வார்ப்புரு:Harvard citation documentation
The '''Harv''' family of templates are used for creating ''short-cites'' (or &quot;short citations&quot;), typically used as ''in-line citations'', that link to the ''full citation'' (with the full bibliographic details) for a source. This enables a source to be cited multiple times, with each short-cite having an ''in-source specification'' (such as a page number) and any other details or comments pertinent to that specific instance. This functionality eliminates the need for replicating notes with &quot;named-refs&quot; (the &quot;&amp;lt;ref name= ...&gt;&quot; construct).
 
 The '''sfn'''—&quot;shortened footnote&quot;—templates create notes (footnotes) containing harv templates.
 
 Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation &quot;style&quot;, and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See [[WP:CITEVAR]].
 
 ==Usage==
 === Default mode ===
 In its default mode {{{1}}} generates an &quot;author-date&quot; style short-cite from the following parameters:
 
 : &lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123; {{{1}}} | &amp;lt;{{var|last1}}*&gt; | &amp;lt;{{var|last2}}&gt; | &amp;lt;{{var|last3}}&gt; | &amp;lt;{{var|last4}}&gt; | &amp;lt;{{var|year}}*&gt; | p= &amp;lt;{{var|page}}&gt; | loc= &amp;lt;{{var|location}}&gt; &amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;
 
 with
 :- &amp;lt;{{var|last1}}&gt;–&amp;lt;{{var|last4}}&gt; – positional parameters; names of one to four authors; &amp;lt;{{var|last1}}&gt; required
 :- &amp;lt;{{var|year}}&gt; – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter
 :- {{para|p}} – specific page referenced in the source
 :- {{para|pp}} – comma separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source 
 :- {{para|loc}} – in-source location when {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}} are inappropriate; may be used to supplement {{para|p}} and {{para|pp}}; information such as a section or figure number. 
 
 {{{1}}} follows the standard convention that a list of four author names is reduced to the name of the first author followed by &quot;et al.&quot; (Latin for &quot;and others&quot;). Where two or more short-cites have the same author(s) and year, but refer to different citations, a lowercase letter can be appended to &amp;lt;{{var|year}}&gt; to disambiguate them. (E.g.: &lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123; {{{1}}} | Smith | 2000a&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123; {{{1}}} | Smith | 2000b&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;).
 
 To link to a full citation, the author(s) and year must match those used in the cite or citation template. The {{tl|citation}} template automatically generates the proper &quot;author-date&quot; anchor. The {{tl|cite xxx}} family of templates do not do this unless {{para|ref|harv}} is added.
 
 This template can be placed in the text if so desired, but most commonly is placed inside a note (that is, between {{tag|ref}} tags). Additional information, comments, and even other short-cites can be placed in the same note.
 
 === Alternate mode ===
 While {{{1}}} requires an initial string of text, there is no requirement that it be a &quot;proper&quot; name. This permits some useful alternatives in the following form:
 
 : &lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123; {{{1}}} | &amp;lt;{{var|identifying text}}*&gt; | &amp;lt;{{var|year}}*&gt; | p= &amp;lt;{{var|page}}&gt; | loc= &amp;lt;{{var|location}}&gt; &amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;
 
 ==== Example: newspapers ====
 When citing newspaper articles the name of the newspaper is often considered more important than the actual authors (which often are not identified), and it is also conventional bibliographic practice that newspaper articles are listed chronologically under the name of the newspaper. Also, for daily or weekly publications a more precise date is usually required. In such cases a valid short-cite might be: 
 
 :{{harvnb|''Los Angeles Times'', July 4,|2019}}.
 
 This is generated with the following template:
 
 :{{tlx|harvnb|&lt;nowiki&gt;''Los Angeles Times''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, July 4,|2019}}.
 
 The anchor for the link is given to the {{tl|citation}} or the {{cite xxx}} template  using a {{tl|harvid}} template in a {{para|ref}} parameter. In this case that would look like:
 
 :{{para|ref|{{tlx|harvid|&lt;nowiki&gt;''Los Angeles Times''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, July 4,|2019}}}}
 
 The harvid template should be given exactly the same identifying text and year as used in the {{{1}}} template.
 
