பால்பெக்
{{Infobox settlement
 | official_name      = பால்பெக்
 | native_name        = {{lang|ar|بَعْلَبَكّ}}
 | settlement_type    = நகரம்
 | image_skyline      = Baalbek-109914.jpg
 | imagesize          = 275px
 | image_caption      = 
 | image_flag         = 
 | image_seal         = 
 | image_shield       = 
 | nickname           = 
 | motto              = 
 | image_map          = 
 | map_caption        = 
 | pushpin_map        = Lebanon
 | pushpin_label_position = bottom
 | pushpin_mapsize    = 275
 | pushpin_map_caption =லெபனான் நாட்டில் பால்பெக் நகரத்தின் அமைவிடம்
 | coordinates        = {{coord|34|0|22.81|N|36|12|26.36|E|region:LB|display=inline,title}}
 | subdivision_type   = நாடு
 | subdivision_name   = {{Flag|Lebanon}}
 | subdivision_type1  = ஆளுநரகம்
 | subdivision_name1  = [[பஉலபக்கு-கர்மல் ஆளுநரகம்|பால்பெக்-ஹெர்மெல்]]
 | subdivision_type2  = மாவட்டம்
 | subdivision_name2  =பால்பெக்  
 | established_title  = 
 | established_date   = 
 | government_type    = 
 | government_footnotes = 
 | leader_title       =மேயர்
 | leader_name        = பசீர் கோதிர்
 | area_total_km2     = 7
 | area_metro_km2     = 16
 | elevation_footnotes = 
 | elevation_m        = 1170
 | population_footnotes = 
 | population_total   = 82,608
 | population_metro   = 105000
 | timezone           = கிழக்கு ஐரோப்பிய நேரம்
 | utc_offset         = +2
 | timezone_DST       = +3
 | utc_offset_DST     = 
 | postal_code_type   = 
 | postal_code        = 
 | area_code          = 
 | footnotes          = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
   |child    = yes
   |ID       = 294
   |Year     = 1984
   |Criteria = Cultural: i, iv
   }}
 | website            = 
 }}
 '''பால்பெக்''' (''Baalbek''), [[லெபனான்]] நாட்டின் வடகிழக்கில் உள்ள [[பஉலபக்கு-கர்மல் ஆளுநரகம்|பால்பெக்-ஹெர்மெல் ஆளுநரகம்]] மற்றும் பால்பெக் மாவட்டத்தின் தலைமையிட நகரம் ஆகும்.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.localiban.org/rubrique894.html |title=Mohafazah de Baalbek-Hermel |publisher=Localiban |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221111459/http://www.localiban.org/rubrique894.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[பெக்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கு|பெக்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கில்]] இந்நகரம் 1,170 [[மீட்டர்]] உயரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. லெபனான் நாட்டின் தலைநகரான [[பெய்ரூத்]]திற்கு வடகிழக்கே  67 கிலோ மீட்டர் தொலைவில் உள்ளது. [[சியா இசுலாம்|சியா இசுலாமியர்கள்]] நிறைந்த இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 1998ல் 82,608 ஆக இருந்தது.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Gockel |author2=Helga Bruns |title=Syria – Lebanon |date=1998 |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc. |isbn=9783886181056 |page=[https://archive.org/details/syrialebanon0000gock/page/202 202] |edition=illustrated |url=https://archive.org/details/syrialebanon0000gock/page/202 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 தொல்லியற்களங்கள் மற்றும் பண்டைய உரோமானியக் கட்டிடங்கள் நிறைந்த இந்நகரத்தை 1984ல் [[உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களம்| உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களமாக]] அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது.&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/294 Baalbek]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Najem |first1=Tom |title=Historical Dictionary of Lebanon |last2=Amore |first2=Roy C. |last3=Abu Khalil |first3=As'ad |date=2021 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9 |edition=2nd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |location=Lanham Boulder New York London |pages=45–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ==படக்காட்சிகள்==
 &lt;gallery&gt;
 File:Lebanon, Baalbek, Ancient temple complex of Roman Heliopolis, Roman columns.jpg|உரோமானியக் கோயில் தூண்கள் 
 File:BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg|[[எகிப்தின் மம்லுக் சுல்தானகம்|எகிப்தின் மம்லுக் சுல்தானகக்]] கோட்டைக்கு எதிரே சிதைந்த மசூதி 
 File:Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg| நீளமான கல் தூண் (கருவுற்ற பெண்)&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek_Stones#Second_monolith  Baalbek Stones]&lt;/ref&gt;
 File:Baalbek 1.png|thumb| உரோமானியர்களின் சூரியக் கோயிலின் வரைபடம்
 File:Pano Baalbek 1.jpg| பால்பெக் நகரத்தின் கோயில் வளாகம்
 File:The Round Temple and the Temple of the Muses located outside the sanctuary complex, Heliopolis (Baalbek), Lebanon.jpg|பால்பெக் நகரத்தின் உருண்டை வடிவிலான கோயில்
 File:Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek, Lebanon (49890013476).jpg|பால்பெக் கோயில்
 File:Propylaea of Baalbek temples complex 16062.JPG|பால்பெக் கோயிலின் சிதைவுகள்
 File:Great Court of Temples Complex in Baalbek (49856240571).jpg|பால்பெக் கோயில் வளாகம் 
 File:Temple of Venus, Baalbek 14114.JPG|வீனஸ் கோயில் 
 File:Baalbeck Temple.jpg|ஜுபிடர் கோயிலின் தூண்கள்
 &lt;/gallery&gt;
 
 == தட்ப வெப்பம்==
 பால்பெக் நகரம் [[நடுநிலக்கடல் சார் வானிலை]]யைக் கொண்டது. 
 
 {{Weather box 
 |width = auto
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location = பால்பெக்
 
