படிவளர்ச்சி காலக்கோடு
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 ! காலம் &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ஆண்டுகளுக்கு&amp;nbsp;முன்பு)&lt;/small&gt;
 ! நிகழ்வு
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 | [[படிமம்:Universe expansion2.png|right|200px]][[அண்டத்தின் தோற்றம்]]
 
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 | [[பூமி]]யின் தோற்றம்.
 {{பார்|பூமியின் வரலாறு}}
 
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 | [[உயிர்களின் தோற்றம்]]
 
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 | [[புரோகார்யோட்டு]]களை ஒத்த உயிரணுக்களின் தோற்றம்
 
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 | [[உயிர்வாயு]]வைப் பயன்படுத்தும் உயிர்கள் தோற்றம்.
 
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 | கூடிய சிக்கலான [[மெய்க்கருவுயிரி]] தோற்றம்.
 
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 | [[பாலியல் இனப்பெருக்கம்]], வேகமான படிவளர்ச்சி &lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Experiments with sex have been very hard to conduct,' Goddard said. 'In an experiment, one needs to hold all else constant, apart from the aspect of interest. This means that no higher organisms can be used, since they have to have sex to reproduce and therefore provide no asexual control.'&lt;br /&gt;Goddard and colleagues instead turned to a single-celled organism, yeast, to test the idea that sex allows populations to adapt to new conditions more rapidly than asexual populations.&quot; [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0330_050330_sexevolution.html Sex Speeds Up Evolution, Study Finds] (URL accessed on [[ஜனவரி 9]], [[2005]])&lt;/ref&gt;
 
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 | [[படிமம்:Cronoflagelado2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Choanoflagellate]]]]
 The [[choanoflagellate]]s may look similar to the [[மூதாதை]] of the entire [[விலங்கு]] [[இராச்சியம் (உயிரியல்)|kingdom]], and in particular they may be the direct ancestors of [[பஞ்சுயிரி|sponges]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Proterospongia is a rare freshwater protist, a colonial member of the Choanoflagellata.&quot; &quot;Proterospongia itself is not the ancestor of sponges. However, it serves as a useful model for what the ancestor of sponges and other metazoans may have been like.&quot;  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/proterospongia.html Berkeley University&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[Proterospongia]] (members of the [[Choanoflagellata]]) are the best living examples of what the ancestor of all [[விலங்கு]]s may have looked like.
 
 They live in [[colony (biology)|colonies]], and show a primitive level of [[உயிரணு|cellular]] specialization for different tasks.
 
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 | முதல் வகை பல் உயிரணு உயிரனம் [[கடல்பஞ்சு]] போன்றதென்று கருதப்படுகிறது.
 
 Sponges ([[பஞ்சுயிரி]]) are the phylogenetically oldest [[விலங்கு]] [[தொகுதி (உயிரியல்)]] extant today.
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 |The movement of all animals may have started with [[நிடேரியா]]. Almost all cnidarians possess [[நரம்பு]] and [[தசை]]s and, because they are the simplest [[விலங்கு]]s to possess it, their direct [[மூதாதை]]s were very likely the first animals to use nerves and muscles together. Cnidarians are also the first animals with an actual [[body]] of definite form and shape. They have [[symmetry (biology)#Radial symmetry|radial symmetry]].
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 | [[படிமம்:FlatwormZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[தட்டைப்புழு]]]] மூளையுடன் தோன்றிய முதல் ஊயிரினம் தட்டைப்புழுவாகும்.  The simplest animals alive to have [[symmetry (biology)#Bilateral symmetry|bilateral symmetry]]. They are also the simplest animals with organs that form from three [[germ layer]]s.
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 |[[Enteropneusta|Acorn worms]] are considered more highly specialised and advanced than other similarly shaped [[worm]]-like creatures. They have a [[சுற்றோட்டத் தொகுதி]] with a [[இதயம்]] that also functions as a [[சிறுநீரகம்]]. Acorn worms have a [[செவுள்]]-like structure used for [[மூச்சுவிடல்]]ing, a structure similar to that of [[Prehistoric fish|primitive fish]]. Acorn worms are thus sometimes said to be a link between [[முள்ளந்தண்டுளி]] and [[முதுகெலும்பிலி]].
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 |[[படிமம்:Pikaia3ZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[Pikaia]]]]
 The earliest known ancestor of the [[முதுகுநாணி]] is [[Pikaia]]. It is the first known [[விலங்கு]] with a [[முதுகுநாண்]]. Pikaia is believed to be the ancestor of all [[முதுகுநாணி]] and [[முள்ளந்தண்டுளி]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Obviously vertebrates must have had ancestors living in the Cambrian, but they were assumed to be invertebrate forerunners of the true vertebrates — protochordates. Pikaia has been heavily promoted as the oldest fossil protochordate.&quot; [[ரிச்சர்ட் டாக்கின்சு]] [[2004]] [[The Ancestor's Tale]] Page 289, {{ISBN|0-618-00583-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 The [[Lancelet]], still living today, retains some characteristics of the primitive [[முதுகுநாணி]]s. It resembles [[Pikaia]]
 
