奇異豬籠草（學名：）是分佈最為廣泛豬籠草屬植物。其種加詞 mirabilis 來源於拉丁文，意為 奇異的，令人驚歎的。其是豬籠草屬中分佈最為廣泛的物種，其分佈範圍覆蓋東南亞、馬來群島的主要島嶼（除開小巽他群島及菲律賓北部地區），並一直北延至中國南部，南延至澳大利亞。豬籠草屬中，奇異豬籠草具有最多的變型和變種，其中最知名的為汶萊以及沙撈越特有的變種 棘口奇異豬籠草，其具有極寬的唇。Clarke CM 1997 Nepenthes of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu。 奇異豬籠草的葉片和捕蟲籠質地柔軟，捕蟲籠耐久性不佳，易枯萎。在雜交中，其捕蟲籠形態與質地的性狀強勢，僅在維多利亞時代常用於育種，現已極少使用。 部分早期中文文獻也把奇異豬籠草直接稱作豬籠草，至今仍有部分書籍沿用此稱，但已不被食蟲植物栽培者所提倡。 奇異豬籠草已被世界自然保護聯盟列入《2006 年世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》中，保護狀況為無危。在香港，奇異豬籠草受香港法例第 96 章《林區及郊區條例》保護。 形態特徵 奇異豬籠草為直立草本或攀援藤本，高 05 至 2 米。蓮座狀植株的葉片密集，近無柄，基部半抱莖，呈披針形，長約 10 釐米，邊緣呈流蘇狀。籠蔓短於葉片。攀援莖的葉片散生，具柄，呈長圓形或披針形，長 10 至 25 釐米。葉基下延，全緣或為流蘇狀，兩面常具紫紅色斑點，中脈兩側各具縱脈 4 至 8 條，籠蔓約與葉片等長，具上位籠或否。阮雲珍 1984 中國植物誌。豬籠草 北京：科學出版社 34 1 12 奇異豬籠草的下位籠高約 2 至 6 釐米，為狹卵形或近圓柱形，被疏柔毛和星狀毛。腹面具一對籠翼，籠翼具翼須。籠蓋基部的後方的籠蔓尾分叉，分 2 至 8 條。籠蓋為卵形或近圓形，其內表面密佈近圓形的腺體。 奇異豬籠草的上位籠高 8 至 16 釐米，近圓筒形，下部稍擴大，籠口處縮窄或否。被疏毛、分叉毛和星狀毛。籠翼縮小為一對隆起。唇寬約 02 寬 04 釐米，內表面上半部為蠟質區，下半部密生火山口狀腺體。籠蔓尾二叉。籠蓋為卵形或長圓形，下表面具密集的近圓形腺體。捕蟲籠顏色隨產地變化極大。 奇異豬籠草的花序為總狀花序，長 20 至 50 釐米。被長柔毛，與葉對生或頂生。花梗長 05 至 15 釐米。花被片 4 片，紅至紫紅色，橢圓形或長圓形，背面被柔毛，腹面密被近圓形腺體。雄花的花被片長 05 至 07 釐米，雄蕊柄具花葯 1 輪，稍扭轉。雌花的花被片長 04 至 05 釐米。子房橢圓形，具短柄或近無柄，密被淡黃色柔毛或星狀毛。蒴果栗色，長 05 至 3 釐米；果爿 4 片，狹披針形。種子絲狀，長約 12 釐米。花期為 4 至 11 月，果期為 8 至 12 月。 分佈範圍 奇異豬籠草分佈廣泛，其存在於澳大利亞（約克角半島）、婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、柬埔寨、加羅林群島（帛琉及雅蒲島）、中國（廣東省、海南省 Nepenthes mirabilis Flora of China 楊光穗，黃少華，徐世松，高豔梅 2006 海南島野生豬籠草資源調查及其營養成分分析。中國農學通報 22 11 440442、香港、澳門及橫琴）、當特爾卡斯托群島、爪哇、寮國、路易西亞德群島、摩鹿加群島、緬甸、新幾內亞、西馬來西亞、菲律賓（迪納加特島及棉蘭老島）、蘇拉威西島、蘇門答臘島、泰國及越南。Slack A 1979 Nepenthes mirabilis In Carnivorous Plants Ebury Press London pp 7980McPherson SR VB Amoroso 2011 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines Redfern Natural History Productions PooleMcPherson SR A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo Redfern Natural History Productions PooleMcPherson SR A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi Redfern Natural History Productions PooleMcPherson SR A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina Redfern Natural History Productions PooleMcPherson SR A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea Redfern Natural History Productions PooleMcPherson SR A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java Redfern Natural History Productions Poole 此外，其也存在於許多小型島嶼中，包括巴比島、邦加島、巴尼亞群島、巴圖群島、望加麗島、恩加諾島、蘭塔島、達魯島、浮羅交怡、孟德爾島、明打威群島（北巴蓋島、西比路島、南巴蓋島）、美蘭地群島（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、尼亞斯島、檳榔嶼、廖內群島（林加群島、廖內島）、魯帕島 Clarke CM 2001 Appendix C Distribution Maps In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu pp 299307、塔威塔威 Cheek M M Jebb 2013 Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group