自由意志社會主義否定多數形式的私有財產合法性，因為他們將資本主義財產關係視為一種統治的形式，是與個人自由對立的。Paul Ellen Frankel et al Problems of Market Liberalism Cambridge University Press 1998 p305 第一位自稱自由意志主義者的是早期的法國無政府共產主義者約瑟夫迪亞契。該字來自於法文單字「libertaire」，用來規避法國對無政府主義刊物的禁止。Wikiquote URL accessed on June 4 2006 在歐洲社會主義運動中，「自由意志主義」常被用來描述反對國家社會主義的人士，如米哈依爾巴枯寧。在美國，最常稱為自由意志主義的運動是信奉資本主義哲學。因此，「自由意志社會主義」這個名稱造成了美國人的矛盾。然而，自由意志主義結合社會主義早於結合資本主義，而且許多反權威主義者依然譴責美國的自由意志主義結合資本主義是錯誤的。Bookchin Murray The Modern Crisis Black Rose Books 1987 p15455 如同諾姆喬姆斯基所說，一名始終如一的自由主義者「必須反對生產手段的私人所有權和這個制度中的工資奴隸，工資奴隸的存在不相容於勞動必須由生產者自由承擔和控制的原則。」Chomsky Noam Otero Carlos Radical Priorities AK Press 2003 p26 激進經濟學家羅賓漢內爾講述了從自由意志社會主義擁有最大影響力的十九世紀末開始，一直到二十世紀的前四分之一這段時期的歷史：「二十世紀初，自由意志社會主義與社會民主主義和共產主義同樣是一股強大的勢力。無政府主義國際成立於馬克思主義者與自由意志主義者決裂的社會國際 1872 年海牙大會後數天成功的與社會民主主義、共產主義一同競爭反資本主義行動者、革命者、工人、工會和政黨的忠誠，長達五十年。自由意志社會主義者在俄國 1905 年革命和 1917 年俄國革命中扮演重要的角色。自由意志社會主義者在 1911 年墨西哥革命中扮演支配性的角色。一戰結束後二十年，自由意志社會主義者依然有足夠實力在 1936 年和 1937 年席捲西班牙共和國的社會革命中扮演先鋒。」Hahnel Robin Economic Justice and Democracy Routledge Press 138 反資本主義 自由意志社會主義者主張，每當權力行使時，如一個人在經濟、社會或生理上對另一人的支配，提供證據之責任是在權力主義者身上，當他反對他限制了人類自由的範圍時，會去證明他的行動是合法的。Chomsky Noam Language and Politics AK Press 2004 p775 合法執行權利的典型例項有以有形力拯救即將被迎面而來的車輛撞上的人，或是自我防衛。自由意志社會主義者反對死板與分層的權力，無論是政治權力、經濟權力或社會權力。Ed Andrew Closing the Iron Cage The Scientific Management of Work and Leisure Black Rose Books 1999 p 116 自由意志社會主義者相信，所有社會聯絡應由擁有同等協商能力的個體去發展，經濟權力累積在少數人手中與政治力量的集中化會減少社會中其他人的協商能力與自由。Brown Susan The Politics of Individualism Black Rose Books 2003 p117 換句話說，資本主義和右翼自由意志主義的原則是集中經濟權力在擁有最多資產的人們手上。自由意志社會主義則試圖分配權力，讓社會中的成員更為平等。自由意志社會主義和自由市場自由意志主義之間最關鍵的差異是，前者的支持者認為一個人的自由度是受到他的經濟和社會地位所影響，而後者的支持者則注重選擇的自由。這有時被描述為他們追求社會中「自由創造力」的最大化，優於追求「自由企業」。OteroCP in Chomsky Noam Radical Priorities Black Rose Books1981 3031 自由意志社會主義者認為，如果自由是重要的，那麼社會必須努力完成一個「個體擁有決定經濟議題和政治議題之權力」的制度。自由意志社會主義者試圖以直接民主制、自發性聯合會和大眾自治取代生活中各方面不合理的權力 Harrington Austin et al Encyclopedia of Social Theory Routledge 2006 p50，包括實質社群和經濟企業。 許多自由意志社會主義者主張，應該由大規模的自發性公會管理工業生產，而工人則保有個人勞動產品的權力。Lindemann Albert S A History of European Socialism Yale University Press 1983 p160 因此，我們可以看出「私有財產」與「個人財物」兩個概念之間的差別。「私有財產」授予個人對一件物品的單獨控制權，無論是否有在使用，也不考慮生產能力；而「個人財物」並不授予個人對一件不使用的物品權力。Ely Richard et al Property and Contract in Their Relations to the Distribution of Wealth The Macmillan Company 1914 批評 2020 年 2 月 27 日，擁護資本主義的政治經濟學家克里斯蒂安尼米茲（Kristian Niemietz）博士撰文抨擊放任自由社會主義，表示他認為如果放任自由社會主義者掌權，他們最後仍然會像布林什維主義者那樣走上極權主義的道路。 注釋 Category 共產主義 Category 政治哲學 Category 各型別社會主義 Category 社會無政府主義 Category 反斯大林主義左翼