 Other earliest known chordate-like fossils is from a [[conodonts]] a &quot;eel-shaped animal of 4-20&amp;nbsp;cm (1½-8&amp;nbsp;in) long&quot; with a pair of huge eyes at the head end were and a complex basket of teeth.
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 |[[படிமம்:Agnata.png|thumb|200px|[[Agnatha]]]]
 
 The first [[முள்ளந்தண்டுளி]]s appear: the [[ostracoderms]], jawless fish related to present-day [[lamprey]]s and [[hagfish]]es. ''[[Haikouichthys]]'' and ''[[Myllokunmingia]]'' are examples of these jawless fish, or [[Agnatha]]. (See also [[prehistoric fish]]). They were jawless and their internal skeletons were cartilaginous. They lacked the paired (pectoral and pelvic) [[fins]] of more advanced [[மீன்]]. They were the Precursors to the [[bony fish]].&lt;ref&gt;These first vertebrates lacked jaws, like the living hagfish and lampreys. Jawed vertebrates appeared 100 million years later, in the Silurian. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertintro.html Berkeley University&lt;/ref&gt;
 
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 |[[படிமம்:PlacodermiZICA.png|thumb|200px|A [[Placoderm]]]]
 The [[Placodermi]] were [[prehistoric fish]]es. Placoderms were the first of the jawed fishes, their jaws evolving from the first of their gill arches &lt;ref&gt;&quot;&lt;cite&gt;Bones of first gill arch became upper and lower jaws.&lt;/cite&gt;&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20020122213606/http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~ronald/392/Homol-Gill-Jaw.JPG (Image)] (URL accessed on [[நவம்பர் 16]], [[2006]])&lt;/ref&gt;. Their head and thorax were covered by articulated armoured plates and the rest of the body was scaled or naked.
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 |First ''[[Coelacanth]]'' appears; this order of animals had been thought to have no extant members until living specimens were discovered in 1938. It is often referred to as a [[வாழும் தொல்லுயிர் எச்சம்]].
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 | ''[[Tiktaalik]]'' is a genus of [[sarcopterygian]] (lobe-finned) fishes from the late Devonian with many tetrapod-like features.
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 |[[படிமம்:PanderichthysZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[Panderichthys]]]]
 Some fresh water lobe-finned [[மீன்]] ([[Sarcopterygii]]) develop legs and give rise to the [[நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)]].
 
 The first tetrapods [[படிவளர்ச்சிக் கொள்கை|evolved]] in shallow and [[swamp]]y [[நன்னீர்]] [[வாழிடம் (வாழ்சூழலியல்)|habitats]].
 
