yuanxin112/wiktionary-morph huggingface dataset:
celebration
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Old French celebration, from Latin celebratio. Equivalent to celebrate + -ion.
Base: celebrate
Affixes: -ion
Inflected forms:
form: celebrations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The formal performance of a solemn rite, such as Christian sacrament.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: We will attend the Christmas celebration in church.
gloss: The observance of a holiday or feast day, as by solemnities.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: The celebrations around here for Easter are enjoyable.
In a Chinese New Year video message posted on her Facebook page yesterday, President Halimah Yacob said the fact that the celebrations here also commonly embrace those of other races is "true to the Singapore spirit".
gloss: The act or process of showing appreciation, joy, gratitude and/or remembrance, notably as a social event.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: She jumped in the air in celebration of her success.
Waltz into a grand Austrian celebration this fall on the Danube River on an eight-day cruise marking the 300th birthday of Maria Theresa of Austria, whose one-time titles included Holy Roman Empress; Queen of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia and Slavonia; Archduchess of Austria; and Duchess of Parma.
gloss: A social gathering for entertainment and fun; a party.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: We are having a celebration at McDonald's for my dad's new job.
Next week includes celebrations for both Martin's birthday and for his new job.
Synonyms: celebration
entertainment
feast
festival
festivity
function
gathering
fete
Related words: celebrant
celebrate
celebrator
celebrity
Derived words: celebrappeal
celebrational
celebrationary
celebrationless
celebration of life
celebration parallax
concelebration
goal celebration
noncelebration
precelebration
recelebration
uncelebration
Translations:
censure
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From 1350–1400 Middle English censure, from Old French, from Latin censūra (“censor's office or assessment”), from censēre (“to consider, to assess, to value, to judge, to tax, etc.”).
Inflected forms:
form: censures
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: censures
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: censuring
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: censured
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: censured
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: The act of blaming, criticizing, or condemning as wrong; reprehension.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Censure, which arraigns the public actions and the private motives of princes, has ascribed to envy, a conduct which might be attributed to the prudence and moderation of Hadrian.
Both the censure and the praise were merited.
gloss: Official reprimand.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: After his actions were challenged by foreign governments and Parliament initially tried to put a stop to his action, Denman returned home and argued his case with enough force that, by 1848, the Royal Navy was handed active permission and encouragement to raze every last slave factory they could find to the ground, and full authority to stop any ship, of any flag, that was thought to be a slaver, with a guarantee with^([sic]) no censure from the government.
gloss: A judicial or ecclesiastical sentence or reprimand; condemnatory judgment.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: He that hath past / So many Cenſures is novv come at laſt / To haue your princely Eares, grace you him; […]
[E]xcommunication […] being the chief ecclesiastical censure
gloss: A judgment (either favorable or unfavorable); an opinion.
pos: noun
tags: countable
obsolete
uncountable
examples: Take each man's cenſure, but reſerve thy judgment.
gloss: To criticize harshly.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: I may be censured that nature thus gives way to loyalty.
The Woodwalton signalman, Rose, who was severely censured in Captain Tyler's report, behaved with great negligence.
Cultural norms and social rules regulate whether someone can be among others or will be isolated, whether the sick will be considered foul or acceptable, and whether they are to be pitied or censured.
gloss: To formally rebuke.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: The US House of Representatives on Wednesday voted to censure Rep. Adam Schiff, a key lawmaker in Democrats’ congressional investigations into former President Donald Trump during his presidency.
gloss: To form or express a judgment in regard to; to estimate; to judge.
pos: verb
tags: obsolete
transitive
examples: Should I say more, you might well censure me a flatterer.
Related words: censor
censorial
censorious
censorship
census
Derived words: censurability
censurable
censureless
censureship
censurious
miscensure
recensure
uncensuring
Translations:
centralization
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From French centralisation, equivalent to central + -ization or centralize + -ation.
Base: central
Affixes: -ization
Inflected forms:
form: centralizations
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: centralisation
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: The act or process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized; the act or process of combining or reducing several parts into a whole
pos: noun
tags: British
English
Oxford
US
countable
uncountable
examples: the centralization of power in the general government
the centralization of commerce in a city
V-Dem lists the characteristics of autocratization as deteriorations in freedom of expression, the decline of free and fair elections, and the centralization of authority.
Translations:
centrepiece
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
English centre
English piece
English centrepiece
From centre + piece.