 | Jan high C  = 7.1
 | Feb high C  = 8.8
 | Mar high C  =13.5
 | Apr high C  =18.3
 | May high C  =23.5
 | Jun high C  =28.4
 | Jul high C  =31.6
 | Aug high C  =31.7
 | Sep high C  =28.3
 | Oct high C  =22.9
 | Nov high C  =15.8
 | Dec high C  =10.3
 
 | Jan mean C  = 3.4
 | Feb mean C  = 4.7
 | Mar mean C  = 8.8
 | Apr mean C  =13.3
 | May mean C  =18.3
 | Jun mean C  =22.3
 | Jul mean C  =25.2
 | Aug mean C  =25.3
 | Sep mean C  =22.3
 | Oct mean C  =17.8
 | Nov mean C  =11.2
 | Dec mean C  = 6.2
 
 | Jan low C  =-0.1
 | Feb low C  = 0.9
 | Mar low C  = 4.1
 | Apr low C  = 8.0
 | May low C  =12.5
 | Jun low C  =16.1
 | Jul low C  =19.0
 | Aug low C  =19.2
 | Sep low C  =16.8
 | Oct low C  =13.4
 | Nov low C  = 7.4
 | Dec low C  = 2.7
 
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm  =71
 | Feb precipitation mm  =67
 | Mar precipitation mm  =54
 | Apr precipitation mm  =34
 | May precipitation mm  =26
 | Jun precipitation mm  =4
 | Jul precipitation mm  =1
 | Aug precipitation mm  =2
 | Sep precipitation mm  =6
 | Oct precipitation mm  =23
 | Nov precipitation mm  =45
 | Dec precipitation mm  =56
 
 | source = &lt;ref name=&quot;Climate-Data.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/4558/
 |title = Climate: Baalbek
 |publisher = Climate-Data.org
 |access-date = August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 }}
 
 ==இதனையும் காண்க==
 * [[பெக்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கு]]
 ==மேற்கோள்கள் ==
 {{reflist}}
 
 == ஆதாரங்கள் &amp; வெளி இணைப்புகள்==
 * [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;hl=en&amp;q=Baalbek&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=k&amp;om=1&amp;ll=34.006857,36.203921&amp;spn=0.003313,0.006781 Google Maps satellite view]
 * Panoramas of the temples at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515020154/http://lebanon360hd.com/videos/video_baal_en.html Lebanon 360] and [http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/bekaa/baalbeck/monuments.php Discover Lebanon]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605035347/http://www.dainst.org/index_2951_en.html Archaeological research in Baalbek] from the [[German Archaeological Institute]]
 * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0704.htm GCatholic – Latin titular see]
 * [http://www.baalbeck.org.lb/ Baalbeck International Festival]
 * [http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/380/385/railways/branches/riyaq-homs/index.html Baalbek Railway Station] (2006) at ''Al Mashriq''
 * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|''CMH''|1966}} |date=1966 |title=The Byzantine Empire |series=''Cambridge Medieval History'', Vol.&amp;nbsp;IV |editor-last=Hussey |editor-first=J.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] }}
 * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |editor2-last=Anthon |editor2-first=Charles |chapter=Heliopolis |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjIaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA349 |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography |location=New York |publisher=Harper &amp; Bros. |date=1862 |ref={{harvid|''New Class. Dict.''|1862}} }}
 * {{cite encyclopedia |last=K. |first=T. |editor-last=Grafton |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Most |editor2-first=Glenn W. |editor3-last=Settis |editor3-first=Salvatore |title=The Classical Tradition |chapter=Baalbek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&amp;pg=PA115 |page=115 |date=2010 |ref={{harvid|''CT''|2010}} |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |location=[[Cambridge, Mass.|Cambridge]] |publisher=Harvard University Press }}
 * {{cite encyclopedia |publisher=T. Cook &amp; Son |location=London |title=Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria |date=1876 |url= https://archive.org/stream/cookstouristsha13ltdgoog#page/n379/mode/2up |chapter=Ba'albek |ref={{harvid|''Cook's''|1876}} |pages=359–365 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Donne |first=William Bodham |author-link=William Bodham Donne |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;I'' |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |date=1878 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |chapter=Helio′polis Syriae |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEtBAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA1036 |pages=1036–1038 |ref={{harvid|''DGRG''|1878}} }}
 * {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Baalbec |volume=3 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |pages=176–178 }}
 * {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |last=Hogarth |first=David George |author-link=David George Hogarth |wstitle=Baalbek |volume=3 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |pages=89–90 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Sobernheim |first=Moritz |ref={{harvid|''EI''|1913}} |chapter=Baalbek |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA543 |pages=543–544 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples |edition=1st |volume=I |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |date=1913 |isbn=9004082654 }}
 * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Zettersteen |first=K.V. |title=Zengī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&amp;pg=PA1224 |ref={{harvid|''EI''|1936}} |pages=1224–1225 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples |edition=1st |volume=VIII |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |date=1936 |isbn=9004097961 }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Adam |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Adam |title=À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes |trans-title=About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths |journal=Syria |volume=54 |issue=1/2 |date=1977 |pages=31–63 |doi=10.3406/syria.1977.6623 |language=fr}}
 * {{cite book |last=Adam |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Adam |author2-last=Mathews |author2-first=Anthony |ref={{harvid|Adam &amp; al.|1999}} |title=Roman Building: Materials and Techniques |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-20866-6 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Addison |first=Charles Greenstreet |author-link=Charles G. Addison |title=Damascus and Palmyra: A Journey to the East with a Sketch of the State and Prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;II'' |url=https://archive.org/stream/damascusandpalm01addigoog#page/n7/mode/2up |location=Philadelphia |publisher=T.K. &amp; P.G. Collins for E.L. Carey &amp; A. Hart |date=1838 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Alouf |first=Michel&lt;!--sic--&gt; M. |date=1944 |title=History of Baalbek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC |location=Beirut |publisher=American Press |isbn=9781585090631 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Arastu |first=Rizwan |title=God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrxrBwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-692-21411-4 |date=2014 |publisher=Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya |location=Dearborn }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 * {{cite book |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-first=Marshall W. |chapter=The Rise of Saladin |title=A History of the Crusades, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;I:'' The First Hundred Years, ''2nd&amp;nbsp;ed.'' |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |date=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC |isbn=9780299048341 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Baumgarten |first=Martin von (Martinus à Baumgarten in Braitenbach) |author-link=Martin von Baumgarten |title=Peregrinatio in Aegyptum, Arabiam, Palaestinam, &amp; Syriam |language=la |trans-title=A Trip to Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, &amp; Syria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SQ8AAAAcAAJ |date=1594 |location=Nürnberg (Noriberga)}}
 * {{cite book |last=Belon |first=Pierre (Petrus Bellonius Cenomanus) |author-link=Pierre Belon |title=De Admirabili Operum Antiquorum et Rerum Suspiciendarum Praestantia |language=la |trans-title=On the Admirableness of the Works of the Ancients and a Presentation of Suspected Things |location=Paris (Parisius)&lt;!--sic--&gt; |publisher=Guillaume Cavellat (Gulielmus Cavellat) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGxEAAAAcAAJ |date=1553}}
 * {{cite book |last=Belon |first=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ic8AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR2 |title=Les observations de plusieurs singularitez &amp; choses memorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, &amp; autres pays estranges |language=fr |trans-title=Observations on the Many Singularities &amp; Memorable Things Found in Greece, Asia, Judea, Egypt, Arabia, &amp; Other Strange Lands |location=Paris |publisher=Gilles Corrozet |date=1554}}
 * {{cite web |last=Bouckaert |first=Peter |author2-last=Houry |author2-first=Nadim |title=Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/lebanon0907.pdf |volume=19|number=5(E) |date=2007 |editor-last=Whitson |editor-first=Sarah Leah |editor2-last=Ross |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Saunders |editor3-first=Joseph |editor4-last=Roth |editor4-first=Kenneth |publisher=Human Rights Watch |ref={{harvid|HRW|2007}} }}
 * {{cite book |last=Burkitt |first=Francis Crawford |title=Early Eastern Christianity: St Margaret's Lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vssdKNm9Hm4C |date=1904 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=9781593331016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 * {{cite book |last=Chesney |first=Francis Rawdon |author-link=Francis Rawdon Chesney |title=The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by Order of the British Government, in the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837; Preceded by Geographical and Historical Notices of the Regions Situated between the Rivers Nile and Indus |location=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, &amp; Longmans |date=1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=555UAAAAYAAJ}}
