தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல்
'''தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல்''' (''list of oxidation states of the elements'') (முழு எண்களாக மட்டுமுள்ளவை) இங்கு தரப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகப் பொதுவாகக் காணப்படுபவை தடித்த எழுத்துகளில் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. நார்மன் கிரன்வுட், எர்ன்சாவ்&lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E&quot;&gt;{{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw|pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; ஆகியோரின் கருத்துகளின் அடிப்படையில் சிலவற்றைக் கூடுதலாகச் சேர்த்து இந்த அட்டவணை பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. [[ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை]] 0 எல்லாத் [[தனிமம்|தனிமங்களுக்கும்]] பொதுவானது என்பதால் அது தனிமங்களின் குறியீடு உள்ள வரிசையிலேயே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. 1889 ஆம் ஆண்டில் [[திமீத்ரி மெண்டெலீவ்|மெண்டெலீவ்]] இந்த அட்டவணையின் மாதிரியை வடிவமைத்தார். தனிமங்களுடைய ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் ஆவர்த்தனப் பண்பு இவ்வட்டவணையில் வெளிப்படுகிறது&lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E&quot;/&gt;.
 
 == பட்டியல் ==
 {{legend|#E0FFFF|தனிமம்}}
 {{legend|#FFFACD|அருமன் வாயு}}
 &lt;!--Please note that all further additions to this table require sources.--&gt;
 {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
 ! ''[[அணு எண்|Z]]'' || தனிமம் || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | எதிர்&lt;br&gt;ஆக்சிசனேற்ற&lt;br&gt;நிலைகள் || &amp;nbsp; || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | நேர்&lt;br&gt;ஆக்சிசனேற்ற&lt;br&gt;நிலைகள் || [[நெடுங்குழு (தனிம அட்டவணை)|குழு]] || குறிப்புகள்
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 ! &amp;nbsp; |
 !
 ! style=&quot;background:#d5e6f7&quot; | {{hid|−9}}''−5''
 ! style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | {{hid|−9}}''−4''
 ! style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | {{hid|−9}}''−3''
 ! style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−9}}''−2''
 ! style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−9}}''−1''
 ! style=&quot;background:#e0ffff; text-align:center&quot; | {{hid|_}}''0''
 ! style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+1''
 ! style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+2''
 ! style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+3''
 ! style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+4''
 ! style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+5''
 ! style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+6''
 ! style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+7''
 ! style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+8''
 ! style=&quot;background:#c6dd9d&quot; | {{hid|_}}''+9''
 !
 ! &lt;!-- col notes --&gt;
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 | 1 || [[நீரியம்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | H || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||
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 | 2 || [[ஈலியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | He || || || || || || || || || || 18 || style=&quot;background:white&quot; |
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 | 3 || [[இலித்தியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Li || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || &lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E Lithides&quot;/&gt;
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 | 4 || [[பெரிலியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Be || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || &lt;ref&gt;Be(I) has been observed in [[beryllium monohydride]] (BeH); see {{cite journal|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf|title=Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD|accessdate=2007-12-10|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|last1=Shayesteh|first1=A.|last2=Tereszchuk|first2=K.|last3=Bernath|first3=P. F.|last4=Colin|first4=R.|volume=118|issue=3|year=2003|page=1158|publisher=bernath.uwaterloo.ca|doi=10.1063/1.1528606|archive-date=2007-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 5 || [[போரான்]] || style=&quot;background:#d5e6f7&quot; | −5 || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | B || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||&lt;ref&gt;B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), see {{cite book|url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA315&amp;lpg=PA315#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach|authors=James Keeler, Peter Wothers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B(−5) has been observed in Al&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BC, see {{cite news|url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf|author=Melanie Schroeder|title=Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden|page=139|language=de|access-date=2015-07-12|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094025/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf|deadurl=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 6 || [[கரிமம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | {{hid|−4}}'''−4''' || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | {{hid|−3}}'''−3''' || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−2}}'''−2''' || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | C || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||
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 | 7 || [[நைட்ரசன்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | {{hid|−3}}'''−3''' || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | N || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||
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 | 8 || [[ஆக்சிசன்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−2}}'''−2''' || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | O || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || || || || || || || || 16 ||
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 | 9 || [[புளோரின்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | F || || || || || || || || || || 17 ||
 |- style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot;
 | 10 || [[நியான்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ne || || || || || || || || || || 18 || style=&quot;background:white&quot; |
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 | 11 || [[சோடியம்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Na || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || &lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E Lithides&quot;&gt;Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.&lt;/ref&gt; 
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 | 12 || [[மக்னீசியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Mg || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || &lt;ref&gt;[[Low valent magnesium compound]]s with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see {{cite journal|last= Green|first= S. P.|coauthors= Jones C.; Stasch A.|date=December 2007|title= Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds|journal= Science|volume= 318|issue= 5857|pages= 1754–1757|doi= 10.1126/science.1150856|pmid= 17991827|bibcode = 2007Sci...318.1754G }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 13 || [[அலுமினியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Al || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || &lt;ref&gt;Al(II) has been observed in [[அலுமினியம் (II) ஆக்சைடு]] (AlO); see {{cite journal| author = D. C. Tyte | title = Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide| doi = 10.1038/202383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 202| issue = 4930 | year = 1964| pages = 383–384 | bibcode=1964Natur.202..383T}}, and in dialanes (R&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Al—AlR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see Uhl, Werner &quot;Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds&quot; Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. {{doi|10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;&gt;Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in [[Zintl phase]]s, see: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=HwY4be5bH_sC&amp;pg=PA261&amp;lpg=PA261&amp;dq=%5BPb4%5D4-+zintl&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bzWLEcJaYl&amp;sig=gy64SwZlDRp-EeIROR3B5SvMS0A&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=9ZTkVOWhOIbMyAP8zIDgBw&amp;ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false], p. 259 and [http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/intermetallische_6_2.html] (both in German).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Al(−2) has been observed in Sr&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;[Al&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;[Ge]&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, see {{cite journal|last1=Wemdorff|first1=Marco|last2=Röhr|first2=Caroline|title=Sr&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;[Al&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;[Ge]&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]&lt;sup&gt;4–&lt;/sup&gt;- und [Al&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;8–&lt;/sup&gt;-Anionen / Sr&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;[Al&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;[Ge]&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]&lt;sup&gt;4–&lt;/sup&gt;- and [Al&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;8–&lt;/sup&gt; Anions|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znb.2007.62.issue-10/znb-2007-1001/znb-2007-1001.xml|journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B|language=de|volume=62|issue=10|year=2007|page=1227|doi=10.1515/znb-2007-1001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 14 || [[சிலிக்கான்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | {{hid|−4}}'''−4''' || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Si || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||
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 | 15 || [[பாசுபரசு]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | {{hid|−3}}'''−3''' || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | P || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||
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 | 16 || [[கந்தகம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−2}}'''−2''' || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | S || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 16 ||
