克里弗德紀爾茲（，），美國文化人類學家，象徵人類學代表人物。知名著作有《文化的詮釋》、《劇場國家》、《地方知識》、《農業的內卷化：印度尼西亞生態變遷的過程》等。 生平 經 Antioch College 與哈佛大學，於 1956 年取得博士學位。之後歷任加州大學柏克萊分校、芝加哥大學、普林斯頓高等研究院。 研究 主要成就在於對於摩洛哥、印尼包括爪哇、峇裡島等地的社會文化作了深入的田野調查研究，並以此為基礎，對文化、知識的性質提出新的看法。在他最重要的著作之一《文化的詮釋》中，他對於文化概念的深入探討和詮釋，包括如深刻寫描等概念，其影響超出人類學，而及於社會學、文化史、文化研究等方面。此外在另一部重要著作《地方知識》中，以例項來深入探討人類學對於個別地區的研究所獲得的種種知識，有其如何的意義。 文化概念 《文化的詮釋》的首篇文章《深描》開宗明義的指出整本書的目的，以及他心目中的人類學研究。 他的目的簡單的說是要更加精確的定義「文化」這個概念。他採取的是一符號學的取向，認為文化是人自己織出並居於其中的「意義之網」（引用德國社會學家馬克斯韋伯語）。而人類學的工作便是要找出這些「意義之網」究竟是什麼。至於人類學家是怎麼做到這一點，他引用英國哲學家吉爾伯特賴爾著名的短語：「深描」（thick description）。想像一個男孩正為了向他的同伴暗示些什麼，而不停的擠眉弄眼；另一個男孩走進來，看到這一幕，便開始模仿起來，甚至還帶有點玩笑意味。我們怎麼知道這兩個動作事實上是不一樣的動作？ 對他而言，如果我們是緊緊遵守行為主義的教條，換言之僅觀察行為本身，我們可能沒有辦法區辨這兩個動作哪裡不同。畢竟，他們都不過是眨眼的動作罷了。但關鍵就在這裡，我們之所以能夠知道這兩個動作不一樣，就在於我們掌握了這兩個男孩 行動者 的意圖（intention 或另一個格爾茨喜歡的短語：what they are up to）。其中一個正運用了「擠眉弄眼」這一有特定意義結構支撐的行動在傳遞某些想法、意圖；而另一個僅僅是單純的模仿。 著作 Religion as a Cultural System In Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion Ed Michael Banton pp 146 ASA Monographs 3 London Tavistock Publications 1966 The Religion of Java 1960 University Of Chicago Press 1976 paperback ISBN 0226285103 Peddlers and Princes Social Development and Economic Change in Two Indonesian Towns 1963 University Of Chicago Press 1968 paperback ISBN 0226285146 Agricultural Involution the process of ecological change in Indonesia 1964 Islam Observed Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia 1968 University Of Chicago Press 1971 paperback ISBN 0226285111 The Interpretation of Cultures 1973 Basic Books 2000 paperback ISBN 0465097197 Kinship in Bali 1975 coauthor Hildred Geertz University Of Chicago Press 1978 paperback ISBN 0226285162 Negara The Theatre State in Nineteenth Century Bali 1980 Princeton University Press 2001 paperback ISBN 0691007780 Local Knowledge Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology 1983 Basic Books 2000 paperback ISBN 0465041620 AntiAntiRelativism 1984 American Anthropologist vol 86 no 2 pp 263278 Works and Lives The Anthropologist As Author 1988 Stanford University Press 1990 paperback ISBN 0804717478 After the Fact Two Countries Four Decades One Anthropologist Harvard University Press 1995 paperback ISBN 0674008723 Available Light Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics Princeton University Press 2000 paperback ISBN 0691089566 An inconstant profession The anthropological life in interesting times 2002 Annual Review of Anthropology vol 31 pp 119 Viewable at hypergeertzjkuat 著作編年 1957 Ritual and Social Change A Javanese Example American Anthropologist 59 13254 1959 Form and Variation in Balinese Village Structure American Anthropologist 619911012 1959 The Javanese Village In Local Ethnic and National Loyalties in Village Indonesia Ed G William Skinner pp 3441 New Haven Southeast Asian Program Yale University 1960 Religion of Java Glencoe Free Press 1961 The Rotating Credit Association A Middle Rung in Development Economic Development and Cultural Change 10241263 1962 Studies in Peasant Life Community and Society In Biennial Review of Anthropology 1961 Ed Bernard J Siegal pp 141 Stanford Stanford University Press 1962 The Growth of Culture and the Evolution of Mind In Theories of the Mind Ed J Scher pp 713740 New York Free Press 1963 Agricultural Involution The Process of Agricultural Change in Indonesia Berkeley University of California Press 1963 Peddlers and Princes Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns Chicago University of Chicago Press 1963 editor Old Societies and New States New York Free Press 1963 The Integrative Revolution Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States In Old Societies and New States Ed Clifford Geertz pp 105157 Glencoe Free Press 1964 Ideology as a Cultural System In Ideology and Discontent Ed David Apter pp 4776 New York Free Press 1965 The Social History of an Indonesian Town Cambridge MIT Press 1965 Modernization in a Muslim Society The Indonesian Case 201211 in Robert O Tilman ed Man State and Society in Contemporary South East Asia London Pall Mall 1966 Person Time and Conduct in Bali An Essay in Cultural Analysis Southeast Asia Program Cultural Report Series New Haven Yale University 1966 Religion as a Cultural System In Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion Ed Michael Banton pp 146 ASA Monographs 3 London Tavistock Publications 1966 The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man In New Views of the Nature of Man Ed J Platt pp 93118 Chicago University of Chicago Press 1967 Politics Past Politics Preset Some Notes on the Contribution of Anthropology to the Study of the New States European Journal of Sociology 8 1114 1967 The Cerebral Savage On the Work of Claude LeviStrauss Encounter 48 42532 1967 Tihingan A Balinese Village In Villages in Indonesia Ed R N Koentjaraningrat pp 210243 Ithaca and London Cornell University Press 1967 Under the Mosquito Net New York Review of Books September 14 1968 Islam Observed Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia Chicago University of Chicago Press 136 pp 1968 Thinking as a Moral Act Dimensions of Anthropological Fieldwork in the New States Antioch Review 28 2139158 1972 Religious Change and Social Order in Soehartos Indonesia Asia 276284 1972 The Wet and the Dry Traditional Irrigation in Bali and Morocco Human Ecology 13439 1972 Deep Play Notes on the Balinese Cockfight Daedalus 101 1 Winter 1973 The Interpretation of Cultures Selected Essays New York Basic 1973 Thick Description Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture In The Interpretation of Cultures Selected Essays Clifford Geertz pp 330 New York Basic Books 1976 From the Natives Point of View In Meaning in Anthropology Eds Keith H Basso and Henry A Selby pp 221237 Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press 1977 Found in Translation On the Social History of the Moral Imagination Georgia Review 31 4 Winter788810 1977 Curing Sorcery and Magic in a Javanese Town In Culture Disease and Healing Studies in Medical Anthropology Ed David Landy pp 146153 New York Macmillan Publishing 1979 with Hildred Geertz and Lawrence Rosen Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society Three Essays in Cultural Analysis Cambridge Cambridge University Press See his own contribution on Suq The Bazaar Economy in Sefrou pp 123225 1980 Negara The Theatre State in NineteenthCentury Bali Princeton Princeton University Press 1983 Local Knowledge Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology New York Basic Books 1983 Centers Kings and Charisma Reflections on the Symbolics of Power In Local Knowledge Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology Clifford Geertz pp 121146 New York Basic Books 1983 From the Natives Point of View On the Nature of Anthropological Knowledge In Local Knowledge Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology Clifford Geertz pp 5570 New York Basic Books 1983 Notions of Primitive Thought Dialogue with Clifford Geertz In States of Mind ed comp Jonathan Miller pp 192210 New York Pantheon 1984 AntiAntiRelativism 1983 Distinguished Lecture American Anthropologist 82263278 1984 Culture and Social Change The Indonesian Case Man 19511532 1986 The Uses of Diversity In Tanner Lectures on Human Values Vol 7 Ed Sterling M McMurrin pp 251275 Cambridge and Salt Lake City Cambridge University Press and University of Utah Press 1988 Works and Lives The Anthropologist as Author Stanford Stanford University Press The four studies included in the book are The World in a Text How to Read Tristes Tropiques pp 2548 Slide Show EvansPritchards African Transparencies pp 4972 IWitnessing Malinowskis Children pp 73101 UsnotUs Benedicts Travels pp 102128 1989 Margaret Mead 19011978 Biographical Memoirs 58329341 National Academy of Sciences 1990 History and Anthropology New Literary History 21 2 Winter321335 1991 The Year of Living Culturally New Republic October 21 3036 1992 Local Knowledge and Its Limits Some Obiter Dicta Yale Journal of Criticism 5 2129135 1993 Ethnic Conflict Three Alternative Terms Common Knowledge 2 3 Winter5465 1994 Life on the Edge Review of Tsing In the Realm of the Diamond Queen New York Review of Books 41 7 April34 1995 After the Fact Two Countries Four Decades One Anthropologist The JerusalemHarvard Lectures Cambridge and London Harvard University Press 1995 Culture War Review essay on Sahlins How Natives Think and Obeyesekere The Apotheosis of Captain Cook New York Review of Books 42 19 November 3046 2000 Available Light Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics Princeton Princeton University Press 2010 Life Among the Anthros and Other Essays edited by Fred Inglis Princeton University Press 272 pages For a complete list of all publications by Clifford Geertz see httphypergeertzjkuat including a list of translations into Chinese 參考文獻 外部連結 HyperGeertzWorldCatalogue 克利福德蓋爾茨（Clifford Geertz）所有作品的所有語言的文獻記錄 克利福德蓋爾茨（Clifford Geertz）的中文作品 Clifford Geertz 接受英國人類學家 Alan MacFarlane 訪談 category 美國人類學家 Category 福岡亞洲文化獎獲得者 Category 哈佛大學校友 Category 普林斯頓高等研究院教職員 Category 美國國家科學院院士 Category 芝加哥大學教師 Category 社會人類學家 Category 美國海軍人物 Category 美國第二次世界大戰軍事人物 Category20 世紀美國作家 Category21 世紀美國作家 Category 宗教人類學家