yuanxin112/wiktionary-morph huggingface dataset:
creosote
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From German Kreosot in the 1830s, coined in 1832 by German natural philosopher Carl Ludwig, Baron Reichenbach, from Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas, “flesh”) + σωτήρ (sōtḗr, “preserver”) for its use as an antiseptic and meat-preservative. The creosote bush was named after its scent. By surface analysis, containing creo-.
Inflected forms:
form: creosotes
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: creosotes
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: creosoting
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: creosoted
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: creosoted
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: A pale yellow oily liquid, containing phenols and similar compounds, obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar, once used medicinally.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A similar brown liquid obtained from coal tar used as a wood preservative.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The creosote bush.
pos: noun
tags: countable
examples: On Shaw Butte, as elsewhere in the Phoenix area, creosotes are abundant, producing a plethora of small yellow flowers in late March and April.
"King Clone," a creosote plant (Larrea tridentata) found in southwest California, was estimated in February 1980 by Prof. Frank C. Vasek to be 11,700 years old.
gloss: A flammable black porous brittle glassy byproduct of wood burning, typically formed inside chimneys.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: To apply creosote.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: As the fence is exposed he will creosote it for protection.
Agnes was leaning over the creosoted garden gate …
Derived words: creosol
creosotelike
cresol
Translations:
pyroxenite
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: geography
geology
natural-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
English pyroxene
Proto-Indo-European *-tósder.
Ancient Greek -της (-tēs)der.
Ancient Greek -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs)der.
Latin -ītēsbor.
French -iteder.
English -ite
English pyroxenite
From pyroxene + -ite.
Inflected forms:
form: pyroxenites
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A heavy, dark igneous rock consisting mostly of pyroxene minerals with smaller amounts of olivine and hornblende.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
Translations:
stickle
Part of speech: noun
adj
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Middle English *stikel, *stykyl (in compounds), from Old English sticel (“a prickle, sting, goad”), from Proto-Germanic *stiklaz, *stikilaz (“sting, stinger, peak, cup, goblet”), related to the verb *stikaną (“to stick”). Cognate with Dutch stekel, Icelandic stikill, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐍃 (stikls) (whence Russian стекло́ (stekló, “glass”), Polish szkło (“glass”), Lithuanian sti̇̀klas, Romanian sticlă).
Inflected forms:
form: stickles
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: more stickle
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most stickle
pos: adj
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: A sharp point; prickle; a spine
pos: noun
gloss: Steep; high; inaccessible.
pos: adj
gloss: High, as the water of a river; swollen; sweeping; rapid.
pos: adj
tags: UK
dialectal
Translations:
brewing
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English brewynge; equivalent to brew + -ing.
Base: brew
Affixes: -ing
Inflected forms:
form: brewings
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The production of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, by fermentation; the process of being brewed.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The business or occupation of a brewer.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The quantity of a brew made in a single batch.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: The four last brewings, in which the quantity of yeast added was smaller than in the six first, took place during the month of May, when the heat is apt to make the fermentation run to excess.
gloss: The forming of a storm or the gathering of clouds.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
Derived words: cabrewing
microbrewing
nonbrewing
Translations:
higgledy-piggledy
Part of speech: adj
adv
noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: A reduplicated rhyming compound. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests a possible link to pig, since the animals huddle in irregular groups, but notes that the connection is uncertain. First use appears c. 1598. The first part of the old alternative form, hoggledy-piggledy, may derive from the archaic Welsh hogldy, a hovel.
Inflected forms:
form: more higgledy-piggledy
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most higgledy-piggledy
pos: adj
tags: superlative
form: higgledypiggledy
pos: adj
tags: alternative
form: hoggledy-piggledy
pos: adj
tags: alternative
form: hoggledy-poggledy
pos: adj
tags: alternative
form: huggledy-piggledy
pos: adj
tags: alternative
form: more higgledy-piggledy
pos: adv
tags: comparative
form: most higgledy-piggledy
pos: adv
tags: superlative
form: higgledypiggledy
pos: adv
tags: alternative
form: hoggledy-piggledy
pos: adv
tags: alternative
form: hoggledy-poggledy
pos: adv
tags: alternative
form: huggledy-piggledy
pos: adv
tags: alternative
form: higgledy-piggledies
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: higgledypiggledy
pos: noun
tags: alternative
form: hoggledy-piggledy
pos: noun
tags: alternative
form: hoggledy-poggledy
pos: noun
tags: alternative
form: huggledy-piggledy
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: In utter disorder or confusion; mixed up.
pos: adj
tags: slang
examples: I can't find your memo since my desk is all higgledy-piggledy.
The houses of the central village were quite unlike the casual and higgledy-piggledy agglomeration of the mountain villages he knew.
For many years we have all known that the executive and administrative departments of the Government in Washington are a higgledy-piggledy patchwork of duplicate responsibilities and overlapping powers.
The world is a higgledy-piggledy place, with things pleasant and unpleasant occurring in no particular sequence.