 ==== Example: multi-volume works ====
 The ''Assessment Reviews'' of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) consist of multiple reports with many independently authored (and therefore separately cited) chapters. In such cases, where &quot;Smith et al.  2014&quot; could refer to either chapter 11 (&quot;Human Health&quot;) in the report of Working Group II in the fifth review, or to chapter 11 {&quot;Agriculture&quot;) in the report of Working Group III in the fifth review, the &quot;author-date&quot; form is inadequate; an indexed form of short-cite, such as
 
 :{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch11|2014|p= 741|loc= FAQ 11.1}}.
 
 is more meaningful, and handier to use and keep track of. This is generated with:
 
 :{{tlx|harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch11|2014|4=p= 741|5=loc= FAQ 11.1}}.
 
 For both {citation} and {cite} templates the anchor is specified with:
 
 :{{para|ref|{{tlx|harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch11|2014}}}}
 
 ==== Other examples ====
 Other examples of alternative ways to use Harv templates can be seen at [[Global Warming]].
 
 ==Placing the template in the body of the article ==
 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''{{{1}}}''' | last name(s) of author(s)  | year | p=page number&lt;/code&gt; ''or'' &lt;code&gt;pp=page range&lt;/code&gt; ''or'' &lt;code&gt;loc=other location&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
 Last names of editors can be used, if no authors are given, as author names are given precedence.
 
 '''If more than four authors, truncate the list to the first four.'''&lt;br /&gt;
 {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|sfn|In a section for citations, usually under the heading '''Notes''':
 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;}}
 In the references section (or in an earlier footnote):
 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:cite book|cite book]]&lt;/code&gt; ''or'' &lt;code&gt;[[Template:cite journal|cite journal]]&lt;/code&gt;'', etc'' | &lt;code&gt;'''ref=harv'''&lt;/code&gt; | ''... other appropriate parameters ...'' &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
 or
 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:citation|citation]] |&lt;/code&gt; ''... other appropriate parameters ...'' &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; ({{para|ref|harv}} is not required when using {{tl2|Citation}}).
 
 ===Parameters===
 
 Up to four authors can be given as parameters. (If there are more than four authors only the first four should be listed. See [[#Large numbers of authors|§ Large numbers of authors]], below.) The last required parameter is the year of publication.
 
 (All these examples have links which operate. Click on highlighted text.)
 
 {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|sfn|{{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|p=25}}&lt;br&gt;{{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|Jones|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|2005|p=25}}&lt;br&gt; {{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005|p=25}}&lt;br&gt; {{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005|p=25}}&lt;br&gt; {{reflist|close=1}}
 }}|{{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;                    |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|Jones|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;            |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|2005|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;      |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005|p=25}}
 }}
 }}
 
 The optional parameters {{para|p}}, {{para|pp}} and {{para|loc}} can be used to indicate the location in the source. All of the Harvard citation templates use the same parameters to indicate page numbers or other locations in the text. For single pages, use {{para|p}}; and for multiple pages (such as ranges), use {{para|pp}}. Use of {{para|p}} for multiple pages or {{para|pp}} for single pages can cause [[Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key|cite errors]].
 
 {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|sfn|
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|p=25}}&lt;br&gt;{{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}&lt;br&gt;{{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|loc=section 7}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=section 7}}&lt;br&gt;{{reflist|close=1}}
 }}
 |
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;         |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|pp=25–26}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;     |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|pp=25–26}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;  |{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|Smith|2005|loc=section 7}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{{{{1}}}|Smith|2005|loc=section 7}}
 }}
 }}
 {{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|sfn|
 The optional parameter {{para|postscript}} or {{para|ps}} can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See [[#Additional comments or quotes|§ Additional comments or quotes]], below.) The default is a period (full stop); to remove this use &lt;nowiki&gt;{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=25|ps=none}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. (See [[#No closing period|§ No closing period]], below.) The postscript is only effective the first time {{tl2|sfn}} is used for a particular author, year and location.
 &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 |}}
 The optional parameter {{para|ref}} is used to specify the reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary and it is more common to use {{tl2|sfnRef}} or {{tl2|harvid}} in the reference section. If you specify {{para|ref|none}} no hyperlink is created. Note that, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply not use the template. (Not available in {{tl2|sfn}} and similar templates.)
 
 ===Aliases===
 The parameters {{para|page}} {{para|pages}} and {{para|Ref}} exist as aliases for {{para|p}} {{para|pp}} and {{para|ref}} respectively.
 