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 | 17 ||[[குளோரின்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cl || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|+7}}'''+7''' || || || 17 || &lt;ref&gt;The equilibrium Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;⇌2ClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see {{cite journal|first=Maria|last=Lopez|author2=Juan E. Sicre|title=Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|year=1990|volume=94|issue=9|pages=3860–3863|doi=10.1021/j100372a094}}, and Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; has been observed, see {{cite journal|first1=Hinrich|last1=Grothe|first2=Helge|last2=Willner|title=Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year=1994|volume=33|issue=14|pages=1482–1484|doi=10.1002/anie.199414821}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 18 || [[ஆர்கான்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ar || || || || || || || || || || 18 || style=&quot;background:white&quot; |
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 | 19 || [[பொட்டாசியம்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | K || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || &lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E Lithides&quot;/&gt;
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 | 20 || [[கல்சியம்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ca || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || &lt;ref&gt;Ca(I) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1=Krieck|first1=Sven|last2=Görls|first2=Helmar|last3=Westerhausen|first3=Matthias|title=Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Ca(μ-C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-1,3,5-Ph&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)Ca(thf)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=132|issue=35|pages=12492–501|year=2010|pmid=20718434|doi=10.1021/ja105534w}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Ca&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; ion is known: see {{cite journal | title=Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium | journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume=59 |pages=2267–2270 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2267 | bibcode=1987PhRvL..59.2267P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 21 || [[இசுக்காண்டியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Sc || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 ||
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 | 22 || [[தைட்டானியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ti || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 4 ||&lt;ref&gt;Ti(I) has been observed in [[titanium monohydride]] (TiH); see {{cite journal|author=Andersson, N. et al.|title=Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=118|issue=8|year=2003|page=10543|doi=10.1063/1.1539848|bibcode=2003JChPh.118.3543A|last2=Balfour|first2=Walter J.|last3=Bernath|first3=Peter F.|last4=Lindgren|first4=Bo|last5=Ram|first5=Ram S.|access-date=2015-07-12|archive-date=2012-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;&gt;Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary [[metal carbonyls]]; see [http://d-nb.info/956310893/34], p. 4 (in German); [https://books.google.ru/books?id=dP4LTfaPzAMC&amp;pg=PA97&amp;dq=%22%5BCr%28CO%294%5D4-%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ncroVMihLYO8ygO22YLYAQ&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false], pp. 97–100&lt;!-- Ti(−4) and Zr, Hf(−6) on p. 100 seem to be wrong: Ti, Zr, Hf are less electronegative than Sn, so cited compounds have Ti(0) and Zr, Hf(+2) --&gt;; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=n5r-NFT46TkC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=ru#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false], p. 239&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti([[2,2'-Bipyridine|bipy]])&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic302799s|pmid=23387926|title=Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.|year=2013|last1=Bowman|first1=A. C.|last2=England|first2=J.|last3=Sprouls|first3=S.|last4=Weihemüller|first4=T.|last5=Wieghardt|first5=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2242–56}} However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; and [Ti(η-C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)]&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1039/C39840000729|title=Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;R)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]|year=1984|last1=Bandy|first1=J. A.|last2=Berry|first2=A.|last3=Green|first3=M. L. H.|last4=Perutz|first4=R. N.|last5=Prout|first5=K.|last6=Verpeautz|first6=J.-N.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=729–731}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 23 || [[வனேடியம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | V || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 5 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;
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 | 24 || [[குரோமியம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cr || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 6 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;
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 | 25 || [[மாங்கனீசு]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Mn || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|+7}}'''+7''' || || || 7 ||
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 | 26 || [[இரும்பு]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Fe || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 8 || &lt;ref&gt;Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1595/147106704X10801|title=Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)|year=2008|author1=Yurii D. Perfiliev|author2=Virender K. Sharma|volume=48|issue=4|pages=157–158|journal=Platinum Metals Review}} However, their existence has been disputed.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;&gt;Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn&lt;sub&gt;6−''x''&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;''x''&lt;/sub&gt;]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt;), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt; for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt; for all these elements) in La&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Pt&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;In, La&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;In, Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Au&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Ag&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Hg&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Sr&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Cd&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Zn&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(structure (AE&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(T–T)&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt;T&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;⋅4e&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;), Yb&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Ag&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Au&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and Ca&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Hg&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See {{cite journal|title=Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements|year=2008|author1=Changhoon Lee|author2=Myung-Hwan Whangbo|volume=10|issue=4|pages=444–449|journal=Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883|doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/zaac.200900421|title=Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)&lt;sup&gt;4–&lt;/sup&gt; and Isolated T&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-Type Compounds AE&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)|year=2010|author1=Changhoon Lee|author2=Myung-Hwan Whangbo|author3=Jürgen Köhler|volume=636|issue=1|pages=36–40|journal=ZAAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 27 || [[கோபால்ட்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Co || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || || || || || 9 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;
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 | 28 || [[நிக்கல்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ni || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || 10 || &lt;ref&gt;Ni(−2) has been observed in Li&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;[Ni([[1,5-cyclooctadiene|1,5-COD]])&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;], see {{cite journal|first1=Klaus|last1=Jonas|title=Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year=1975|volume=14|issue=11|pages=752–753|doi=10.1002/anie.197507521}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic052110i|title=Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States|year=2006|last1=Ellis|first1=John E.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=45|issue=8|pages=3167–86}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 29 || [[செப்பு]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cu || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || 11 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;
