海蝦養殖是水產養殖的一形式，以放養具經濟價值的蝦類為主。 商業海蝦養殖場開始於 20 世紀 70 年代，飼養海蝦以供人食用。海蝦生產量急劇增長以滿足市場的需求尤其是美國、日本和西歐的市場。在 2003 年，全球生產的養殖蝦超過 160 萬噸，價值近九十億美元。約 75％養殖蝦由亞洲國家生產，中國和泰國是最大的生產國。其餘 25％由拉丁美洲國家生產，巴西是最大的生產國。最大的出口國是泰國。 歷史和地理 數百年來，亞洲使用傳統的低密度方法養蝦；印尼的鹹水池塘可以追溯至十五世紀。有些小規模漁塘只單獨養蝦，有一些則連同其他物種，如蝨目魚一起飼養。有些蝦則養在旱季的稻田裡，與水稻輪作因為旱季不能種植稻米 Rönnbäck 2001。傳統的小規模養殖場，多數在沿岸地區或河濱。因為紅樹林地區有豐富的野生蝦，所以是最理想的養蝦場。野生蝦苖被困在漁塘，以天然的水中生物為生，當長到理想的大小時，蝦農撈捕蝦穫。 工業蝦養殖的起源，可追溯到 20 世紀 30 年代，當時日本首次培育日本對蝦（Penaeus japonicus）。到了 60 年代，日本已經出現小規模的蝦養殖業 Rosenberry About Shrimp Farming。商業養蝦業開始於 20 世紀 60 年代末和 70 年代初。由於技術進步，養蝦密度得以增加；另一面，市場對蝦的需求日益增長，導致蝦養殖場遍佈世界各地。蝦養殖場主要集中在熱帶和亞熱帶地區。1980 年代初期，海蝦的需求日益增長，與此同時，野生蝦漁獲郤不能增加，這為海蝦養殖業創造一個理想的發展環境，造就它的繁榮。 臺灣是其中一個早期的參與者，在上世紀 80 年代是主要的養蝦生產地。然而由於管理不善和疾病，臺灣的蝦養殖工業從 1988 年開始崩塌 International Shrimp Action Network 2000。從 1985 年開始，大型的高密度蝦養殖場在泰國迅速擴充套件 Hossain Lin 2001。厄瓜多率先在南美開發養蝦業，並且從 1978 年開始急劇發展 McClennan 2004。 自 1974 年以來，巴西的養蝦業一直活躍，但是蝦貿易到了 20 世紀 90 年代，才真正蓬勃發展，令到該國在數年之內，成為主要養蝦生產國 Novelli 2003。到了今天，擁有海蝦養殖場的國家多達 50 多個。 養殖方法 在 1970 年代，野生海蝦捕撈業能供應的海蝦產量，不足以滿足消費者對海蝦的需求，因此海蝦養殖成為一個經濟上可行的替代方法，以滿足市場日益增長的需求。舊式的自給自足的養殖方法（又稱少有餘糧的農場經營、），迅速被淘汰，取而代之的是以出口為主的高密度養蝦工業。工業養蝦最初仍沿用傳統的養殖方法，不過工業養蝦場的面積比舊式養蝦魚塘大得多，以彌補低密度海蝦的單位面積產量。舊式養蝦魚塘一般只有幾公頃大，而在一些地方的工業養蝦場的大小，卻能達 100 公頃（1 平方公里）。 註釋 參考 各國捕撈與養殖水產品產量列表 FAO Land and Water Development Division BioPhysical SocioEconomic and Environmental Impacts of Saltaffected Soils 2000 URL last accessed 20050823 Barraclough S FingerStich A Some Ecological and Social Implications of Commercial Shrimp Farming in Asia United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRISD Discussion Paper 74 1996 BondadReantaso M G McGladdery S E East I Subasinghe R P eds Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases chapter 4 FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 4022 NACAFAO 2001 ISBN 9251046204 Boyd C E Hargreaves J A Clay J R Codes of Practice for Marine Shrimp Farming World BankNACAWWFFAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment 2002 Chautard P ed Avalle O Millous O Vimaux JF Lélevage de la crevette en zone tropicale Shrimp farming in the tropical zone Centre pour le Développement de lEntreprise Brussels Belgium November 2003 In French URL last accessed November 22 2006 Consortium Draft report of the Consortium Programme Shrimp Farming and the Environment World BankNACAWWFFAO June 21 2002 DeWalt B R Social and Environmental Aspects of Shrimp Aquaculture in Coastal Mexico paper presented at the Mangrove 2000 conference in Recife Brazil May 2000 Data extracted from the FAO Fisheries Global Aquaculture Production Database for the seven commonly farmed species plus Pennaeus spp The most recent data sets are for 2006 and sometimes contain estimates Last accessed 20080703 Data extracted from the FAO Fisheries Global Aquaculture Production Database for freshwater crustaceans The most recent data sets are for 2003 and sometimes contain estimates Last accessed 20050628 FAO GLOBEFISH Shrimp Market Reports FAO GlobeFish 2003 2005 Fitzpatrick R Powell B Marvanek S Coastal Acid Sulphate Soils National Atlas and Future Scenarios CSIRO 2006 Presented at the 18th World Congress of Soil Science WCSS June 915 2006 URL last accessed 20071012 FoodMarket Shrimp Production data from GlobeFish 2001 URL last accessed 20050623 FungeSmith S Briggs M Introductions and movement of Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus stylirostris in Asia and the Pacific FAO RAP publication 200410 A PDF file of an abridged version presented at the workshop for International Mechanisms for the Control and Responsible Use of Alien Species in Aquatic Ecosystems Jinghong Xishuangbanna PRC August 26 29 2003 also exists Global Aquaculture Alliance Responsible Aquaculture Program URl last accessed 20050819 Global Aquaculture Alliance Antidumping URL last accessed 20050823 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission NonNative Species Summaries Yellowhead Virus（YHV） 2003 URl last accessed 20050623 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission NonNative Species Summaries White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex（WSBV） 2003 URL last accessed 20050623 Hempel E Winther U Hambrey J Can Shrimp Farming Be Undertaken Sustainably World BankNACAFAOWWF Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment 2002 Hossain Md Z Lin CK 2001 Diversified Uses of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds A Case Study in the Upper Gulf of Thailand ITCZM Monograph No 5 Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok Thailand 2001 URL last accessed 20070215 Indian Aquaculture Authority Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment An Environment Impact Assessment Report