விண்கோளங்கள்
[[File:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|upright=1.3|thumb|புவிமைய விண்கோளங்கள்; பீட்டர் ஏப்பியனின் ''அண்டவியல்'' (Antwerp, 1539)]]
 '''விண்கோளங்கள்''' (''celestial spheres'') அல்லது '''விண்வட்டணைகள்''' ''(celestial orbs)''  என்பவை [[பிளேட்டோ]], [[நீடியோசின் யூடாக்சசு|இயூடாக்சசு]], [[அரிசுட்டாட்டில்]], [[தாலமி]], [[நிக்கோலாஸ் கோப்பர்னிக்கஸ்|கோப்பர்நிக்கசு]] ஆகியோரும் பிறரும் உருவாக்கிய [[அண்டவியல்]] படிமத்தின் அடிப்படை உறுப்படிகள் ஆகும். இந்த விண்கோள் படிமங்களில் நண்மீன்கள், கோள்மீன்கள் ஆகியவற்றின் அன்றாடத் தோற்றநிலை இயக்கங்கள் ஒளிபுகவல்ல  ஐந்தாம்  தனிமம் ([[ஈதர் (செவ்வியல் தனிமம்)|விசும்பு]]) ஆகிய சுழலும் விண்கோளங்களில் பொதிந்தமைவதாக விளக்கப்படுகின்றன. ஒப்பீட்டளவில் ஒன்றில் இருந்து மற்றொன்றுடன் மாறாத இருப்புகளில் உள்ள நாள்மீன்கள் தனியான விண்மீன் கோளத்தின் மேற்பரப்பில் அமைவனவாகக் கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன.&lt;ref&gt;Grant, ''Planets, Stars, and Orbs'', p. 440.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==குறிப்புகள்==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==நூல்தொகை==
 {{refbegin}}
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 * Field, J. V., ''Kepler's geometrical cosmology''. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988 {{ISBN|0-226-24823-2}}
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 * Grant, Edward, ''Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687,'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994. {{ISBN|0-521-56509-X}}
 *Grant, Edward, ''The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996.  {{ISBN|0-521-56762-9}}
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 *Gingerich, Owen ''The Eye of Heaven'', American Institute of Physics 1993
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   | location = Chicago, Ill
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 * Heath, Thomas, ''Aristarchus of Samos'' Oxford University Press/Sandpiper Books Ltd. 1913/97
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 * Kepler, Johannes, ''Epitome of Copernican Astronomy'' (Bks 4 &amp; 5), published in ''Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler'', Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 1952
 * Lewis, C. S., ''The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1964  {{ISBN|0-521-09450-X}}
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 * Lindberg, David C. (ed.), ''Science in the Middle Ages'' Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1978.  {{ISBN|0-226-48233-2}}
 *{{cite book
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  | ref= Reference-Linton-2004
  }}{{Dead link|date=பிப்ரவரி 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
 * Lloyd, G. E. R., ''Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought,'' pp.&amp;nbsp;133–153, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1968. {{ISBN|0-521-09456-9}}.
 * Lloyd, G. E. R., &quot;Heavenly aberrations: Aristotle the amateur astronomer,&quot; pp.&amp;nbsp;160–183 in his ''Aristotelian Explorations,'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996. {{ISBN|0-521-55619-8}}.
 * Mach, Ernst, ''The Science of Mechanics'' Open Court 1960.
 * Maier, Annaliese, ''At the Threshold of Exact Science:  Selected Writings of Annaliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy'', edited by Steven Sargent, Philadelphia:  University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.  
 * McCluskey, Stephen C., ''Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe,'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998. {{ISBN|0-521-77852-2}}
 * Neugebauer, Otto, ''A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy,'' 3 vols., New York: Springer, 1975.  {{ISBN|0-387-06995-X}}
 *{{cite book
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  | orig-year= 1974
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 * Popper, Karl, ''The World of Parmenides'' Routledge 1996
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 * Schofield, C., ''The Tychonic and Semi-Tychonic World Systems'' in Taton &amp; Wilson (eds) 1989
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 * Sorabji, Richard, (ed.) ''Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science'' London &amp; Ithaca NY 1987
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  | ref= vanhelden
  }}
 {{refend}}
 
 ==External links==
 {{Commonscat}}
 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SFzDYSqR_4 Working model and complete explanation of the Eudoxus's Spheres]
 *Dennis Duke, [http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke/ptolemy.html Animated Ptolemaic model of the nested spheres] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908113220/http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke/ptolemy.html |date=2006-09-08 }}
 *Henry Mendell, Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics:  [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516145329/http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/hmendel/Ancient%20Mathematics/Eudoxus/Astronomy/EudoxusHomocentricSpheres.htm Eudoxus of Cnidus]  [http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/hmendel/Ancient%20Mathematics/VignettesAncientMath.html#Ptolemy Ptolemy, ''Almagest'']
 *[https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbdk.d036/?sp=301 M. Blundevile his exercises, p 282] – Depiction of celestial spheres in a 1613 book
 
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