Caryophyllales Nepenthaceae in the Philippines with four new species European Journal of Taxonomy 69 123 ，也可能存在於沃沃尼島 Sunarti S A Hidayat Rugayah 2008 Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete Kecamatan Wawonii Timur Pulau Wawonii Sulawesi Tenggara Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete East Wawonii District Wawonii Island Southeast Sulawesi Biodiversitas 9 3 194198 。 相關物種 奇異豬籠草與澳大利亞特有的羅恩豬籠草和細豬籠草之間存在著密切的近緣關係。 奇異豬籠草與羅恩豬籠草之間形態特徵的區別 奇異豬籠草與羅恩豬籠草之間形態特徵的區別 奇異豬籠草與羅恩豬籠草之間形態特徵的區別 形態特徵 奇異豬籠草 羅恩豬籠草 葉片形態 急尖至圓形 葉尖縮小，籠蔓處仍有延伸出來的窄細末端 籠蔓與葉片的銜接處 位於末端 盾形 籠翼 單一，具翼須 翼須呈 T 形 葉片質地 通常為紙質 強韌的革質 葉片基部 簡單或下延至節間距的三分之一 下延超過節間距的二分之一 捕蟲籠下部的消化腺密度 1600 至 2500 個每平方釐米 約 3600 個每平方釐米 上位籠的籠肩位置 中間靠下 上四分之一處 下位籠的籠肩位置 下三分之一到四分之一處 唇下 在食蟲植物資料庫中，分類學家簡斯洛爾將空堪達豬籠草列為奇異豬籠草的同物異名。Schlauer J Nd Nepenthes kongkandana Carnivorous Plant Database 種下類群 奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠在形態和顏色方面具有非常大的可變性，同時也是豬籠草屬記憶體在最多同物異名的物種。Catalano M 2009 Nepenthes In Growing Carnivores an Italian perspective Prague pp 5057 以下是已被描述的奇異豬籠草的變型和變種。 Nepenthes mirabilis f anamensis HortWeiner HortWestphal 1991 Nepenthes mirabilis var anamensis HortWeiner in sched 1985 nomnud Nepenthes mirabilis var biflora JHAdam Wilcock 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis var echinostoma Hookf HortSlack ex JHAdam Wilcock 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis var globosa MCatal 2010 Catalano M 2010 In Nepenthes della Thailandia Diario di viaggio Prague p 40 Nepenthes mirabilis f simensis HortWeiner HortWestphal 1991 Nepenthes mirabilis var simensis HortWeiner in sched 1985 nomnud Nepenthes mirabilis f smilesii Hemsl HortWestphal 2000 Nepenthes mirabilis var smilesii Hemsl HortWeiner in sched 1985 棘口奇異豬籠草 棘口奇異豬籠草僅存在於婆羅洲西部。其生長勢與對環境的適應性不如原變型。1865 年，奧多阿多貝卡利發現了棘口奇異豬籠草。1873 年，約瑟夫道爾頓胡克將其描述為一個物種 棘口豬籠草。Phillipps A A Lamb 1996 PitcherPlants of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu1882 年，弗雷德里克威廉伯比奇在他的著作《園丁紀事》中對其進行了描述。Burbidge FW 1882 Notes on the new Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle new series 17 420 56 棘口奇異豬籠草是唯一存在於汶萊的奇異豬籠草變型。它還存在於沙撈越，但尚未在沙巴發現。 球狀奇異豬籠草 球狀奇異豬籠草存在於攀牙府附近安達曼海上的一個為未公開島嶼及泰國董裡市附近。McPherson SR 2009 Pitcher Plants of the Old World 2 volumes Redfern Natural History Productions Poole 其分類曾存在爭議，一部分人認為其為獨立物種，另一部分人則認為其是一個自然雜交種。該變種最早出現於 2006 年 1 月的《食蟲植物研究會雜誌》封面上，其被標註為 Nepenthes sp from Thailand。 Cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society Insectivorous Plant Society 球狀豬籠草一詞最早出現在倉田重夫一篇刊登於 2007 年 7 月《食蟲植物研究會雜誌》的文章中。同期，多田雅宏也發表了一篇文章，將該類群描述為海盜豬籠草。在馬爾切洛卡塔拉諾的描述發表前，該類群在斯圖爾特麥克弗森 2009 的專著《舊大陸的豬籠草》中也被稱為攀牙豬籠草。 在園藝貿易中，該變種常被稱為球狀豬籠草和海盜豬籠草。