Breyer was not so direct, but was plainly uncomfortable with the state’s “higgledy-piggledy” reading, which he compared unfavorably to Gallardo’s request that the court interpret the provisions “consistently with the whole spirit of the thing, which is to leave the money with the Medicaid victim.”
gloss: In a confused, disordered, or random way.
pos: adv
tags: slang
examples: There is no kind of arrangement as regards the buildings they are erected "higgledy-piggledy;" backs to fronts, anyhow, with narrow passages between.
gloss: A disordered jumble; a confusion.
pos: noun
examples: A Higgledy-Piggledy of Controversies and Opinions on various intereſting Subjects
Translations:
explaining
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Inflected forms:
form: explainings
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: explanation
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: You've got some explaining to do!
Among these various explainings there is one set which it is comparatively easy to distinguish. I call it semantic explanation: making clear a meaning.
Translations:
naively
Part of speech: adv
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English naive
Middle English -ly
English -ly
English naively
From naive + -ly.
Inflected forms:
form: more naively
pos: adv
tags: comparative
form: most naively
pos: adv
tags: superlative
form: naïfly
pos: adv
tags: alternative
form: naïvely
pos: adv
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: In a naive manner.
pos: adv
examples: The order was written. In less than ten days everything was "on wheels" and the whole body of these Sioux [was] on the move to the country they had indicated, and the Secretary of the Interior says, naively, in his report for 1868, "The Indians were found to be quite determined to move westward, and the promise of the government in that respect was faithfully kept."
At this point there may possibly be a few readers who naively expect that they will somehow be held exempt from this law of universal klutzhood. Not for them the indignities of life as a bungling beginner.
There are too many gratuitous and insulting characters, like Mary Fisher's employee, a stereotyped Latino stud, and the old people in a nursing home who are presented as unindividuated and naively happy.
They naively (or is it narrowmindedly?) believe that the unpardonable sin of past eras was not having twentieth-century thoughts.
When Trump's election pulled back the curtain on the rise of the far-right in America, I'd naively assumed the Jewish left would be vindicated.
Translations:
defeater
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: human-sciences
logic
mathematics
philosophy
sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
English defeat
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āzijos
Latin -āriusnom.
Latin -āriusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -ere
English -er
English defeater
From defeat + -er.
Inflected forms:
form: defeaters
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: One who defeats.
pos: noun
examples: defeater of the rebel hordes
gloss: a belief which, if proved to be true, would imply outright or indirectly that another belief were false.
pos: noun
Translations:
reflux
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Topics: chemistry
medicine
natural-sciences
pathology
physical-sciences
sciences
Inflected forms:
form: refluxes
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: refluxes
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: refluxing
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: refluxed
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: refluxed
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: The backwards flow of any fluid.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: […] after a little way out to sea, there was a current and wind, always one way in the morning, the other in the afternoon. This I understood to be no more than the sets of the tide, as going out or coming in; but I afterwards understood it was occasioned by the great draft and reflux of the mighty river Orinoco […]
gloss: A technique, using a reflux condenser, allowing one to boil the contents of a vessel over an extended period.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The leaking of stomach acid up into the oesophagus.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: To flow back or return.
pos: verb
examples: the refluxing tide
gloss: To boil a liquid in a vessel having a reflux condenser.
pos: verb
Related words: retrograde
Derived words: acid reflux
antireflux
gastric reflux
gastric reflux disease
gastroesophageal reflux
hepatojugular reflux
nonreflux
refluxate
reflux condenser
refluxer
reflux esophagitis
refluxogenic
refluxy
yo-yo reflux
Translations:
tantalus
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Latin Tantalus, from Ancient Greek Τάνταλος (Tántalos, “Tantalus”), a Phrygian king in Greek mythology who was condemned to stand in a pool of water which receded every time he tried to drink, and with overhanging branches of fruit which pulled back whenever he tried to eat. Doublet of Tantalus.
Inflected forms:
form: tantaluses
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A stork of the genus Mycteria (formerly Tantalus), especially the American wood stork, Mycteria americana.
pos: noun
gloss: A stand in which to lock up drink decanters while keeping them visible.
pos: noun
examples: Yes, there was a tantalus containing brandy and whisky on the sea-chest.
“A small boy, sir. Said I was to be sure and see you got it most particular.” He unlocked a cupboard near the window and produced a tantalus. “Whisky, sir, or cocktail?”
And stockrooms heavy with the Tantalus
on which the family fortune has been made
gloss: Something of an evasive or retreating nature, something consistently out of reach; a tantalising thing.
pos: noun
examples: Over all, there brooded the shadow of his injuries and the tantalus of their slow healing.
Related words: tantalize
tantalium
tantalum
Tantalus
Translations:
decanter
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English decant
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āzijos
Latin -āriusnom.
Latin -āriusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -ere
English -er
English decanter
From decant + -er.
Inflected forms:
form: decanters
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A vessel for decanting liquor.
pos: noun
gloss: A receptacle for decanted liquor, especially a crystal bottle with a stopper.
pos: noun
examples: Pour wine into the decanter, and cork. Let the decanter down, drawing the loops out and laying them on the table top. Have a tray of small glasses alongside the decanter. When ready to introduce the experiment, step to the table, remove the glass stopper, pick up the decanter with the right hand and pour the wine into the glasses on the tray.