 Primitive tetrapods developed from a [[lobe-finned fish]] (an &quot;osteolepid [[sarcopterygii|Sarcopterygian]]&quot;), with a two-lobed [[மனித மூளை]] in a flattened skull, a wide mouth and a short snout, whose upward-facing eyes show that it was a bottom-dweller, and which had already developed adaptations of fins with fleshy bases and [[எலும்பு]]s. The &quot;living fossil&quot; [[coelacanth]] is a related [[lobe-finned fish]] without these shallow-water adaptations. These fishes used their fins as [[paddle]]s in shallow-water habitats choked with plants and [[detritus]]. The universal tetrapod characteristics of front [[Limb (anatomy)|limbs]] that bend backward at the [[Elbow-joint|elbow]] and hind limbs that bend forward at the [[knee]] can plausibly be traced to early tetrapods living in shallow water.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lungfish are believed to be the closest living relatives of the tetrapods, and share a number of important characteristics with them. Among these characters are tooth enamel, separation of pulmonary blood flow from body blood flow, arrangement of the skull bones, and the presence of four similarly sized limbs with the same position and structure as the four tetrapod legs.&quot;  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/sarco/dipnoi.html Berkeley University&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 [[Panderichthys]] is a 90–130&amp;nbsp;cm (35–50&amp;nbsp;in) long [[மீன்]] from the Late [[டெவோனியக் காலம்]]. It has a large [[நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)]]-like [[தலை]]. Panderichthys exhibits features transitional between [[lobe-finned fish]]es and early [[நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)]].
 
 [[நுரையீரல்மீன்]]es retain some characteristics of the early [[நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)]]s. One example is the [[Australian Lungfish]].
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 |[[படிமம்:Acanthostega2 ZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[Acanthostega]]]]
 [[படிமம்:PleaisaidesZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[Ichthyostega]]]]
 [[Acanthostega]] is an extinct [[நீர்நில வாழ்வன]], among the first animals to have recognizable [[Limb (anatomy)|limbs]]. It is a candidate for being one of the first [[முள்ளந்தண்டுளி]]s to be capable of coming onto land. It lacked [[wrist]]s, and was generally poorly adapted for life on land. The limbs could not support the animal's weight. [[Acanthostega]] had both [[நுரையீரல்]] and [[செவுள்]], also indicating it was a link between [[lobe-finned fish]] and terrestrial vertebrates.
 
 [[Ichthyostega]] is an early [[நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)]]. Being one of the first animals with legs, arms, and finger bones, [[Ichthyostega]] is seen as a [[கலப்பினம்|hybrid]] between a [[மீன்]] and an [[நீர்நில வாழ்வன]]n. [[Ichthyostega]]' had legs but its [[Limb (anatomy)|limbs]] probably weren't used for [[நடத்தல்]], they may have spent very brief periods out of water and would have used their legs to paw their way through the [[mud]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;the ancestor that amphibians share with reptiles and ourselves? &quot; &quot; These possibly transitional fossils have been much studied, among
 them Acanthostega, which seems to have been wholly aquatic, and Ichthyostega&quot; [[ரிச்சர்ட் டாக்கின்சு]] 2004 [[The Ancestor's Tale]] page 250, {{ISBN|0-618-00583-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 [[நீர்நில வாழ்வன]] were the first four-legged animals to develop [[நுரையீரல்]].
 
 [[நீர்நில வாழ்வன]]ns living today still retain many characteristics of the early [[நாற்காலி (உயிரியல்)]].
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 |[[படிமம்:HylonomusZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[Hylonomus]]]]
 From amphibians came the first reptiles: [[Hylonomus]] is the earliest known [[ஊர்வன]]. It was 20&amp;nbsp;cm (8&amp;nbsp;in) long (including the tail) and probably would have looked rather similar to modern [[பல்லியோந்திகள்]]s. It had small sharp teeth and probably ate [[millipede]]s and early [[பூச்சி]]s. It is a precursor of later [[amniote]]s and [[mammal-like reptiles]].
 
 Evolution of the [[amniotic egg]] gives rise to the [[Amniota]], [[ஊர்வன]]s that can reproduce on land and lay eggs on dry land. They did not need to return to water for reproduction. This adaptation gave them the capability to colonize the uplands for the first time.
 
 Reptiles have advanced nervous system, compared to [[நீர்நில வாழ்வன]]. They have twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
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 |[[படிமம்:Phtinosuchus1ZICA.png|thumb|200px|[[Phtinosuchus]], an early [[Therapsid]]]]
 Shortly after the appearance of the first [[ஊர்வன]]s, two branches split off. One branch is the [[Diapsida]] from which come the modern [[ஊர்வன]]s. The other branch is [[Synapsida]] which had [[தலையோடு]], a pair of holes in their skulls behind the eyes, which were used to increase the space for jaw muscles.
 