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 | 30 || [[துத்தநாகம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Zn || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 12 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zn(I) has been observed in Zn&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1985|edition=91–100| pages=1034–1041|isbn=3-11-007511-3|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman|coauthors=Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;|language=German|chapter=Zink}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 31 || [[காலியம்]] || style=&quot;background:#d5e6f7&quot; | −5 || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ga || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Ga, and Mg&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, respectively; see {{cite news|url=http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf|author=Patrick Hofmann|title=Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden|page=72|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 32 || [[ஜேர்மானியம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | {{hid|−4}}'''−4''' || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ge || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 14 || &lt;ref&gt;Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in [[germanide]]s; see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101| pages=[https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderanorg0000arno/page/953 953]–959|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|url=https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderanorg0000arno|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman|coauthors=Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;|language=German|chapter=Germanium}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 33 || [[ஆர்சனிக்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | {{hid|−3}}'''−3''' || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | As || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 15 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;As(I) has been observed in [[arsenic(I) iodide]] (AsI); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic049281s|pmid=15360247|title=Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters|year=2004|last1=Ellis|first1=Bobby D.|last2=MacDonald|first2=Charles L. B.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=19|pages=5981–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;As(IV) has been observed in [[arsenic(IV) hydroxide]] (As(OH)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) and {{chem|HAsO|3|-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic00313a007|title=Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study|year=1989|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Bielski|first2=Benon H. J.|last3=Sehested|first3=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=28|issue=14|pages=2717–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 34 || [[செலீனியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−2}}'''−2''' || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Se || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 16 || &lt;ref&gt;Se(−1) has been observed in [[selenide|diselenide]]s(2−) (Se&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Se(I) has been observed in [[selenium(I) chloride]] (Se&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Se/Cl2Se2-10025680.html|title=Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Se(III) has been observed in Se&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;; see {{cite journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.19960021108/abstract|title=Se&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Se&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCl&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, Se&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCl&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)| volume =2|pages=1393–1396|year=1996|doi=10.1002/chem.19960021108|last1=Lau|first1=Carsten|last2=Neumüller|first2=Bernhard|last3=Vyboishchikov|first3=Sergei F.|last4=Frenking|first4=Gernot|last5=Dehnicke|first5=Kurt|last6=Hiller|first6=Wolfgang|last7=Herker|first7=Martin|journal=Chemistry - A European Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Se(V) has been observed in {{chem|SeO|3|2-}} and {{chem|HSeO|4|2-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/j100412a112|title=Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study|year=1986|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=90|issue=21|pages=5460–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 35 || [[புரோமின்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Br || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|+7}}'''+7''' || || || 17 ||
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 | 36 || [[கிரிப்டான்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Kr || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 18 || style=&quot;background:white&quot; |
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 | 37 || [[ருபீடியம்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Rb || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E Lithides&quot;/&gt;
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 | 38 || [[இசுட்ரோன்சியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Sr || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||&lt;ref&gt;Sr(I) has been observed in [[strontium monofluoride]] (SrF); see {{cite journal|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf|title=High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride|journal=J. Molecular Spectroscopy|volume=175|pages=158–171|year=1996|author=P. Colarusso et al.|bibcode=1996JMoSp.175..158C|doi=10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019|last2=Guo|first2=B.|last3=Zhang|first3=K.-Q.|last4=Bernath|first4=P.F.|access-date=2015-07-12|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 39 || [[இட்ரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Y || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || &lt;ref&gt;Y(I) has been observed in [[yttrium(I) bromide]] (YBr); see {{cite web|url=http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html|title=Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net|archive-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Y(II) has been observed in &lt;!-- [[yttrium(II) hydride]] (YH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Y/H2Y1-13598351.html|title=Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com}} Isn't YH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; electride-like?--&gt;[(18-crown-6)K][(C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;SiMe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Y]; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja207151y|title=Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, [(18-crown-6)K][(C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;SiMe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Y].|year=2011|last1=MacDonald|first1=M. R.|last2=Ziller|first2=J. W.|last3=Evans|first3=W. J.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=133|issue=40|pages=15914–17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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 | 40 || [[சிர்க்கோனியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Zr || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr([[2,2'-Bipyridine|bipy]])&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; (see {{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw|page=960}} and {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderanorg0000arno/page/1413 1413]|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|url=https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderanorg0000arno|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman|coauthors=Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;|language=German|chapter=Zirconium}}), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic302799s|pmid=23387926|title=Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.|year=2013|last1=Bowman|first1=A. C.|last2=England|first2=J.|last3=Sprouls|first3=S.|last4=Weihemüller|first4=T.|last5=Wieghardt|first5=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2242–56}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 41 || [[நையோபியம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Nb || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 5 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nb(I) has been observed in [[niobium monochloride]] (NbCl); see {{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001|journal = Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy|volume = 228|year = 2004|pages = 544–553|url = http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf|title = Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl|accessdate = |first = R.S.|last = Ram|coauthors = Rinskopf, N.; Liévin, J.; Bernatha, P.F.|bibcode = 2004JMoSp.228..544R|issue = 2|archive-date = 2014-02-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140228220758/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 42 || [[மாலிப்டினம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Mo || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 6 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;
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 | 43 || [[டெக்னீசியம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Tc || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|+7}}'''+7''' || || || 7 ||
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 | 44 || [[ருத்தேனியம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ru || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | +8 || || 8 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;
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 | 45 || [[ரோடியம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Rh || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || || || || 9 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;
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 | 46 || [[பலேடியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pd || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' ||style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5  || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || || || || 10 || &lt;ref&gt;Pd(I) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Crabtree|first1 = R. H.|title = CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?|journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume = 295|pages = 288–289|year = 2002|doi = 10.1126/science.1067921|issue = 5553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pd(III) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Powers|first1 = D. C.|last2 = Ritter|first2 = T.|title = Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis|journal = Top. Organomet. Chem.|volume = 35|pages = 129–156|date = 2011|doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6|url = http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf|series = Topics in Organometallic Chemistry|isbn = 978-3-642-17428-5|access-date = 2015-07-12|archive-date = 2013-06-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf|url-status = unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see {{cite journal
  | last1 = Falconer | first1 = W. E.