A decanter filled with smoke from smouldering incense.
Derived words: decanterful
electrodecanter
Translations:
fatness
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English fatnesse, fattenesse, from Old English fǣtnes (“fatness, the richest part of anything”), equivalent to fat + -ness.
Base: fat
Affixes: -ness
Inflected forms:
form: fatnesses
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The state, quality, or condition of being fat.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Bread made of Pannick nouriſheth little, and is cold and dry, verie brittle, hauing in it neither clammineſſe, nor fatneſſe; and therefore it drieth a moiſt belly.
As therefore the morning devv, is a pavvne of the evenings fatneſſe, ſo, O Lord, let this daies comfort be the earneſt of to morrowes, […]
This fatness was Kartar Singh: it was the flesh singing, in bulging cantilenas and plump pedal-notes, a congenital and contented stupidity, a stupidity itself as positive as the sun.
Antonyms: thinness
Translations:
leftism
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English left
Proto-Indo-European *-id-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti
Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mos
Proto-Indo-European *-mós
Ancient Greek -μός (-mós)
Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)der.
English -ism
English leftism
From left + -ism.
Inflected forms:
form: leftisms
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: Belief in the principles of left-wing politics.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
Translations:
pyrrhotite
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: chemistry
geography
geology
mineralogy
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πυρρότης (purrhótēs)
Proto-Indo-European *-tósder.
Ancient Greek -της (-tēs)der.
Ancient Greek -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs)der.
Latin -ītēsbor.
French -iteder.
English -ite
English pyrrhotite
From Ancient Greek πυρρότης (purrhótēs) + English -ite.
Inflected forms:
form: pyrrhotites
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A weakly magnetic ferrous sulfide mineral, FeS.
pos: noun
tags: uncountable
usually
Translations:
pyrrolidine
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥
Proto-Hellenic *pāwər
Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr)
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Hellenic *-rós
Ancient Greek -ρός (-rós)
Ancient Greek πῠρρός (pŭrrhós)der.
German Pyrrolbor.
English pyrrole
English -olidine
English pyrrolidine
From pyrrole + -olidine.
Base: -olidine
Affixes: -
Inflected forms:
form: pyrrolidines
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring; especially the parent compound of this class, C₄H₉N.
pos: noun
Translations:
pyrrolidone
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥
Proto-Hellenic *pāwər
Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr)
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Hellenic *-rós
Ancient Greek -ρός (-rós)
Ancient Greek πῠρρός (pŭrrhós)der.
German Pyrrolbor.
English pyrrole
English -olidine
English pyrrolidine
German Ketonbor.
English ketone
English -one
English pyrrolidone
From pyrrolidine + -one.
Inflected forms:
form: pyrrolidones
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: any of a class of heterocyclic ketones derived from a pyrrolidine; especially 2-pyrrolidone, the simplest γ-lactam
pos: noun
Translations:
pyrroline
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
organic-chemistry
physical-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥
Proto-Hellenic *pāwər
Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr)
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Hellenic *-rós
Ancient Greek -ρός (-rós)
Ancient Greek πῠρρός (pŭrrhós)der.
German Pyrrolbor.
English pyrrole
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English pyrroline
From pyrrole + -ine.
Inflected forms:
form: pyrrolines
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: Any of three isomeric monounsaturated heterocycles having a five-membered ring and one nitrogen atom C₄H₇N; any derivative of these compounds
pos: noun
Translations:
monounsaturated
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos)
Ancient Greek μονο- (mono-)der.
English mono-
English unsaturated
English monounsaturated
From mono- + unsaturated.
Inflected forms:
Senses:
gloss: having a single double or triple bond
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
Translations:
methanogenic
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From methano- + -genic.
Base: methano
Inflected forms:
Senses:
gloss: Of or relating to a methanogen or to methanogenesis.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
gloss: Capable of producing methane.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
Derived words: antimethanogenic
electromethanogenic
nonmethanogenic
Translations:
left-winger
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: government
hobbies
lifestyle
politics
sports
Etymology: Etymology tree
English left-wing
English -er
English left-winger
From left-wing + -er.
Inflected forms:
form: left-wingers
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A person who espouses left-wing political views.
pos: noun
gloss: A member of the left wing of a party or group.
pos: noun
gloss: A person who plays the position of left wing.
pos: noun
Related words: left wing
left-wing
wingnut
Translations:
lang: Finnish
word: vasemmistolainen
lang: French
word: personne de gauche
lang: French
word: gauchiste
lang: Galician
word: esquerdista
lang: Georgian
word: მემარცხენე
roman: memarcxene
lang: German
word: Linker
lang: German
word: Linke
lang: German
word: linksstehende Person
lang: German
word: Person vom linken Flügel
lang: German
word: Linksaußen
lang: Hindi
word: वामपंथी
roman: vāmpanthī
lang: Hungarian
word: baloldali
lang: Portuguese
word: esquerdista
lang: Russian
word: ле́вый
roman: lévyj
lang: Russian
word: ле́вая
roman: lévaja
lang: Spanish
word: izquierdista
lang: Spanish
word: rojo
lang: Spanish
word: zurdo
left-hander
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Topics: automotive
transport
vehicles
Inflected forms:
form: left-handers
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: lefthander
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: One who is left-handed.
pos: noun
gloss: A blow struck with the left hand.
pos: noun
gloss: A bend or turn to the left; a left-hand corner.
pos: noun
Translations:
dowser
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English dowse
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āzijos
Latin -āriusnom.
