萊佛士豬籠草（學名：）得名於斯坦福萊佛士。其分佈極為廣泛，包括婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、西馬來西亞和新加坡。已描述的萊佛士豬籠草的變型和變種是豬籠草屬中最多的。僅在婆羅洲就至少有 3 種不同的變種。萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的捕蟲籠大小可與馬來王豬籠草相媲美。 植物學史 1819 年，威廉傑克博士發現了萊佛士豬籠。並在《柯蒂斯植物學雜誌》上刊登了威廉傑克博士從新加坡寄來的信，他這樣寫道：Phillipps A A Lamb 1996 PitcherPlants of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu 在那時，萊佛士豬籠草是當時所知的豬籠草屬中體型最大的物種。1850 年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》中，對萊佛士豬籠草進行了這樣的描述： 形態特徵 萊佛士豬籠草為藤本植物。莖可長達 15 米，直徑可達 10 毫米。節間距最長達 20 釐米。籠蔓最長可超過 110 釐米。 萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠呈球狀，具發達的籠翼。下位籠的高度很少超過 20 釐米，但萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的高度也可達 35 釐米，寬至 15 釐米。上位籠呈漏斗狀，唇的前端凸出。這兩種捕蟲籠都有超過 3cm 的細長唇頸。 捕蟲籠的顏色豐富，可為暗紫色至幾乎全白。萊佛士豬籠草典型變型的下位籠為淺綠色且帶有紫色斑點，上位籠則為奶油色。 萊佛士豬籠草的花序為總狀花序，長 16 至 70 釐米。花為紅色或紫色。每個花梗通常只帶一個朵花，偶爾帶兩朵。 幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脫落的長毛，成株則僅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全無毛。 原生地 萊佛士豬籠草為分佈廣泛的低地豬籠草。其常見於婆羅洲和廖內群島，但在西馬來西亞和蘇門答臘分佈侷限。在西馬來西亞僅於東南地區分別廣泛，特別是在柔佛州相當充裕。而在蘇門答臘萊佛士豬籠草僅存在於因陀羅補羅到巴魯斯之間的西部海岸。Clarke CM 2001 Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu 其也分佈於周圍一些小型島嶼，包括邦加島、納閩島 Burbidge FW 1882 Notes on the new Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle new series 17 420 56、大納土納島 Mansur M 2012 Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island Berita Biologi 11 1 3342 Abstract 及林加群島。Clarke CM 2001 Appendix C Distribution Maps In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu pp 299307 萊佛士豬籠草一般生長於開闊的砂質潮溼地區中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼澤森林邊緣、石楠林和海邊的懸崖發現過萊佛士豬籠草。其海拔分佈範圍為 0 至 1200 米或至 1500 米的地區。Adam JH CC Wilcock MD Swaine 1992 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5 1 1325 種下類群 由於萊佛士豬籠草分佈廣泛，所以萊佛士豬籠草的捕蟲籠無論是在形狀或顏色方面都存在很大差異。以下為已被描述的萊佛士豬籠草種下類群。其中大部分在現在已被認為是非正式的。原被非正式描述為長萊佛士豬籠草的類群在 2011 年被描述為巴蘭豬籠草 Clarke C JA Moran CC Lee 2011 Nepenthes baramensis Nepenthaceae a new species from northwestern Borneo Blumea 56 3 229233 ，現被置於赫姆斯利豬籠草下 Scharmann M TU Grafe 2013 Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana Nepenthaceae an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa Blumea 58 1 812 。 Nepenthes rafflesiana f alba HortWestphal 2000 nomnud Nepenthes rafflesiana var alata JHAdam Wilcock 1990 Nepenthes rafflesiana var ambigua Beck 1895 Beck G 1895 Die Gattung Nepenthes Wiener Illustrirte GartenZeitung 20 36 96107 141150 182192 217229 Nepenthes rafflesiana var elongata HortKew ex Dyer 1897 nomnud N hemsleyana Nepenthes rafflesiana var excelsior HortWilliams Beck 1895N ampullaria N rafflesiana N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana var glaberrima Hookf 1873 Hooker JD 1873 Ordo CLXXV bis Nepenthaceæ In A de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17 90105 Nepenthes rafflesiana var hookeriana auct non Low HortVeitch ex Mast Becc 1886 N hookeriana Nepenthes rafflesiana var insignis Mast 1882 Nepenthes rafflesiana var longicirrhosa Tamin MHotta in MHotta 1986 nomnud N longifolia Clarke CM 1997 Another Nice Trip to Sumatra Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26 1 410 Nepenthes rafflesiana var minor Becc 1886 Nepenthes rafflesiana var nigropurpureaMast 1882 Nepenthes rafflesiana var nivea Hookf 1873 Nepenthes rafflesiana var pallida HortVeitch ex Burb 1883 N khasiana N gracilis N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana var striata Hort ex Teijsm 1859 Teysmann MJE 1859 Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de lUniversité de Leide Annales dhorticulture et de botanique ou Flore des jardins du royaume des PaysBas et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales de lAmérique et du Japon 2 133142nomnud Nepenthes rafflesiana var subglandulosa JHAdam Hafiza 2006 Adam JH Hafiza A Hamid 2006 Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri Sarawak State of Malaysia International Journal of Botany 2 4 340352 N hemsleyana Nepenthes rafflesiana var typica Beck 1895 nomilleg Nepenthes rafflesiana var viridis Hort ex Teijsm 1859 nomnud Nepenthes rafflesiana var vittata Lauffenburger 1995 nomnud Nepenthes rafflesiana glaberrima Burb 1880 Burbidge FW 1880 The Gardens of the Sun Murray LondonN hemsleyana FileNepenthes rafflesiana winged tendriljpg 萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠，示其具翼的籠蔓 FileNepenthes rafflesiana wavy leavesjpg 萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型，示其邊緣呈波浪狀的葉片 FileNepenthes rafflesiana white lower pitchersjpg 淺色捕蟲籠萊佛士豬籠草變種的下位籠 巨型變型 萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型存在於婆羅洲西北海岸的一些相互分離的地區，及古晉以西 110 公里的海濱小鎮三馬丹。Clarke CM 1997 Nepenthes of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu 該變型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特別是植被邊緣的地區。 萊佛士豬籠草巨型的方方面面都比普通的萊佛士豬籠草更大。其莖可攀至 15 米的高處。葉片長度可達典型變型的 25 倍。下位籠可高達 35 釐米，寬至 15 釐米，容積可達到 1 升。其捕蟲籠的顏色多種多樣，可為白底紅斑至深紫色。上位籠可能為全綠或帶斑點。花序也很巨大，可長達 1 米。花梗可達 15 釐米，具暗紅色的花被片。 除了大小之外，萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型的發育中葉片也與典型變型不同，其葉片具 深紅棕色光澤。人工種植的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型也具有這樣的特徵，所以其並非由特殊的環境因素造成的。 曾記錄到野外的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型捕獲老鼠。 