發射場，又稱太空港等，是發射或接收航天器的場所，類似於船舶的海港或飛機的機場。太空港一詞傳統上被用來指能夠將航天器發射到地球軌道或行星際軌道上的場所。 然而，純粹用於亞軌道飛行的火箭發射場有時被稱為太空港，因為近年來新的和擬議的載人亞軌道飛行場經常被提及或命名為 太空港。 空間站和擬議的未來月球基地有時被稱為太空港，特別是如果打算作為進一步旅行的基地的話。 The term rocket launch site is used for any facility from which rockets are launched It may contain one or more launch pads or suitable sites to mount a transportable launch pad It is typically surrounded by a large safety area often called a rocket range or missile range The range includes the area over which launched rockets are expected to fly and within which some components of the rockets may land Tracking stations are sometimes located in the range to assess the progress of the launchesMerritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station Major spaceports often include more than one launch complex which can be rocket launch sites adapted for different types of launch vehicles These sites can be wellseparated for safety reasons For launch vehicles with liquid propellant suitable storage facilities and in some cases production facilities are necessary Onsite processing facilities for solid propellants are also common A spaceport may also include runways for takeoff and landing of aircraft to support spaceport operations or to enable support of HTHL or horizontal takeoff and vertical landing HTVL winged launch vehicles History The age of crewed rocket flight was initiated by Fritz von Opel who piloted the worlds first rocketpropelled flight on 30 September 1929 von Opel was the codesigner and financier of the visionary project which led to actual space flights The first rockets to reach space were V2 rockets launched from Peenemünde Germany in 1944 during World War II After the war 70 complete V2 rockets were brought to White Sands for test launches with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 kmErnst Stuhlinger Enabling technology for space transportation The Century of Space Science page 66 Kluwer The worlds first spaceport for orbital and human launches the Baikonur Cosmodrome in southern Kazakhstan started as a Soviet military rocket range in 1955 It achieved the first orbital flight Sputnik 1 in October 1957 The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret Guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away The position became known in 1957 outside the Soviet Union only after U2 planes had identified the site by following railway lines in the Kazakh SSR although Soviet authorities did not confirm the location for decades The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space Yuri Gagarin in 1961 The launch complex used Site 1 has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly called Gagarins Start Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome and is still frequently used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan In response to the early Soviet successes the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida A large number of uncrewed flights as well as the early human flights were carried out at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station For the Apollo programme an adjacent spaceport Kennedy Space Center was constructed and achieved the first crewed mission to the lunar surface Apollo 11 in July 1969 It was the base for all Space Shuttle launches and most of their runway landings For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports see List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites The Guiana Space Centre in Kourou French Guiana is the major European spaceport with satellite launches that benefit from the location 5 degrees north of the equator In October 2003 the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center achieved the first Chinese human spaceflight Breaking with tradition in June 2004 on a runway at Mojave Air and Space Port California a human was for the first time launched to space in a privately funded suborbital spaceflight that was intended to pave the way for future commercial spaceflights The spacecraft SpaceShipOne was launched by a carrier airplane taking off horizontally At Cape Canaveral SpaceX in 2015 made the first successful landing and recovery of a first stage used in a vertical satellite launch Location Rockets can most easily reach satellite orbits if launched near the equator in an easterly direction as this maximizes use of the Earths rotational speed 465 ms at the equator Such launches also provide a desirable orientation for arriving at a geostationary orbit For polar orbits and Molniya orbits this does not apply In principle advantages of high altitude launch are reduced vertical distance to travel and a thinner atmosphere for the rocket to penetrate However altitude of the launch site is not a driving factor in spaceport placement because most of the deltav for a launch is spent on achieving the required horizontal orbital speed The small gain from a few kilometers of extra altitude does not usually offset the logistical costs of ground transport in mountainous terrain Many spaceports have been placed at existing military installations such as intercontinental ballistic missile ranges which are not always physically ideal sites for launch A rocket launch site is built as far as possible away from major population centers in order to mitigate risk to bystanders should a rocket experience a catastrophic failure In many cases a launch site is built close to major bodies of water to ensure that no components are shed over populated areas Typically a spaceport site is large enough that should a vehicle explode it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads Planned sites of spaceports for suborbital tourist spaceflight often make use of existing ground infrastructure including runways The nature of the local view from altitude is also a factor to consider Space tourism The space tourism industry see List of private spaceflight companies is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations worldwide eg Spaceport America New Mexico The establishment of spaceports for tourist trips raises legal issues which are only beginning to be addressed With achieved vertical launches of humans The following is a table of spaceports and launch complexes for vertical launchers with documented achieved launches of humans to space more than altitude The sorting order is spaceport by spaceport according to the time of the first human launch Spaceport Launch complex Launcher Spacecraft Flights Years Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 Vostok r Vostok 16 6 Orbital 19611963 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 Voskhod r Voskhod 12 2 Orbital 19641965 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 31 Soyuz SoyuzU Soyuz 140 37 Orbital 19671981 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 31 Soyuz Soyuz 18a 1 SubO 1975 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 31 SoyuzU SoyuzU2 SoyuzT 215 14 Orbital 19801986 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 SoyuzU SoyuzU2 SoyuzTM 234 33 Orbital 19872002 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 SoyuzFG SoyuzTMA 122 22 Orbital 20022011 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 31 SoyuzFG Soyuz TMAM 120 20 Orbital 20102016 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 31 SoyuzFG Soyuz MS 19 1113 15 13 Orbital 20162019 Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan Soviet and Russian flights Site 1 31 Soyuz21a Soyuz MS 1622 24 8 Orbital 2020 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Florida United States LC5 Redstone Mercury 34 2 SubO 1961 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Florida United States LC14 Atlas Mercury 69 4 Orbital 19621963 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Florida United States LC19 Titan II Gemini 312 10 Orbital 19651966 Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Florida United States LC34 Saturn IB Apollo 7 1 Orbital 1968 Kennedy Space Center Florida United States LC39 Saturn V Apollo 817 10 LunOr 19681972 Kennedy Space Center Florida United States LC39 Saturn IB Skylab 24 3 Orbital 19731974 Kennedy Space Center Florida United States LC39 Saturn IB ApolloSoyuz 1 Orbital 1975 Kennedy Space Center Florida United States LC39 Space Shuttle STS 1135 134 Orbital 19812011 Kennedy Space Center Florida United States LC39 Falcon 9 Block 5 Crew Dragon 11 Orbital 2020 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center China Area 4 Long March 2F Shenzhou 57 917 12 Orbital 2003 Corn Ranch Texas United States Launch Site One New Shepard New Shepard Crew Capsule 6 SubO 2021 Three of the Soyuz missions were uncrewed and are not counted Soyuz 2 Soyuz 20 Soyuz 34 STS51L Challenger failed to reach orbit and is not counted STS107 Columbia reached orbit and is therefore included in the count disaster struck on reentry Crewed Missions failed to reach Kármán line Soyuz T10a 1983 STS51L 1986 Soyuz MS10 2018 With achieved satellite launches The following is a table of spaceports with a documented achieved launch to orbit The table is sorted according to the time of the first launch that achieved satellite orbit insertion The first column gives the geographical location Operations from a different country are indicated in the fourth column A launch is counted as one also in cases where the payload consists of multiple satellites Spaceport Location Years orbital Launchesto orbit or interplanetary Launch vehicles operators Sources Baikonur Cosmodrome BaikonurTyuratam Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 1957 R7Soyuz Kosmos Proton Tsyklon Zenit Energia Dnepr N1 Rokot Strela Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Florida United States United States 1958 Delta Scout Atlas Titan Saturn Athena Falcon 9 Minotaur IV Vanguard Juno Thor Vandenberg Space Force Base California United States United States 1959 Delta Scout Atlas Titan Taurus Athena Minotaur Falcon 9 Thor Firefly Alpha Wallops Flight Facility Virginia United States see also MARS below United States 19611985 Scout 613 Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome Astrakhan Oblast Russia Russia 19622008 Kosmos Hammaguir French Special Weapons Test Centre Algeria Algeria 19651967 Diamant A France Diamant Plesetsk Cosmodrome Arkhangelsk Oblast Russia Russia 1966 R7Soyuz Kosmos Tsyklon3 Rokot Angara Start San Marco platform Broglio Space Centre Malindi Kenya Kenya 19671988 Scout ASI and Sapienza Italy Broglio Kennedy Space Center Florida United States United States 1967 17 Saturn 135 Space Shuttle 63 Falcon 9 Falcon Heavy 1 SLS Saturn STS F9 Woomera Prohibited Area South Australia Australia 1967 1971 Redstone WRESAT Black Arrow UK Prospero X3 Europa WRESAT X3 Uchinoura Space Center Kagoshima Japan Japan 1970 27 Mu 3 Epsilon 1 SS5205 M ε S Guyane française Space Centre Kourou French Guiana France France 1970 7 Diamant 227 Ariane 16 Soyuz2 11 Vega see 4 rockets Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center China China 1970 2 LM1 3 LM2A 20 LM2C 36 LM2D 13 LM2F 3 LM4B 5 LM4C 3 LM11 See 8 rockets Tanegashima Space Center Japan Japan 1975 6 NI 8 NII 9 HI 6 HII 36 HIIA see 5 rockets Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR Andhra Pradesh India India 1979 4 SLV 4 ASLV 59 PSLV 15 GSLV 7 LVM3 2 SSLV List SDSC Xichang Satellite Launch Center China China 1984 Long March 6 LM2C 5 LM2E 11 LM3 25 LM3A 42 LM3B 15 LM3C See 6 rockets Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center China China 1988 Long March 16 LM2C 2 LM2D 2 LM4A 25 LM4B 15 LM4C 2 LM6 See 6 rockets Palmachim Air Force Base Israel Israel 1988 Shavit Shavit Various airport runways B52 Stargazer Various 1990 Pegasus Orbital Sciences Corporation Pegasus Svobodny Cosmodrome Amur Oblast Russia Russia 19972006 Start1 Barents Sea Barents Sea 1998 2006 Shtil Russia VolnaO Shtil Odyssey mobile platform Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 19992014 Zenit3SL Sea Launch Sea Launch Pacific Spaceport Complex Kodiak Alaska United States Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch Aviation Week April 2010 accessed 26 April 2010 Alaskas remote Kodiak Launch Complex is stateoftheart has a perfect mission record and will soon be able to launch a satellitecarrying rocket within 24 hours of mission goahead United States 2001 1 Athena 2 Minotaur IV Kodiak Yasny Cosmodrome Dombarovsky Orenburg Oblast Russia Russia 2006 Dnepr Dnepr MidAtlantic Regional Spaceport MARS Virginia United States United States 2006 5 Minotaur I 6 Antares 1 Minotaur V MARS Omelek Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 20082009 5 Falcon 1 US Falcon 1 Semnan Space Center Semnan Iran Iran 2009 Safir Simorgh Zuljanah Safir Sohae Satellite Launching Station North Korea North Korea 2012 Unha3 K3U2 Naro Space Center South Jeolla South Korea South Korea 2013 Naro1 Nuri Naro1Nuri Vostochny Cosmodrome Amur Oblast Russia Russia 2016 8 Soyuz2 Vostochny Wenchang Satellite Launch Center China China 2016 Long March 9 LM5 12 LM7 2 LM8 See 3 rockets Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1New Zealand New Zealand 2018 21 Electron Electron rocket various launching platforms from China Yellow sea East China sea 2019 4 Long March 11 1 SD3 1 See 3 rockets Shahroud Space Center Semnan Province Iran Iran 2020 3 Qased 2 Qaem 100 With achieved horizontal launches of humans to 100 km The following table shows spaceports with documented achieved launches of humans to at least 100 km altitude starting from a horizontal runway All the flights were suborbital Spaceport Carrier aircraft Spacecraft Flights above 100 km Years Edwards AFB California United States B52 X15 2 flights 9091 1963 Mojave Air and Space Port California United States White Knight SpaceShipOne 3 flights 15P17P 2004 Beyond Earth Spaceports have been proposed for locations on the Moon Mars orbiting the Earth at SunEarth and EarthMoon Lagrange points and at other locations in the Solar System Humantended outposts on the Moon or Mars for example will be spaceports by definition The 2012 Space Studies Program of the International Space University studied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space OASIShttpwwwoasisnextcom OASIS official website Its analysis claimed that the first phase placing the Node 1 spaceport with space tug services in low Earth orbit LEO would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs to geosynchronous orbit by as much as 44 depending on the launch vehicle The second phase would add a Node 2 spaceport on the lunar surface to provide services including lunar ice mining and delivery of rocket propellants back to Node 1 This would enable lunar surface activities and further reduce transportation costs within and out from cislunar space The third phase would add a Node 3 spaceport on the Martian moon Phobos to enable refueling and resupply prior to Mars surface landings missions beyond Mars and return trips to Earth In addition to propellant mining and refueling the network of spaceports could provide services such as power storage and distribution inspace assembly and repair of spacecraft communications relay shelter construction and leasing of infrastructure maintaining spacecraft positioned for future use and logistics 參見 發射場列表 參考文獻 外部連結 世界十大航天基地 央視國際網路