Latin -āriusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -ere
English -er
English dowser
From dowse + -er.
Inflected forms:
form: dowsers
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A divining rod used in searching for water, ore, etc.; a dowsing rod.
pos: noun
gloss: One who uses the dowser or divining rod. A diviner.
pos: noun
examples: Interestingly enough, John Mullins, the celebrated English dowser, was able to do this experiment using a forked twig, rather than a pendulum. He claimed to be able to locate nothing but water with his dowsing rod.
The instrument a dowser uses is called a dowsing rod, dowsing stick, doodlebug (when used to locate oil), or divining rod. Almost any item can be used for this purpose: a birch twig, a whalebone, and even a hanger.
Google Cayce and you will find “coolhunter,” and if you look closely you may see it suggested that she is a “sensitive” of some kind, a dowser in the world of global marketing.
Related words: rhabdomancy
Translations:
lang: Catalan
word: saurí
lang: Catalan
word: rabdomàntic
lang: Catalan
word: rabdomàntica
lang: Catalan
word: rabdomant
lang: Dutch
word: wichelroedeloper
lang: Finnish
word: kaivonkatsoja
lang: French
word: rhabdomancien
lang: French
word: rhabdomancienne
lang: French
word: baguettisant
lang: French
word: baguettisante
lang: French
word: sourcier
lang: French
word: sourcière
lang: French
word: radiesthésiste
lang: Galician
word: rabdomante
lang: German
word: Rutengänger
lang: German
word: Rutengängerin
lang: German
word: Wünschelrutengänger
lang: German
word: Wünschelrutengängerin
lang: German
word: Wünschelrutengeher
lang: German
word: Wünschelrutengeherin
lang: German
word: Rhabdomant
lang: German
word: Rhabdomantin
lang: Greek
word: ραβδοσκόπος
roman: ravdoskópos
lang: Ido
word: hidroskopo
lang: Irish
word: aimsitheoir uisce
lang: Irish
word: collóir
lang: Italian
word: rabdomante
lang: Latin
word: aquilex
lang: Marathi
word: जलशोधक
roman: jalśodhak
lang: Marathi
word: पानाडी
roman: pānāḍī
lang: Marathi
word: पानाड्या
roman: pānāḍyā
lang: Polish
word: różdżkarz
lang: Polish
word: różdżkarka
lang: Polish
word: radiesteta
lang: Polish
word: radiestetka
lang: Portuguese
word: rabdomante
lang: Portuguese
word: vedor
lang: Spanish
word: zahorí
lang: Spanish
word: rabdomante
grinding
Part of speech: noun
adj
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: business
dance
dancing
games
gaming
hobbies
lifestyle
manufacturing
sports
Etymology: Inherited from Middle English gryndynge. By surface analysis, grind + -ing.
Inflected forms:
form: grindings
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The action of grinding together or crushing into small particles; the sound of this action.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Ominous creakings and grindings came from the innards of the machine.
gloss: The action of grinding a workpiece to change its size, shape, and surface finish.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Grinding sometimes involves tight tolerances on the order of a few microns.
gloss: A form of dance in which two people rub their bodies together.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: No grinding is allowed on the dance floor at the junior prom: it isn't age-appropriate.
gloss: Repeatedly performing the same quest or similar in-game activity in order to amass points or wealth.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: I really hate the grinding to get that 1% chance item.
gloss: The act of doing the daily grind.
pos: noun
tags: countable
informal
uncountable
examples: A: Hey Bob, how's it goin? B: Meh, I'm tired of grinding, man.
gloss: Of or pertaining to the act or gratingly sound of grinding.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
examples: The meeting came to a grinding halt when the two sides could not agree.
gloss: Relentlessly taxing; burdensome; exacting to the point of exhaustion.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
examples: A week of filled with grinding toil.
I saw none of the grinding poverty to which I had become inured, no beggars, no one passed out in the streets or homeless people forced to camp out in parks and doorways.
gloss: Crushing; oppressive; overwhelming.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
obsolete
Derived words: backgrinding
gerund-grinding
grinding frame
grinding gear
grinding machine
grinding stone
grinding wheel
high grinding
hip-grinding
pregrinding
grindingly
Translations:
cleaned
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: simple
Inflected forms:
Senses:
gloss: Having been made clean.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
Translations:
impersonate
Part of speech: verb
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: computing
engineering
mathematics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Italic *n̥-
Latin in-bor.
Middle English in-
English im-
Latin persōna
Anglo-Norman persouneder.
Middle English persoun
English person
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātuslbor.