相關物種 萊佛士豬籠草與貝卡利豬籠草、長葉豬籠草和蘇門答臘豬籠草之間存在著密切的近緣關係。 2001 年，查爾斯克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析，共利用了 70 個形態特徵。萊佛士豬籠草被歸入 第 5 分支。其中蘇門答臘豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的相關性達 58。貝卡利豬籠草未被包括在該研究中。貝卡利豬籠草未被包含於該研究中。 萊佛士豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的主要區別在於其下位籠唇的結構不同。蘇門答臘豬籠草下位籠的唇齒不明顯，而萊佛士豬籠草反之。萊佛士豬籠草具細長的唇頸，而蘇門答臘豬籠草則無。蘇門答臘豬籠草的下位籠通體為卵形，而萊佛士豬籠草下位籠的上半部為圓柱形。此外，蘇門答臘豬籠草的葉片較窄，具棕色短毛。 自然雜交種 N albomarginata N rafflesianaLowrie A 1983 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 4 8895McPherson SR 2009 Pitcher Plants of the Old World 2 volumes Redfern Natural History Productions Poole N ampullaria N rafflesiana N hookeriana Masters MT 1881 New garden plants Nepenthes Hookeriana The Gardeners Chronicle new series 16 417 812813Yulita KS M Mansur 2012 The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19 1 1824 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N mirabilis N hookeriana N mirabilis N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma N clipeata N rafflesianaPhillipps A A Lamb CC Lee 2008 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Second Edition Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu N gracilis N rafflesianaTan WK CL Wong CK Frazier 1996 Nepenthes rafflesiana and gracilis Nature Malaysiana 21 8285Bednar BL 1985 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14 4 105106 N hemsleyana N rafflesiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana（包括 N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana） ImageNhookerianaWhite3jpgN ampullaria N rafflesiana ImageNepenthes hookeriana upperjpgN ampullaria N rafflesiana FileNepenthes gracilis x Nepenthes rafflesianajpgN gracilis N rafflesiana ImageNepenthes hybrid borneojpgN mirabilis N rafflesiana ImageNepenthes rafflesiana hybridjpgN mirabilis N rafflesiana FileNepenthes mirabilis var echinostoma x N rafflesianajpgN mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana 註釋 參考文獻 Anonymous 1848 New garden plants published in books The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848 6 87 Anonymous 1881 Messrs Veitchs Nepentheshouse The Gardeners Chronicle new series 16 410 598599 Anonymous 1883 Mr A E Ratcliffs Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle 20 497 1819 Anonymous 1887 Nepenthes culture The Gardeners Chronicle series 3 2 41 442443 Adam JH 1997 Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20 23 121134 Adam JH CC Wilcock 1999 Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22 1 17 Adam JH 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inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2 1 unpaginated 14 pp Abstract Oikawa T 1992 Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack In The Grief Vanishing Parco Co Japan pp 5253 Osunkoya OO SD Daud FL Wimmer 2008 Longevity lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species Annals of Botany 102 5 845853 Reiskind J 1978 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 7 3 7778 Renner T CD Specht 2011 A sticky situation assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 7 889901 Rizzacasa MA MV Sargent 1987 The structure and synthesis of nepenthoneA a naphthoquinone from Nepenthes rafflesiana Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1 20172022 Robinson A 1995 199495 Plant findings in Malaysia The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 18 4447 Rottloff S R Stieber H Maischak FG Turini G Heubl A Mithöfer 2011 Functional characterization of a 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Alam 4 1 4857 Abstract Teo LL 2001 Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis MSc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Teo WMS 2010 Photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen metabolism of Nepenthes rafflesiana at two different growth stages in response to inorganic nitrate and organic prey MSc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore Thorogood C 2010 The Malaysian Nepenthes Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives Nova Science Publishers New York TorresRivera JJ 2007 A case of Nepenthes rafflesiana with a lotuslike flower Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36 3 8182 Uji T 2003 Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve West Kalimantan Biodiversitas 4 1 112117 Yogiara 2004 MSc thesis Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Yogiara A Suwanto MT Suhartono 2006 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11 1 914 Zulaiha Shireen bte Mohd Salleh 2009 Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and mineral nutrition of carnivorous pitcher plants under greenhouse conditions MSc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore 擴充套件閱讀 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中萊佛士豬籠草的照片 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中翼狀萊佛士豬籠草的照片 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中巨大萊佛士豬籠草的照片 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中白萊佛士豬籠草的照片 Gaume L Nd Piège viscoélastique videos UMR AMAP rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana Category1835 年描述的植物