Mey FS 2011 Nepenthes mirabilis var globosa a popular plant Strange Fruits A Gardens Chronicle December 24 2011 其被稱為海盜豬籠草，是因為其捕蟲籠類似於海盜船的船頭。Guerini M 2011 Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore 共生生物 已在奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中發現了大量的共生生物。包括分佈於澳大利亞的奇異豬籠草捕蟲籠中的巴布亞麻蠅和瓦氏豬籠草蟎。Yeates DK H de Souza Lopes GB Monteith 1989 A commensal sarcophagid Diptera Sarcophagidae in Nepenthes mirabilis Nepenthaceae pitchers in Australia Australian Entomological Magazine 16 3339Fashing NJ 2002 Australian Journal of Entomology 41 1 717 此外，在帛琉和雅蒲島的奇異豬籠草捕蟲籠中分別發現於兩種伊蚊。Sota T M Mogi 2006 Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in Aedes Stegomyia a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences Journal of Medical Entomology 43 5 795800 這些昆蟲都具有特殊的生活史和與此習性相關的形態特徵。Bohart RM 1956 Insects Micronesia 12 1 185Mogi M 2010 Unusual life history traits of Aedes Stegomyia mosquitoes Diptera Culicidae inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103 4 618624 存在於泰國奇異豬籠草捕蟲籠中的奇異線蟲已被描述。在奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中發現這種線蟲並不是一個偶然；其捕蟲籠已成為了奇異線蟲的天然棲息地。孑孓和奇異線蟲主導著捕蟲籠中的微生態系統。據推測，這種線蟲與一種或多種共生昆蟲間存在著攜播關係。Bert W IT De Ley R Van Driessche H Segers P De Ley 2003 Nematology 5 3 405420 在中國南部，曾觀察到樹蛙在奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中棲息。這些樹蛙並不是豬籠草的獵物，而會在捕食豬籠草內捕食昆蟲。Hua Y H Li 2005 Acta Botanica Gallica 152 2 165175 它們不受強酸性的消化液的影響（其 pH 值可低至 2），可能是由於其具有皮膚表面粘液的隔離。Hua Y L Kuizheng 2004 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33 1 2324 在澳大利亞賈丁河沿岸生長的奇異豬籠草，在其捕蟲籠中發現了一種特殊的水生真菌。其菌絲自由生活於消化液中，或附著於捕蟲籠內昆蟲的幾丁質外殼上。Cribbs AB 1987 An aquatic fungus from pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis Queensland Naturalist 28 7273Schnell DE 1992 Literature Review Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21 3 8082 此外，還發現奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠中存在著一個極其複雜的細菌群落。Yogiara A Suwanto MT Suhartono 2006 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11 1 914 自然雜交種 奇異豬籠草是豬籠草屬中已知自然雜交種最多的物種。以下是已發現的奇異豬籠草的自然雜交種。 N alata N merrilliana N mirabilis N tsangoya Lauffenburger A 1995 Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids OmnisTerra N alata N mirabilis N mirabilata Cheek MR MHP Jebb 2001 Nepenthaceae Flora Malesiana 15 1157Kurata S M Toyoshima 1972 Philippine species of Nepenthes The Gardens Bulletin Singapore 26 1 155158 Abstract N ampullaria N mirabilis N kuchingensis Nepenthes cutinensis N ampullaria N rafflesiana N mirabilis N hookeriana N mirabilis Lowrie A 1983 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 4 8895 N andamana N mirabilis Catalano M 2010 Nepenthes della Thailandia Diario di viaggio Prague（包括 N andamana