English -ate
English impersonate
From im- + person + -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Inflected forms:
form: impersonates
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: impersonating
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: impersonated
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: impersonated
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: To pretend to be (a different person); to assume the identity of, especially when there is an intent to deceive.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: The conman managed to impersonate several executives.
Evil can and will always impersonate goodness.
gloss: To operate with the permissions of a different user account.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
gloss: To manifest in corporeal form; to personify.
pos: verb
tags: obsolete
transitive
examples: The shepherds were impersonated, then the Magi, finally Herod himself. In course of time all the elements of a fully developed Nativity play had thus been introduced.
Derived words: impersonation
impersonator
unimpersonated
Translations:
yeehaw
Part of speech: intj
verb
adj
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From gee and haw, words used to instruct a horse to turn in different directions.
Inflected forms:
form: yeeha
pos: intj
tags: alternative
form: yeehah
pos: intj
tags: alternative
form: yee-haw
pos: intj
tags: alternative
form: yeehaws
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: yeehawing
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: yeehawed
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: yeehawed
pos: verb
tags: past
form: yeeha
pos: verb
tags: alternative
form: yeehah
pos: verb
tags: alternative
form: yee-haw
pos: verb
tags: alternative
form: more yeehaw
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most yeehaw
pos: adj
tags: superlative
form: yeeha
pos: adj
tags: alternative
form: yeehah
pos: adj
tags: alternative
form: yee-haw
pos: adj
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: An expression of joy or excitement, commonly associated with cowboys.
pos: intj
tags: Southern-US
US
Western
gloss: To shout yee-haw, or exclaim in a similar manner.
pos: verb
gloss: Of or relating to cowboys or the southern United States.
pos: adj
Translations:
directorate
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From director + -ate.
Base: director
Affixes: -ate
Inflected forms:
form: directorates
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: An agency headed by a director, usually a subdivision of a major government department.
pos: noun
gloss: A body of directors.
pos: noun
examples: Meronym: managing director
The critically low level of rainfall in the second half of 2020 – approaching 50% year on year for November – led the religious affairs directorate to instruct imams and their congregations to pray for rain last month.
Translations:
oba
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Yoruba ọba.
Inflected forms:
form: obas
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: ọba
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: A king of a Yoruba polity.
pos: noun
Translations:
rostrum
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Topics: anatomy
biology
botany
medicine
natural-sciences
sciences
zoology
Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin rōstrum (“beak, snout”), from rōd(ō) (“gnaw”) + -trum, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d- + *-trom. The pulpit sense is a back-formation from the name of the Roman Rōstra, the platforms in the Forum where politicians made speeches. The Rōstra were decorated with (and named for) the beaks (prows) of ships from naval victories.
Inflected forms:
form: rostra
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: rostrums
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A dais, pulpit, or similar platform for a speaker, conductor, or other performer.
pos: noun
examples: He saw a crowd listening to a man who was talking from the rostrum of a kitchen-chair.
gloss: A platform for a film or television camera.
pos: noun
gloss: The projecting prow of a rowed warship, such as a trireme.
pos: noun
gloss: The beak.
pos: noun
gloss: The beak-shaped projection on the head of insects such as weevils.
pos: noun
gloss: The snout of a dolphin.
pos: noun
gloss: The oral or nasal region of a human used for anatomical location (i.e. rostral).
pos: noun
gloss: Any beak-like extension.
pos: noun
gloss: The inner segment of the coronal lobes in asclepiads.
pos: noun
Derived words: rostral
rostrally
rostrate
rostriferous
rostroid
winners' rostrum
Translations:
tuk
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Topics: entertainment
lifestyle
music
Inflected forms:
Senses:
gloss: A Barbadian musical style, based on British regimental music of the colonial era, but accompanied by costumed performances based on African characters.
pos: noun
tags: uncountable
Translations:
vulgate
Part of speech: adj
noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Latin vulgātus, past participle of vulgō (“publish, make common, cheapen”).
Inflected forms:
form: more vulgate
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most vulgate
pos: adj
tags: superlative
form: vulgates
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: vulgates
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: vulgating
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: vulgated
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: vulgated
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: Made common, published for common use.
pos: adj
tags: archaic
gloss: In or pertaining to the common version or edition.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
gloss: The language of a people, especially the commoners.
pos: noun
examples: The linguistic and socio-historical evidence herein examined suggests that the development of Coptic occurred in Ptolemaic Egypt, not only as a spoken vulgate in the Delta, but as a script produced through […]
They might speak the local vulgate among themselves, and certainly among those they were trying to reach outside of the monastery, but read and spoke Latin for religious and official events.
English sentences were often described in ways more appropriate to Latin than to the spoken vulgate (Lindemann 78-79).
Originally destined for settlements throughout India, these documents exhibit a wide range of rhetorical conventions and writing styles, combining in varying proportions the local idiom, the spoken vulgate, and the classical form of their writers' language.
gloss: A common version or edition.
pos: noun
gloss: To publish, spread, promulgate to the people.
pos: verb
examples: Ordinary and vulgated sources will usually give all that is needed for a broad outline
we have seen this in the way in which the affair of Capri has been everywhere vulgated, amid endless perversion and distortion
Amongst the traditional vulgated anecdotes floating about the world
Translations:
autumnal
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin autumnāl(is). By surface analysis, autumn + -al.