 The earliest '''[[mammal-like reptiles]]''' are the [[pelycosaur]]s. The pelycosaurs were the first animals to have temporal fenestra. Pelycosaurs are not [[Therapsida]] but soon they gave rise to them. The Therapsida are the direct ancestor of [[பாலூட்டி]].
 
 The therapsids have temporal fenestrae larger and more mammal-like than pelycosaurs, their teeth show more serial differentiation; and later forms had evolved a [[secondary palate]]. A secondary palate enables the animal to eat and breathe at the same time and is a sign of a more active, perhaps warm-blooded, way of life.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In many respects, the pelycosaurs are intermediate between the reptiles and mammals&quot; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/synapsids/pelycosaurs.html Berkeley University&lt;/ref&gt;
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 |One sub-group of therapsids, the [[cynodonts]] evolved more mammal-like characteristics.
 The jaws of cynodonts resemble modern mammal jaws. It is very likely this group of animals contains a species which is the direct ancestor of all modern mammals.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tlvinaxodon, like any fossil, should be thought of as a cousin of our ancestor, not the ancestor itself. It was a member of a group of mammal-like reptiles called the cynodonts. The cynodonts were so mammal-like, it is tempting to  call them mammals. But who cares what we call them? They are almost perfect intermediates.&quot; [[ரிச்சர்ட் டாக்கின்சு]] 2004 [[The Ancestor's Tale]] page 211, {{ISBN|0-618-00583-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
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 |[[படிமம்:RepenomamusuZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|''[[Repenomamus]]'']]
 From [[eucynodonts]] ([[cynodonts]]) came the first [[பாலூட்டி]]s. Most early mammals were small and shrew-like animals that fed on insects. Although there is no evidence in the fossil record, it is likely that these animals had a constant body temperature, milk glands for their young. The [[neocortex]] region of the [[மனித மூளை]] first evolved in mammals and thus is unique to them.
 
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 |[[படிமம்:Eomaia23423.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Eomaia scansoria]]'']]
 ''[[Eomaia scansoria]]'', a eutherian mammal, leads to the formation of modern placental mammals. It looks like modern dormouse, climbing small shrubs in [[Liaoning]], [[சீன மக்கள் குடியரசு]].
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 | Common [[மரபியல்|genetic]] [[மூதாதை]] of [[சுண்டெலி|mice]] and humans.
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 |[[படிமம்:CarpolestesZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|''[[Carpolestes simpsoni]]'']]
 [[படிமம்:PlesiadapisNewZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|A ''[[Plesiadapis]]'' without [[fur]].]]
 A group of small, nocturnal and arboreal, insect-eating mammals called the [[Euarchonta]] begins a speciation that will lead to the [[முதனி]], [[treeshrew]] and [[flying lemur]] [[வரிசை (உயிரியல்)|orders]]. The [[Primatomorpha]] is a subdivision of Euarchonta that includes the primates and the proto-primate [[Plesiadapiformes]]. One of the early proto-primates is ''[[Plesiadapis]]''. ''Plesiadapis'' still had claws and the eyes located on each side of the head, because of that they were faster on the ground than on the top of the trees, but they begin to spend long times on lower branches of trees, feeding on [[பழம்]]s and [[இலை|leaves]]. The [[Plesiadapiformes]] very likely contain the species which is the ancestor of all primates.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fossils that might help us reconstruct what Concestor 8 was like include the large group called plesiadapi-forms. They lived about the right time, and they have many of the qualities you would expect of the grand ancestor of all the primates&quot; [[ரிச்சர்ட் டாக்கின்சு]] 2004 [[The Ancestor's Tale]] page 136, {{ISBN|0-618-00583-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 One of the last [[Plesiadapiformes]] is ''[[Carpolestes simpsoni]]''. It had grasping digits but no forward facing eyes.
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 |[[முதனி]]s diverge into suborders [[Strepsirrhini]] (wet-nosed primates) and [[Haplorrhini]] (dry nosed primates). Strepsirrhini contains most of the [[prosimian]]s; modern examples include the [[லெமூர்]]s and [[loris]]es. The haplorrhines include the three living groups the prosimian [[tarsier]]s, the simian [[குரங்கு]]s, and [[மனிதக் குரங்கு]]s. One of the earliest haplorrhines is ''[[Teilhardina asiatica]]'', a mouse-sized, diurnal creature with small eyes.
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 |[[படிமம்:Aegyptopithecus ZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|''[[Aegyptopithecus]]'']]
 [[Haplorrhini]] splits into infraorders [[Platyrrhini]] and [[Catarrhini]]. Platyrrhines, New World monkeys, have prehensile tails and males are color blind. They may have migrated to South America on a raft of vegetation across the Atlantic ocean (circa 4,500&amp;nbsp;km, 2,800&amp;nbsp;mi). Catarrhines mostly stayed in [[ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] as the two continents drifted apart. One ancestor of catarrhines might be ''[[Aegyptopithecus]]''.
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 |[[படிமம்:ProconsulZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|''[[Proconsul (genus)|Proconsul]]'']]
 [[Catarrhini]] splits into 2 superfamilies, [[Old World monkey]]s ([[Cercopithecoidea]]) and [[மனிதக் குரங்கு]]s ([[மனிதக் குரங்கு]]).
 