 ===Author–date citation templates===
 There are several templates used to create in-text citations; they differ in the use and placement of parenthesis, in the separator before the page or location and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:
 
 {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
 |+ In-text templates
 ! Templates !! Aliases !! Example
 |-
 |{{tl2|Harvard citation no brackets}} || {{tl2|harvnb}} || {{harvnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvard citation}} || {{tl2|harv}} || {{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvard citation text}} || {{tl2|harvtxt}} || {{harvtxt|Smith|2006|p=25}}
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvcoltxt}} || || {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|2006|p=25}}
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvcol}} || || {{Harvcol|Smith|2006|p=25}}
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvcolnb}} || || {{Harvcolnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvard citations}} || ({{tl2|harvs}}) || {{harvs|txt=yes|last=Smith|first=John|year1=2006| year2=2007|page=25}} ''(and many other forms)''.
 |-
 | {{tl2|Harvp}} || || {{harvp|Smith|2006|page=25}}
 |-
 |{{tl2|Shortened footnote template}}|| {{tl2|sfn}} || Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=25}} &lt;br&gt; {{Reflist|close=1}}
 |-
 |{{tl2|Sfnp}} || || Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2006|p=25}} &lt;br&gt; {{Reflist|close=1}}
 |-
 |{{tl2|Sfnm}} || || Article text.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Jones|1a3=Brown|la4=Black|1y=2005|1p=15|2a1=Smith|2y=2006|2p=50}} &lt;br&gt; {{Reflist|close=1}}
 |-
 |{{tl2|Sfnmp}} || || Article text.{{sfnmp|1a1=Smith|1a2=Jones|1a3=Brown|la4=Black|1y=2005|1p=15|2a1=Smith|2y=2006|2p=50}} &lt;br&gt; {{Reflist|close=1}}
 |}
 
 Full citations can be created manually or by templates:
 
 * {{cs1}} templates
 * {{tl2|citation}}
 
 All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of {{tl2|sfnm}} and {{tl2|harvs}}; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.
 
 ===Applications in the body of the article===
 ====Harvard citation: {{tl2|harv}}====
 {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing}}
 
 Template {{tl2|harv}} creates a [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical reference]] with a link to the full citation in the references section at the bottom of the article.
 
 {{Markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text {{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}.
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite book
  | ref = harv
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | title = Smith's book
  | year = 2006
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |
 Article text {{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}.
 {{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Smith|first=John|title=Smith's book|year=2006}}
 }}
 
 {{anchor|Shortened footnote}}
 
 ====Shortened footnote: {{tl2|sfn}} or {{tl2|harvnb}}====
 {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Short citations|Help:Shortened footnotes}}
 
 Template {{tl2|harvnb}} inside a {{tag|ref|o}} span can be used to create a {{sfnote}} that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template {{tl2|sfn}} (without the use of {{tag|ref|o}}) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically.
 
 {{markup|&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
 More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
 Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite book
  | ref = harv
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | year = 2007
  | title = Smith's Book
 }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
 More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
 Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}}
 {{fake notes and references||}}
 * {{cite book
  | ref = harv
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | year = 2007
  | title = Smith's Book
 }}
 
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.&lt;ref name=Smith2008p25&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 More article text.&lt;ref name=Smith2008p25/&gt;
 Still more article text.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite book
  | ref = harv
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | year = 2008
  | title = Smith's Book
 }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text.&lt;ref name=Smith2007p25&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 More article text.&lt;ref name=Smith2007p25/&gt;
 Still more article text.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 {{fake notes and references||}}
 * {{cite book
  | ref = harv
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | year = 2008
  | title = Smith's Book
 }}
 
 }}
 
 ====In text attribution: {{tl2|harvtxt}}====
 {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution}}
 
 Template {{tl2|harvtxt}} can be used to link an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|in-text attribution]] to the full citation at the bottom of the page.
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ...
 
 ==References==
 * {{citation
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | year = 2009
  | title = Smith's Book
 }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |
 According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ...
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 * {{citation
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | year = 2009
 | title = Smith's Book
 }}
 }}
 
 ====Bundled citation: {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|sfnm}}====
 {{see also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations}}
 Template {{tl2|harvnb}} can be used to [[WP:CITE#Bundling citations|bundle citations]]. {{tl2|sfnm}} also produces bundled citations.
 
 {{markup|&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 &lt;references /&gt;
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 &lt;references /&gt;
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 ==References==
 * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John ... Smith's book }}
 * {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Mary ... Jones' book }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{Fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | year = 2010 | title = Smith's book | ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Mary | year = 2010 | title = Jones' book | ref=harv }}
 }}
 
 Note that {{tl2|sfn}} is inappropriate for bundled citations; use {{tl2|harvnb}} or {{tl2|sfnm}}.
 
