馬納本德納特羅易（；；），又譯魯易、魯依、羅亦，印度革命家、哲學家、政治理論家及活動家。早年曾為共產主義領袖及理論家，在墨西哥、印度和中國從事革命活動；後來，他對資產階級民主和共產主義都感到失望，在生命的最後幾年致力於發展一種替代哲學，他稱之為 激進人文主義， 早年 他原名曼文德拉納特巴塔查亞，18 歲時參加印度地下獨立運動。1915 年嘗試發動武裝政變推翻英國統治未果。第一次世界大戰期間前往德國及中國上海尋求德國提供武器支援印度革命，但未能獲得成功。之後分別前往印尼、日本、韓國、墨西哥、菲律賓及美國，並在美國改名為馬納本德納特羅易。羅易為政治理論家及活動家，1917 年往墨西哥，與當地知識份子及政治領袖關係密切。羅易曾為墨西哥社會黨總書記。十月革命後轉向共產主義，與當時在墨西哥的鮑羅廷熟悉，並一起建立墨西哥共產黨。羅易為共產國際駐墨代表。1920 年受列寧之邀前往莫斯科參加共產國際第二次代表大會，於會上發表關於民族及殖民問題的理論，為列寧在這方面理論的補充。同時開始參予共產國際事務，同年於塔什干成立印度僑民共產黨。1922 年為共產國際遠東局負責人之一，之後曾為共產國際主席團成員。 到中國 1927 年年初，羅易奉共產國際之命前往中國，任共產國際駐中國代表團團長，負責指導中國革命，並出席中國共產黨第五次全國代表大會。羅易於 4 月初抵達武漢。4 月 12 日蔣介石及國民黨右派在上海清黨，引致寧漢分裂。羅易與當時中共主要負責人陳獨秀、譚平山以及鮑羅廷等對革命方略出現爭論。5 月 31 日，共產國際密電中共，指示中共發動進行土地革命，武裝農民、沒收土地；滲入國民黨內並組成可靠的武裝部隊。羅易於 6 月將共產國際指示給予國民黨於武漢主事人汪精衛過目，最終武漢方面亦實行分共。同年 8 月羅易返回蘇聯。 與共產黨決裂 羅易於 1929 年共產國際六大後與共產黨決裂，羅易公開批評共產國際極左，而其本人則被共產國際開除。1930 年出版關於中國之書本《中國的革命與反革命》。羅易返回印度後，被英國當局逮捕，被判六年監禁，於獄中著有《現代科學的哲學結果》一書原稿。羅易出獄後宣揚反對極權主義，支援反法西斯戰爭；同時並為自由印度起草憲法，提出由地方分權的經濟政策。二戰爆發前，羅易違反當時印度國民大會黨領袖及印度共產黨的主張，力主印度與英國合作對抗希特拉及法西斯；並指只有自由的英國得到勝利，印度才可能獲得獨立。 晚年 羅易晚年表現對小資產階級民主及共產主義失望，轉為開始研究稱為 激進人文主義（Radical Humanism，又稱「新人民主義」）的新主張。其思想收錄在其晚年論著《理性、浪漫主義、革命》。 參考文獻 La voz de la India The Voice of India Mexico City np nd c 1917 La India Su Pasado Su Presente y Su Porvenir India Its Past Its Present and Its Future Mexico City np 1918 Indien India Hamburg Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale 1922 India in Transition With Abani Mukherji Geneva JB Target 1922 What Do We Want Geneva J B Target 1922 One Year of NonCooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya With Evelyn Roy Calcutta Communist Party of India 1923 Imprint probably fictitious Indias Problem and Its Solution nc np nd c 1923 Political Letters Zurich Vanguard Bookshop 1924 Alternate title Letters to Indian Nationalists Cawnpore Conspiracy Case An Open Letter to the Rt Hon J R MacDonald London Indian Defence Committee 1924 The Aftermath of NonCooperation Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics London Communist Party of Great Britain 1926 The Future of Indian Politics London R Bishop Communist Party of Great Britain 1926 Our Task in India nc Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class nd c 1932 I Accuse From the Suppressed Statement of Manabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court Cawnpore India New York Roy Defense Committee of India 1932 Title of unexpurgated Indian edition My Defence Congress at Crossroads by a Congressman M N Roy Bombay Independence of India League c 1934 On Stepping Out of Jail Bombay V B Karnik nd c 1936 Letters by M N Roy to the Congress Socialist Party Written in 1934 Bombay Renaissance Publishing Co 1937 The Historical Role of Islam An Essay on Islamic Culture Bombay Vora 1937 Presidential Address of M N Roy United Provinces Youths Conference 29 and 30 May 1937 Sitapur Bombay R D Nadkarni nd 1937 Materialism and Spiritualism Presidential Address of M N Roy at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths Conference Held at Madras on 25 July 1937 Bombay R D Nadkarni nd 1937 My Crime Bombay Ramesh D Nadkarni nd c 1937 The Russian Revolution A Review and the Perspective Calcutta D M Library nd c 1937 Presidential Address of Com MN Roy First RajputanaCentral India Students Conference Benwar 1 and 2 January 1938 Bombay np nd 1938 AllIndia Sugar Mill Workers Conference Gorakhpur Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938 Presidential Address by Manabendra Nath Roy Gorakhpur np nd 1938 Fascism Its Philosophy Professions and Practice Calcutta DM Library 1938 On the Congress Constitution Calcutta Independent India Office 1938 Our Differences With V B Karnik Calcuta Saraswaty Library 1938 Our Problems With V B Karnik Calcutta Barendra Library 1938 Gandhi vs Roy Containing Com Roys Letter to Gandhiji the Latters Reply and the Formers Rejoinder Bombay V B Karnik 1939 Heresies of the Twentieth Century Philosophical Essays Bombay