 ''[[Proconsul (genus)|Proconsul]]'' was an early [[பேரினம் (உயிரியல்)]] of catarrhine primates. They had a mixture of [[Old World monkey]] and [[மனிதக் குரங்கு]] characteristics. ''Proconsul'''s [[குரங்கு]]-like features include thin [[பல்]] enamel, a light build with a narrow chest and short forelimbs, and an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle. Its ape-like features are its lack of a [[tail]], ape-like [[Elbow-joint|elbows]], and a slightly larger brain relative to body size.
 
 ''[[Proconsul africanus]]'' is a possible ancestor of both great and lesser apes, and humans.
 
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 |Hominidae (great apes) speciate from the ancestors of the [[கிப்பன்]] (lesser apes).
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 |[[Homininae]] ancestors speciate from the ancestors of the [[ஒராங்குட்டான்]]&lt;ref&gt;Raauma, Ryan, Sternera, K., (2005) &quot;Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes&quot;, Journal of Human Evolution 48: 237-257 [http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/anthro/programs/csho/Content/Facultycvandinfo/Disotell/RAUMM&amp;DISS.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
 ''[[Pierolapithecus catalaunicus]]'' is believed to be a [[பொது மரபுவழி]] of humans and the great apes or at least a species that brings us closer to a common ancestor than any previous [[தொல்லுயிர் எச்சம்]] discovery.
 
 ''Pierolapithecus'' had special adaptations for tree climbing, just as humans and other great apes do: a wide, flat [[ribcage]], a stiff lower [[முள்ளந்தண்டு நிரல்|spine]], flexible wrists, and [[shoulder]] blades that lie along its back.
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 |[[Hominini]] speciate from the ancestors of the [[கொரில்லா]]s.
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 |[[படிமம்:SahelanthropustchadensisZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|''[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]'']]
 [[Hominina]] speciate from the ancestors of the [[chimpanzee]]s. The [[latest common ancestor]] is ''[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]'' (ca. 7 Ma). The earliest known human ancestor post-dating the separation of the human and the chimpanzee lines is ''[[Orrorin tugenensis]]'' (Millennium Man, Kenya; ca. 6 Ma).
 Both chimpanzees and humans have a [[குரல்வளை]] that repositions during the first two years of life to a spot between the [[pharynx]] and the lungs, indicating that the common ancestors have this feature, a precursor of speech.
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 4.4 Ma
 | ''[[Ardipithecus]] ramidus ramidus''
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 4.4 Ma
 | Some ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' left footprints on volcanic ash in Laetoli, Kenya (Northern Tanzania) Strong evidence of bipedalism.
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 3.5 Ma
 |   [[Kenyanthropus platyops]], a possible ancestor of ''Homo'', emerges from the ''Australopithecus'' genus.
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 3 Ma
 | The bipedal [[Australopithecus|australopithecines]] (a genus of the ''[[Hominina]]'' subtribe) evolve in the savannas of [[ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] being hunted by ''[[Dinofelis]]''. Loss of [[body hair]] takes place in the period 3-2 Ma, in parallel with the development of full [[இருகால் நகர்வு]].
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 2.5 Ma
 |[[படிமம்:HabilisZICA.png|right|thumb|200px|''[[Homo habilis]]'']]
 Appearance of ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]''.
 ''[[Homo habilis]]'' is thought to be the ancestor of the lankier and more sophisticated, ''[[Homo ergaster]]''.  Lived side by side the ''[[Homo erectus]]'' until at least 1.44 Ma, making it highly unlikely that ''[[Homo erectus]]'' directly evolved out of ''[[Homo habilis]]''. First [[stone tool]]s, beginning of the [[Lower Paleolithic]].
 {{see|Homo rudolfensis}}
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 1.8 Ma
 |
 ''[[Homo erectus]]'' evolves in [[ஆப்பிரிக்கா]].
 ''Homo erectus'' would bear a striking resemblance to modern humans, but had a brain about 74 percent of the size of modern man. Its forehead is less sloping and the teeth are smaller. It is believed to be an ancestor of modern humans (with ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' usually treated as an intermediary step).
 