 ====More exotic Harvard citations {{tl2|harvid}} or {{tl2|harvs}}====
 {{Main|Template:Harvard citations|Template:harvid}}
 
 More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{tl2|harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[#{{harvid|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;''parameters''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;''link name''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.
 
 {{markup|&lt;nowiki&gt;
 The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]).
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]], [[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]], [[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]).
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 == References ==
 * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | year = 1936 | ...}}
 * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | year = 1937 | ...}}
 * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | year = 1943 | ...}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 {{fake header|sub=3|References}}
 * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | year=1936 | title=Mathematics Paper }}
 * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | year=1937 | title=Another Mathematics Paper }}
 * {{citation | last=Murray | first=F. J.| last2=von Neumann | first2=John | year=1943 | title=Yet Another Mathematics Paper }}
 }}
 
 Some articles use this idiom &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[#CITEREF&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;''id ''|'' link name ''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. See notes on [[#Implementation notes|implementation details]] below.
 
 ===Variations===
 ==== Using colon format: {{tl2|harvcol}}, {{tl2|harvcolnb}}, {{tl2|harvcoltxt}} ====
 Templates {{tl2|harvcol}}, {{tl2|harvcolnb}}, {{tl2|harvcoltxt}} use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=chpt. 3}}}}
 
 ==== Parenthesis around the year: {{tl2|sfnp}} and {{tl2|harvp}} ====
 
 Template {{tl2|sfnp}} puts parenthesis around the year. Compare the two examples.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}}
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}}
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist|close=1}}
 }}
 
 Similarly, in order to mimic {{cs1}} citations, template {{tl2|harvp}} puts parenthesis around the year.
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;|{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}}
 }}
 {{anchor|Additional comments or quotes}}
 ==== Additional comments or quotes: {{para|ps}} ====
 
 Parameter {{para|ps}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments. Note that this effect can also be achieved using {{tl2|harvnb}}, if done as shown in the last example. The postscript is only effective the first time {{tl2|sfn}} is used for a particular author, year and location.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Some information.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=2|ps=: &quot;A quote verifying the information.&quot;}}
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Some information.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=2|ps=: &quot;A quote verifying the information.&quot;}}
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 &quot;A quote in a secondary source.&quot;{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=2|ps=, quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}}}
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 &quot;A quote in a secondary source.&quot;{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=2|ps=, quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}}}
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Some information.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: &quot;A quote verifying the information.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Some information.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: &quot;A quote verifying the information.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist}}
 }}
 
 {{lang|la|Nota bene}}: two or more {{tld|sfn}} templates with same authors, same year, same page, but different {{para|ps}} will result in a {{small|{{error|Cite error: Invalid {{tag|ref|o}} tag; name...}}}} message.  This message happens because the reference names that {{tld|sfn}} creates will be the same but the content between the {{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;FOOTNOTE...&quot;|o}} tag and the {{tag|ref|c}} tag will be different.  A work-around is to convert one or some of the {{tld|sfn}} templates to {{tlx|harvnb}} wrapped in {{tag|ref}} tags.
 {{anchor|No closing period}}
 
 ==== No closing period: {{para|ps|none}} ====
 
 Using {{para|ps|none}} in {{tl2|sfn}} removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with [[Help:Citation_Style_2|Citation style 2]], as produced by {{tl2|Citation}}, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) in notes. The postscript is only effective the first time {{tl2|sfn}} is used for a particular author, year and location. {{para|ps|}} will also suppress terminal punctuation. Follow-on editors who encounter 'empty' parameters can't know if a previous editor intended to leave that parameter blank. Using the keyword none is a positive indication of the previous editor's intent.
 &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}}
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}}
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist|close=1}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;|
 Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
 {{reflist|close=1}}
 }}
 
 ====Adding a URL for the page or location====
 If a specific link to the page or section is available, a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] can be added to the location or page number.
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org chpt 3]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org chpt 3]}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org &amp;amp;sect;7]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org §7]}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[http://en.wikipedia.org 3]}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite book | last = Smith | year = 2011 | title = Smith's
 other book }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{Fake notes and references
 |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[http://en.wikipedia.org 3]}}
 |* {{cite book | last = Smith | year = 2011 | title = Smith's other book | ref=harv }}
 }}}}
 
 == Corresponding edits to the Reference section required ==
 
 The Harvard citation templates used in the body of the article contain links.  These links can find anchors in the references section, provided the anchors are included within {{cs1}}, {{cs2}} or similar templates. To make the anchor, parameter {{para|ref|harv}} must be set. This is not necessary for {{tl2|citation}}, but is normally necessary for the others.
 