Renaissance Publishers 1939 Presidential Address by M N Roy at the First AllIndia Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen Poona 27 and 28 June 1939 Bombay np nd 1939 Tripuri and After Nasik Radical Congressmens League nd 1930s Which Way Lucknow By a Radical Congressman M N Roy Bombay M R Shetty nd 1930s The Memoirs of a Cat nc Dehra Dun Renaissance Publishers 1940 Whither Europe Bombay Vora 1940 The Alternative Bombay Vora 1940 From Savagery to Civilisation Calcutta Digest Book House 1940 Gandhism Nationalism Socialism Calcutta Bengal Radical Club 1940 Science and Superstition Dera Dun Indian Renaissance Association 1940 Materialism An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought Dera Dun Renaissance Publishers 1940 World Crisis International Situation contributor Ahmedabad Gujarat Radical Democratic Peoples Party 1940 The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom Patna Bihar Radical Democratic Peoples Party nd c 1940 Science Philosophy and Politics Moradabad J S Agarwal nd c 1940 A New Path Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party Bombay V B Karnik nd c 1940 Twentieth Century Jacobinism Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution Patna Radical Democratic Party nd c 1940 Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization Calcutta D Goonawardhana nd c 1940 My Differences with the Congress Speech at Allahbad University 27 November 1940 Bombay V B Karnik League of Radical Congressmen nd c 1940 On Communal Question With V B Karnik Lucknow AP Singh nd c 1940 Culture at the Crossroads Cultural Requisites of Freedom Calcutta Leftist Book Club nd 1940s Radical Democratic Partys Message to the USSR Calcutta D Goonawardhan nd 1940s Presidential Address by Com M N Roy at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941 Bombay V B Karnik nd 1941 The Ideal of Indian Womanhood nc Dehra Dun Renaissance Publishers 1941 Problem of the Indian Revolution Bombay Rajaram Panday 1941 AllIndia AntiFascist Trade Union Conference Presidential Address by M N Roy Lahore 2930 November 1941 Lahore M A Kahn nd 1941 Scientific Politics Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp Dehradun May and June 1940 Held under Auspices of AllIndia League of Radical Congressmen Dehra Dun Indian Renaissance Association 1942 Freedom or Fascism nc Bombay Radical Democratic Party 1942 India and the War contributor Lucknow Radical Democratic Party 1942 This War and Our Defence Karachi Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party 1942 War and Revolution International Civil War Madras Radical Democratic Party 1942 Origin of Radicalism in the Congress Lucknow SS Suri 1942 Library of a Revolutionary Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study Lucknow New Life Union for the Indian Renaissance Association 1942 This Way to Freedom Report of the AllIndia Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942 contributor Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1942 Nationalism An Antiquated Cult Bombay Radical Democratic Party nd c 1942 Nationalism Democracy and Freedom Bombay Radical Democratic Party nd c 1942 Letters from Jail nc Dehra Dun Renaissance Publishing 1943 The Communist International Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1943 What is Marxism Bombay np 1943 The Future of Socialism Talk to the Calcutta Students Club November 1943 Calcutta Renaissance Publishers nd 1943 Poverty or Plenty Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1943 Indian Labour and Postwar Reconstruction Lucknow A P Singh 1943 Indian Renaissance Movement Three Lectures Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1944 The Future of the Middle Class Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944 in the Annual Spring Lecture Series Patna Radical Democratic Party nd 1944 Constitution of India A Draft Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party