Inflected forms:
form: centrepieces
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: centerpiece
pos: noun
tags: alternative
US
form: centre-piece
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: An ornament to be placed in the centre, as of a table, ceiling, etc.
pos: noun
gloss: A central article or figure.
pos: noun
examples: Below is the deep abyss of the Lauterbrunnen valley, and at its head a stately semi-circle of mountains, with the pyramidal Lauterbrunnen Breithorn as the centre-piece.
A small bottle of sparkling Rhineland wine was the centrepiece; beside it was a large marzipan pastry topped with strawberries.
Bridge SAC66 has its place in railway history as the centrepiece of the battle to save the Settle-Carlisle Line from closure in the 1980s.
For SAC66 is better known as Batty Moss (or Ribblehead) Viaduct - the magnificent, Grade 2-listed, 24-arch structure that strides over the pockmarked ground between Ribblehead station and Blea Moor signal box.
Translations:
certification
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Inflected forms:
form: certifications
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of certifying.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The granting of a certificate.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A professional qualification that certifies a person's ability.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: You do not possess the certifications required for this post.
Derived words: certification engineer
decertification
noncertification
post-certification
precertification
recertification
Translations:
cessation
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French cessation, itself a borrowing from Latin cessātiō. By surface analysis, cease + -ation. Compare cession < cede.
Inflected forms:
form: cessations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A ceasing or discontinuance, for example of an action, whether temporary or final.
pos: noun
tags: countable
formal
uncountable
examples: it might be advisable to permit the temporary cessation of the papal inquisition
The day […]was […]yearly observ'd for a festival Day by cessation from Labour.
With the cessation of hostilities, the military traffic declined considerably, although at least two years will be required to remove the many thousands of tons of explosives still stored at the depot.
Translations:
chafe
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥h₁éh₁ti
Proto-Italic *kalēō
Classical Latin caleō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁k-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁kyéti
Proto-Italic *θakjō
Proto-Italic *fakjō
Classical Latin faciō
Classical Latin calefaciō
Classical Latin calfaciō
Vulgar Latin *calfō
Old French chauferbor.
Middle English chaufen
English chafe
Inherited from Middle English chaufen (“to warm”), borrowed from Old French chaufer (modern French chauffer), from Latin calefacere, calfacere (“to make warm”), from calere (“to be warm”) + facere (“to make”). See caldron.
Inflected forms:
form: chafes
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: chafes
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: chafing
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: chafed
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: chafed
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: Heat excited by friction.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: Injury or wear caused by friction.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: Vexation; irritation of mind; rage.
pos: noun
tags: archaic
countable
uncountable
examples: Like a wylde Bull, that, being at a bay, / Is bayted of a mastiffe and a hound / […] That in his chauffe he digs the trampled ground / And threats his horns […]
When we returned we found the poor prisoner in a terrible chafe with the sentinel for detaining him, for the guard had been true to his trust.
gloss: To excite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
gloss: To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate.
pos: verb
tags: figuratively
transitive
gloss: To fret and wear by rubbing.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: i was reminded why i stopped wearing jeans. they hurt so bad compared to pleated pants […] yeah, but the sides of my hips and my junk were all sore. idr the english word, but ig they were ”wearing against it”. oh ”chafe”?
to chafe a cable
gloss: To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction.
pos: verb
tags: intransitive
examples: the troubled Tiber chafing with her shores
[Gitche Manito] Breathed upon the neighbouring forest, / Made its great boughs chafe together, / Till in flame they burst and kindled; […]
gloss: To be worn by rubbing.
pos: verb
tags: intransitive
examples: A cable chafes.
gloss: To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated.
pos: verb
tags: figuratively
intransitive
examples: He will chafe at the doctor's marrying my daughter.
Many local politicians chafed under the restrictions of Guided Democracy[…]
As Meta has spent billions to bring in A.I. talent, some members of the old guard have chafed at the new hires, three people with knowledge of the matter said.
Derived words: chafen
antichafe
chafage
chafe at the bit
chafer
chafesome
chafeweed
chafing dish
chafing gear
Translations:
champ
Part of speech: verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em-der.
Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ém-po-s
Proto-Italic *kampos
Latin campusbor.
Frankish *kamp
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *-janą
Frankish *-jan
Frankish *kampijan
Proto-Germanic *-jô
Frankish *-jō
Frankish *kampijōbor.
Medieval Latin campiō
Old French champiunbor.
Middle English champioun
English champion
English champ
Clipping of champion /championship.