  | last2 = Disalvo | first2 = F. J.
  | last3 = Edwards | first3 = A. J.
  | last4 = Griffiths | first4 = J. E.
  | last5 = Sunder | first5 = W. E.
  | last6 = Vasile | first6 = M. J.
  | title = Dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate(V) O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;PdF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;: A quinquevalent compound of palladium
  | journal = Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
  | volume = 28, Supplement 1 | pages = 59–60
  | year = 1976
  | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(76)80595-7
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Chen|first1 = W.|last2 = Shimada|first2 = Shigeru|last3 = Tanaka|first3 = Masato|title = Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes|journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume = 295|pages = 308–310|year = 2002|doi = 10.1126/science.1067027|issue = 5553|bibcode = 2002Sci...295..308C }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 47 || [[வெள்ளி (தனிமம்)]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ag || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || 11 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Ag&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic000333x|title=Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions.|year=2001|last1=Tran|first1=N. E.|last2=Lagowski|first2=J. J.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=40|issue=5|pages=1067–68}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ag(IV) has been observed in [[potassium hexafluoroargentate]] (K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) and [[caesium hexafluoroargentate]] (Cs&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AgF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal |last1=Riedel |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kaupp |first2=Martin |year=2009 |title=The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements |journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews |volume=253 |issue= 5–6|pages=606–624 |publisher=Elsevier |doi= 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014|url=http://144.206.159.178/ft/243/588116/14862785.pdf |accessdate= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 48 || [[காட்மியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cd || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 12 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cd(I) has been observed in [[cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate]] (Cd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(AlCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite book|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year = 1985|edition = 91–100|pages =1056–1057|isbn = 3-11-007511-3|title = Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first = Arnold F.|last = Holleman|coauthors = Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;|language = German|chapter = Cadmium}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 49 || [[இண்டியம்]] || style=&quot;background:#d5e6f7&quot; | −5 || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | In || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In(–5) has been observed in La&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;InGe, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic951378e|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties|year=1996|last1=Guloy|first1=A. M.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2616–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In(−2) has been observed in Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;In, see [https://books.google.ru/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&amp;pg=PA69&amp;lpg=PA69&amp;dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=aXLYIpkfYq&amp;sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false], p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 50 || [[வெள்ளீயம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | {{hid|−4}}'''−4''' || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Sn || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt;, e.g. in (Ba&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt;(Mg&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;8+&lt;/sup&gt;Sn&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt;(Sn&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt;Sn&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt; (with square (Sn&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; sheets), see {{cite journal |last1=Papoian |first1=Garegin A. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Roald |year=2000 |title=Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=2000 |issue= 39|pages=2408–2448 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Garegin_Papoian/publication/12379848_Hypervalent_Bonding_in_One_Two_and_Three_Dimensions_Extending_the_Zintl-Klemm_Concept_to_Nonclassical_Electron-Rich_Networks/links/09e4150a69ac2aa4c5000000.pdf |accessdate=February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in [[organotin compounds]]&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 51 || [[அந்திமனி]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | {{hid|−3}}'''−3''' || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Sb || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt;, e.g. in RbBa&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;[Sb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;][Sb][O], see {{cite journal |last1=Boss |first1=Michael |last2=Petri |first2=Denis |last3=Pickhard |first3=Frank |last4=Zönnchen |first4=Peter |last5=Röhr |first5=Caroline |year=2005 |title=Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;, [Sb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt; und &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;∞&lt;/sub&gt;[Sb&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;n−&lt;/sup&gt; / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;, [Sb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;∞&lt;/sub&gt;[Sb&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;n−&lt;/sup&gt; |journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=631 |issue= 6–7|pages=1181–1190 |language=de |doi= 10.1002/zaac.200400546|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.200400546/abstract |accessdate=February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in [[organoantimony compounds]]; for Sb(I), see {{cite journal |last1=Šimon |first1=Petr |last2=de Proft |first2=Frank |last3=Jambor |first3=Roman |last4=Růžička |first4=Aleš |last5=Dostál |first5=Libor |year=2010 |title=Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=49 |issue=32 |pages=5468–5471 |doi= 10.1002/anie.201002209|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002209/full |accessdate=February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sb(IV) has been observed in {{chem|[SbCl|6|]|2-}}, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1246/bcsj.73.1599|title=Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3|year=2000|author1=Nobuyoshi Shinohara|author2=Masaaki Ohsima|journal=Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1599–1604}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 52 || [[தெலூரியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−2}}'''−2''' || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Te || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 16 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Te(I) has been observed in [[tellurium iodide]] (TeI), see {{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/compounds/tellurium/tellurium_iodide.html|title=Tellurium: tellurium iodide|accessdate=2015-02-23|publisher=WebElements.