N mirabilis var globosa） N benstonei N mirabilisClarke CM 2001 Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu N bicalcarata N mirabilis（包括 N bicalcarata N mirabilis var echinostoma） N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma N gracilis N mirabilis N sharifahhapsahii N ghazallyana N grabilis N neglecta Fretwell S 2013 Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes Part 2 Mt Tambuyukon and Poring Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108 615 N insignis N mirabilisRischer H 1995 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24 3 7577 N kampotiana N mirabilis N kongkandana N mirabilis N merrilliana N mirabilis N mirabilis N northianaLee CC 2007 Re The most accessible limestone hill of Bau Carnivorous Plants in the tropics N mirabilis N rafflesiana（包括 N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana）Phillipps A A Lamb CC Lee 2008 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Second Edition Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu N mirabilis N reinwardtiana N mirabilis N rowanaeClarke CM R Kruger 2005 Nepenthes rowanae Nepenthaceae a remarkable species from Cape York Australia Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34 2 3641 N mirabilis N smilesiiMey FS LH Truong DV Dai AS Robinson 2011 Nepenthes thorelii an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh Vietnam In McPherson SR New Nepenthes Volume One Redfern Natural History Productions Poole pp 104131 N mirabilis N spathulata N mirabilis N sumatrana N mirabilis N tenax N mirabilis N thoreliiBednar B 1983 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 3 64N thorelii rediscovered Carnivorous Plants in the tropicsMey FS 2012 Virtual Nepenthes herbarium on Europeana Strange Fruits A Gardens Chronicle December 19 2012 N mirabilis N tomoriana FileN benstonei x N mirabilis2jpg 本斯通豬籠草與奇異豬籠草的自然雜交種 FileN gracilis x N mirabilisjpg 沙禮花－哈薩豬籠草 ImageSerian N northiana X mirabilis 2jpg 奇異豬籠草與諾斯豬籠草的自然雜交種 FileNepenthes rafflesiana hybridjpg 奇異豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的自然雜交種 FileNepenthes mirabilis var echinostoma x N rafflesianajpg 棘口奇異豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的自然雜交種 ImageNepenthesmirabilissumatrana3jpg 奇異豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的自然雜交種 FileNepenthes P6230330JPG？奇異豬籠草與高棉豬籠草的自然雜交種 imageSulawesi Nepenthesjpg？奇異豬籠草與託莫里豬籠草的自然雜交種 FileNepenthes mirabilis flowers openingjpg 奇異豬籠草的雄花 利用價值 主要作為觀賞植物栽培，原變種在維多利亞時代常用於育種，引起捕蟲籠壽命較短已經較少使用，但是球狀奇異豬籠草目前仍然被廣泛運用於豬籠草的培育，它可以給後代提供矮胖的籠形。 在中醫學中，奇異豬籠草也被作為一種藥材，具有 行水，解毒。治肺燥咳嗽，蟲咬傷 等功效。 在廣東的部分地區，奇異豬籠草的葉片和花序在乾燥後也可以用於泡茶。 據馬修傑布及馬丁奇克所指，新幾內亞以奇異豬籠草的捕蟲籠作陰莖護套。 