 ''Homo erectus'' [[early human migrations|migrates]] out of Africa and colonizes [[ஐரோவாசியா]].
 
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 1.5 Ma
 | [[Dmanisi]] man / ''[[Homo georgicus]]'' ([[சியார்சியா (நாடு)|Georgia]]), tiny brain came from Africa, with ''Homo erectus'' and ''Homo habilis'' characteristics.  [[Control of fire by early humans]]. Evolution of [[dark skin]] is complete by 1.2 Ma.
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 516 ka
 | [[Homo antecessor|Common genetic ancestor of humans and Neanderthal]].&lt;ref&gt;Green, R. E., Krause, J, Ptak, S. E., Briggs, A. W., Ronan, M. T., Simons, J. F., et al. (2006) Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. Nature, 16, 330–336. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7117/abs/nature05336.html&lt;/ref&gt; At present estimate, humans have approximately 20,000–25,000 [[மரபணு]]s and share 99% of their [[டி. என். ஏ.]] with the now [[இனஅழிவு]] [[நியண்டர்தால் மனிதன்]] &lt;ref&gt;&quot;&lt;cite&gt;Rubin also said analysis so far suggests human and Neanderthal DNA are some 99.5 percent to nearly 99.9 percent identical.&lt;/cite&gt;&quot; [http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/11/15/neanderthal.ap/index.html Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues] (URL accessed on [[நவம்பர் 16]], 2006)&lt;/ref&gt; and 95% of their [[டி. என். ஏ.]] with their closest [[living]] evolutionary relative, the [[chimpanzee]]s&lt;ref&gt;&quot;&lt;cite&gt;The conclusion is the old saw that we share 98.5% of our DNA sequence with chimpanzee is probably in error. For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA.&lt;/cite&gt;&quot; {{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.172510699|title=Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels|author=Britten, R.J. |journal = PNAS |year=2002|volume=99|pages=13633|pmid=12368483}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 355 ka
 |
 Three 1.5&amp;nbsp;m (5&amp;nbsp;ft) tall ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' left footprints in powdery volcanic ash solidified in Italy. ''Homo heidelbergensis'' is the common ancestor of both ''[[நியண்டர்தால் மனிதன்]]'' and ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. It is morphologically very similar to ''[[Homo erectus]]'' but ''Homo heidelbergensis'' had a larger brain-case, about 93% the size of that of ''Homo sapiens''. The species was tall, 1.8&amp;nbsp;m (6&amp;nbsp;ft) on average, and more muscular than modern humans. Beginning of the [[Middle Paleolithic]].
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 195 ka
 |[[Omo remains|Omo1]], [[Omo remains|Omo2]] (Ethiopia, Omo river) are the earliest fossil evidence for [[archaic Homo sapiens|archaic ''Homo sapiens'']], evolved from ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''.
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 160 ka
 | ''Homo sapiens'' (''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'') in Ethiopia, Awash River, Herto village, practise mortuary rituals and butcher hippos.
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 150 ka
 |[[படிமம்:PPlaqueB.png|thumb|200px|''Homo sapiens sapiens'' ([[Pioneer plaque]])]]
 [[இழைமணியப் பழையோள்]] கிழக்காப்பிரிக்காவில் வாழும் காலம். இழைமணியப் பழையோள் என்பது வாழும் மாந்தரின் தாய்வழி மூதாதையர்கள் அனைவருக்கும் பொதுவாக இருந்ததாகக் கருத இடம் தரும் ஒரு பெண் தொன்முது தாயைக் (மூதாயைக்) குறிக்கும் சொற்றொடர். இப்பெண்ணின் இழைமணி மரபுப்பொருளின் (மைட்டோக்கோன்றிய டி.என்.ஏ யின்) ஒரு படியுருதான் வழிவழியாக ஒவ்வொறு தாயிடமிருந்தும் குழந்தைகளுக்குச் சென்று இன்று வாழும் மனிதர்களின் கண்ணறைகளின் உள்ளுறுப்புகளானன இழைமணிகளுக்குள் இருக்கின்றன.