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(Si[[methyl|Me]]&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, see {{cite journal |last1=Heinze |first1=Thorsten |last2=Roesky |first2=Herbert W. |last3=Pauer |first3=Frank |last4=Stalke |first4=Dietmar |last5=Sheldrick |first5=George M. |year=1991 |title=Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1678 |doi= 10.1002/anie.199116771 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046_Synthesis_and_Structure_of_the_First_Tellurium%28III%29_Radical_Cation |accessdate=February 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be [[ditellurium decafluoride]] (Te&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;TeOTeF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;: see {{ cite journal | author = Watkins, P. M. | title = Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1974 | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 520–521 | doi = 10.1021/ed051p520 }} However, Te(V) has been observed in {{chem|H|2|TeO|4|-}}, {{chem|TeO|3|-}}, {{chem|HTeO|4|2-}}, and {{chem|TeO|4|3-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jp010577i|title=Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study|year=2001|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=K.|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A|volume=105|issue=27|pages=6637–45}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 53 || [[அயோடின்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | I || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|+7}}'''+7''' || || || 17 || &lt;ref&gt;I(IV) has been observed in [[Iodine oxide|iodine dioxide]] (IO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite book|publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.|year = 1988|edition = 3rd|page =[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0/page/259 259]|isbn = 0-486-65622-5|title = General Chemistry|url = https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0|first = Linus|last = Pauling|chapter = Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;I(VI) has been observed in IO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, IO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;IO&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;IO&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;IO&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;, and HIO&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1039/F19817701707|title=Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)|year=1981|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=Knud|last3=Wolff|first3=Thomas|journal=J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1|volume=77|pages=1707–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |- style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot;
 | 54 || [[செனான்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Xe || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | +8 || || 18 || style=&quot;background:white&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;Xe(I) has been reported in [[xenon hexafluoroplatinate]] and [[xenon hexafluororhodate]] (see {{cite book|publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.|year = 1988|edition = 3rd|page =[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0/page/250 250]|isbn = 0-486-65622-5|title = General Chemistry|url = https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0|first = Linus|last = Pauling}}), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 55 || [[சீசியம்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cs || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;G&amp;E Lithides&quot;/&gt;
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 | 56 || [[பேரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ba || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||&lt;ref&gt;Ba(I) has been observed in [[barium monofluoride]] (BaF); see {{cite journal|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf|title=High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride|journal=J. Molecular Spectroscopy|volume=170|page=59|year=1995|author=P. Colarusso et al.|bibcode=1996JMoSp.175..158C|doi=10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019|last2=Guo|first2=B.|last3=Zhang|first3=K.-Q.|last4=Bernath|first4=P.F.|access-date=2015-07-12|archive-date=2005-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 57 || [[இலந்தனம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | La || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||&lt;ref&gt;La(I) has been observed in [[lanthanum monohydride]] (LaH); see {{cite journal|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD|journal=J. Molecular Spectroscopy|volume=104|page=6444|year=1996|last1=Ram|first1=R. S.|doi=10.1063/1.471365|last2=Bernath|first2=P. F.|access-date=2015-07-12|archive-date=2005-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310194449/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 58 || [[சீரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ce || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || ||
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 | 59 || [[பிரசியோடைமியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pr || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || ||
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 | 60 || [[நியோடைமியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Nd || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see {{Holleman&amp;Wiberg|p=1704}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 61 || [[புரோமித்தியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pm || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Lanthanides&quot;&gt;All the [[இலந்தனைடு]]s (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see {{Holleman&amp;Wiberg|p=1704}}) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see [http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html Lanthanides Topple Assumptions] and {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.201311325|title=All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2.|year=2014|last1=Meyer|first1=G.|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=53|issue=14|pages=3550–51}}. Additionally, all the [[இலந்தனைடு]]s (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), dicarbides (LnC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e.&amp;nbsp;g. Ln&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;(H&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(e&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 62 || [[சமாரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Sm || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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 | 63 || [[யூரோப்பியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Eu || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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 | 64 || [[கடோலினியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Gd || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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 | 65 || [[டெர்பியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Tb || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Lanthanides&quot; /&gt;
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 | 66 || [[டிசிப்ரோசியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Dy || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see {{Holleman&amp;Wiberg|p=1704}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 67 || [[ஓல்மியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ho || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Lanthanides&quot; /&gt;
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 | 68 || [[எர்பியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Er || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Lanthanides&quot; /&gt;
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 | 69 || [[தூலியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Tm || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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 | 70 || [[இட்டெர்பியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Yb || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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 | 71 || [[லியுதேத்தியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Lu || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Lanthanides&quot; /&gt;
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 | 72 || [[ஆஃபினியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Hf || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see {{cite journal
  | title = Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium
  | last1 = Marek        | first1 =  G.S.
  | last2 = Troyanov     | first2 =  S.I.
  | last3 = Tsirel'nikov | first3 =  V.I.