Inflected forms:
form: champs
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: champing
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: champed
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: champed
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: To act or behave like a champ; to endure.
pos: verb
tags: informal
examples: Either champ it out and post up on the cement or face-down in the sand or get out the hammock and hang it from a palm tree.
So on Wednesday I decided to champ up and get in a few couple of workouts all in one day.
Just take it easy and make sure you don't champ it like a slider.
Translations:
char
Part of speech: verb
noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: Back-formation from charcoal.
Inflected forms:
form: chars
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: charring
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: charred
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: charred
pos: verb
tags: past
form: chewre
pos: verb
tags: alternative
obsolete
form: chars
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: char
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: chewre
pos: noun
tags: alternative
obsolete
Senses:
gloss: To burn something to charcoal; to be burnt to charcoal.
pos: verb
tags: ergative
examples: I charred the wood.
The wood charred.
gloss: To burn (something) severely, so as to blacken it.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: The fire charred her down to the bone.
gloss: To burn (something) slightly or superficially so as to affect colour.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: The chef charred the scallops just right.
gloss: A charred substance.
pos: noun
Synonyms: coal
blacken
scorch
sear
singe
Derived words: charbroil
charburger
charry
char up
Translations:
characterization
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Etymology tree
Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Ancient Greek -τήρ (-tḗr)
Ancient Greek χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr)
Proto-Indo-European *-id-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti
Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō
Ancient Greek -ίζω (-ízō)
Ancient Greek χᾰρακτηρίζω (khăraktērízō)der.
Medieval Latin charactērizōder.
English characterize
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Latin -ātiōlbor.
Old French -ationbor.
Middle English -acioun
English -ation
English characterization
From characterize + -ation.
Inflected forms:
form: characterizations
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: characterisation
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: The act or process of characterizing.
pos: noun
examples: Near-synonyms: portrayal, representation; definition
It was while he was performing the duties of the store that he acquired the soubriquet "Honest Abe"--a characterization that he never dishonored, and an abbreviation that he never outgrew.
The art of characterization exhibited by the author fascinates us; we gaze and examine as if we were face to face with real personages, whose passions are laid bare, whose life is traced, whose countenance is portrayed with miraculousness, distinctness and verisimilitude.
Translations:
chlorination
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: chemistry
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-
Proto-Hellenic *kʰlōrós
Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós)
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English chlorine
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātuslbor.
English -ate
English chlorinate
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Latin -ātiōlbor.
Old French -ationbor.
Middle English -acioun
English -ation
English -ion
English chlorination
From chlorinate + -ion.
Inflected forms:
form: chlorinations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act or process of chlorinating something; especially, the addition of chlorine to water to purify it, and a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
Translations:
Christianization
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: Analyzable as Christianize + -ation or Christian + -ization.
Base: Christianize
Affixes: -ation
Inflected forms:
form: Christianizations
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: Christianisation
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Senses:
gloss: The act or process of converting or being converted to Christianity.
pos: noun
examples: We should not underestimate European laypeople. They were perfectly capable of thinking for themselves, particularly about death, a religious theme in which everyone had an investment and about which everyone was likely to have an opinion. There is no need to invoke the idea of systematic pagan survival to account for this: Europe’s mass Christianization had been a steady if piecemeal process from the sixth century through to the fourteenth.
Translations:
churlish
Part of speech: adj
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English churlysshe, cherlissh, from late Old English ċeorlisċ, ċierlisċ (“of or pertaining to churls”), equivalent to churl + -ish.
Base: churl
Affixes: -ish
Inflected forms:
form: more churlish
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most churlish
pos: adj
tags: superlative
Senses:
gloss: Of or pertaining to a serf, peasant, or rustic.
pos: adj
examples: […] the eloquence and truth of his tribute stands in marked contrast to Kramer's churlish caricature of Kael as a happy pig wallowing in the dirt.
gloss: Rude, surly, ungracious.
pos: adj
examples: [A]nd it is without all controuerſie, that learning doth make the minds of men gentle, generous, maniable, and pliant to gouernment; whereas Ignorance makes them churliſh, thwart, and mutinous; […]
A Churliſh Envious Curr vvas gotten into a Manger, and there lay Growling and Snarling to keep the Horſes from their Provender. The Dog Eat None himſelf, and yet rather Ventur'd the Starving his Own Carcaſe then he would ſuffer any thing elfe to be the Better for't.