 {{markup|&lt;nowiki&gt;
 ==References==
 * {{citation
  | title = Smith's paper
  |... }}
 * {{cite web
  | title = Smith &amp; Jones website
  | ...
  | ref = harv }}
 * {{cite news
  | title = Article by Smith, Jones and Brown
  | ...
  | ref = harv }}
 * {{cite journal
  | title= Smith, Jones, Brown and Black's Paper
  | ...
  | ref = harv }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 * {{citation
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | title = Smith's paper
  | year = 2005
  }}
 * {{cite web
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | last2 = Jones | first2 = Sam
  | title = Smith &amp; Jones website
  | url = http://en.wikipedia.org
  | year = 2005
  | ref = harv
 }}
 * {{cite news
  | last = Smith | first = John
  | last2 = Jones | first2 = Sam
  | last3 = Brown | first3 = Tom
  | title = Article by Smith, Jones and Brown
  | year = 2005
  | newspaper = Big Urban Newspaper
  | ref = harv
 }}
 * {{cite journal
  | last = Smith
  | last2 = Jones
  | last3 = Brown
  | last4 = Black
  | year= 2005
  | title= Smith, Jones, Brown and Black's Paper
  | journal = Important Journal
  | ref = harv
 }}
 }}
 
 ==Possible issues==
 ===Wikilink to citation does not work===
 If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted [[wikilink]] from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:
 # The correct citation does ''not'' appear at the bottom of the article. '''Solution''': Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with {{tl2|citation not found}}.
 # The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
 ## The Harvard citation uses a template (such as {{tl2|sfn}} or {{tl2|harv}}):
 ### The citation uses a template from the list at [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]:
 #### The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than the citation. '''Solution''': check the source for the correct spelling.
 #### The year is different here than the citation. '''Solution''': check the source for the correct year.
 #### The citation template requires {{para|ref|harv}} (not needed for {{tl2|citation}}, but is needed for most other [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] templates). '''Solution''': Add {{para|ref|harv}}.
 #### The template has a {{para|date}} field and no {{para|year}} field, but the format of the {{para|date}} field is unusual. '''Solution''': Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add {{para|year}} to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)
 #### The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). '''Solution''': check that {{para|ref|{{tl|harvid|''args''}}}} is set correctly (see below).
 ### The citation uses a [[Help:Citation Style Vancouver|Citation Style Vancouver]] template. '''Solution''': check that {{para|harvid}} is set correctly (see below).
 ### The citation uses a template that does not support {{para|ref}} (See [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]). '''Solution''': An anchor can be created using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{wikicite|id={{harvid|&lt;/nowiki&gt;''args''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}|reference={{&lt;/nowiki&gt;''citation''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.
 ### The citation does not use a template:
 #### It has no wikicode to create an anchor. '''Solution''': If {{cite *}} citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the citation with the appropriate {{cite *}} template and set the {{para|ref}} appropriately. Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add {{cite *}} templates and {{tl2|harv}} templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use {{tl2|wikicite}} to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.
 #### Uses a {{tag|cite}} span to create an anchor. '''Solution''': remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed as with the previous.
 #### Uses {{tl2|wikicite}}. '''Solution''': Check that {{para|id|{{tl|harvid|''args''}}}} matches.
 ## If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
 ### The citation uses a citation template which supports {{para|ref}} (See [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]]). '''Solution''': Check that {{para|ref}} is set to a matching id.
 ### Otherwise, check that the reference has &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{wikicite|ref=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''id''&lt;nowiki&gt;|reference=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''citation''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; with a matching id.
 
 Templates that have broken [[wikilink]]s using these templates are added to the category {{cat|All articles with broken links to citations}}.
 
 ===More than one work in a year===
 Where there is a need to cite more than one work ''by the same author published in the same year'', the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the {{tld|sfn}} template (e.g. {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{tlc|sfn|Smith|2006b}}).
 