ch 2 IAA report April 2001 Indian Aquaculture Authority Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment An Environment Impact Assessment Report ch 6 IAA report April 2001 International Shrimp Action Network Prawn to Trade Prawn to Consume 2000 URL last accessed 20070820 Josueit H An Overview on the World Shrimp Market FAO GlobeFish Presentation given at World Shrimp Markets 2004 Madrid Spain October 2627 2004 Kumaran M Ravichandran P Gupta BP Nagavel A Shrimp Farming Practices and its SocioEconomic Consequences in East Godavari District Andhra Pradesh India A Case Study Aquaculture Asia 8 3 September 2003 Lewis R R Philipps M J Clough B Macintosh D J Thematic Review on Coastal Wetland Habitats and Shrimp Aquaculture World BankNACAWWFFAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment 2003 McClennan C White Spot Syndrome Virus The Economic Environmental and Technical Implications of the Development of Latin American Shrimp Farming Masters Thesis Tufts University 2004 NACA Codes and Certification Network of Aquaculture Centres in AsiaPacific（NACA） URL last accessed 20050819 NACAMPEDA Shrimp Health Management Extension Manual Network of Aquaculture Centres in AsiaPacific NACA and Marine Products Export Development Authority MPEDA India 2003 Novelli Y Brazils Shrimp Farming History EMail 2003 World Organization for Animal Health（OIE） Aquatic Manual 4th Ed 2003 ISBN 9290445637 Owen J Shrimps Success Hurts Asian Environment Group Says in National Geographic News June 21 2004 updated December 20 2004 URL last accessed 20070820 Pérez Farfante I Kensley B F Penaeoid and Sergestoid Shrimps and Prawns of the World（Keys and Diagnoses for the Families and Genera） Editions du Museum national dHistoire naturelle 175 Paris 1997 ISBN 2856535100 Rönnbäck P 2001 Shrimp aquaculture State of the art Swedish EIA Centre Report 1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU Uppsala 2001 ISBN 9157661138 URL last accessed 20070820 Rönnbäck P 2003 Critical Analysis of Certified Organic Shrimp Aquaculture in Sidoarjo Indonesia Swedish Society for Nature Conservation SSNC 2003 URL last accessed 20070820 Rosenberry B About Shrimp Farming ShrimpNews August 2004 URL last accessed 20050628 Rosenberry B Species of FarmRaised Shrimp ShrimpNews August 2004 Archived URL last accessed 20070215 Rosenberry B Shrimp Feeds ShrimpNews August 2004 URL last accessed 20050628 Rosenberry B The Rise and Fall of Chloramphenicol ShrimpNews May 2005 Archived URL last accessed 20070215 Rosenberry B USA Shrimp Fishermen Dump Their Case on the Worlds Shrimp Farmers ShrimpNews January 2005 Archived URL last accessed 20070215 Tacon A G J Thematic Review of Feeds and Feed Management Practices in Shrimp Aquaculture World BankNACAWWFFAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment 2002 Tanavud Ch Yongchalermchai Ch Bennui A Densrisereekul O The Expansion of Inland Shrimp Farming and Its Environmental Impacts in Songkla Lake Basin Kasetsart J Nat Sci 35 pp 326343 2001 URL last accessed 20071012 Thai Farmers Research Center US Bans Shrimp Thailand Must Adjust URL last accessed 20050819 Valiela I Bowen J L York J K Mangrove forests One of the worlds threatened major tropical environments Bioscience 51 10 pp 807 815 2001 van Wyk P DavisHodgkins M Laramore R Main KL Mountain J Scarpa J Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution（HBOI）Manual 1999 Wilkinson S The use of lime gypsum alum and potassium permanganate in water quality management Aquaculture Asia 2 2 AprilJune 2002 pp 1214 ISSN 0859600X URL last accessed 20071012 World Rainforest Movement Unsustainable versus sustainable shrimp production WRM Bulletin 51 October 2001 外部連結 FAO Fisheries Department Review of the State of World Aquaculture FAO Fisheries Circular 886 Rev 1 FAO 1997 ISSN 04299329 Holthuis L B FAO Species Catalogue Vol I Shrimps and Prawns of the World FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125 Vol 1 FAO 1980 ISBN 9251008965 McQuaid J Thailand transformed by shrimp boom March 28 1996 Part of a series for which the newspaper The TimesPicayune New Orleans won the 普利策獎 in the category public service in 1997 Network of Aquaculture Centres in AsiaPacific NACA has many of the World Bank et al reports and a lot of current information about shrimp farming in Asia Scampinu is a Swedish web site critical of shrimp farming that has many excellent links to English articles Mai Po gei wai is a WWFmanaged extensive shrimp farm in Hong Kong 蒙特雷灣水族館 Seafood Guide offers good information on choosing Sea food that is caught using sustainable and environmentally aware methods Shrimp farming from 綠色和平。 Category 水產養殖 Category 蝦