 **[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22799 volume I]
 **[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22799 volume II]
 * {{cite book |last=Chesney |first=Francis Rawdon |author-link=Francis Rawdon Chesney |title=Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government during the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837 |url=https://archive.org/stream/narrativeeuphra00chesgoog#page/n12/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Spttiswoode &amp; Co. for Longmans, Green, &amp; Co. |date=1868 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Cook |first=Arthur Bernard |title=Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion |url=http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011 |volume=I: ''Zeus God of the Bright Sky'' |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1914 }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Coulton |first=J.J. |title=Lifting in Early Greek Architecture |journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=94 |date=1974 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.2307/630416 |jstor=630416 |s2cid=162973494 }}
 * {{cite book |last=de la Roque |first=Jean |author-link=Jean de la Roque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtUWAAAAQAAJ |title=Voyage de Syrie et du Mont-Leban |language=fr |trans-title=Travel to Syria and Mount Lebanon |location=Paris |publisher=André Cailleau |date=1722 }}
 * {{cite book |last=De Saulcy |first=Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart |author-link=Louis Félicien de Saulcy |title=Voyage Autour de la Mer Morte et dans les Terres Bibliques exécuté de Decembre 1850 a&lt;!--sic--&gt; Avril 1851 |language=fr |trans-title=Travel around the Dead Sea and within the Biblical Lands undertaken from December 1850 to April 1851''], Vol.&amp;nbsp;II'' |location=Paris |publisher=J. Claye &amp; Co. for Gide &amp; J. Baudry |date=1853 |url=https://archive.org/stream/voyageautourdel01saulgoog#page/n6/mode/2up}}
 * {{cite book |last=Frauberger |first=Heinrich |title=Die Akropolis von Baalbek |language=de |trans-title=The Baalbek Acropolis |url=http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/frauberger1892/0005?sid=ab950d5b6241a257fc52ce565814ae81 |publisher=H. Keller |location=[[Frankfurt on Main|Frankfurt]] |date=1892}}
 * {{cite book |last=Genz |first=Hermann |chapter=Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon |pages=205–218 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |date=2010|editor-last=Matthiae |editor-first=Paolo |editor2-last=Pinnock |editor2-first=Frances |editor3-last=Marchetti |editor3-first=Nicolò |editor4-last=Nigro |author4-first=Lorenzo |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, &quot;Sapienza&quot;, Università di Roma |volume=2: ''Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East'' |isbn=978-3-447-06216-9 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves |date=1955 |title=The Greek Myths |volume=I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClTmOEBNMhAC |location=London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780141959658 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=James |author-link=James Hastings |title=A Dictionary of the Bible Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC |volume=IV, Pt.&amp;nbsp;II |orig-date=1898 |date=2004 |publisher=University Press of the Pacific in Honolulu |isbn=978-1-4102-1729-5}}
 * {{cite book |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |date=1977 |isbn=0-87395-263-4}}
 * {{cite book |last=Jessup |first=Samuel |chapter=Ba'albek |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA453 |pages=453–476 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Charles William |editor-link=Charles William Wilson |title=Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, ''Div.&amp;nbsp;II'' |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton &amp; Co., illustrated by [[Harry Fenn|Henry Fenn]] &amp; [[John Douglas Woodward (artist)|J.D. Woodward]] |date=1881 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Jidejian |first=Nina |title=Baalbek: Heliopolis: &quot;City of the Sun&quot; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MZtAAAAMAAJ |date=1975 |location=Beirut |publisher=Dar el-Machreq Publishers |isbn=978-2-7214-5884-1 }}