 ====Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1====
 When {{tld|sfn}} is used with {{tlx|citation}} or {{cs1}} templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to {{para|date}} for all accepted date formats except year initial numeric ({{small|YYYY-MM-DD}}). It is not necessary to include both {{para|year}} and {{para|date}}. If both are included, {{para|year}} is used for the &lt;code&gt;CITEREF&lt;/code&gt; anchor to be compliant with legacy citations.
 :{{para|date|2013a}}: simple year only dates
 :{{para|date|Jan 2013b}} or {{para|date|Winter 2013b}}: month or season and year dates
 :{{para|date|9 November 2013b}} or {{para|date|November 9, 2013b}}: full dates
 :{{para|date|June–July 2013c}} or {{para|date|Winter–Spring 2013c}}: month or season ranges and year dates
 :{{para|date|c. 2013d}}: circa year dates
 :{{para|date|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:Y|now +1 year}}f}} or {{para|date|Summer {{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|now +1 year}}f}}: year ranges
 :{{para|date|n.d.e}}: no date (n.d.)
 :&lt;s&gt;{{para|date|2013x-11-09}}&lt;/s&gt;: not supported, the template must use {{para|year|2013x}}
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}}
 More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist |close=1}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite journal
 |last=Smith
 |first=Karen
 |date=January 1993a
 |title=Smith's first paper
 |journal=Important Journal
 |ref=harv
 }}
 * {{cite journal
 |last=Smith
 |first=Karen
 |date=Spring–Summer 1993b
 |title=Smith's second paper
 |journal=Another Important Journal
 |ref =harv
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 |Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}}
 More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}}
 |* {{cite journal
 |last=Smith
 |first=Karen
 |date=January 1993a
 |title=Smith's first paper
 |journal=Important Journal
 |ref=harv
 }}
 * {{cite journal
 |last=Smith
 |first=Karen
 |date=Spring–Summer 1993b
 |title=Smith's second paper
 |journal=Another Important Journal
 |ref =harv
 }}}}}}
 
 ==== More than one author with the same last name ====
 The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both [[Richard Bushman]] and [[Claudia Lauper Bushman]] published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one is given the year &quot;2006a&quot; and the second one &quot;2006b&quot;.
 
 ===Large numbers of authors===
 Only the first four authors are required by the template. Listing more is not supported. It is also possible to use the {{para|ref|{{tl|harvid}}}} in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text
 {{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}.
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite journal
 | last = Smith
 | last2 = Jones
 | last3 = Brown
 | last4 = Black
 | last5 = Davis
 | last6 = Martinez
 | last7 = Hsu
 | year= 1994
 | title= Scientific paper written by
 dozens of scientists
 | journal = Important Journal
 | ref = harv
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text {{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}.
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 * {{cite journal
 | last = Smith
 | last2 = Jones
 | last3 = Brown
 | last4 = Black
 | last5 = Davis
 | last6 = Martinez
 | last7 = Hsu
 | year= 1994
 | title= Scientific paper written by dozens of scientists
 | journal = Important Journal
 | ref = harv
 }}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text {{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}.
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite journal
 | last = Smith
 | last2 = Jones
 | last3 = Brown
 | last4 = Black
 | last5 = Davis
 | last6 = Martinez
 | last7 = Hsu
 | year= 1995
 | title= Another paper by even more scientists
 | journal = Important Journal
 | ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}}
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Article text {{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}.
 {{Fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 * {{cite journal
 | last = Smith
 | last2 = Jones
 | last3 = Brown
 | last4 = Black
 | last5 = Davis
 | last6 = Martinez
 | last7 = Hsu
 | year= 1995
 | title= Another paper by even more scientists
 | journal = Important Journal
 | ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}}
 }}}}
 
 ===No author name in citation template===
 Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations to works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:
 # For a newspaper or periodical you may use the name of the paper and the date.
 # For a publication by an institution, use either:
 ## The initials of the institution
 ## The name of the institution
 # Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.
 # Other style guides recommend using &quot;Anonymous&quot; or &quot;Anon.&quot;
 An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using {{para|ref|{{tl|harvid}}}} in the citation template can handle these cases.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite book
 | title = Important Book
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Big Government Institution
 | ref = {{harvid|BGI|1996}}
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 |Article text.{{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}}
 |* {{cite book
 | title = Important Book
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Big Government Institution
 | ref = {{harvid|BGI|1996}}
 }}}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite magazine
 | magazine = Popular Magazine
 | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author
 | year = 1996
 | ref = {{harvid|Popular Magazine|1996}}
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 |Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}}
 |* {{cite magazine
 | magazine = Popular Magazine
 | title = An Article by an Anonymous Author
 | year = 1996
 | ref = {{harvid|Popular Magazine|1996}}
 }}}}}}
 