註釋 參考文獻 Anonymous 1877 Reports of Societies Royal Horticultural The Gardeners Chronicle 8 197 441 Anonymous 2010 ErametPT Weda Bay Nickel Exploration and Development ESIA ERM Indonesia Jakarta Adam JH 1997 Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20 23 121134 Adam JH CC Wilcock 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis Loureiro Druce from Borneo Malayan Nature Journal 46 2 7584 Adam JH CC Wilcock 1999 Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22 1 17 Adam JH CC Wilcock MD Swaine 1989 Ecology and taxonomy of Bornean Nepenthes University of Aberdeen Tropical Biology Newsletter 56 24 Adam JH CC Wilcock MD Swaine 1992 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5 1 1325 Adam J H R Omar C C Wilcock 2002 OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2 9 623625 doi103923jbs2002623625 Adam JH EM Nurulhuda H AbdulHalim O AbdulRahim AH Hafiza GK Gopir LM Pilik R Omar MB Qasim J Salimon S AbdulRahim MM Hanafiah 2005 Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok 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in West Sumatra Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4 1 4857 Abstract Uji T 2003 Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve West Kalimantan Biodiversitas 4 1 112117 Wilson GW F Venter RF Wilson D Crayn 2011 Chasing Nepenthes on Cape York Queensland Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 40 4 122128 Thorogood C 2010 The Malaysian Nepenthes Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives Nova Science Publishers New York Yogiara 2004 MSc thesis Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Ziemer RR 1988 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 17 3 7073 陳健妙，高培元，甘銓 2003 豬籠草的組織培養和快速繁殖。植物生理學通訊 39 1 40 豐鋒，李洪波，謝建英 2002 豬籠草的組織培養。熱帶作物學報 23 2 6265 豐鋒，李洪波，謝建英 2002 豬籠草的組織培養。西南農業大學學報 24 3 268270 梁君，魯振華，汪衛星，林春來，郭啟高，梁國魯 2008 豬籠草離體培養及植株再生研究。西南師範大學學報（自然科學版） 33 3 9598 梁日，高，謝健國，陳小燕，稅珺，吳森桂，劉一貞 2005 豬籠草組織培養育苗技術的研究 廣東園林 28 2 3537 呂慶芳，豐鋒，李洪波 2003 豬籠草組培快繁技術的研究。西南農業大學學報 25 1 1113 唐歷波，姬可平，王燕，陳錦永 2010 豬籠草消化液中蛋白酶的活性初探。基因組學與應用生物學 29 2 293297 吳鈿，葉昌輝 2000 雷州半島野生豬籠草資源及其栽培利用的研究。湛江師範學院學報 21 2 1516 吳鈿，葉昌輝 2000 豬籠草葉的形態解剖結構研究。廣西植物 20 2 153155 謝怡青，謝雄輝，丘亮偉，黃愉光 2007 豬籠草組培快繁技術研究。廣西農業科學 38 2 131132 徐遲默 2003 豬籠草。熱帶農業科學 23 5 5359 สงขลา ขนมหมอขาวหมอแกงลง ขนมไทยภมปญญาชาวบาน video 77 NationChannel Nepenthes of Peninsula Malaysia by Stewart McPherson 擴充套件閱讀 香港植物標本館奇異豬籠草 原生地中的球狀奇異豬籠草 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中奇異豬籠草的照片 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中棘口奇異豬籠草的照片 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中球狀奇異豬籠草的照片 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q