“Please, can't you just leave the child with Huggie?” “Stop calling him "the child," Richard! His name is Rocket! And I'm not leaving him with your crappy robot!” “Sally! Why, that's almost churlish. And you're visible! What's this really about?” “You can't replace family with a robot, Richard. We need real human affection!” “That's why Huggie's programmed to simulate it, sweetness.” “[groans] Please, Richard, let me go.” “Yes, yes, perhaps the fresh air will, uh, calm the female --” “Don't strain yourself, Richard. Good bye.”
Especially in the post-2008 recession, the need for charity was more pronounced than ever, and so it seemed churlish, even Scrooge-like, to question whether the Gateses really knew as much about solving the world’s problems as they claimed.
gloss: Stingy or grudging.
pos: adj
gloss: Difficult to till, lacking pliancy; unmanageable.
pos: adj
examples: 1730–1774, Oliver Goldsmith, Introductory to Switzerland
Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread,
And force a churlish soil for scanty bread.
Related words: churl
churldom
churled
churlhood
churlishly
churlishness
Derived words: unchurlish
Translations:
chute
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Topics: hobbies
horse-racing
horseracing
horses
lifestyle
pets
racing
sports
Etymology: From French chute.
Inflected forms:
form: chutes
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: chutes
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: chuting
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: chuted
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: chuted
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel.
pos: noun
examples: On reaching the slip, the barrow was wheeled off the truck onto a scaffolding gantry built out over the wall, and the concrete tipped down a corrugated iron chute on to a steel plate.
gloss: A waterfall or rapid.
pos: noun
gloss: A pen or passageway to constrain the movement of an animal, such as livestock being loaded for transport; the pen in which an animal is confined before being released in a rodeo.
pos: noun
gloss: An extension to a straightway on either the home stretch or the backstretch, to avoid having a turn at the start of the race.
pos: noun
gloss: To parachute.
pos: verb
tags: informal
intransitive
Derived words: ballute
bean chute
chute dogging
chute house
chuteless
chutelike
chute-the-chute
cruising chute
dirt chute
drag chute
drogue chute
flood chute
garbage chute
head chute
laundry chute
out of the chute
poop chute
refuse chute
shoot-the-chute
squeeze chute
Stony Chute
straight out of the chute
trash chute
Translations:
ciliate
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: biology
natural-sciences
zoology
Etymology: First attested in 1760; borrowed from New Latin ciliātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).
Affixes: -ate
Inflected forms:
form: ciliates
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: Any of many protozoa, of the phylum Ciliophora, that have many cilia (fine hairs).
pos: noun
Translations:
circulation
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From Middle English circulacioun, from Latin circulatio. Morphologically circulate + -ion.
Base: circulate
Affixes: -ion
Inflected forms:
form: circulations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: For example, by changing the use of existing rooms, removing or replacing unsightly features, clearing obstacles to easy circulation, rearranging direction signs and generally introducing as much order as possible, most outdated station buildings can be made reasonably efficient and attractive.
gloss: Currency; circulating coins; notes, bills, etc., current for coin.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: The new bills will come into circulation next Friday.
gloss: The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measurement of diffusion, especially the number of copies sold of a publication.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: June 1 2016, Karen Roberts in the Evening Express, Aberdeen Journals - The Broad Street Years
The reputation and circulation of the paper continued to grow, and the board decided a new custom-built base was required for both the Press and Journal and Evening Express to replace the crumbling, but much loved, Broad Street offices.
Print circulation across the top 50 US magazines fell 5% year-on-year.
gloss: The movement of the blood in the circulatory system, by which it is brought into close relations with the cells and tissues of the body; (loosely) the circulatory system.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: In the dead state all is apparently without motion. No agent within indicates design, intelligence, or foresight: there is no respiration; no digestion, circulation, or nutrition; […]
gloss: The movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
Related words: circle
cycle
cyclus
Derived words: cerebrocirculation
circulational
circulationary
circulation desk
circulationism
circulationist
circulation time
cocirculation
collateral circulation
coronary circulation
Hadley circulation
in circulation
Langmuir circulation
macrocirculation
malcirculation
microcirculation
miscirculation
noncirculation
overcirculation
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
thermohaline circulation
Translations:
circumnavigation
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Etymology: From circum- + navigation.
Base: navigation
Affixes: circum-
Inflected forms:
form: circumnavigations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of circumnavigating, or sailing round.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Under our new World may alſo be compriſed thoſe vaſt Southern Coaſts and Streights of Magelan, firſt lighted on by Ferdinandus Magelanus in the year 1520, in his Circumnavigation of the Univerſe ; which forty five years after Sir Francis Drake, and next Sir Thomas Bendiſh, Engliſhmen, made a furhter inſpection into ; and in the Year 1600 Oliver van Noord a Hollander paſt, but of later years a Spaniard, Fedinand de Quier, out-ſhot them all by a more ample Diſcovery then all the former.