 ===Citation has {{para|date}} and no {{para|year}}===
 Either the {{para|year}} or {{para|date}} of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both {{para|date}} and {{para|year}} parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. If only the year is known the {{para|year}} field must be used in the citation for the link to work correctly (i.e. {{para|date|2005}} may not work correctly). These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite journal
 | last = Smith | first = Karen
 | date = 11 May 1997
 | title = Smith's 1997 paper
 | journal= Important Journal
 | ref = harv
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}}
 |* {{cite journal
 | last = Smith | first = Karen
 | date = 11 May 1997
 | title = Smith's 1997 paper
 | journal= Important Journal
 | ref = harv
 }}}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite journal
 | last = Smith | first = Karen
 | date = May 1998
 | title = Smith's 1998 paper
 | journal= Important Journal
 | ref = harv
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}}
 |* {{cite journal
 | last = Smith | first = Karen
 | date = May 1998
 | title = Smith's 1998 paper
 | journal= Important Journal
 | ref = harv
 }}}}}}
 
 ===Citation template does not support {{para|ref|harv}}===
 The {{vcite}} family of templates use parameter {{para|ref|harvid}} to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{vcite book
 | author = Smith K
 | year = 1999
 | title = Smith's 1999 Book
 | harvid = Smith1999
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}}
 |* {{vcite book
 | author = Smith K
 | year = 1999
 | title = Smith's 1999 Book
 | harvid = Smith1999
 }}}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=101}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{cite thesis
 | last = Smith | first = Karen
 | date = May 2000
 | title = Smith's Thesis
 | ref = {{harvid|Smith|2000}}
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=101}}
 |* {{cite thesis
 | last = Smith | first = Karen
 | date = May 2000
 | title = Smith's Thesis
 | ref = {{harvid|Smith|2000}}
 }}}}}}
 
 ===Citation format does not support anchors: {{tl2|wikicite}}===
 In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the {{para|ref}} parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use {{tl2|wikicite}} to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove {{tl2|harv}} or {{tl2|sfn}}.
 
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{wikicite
  | reference = {{cite report
  | title=Important Government Report
  | publisher=Big Government Agency
  | year=1999
  }}
  | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}}
 }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}}
 |* {{wikicite
 | reference = {{cite report
  | title=Important Government Report
  | publisher=Big Government Agency
  | year=1999
 }}
 | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}}
 }}}}
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}}
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{wikicite
 | reference = A source that can't be described
 using our citation templates at all.
 | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}}
 }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}}
 |* {{wikicite
 | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.
 | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}}
 }}}}}}
 
 It is also possible to use {{tag|cite|o}} to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with [[HTML 5]].
 
 ===Citation has multiple authors and no date===
 The templates assume that the last field is the year. Where there are multiple authors and no year the template will form a correct link but will display the last author as if it were a year.  To force the displayed text to show all authors as name, the following work around may be used:
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Article text.&lt;ref&gt;[[#{{harvid|Lane|Singh}}|Lane &amp; Singh]]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==References==
 * {{citation
   | last = Lane
   | first = Kieran
   | last2 = Singh
   | first2 = Karun
   | title = Richard Watts
   | work = Richard Watts Charities
   | url = http://www.richardwatts.org.uk/richardwatts1.html
   | accessdate = 21 June 2012
   }}
 &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |{{fake notes and references
 | Article text.&lt;ref&gt;[[#{{harvid|Lane|Singh}}|Lane &amp; Singh]]&lt;/ref&gt;
 |* {{citation
   | last = Lane
   | first = Kieran
   | last2 = Singh
   | first2 = Karun
   | title = Richard Watts
   | work = Richard Watts Charities
   | url = http://www.richardwatts.org.uk/richardwatts1.html
   | accessdate = 21 June 2012
   }}}}}}
 
 ==Recommended style==
 The recommended Harvard referencing style potentially uses all four templates. Each automatically generates a hypertext link based on the name(s) and date. Here is an example
 {{markup
 |&lt;nowiki&gt;Some works on gravitation are so massive they warp spacetime themselves {{Harv|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973}}; yet {{Harvtxt|Einstein|1915}} presented essential equations with notable brevity. The essential ingredients are the curvature tensor and the stress–energy tensor ({{Harvnb|Einstein|1915|p=844}}; {{Harvnb|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973|p=41}}).
 
 ==References==
 *{{Citation
  | last=Misner
  | first=Charles W.
  | last2=Thorne
  | first2=Kip S.
  | first3=John Archibald
  | last3=Wheeler
  | title=Gravitation
  | publisher=W. H. Freeman
  | location = San Francisco
  | date = September 1973
  | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }}
 *{{Citation
  | last =Einstein
  | first =Albert
  | title =Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation)
  | journal =Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  | pages =844–847
  | year =1915
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 |Some works on gravitation are so massive they warp spacetime themselves {{Harv|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973}}; yet {{Harvtxt|Einstein|1915}} presented essential equations with notable brevity. The two ingredients are the curvature tensor and the stress–energy tensor ({{Harvnb|Einstein|1915|p=844}}; {{Harvnb|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973|p=41}}).
 
