語言人類學是人類學的分支，將語言學研究方法運用於人類學問題上，將語言或符號的形式與過程聯結到社會文化過程的詮釋。 歷史發展 人類學式的語言學 最早的理論典範原本被稱為語言學（linguistics），雖然當這門學科及相關的研究領域發展成熟之後，稱為 「人類學式的語言學」（anthropological linguistics）。這個領域專門研究這個次學科所獨有的一些主題：對於被視為註定要滅絕的語言所做的語言學記錄（有一些北美原住民語言成為這個次學科學者所關注的焦點），例如： 語法描述， 型別學分類 ，以及 關於語言相對論的未決議題（關連到愛德華薩丕爾與本傑明李沃夫，但實際上由法蘭茲鮑亞士所發展，在他之前，有一長串歐洲思想家，從詹巴蒂斯塔維柯到約翰戈特弗裡德赫爾德到威廉馮洪堡）。所謂的薩丕爾 沃夫假說可能是個不當的用詞，這是就這個兩位學者的科學取向，有別於科學上的實證論、以假說為取向的模型。無論如何，這個名詞是（薩丕爾的學生）所創（Hoijer 1954 see also HIll and Mannheim 1992）。 語言人類學 在 1960 年代，主要負責發起第二種理論典範，將「語言人類學」（linguistic anthropology）這個名稱固定下來，雖然他也創造了「言談民族誌」（ethnography of speaking，或「溝通民族誌」 ethnography of communication）這個術語，來描述他為這個學術領域所設想的架構。這包含了運用錄音裝置等新的科技發展。 海姆斯也引介了一種新的分析單位。有鑑於在第一種理論典範聚焦於表面上獨特的「語言」（引號表示當代的語言人類學家將「一個語言」的概念視為一種理想建構，從而掩蓋了這個語言內部的複雜性，以及「跨越」所謂的語言界線的複雜性）；第二種理論典範的分析單位是「言談事件」（speech event）。（言談事件是一個事件，由發生在這個事件之中的言談所界定的，例如，一場晚宴並不是一個言談事件，而是一個言談情境，在這種情境下，言談可能會發生，也可能不會發生。）有許多學者專注於在這些言談事件中，參與者對他們的語言表現型態所提出的解釋。 Bauman Richard 1977 Verbal Art as Performance American Anthropologist 77290311Hymes Dell 1981 1975 Breakthrough into Performance In In Vain I Tried to Tell You Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics D Hymes ed Pp 79141 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 海姆斯也開創了語言人類學的一種研究方法，。 海姆斯希望將語言人類學更密切聯結到人類學這個母學科。語言人類學這個名稱強調它的首要身份是人類學，並且是「人類學式的語言學」。如今這在大多數的大學是一門獨立學科（而不是在法蘭茲鮑亞士和薩丕爾的時代）。然而，語言人類學這個理論典範，標誌著它跟人類學的其他分支學科進一步的疏遠。 透過語言學方法與資料所從事的人類學議題研究 在 1980 年代後期興起的第三種理論典範，並不是繼續追求來自一個讓人類學感到陌生的學科（語言學）的各項議題，語言人類學家有系統地專注於自己母學科人類學所提出的各項議題，但運用了語言學的資料和方法。在這第三種理論典範的熱門研究議題，包括社會身份認同的調查研究、普遍共同具有的意識形態，以及在個人和團體之間的互動中，論述的建構與運用方式。 研究興趣領域 當代語言人類學研究延續了上述的三個理論典範。有幾個領域關連到第三種典範，也就是對於人類學議題的研究，這是當代語言人類學家特別專注的領域。 身分認同 語言人類學的作品有許多從語言學角度探討社會文化認同的議題。語言人類學家庫利克（Don Kulick）在巴布亞紐幾內亞一個名為迦普恩（Gapun）的村落，依據對許多場景的分析，研究語言與認同的關係。Kulick Don 1992 Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction Socialization Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village Cambridge Cambridge University Press 庫利克探討了迦普恩的兒童如何使用兩種語言傳統語言「塔伊阿普」（Taiap）只在自己村落使用，從而標示了一種根本賦予的（primordially）迦普恩人身分認同。另一種語言則是巴布亞皮欽語（在紐幾內亞盛行的官方語言）。 （語言人類學家使用「標示」（indexical）這個字的意思是指標性。Silverstein Michael 1976 Shifters Linguistic Categories and Cultural Description In Meaning in Anthropology K Basso and HA Selby eds Pp pp 1156 Albuquerque School of American Research University of New Mexico Press） 參閱 人類學 語言學 社會語言學 溝通 民族誌 法蘭茲鮑亞士 認同 意識型態 指標性 符號學 班傑明李沃爾夫 語言接觸 註釋 引用文獻 Bauman Richard 1977 Verbal Art as Performance American Anthropologist 77290311 Duranti Alessandro 1992 Language and Bodies in Social Space Samoan Greetings American Anthropologist 94657691 Duranti Alessandro 2003 Language as Culture in US Anthropology Three Paradigms Current Anthropology 44 3323348 Errington J Joseph 1988 Structure and Style in Javanese A Semiotic View of Linguistic Etiquette Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Hill Jane and Bruce Mannheim 1992 Language and Worldview Annual Reviews in Anthropology 21381406 Hoijer Harry 1954 The SapirWhorf hypothesis in Language in culture Conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture Edited by H Hoijer pp 92105 Chicago University of Chicago Press Horwitz Tony 2006 Immigrationand the Curse of the Black Legend OpEd New York Times Week in Review July 9 2006 p 13 Hymes Dell 1981 1975 Breakthrough into Performance In In Vain I Tried to Tell You Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics D Hymes ed Pp 79141 