  | journal = Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
  | year = 1979
  | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 890–893
  | language = ru
  | url = https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 73 || [[டாண்ட்டலம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ta || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 5 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ta(I) occurs in [[cyclopentadienyl|Cp]]Ta(CO)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101| pages=[https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderanorg0000arno/page/1430 1430]|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|url=https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderanorg0000arno|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman|coauthors=Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;|language=German|chapter=Tantal}} and {{Cite book|publisher=Academic Press|year=1969|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transitionmetalo0000king/page/11 11]|isbn=0-32-315996-6|title=Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/transitionmetalo0000king|first=R. Bruce|last=King}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 74 || [[தங்குதன்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | W || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 6 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbonyls&quot;/&gt;
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 | 75 || [[இரேனியம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Re || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || || || 7 ||
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 | 76 || [[ஓசுமியம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Os || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | +8 || || 8 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Os(−1) has been observed in {{chem|Na|2|[Os|4|(CO)|13|]}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y|title=Preparation of [Os&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt; and its reactions with Os&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;; structures of [Et&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N] [HOs&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;] and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OsS&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(CO)|year=1993|last =Krause|first=J.|journal=Journal of Organometallic Chemistry|volume=454|pages=263–271|last2=Siriwardane|first2=Upali|last3=Salupo|first3=Terese A.|last4=Wermer|first4=Joseph R.|last5=Knoeppel|first5=David W.|last6=Shore|first6=Sheldon G.}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic00141a019|title=Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives|year=1982|first=Willie J.|last=Carter|author2=Kelland, John W. |author3=Okrasinski, Stanley J. |author4=Warner, Keith E. |author5= Norton, Jack R. | journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=21|issue=11|pages=3955–3960}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 77 || [[இரிடியம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ir || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | +8 || style=&quot;background:#c6dd9d&quot; | +9 || 9 || &lt;ref&gt;Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;; see {{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw|page=1117}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)IrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;; see [http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ C&amp;EN: Iridium dressed to the nines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309030817/http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ |date=2015-03-09 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ir(VIII) has been observed in [[iridium tetroxide]] (IrO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.200902733|title=Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII|year=2009|last1=Gong|first1=Yu|last2=Zhou|first2=Mingfei|last3=Kaupp|first3=Martin|last4=Riedel|first4=Sebastian|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=48|issue=42|pages=7879–7883}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ir(IX) has been observed in {{chem|IrO|4|+}}; see {{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guanjun |last2=Zhou |first2=Mingfei |last3=Goettel |first3=James T. |last4=Schrobilgen |first4=Gary G. |last5=Su |first5=Jing |last6=Li |first6=Jun |last7=Schlöder |first7=Tobias |last8=Riedel |first8=Sebastian |date=21 August 2014 |title=Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX |journal=Nature |volume=514 |pages=475–477 |doi=10.1038/nature13795}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 78 || [[பிளாட்டினம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1  || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pt || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' ||style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || || || || 10 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the [[பேரியம்]] platinides Ba&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Pt and BaPt, respectively: see {{cite journal| doi = 10.1039/b514631c |title = An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides|first1=Andrey |last1= Karpov| first2=Mitsuharu| pmid = 16479284 |last2=Konuma|first3=Martin |last3=Jansen|journal = Chemical Communications|year = 2006| issue = 8|pages = 838–840}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see {{cite journal|title = Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)|first = George B.|last = Kauffman|authorlink = George B. Kauffman |year = 1967|journal = [[Inorganic Syntheses]]|volume = 9 |pages = 182–185|doi = 10.1002/9780470132401.ch51|last2 = Thurner|first2 = Joseph J.|last3 = Zatko|first3 = David A.|series = Inorganic Syntheses|isbn = 978-0-470-13240-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 79 || [[தங்கம்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Au || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || || || || || 11 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;
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 | 80 || [[பாதரசம்|mercury]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Hg || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || 12 || &lt;ref name=&quot;MetalAnions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hg(IV) has been observed in [[mercury(IV) fluoride]] (HgF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal |author=Xuefang Wang |author2=Lester Andrews |author3=Sebastian Riedel |author4= Martin Kaupp |title=Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=44 |pages=8371–8375 |doi=10.1002/anie.200703710 |pmid=17899620}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 81 || [[தாலியம்]] || style=&quot;background:#d5e6f7&quot; | −5 || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Tl || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tl(−5) has been observed in Na&lt;sub&gt;23&lt;/sub&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;Tl&lt;sub&gt;15.3&lt;/sub&gt;, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic960014z|title=Na&lt;sub&gt;23&lt;/sub&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;Tl&lt;sub&gt;15.3&lt;/sub&gt;:  An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7-&lt;/sup&gt;, Tl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;8−&lt;/sup&gt;, Tl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7−&lt;/sup&gt;, and Tl&lt;sup&gt;5−&lt;/sup&gt; Anions|year=1996|last1=Dong|first1=Z.-C.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=11|pages=3107–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tl(−1) has been observed in [[caesium thallide]] (CsTl); see {{cite book|first1=R. B.|last1=King|first2=R.|last2=Schleyer|year=2004|chapter=Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry|editor1-first=M.|editor1-last=Driess|editor2-first=H.|editor2-last=Nöth|title=Molecular clusters of the main group elements|publisher=Wiley-VCH, Chichester|page=19|ISBN=978-3-527-61437-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tl(+2) has been observed in [[tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium]] ([([[methyl|Me]]&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Si)Si]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), see {{cite journal |author=Sonja Henkel |author2=Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer |author3=Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz |title=Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=1994 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=681–683 |doi=10.1002/anie.199406811}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 82 || [[ஈயம்]] || || style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf&quot; | −4 || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pb || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Zintl&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see {{cite book | title = Intermetallic Chemistry | url = https://archive.org/details/intermetallicche0000ferr | first1 = Riccardo |last1 =Ferro | editor = Nicholas C. Norman | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-08-044099-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/intermetallicche0000ferr/page/505 505]}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic000333x|title=Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt; and Pb&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6−&lt;/sup&gt; in the Zintl Phases Na&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;BaPb&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, Na&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;BaSn&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, and Na&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;EuSn&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;.