Translations:
circumstantial
Part of speech: adj
noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: grammar
human-sciences
law
linguistics
sciences
Etymology: From Latin circumstantia + English -al, equivalent to circumstance + -ial.
Affixes: -al
Inflected forms:
form: more circumstantial
pos: adj
tags: comparative
form: most circumstantial
pos: adj
tags: superlative
form: circumstantials
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: Pertaining to or dependent on circumstances, especially as opposed to essentials; incidental, not essential.
pos: adj
examples: We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship […] and what is merely circumstantial.
Evidence for cannibalism abounds - even if circumstantial - both from the modern world and throughout history, but academic anthropology has found itself in a funk of denial.
gloss: Involving evidence that relies on inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact, thus, suggesting guilt but not directly proving it.
pos: adj
examples: It is unlikely he will be convicted; the evidence against him is circumstantial at best.
Never, he said, in the course of his long experience, had he known a charge of murder rest on slighter evidence. Not only was it entirely circumstantial, but the greater part of it was practically unproved.
gloss: Abounding with minor circumstances; in great detail; particular.
pos: adj
examples: My Unkle's account is more circumstantial I must confess—but I believe mine is the true one for all that.
For although my information appears too direct and circumstantial to be fictitious, yet the magnitude of the enterprise, the desperation of the plan, and the stupendous consequences with which it seems pregnant, stagger my belief […]
Second-hand but clearly from the best possible source - the King himself - [the story] is highly circumstantial, taking twenty-two pages of text.
gloss: Full of circumstance or pomp; ceremonial.
pos: adj
gloss: Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance.
pos: noun
tags: in-plural
examples: the circumstantials of religion
gloss: An adjunct or circumstant.
pos: noun
Synonyms: accidental
circumstantial
coincidental
coinstantial
contingent
happenstantial
incidental
secondary
Antonyms: certain
impossible
inevitable
necessary
Related words: instantial
Derived words: circumstantial evidence
circumstantiality
circumstantially
circumstantialness
circumstantiate
noncircumstantial
uncircumstantial
Translations:
citation
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: human-sciences
lexicography
linguistics
sciences
Etymology: From Middle English citacioun, from Old French citation, from Latin citātiō. By surface analysis, cite + -ation.
Inflected forms:
form: citations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: An official summons or notice given to a person to appear.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: No citation was issued upon this appeal returnable to the next term of this court, nor was the record filed and the cause docketed during that term. On the 29th of May, 1865, however, a citation was issued, returnable at this term, and service of this citation was acknowledged by the present district attorney; and the writ was returned and the record filed at this term, under an agreement between the district attorney and the attorney for the claimants, to submit the cause upon printed briefs.
In late September, over a three-day period, Placer County conducted 183 stops among riders, some involving groups, which led to 30 citations and 25 e-motorcycles being towed.
gloss: The paper containing such summons or notice.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The act of citing a passage from a text, or from another person, using the exact words of the original text or speech and giving credit to the original by referencing.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: An entry in a list of sources from which information was taken, typically following a prescribed bibliographical style; a reference.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The passage or words quoted; a quotation.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A quotation with attached bibliographical details demonstrating the use of a particular lexical item in a dictionary, especially a dictionary on historical principles.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Historically, target words were garnered through focused reading programs and citations were handwritten on slips of paper which were collated alphabetically and stored in drawers for ready access (much like old-fashioned library catalogues).
gloss: Enumeration; mention.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: It's a simple citation of facts.
gloss: A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A commendation in recognition of some achievement, or a formal statement of an achievement.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
Related words: cite
attestation
Derived words: autocitation
case citation
citational
citation cartel
citation cord
citation form
citationless
citation needed
co-citation
coercive citation
metacitation
miscitation
neutral citation
overcitation
parallel citation
self-citation
string citation
undercitation
Translations:
clamor
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: Recorded in English since c. 1385, as Middle English clamour, from Old French clamor (modern clameur), from Latin clāmor (“a shout, cry”), from clāmō (“cry out, complain”).
The verb sense "to silence" may have a distinct (unknown) etymology.