Inflected forms:
form: more autumnal
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most autumnal
pos: adj
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: Of or relating to autumn.
pos: adj
gloss: Past the middle of life; in the third stage.
pos: adj
examples: "The magistrates are God-fearing gentlemen, but merciful over-much,--that is a truth," added a third autumnal matron.
Derived words: aestivoautumnal
estivoautumnal
autumnal equinox
autumnal hawkbit
autumnally
autumnal moth
autumnal point
autumnal signs
autumnal star
unautumnal
Russian autumnal encephalitis
in
Springfield
Mass.: G. & C. Merriam
1913
→OCLC
Translations:
cosily
Part of speech: adv
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English cosy
Proto-Indo-European *leyg-der.
Proto-Germanic *līkąder.
Proto-Germanic *-līkaz
Proto-Germanic *-ê
Proto-Germanic *-līkê
Proto-West Germanic *-līkē
Old English -līċe
Middle English -ly
English -ly
English cosily
From cosy + -ly.
Inflected forms:
form: more cosily
pos: adv
tags: comparative
form: most cosily
pos: adv
tags: superlative
form: cozily
pos: adv
tags: alternative
US
Senses:
gloss: In a cosy manner.
pos: adv
tags: UK
examples: This brought them to the fireside, where the easy chair was drawn cosily up, and the tea things stood ready to the sitter’s elbow, the very sugar in the cup.
It's hard to put your hands into the pockets of a suit coat. Mine were tucked away cosily in the deep pockets of my zipped-up leather jacket.
Translations:
mackinaw
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: Respelling of Mackinac, a strait between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, an island in the strait, and an important trading-post on the island; ultimately from Ojibwe mishinii-makinaang (“at the place of many snapping turtles”).
Inflected forms:
form: mackinaws
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A heavy woolen cloth.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A blanket made of wool, formerly distributed to the Amerindians by the U.S. government.
pos: noun
tags: countable
gloss: Synonym of mackinaw boat.
pos: noun
tags: countable
Derived words: mackinaw boat
mackinaw coat
mackinawed
mackinaw shirt
mackinaw skiff
mackinaw trout
Translations:
ineffective
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Italic *n̥-
Latin in-bor.
Middle English in-
English in-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰs
Proto-Italic *eks
Latin ex
Latin ef-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁k-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁kyéti
Proto-Italic *θakjō
Proto-Italic *fakjō
Latin faciō
Latin efficiō
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHwósder.
Latin -īvus
Latin effectivusbor.
French effectifder.
English effective
English ineffective
From in- + effective.
Inflected forms:
form: more ineffective
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most ineffective
pos: adj
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: Not having the desired effect; ineffectual; otiose.
pos: adj
gloss: Lacking in ability; incompetent or inadequate.
pos: adj
examples: Fire ants circumvented the problem of an ineffective sting by having an unusual and highly effective venom that when daubed or sprayed on other ants penetrates their waxy protective integumental barrier and kills or disables them.
Their use was “impermissible not because it is unwise or ineffective, but because [federal law]^([sic]) does not allow it”, the decision explained.
Derived words: ineffectively
ineffectiveness
Translations:
railcar
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: compound
Topics: rail-transport
railways
transport
Etymology: From rail + car.
Compound parts: rail
car
Inflected forms:
form: railcars
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A self-propelled railway vehicle for passengers, similar to a bus.
pos: noun
examples: The semi-streamlined contour of the earlier G.W.R. railcars has been given up in favour of a more utilitarian blunt-nose end, and effective floor space gained thereby.
Profitable operation is being made possible by the widespread introduction of capacious diesel railcars, which for their comfort and speed are very popular with the travelling public.
gloss: A powered single railway vehicle designed for passenger transport, with a driver's cab in both ends; Not to be confused with motor coach/motorcar, which is a powered railway vehicle capable to haul a train.
pos: noun
gloss: Any unpowered railway vehicle.
pos: noun
Derived words: railcarful
Translations:
lang: Danish
word: skinnebus
lang: Dutch
word: railbus
lang: Finnish
word: kiskobussi
lang: French
word: autobus sur rails
lang: German
word: Schienenbus
lang: Italian
word: autobus su rotaia
lang: Macedonian
word: ши́нобус
roman: šínobus
lang: Norwegian
word: skinnebuss (bokmål)
lang: Norwegian
word: skjenebuss (nynorsk)
lang: Polish
word: szynobus
lang: Polish
word: autobus szynowy
lang: Spanish
word: ferrobús
lang: Spanish
word: buscarril
lang: Swedish
word: rälsbuss
lang: Bulgarian
word: автодрези́на
roman: avtodrezína
lang: Mandarin
word: 自動道車 /自动道车
lang: Mandarin
word: 自动道车
roman: zìdòng dàochē
lang: Danish
word: motorvogn
lang: Dutch
word: motorrijtuig
lang: Estonian
word: mootorvagun
lang: Finnish
word: moottorijuna
lang: Finnish
word: moottorivaunu
lang: French
word: automotrice
lang: German
word: Triebwagen
lang: Icelandic
word: dráttarvagn
lang: Italian
word: automotrice
lang: Norwegian
word: motorvogn
lang: Polish
word: drezyna spalinowa
lang: Polish
word: wagon silnikowy
lang: Portuguese
word: automotriz
lang: Portuguese
word: automotora
lang: Portuguese
word: litorina
lang: Romanian
word: automotor
lang: Russian
word: автодрези́на
roman: avtodrezína
lang: Russian
word: автомотри́са
roman: avtomotrísa
lang: Spanish
word: automotor
lang: Spanish
word: coche motor
lang: Swedish
word: motorvagn
lang: Ukrainian
word: автодрези́на
roman: avtodrezýna
Annamite
Part of speech: noun
adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English Annam
Proto-Indo-European *-tósder.