|year=2004|last1=Todorov|first1=Iliya|last2=Sevov|first2=Slavi C.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=20|pages=6490–94}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in [[organolead compounds]], e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;; for Pb(I), see {{cite journal |author=Siew-Peng Chia |author2=Hong-Wei Xi |author3=Yongxin Li |author4=Kok Hwa Lim |author5=Cheuk-Wai So |title=A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2013 |volume=52 |issue=24 |pages=6298–6301 |doi=10.1002/anie.201301954}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 83 || [[பிசுமத்]] || || || style=&quot;background:#ffc0cb&quot; | −3 || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | −2 || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | −1 || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Bi || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || || || || || 15 ||&lt;ref&gt;Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;[Bi&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt;([Bi&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;4−&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;[Bi&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;; see {{cite news | title = Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases  | first1 = Siméon |last1 =Ponou | publisher = Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie
 mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien  | year = 2006 | url = http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim | page = 68}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bi(I) has been observed in [[bismuth monobromide]] (BiBr) and [[bismuth monoiodide]] (BiI); see {{cite book | title = Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth | first1 = S. M. |last1 =Godfrey | first2 = C. A. |last2 =McAuliffe | first3 = A. G. |last3 =Mackie | first4 = R. G. |last4 =Pritchard | editor = Nicholas C. Norman | publisher = Springer | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7514-0389-X | pages = 67–84}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bi(+2) has been observed in [[dibismuthine]]s (R&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Bi—BiR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), see {{cite journal |author=Arthur J. Ashe III |title=Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines |journal=Advances in Organometallic Chemistry |year=1990 |volume=30 |pages=77–97 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bi(IV) has been observed; see {{cite journal |author=A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov |title=Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III) |journal=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science |year=1987 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.1007/BF00959349}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 84 || [[பொலோனியம்]] || || || || style=&quot;background:#ffecd3&quot; | {{hid|−2}}'''−2''' || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Po || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || || || || 16 || &lt;ref&gt;Po(V) has been observed in [[dioxidopolonium(1+)]] ({{chem|PoO|2|+}}); see {{cite book |title=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |last=Thayer |first=John S.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2 |year=2010 |page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 85 || [[அசுட்டட்டைன்]] || || || || || style=&quot;background:#f5deb3&quot; | {{hid|−1}}'''−1''' || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | At || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || || || 17 ||
 |- style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot;
 | 86 || [[ரேடான்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Rn || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || || || || 18 || style=&quot;background:white&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;Rn(II) has been observed in [[ரேடான் டைபுளோரைடு]] (RnF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal | author = Stein, L. | year = 1970 | journal = Science | volume =168 | pages = 362–4 | doi = 10.1126/science.168.3929.362 | title = Ionic Radon Solution | pmid = 17809133 | issue = 3929 | bibcode=1970Sci...168..362S}} and {{cite journal | author = Kenneth S. Pitzer | year = 1975 | journal = J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., | pages = 760b – 761 | title = Fluorides of radon and element 118 | doi = 10.1039/C3975000760b | issue = 18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=46 |chapter=Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC |accessdate=22 November 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-023646-6 |pages=91–93}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rn(VI) is known in [[radon trioxide]] (RnO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=46 |chapter=Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC |accessdate=22 November 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-023646-6 |pages=91–93}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 87 || [[பிரான்சீயம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Fr || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | {{hid|+1}}{{hid|+1}}'''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||
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 | 88 || [[ரேடியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ra || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||
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 | 89 || [[ஆக்டினியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Ac || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Ac(II) is known in [[actinium dihydride]] (AcH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2 |last1=Farr |year=1961 |first1=J |last2=Giorgi |first2=A.L. |last3=Bowman |first3=M.G. |last4=Money |first4=R.K. |pages=42–47 |volume=18 |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |title=The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-inorganic-and-nuclear-chemistry_1961_18/page/42 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 90 || [[தோரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Th || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see {{cite book|last1 = Wickleder|first1 = Mathias S.|first2 = Blandine|last2 = Fourest|first3 = Peter K.|last3 = Dorhout|ref = Wickleder et al.|contribution = Thorium|title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements|editor1-first = Lester R.|editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.|editor2-last = Edelstein|editor3-first = Jean|editor3-last = Fuger|edition = 3rd|year = 2006|volume = 3|publisher = Springer|location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands|pages = 52–160|url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf|doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3|access-date = 2015-07-12|archivedate = 2016-03-07|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Thorium.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 91 || [[புரோடாக்டினியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pa || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Pa(II) is known in [[protactinium(II) oxide]] (PaO); see {{cite journal|doi = 10.1021/ja01652a011|year = 1954|last1 = Sellers|first1 = Philip A.|last2 = Fried|first2 = Sherman|last3 = Elson|first3 = Robert E.|last4 = Zachariasen|first4 = W. H.|journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume = 76|pages = 5935–5938|title = The Preparation of Some Protactinium Compounds and the Metal|issue = 23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 92 || [[யுரேனியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | U || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;U(I) has been observed in [[uranium monofluoride]] (UF) and [[uranium monochloride]] (UCl), see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=34 |chapter=Compounds of Thorium and Uranium |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC |accessdate=22 March 2015 |year=1990 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-023634-6 |pages=87–88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;U(II) has been observed in [[uranium monoxide]] (UO), [[யுரேனியம் சல்பைடு]] (US), [[uranium carbide|uranium acetylide]] (UC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), and [[uranium carbide|uranium sesquicarbide]] (U&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal | last1 = Bowman | first1 = A.L. | last2 = Arnold | first2 = G.P. | last3 = Witteman | first3 = W.G. | last4 = Wallace | first4 = T.C. | last5 = Nereson | first5 = N.G. | title = Test | date = 1966| journal = Acta Crystallographica | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 670–671 | doi=10.1107/s0365110x66003670}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 93 || [[நெப்டியூனியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Np || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Actinides&quot;&gt;Np(II), Pu(II), Cm(II) have been observed in monoxides (NpO, PuO, CmO) and also in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides; see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils ''Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry'', pp.1957, 1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-11-017770-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 94 || [[புளுட்டோனியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Pu || style=&quot;background:#ffa07a&quot; | +1 || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | +8 || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Actinides&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pu(I) has been observed in [[plutonium monofluoride]] (PuF); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja01023a002|title=Mass spectrometric studies of plutonium compounds at high temperatures. II. Enthalpy of sublimation of plutonium(III) fluoride and the dissociation energy of plutonium(I) fluoride|year=1968|last1=Kent|first1=R. A.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=90|issue=21|pages=5657–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see {{cite journal |last1=Kiselev |first1=Yu. M. |last2=Nikonov |first2=M. V. |last3=Tananaev |first3=I. G. |last4=Myasoedov |first4=B. F. |year=2009 |title=On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide |journal=Doklady Akademii Nauk |volume=425 |pages=634–637 |publisher=Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. |doi=10.1134/S0012501609040022 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/cm95611m66t41505/ |issn=0012-5016 |accessdate=February 25, 2012 |issue=5 }}{{Dead link|date=ஆகஸ்ட் 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 95 || [[அமெரிசியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Am || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | +5 || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | +7 || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | +8 || || || &lt;ref&gt;Am(VII) has been observed in {{chem|AmO|6|5-}}; see [http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http://www.chemie-master.de/pse/pse.php?modul=Am Americium], Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and {{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw|page=1265}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Am(VIII) has been observed; see {{cite journal |last=Nikonov |first=M. V. |last2=Kiselev |first2=Yu. M. |last3=Myasoedov |first3=B. F. |date=January 2014 |title=Americium volatility from ozonized alkaline solutions |journal=Radiochemistry  |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1134/S1066362214010032 |access-date=March 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 96 || [[கியூரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cm || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | +6 || || || || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Actinides&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cm(VI) has been observed in [[curium trioxide]] (CmO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and dioxidocurium(2+) ({{chem|CmO|2|2+}}); see {{cite journal |last1=Domanov |first1=V. P. |last2=Lobanov |first2=Yu. V. |date=October 2011 |title=Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; |journal=Radiochemistry |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=453–6 |publisher=SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |doi=10.1134/S1066362211050018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in [[curium tetroxide]] (CmO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal |last1=Domanov |first1=V. P. |date=January 2013 |title=Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; |journal=Radiochemistry |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=46–51 |publisher=SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |doi=10.1134/S1066362213010098 }} However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: {{cite journal |last=Zaitsevskii |first=Andréi |last2=Schwarz |first2=W H Eugen |date=April 2014 |title=Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study. |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |volume=2014 |issue=16 |pages=8997–9001 |doi=10.1039/c4cp00235k |access-date=March 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 97 || [[பெர்க்கிலியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Bk || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Bk(II) has been observed in [[berkelium(II) oxide]] (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. [http://books.google.com/books?id=U-YOlLVuV1YC&amp;pg=PA29 &quot;The Chemistry of Berkelium&quot;] in [[Harry Julius Emeléus]] (Ed.) ''Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry'', Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 {{ISBN|0-12-023628-1}}, p.&amp;nbsp;51, {{doi|10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 98 || [[கலிபோர்னியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Cf || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || ||
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 | 99 || [[ஐன்ஸ்டைனியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Es || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | +4 || || || || || || || &lt;ref&gt;Es(IV) is known in [[einsteinium(IV) fluoride]] (EsF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal|last1=Kleinschmidt|first1=P|title=Thermochemistry of the actinides|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=213–214|pages=169–172|year=1994|doi=10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 100 || [[பெர்மியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Fm || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || || 
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 | 101 || [[மெண்டலீவியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Md || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | +2 || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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 | 102 || [[நொபிலியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | No || || style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; | {{hid|+2}}'''+2''' || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | +3 || || || || || || || || 
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 | 103 || [[இலாரென்சியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Lr || || || style=&quot;background:#ffb6c1&quot; | {{hid|+3}}'''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || 
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 | 104 || [[இரதர்ஃபோர்டியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Rf || || || || style=&quot;background:#cbcbcb&quot; | {{hid|+4}}'''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || 
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 | 105 || [[தூப்னியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Db || || || || || style=&quot;background:#cccc98&quot; | {{hid|+5}}'''+5''' || || || || || 5 || &lt;ref&gt;Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{Cite web|author=H. W. Gäggeler|title=Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements|year=2007|pages=26–28|publisher=[[Paul Scherrer Institute]]|url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&amp;M/TexasA&amp;M.pdf|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 106 || [[சீபோர்கியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Sg || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#a0fec2&quot; | {{hid|+6}}'''+6''' || || || || 6 || &lt;ref&gt;Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{cite journal |url=http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |title=Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide |author=Huebener et al. |journal=Radiochim. Acta |volume=89 |pages=737–741 |year=2001 |doi=10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737 |last2=Taut |first2=S. |last3=Vahle |first3=A. |last4=Dressler |first4=R. |last5=Eichler |first5=B. |last6=Gäggeler |first6=H. W. |last7=Jost |first7=D.T. |last8=Piguet |first8=D. |last9=Türler |first9=A. |last10=Brüchle |first10=W. |issue=11–12_2001 |display-authors=8 |access-date=2015-07-12 |archive-date=2014-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 107 || [[போரியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Bh || || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e6fe8e&quot; | {{hid|+7}}'''+7''' || || || 7 || &lt;ref&gt;Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl); see [http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf &quot;Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228023225/http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf |date=2008-02-28 }}, Eichler et al., ''GSI Annual Report 2000''. Retrieved on 2008-02-29&lt;/ref&gt;
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 | 108 || [[ஆசியம்]] || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#e0ffff&quot; | Hs || || || || || || || || style=&quot;background:#d1ddff&quot; | {{hid|+8}}'''+8''' || || 8 || &lt;ref&gt;Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;); see {{Cite web|url=http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf|title=Chemistry of Hassium|accessdate=2007-01-31|year=2002|work= Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |}
 
 இதே போன்ற ஒரு வடிவப் படம் (கீழே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது) 1919 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இர்விங் இலேங்முர் என்ற அமெரிக்க வேதியியலாளரால் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டது&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Langmuir | first1 = Irving | year = 1919 | title = The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules | url = | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 41 | issue = 6| pages = 868–934 | doi = 10.1021/ja02227a002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. தொடக்கக் காலத்தில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட எண்ம விதியின் கூறுகள் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற எண்களின் ஆவர்த்தனப் பண்புகளுடன் பொருந்தியதால் இவ்விதியை அவர் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார்.
 
 :[[Image:Langmuir valence.png|700px]]
 
 == மேற்கோள்கள் ==
 {{Reflist|2}}