阿爾伯特克勞德（，；），比利時生物學家，1974 年因為對細胞構造的研究，而與他的學生克里斯蒂安德迪夫及喬治帕拉德共同獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。 Albert Claude 24 August 1899 22 May 1983 was a BelgianAmerican cell biologist and medical doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade His elementary education started in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier his birthplace He served in the British Intelligence Service during the First World War and got imprisoned in concentration camps twice In recognition of his service he was granted enrolment at the University of Liège in Belgium to study medicine without any formal education required for the course He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928 Devoted to medical research he initially joined German institutes in Berlin In 1929 he found an opportunity to join the Rockefeller Institute in New York At Rockefeller University he made his most groundbreaking achievements in cell biology In 1930 he developed the technique of cell fractionation by which he discovered the agent of the Rous sarcoma components of cell organelles such as mitochondrion chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ribosome and lysosome He was the first to employ the electron microscope in the field of biology In 1945 he published the first detailed structure of cell His collective works established the complex functional and structural properties of cells Claude served as director at Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancérologie in LouvainlaNeuve Professor at the Free University of Brussels the University of Louvain and Rockefeller University For his pioneering works he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970 together with George Palade and Keith Porter the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with his student George Palade and friend Christian de Duve Early life and education Albert Claude was born in 1899 but according to civil register 1898 in Longlier a hamlet in Neufchâteau Belgium to Florentin Joseph Claude and MarieGlaudice Watriquant Claude He was the youngest among three brothers and one sister His father was a Paristrained baker and ran a bakerycumgeneral store at Longlier valley near railroad station His mother who developed breast cancer in 1902 died when he was seven years old He spent his preschool life with his ailing mother He started education in Longlier Primary School a pluralistic school of single room mixed grades and all under one teacher In spite of the inconveniences he remarked the education system as excellent He served as a bell boy ringing church bell every morning at 6 Due to economic depression the family moved to Athus a prosperous region with steel mills in 1907 He entered Germanspeaking school After two years he was asked to look after his uncle who was disabled with cerebral haemorrhage in Longlier He dropped out of school and practically nursed his uncle for several years At the outbreak of the First World War he was apprenticed to steel mills and worked as an industrial designer Inspired by Winston Churchill then British Minister of War he joined the resistance and volunteered in British Intelligence Service in which he served during the whole war At the end of the war he was decorated with the Interallied Medal along with veteran status He then wanted to continue education Since he had no formal secondary education particularly required for medicine course such as in Greek and Latin he tried to join School of Mining in Liège By that time Marcel Florkin became head of the Direction of Higher Education in Belgiums Ministry of Public Instruction and under his administration passed the law that enabled war veterans to pursue higher education without diploma or other examinations As an honour to his war service he was given admission to the University of Liège in 1922 to study medicine He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1928 Career Claude received travel grants from Belgian government for his doctoral thesis on the transplantation of mouse cancers into rats With this he worked his postdoctoral research in Berlin during the winter of 19281929 first at the Institut für Krebsforschung and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology Dahlem in the laboratory of tissues culture of Prof Albert Fischer Back in Belgium he received fellowship in 1929 from the Belgian American Educational Foundation Commission for Relief in Belgium CRB for research in the United States He applied for the Rockefeller Institute now the Rockefeller University in New York USA Simon Flexner then Director accepted his proposal to work on the isolation and identification of the Rous sarcoma virus In September 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute In 1930 he discovered the process of cell fractionation which was groundbreaking in his time The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cells contents He then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions each of a specific mass and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions In 1938 he identified and purified for the first time component of Rous sarcoma virus the causal agent of carcinoma as ribose nucleoprotein eventually named RNA He was the first to use electron microscope to study biological cells Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches His first electron microscopic study was on the structure of mitochondria in 1945 He was given American citizenship in 1941 He discovered that mitochondria are the power houses of all cells He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them microsomes which were later renamed ribosomes the protein synthesizing machineries of cell With his associate Keith Porter he found a lacework structure that was eventually proven to be the major structural feature of the interior of all eukaryotic cells This was the discovery of endoplasmic reticulum a Latin for fishnet In 1949 he became Director of the Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment Institut Jules Bordet and Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Free University of Brussels where he was Emeritus in 1971 In the mid sixties during an Electron Microscopy symposium in BratislavaCzechoslovakia organized by the UNESCO at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences he meets young scientist Dr Emil Mrena who was at that time head of the Electron Microscopy department He invited him to come and work with him in Brussels making it possible for Dr Mrenas family to escape the communist regime Their close collaboration gave fruition to 5 publications from 1969 to 1974 With the support of his colleague and friend Christian de Duve he became in 1972 Professor at the University of Louvain Université catholique de Louvain and Director of the Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancérologie in LouvainlaNeuve where he moved with Dr Emil Mrena as sole collaborator At the same time he was appointed Professor at the Rockefeller University an institution with which he had remained connected in different degrees since 1929 Personal life He married Julia Gilder in 1935 with whom he had a daughter Philippa They got divorced while at Rockefeller Philippa became a neuroscientist and married Antony Stretton Claude was known to be a bit of an eccentric and had close friendship with painters including Diego Rivera and Paul Delvaux and musicians such as Edgard Varèse After his retirement in 1971 from the Université libre de Bruxelles and from the directorship of the Institut Jules Bordet he continued his research at the University of Louvain with his collaborator Dr Emil Mrena who ended up resigning in 1977 due to decreasing activity of the Laboratory moving to other research works It is said that he continued his research in seclusion until he died of natural causes at his home in Brussels on Sunday night on 22 May 1983 but he had stopped visiting his own laboratory in Louvain already in 1976 due to his weak health Awards and recognitions Baron Holvoet Prize of the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique of Belgium in 1965 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970 from Columbia University Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Palade and de Duve for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell Medal of the Belgian Academy of Medicine Member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium Member of the French Academy of Sciences Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Order of the Palmes Académiques of France Grand Cordon of the Order of Léopold II Honorary doctorates from the universities of Modena Brno Liège Louvain Gent and the Rockefeller University 參考 進一步閱讀 外部連結 His list of publications on the Institutional Repository of Université libre de Bruxelles The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Biography at biographycom Science Quotes by Albert Claude Profile at Rockefeller University Nobel Prize Biography The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Category 比利時生物學家 Category 移民美國的比利時人 Category 比利時諾貝爾獎獲得者 Category 洛克菲勒大學教師 Category 諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎獲得者 Category 列日大學校友 Category 魯汶天主教大學 法語 教師 Category 布魯塞爾自由大學 法語 教師 Category20 世紀生物學家