德內－高加索語系（DenéCaucasian），或譯作達內－高加索語系，亦稱漢－高加索語系（SinoCaucasian）漢－高加索語系的範圍與德內－高加索語系有所不同，漢－高加索語系通常不包括納－德內語和瓦斯科尼亞語系，見該章節。，是一個假設的超語系，包括漢藏語系、布魯夏斯基語、葉尼塞語系、北高加索語系、北美的納－德內語系，甚至是歐洲的（包括巴斯克語）。有時蘇美爾語和阿爾吉克語系也被歸入其中。該語系存在與否還處在爭議中，大部分關於該超語系的研究在 20 世紀 90 年代之後才開始展開。 2008 年語言學家愛德華瓦伊達提出了一個範圍更小的超語系假說，即德內－葉尼塞語系，該假說認為西伯利亞的葉尼塞語系與北美的納－德內語系存在同源關係，該假說獲得了許多歷史語言學家的認可。但至今，多數語言學家仍對德內－高加索語系假說持懷疑或否定態度。 1997 American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America Oxford Oxford University Press pp 286288 1996 The Classification of the Native Languages of North America In Ives Goddard ed Languages Vol 17 of William Sturtevant ed Handbook of North American Indians Washington DC Smithsonian Institution pg 318 2000 The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pg 85Dalby Andrew 1998 Dictionary of Languages New York Columbia University Press pg 434 研究歷史 20 世紀時，、薩丕爾、、斯瓦迪士和等學者先後提出類似於德內－高加索語系的假說，並對該問題進行了相關探索。20 世紀 80 年代，蘇聯語言學家斯塔羅斯金提出漢－高加索語系假說，指出高加索語、葉尼塞語和漢藏語可能具有同源關係，並提供了大量的語言學證據參見 Starostin 1984 Starostin 1991。80 年代末，本特森也加入到這項假說的研究中來。 漢－高加索語系的成員自該假說提出後就不斷擴充。1991 年，尼古拉耶夫證明了高加索語與納－德內語的發生學關係，從而在該超語系假說中加入納－德內語參見 Nikola y ev 1991。1996 年，將（這一語系包括巴斯克語、阿基坦語甚至是）納入該超語系假說中，1997 年，本特森又將布魯夏斯基語納入。擴充後的假說被稱為 德內－高加索語系。 2005 年，斯塔羅斯金進一步提出 德內－臺語系 假說，該假說假定德內－高加索語系和澳語系為德內－臺語系的兩個分支，這個更為宏大的假說將漢藏語、北高加索語、侗臺語、苗瑤語、南亞語、南島語等許多語系包含進來。斯塔羅斯金還猜測德內－臺語系可能於公元前一萬年分化，形成了德內－高加索語系和澳語系兩大分支。 存在證據 以斯塔羅斯金為首的莫斯科學派堅信 基本詞彙對應是證明發生學關係的關鍵，他們因此以語言年代學為基礎，依照詞彙對應等為證據對德內－高加索語系展開論證，但是他們並不注重考古學等旁證。至 2005 年，斯塔羅斯金提供了 956 組詞彙對應形式，以證明漢藏語、高加索語等語言之間存在同源關係。其中有一部分詞彙原始形態存在明顯的相似，如： 詞彙 原始高加索語 原始漢藏語 飛 毛髮 毛髮 葉子 有些詞彙原始形態不甚近似，但在高加索語中的語音變化卻與漢藏語一致，如 血 一詞在高加索語系的達吉語中讀 ，而在漢藏語系的杜密語中讀 。除詞彙對應外，斯塔羅斯金及其同事還發現了高加索語與漢藏語之間的數種語音對應和形態對應形式。在語音對應方面，斯塔羅斯金認為原始德內－高加索語邊塞音、在原始漢藏語中分化，詞首保留邊音、，詞尾則變成軟顎音；斯塔羅斯金亦發現原始高加索語的緊音與葉尼塞語的喉塞音對應，並猜測這種對應與原始德內－高加索語的超音段成分有關。 語系樹建議 斯塔羅斯金及其同事的觀點 斯塔羅斯金等莫斯科學派語言學家堅信人類語言的單一起源論，並開展了名為 巴別塔計劃 的研究專案，斯塔羅斯金本人提出了 漢－高加索語系 並認為納－德內語可能屬於漢－高加索語系，其同事則展開了漢－高加索語系與納－德內語等其它語系的比較。根據研究成果，斯塔羅斯金及其同事整理出如下的譜系樹，並透過修訂語言年代學估算了德內－高加索語系各語言的分化時間參見 The preliminary phylogenetic tree according to the Tower of Babel Project： 本特森的觀點 本特森 John D Bengtson 把巴斯克語、高加索語及布魯夏斯基語組合成為大高加索語系 MacroCaucasian family 見 Bengtson 1997a。本特森並未對大高加索語系之外的德內－高加索語系分支畫出詳細的譜系樹，而是將這些分支暫時直接放在德內－高加索語系之下，因為他認為目前對這些分支的研究尚不成熟。本特森也留意到蘇美爾語在地理上與其西支及東支分享著相同的等語線見 Bengtson 1997b。 參見 德內－葉尼塞語門 語言系屬分類 祖語 註釋 引用 參考資料 BENEDICT Paul K 1972 SinoTibetan A Conspectus 103ff Ed by J A Matisoff Cambridge University Press BENGTSON John D 2004 Some features of DeneCaucasian phonology with special reference to Basque In Cahiers de lInstitut de Linguistique de Louvain CILL 3354 BENGTSON John D 2003 Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology Mother Tongue 8 2139 BENGTSON John D 2002 The DeneCaucasian noun prefix s In The Linguists Linguist A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer ed by F Cavoto pp 5357 Munich LINCOM Europa BENGTSON John D 1999a Review of RL Trask The 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Indigenous Languages of America SSILA and Linguistic Society of America LSA VAJDA Edward J 2000a Yeniseian and NaDene evidence for a genetic relationship Paper read at 38th Conference on American Indian Languages SSILA Chicago Jan 2000 VAJDA Edward J 2000b Yeniseian and AthabaskanEyakTlingit Paper read at Linguistics Department Colloquium University of British Columbia Mar 2000 VAJDA Edward J 2000c Ket verb morphology and its parallels with AthabaskanEyakTlingit evidence of a genetic link Paper read at Athabaskan Language Conference Moricetown BC June 9 2000 VAJDA Edward J 2000d AthabaskanEyakTlingit and Yeniseian lexical and phonological parallels Read at 39th Conference on American Indian Languages San Francisco Nov 1418 2000 VAN DRIEM George 2001 The Languages of the Himalayas Brill Leiden VOVIN Alexander 2002 Building a bumpa for SinoCaucasian Journal of Chinese Linguistics 301 154171 VOVIN Alexander 1997 The Comparative Method and Ventures Beyond SinoTibetan Journal of Chinese Linguistics 252 308336 WERNER Heinrich K 2004 Zur jenissejischindianischen Urverwandtschaft On the YeniseianAmerican Indian primordial relationship Wiesbaden Harrassowitz 外部連結 DenéCaucasian ethnolinguistic map The Tower of Babel site in English and Russian including Proposed family tree and Wordfinal resonants in SinoCaucasian A Final Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1 GIF Merritt Ruhlen on the DenéCaucasian hypothesis PDF Category 假定的語言系屬分類 Category 語言假說 Category 德內 高加索語系