 {{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
 *{{Citation
  | last=Misner
  | first=Charles W.
  | last2=Thorne
  | first2=Kip S.
  | first3=John Archibald
  | last3=Wheeler
  | title=Gravitation
  | publisher=W. H. Freeman
  | location = San Francisco
  | date = September 1973
  | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }}
 *{{Citation
  | last =Einstein
  | first =Albert
  | title =Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation)
  | journal =Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  | pages =844–847
  | year =1915
 }}}}
 
 In short:
 # For a single work with no author in the text (the most common case), use {{tl2|Harv}}.
 # For a single work with the author named in the text, use {{tl2|Harvtxt}}.
 # For multiple works at the same point, use explicit parentheses and {{tl2|Harvnb}} separated by semicolons.
 # For anything more complicated use {{tl2|Harvs}}.
 
 ==Implementation notes==
 These templates use two elements: a [[wikilink]] in the body of the article, and an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.
 
 ===Citation template [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]]===
 {{See also|Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors}}
 
 The most common citation templates are {{cs1}} or {{cs2}}. If {{para|ref|harv}} is set, then [[Module:Citation/CS1]] and {{tl2|Citation/core}} create an [[HTML element#Links and anchors|anchor]] {{tag|a|o|params=name=&quot;CITEREF&quot;}} followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:
 * '''last''' or '''last1''' or '''surname''' or '''surname1''' or '''author''' or '''author1''' or '''authors''',
 * '''last2''' or '''surname2''' or '''author2''',
 * '''last3''' or '''surname3''' or '''author3''',
 * '''last4''' or '''surname4''' or '''author4''',
 * '''editor-last''' or '''editor-surname''' or '''editor1-last''' or '''editor1-surname''' or '''editor''' or '''editors''',
 * '''editor2-last''' or '''editor2-surname''',
 * '''editor3-last''' or '''editor3-surname''',
 * '''editor4-last''' or '''editor4-surname''',
 * '''year'''.
 Template {{tl2|Citation}} sets {{para|ref|harv}} as the default.
 
 This covers the most common templates. Information about all the templates is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors]].
 
 Use of the '''date''' parameter in place of the '''year''' parameter in citation templates is preferred when full dates are known.
 
 ===Harvard citation [[wikilink]]===
 The Harvard citation templates create a [[wikilink]] to the anchor. For example {{tlx|Harv|Smith|2006|4=p=25}} produces the link {{code|#CITEREFSmith2006}} and {{tlx|Citation|2=last=Smith|3=first=John|4=date=27 January 2006|5=title=My Life}} produces the anchor {{code|CITEREFSmith2006}}.
 
 ===Using CITEREF directly===
 A few articles create a custom ID using {{code|CITEREF}}, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) or as a value for {{para|ref}} in the citation template.
 {{Refname rules|A custom ID must follow these rules:|
 * If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the {{para|ref}} field must be replaced with underscores}}
 
 Examples:
 * {{tlx|sfn|{{var|cite name}}|{{var|year}}}}
 * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref=CITEREF{{var|cite_nameyear}}}}
 * {{tlx|cite book|2=ref={{tl|sfnref|{{var|cite_name}}|{{var|year}}}}}}
 Where {{var|cite_name}} is a name such as the publisher.
 
 ==={{tl2|sfn}}'s [[WP:REFNAME|ref name]]===
 Template {{tl2|sfn}} creates a [[WP:REFNAME|named footnote]], so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with {{code|FOOTNOTE}} followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{tl2|sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{tlx|sfn|Smith|2006|4=p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;FOOTNOTESmith200626&quot;|content={{tl|Harvnb|Smith|2006|4=p=26}}}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as {{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;FOOTNOTESmith200626&quot;|content=&lt;nowiki&gt;[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p. 26&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}.
 
 The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{tlg|sfn|Joyce|1903|p{{=}}[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226 213]|code=on}}, which, once defined, can be called by {{tag|ref|empty|params=name=&quot;FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]&quot;}}. The &quot;p=&quot; and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL.
 
 
 The call to {{tl2|harvnb}} has been [[subst]]'ed for quicker load times.
 
 {{Wikipedia referencing}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
 [[Category:Documentation shared content templates]]
 [[Category:Documentation assistance templates]]