Delhi V B Karnik 1944 Your Future An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class Issued by the Radical Democratic Party Lucknow Radical Democratic Party 1944 Planning a New India Calcutta Renaissance Publishers nd c 1944 National Government or Peoples Government Calcutta Renaissance Publishers nd c 1944 Constitution of Free India A Draft by M N Roy Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1945 The Last Battles of Freedom Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party 27 to 30 December 1944 Delhi Radical Democratic Party nd 1945 PostWar Perspective A Peep into the Future Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1945 Future of Democracy in India Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall Lucknow on 6 October 1945 Delhi Radical Democratic Party nd 1945 The Problem of Freedom Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1945 My Experiences in China Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1945 SinoSoviet Treaty Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1947 Jawaharial Nehru Delhi Radical Democratic Party nd c 1945 INA and the August Revolution Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1946 Revolution and CounterRevolution in China Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1946 Published in German in 1931 A New Orientation Statement on the International Situation Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1946 A New Orientation Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom Economic Prosperity and Cultural Progress Dehra Dun Radical Democratic Party Bengal 1946 New Orientation Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun from 8 to 18 May 1946 With Phillip Spratt Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1946 Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address Bombay 20th 21st 22 December 1946 Presidential Address and Resolutions Bombay V B Karnik nd 1947 Principles of Radical Democracy Adopted by the Third AllIndia Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay 26 to 29 December 1946 Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1947 Attributed to Roy Leviathan and Octopus Delhi Radical Democratic Party nd 1947 Asia and the World A Manifesto Delhi Radical Democratic Party 1947 Science and Philosophy Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1947 New Humanism A Manifesto Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1947 Beyond Communism With Philip Spratt Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1947 A New Approach to the Communal Program Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship Madras 22 February 1941 Bombay V B Karnik nd c 1947 The Russian Revolution Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1949 Indias Message Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1950 The Rhythm of Cosmos Inaugural Address of the Second AllIndia Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 February 1952 Tenali np nd 1952 Radical Humanism New Delhi np 1952 Reason Romanticism and Revolution Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1952 The Way Ahead in Asia nc British Information Service in Southeast Asia nd c 1950s Crime and Karma Cats and Women Calcutta Renaissance Publishers 1957 Memoirs Bombay Allied Publishers 1964 Reissued 1984 外部連結 Manabendra Nath Roy Internet Archive Category20 世紀無神論者 Category 孟加拉印度教徒 Category 印度哲學家 Category 印度社會科學家 Category 印度作家 Category 無神論哲學家 Category 印度共產主義者 Category 印度人文主義者 Category 印度無神論者 Category 印度馬克思主義者 Category 印度政治哲學家 Category 印度囚犯及被拘留者 Category 印度革命家 Category 文化哲學家 Category 歷史哲學家 Category 社會科學哲學家 Category 社會哲學家 Category 墨西哥共產黨黨員 Category 東方勞動者共產主義大學校友 Category 右翼反對派 Category 世俗人文主義者 Category 前馬克思主義者 Category 共產國際人物 Category 共產國際執行委員會 Category 印度獨立運動人物 Category 西孟加拉邦人 Category 在中華民國的外國人 1949 年前 Category 在墨西哥的印度人 Category 共產國際二大代表 Category 共產國際三大代表