 * {{cite web |last=Kehrer |first=Nicole |location=Berlin |publisher=[[German Archaeological Institute]] |date=21 November 2014 |title=Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek |language=de |trans-title=Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek |url=http://www.dainst.org/pressemitteilung/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/libanesisch-deutsches-forscherteam-entdeckt-weltweit-gro%C3%9Ften-antiken-steinblock-in-baalbek?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fmeldungen&amp;redirectURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fpressemitteilung%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_nZcCAiLqg1db%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-6%26p_p_col_count%3D1 |access-date=30 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212011113/http://www.dainst.org/pressemitteilung/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/libanesisch-deutsches-forscherteam-entdeckt-weltweit-gro%C3%9Ften-antiken-steinblock-in-baalbek?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fmeldungen&amp;redirectURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fpressemitteilung%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_nZcCAiLqg1db%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-6%26p_p_col_count%3D1 |archive-date=12 December 2014 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Köhler |first=Michael |title=Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYG0AQAAQBAJ |publisher=translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |date=2013 |editor-last=Hirschler |editor-first=Konrad |series=''The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades'', Vol.&amp;nbsp;I |isbn=978-90-04-24857-1 |issn=2213-1043 }}
 * {{cite web |last=Kropp |first=Andreas |author2-last=Lohmann |author2-first=Daniel |ref={{harvid|Kropp &amp; al.|2011}} |title='Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem |date=April 2011 |issue=No.&amp;nbsp;1 |pages=38–50 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1154782 |access-date=13 March 2013 }}{{dead link|date=October 2021}}
 * {{cite book |last=Lamartine |first=Alphonse de|date=1835 |location=Brussels (Bruxelles) |publisher=L. Hauman |title=Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensées, et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient 1832–1833 ou Notes d'un Voyageur |language=fr |trans-title=Remembrances, Impressions, Thoughts, and Passages concerning Travel in the Orient 1832–1833 or Notes from a Voyager |url=https://archive.org/stream/souvenirsimpress00lama#page/n3/mode/2up}}
 * {{cite book |last=Lendering |first=Jona |author-link=Jona Lendering |title=Baalbek (Heliopolis) |url=https://www.livius.org/ba-bd/baalbek/baalbek_history.html |publisher=Livius |date=2013 |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702034514/http://www.livius.org/ba-bd/baalbek/baalbek_history.html }}
 * {{cite book |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENANAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Lajjun+Guy+le+Strange&amp;pg=PA493 |first1=Guy|last1=le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
 * {{cite book |last=Lindsay |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford |title=Letters from Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;II'' |url=https://archive.org/stream/lettersonegypte03crawgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |location=London |date=1838 |publisher=Henry Colburn }}
 * {{cite book |last=Lock |first=Peter |title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC |series=Routledge Companions to History |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |isbn=9781135131371 }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Lohmann |first=Daniel |title=Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis |journal=Bolletino di Archaologia (Bulletin of Archaeology) |volume=Special |date=2010 |pages=29–30 }} 
 * {{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Malcolm Cameron |author2-last=Jackson |author2-first=David Edward Pritchett |ref={{harvid|Lyons &amp; al.|1982}} |date=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRF1F3wK26YC |title=Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War |series=''Oriental Publications'', No.&amp;nbsp;30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |isbn=0-521-31739-8}}
 * {{cite book |last=Marmont |first=Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de |author-link=Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de Marmont |title=Voyage du Maréchal Duc de Raguse en Hongrie, en Transylvanie, dans la Russie Méridionale, en Grimée,&lt;!--sic--&gt; et sur les Bords de la Mer d'Azoff, a&lt;!--sic--&gt; Constantinople, dans Quelques Parties de l'Asie-Mineure, en Syrie, en Palestine, et en Égypte. 1834.–1835. |language=fr |trans-title=Travel of Marshal Marmont, the Duke of Ragusa, in Hungary, in Transylvania, within Southern Russia, in the Crimea, and on the Shores of the Sea of Azov, to Constantinople, within Certain Parts of Asia Minor, in Syria, in Palestine, and in Egypt (1834–1835), ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;III:'' Syrie ''[''Syria'']'' |location=Paris |publisher=Ladvocat |date=1837 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k616452.r=.langEN }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Monconys |first=Balthasar de |author-link=Balthasar de Monconys |journal=Journal des Voyages de Monsieur de Monconys |volume=I |title=Voyage de Syrie |trans-title=Syrian Travel |url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=855257 |publisher=Horace Boissat &amp; George Remeus |location=Lyon |date=1665 |pages=296&amp;nbsp;ff |language=fr}}