Inflected forms:
form: clamors
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: clamour
pos: noun
tags: alternative
Commonwealth
form: clamors
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: clamoring
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: clamored
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: clamored
pos: verb
tags: past
form: clamour
pos: verb
tags: alternative
Commonwealth
Senses:
gloss: A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation.
pos: noun
tags: US
countable
uncountable
examples: For when he knew his Rival freed and gone, / He ſwells with Wrath; he makes outrageous Moan: / He frets, he fumes, he ſtares, he ſtamps the Ground; / The hollow Tow'r with Clamours rings around: […]
gloss: Any loud and continued noise.
pos: noun
tags: US
countable
uncountable
gloss: A continued public expression, often of dissatisfaction or discontent; a popular outcry.
pos: noun
tags: US
countable
uncountable
gloss: To cry out or demand.
pos: verb
tags: US
intransitive
examples: Anyone who tastes our food seems to clamor for more.
All the universities are sending in long petitions to restrict their production. Otherwise, they say, mankind will become extinct through lack of fertility. But the R. U. R. shareholders, of course, won't hear of it. All the governments, on the other hand, are clamoring for an increase in production, to raise the standards of their armies. And all the manufacturers in the world are ordering Robots like mad.
[…] the cloth was removed, revealing seriously deformed and ugly feet. Bystanders immediately clamored for the cloth to be put back on, and not only because the feet were ugly – they really stunk, enough to bring tears to your eyes […]
gloss: To demand by outcry.
pos: verb
tags: US
transitive
examples: Thousands of demonstrators clamoring the government's resignation were literally deafening, yet their cries fell in deaf ears
The distinctness of London has led many to clamor for the capital to pursue its own policies, especially on immigration. The British prime minister, David Cameron, is a Conservative. So is the mayor of London, Boris Johnson. But they have diametrically opposed views on immigration.
gloss: To become noisy insistently.
pos: verb
tags: US
intransitive
examples: After a confused murmur the audience soon clamored
gloss: To influence by outcry.
pos: verb
tags: US
transitive
examples: His many supporters successfully clamor his election without a formal vote
gloss: To silence.
pos: verb
tags: US
obsolete
transitive
Derived words: beclamor
clamorer
clamorous
clamorously
clamorousness
clamorsome
outclamor
Translations:
clang
Part of speech: verb
intj
Morphological type: simple
Topics: human-sciences
medicine
psychiatry
psychology
sciences
Etymology: 1570, of imitative origin.
Compare also Saterland Frisian Kloang, West Frisian klank, Dutch klank, German Klang (from German klingen), Danish and Swedish klang, Latin clangere (“to resound”) (which probably influenced it).
Inflected forms:
form: clangs
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: clanging
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: clanged
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: clanged
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: To strike (objects) together so as to produce a clang.
pos: verb
tags: transitive
examples: Around, the first Curetes (order solemn / To thy foreknowing mother!) trod tumultuous / Their mystic dance, and clanged their sounding arms; [...]
A dented metal punching bag waiting to be clanged; a solitary object in the rhino's cage.
gloss: To give out a clang; to resound.
pos: verb
tags: intransitive
examples: Middlesbrough will wonder whether it might have been different if the volley that Jelle Vossen slashed towards John Ruddy’s net after nine minutes had been a couple inches lower rather than clanging off the crossbar. They should not dwell on that moment too long, however.
A cell door clanged metallically and Wentworth was flung inside. He tripped, collapsed upon the concrete floor.
The clanging and groaning of the train came nearer, and it staggered slowly into the station like a prey- laden monster into its lair.
Then the sparks flew from the anvil while the great hammer clanged on the metal, shaping it, and Henry begged to be allowed to try it
gloss: To utter a word or phrase linked only by sound and not by meaning, characteristic of some mental disorders.
pos: verb
gloss: Imitative of a loud metallic ringing sound.
pos: intj
gloss: Said after someone has name-dropped (mentioned a famous person with whom they are acquainted).
pos: intj
tags: humorous
Derived words: aclang
clanger
clanging
clangous
clangy
reclang
Translations:
clarification
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Topics: journalism
media
Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French clarification, from Latin clārificātiō.
Inflected forms:
form: clarifications
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of clarifying; the act or process of making clear or transparent by freeing visible impurities; particularly, the clearing or fining of liquid substances from impurities via the separation of the insoluble particles which prevent the liquid from being transparent.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: The clarification of wine.
gloss: The act of freeing from obscurities; disambiguation.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Your ideas deserve clarification.
gloss: An explanatory comment on, or question about, a point of obscurity.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Let me make just one clarification: did he kiss her, or did she kiss him?
gloss: A small piece of writing supplemental to a previously published text, intended to disambiguate, explain away obscurities, but not contradict or emend the text (as would a correction).
