墨西哥革命（西班牙語：）是指 1910 年 1920 年墨西哥各派系之間的長期流血鬥爭，以結束獨裁統治、建立立憲共和國告終。革命後由革命制度黨長期執政，直至 2000 年。 歷史 革命起因於人民對墨西哥總統波菲里奧迪亞斯長期獨裁統治的普遍不滿。 1910 年，迪亞斯想第 7 次連選連任總統，引起弗朗西斯科馬德羅以 反對連任黨 領導人身份宣佈自己為候選人。迪亞斯逮捕了馬德羅，於 6 月舉行假選舉，宣佈自己獲勝。馬德羅獲釋後，被迫流亡美國，在德克薩斯州聖安東尼奧釋出 聖路易斯波託西計劃，號召 11 月 20 日舉行起義。起義失敗後，墨西哥國內的馬德羅支持者，包括龐丘維拉、埃米利亞諾薩帕塔等人向政府發動戰爭。在北方，帕斯夸爾奧羅斯科和龐丘維拉動員他們的部隊襲擊政府駐軍；在南方，薩帕塔開展反對地方政治首腦的流血鬥爭。1911 年春，革命軍攻克毗鄰美墨邊境的華雷斯城，加上一連串的軍事勝利，迫使迪亞斯辭職，迪亞斯政權滅亡。革命派迎接馬德羅回國成為總統。 然而馬德羅政府從一開始就不穩定，馬德羅並未實現革命前包括土地改革的承諾。薩帕塔對馬德羅不立即將土地歸還給被剝奪土地的印第安人表示憤怒，轉而反對他。馬德羅支持者奧羅斯科不滿新政府改革步伐緩慢，也在北方發動了反政府運動。美國擔心總統馬德羅過於妥協，怕墨西哥內戰影響美國的商業利益，也轉而反對馬德羅。當獨裁者迪亞斯的侄子費利克斯迪亞斯領導的軍隊和維克托里亞諾韋爾塔指揮的聯邦軍隊在墨西哥城發生衝突時，局勢極為緊張。 1913 年 2 月 18 日韋爾塔和迪亞斯在美國大使亨利萊恩威爾遜辦公室簽署所謂 大使館計劃，商定共同反對馬德羅，由韋爾塔出任總統。次日，馬德羅被捕，被迫辭職，韋爾塔就任總統。數日後馬德羅被暗殺。在北方，反對韋爾塔專橫統治的力量也發展起來，龐丘維拉、阿爾瓦羅奧夫雷貢和貝努斯蒂亞諾卡蘭薩結成聯盟。革命派的卡蘭薩提出 瓜達盧佩計劃，要求韋爾塔辭職。 1914 年春夏期間，起義軍圍攻墨西哥城，韋爾塔出走。8 月 20 日，卡蘭薩不顧維拉反對，宣佈自己為總統。國家陷入混亂和流血的狀態，直至維拉、奧夫雷貢和薩帕塔舉行會議，一致認為維拉和薩帕塔之間的鬥爭使秩序無法恢復，並選舉尤拉利奧古鐵雷斯為臨時總統。 維拉支援古鐵雷斯，奧夫雷貢則與卡蘭薩聯合，於 1915 年 4 月在塞拉西擊敗維拉。卡蘭薩再次任總統。他主持起草 1917 年憲法，賦予總統以獨裁權力，但規定政府有權沒收富有地主的土地，保障工人權利和限制羅馬天主教的權利。為了保持自己的權力，他清除異己，在 1917 年暗殺了薩帕塔。 1917 年，卡蘭薩修改了墨西哥憲法，使得墨西哥民主化。但當他在 1920 年企圖破壞索諾拉的鐵路工人罷工時，反對他的浪潮達到頂點，實際上他已眾叛親離。他在 5 月 21 日企圖逃跑時被殺。阿道弗德拉韋爾塔任臨時總統，直到 11 月奧夫雷貢當選總統為止。許多歷史學家認為，墨西哥革命在 1920 年即告結束。 然而，奧夫雷貢任總統，聯邦軍和叛軍之間的衝突時有發生，墨西哥軍事政變頻頻，直至 1934 年革命制度黨改良主義者拉薩羅卡德納斯就任總統後才算平靜下來。而革命後由革命制度黨長期執政，直至 2000 年。 參見 莫雷洛斯公社 參考文獻 Chasteen John Born In Blood and Fire A Concise History of Latin America New York Documents on the Mexican Revolution Vol1 Part 1 ed Gene Z Hanrahan North Carolina Documentary Publications 1976 Gonzales Michael J The Mexican Revolution 19101940 Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press 2002 Hauss Charles Smith Miriam Comparative Politics Nelson Thomson Learning Copyright 2000 Knight Alan The Mexican Revolution Volume 1 Porfirians Liberals and Peasants 1990 The Mexican Revolution Volume 2 Counterrevolution and Reconstruction 1990 Lucas Jeffrey Kent The Rightward Drift of Mexicos Former Revolutionaries The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama 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Mexican Revolution Latin American Research Review 1999 342 pp 143165 in JSTOR 線上 Brunk Samuel The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution The American Historical Review Washington April 1996 Volume 101 Issue 2 Page 331 Brunk Samuel Zapata and the City Boys In Search of a Piece of Revolution Hispanic American Historical Review Duke University Press 1993 From Soldaderas to Comandantes Zapatista Direct Solidarity Committee University of Texas Gilbert Dennis Emiliano Zapata Textbook Hero Mexican Studies Berkley Winter 2003 Volume 19 Issue 1 Page 127 Hardman John Soldiers of Fortune in the Mexican Revolution Postcards of the Mexican Revolution Merewether Charles Collections Curator Getty Research Institute Mexico From Empire to Revolution Jan 2002 Rausch George Jr The Exile and Death of Victoriano Huerta The Hispanic American Historical Review Vol 42 No 2 May 1963 pp 133151 Tannenbaum Frank Land Reform in Mexico Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol 150 Economics of World Peace July 1930 238247 Tuck Jim Zapata and the Intellectuals Mexico Connect 19962006 外部連結 Library of CongressHispanic Reading Room portal Distant Neighbors The US and the Mexican Revolution EDSITEments Spotlight The Centennial of the Mexican Revolution 19102010 from EDSITEment The Best of the Humanities on the Web US Library of Congress Country Study Mexico Mexican Revolution of 1910 and Its Legacy latinoartcommunityorg Women and the Mexican Revolution on the site of the University of Arizona Stephanie Creed Kelcie McLaughlin Christina Miller Vince Struble Mexican Revolution 19101920 Latin American Revolutions course material for History 328 Truman State University Missouri Mexico From Empire to Revolution photographs and commentary on the site of the J Paul Getty Trust Mexican Revolution ca 19101917 Photos and postcards in color and in black and white some with manuscript letters postmarks and stamps from the collection at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Papers of E K Warren Sons 18841973 ranchers in Mexico Texas and New Mexico held at Southwest CollectionSpecial Collections Library at Texas Tech University Mexican Revolution in the Boys Historical Clothing website This is an overview of the Revolution with a treatment of the impact on children SMUs Mexic graphs from the DeGolyer Library contains dozens of photographs related to the Mexican Revolution Time line of the Mexican Revolution Category 墨西哥歷史 Category 無政府主義革命 Category20 世紀墨西哥 Category 現代墨西哥 分類：內戰 Category 墨西哥革命 Category 共產主義革命