 * {{cite book |last=Maundrell |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Maundrell |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_journeyfroma00maun |title=A Journey from ''Aleppo'' to ''Jerusalem'' at Easter ''A.D.'' 1697 |location=Oxford |date=1703 }}
 * {{cite book |editor-last=Overbeck |editor-first=J. Josephus |title=S. Ephraemi Syri Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni Balaei Aliorumque Opera Selecta e Codicibus Syriacis Manuscriptis in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana Asservatis Primus Edidit |chapter=Rabulae Vita |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/sephraemisyrirab00over#page/266/mode/2up |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1865 |pages=159–209|language=la}}&amp;nbsp;&amp; {{in lang|syc}}
 * {{cite book |last=Pococke |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Pococke |title=A Description of the East, and Some other Countries,&lt;!--sic--&gt; ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;II, Pt.&amp;nbsp;I'' Observations on Palæstine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia |location=London |publisher=W. Bowyer |date=1745 |chapter=Of Baalbeck, the antient&lt;!--sic--&gt; Heliopolis |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125009339611#page/n139/mode/2up |pages=106–113 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Quaresmio |first=Francisco (Franciscus Quaresmius) |author-link=Franciscus Quaresmius |title=Historica, Theologica, et Moralis Terrae Sanctae Elucidatio |language=la |trans-title=A Historical, Theological, and Moral Elucidation of the Holy Land |date=1639 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_0zRulLNbGngC#page/n5/mode/2up |location=Antwerp (Antuerpia) |publisher=Balthasar Moretus}}
 * {{cite book |last=Radziwiłł |first=Mikołaj Krzystof (Nicolaus Christophorus Radzivilus) |author-link=Mikołaj Krzysztof &quot;the Orphan&quot; Radziwiłł |url=http://polona.pl/item/1682207/2/ |location=Braniewo (Brunsberga) |publisher=Georg Schönfels (Georgius Schonfels) |title=Hierosolymitana Peregrinatio ''[''A Jerusalem Trip'']'' |date=1601 |language=la}}
 * {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsalongmed01richgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |title=Travels along the Mediterranean, and Parts Adjacent; in Company with the Earl of Belmore, during the Years 1816–17–18: Extending as far as the Second Cataract of the Nile, Jerusalem, Damascus, Balbec, &amp;c. &amp;c. Illustrated by Plans and other Engravings, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;II'' |location=London |publisher=T. Cadell |date=1822 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Robinson (scholar) |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith, Vol.&amp;nbsp;III |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044011784253;view=1up;seq=5 |publisher=Crocker &amp; Brewster |location=Boston |date=1841 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Robinson (scholar) |title=Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852 by E. Robinson, E. Smith, and Others |location=Boston |publisher=Crocker &amp; Brewster |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044005047949;view=1up;seq=7 |date=1856 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Rowland |first=Benjamin Jr. |chapter=The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra |title=Artibus Asiae |volume=19 |number=3/4 |date=1956 |pages=353–361 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |title=A History of the Crusades, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;II:'' The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–run1187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |date=1951 |isbn=0-521-34771-8 }}
 * {{cite journal |last=Ruprechtsberger |first=Erwin M. |title=Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon) [From the Quarry to the Temple of Jupiter of Heliopolis (Baalbek, Lebanon)] |journal=Linzer Archäologische Forschungen (Linz Archaeological Research) |volume=30 |pages=7–56 |date=1999 |language=de}}
 * {{cite book |last=Sato |first=Tsugitaka |title=State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs, and Fallahun |journal=Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC |isbn=90-04-10649-9 |issn=0929-2403 |series=''Islamic History and Civilization'', Vol.&amp;nbsp;17 |date=1997 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Sedlitz |first=Melchior von |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00032551/images/index.html?id=00032551&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=eayaenewqwfsdrxdsydeayayztseayaeayaw&amp;no=3&amp;seite=5 |title=Gründtliche Beschreibung: Der Wallfart&lt;!--sic--&gt; nach dem heyligen Lande |language=de |trans-title=A Thorough Description: The Places of Pilgrimage in the Holy Land |date=1580 |publisher=Fritsch}} Reprinted at Görlitz in 1591.
 * {{cite journal |last=Steiner |first=Richard C. |title=On the Rise and Fall of Canaanite Religion at Baalbek: A Tale of Five Toponyms |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1998448721/on-the-rise-and-fall-of-canaanite-religion-at-baalbek |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=128 |number=3 |date=Fall 2009 |pages=507–525 |doi=10.2307/25610200 |jstor=25610200 |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124542/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1998448721/on-the-rise-and-fall-of-canaanite-religion-at-baalbek |url-status=dead }}
 * {{cite book |last=Thevet&lt;!--sic--&gt; |first=André |author-link=André Thévet |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k545339 |title=Cosmographie de Levant |language=fr |trans-title=A Cosmography of the Levant |date=1554 |location=Lyons |publisher=Jean de Tournes (Ian de Tournes) &amp; Guillaume Gazeau (Guil. Gazeav)}}
 * {{cite book |last=Venning |first=Timothy |author2-last=Frankopan |author2-first=Peter |ref={{harvid|Venning &amp; al.|2015}} |title=A Chronology of the Crusades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-80269-8 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Volney |first=Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, comte de |author-link=Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney |date=1787 |title=Voyage en Syrie et en Égypte, Pendant les anneés&lt;!--sic--&gt; 1783, 1784, &amp; 1785, avec deux Cartes Géographiques &amp; deux Planches gravées, représentant les ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, &amp; celles de la ville de Palmyre dans le Désert de Syrie |language=fr |trans-title=Travel in Syria and Egypt, during the Years 1783, 1784, &amp; 1785, with two maps &amp; two engravings, showing the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Baalbek &amp; those of the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert |location=Paris |publisher=Volland; Desenne |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041132}}
 * {{cite book |last=Wiegand |first=Theodor |title=Baalbek: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905 |language=de |trans-title=Baalbek: Results of the Excavations and Surveys from the Years 1898 to 1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN9JvgPVvWIC |date=1925 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-002370-1}}
 * {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=John |author-link=John Wilson (missionary) |title=The Lands of the Bible Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy, ''Vol.&amp;nbsp;II'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=id07AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PP11 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Whyte &amp; Co. |date=1847 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Winter |first=Stefan Helmut |title=The Shiite Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th–Mid-18th Century) |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=2002 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Wood (antiquarian) |title=The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Cœlosyria&lt;!--sic--&gt; |url=http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wood1757/0001?sid=8f2052cdebd7fe0f338d37fb5d5079d2 |date=1757 |location=London }}
 
 ===மேலும் படிக்க===
 * {{cite book |title=The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2441/ |via=World Digital Library |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=8 September 2015 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] }}
 * {{cite book |url=https://whc.unesco.org/whreview/article8.html |title=Baalbek |publisher=[[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Centre]] |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912003207/https://whc.unesco.org/whreview/article8.html |archive-date=2007-09-12 }}
 
 [[பகுப்பு:லெபனான் நகரங்கள்]]
 [[பகுப்பு:உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களங்கள்]]
 [[பகுப்பு:பண்டைய நகரங்கள்]]