மாந்த நம்பகத்தன்மை
'''மாந்த நம்பகத்தன்மை''' ''(Human reliability)'' (அல்லது '''மாந்தச் செயல்திறம்''' ''(human performance)'' (அல்லது '''HU''')  மாந்தக் காரணிகளயும் பணியியலையும் ஆயும் அறிவியல் புலமாகும். இது பொருளாக்கம், மருத்துவம், அணுக்கரு மின்னாக்கம் ஆகிய புலங்களில் மாந்தர்களின் நம்பகத்தன்மையோடு தொடர்புறவு உள்ளது.  மாந்தச் செயல்திறம் முதிர்வு, மனநிலை, உடல்நலம், உணர்ச்சிகள், வழக்கமாக சில தவறிழைக்கும் தன்மை, நோக்குநிலை, பிழைகள், அறிதலின் பக்கச் சாய்வுநிலை போன்ற பல காரணிகளால் தாக்கம் உறுகிறது.
 
 
 ==அடிக்குறிப்புகள்==
 {{reflist}}
 
 ==மேற்கோள்கள்==
 *{{cite book|author1=Gertman, D. L.  |author2=Blackman, H. S.|year=2001|title=Human reliability and safety analysis data handbook|publisher=Wiley}}
 *{{cite book|author=Gertman, D., Blackman, H., Marble, J., Byers, J. and Smith, C.|year=2005|title=The SPAR-H human reliability analysis method. NUREG/CR-6883.  Idaho National Laboratory, prepared for U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}[https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr6883/]
 *{{cite book|author=M. Cappelli, A.M.Gadomski, M.Sepielli|year=2011|title= Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plant Safety Management: A Socio-Cognitive Modeling Approach using TOGA Meta-Theory. Proceedings of International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants. Nice (FR),|publisher=SFEN ([[Société Française d'Energie Nucléaire]])}}
 *{{cite book|author=Hollnagel, E.|year=1993|title=Human reliability analysis: Context and control| publisher =Academic Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Hollnagel, E.|year=1998|title=Cognitive reliability and error analysis method: CREAM|url=https://archive.org/details/cognitivereliabi0000holl|publisher=Elsevier}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Hollnagel, E.  |author2=Amalberti, R.|year=2001|title=The Emperor’s New Clothes, or whatever happened to &quot;human error&quot;? Invited keynote presentation at 4th International Workshop on Human Error, Safety and System Development.|publisher=Linköping, June 11–12, 2001}}
 *{{cite book|author=Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D., and Leveson, N. (Eds.)|year=2006|title=Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts|publisher=Ashgate}}
 *{{cite book|author=Jones, P. M.|year=1999|title=Human error and its amelioration. In ''Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management'' (A. P. Sage and W. B. Rouse, eds.), 687-702|publisher= Wiley}}
 *{{cite book|author=Kirwan, B.|year=1994|title=A Guide to Practical Human Reliability Assessment|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis}}
 *{{cite book|author=Kirwan, B. and Ainsworth, L. (Eds.)|year=1992|title=A guide to task analysis|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis}}
 *{{cite book|author=Norman, D.|year=1988|title=The psychology of everyday things|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyofever00norm|publisher=Basic Books}}
 *{{cite book|author=Reason, J.|year=1990|title=Human error|url=https://archive.org/details/humanerror0000reas|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Roth, E.|year=1994|title=An empirical investigation of operator performance in cognitive demanding simulated emergencies. NUREG/CR-6208, Westinghouse Science and Technology Center|publisher=Report prepared for Nuclear Regulatory Commission|display-authors=etal}}
 *{{cite book|author=Sage, A. P.|year=1992|title=Systems engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/systemsengineeri0000sage|publisher=Wiley}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Senders, J.  |author2=Moray, N.|year=1991|title=Human error: Cause, prediction, and reduction|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Shappell, S.  |author2=Wiegmann, D.|year=2000|title=The human factors analysis and classification system - HFACS.  DOT/FAA/AM-00/7, Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation.}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20061214043156/http://www.nifc.gov/safety_study/accident_invest/humanfactors_class%26anly.pdf]
 *{{cite book|author=Swain, A. D., &amp; Guttman, H. E.|year=1983|title=Handbook of human reliability analysis with emphasis on nuclear power plant applications.|publisher=NUREG/CR-1278 (Washington D.C.)}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Wallace, B.  |author2=Ross, A.|year=2006|title=Beyond human error|publisher=CRC Press}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Wiegmann, D.  |author2=Shappell, S.|year=2003|title=A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: The human factors analysis and classification system.|publisher=Ashgate}}
 *{{cite book|author=Wilson, J.R.|year=1993|title=SHEAN (Simplified Human Error Analysis code) and automated THERP|publisher=United States Department of Energy Technical Report Number WINCO--11908}} [http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10162198]
 *{{cite book|author=Woods, D. D.|year=1990|title=Modeling and predicting human error. In J. Elkind, S. Card, J. Hochberg, and B. Huey (Eds.), ''Human performance models for computer-aided engineering'' (248-274)|publisher=Academic Press}}
 *Federal Aviation Administration. 2009 electronic code of regulations. Retrieved September 25, 2009, from   http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library
 
 ==மேலும் படிக்க==
 *{{cite book|author=Autrey, T.D.|year=2007|title=Perfection Institute Mistake-Proofing Six Sigma: How to Minimize Project Scope and Reduce Human Error|url=http://www.practicingperfectioninstitute.com/reports/sixsigma.aspx|publisher=Practicing|access-date=2019-12-12|archivedate=2013-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708171700/http://www.practicingperfectioninstitute.com/reports/sixsigma.aspx}}
 *{{cite book|author=Davies, J.B., Ross, A., Wallace, B. and Wright, L.|year=2003|title=Safety Management: a Qualitative Systems Approach|publisher=Taylor and Francis}}
 *{{cite book|author=Dekker, S.W.A.,|year=2005|title=Ten Questions About Human Error: a new view of human factors and systems safety|url=http://www.leonardo.lth.se/sidney_dekker/books/ten_questions_about_human_error/|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|access-date=2019-12-12|archivedate=2012-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211003552/http://www.leonardo.lth.se/sidney_dekker/books/ten_questions_about_human_error/}}
 *{{cite book|author=Dekker, S.W.A.,|year=2006|title=The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error|url=http://www.leonardo.lth.se/sidney_dekker/books/the_field_guide_to_understanding_human_error/|publisher=Ashgate|access-date=2019-12-12|archivedate=2012-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306222240/http://www.leonardo.lth.se/sidney_dekker/books/the_field_guide_to_understanding_human_error/}}
 *{{cite book|author=Dekker, S.W.A.,|year=2007|title=Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability|url=http://www.leonardo.lth.se/sidney_dekker/books/just_culture/|publisher=Ashgate|access-date=2019-12-12|archivedate=2012-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306222249/http://www.leonardo.lth.se/sidney_dekker/books/just_culture/}}
 *{{cite book|author=Dismukes, R. K., Berman, B. A., and Loukopoulos, L. D.|year=2007|title=The limits of expertise:  Rethinking pilot error and the causes of airline accidents|publisher=Ashgate}}
 *{{cite book|author=Forester, J., Kolaczkowski, A., Lois, E., and Kelly, D.|year=2006|title=Evaluation of human reliability analysis methods against good practices.  NUREG-1842 Final Report|publisher=U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}} [https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1842/]
 *{{cite book|author=Goodstein, L. P., Andersen, H. B., and Olsen, S. E. (Eds.)|year=1988|title=Tasks, errors, and mental models|publisher=Taylor and Francis}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Grabowski, M.  |author2=Roberts, K. H.|year=1996|title={{doi-inline|10.1109/3468.477856|Human and organizational error in large scale systems}}, ''IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics'', Volume 26, No. 1, January 1996, 2-16}}
 *{{cite book|author=Greenbaum, J. and Kyng, M. (Eds.)|year=1991|title=Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}}
 *{{cite book|author=Harrison, M.|year=2004|title=Human error analysis and reliability assessment|publisher=Workshop on Human Computer Interaction and Dependability, 46th IFIP Working Group 10.4 Meeting, Siena, Italy, July 3–7, 2004}} [http://www.laas.fr/IFIPWG/Workshops&amp;Meetings/46/05-Harrison.pdf]
 *{{cite book|author=Hollnagel, E.|year=1991|title= The phenotype of erroneous actions: Implications for HCI design. ''In G. W. R. Weir and J. L. Alty (Eds.), Human-computer interaction and complex systems''|publisher=Academic Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Hutchins, E.|year=1995|title=Cognition in the wild|url=https://archive.org/details/cognitioninwild0000hutc|publisher=MIT Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. and Tversky, A. (Eds.)|year=1982|title=Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Leveson, N.|year=1995|title=Safeware: System safety and computers|url=https://archive.org/details/safewaresystemsa0000leve|publisher=Addison-Wesley}}
 *{{cite book|author=[[Gareth Morgan (business theorist)|Morgan, G.]]|year=1986|title=[[Images of Organization]]|publisher=Sage}}
 *{{cite book|author=Mura, S. S.|year=1983|title=Licensing violations: Legitimate violations of Grice's conversational principle. ''In R. Craig and K. Tracy (Eds.), Conversational coherence: Form, structure, and strategy'' (101-115)|publisher=Sage}}
 *{{cite book|author=Perrow, C.|year=1984|title=Normal accidents: Living with high-risk technologies|url=https://archive.org/details/normalaccidentsl0000perr|publisher=Basic Books}}
 *{{cite book|author=Rasmussen, J.|year=1983|title=Skills, rules, and knowledge: Signals, signs, and symbols and other distinctions in human performance models. ''IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics'', SMC-13, 257-267}}
 *{{cite book|author=Rasmussen, J.|year=1986|title=Information processing and human-machine interaction: An approach to cognitive engineering|publisher=Wiley}}
 *{{cite book|author=Silverman, B.|year=1992|title=Critiquing human error: A knowledge-based human-computer collaboration approach|url=https://archive.org/details/critiquinghumane0000silv|publisher=Academic Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Swets, J.|year=1996|title=Signal detection theory and ROC analysis in psychology and diagnostics: Collected papers|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}}
 *{{cite book|author1=Tversky, A.  |author2=Kahneman, D.|year=1974|title= Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. ''Science'', 185, 1124-1131}}
 *{{cite book|author=Vaughan, D.|year=1996|title=The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA|url=https://archive.org/details/challengerlaunch0000vaug|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
 *{{cite book|author=Woods, D. D., Johannesen, L., Cook, R., and Sarter, N.|year=1994|title=Behind human error: Cognitive systems, computers, and hindsight. CSERIAC SOAR Report 94-01|publisher=Crew Systems Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio}}
 *{{cite book|author=Wu, S., Hrudey, S., French, S., Bedford, T., Soane, E. and Pollard, S.|year=2009|title={{doi-inline|10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.040|A role for human reliability analysis (HRA) in preventing drinking water incidents and securing safe drinking water}}, ''Water Research'', Volume 43, No. 13, 2009, 3227-3238}}
 *CCPS, Guidelines for Preventing Human Error. This book explains about qualitative and quantitative methodology for predicting human error. Qualitative methodology called SPEAR: Systems for Predicting Human Error and Recovery, and quantitative methodology also includes THERP, etc.
 
 ==வெளி இணைப்புகள்==
 
 ===செந்தரங்களும் வழிகாட்டும் ஆவணங்களும்===
 *[http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1082-1997.html IEEE Standard 1082 (1997):  IEEE Guide for Incorporating Human Action Reliability Analysis for Nuclear Power Generating Stations]
 *[https://www.standards.doe.gov/standards-documents/1000/1028-BHdbk-2009-v1/@@images/file DOE Standard DOE-HDBK-1028-2009 : Human Performance Improvement Handbook]
 
 ===கருவிகள்===
 
 *[https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1020436/?lang=en-US EPRI HRA Calculator]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205054219/http://www.eurocontrol.int/hifa/public/standard_page/Hifa_HifaData_Tools_HumErr.html Eurocontrol Human Error Tools]
 *[http://www.riskspectrum.com/en/risk/Meny_2/RiskSpectrum_HRA/ RiskSpectrum HRA software] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103163400/http://www.riskspectrum.com/en/risk/Meny_2/RiskSpectrum_HRA/ |date=2014-11-03 }}
 *[http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10162198 Simplified Human Error Analysis Code]
 
 ===ஆய்வகங்கள்===
 *[https://archive.today/20121130063656/http://erik.hollnagel.googlepages.com/ Erik Hollnagel] at the [http://www.crc.ensmp.fr/ Crisis and Risk Research Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206121025/http://www.crc.ensmp.fr/ |date=2008-12-06 }} at [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023071732/http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Accueil/ MINES ParisTech]
 *[http://reliability.sandia.gov/Human_Factor_Engineering/Human_Reliability_Analysis/human_reliability_analysis.html Human Reliability Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015010534/http://reliability.sandia.gov/Human_Factor_Engineering/Human_Reliability_Analysis/human_reliability_analysis.html |date=2011-10-15 }} at the US [[Sandia National Laboratories]]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208200500/http://www.orau.gov/chrs/chrs.htm Center for Human Reliability Studies] at the US [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]
 *[http://hsi.arc.nasa.gov/flightcognition/  Flight Cognition Laboratory] at [[NASA Ames Research Center]]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070205134258/http://csel.eng.ohio-state.edu/woods/ David Woods ] at the [http://csel.eng.ohio-state.edu/ Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory] at The [[Ohio State University]]
 *[http://www.leonardo.lth.se Sidney Dekker's Leonardo da Vinci Laboratory for Complexity and Systems Thinking, Lund University, Sweden]
 
 === ஊடகப் பரப்புரை ===
 * [http://problemmanagementprocess.com/avoid-human-error-in-it “How to Avoid Human Error in IT“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083843/http://problemmanagementprocess.com/avoid-human-error-in-it |date=2016-03-04 }}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050512075435/http://www.iienet.org/magazine/magazinefiles/IENOV2004_outliers_p66.pdf “Human Reliability. We break down just like machines“] Industrial Engineer - November 2004, 36(11): 66
 
 === வலையமைப்பு ===
 * [http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=673677 High Reliability Management group at LinkedIn.com]