Ancient Greek -της (-tēs)der.
Ancient Greek -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs)der.
Latin -ītēsbor.
French -iteder.
English -ite
English Annamite
From Annam + -ite.
Inflected forms:
form: Annamites
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: An inhabitant or resident of Annam.
pos: noun
gloss: Of or from Annam.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
Translations:
Annamese
Part of speech: noun
adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English Annam
Proto-Indo-European *-iskos
Proto-Germanic *-iskaz
Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor.
Late Latin -iscus
▲
Vulgar Latin -iscus
Latin -ēnsis
Old French -eisbor.
Middle English -eys
English -ese
English Annamese
From Annam + -ese.
Inflected forms:
form: Annamese
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A native or inhabitant of Annam (or Vietnam).
pos: noun
tags: countable
gloss: Pertaining to Annam.
pos: adj
tags: not-comparable
Synonyms: Annamite
Translations:
Jefferson
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Jeffrey + -son. The placenames in the United States are named for Thomas Jefferson.
Base: Jeffrey
Affixes: -son
Inflected forms:
form: Jeffersons
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A two-dollar bill.
pos: noun
tags: US
slang
examples: "Gambling's not my form of masochism," said Carl. "Huh?" "So how much?" "The wad's mostly ones. Some Jeffersons. Two or three Abes."
Translations:
preferably
Part of speech: adv
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English preferable
Proto-Indo-European *leyg-der.
Proto-Germanic *līkąder.
Proto-Germanic *-līkaz
Proto-Germanic *-ê
Proto-Germanic *-līkê
Proto-West Germanic *-līkē
Old English -līċe
Middle English -ly
English -ly
English preferably
From preferable + -ly.
Inflected forms:
form: more preferably
pos: adv
tags: comparative
form: most preferably
pos: adv
tags: superlative
form: preferrably
pos: adv
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: In preference; by choice; in a preferable manner.
pos: adv
examples: The nondegerming system grinds corn, preferably white dent corn, into meal with little, if any, separation of germ.
He felt having a Micronesian navigator meant he needed a pureblooded Polynesian, preferably a Hawaiian, as captain.
Translations:
gluttonous
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English glotenose, glotenouse, glotonos, glotonous, glotounius, glotynous, from Middle French glotonos; equivalent to glutton + -ous.
Base: glutton
Affixes: -ous
Inflected forms:
form: more gluttonous
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most gluttonous
pos: adj
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: Given to excessive eating; prone to overeating.
pos: adj
examples: Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners.
gloss: Greedy.
pos: adj
examples: Then they could smile and fawn upon his debts, / And take down the interest into their gluttonous maws.
["]The voracious caterpillar when transformed into a butterfly," … "and the gluttonous maggot when become a fly," content themselves with a drop or two of honey or some other sweet liquid.
Do the feasters gluttonous feast? / Do the corpulent sleepers sleep? have they lock'd and bolted doors? / Still be ours the diet hard, and the blanket on the ground, / Pioneers! O pioneers!
Look your last on your dearest ones, / Brothers and husbands, fathers, sons: / Swift they go to the ravenous guns, / The gluttonous guns of War.
One day the mail-man found no village there, / Nor were its folk or houses seen again; / People came out from Aylesbury to stare – / Yet they all told the mail-man it was plain / That he was mad for saying he had spied / The great hill's gluttonous eyes, and jaws stretched wide.
My dreams were largely based on the works of Dickens (his Mugby Junction stories), Thackeray (Jeames on the Gauge Question), and Arthur Conan Doyle, whose Sherlock Holmes stories I kept devouring with gluttonous abandon.
Related words: glutton
gluttonously
gluttony
Derived words: gluttonousness
overgluttonous
ungluttonous
Translations:
traduction
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Latin trāductiō, trāductiōnis (“transferring, translation”, literally “leading across”), from trādūcō (“to lead across”), from trāns (“across”) + dūcō (“to lead”). By surface analysis, traduce + -ion.
Inflected forms:
form: traductions
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of converting text from one language to another.
pos: noun
tags: uncountable
gloss: A malign or defamatory statement.
pos: noun
tags: countable
gloss: An act of defaming, maligning or slandering.
pos: noun
tags: uncountable
gloss: Act of passing on to one's future generations.
pos: noun
tags: uncountable
Related words: translation
Derived words: traductionism
traductionist
Translations:
ration
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From French ration. Doublet of reason and ratio.