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 70 ka
 | Appearance of mitochondrial haplogroup [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]]. [[Behavioral modernity]]. The [[ஃபாக்சு பீ2]] gene (associated with the [[மொழியின் தோற்றம்|development of speech]]) appears in this period.&lt;ref&gt;Attempts to date the age of the gene have attracted controversy; e.g.  {{cite journal
  | author = Karl C. Diller and Rebecca L. Cann
  | year = 2007
  | title = Evidence against a genetic-based revolution in language 50,000 years ago
  | url = http://www.clc.sun.ac.za/KEYNOTES%20%20&amp;%20%20PAPERS/PAPER_Diller%20and%20Cann.pdf
  | accessdate = 2007-12-22
  | journal = 
  | archive-date = 2007-08-19
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819173808/http://www.clc.sun.ac.za/KEYNOTES%20%20%26%20%20PAPERS/PAPER_Diller%20and%20Cann.pdf
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 60 ka
 | [[Y-chromosomal Adam]] lives in Africa. He is the [[most recent common ancestor]] from whom all male human Y chromosomes are descended. Appearance of mitochondrial haplogroups [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]] and [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]], which participate in the [[Recent African Origin|migration out of Africa]].
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 50 ka
 | [[Early human migration|Migration]] to [[Paleolithic South Asia|South Asia]]. [[M168]] mutation (carried by all non-African males). Beginning of the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. mt-haplogroups [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]], [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]].
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 40 ka
 | Migration to [[Prehistory of Australia|Australia]] and [[Paleolithic Europe|Europe]] ([[குரோ-மாகுநன்]]).
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | 25 ka
 | [[Neanderthal interaction with Cro-Magnons|Neanderthals die out]]. Y-Haplogroup [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]]; mt-haplogroups [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]].
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | [[கிமு 10வது ஆயிரவாண்டு|12 ka]]
 | Beginning of the [[இடைக் கற்காலம்]] / [[Holocene]]. Y-Haplogroup [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]]; mt-haplogroups [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]]. Evolution of [[light skin]] in Europeans ([[SLC24A5]]). First [[Origin of the domestic dog|domestication of the dog]]. There is genetic evidence for much earlier split between dog/wolf lineages. ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' dies out, leaving ''Homo sapiens'' as the only living species of the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]''.
 |- valign=&quot;TOP&quot;
 | align=&quot;RIGHT&quot; nowrap | [[கிமு 10வது ஆயிரவாண்டு|10000 BCE]]
 | Beginning of the [[புதிய கற்காலம்]] / [[Holocene]]. The [[புதுக்கற்காலப் புரட்சி|invention of farming]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]] occurred during this time.
 |}
 
 == மேற்கோள்கள் ==
 &lt;references /&gt;
 
 [[பகுப்பு:மனித வரலாறு]]
 [[பகுப்பு:காலக்கோடுகள்]]
 [[பகுப்பு:மாந்தரினப் படிமலர்ச்சி]]