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Kroskrity Paul V 1998 Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of Linguistic Ideology In Language ideologies Practice and theory BB Schieffelin KA Woolard and P Kroskrity eds Pp 103122 New York Oxford University Press Kulick Don 1992 Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction Socialization Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village Cambridge Cambridge University Press Kulick Don and Charles H Klein 2003 Scandalous Acts The Politics of Shame among Brazilian Travesti Prostitutes In Recognition Struggles and Social Movements Contested Identities Agency and Power B Hobson ed Pp 215238 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Ochs Elinor 1988 Culture and language development Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village Cambridge Cambridge University Press Ochs Elinor and Bambi Schieffelin 1984 Language Acquisition and Socialization Three Developmental Stories and Their Implications In Culture Theory Essays on Mind Self and Emotion R Shweder and RA LeVine eds Pp 276320 New York Cambridge University Ochs Elinor and Carolyn Taylor 2001 The Father Knows Best Dynamic in Dinnertime Narratives In Linguistic Anthropology A Reader A Duranti ed Pp 431449 Oxford Malden MA Blackwell Rumsey Alan 1990 Word meaning and linguistic ideology American Anthropologist 92 2346361 Schieffelin Bambi B 1990 The Give and Take of Everyday Life Language Socialization of Kaluli Children Cambridge Cambridge University Press Schieffelin Bambi B 1995 Creating evidence Making sense of written words in Bosavi Pragmatics 5 2225244 Schieffelin Bambi B 2000 Introducing Kaluli Literacy A Chronology of Influences In Regimes of Language P Kroskrity ed Pp 293327 Santa Fe School of American Research Press Schieffelin Bambi B 2002 Marking time The dichotomizing discourse of multiple temporalities Current Anthropology 43 SupplementS517 Schieffelin Bambi B 2006 PLENARY ADDRESS Found in translating Reflexive language across time and texts in Bosavi PNG Twelve Annual Conference on Language Interaction and Culture University of California Los Angeles 2006 Silverstein Michael 1976 Shifters Linguistic Categories and Cultural Description In Meaning in Anthropology K Basso and HA Selby eds Pp pp 1156 Albuquerque School of American Research University of New Mexico Press Silverstein Michael 1979 Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology In The Elements A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels R Cline W Hanks and C Hofbauer eds Pp pp 193247 Chicago Chicago Linguistic Society Silverstein Michael 1985 Language and the Culture of Gender At the Intersection of Structure Usage and Ideology In Semiotic Mediation Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives E Mertz and R Parmentier eds Pp 219259 Orlando Academic Press Silverstein Michael 2004 Cultural Concepts and the LanguageCulture Nexus Current Anthropology 45 5621652 Wilce James M 2006 Magical Laments and Anthropological Reflections The Production and Circulation of Anthropological Text as Ritual Activity Current Anthropology 47 6891914 Woolard Kathryn A 2004 Codeswitching In Companion to Linguistic Anthropology A Duranti ed Pp 7394 Malden Blackwell 進階閱讀 Ahearn Laura M 2011 Living Language An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology Malden MA WileyBlackwell Baugh J J Sherzer eds 1984 Language in use Prentice Hall Blount Ben G ed 1995 Language Culture and Society A Book of Readings Prospect Heights IL Waveland Bonvillain Nancy 1993 Language culture and communication The meaning of messages Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall Brenneis Donald and Ronald K S Macaulay 1996 The matrix of language Contemporary linguistic anthropology Boulder Westview Duranti Alessandro 1997 Linguistic Anthropology Cambridge Cambridge University Press Duranti Alessandro ed 2001 Key terms in language and culture Malden MA Blackwell Duranti Alessandro ed 2001 Linguistic Anthropology A Reader Malden MA Blackwell Duranti Alessandro ed 2004 Companion to Linguistic Anthropology Malden MA Blackwell Duranti Alessandro and Charles Goodwin eds 1992 Rethinking context Language as an interactive phenomenon Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language No 11 Cambridge Cambridge University Fitch K and G Philipsen 1995 Ethnography of speaking In Handbook of pragmatics J Verschueren JO Östman J Blommaert eds Amsterdam J Benjamins Foley W A 1997 Anthropological linguistics an introduction Blackwell Frank Francine and Frank Anshen 1984 Language and the sexes Albany State U of NY Press Giglioli Pier Paolo 1972 Language and social context Selected readings Middlesex Penguin Books Goffman Erving 1981 Forms of talk Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Gumperz John and Dell Hymes eds 1964 The ethnography of communication American Anthropologist 66 6 Part 2 1186 Gumperz John J ed 1982 Language and social identity Cambridge Cambridge University Press Gumperz John J and Dell Hymes eds 1972 Directions in sociolinguistics The ethnography of communication New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Hanks William F 1996 Language and communicative practices Critical essays in anthropology No 1 Boulder CO Westview Harrison K David 2007 When Languages Die The Extinction of the Worlds Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge New York and London Oxford University Press Hill Jane H 2001 Language Race and White Public Space In Linguistic Anthropology A Reader A Duranti ed Pp 450464 Malden Blackwell Morgan M ed 1994 Language and the social construction of identity Los Angeles Center for AfroAmerican Studies UCLA Newmeyer F J ed 1989 Language The sociocultural context New York Cambridge University Press Philipsen G 1992 Speaking culturally Albany State University of New York Press Salzmann Zdenek 1998 Language culture society 2nd ed Westview Press Sanches M and B G Blount eds 1975 Sociocultural dimensions of language use New York Academic Press Schiffman H 1996 Linguistic culture and language policy Routledge Silverstein Michael 1994 Shifters Linguistic Categories and Cultural Description In Language Culture and Society A Book of Readings BG Blount ed Pp 187221 Prospect Heights IL Waveland Tedlock Dennis and Bruce Mannheim 1995 The dialogic emergence of culture Champaign University of Illinois Whorf Benjamin Lee 1956 Language thought and reality Selected writings J B Carroll ed Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology 外部連結 可於網路下載的本文所引述作者的著作 Alessandro Duranti 的著作 Joel Kuipers 的著作 Elinor Ochs 的著作 Bambi Schieffelin 的著作 James Wilce 的著作 Category 人類學 Category 應用語言學 esLingüística antropológica