thumbright500px20 世紀後期國際貿易地位的世界地圖，依照世界體系劃分為核心經濟（藍）、半邊陲經濟（黃）和邊陲經濟（紅）。依據 Dunn Kawana Brewer 2000 繪製。 世界體系理論Immanuel Wallerstein 2004 Worldsystems Analysis In World System History ed George Modelski in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO Eolss Publishers Oxford UK，是由薩米爾阿明、阿銳基、安德烈岡德弗蘭克與伊曼紐爾沃勒斯坦等人建立的後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論，應用於全球史和社會變遷。該理論強調將（而非民族國家）作為主要（但不是唯一的）的單元。 「世界體系」是指跨區域和跨國的勞動分工，它將世界分成了核心經濟、半邊陲經濟和邊陲經濟。核心經濟專注於高科技、資本密集型的生產，而世界的其餘部分則要進行低技術、勞動密集型生產以及原材料的開採。Frank Lechner Globalization theories WorldSystem Theory 2001 這一體系時刻都在強化核心國家的支配地位。然而，該體系也有動態性，部分是由於運輸方式的變革，以及單個國家可能會獲得 失去其核心 半邊緣 邊緣的地位。這種結構是由勞動分工統一起來的。它是植根於資本主義經濟的世界經濟。在一段時間內，某些國家成為世界霸權；在過去的幾個世紀裡，隨著世界體系在地理上擴充套件、經濟上強化，霸主的地位從荷蘭轉移到了英國，最近又轉移到了美國。 緣起 世界體系理論發跡於 20 世紀 70 年代。其理論基礎主要在社會學，但已發展成為非常跨學科的理論。世界體系理論試圖取代現代化理論的地位，華勒斯坦對現代化理論的批判主要有以下三點： 它以民族國家作為唯一的 它假定所有國家只有同一條發展路徑 它無視限制了地方和國家發展的跨國結構。 該理論有三個主要的來源：年鑑學派、馬克思主義傳統，以及依附理論。Carlos A MartínezVela World Systems Theory paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems November 2003 其中，年鑑學派傳統（尤其是費爾南布勞岱爾）對華勒斯坦在於將長時期的過程和將地理 生態區域作為。馬克思主義增加了對的強調，關注過程和競爭性的階級鬥爭，關注相關的總體，社會形態的短暫性以及矛盾衝突的辯證運動。而依附理論是一套對發展過程的新馬克思主義解釋。 傳統馬克思主義中也有對帝國主義的探討，列寧在其名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端。世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。 其他對世界體系理論產生影響的有卡爾波蘭尼、尼古拉康德拉季耶夫 Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective Kondratieff Waves Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century Ed by Leonid E Grinin Tessaleno C Devezas and Andrey V Korotayev Volgograd Uchitel 2012 P 2364 和約瑟夫熊彼特等學者（特別是他們對商業週期和三種基本經濟組織模式概念的研究：互惠模式、再分配模式和市場模式，華勒斯坦將其重新定義為對微型系統、世界帝國和世界經濟的討論）。 華勒斯坦認為，資本主義世界經濟的發展對世界上很大一部分人口是有害的。Wallerstein Immanuel 1983 Historical Capitalism London Verso 他認為，20 世紀 70 年代以來的時期是一個「過渡時代」，它將讓位於一個（或多個）未來的世界體系，其結構無法預先確定。Hopkins Terence K and Immanuel Wallerstein coordinators 1996 The Age of Transition London Zed Books 世界體系的主要思想家有、薩米爾阿明、阿銳基、安德烈岡德法蘭克，以及伊曼紐爾沃勒斯坦，其他主要貢獻者有、、、李民騏、等人。 內容 華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區、政治集團，「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家，「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國，另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家。透過市場機制，邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說： 至於時間向度，華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色：週期節律代表經濟的短期波動，華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫的長波理論，指出資本主義具有約 40－50 年的擴張 收縮週期，而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。長期趨勢一如其名，代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。矛盾是系統內的一般爭議，通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是危機，這也代表該系統的終結。 參見 大歷史 依附理論 國際政治經濟學 結構主義經濟學 後殖民主義 一般系統理論 全球化 國際關係理論 系統思維 參考文獻 相關文獻 Amin S 1973 Le developpement inegal Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique Paris Editions de Minuit Amin S（1976 Unequal Development An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism New York Monthly Review Press Amin S 1992 Empire of Chaos New York Monthly Review Press Amin S（1997 Die Zukunft des Weltsystems Herausforderungen der Globalisierung Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke Hamburg VSA Arrighi G 1989 The Developmentalist Illusion A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery paper presented at the Thirteenth Annual Political Economy 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