自我組織，在社會科學中也稱為自發秩序，是指一種過程，這種過程中，最初的無序系統中各部分之間區域性相互作用，形成了某種形式的整體秩序。當能量供給充足時，該過程無需任何外部主體控制即可自發進行。它通常由看似隨機的波動觸發，並經由正反饋放大。由此產生的組織是完全分散的，分佈在系統的所有組成成分中。因此，這種組織往往是穩健的，能夠經受重大幹擾並自我修復。混沌理論根據大量混亂的不可預測性中的可預測性孤島來討論自組織。 自組織發生在許多物理、化學、生物、機器人和認知系統中。自組織的例子有結晶、流體的熱對流、、動物叢集、神經迴路和黑市。 概述 自組織可在非平衡過程的物理現象，以及化學反應中實現 Glansdorff P Prigogine I 1971 Thermodynamic Theory of Structure Stability and Fluctuations London WileyInterscience ，在反應中通常稱作自組裝。這一概念在生物學中，從分子到生態系統水平也均有應用。Compare 許多其他學科的文獻也給出了自組織行為的案例，包括自然科學和社會科學（如經濟學或人類學）。元胞自動機等數學系統中也能觀察到自組織現象。自組織是湧現這一概念的一個例子。 自組織依賴於四個基本要素： 強動態非線性，通常（但未必）涉及正反饋和負反饋 開發與探索的平衡 組分之間的多重相互作用 能量的輸入（克服熵增的自然趨勢，或自由能的損失） 原理 控制論者威廉羅斯艾什比於 1947 年提出了自組織的最初的原理則。Ashby W R 1962 Principles of the selforganizing system pp 25578 in Principles of SelfOrganization Heinz von Foerster and George W Zopf Jr eds US Office of Naval Research 原理指出，任何確定性動力系統都會自發向平衡狀態演化，這種平衡狀態可以視為周圍狀態域中的吸引子。一旦到達那裡，系統接下來的發展就被限制在吸引子中。這種約束意味著其構成元件或子系統之間存在一種相互依賴或協調的形式。用艾什比的話來說，每個子系統都適應了所有其他子系統構成的環境。 控制論者海因茨馮福斯特於 1960 年提出了 從噪聲產生秩序 的原理。Von Foerster H 1960 On selforganizing systems and their environments pp 3150 in Selforganizing systems MC Yovits and S Cameron eds Pergamon Press London 該原理指出，隨機干擾（噪聲）會促進自組織，使系統在其狀態空間中探索各種狀態。這增加了系統到達 強 或 深 吸引域的機會，然後從那裡迅速進入吸引子本身。生物物理學家提出 從噪聲產生複雜性 原理（See occurrences on Google Books）See occurrences on Google Books，發展了這一概念， 他首先是在 1972 年出版的書中，然後是在 1979 年出版的一書中提出了 從噪聲產生複雜性。物理學家兼化學家伊利亞普里高津提出了一個類似的原理，稱為 來自波動的秩序 Nicolis G and Prigogine I 1977 Selforganization in nonequilibrium systems From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations Wiley New York 或 來自混沌的秩序。Prigogine I and Stengers I 1984 Order out of chaos Mans new dialogue with nature Bantam Books 它被應用於問題求解和機器學習的模擬退火方法中。 參見 數學概念：分形 隨機圖 冪定律 六度分隔理論 細胞自動機 物理概念：熱力學 非平衡態熱力學 建構理論 統計力學 相變 耗散結構 湍流 化學概念： 自催化反應 生物概念：演化論 形態發生 內環境穩態 協同動力學 社會概念：參與組織 系統科學概念：控制論 自生系統論 複雜系統概念：呈展現象 演化計算 人工生命 自組化臨界 混沌的邊緣 自發秩序 介穩態 電腦科學概念：群體智慧 哲學概念：組織形態學 互補對（complementary pairs） 自組織協同網路 群體築巢行為 無為而治 參考文獻 延伸閱讀 W Ross Ashby 1966 Design for a Brain Chapman Hall 2nd 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webpage on selforganization in biological systems Mikhail Prokopenkos page on Informationdriven Selforganisation IDSO Lakeside Labs SelfOrganizing Networked Systems A platform for science and technology Klagenfurt Austria Watch 32 discordant metronomes synch up all by themselves theatlanticcom Category 基本物理概念 Category 系統理論 Category 控制論 Category 自組織