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: Clarity, transparency, mutual understanding; to be clear.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: So, just for clarification, you're saying your Chihuahua ate your homework?
Related words: clarifier
clarify
qualification
sedimentation
Derived words: explainification
reclarification
Translations:
lang: Arabic
word: تَرْوِيق
roman: tarwīq
lang: Arabic
word: تَصْفِيَة
roman: taṣfiya
lang: Bulgarian
word: избистряне
roman: izbistrjane
lang: Catalan
word: clarificació
lang: Dutch
word: klaring
lang: Finnish
word: selkeytys
lang: French
word: clarification
lang: Galician
word: clarificación
lang: Greek
word: διαύγαση
roman: diávgasi
lang: Hungarian
word: derítés
lang: Hungarian
word: szűrés
lang: Hungarian
word: tisztítás
lang: Interlingua
word: clarification
lang: Italian
word: chiarificazione
lang: Ottoman Turkish
word: تصفیه
roman: tasfiye
lang: Portuguese
word: clarificação
lang: Russian
word: осветле́ние
roman: osvetlénije
lang: Russian
word: очище́ние
roman: očiščénije
lang: Russian
word: очи́стка
roman: očístka
lang: Spanish
word: clarificación
lang: Ukrainian
word: очи́щення
roman: očýščennja
lang: Ukrainian
word: осві́тлення
roman: osvítlennja
classification
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *klāssis
Latin classislbor.
French classe
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-fakāō
Latin -ficōder.
French -ifier
French classifier
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Latin -ātiōlbor.
Old French -ation
Middle French -ation
French -ation
French classificationbor.
English classification
Borrowed from French classification.
Inflected forms:
form: classifications
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some common relations or attributes.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Near-synonyms: categorization, classifying, categorizing, typing, sorting
On those remote pages it is written that animals are divided into (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble as if they were mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a verfy fine camel's hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.
1997: Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, page 69 (Totem Books, Icon Books; →ISBN
I’m using mathesis — a universal science of measurement and order …
And there is also taxinomia a principle of 'classification' and ordered tabulation.
Knowledge replaced universal resemblance with finite differences. History was arrested and turned into tables …
Western reason had entered the age of judgement.
Translations:
cleat
Part of speech: noun
verb
Morphological type: simple
Topics: nautical
transport
Etymology: From Middle English clete, from Old English *clēat (“block, wedge”), from Proto-West Germanic *klaut, from Proto-Germanic *klautaz (“firm lump”), from Proto-Indo-European *gelewd-, from *gley- (“to glue, stick together, form into a ball”). Cognate with Dutch kloot (“ball; testicle”) and German Kloß (“clump”). See also clay and clout.
Inflected forms:
form: cleats
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: cleats
pos: verb
tags: present
singular
third-person
form: cleating
pos: verb
tags: participle
present
form: cleated
pos: verb
tags: participle
past
form: cleated
pos: verb
tags: past
Senses:
gloss: A strip of wood or iron fastened on transversely to something in order to give strength, prevent warping, hold position, etc.
pos: noun
examples: [...] the people of that island erected lofty spars along the seacoast, to which the look-outs ascended by means of nailed cleats, something as fowls go upstairs in a hen-house.
I had learned that cattle willingly walk down a ramp that has cleats to provide secure, nonslip footing.
gloss: A continuous metal strip, or angled piece, used to secure metal components.
pos: noun
gloss: A device to quickly affix a line or rope, and from which it is also easy to release.
pos: noun
gloss: A protrusion on the bottom of a shoe or wheel meant for better traction.
pos: noun
examples: Near-synonym: calk
gloss: An athletic shoe equipped with cleats.
pos: noun
examples: He needs to put on five pieces of gear: his helmet, left glove, right glove, left cleat, and right cleat.
gloss: To strengthen with a cleat.
pos: verb
examples: An inner floor over the whole area of the deck provides a space for all the cable and pipe runs. On one side the cables are cleated into a duct which is sealed against the ingress of water and oil; the pipe lines run underneath the opposite side floor.
gloss: To tie off, affix, stopper a line or rope, especially to a cleat.
pos: verb
Derived words: expansion cleat
French cleat
Translations:
colossus
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Latin colossus, from Ancient Greek κολοσσός (kolossós, “large statue, especially the colossus of Rhodes”), from an unknown Pre-Greek etymon (and erroneously associated with κολοφών).