Inflected forms:
form: rations
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: rations
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: rationing
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: rationed
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: rationed
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: A portion of some limited resource, especially food, allocated to a person or group.
pos: noun
examples: The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it.
gloss: To supply with a ration; to limit (someone) to a specific allowance of something.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: We rationed ourselves to three sips of water a day until we were rescued.
gloss: To portion out (especially during a shortage of supply); to limit access to.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: By the third day on the raft, we had to ration our water.
But as our urban lives have grown more pressed for time, we have diced our opportunity costs finer and finer; from budgeting days or slabs of hours, we have come to rationing minutes.
gloss: To restrict (an activity etc.)
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: I've rationed myself to one cup of coffee a day.
Our present health care system is rationed only to those who can afford it because of unnecessary high cost, lack of insurance coverage by 47 million people, and exorbitant prescription prices.
A theocratic state in which an equation is drawn between the Catholic hierarchy and God and the rights of citizens may be rationed by the church according to its doctrines.
Synonyms: Hooverize
Derived words: deration
rationable
rationer
Translations:
dangerously
Part of speech: adv
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English dangerous
Middle English -ly
English -ly
English dangerously
From dangerous + -ly.
Inflected forms:
form: more dangerously
pos: adv
tags: comparative
form: most dangerously
pos: adv
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: In a dangerous manner; so as to cause danger.
pos: adv
examples: It was found that it took about two years for the lost sting to be dangerously replaced, so that an annual pruning assured that they were in a state of safety where they could provide vast amusement for the children.
Add in nominations for Django Unchained, The Master and Moonrise Kingdom, and the Academy Awards look dangerously close to being about rewarding the actual best films of the year. Don't tell anyone.
Translations:
bestride
Part of speech: verb
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English bestriden, from Old English bestrīdan, from Proto-West Germanic *bistrīdan; equivalent to be- + stride. Compare Dutch bestrijden, German bestreiten.
Base: stride
Affixes: be-
Inflected forms:
form: bestrides
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: bestriding
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: bestrode
pos: verb
tags: past
form: bestrode
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: bestridden
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: bestrid
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
Senses:
gloss: To be astride something, to stand over or sit on with legs on either side, especially to sit on a horse.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: & thou were the truest frende to thy louar that euer bestrade hors
"And thou were the truest friend to thy lover that ever bestrad horse"
But fleeter far the pinions of the Wind, / Which from Siberian caves the monarch freed, / And sent him forth, with squadrons of his kind, / And bade the Snow their ample backs bestride, / And to the battle ride.
The knightly Crusader bestrides a war-horse of heavy proportions , which he has suddenly reined in , as he waves on high a flag as a rallying sign for his followers.
He threw in my way a piece of timber which I bestrided, and the waves tossed me to and fro till they cast me upon an island coast […]
Apart from the traffic that is originated within its own district, Doncaster is the hub of many important Eastern Region flows. [...] It bestrides busy routes to and from the Midlands and, of course, is a landmark on the East Coast trunk route between north and south.
[…] she would take the betrothal document from her father's chest of drawers and pore over the signature: Ezriel Babad. […] His signature seemed to bestride her own.
Again I bestride the mitred, leather-winged steed.
He made out a stubby automobile bestriding the narrow road.
gloss: To stride over, or across.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
gloss: To dominate.
pos: verb
tags: figuratively
transitive
examples: Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world / Like a Colossus[…].
He looked up again at the portrait of Big Brother. The colossus that bestrode the world!
You see, Jim Crow does it differently in Africa. His is a slow but tight and deadly squeeze. […] He bestrides this continent from Algiers to Cape Town, and the guns around his belt face east, west, south and north.
Over the past two hundred years the English language has risen, seemingly irresistably, to its present position of world-bestriding supremacy.
Translations:
daintily
Part of speech: adv
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English deyntely; equivalent to dainty + -ly.
Base: dainty
Affixes: -ly
Inflected forms:
form: more daintily
pos: adv
tags: comparative
form: most daintily
pos: adv
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: In a dainty manner, delicately.
pos: adv
examples: SATURNINUS: Go fetch them hither to us presently.
TITUS: Why, there they are, both baked in that pie,
Whereof their mother daintily hath fed,
Eating the flesh that she herself hath bred.
Has he beſpoke, what will he have a brace, / Or but one Partridge, or a ſhort-leg'd Hen, / Daintyly carbonado'd?
At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar.
[Allegra]'s daintily readjusting her stance.
Translations:
dimpled
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English dimple
English -ed
English dimpled
From dimple + -ed.
Inflected forms:
form: more dimpled
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most dimpled
pos: adj
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: Having dimples.
pos: adj
examples: On each ſide her, / Stood pretty Dimpled Boyes, like ſmiling Cupids, / VVith diuers coulour'd Fannes vvhoſe vvinde did ſeeme / To gloue the delicate cheekes vvhich they did coole, / And vvhat they vndid did.
Translations: