புறவெளி
[[படிமம்:Earth's_atmosphere.svg|thumb|புவியின் மேற்பரப்புக்கும் விண்வெளிக்கும் இடையிலான இடைமுகம். 100 கிமீ (62 மைல்) உயரத்தில் உள்ள [[கார்மன் கோடு|கார்மன்]] கோடு காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. வளிமண்டலத்தின் அடுக்குகள் அளவுகோலில் வரையப்பட்டுள்ளன , அதே நேரத்தில் அவற்றுக்குள் உள்ள [[அனைத்துலக விண்வெளி நிலையம்|பன்னாட்டு விண்வெளி நிலையம்]] போன்ற  ஏதும் இல்லை.]]
 
 '''புறவெளி''' '''Outer space''',  வழக்கில் பொதுவாக '''விண்வெளி''' என்றே அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இது புவிக்கும்(அதன் வளிமண்டலம் உட்பட) வான்பொருட்களுக்கும் இடையிலான விண்வெளி பகுதி ஆகும். புறவெளி முழுமையான வெற்றிடம் அன்று; இது மீ உயர் வெற்றிடப் பகுதியாகும்.&lt;ref name=Roth_2012&gt;{{citation | postscript=.
  | title=Vacuum Technology
  | first=A. | last=Roth
  | page=6 | year=2012
  | isbn=978-0444598745 | publisher=Elsevier
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBqs3sr9r48C&amp;pg=PA6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 இதில்  தாழ் அடர்த்தித் துகள்களும் குறிப்பாக நீரக எல்லிய மின்ம ஊடகத் துகள்களும் [[மின்காந்தக் கதிர்வீச்சு|மின்காந்தக் கதிர்வீச்சும்]], [[காந்தப் புலம்|காந்தப் புலங்]]களும்sமண்டப் பின்னணி நொதுமியன்களும்(neutrinos), அண்டத் தூசும், [[அண்டக் கதிர்]]களும் உள்ளன. புறவெளியின் அடிப்படைக்கோடு வெப்பநிலை, {{convert|2.7255|K|C F|adj=ri1|sigfig=3|abbr=out|lk=on}} ஆகும்.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBE2008&quot;&gt;{{Citation | first1 = David T. | last1 = Chuss | title = Cosmic Background Explorer | publisher = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | date = June 26, 2008 | url = http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/ | access-date = 2013-04-27 | postscript = . | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509235348/http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/ | archive-date = May 9, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 == மேற்கோள்கள் ==
 {{Reflist}}
 == புற இணைப்புகள் ==
 {{sister project links|voy=Space|v=Category:Astronomy|d=Q4169|n=Category:Space|s=Category:Astronomy|b=Category:Subject:Astronomy}}
 
 === தகவல் வாயில்கள் ===
 {{refbegin}}
 * {{citation
  | last=Barbieri | first=C.
  | title=Fundamentals of Astronomy | year=2006
  | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-0750308861 | page=253
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JhU6V1yDRCgC&amp;pg=PA253 }}
 * {{citation
 | last=Billings | first=Charles E. | date=1973 | editor1-first=James F. | editor1-last=Parker | editor2-first=Vita R. | editor2-last=West | title=Bioastronautics Data Book | volume=3006 | edition=2nd | id=NASA SP-3006 | contribution=Barometric Pressure | bibcode=1973NASSP3006.....P }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Bolonkin | first1=Alexander | title=Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight | publisher=Elsevier | date=2010 | isbn=978-0080458755 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-UqR8zIDEAC }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Borowitz | first1=Sidney | last2=Beiser | first2=Arthur | date=1971 | title=Essentials of physics: a text for students of science and engineering | series=Addison-Wesley series in physics | edition=2nd | publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company }} Note: this source gives a value of {{nowrap|2.7 × 10&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt;}} molecules per cubic meter.
 * {{citation
 | last1=Cajori | first1=Florian | date=1917 | title=A history of physics in its elementary branches: including the evolution of physical laboratories | location=New York | publisher=The Macmillan Company }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Chamberlain | first1=Joseph Wyan | date=1978 | title=Theory of planetary atmospheres: an introduction to their physics and chemistry | volume=22 | series=International geophysics series | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-167250-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt07vGeHkdMC&amp;pg=PA2 }}
 * {{citation | last1=Collins | first1=Martin J. | date=2007 | title=After Sputnik: 50 years of the Space Age | chapter=Mariner 2 Mock-up | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn=978-0-06-089781-9 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ53HRR5lUQC&amp;pg=PA86 | url=https://archive.org/details/aftersputnik50ye00coll }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Davies | first1=P. C. W. | date=1977 | title=The physics of time asymmetry | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-03247-7 }} Note: a light year is about 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;km.
 * {{citation
 | last1=Davis | first1=Jeffrey R. | last2=Johnson | first2=Robert | last3=Stepanek | first3=Jan | title=Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine | edition=4th | publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-7817-7466-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_6hymYAgC6MC&amp;pg=PA270 }}
 * {{citation
  | title=A Dictionary of the Space Age
  | series=New Series in NASA History
  | first1=Paul | last1=Dickson | postscript=.
  | publisher=JHU Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0801895043
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=afKBvKlg0-EC&amp;pg=PA57 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Eckert | first1=Michael | date=2006 | title=The dawn of fluid dynamics: a discipline between science and technology | publisher=Wiley-VCH | isbn=978-3-527-40513-8 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Ellery | first1=Alex | title=An introduction to space robotics | series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences | publisher=Springer | date=2000 | isbn=978-1-85233-164-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl8LggLa5R0C&amp;pg=PA68 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Fichtner | first1=Horst | last2=Liu | first2=W. William | date=2011 | contribution=Advances in Coordinated Sun-Earth System Science Through Interdisciplinary Initiatives and International Programs | title=The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere | series=IAGA Special Sopron Book Series | editor1-first=M.P. | editor1-last=Miralles | editor2-first=J. Sánchez | editor2-last=Almeida | place=Sopron, Hungary | volume=4 | pages=341 | publication-place=Berlin | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-90-481-9786-6 | bibcode=2011sswh.book..341F | doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_24 }}
 * {{citation | last1=Freedman | first1=Roger A. | last2=Kaufmann | first2=William J. | title=Universe | edition=7th| date=2005 | publisher=New York: W. H. Freeman and Company | isbn=978-0-7167-8694-8 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Frisch | first1=Priscilla C. | last2=Müller | first2=Hans R. | last3=Zank | first3=Gary P. | last4=Lopate | first4=C. | date=May 6–9, 2002 | contribution=Galactic environment of the Sun and stars: interstellar and interplanetary material | title=Astrophysics of life. Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium | location=Baltimore, MD, US | editor1-first=Mario | editor1-last=Livio | editor2-first=I. Neill | editor2-last=Reid | editor3-first=William B. | editor3-last=Sparks | series=Space Telescope Science Institute symposium series | volume=16 | pages=21 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-82490-3 | bibcode=2005asli.symp...21F }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Gatti | first1=Hilary | date=2002 | title=Giordano Bruno and Renaissance science | publisher=Cornell University Press | isbn=978-0-8014-8785-9 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Genz | first1=Henning | date=2001 | title=Nothingness: the science of empty space | publisher=Da Capo Press | isbn=978-0-7382-0610-3 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Ghosh | first1=S. N. | date=2000 | title=Atmospheric Science and Environment | publisher=Allied Publishers | isbn=978-8177640434 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6Azu3sfPAgC&amp;pg=PA48 }}
 * {{citation
  | title=Space Weather &amp; Telecommunications
  | first=John M. | last=Goodman
  | publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media | year=2006
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4465qvHUZusC&amp;pg=PA244|isbn=978-0-387-23671-1 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Grant | first1=Edward | date=1981 | title=Much ado about nothing: theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the scientific revolution | series=The Cambridge history of science series | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-22983-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SidBQyFmgpsC&amp;pg=PA10 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Hardesty | first1=Von | last2=Eisman | first2=Gene | last3=Krushchev | first3=Sergei | title=Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race | pages=89–90 | publisher=National Geographic Books | date=2008 | isbn=978-1-4262-0321-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMQjbH8KAo0C&amp;pg=PA90 }}
 * {{citation
 | last=Hariharan | first=P. | title=Optical interferometry | publisher=Academic Press | date=2003 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-12-311630-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGdMO3rfVj4C }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Harris | first1=Philip Robert | date=2008 | title=Space enterprise: living and working offworld in the 21st century | series=Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration Series | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-387-77639-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9RlRq_DP0UC&amp;pg=PA68 }}
 * {{citation
  | last=Harrison | first=Albert A.| date=2002 | title=Spacefaring: The Human Dimension | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-23677-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaFEIZMqLWgC&amp;pg=PA60 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Holton | first1=Gerald James | last2=Brush | first2=Stephen G. | title=Physics, the human adventure: from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond | journal=Physics Today | volume=54 | issue=10 | pages=69 | date=2001 | edition=3rd | publisher=Rutgers University Press | isbn=978-0-8135-2908-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czaGZzR0XOUC&amp;pg=PA268 | bibcode=2001PhT....54j..69H | doi=10.1063/1.1420555 }}
 * {{citation
  | first1=Nick | last1=Kanas | first2=Dietrich | last2=Manzey
  | title=Basic Issues of Human Adaptation to Space Flight
  | journal=Space Psychology and Psychiatry
  | series=Space Technology Library
  | date=2008 | volume= 22 | pages=15–48
  | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6770-9_2 | postscript=.
  | isbn=978-1-4020-6769-3 | bibcode=2008spp..book.....K }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Kelly | first1=Suzanne | title=The de muno of William Gilbert | publisher=Menno Hertzberger &amp; Co. | date=1965 | location=Amsterdam }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Koskinen | first1=Hannu | date=2010 | title=Physics of Space Storms: From the Surface of the Sun to the Earth | series=Environmental Sciences Series | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-642-00310-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO0nwfhXVjUC&amp;pg=PA32}}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Lang | first1=Kenneth R. | date=1999 | title=Astrophysical formulae: Radiation, gas processes, and high energy astrophysics | series=Astronomy and astrophysics library | edition=3rd | publisher=Birkhäuser | isbn=978-3-540-29692-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlGIXqzVEAgC&amp;pg=PA462 }}
 * {{citation
  | first=Andrew | last=Liddle | date=2015
  | publisher=John Wiley
  | title=An Introduction to Modern Cosmology
  | isbn=978-1118502143
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lPWBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA33
 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Lide | first1=David R. | date=1993 | title=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics | edition=74th | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-0-8493-0595-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2qJId5TKOkC&amp;pg=SA11-PA217 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Maor | first1=Eli | date=1991 | title=To infinity and beyond: a cultural history of the infinite | publisher=Princeton paperbacks | isbn=978-0-691-02511-7 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Mendillo | first1=Michael | contribution=The atmosphere of the moon | title=Earth-Moon Relationships | page=275 | location=Padova, Italy at the Accademia Galileiana Di Scienze Lettere Ed Arti | date=November 8–10, 2000 | editor1-first=Cesare | editor1-last=Barbieri | editor2-first=Francesca | editor2-last=Rampazzi | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-7923-7089-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpVg1hGlVDUC&amp;pg=PA275 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Needham | first1=Joseph | last2=Ronan | first2=Colin | title=The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China | volume=2 | series=Shorter Science and Civilisation in China | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=1985 | isbn=978-0-521-31536-4 }}
 * {{citation
 | last=O'Leary | first=Beth Laura | date=2009 | title=Handbook of space engineering, archaeology, and heritage | series=Advances in engineering | editor1-first=Ann Garrison | editor1-last=Darrin | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-1-4200-8431-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTwIDun4MroC&amp;pg=PA84 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Olenick | first1=Richard P. | last2=Apostol | first2=Tom M. | last3=Goodstein | first3=David L. | title=Beyond the mechanical universe: from electricity to modern physics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=1986 | isbn=978-0-521-30430-6 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Orloff | first=Richard W. | title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference | publisher=NASA | date=2001 | access-date=2008-01-28 | isbn=978-0-16-050631-4 | url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_08a_Summary.htm }}
 * {{citation | last1=Papagiannis | first1=Michael D. | date=1972 | title=Space Physics and Space Astronomy | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | isbn=978-0-677-04000-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/spacephysicsspac00mich }}
 * {{Citation
 | last1=Piantadosi | first1=Claude A. | title=The Biology of Human Survival: Life and Death in Extreme Environments | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2003 | isbn=978-0199748075 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&amp;pg=PA63 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Porter | first1=Roy | last2=Park | first2=Katharine | last3=Daston | first3=Lorraine | title=The Cambridge History of Science: Early modern science | page=27 | work=Early Modern Science | volume=3 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2006 | isbn=978-0-521-57244-6 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Prialnik | first1=Dina | title=An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2000 | isbn=978-0521659376 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGyzlVbgkiMC&amp;pg=PA195 | access-date=2015-03-26 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Rauchfuss | first1=Horst | date=2008 | title=Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life | others=Translated by T. N. Mitchell | publisher=Springer | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRkvNoDYtvEC&amp;pg=PA72 | isbn=978-3-540-78822-5 }}
 * {{Citation
 | last1=Razani | first1=Mohammad | title=Information Communication and Space Technology | publisher=CRC Press | date=2012 | isbn=978-1439841631 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXZhGOKL7GIC&amp;pg=PA98 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Schrijver | first1=Carolus J. |author-link2=George Siscoe | last2=Siscoe | first2=George L. | date=2010 | title=Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-11294-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8NwTYEl0ngC&amp;pg=PA363 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Silk | first1=Joseph | author-link1=Joseph Silk | date=2000 | title=The Big Bang | edition=3rd | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-8050-7256-3 }}
 * {{citation | last1=Sparke | first1=Linda S.|author1-link=Linda Sparke | last2=Gallagher | first2=John S. | title= Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction | edition=2nd | date=2007 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | bibcode=2007gitu.book.....S| isbn=978-0-521-85593-8 }}
 * {{citation | last1=Spitzer | first1=Lyman Jr. | title=Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium | date=1978 | publisher = Wiley Classics Library | isbn=978-0471293354 }}
 * {{citation
 | first=Emmeline Charlotte E. | last=Stuart Wortley | author-link=Emmeline Charlotte Elizabeth Stuart-Wortley | title=The maiden of Moscow, a poem | at=Canto X, section XIV, lines 14–15 | publisher=How and Parsons | date=1841 | url=http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=chadwyck_ep/uvaGenText/tei/chep_3.0980.xml | quote=All Earth in madness moved,—o'erthrown, / To outer space—driven—racked—undone! }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Tassoul | first1=Jean Louis | last2=Tassoul | first2=Monique | title=A concise history of solar and stellar physics | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=2004 | isbn=978-0-691-11711-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRtUait0qTgC&amp;pg=PA22 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Thagard | first1=Paul | date=1992 | title=Conceptual revolutions | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-0-691-02490-5 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Tyson | first1=Neil deGrasse | author-link1=Neil deGrasse Tyson | last2=Goldsmith | first2=Donald | date=2004 | title=Origins: fourteen billion years of cosmic evolution | pages=114–115 | publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company | isbn=978-0-393-05992-2 }}
 * {{citation
  | author=United States
  | title=United States Code 2006 Edition Supplement V
  | publisher=United States Government Printing Office
  | location=Washington D. C. | page=536 | year=2016
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U1qJioS68cC&amp;pg=PA536 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 * {{citation
 | last1=Von Humboldt | first1=Alexander | author-link=Alexander von Humboldt | title=Cosmos: a survey of the general physical history of the Universe | date=1845 | publisher=Harper &amp; Brothers Publishers | location=New York | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjZRAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=outer+space&amp;pg=PA39 | hdl=2027/nyp.33433071596906 | hdl-access=free }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Webb | first1=Stephen | date=1999 | title=Measuring the universe: the cosmological distance ladder | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-1-85233-106-1 }}
 * {{citation
  | first1=Mark | last1=Williamson | publisher=IET | year=2006
  | title=Spacecraft Technology: The Early Years | volume=33
  | series=History and Management of Technology Series
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=npI5NsFG8ngC&amp;pg=PA97
  | isbn=978-0863415531 }}
 * {{citation
 | last1=Wong | first1=Wilson | last2=Fergusson | first2=James Gordon | title=Military space power: a guide to the issues | series=Contemporary military, strategic, and security issues | publisher=ABC-CLIO | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-313-35680-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GFg5CqCojqQC&amp;pg=PA16 }}
 * {{citation
  | first1=Bogdan | last1=Wszolek
  | title=Progress in New Cosmologies: Beyond the Big Bang
  | editor1-first=H. C. | editor1-last=Arp
  | editor2-first=C. R. | editor2-last=Keys
  | editor3-first=K. | editor3-last=Rudnicki
  | publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media
  | chapter=Is there Matter in Voids?
  | year=2013 | isbn=978-1489912251
  | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JCMDCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA67 }}
 {{refend}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[பகுப்பு:வானியல்]]