Inflected forms:
form: colossi
pos: noun
tags: plural
form: colossuses
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome and the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
pos: noun
gloss: Any creature or thing of gigantic size.
pos: noun
tags: broadly
examples: ]The Empire has always been a realm of colossal resources. […] Why, they don't even understand their own colossi any longer. The machines work from generation to generation automatically, and the caretakers are a hereditary caste who would be helpless if a single D-tube in all that vast structure burnt out.[
What I love about the colossi is that they actually feel colossal : they move ponderously around, sending out tremours with each step; their ancient husks richly detailed with dirt and plant life.
gloss: Somebody or something very greatly admired and respected.
pos: noun
tags: figuratively
examples: The truth is that [Isaac] Newton was very much a product of his time. The colossus of science was not the first king of reason, [John Maynard] Keynes wrote after reading Newton’s unpublished manuscripts. Instead “he was the last of the magicians”.
Related words: colossal
Colosseum
Derived words: supercolossus
Translations:
commemoration
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: derivation
Topics: lifestyle
religion
Etymology: First attested in 1384, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English commemoracioun, from Old French commemoration (French commémoration), from Latin commemorātiō. By surface analysis, commemorate + -ion
Inflected forms:
form: commemorations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of commemorating; an observance or celebration to honor the memory of some person or event.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: commemoration ceremony
in commemoration of
annual commemoration
A statue was built in commemoration of the event.
The service was held in commemoration of fallen soldiers.
gloss: That which serves the purpose of commemorating; a memorial.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The specification of individual saints in the prayers for the dead.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The great festival of the Oxford academic year, usually taking place on the third Wednesday after Trinity Sunday.
pos: noun
tags: UK
countable
uncountable
Derived words: commemorational
noncommemoration
Translations:
commendation
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Middle English commendacioun, from Old French commendacion (“approval, praise”), from Latin commendatio (“recommendation, commendation”), from commendare.
Inflected forms:
form: commendations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of commending; praise; favorable representation in words; recommendation.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: letter of commendation
official commendation
win commendation
Her work won high commendation from the judges.
gloss: That which is the ground of approbation or praise.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A message of affection or respect; compliments; greeting.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: An award or recognition for performance; a medal.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: The officer received a commendation for bravery.
Derived words: discommendation
Translations:
commiseration
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Etymology: From Middle French commisération.
Inflected forms:
form: commiserations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: The act of commiserating; sorrow for the hardships or afflictions of another; pity; compassion.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: But her assertion soon proved its truth. That very evening I met both the Duc de Joyeuse and Mademoiselle Guerchy;—a slight embarrassment on his part, a little air of triumphant impertinence on hers, and an affected but insolent commiseration from Mademoiselle de Guise, told the whole.
The departure was not unduly prolonged.[…]Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on the subject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity.
The death of anti-feminist activist Phyllis Schlafly on Monday brought commiserations from the GOP ticket. Donald Trump tweeted that she was “truly great.” Mike Pence called her “the First Lady of the Conservative Movement.” Pence wasn’t exaggerating.
Translations:
commutation
Part of speech: noun
Morphological type: simple
Topics: business
electrical-engineering
electricity
electromagnetism
electronics
energy
engineering
human-sciences
law
linguistics
natural-sciences
physical-sciences
physics
sciences
Etymology: From French commutation, from Latin commūtātiōnem, accusative singular of commūtātiō.
Inflected forms:
form: commutations
pos: noun
tags: plural
Senses:
gloss: Substitution of one thing for another; interchange.
pos: noun
tags: archaic
countable
formal
uncountable
gloss: Specifically, the substitution of one kind of payment for another, especially a switch to monetary payment from obligations of labour.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Professor Postan has argued in favour of a rapid move towards commutation in the twelfth century which slackened or even went into reverse in the course of the thirteenth.
gloss: The change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
examples: Monsieur the Marquis de Sade [was] now holed up in one of his châteaux while his wife worked for the commutation of a sentence passed on him recently for poisoning and buggery.
gloss: Substitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: The reversal of an electric current.
pos: noun
tags: countable
uncountable
gloss: A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation.
pos: noun
tags: countable
obsolete
uncountable
gloss: The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange.
pos: noun
tags: countable
obsolete
uncountable
Related words: commutator
Derived words: anticommutation
commutation ticket
Translations: