Module:Navseasoncats
local p = {}
 
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 --[[                                Globals                                   ]]
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 
 local currtitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
 local nexistingcats = 0
 local errors = ''
 local testcasecolon = ''
 local testcases = string.match(currtitle.subpageText, '^testcases')
 if    testcases then testcasecolon = ':' end
 local navborder = true
 local followRs = true
 local skipgaps = false
 local listall = false
 local tlistall = {}
 local tlistallbwd = {}
 local tlistallfwd = {}
 local ttrackingcats = { --when reindexing, Ctrl+H 'trackcat(13,' &amp; 'ttrackingcats[16]'
 	'', -- [1] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats using cat parameter]]
 	'', -- [2] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats using testcase parameter]]
 	'', -- [3] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats using unknown parameter]]
 	'', -- [4] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range not using en dash]]
 	'', -- [5] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range abbreviated (MOS)]]
 	'', -- [6] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range redirected (base change)]]
 	'', -- [7] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range redirected (var change)]] --new
 	'', -- [8] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range redirected (end)]]
 	'', -- [9] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range redirected (MOS)]]
 	'', --[10] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range redirected (other)]]
 	'', --[11] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range gaps]]
 	'', --[12] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range irregular]]
 	'', --[13] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range irregular, 0-length]]
 	'', --[14] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range ends (present)]]
 	'', --[15] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats range ends (blank, MOS)]]
 	'', --[16] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats isolated]]
 	'', --[17] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats default season gap size]]
 	'', --[18] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats decade redirected]]
 	'', --[19] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats year redirected (base change)]]
 	'', --[20] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats year redirected (var change)]]
 	'', --[21] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats year redirected (other)]]
 	'', --[22] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats roman numeral redirected]]
 	'', --[23] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats nordinal redirected]]
 	'', --[24] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats wordinal redirected]]
 	'', --[25] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats TV season redirected]]
 	'', --[26] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats using skip-gaps parameter]]
 	'', --[27] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats year and range]]
 	'', --[28] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats year and decade]]
 	'', --[29] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats decade and century]]
 	'', --[30] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats in mainspace]]
 	'', --[31] placeholder for [[Category:Navseasoncats redirection error]]
 }
 local avoidself =  (not string.match(currtitle.text, 'Navseasoncats with') and
 					not string.match(currtitle.text, 'Navseasoncats.*/doc') and
 					not string.match(currtitle.text, 'Navseasoncats.*/sandbox') and
 					currtitle.text ~= 'Navseasoncats' and
 					currtitle.nsText ~= 'User_talk' and
 					currtitle.nsText ~= 'Template_talk' and
 					(currtitle.nsText ~= 'Template' or testcases)) --avoid nested transclusion errors (i.e. {{Infilmdecade}})
 
 
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 --[[                      Utility &amp; category functions                        ]]
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 
 --Determine if a category exists (in a function for easier localization).
 local function catexists( title )
 	return mw.title.new( title, 'பகுப்பு' ).exists
 end
 
 --Error message handling.
 function p.errorclass( msg )
 	return mw.text.tag( 'span', {class='error mw-ext-cite-error'}, '&lt;b&gt;Error!&lt;/b&gt; '..string.gsub(msg, '&amp;#', '&amp;amp;#') )
 end
 
 --Failure handling.
 function p.failedcat( errors, sortkey )
 	if avoidself then
 		return (errors or '')..'&amp;#42;&amp;#42;&amp;#42;Navseasoncats failed to generate navbox***'..
 			   '[['..testcasecolon..'Category:Navseasoncats failed to generate navbox|'..(sortkey or 'O')..']]\n'
 	end
 	return ''
 end
 
 --Tracking cat handling.
 --	key: 15 (when reindexing ttrackingcats{}, Ctrl+H 'trackcat(13,' &amp; 'ttrackingcats[16]')
 --	cat: 'Navseasoncats isolated'; '' to remove
 --Used by main, all nav_*(), &amp; several utility functions.
 local function trackcat( key, cat )
 	if avoidself and key and cat then
 		if cat ~= '' then
 			ttrackingcats[key] = '[['..testcasecolon..'பகுப்பு:'..cat..']]'
 		else
 			ttrackingcats[key] = ''
 		end
 	end
 	return
 end
 
 --Check for unknown parameters.
 --Used by main only.
 local function checkforunknownparams( tbl )
 	local knownparams = {
 		['min'] = 'min',
 		['max'] = 'max',
 		['cat'] = 'cat',
 		['testcase'] = 'testcase',
 		['testcasegap'] = 'testcasegap',
 		['skip-gaps'] = 'skip-gaps',
 		['list-all-links'] = 'list-all-links',
 		['follow-redirects'] = 'follow-redirects',
 	}
 	for k, _ in pairs (tbl) do
 		if knownparams[k] == nil then
 			trackcat(3, 'Navseasoncats using unknown parameter')
 			break
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 --Check for nav_*() navigational isolation (not necessarily an error).
 --Used by all nav_*().
 local function isolatedcat()
 	if nexistingcats == 0 then
 		trackcat(16, 'Navseasoncats isolated')
 	end
 end
 
 --Returns the target of {{Category redirect}}, if it exists, else returns the original cat.
 --{{Title year}}, etc., if found, are evaluated.
 --Used by catlinkfollowr(), and so indirectly by all nav_*().
 local function rtarget( frame, cat )
 	local catcontent = mw.title.new( cat or '', 'பகுப்பு' ):getContent()
 	if string.match( catcontent or '', '{{ *[Cc]at' ) then --prelim test
 		local regex = {
 			--the following 11 pages (6 condensed) redirect to [[Template:Category redirect]], in descending order, as of 9/2022:
 			'{{ *[Cc]ate?g?o?r?y?[ _]*[rR]edirect',	--505+312+243+1 transclusions
 			'{{ *[Cc]atr',							--21
 			'{{ *[Cc]at[ _]*[rR]edir',				--5+3
 			'{{ *[Cc]at[ _]*[rR]ed',				--3+2
 			'{{ *[Cc]at[ _]*[mM]ove',				--1
 			'{{ *[Cc]ategory[ _]*[mM]ove',			--0
 		}
 		for _, v in pairs (regex) do
 			local rtarget = mw.ustring.match( catcontent, v..'%s*|%s*([^|}]+)' )
 			if rtarget then
 				if string.match(rtarget, '{{') then --{{Title year}}, etc., exists; evaluate
 					local regex_ty = '%s*|%s*([^{}]*{{([^{|}]+)}}[^{}]-)%s*}}' --eval null-param templates only; expanded if/as needed
 					local rtarget_orig, ty = mw.ustring.match( catcontent, v..regex_ty )
 					if rtarget_orig then
 						local ty_eval = frame:expandTemplate{ title = ty, args = { page = cat } } --frame:newChild doesn't work, use 'page' param instead
 						local rtarget_eval = mw.ustring.gsub(rtarget_orig, '{{%s*'..ty..'%s*}}', ty_eval )
 						return rtarget_eval
 					else --sub-parameters present; track &amp; return default
 						trackcat(31, 'Navseasoncats redirection error')
 					end
 				end
 				rtarget = mw.ustring.gsub(rtarget, '^1%s*=%s*', '')
 				rtarget = string.gsub(rtarget, '^பகுப்பு:', '')
 				return rtarget
 			end
 		end --for
 	end --if
 	return cat
 end
 
 --Similar to {{LinkCatIfExists2}}: make a piped link to a category, if it exists;
 --if it doesn't exist, just display the greyed link title without linking.
 --Follows {{Category redirect}}s.
 --Returns {
 --			['cat'] = cat,
 --			['catexists'] = true,
 --			['rtarget'] = &lt;#R target&gt;,
 --			['navelement'] = &lt;#R target navelement&gt;,
 --			['displaytext'] = displaytext,
 --		  } if #R followed;
 --returns {
 --			['cat'] = cat,
 --			['catexists'] = &lt;true|false&gt;,
 --			['rtarget'] = nil,
 --			['navelement'] = &lt;cat navelement&gt;,
 --			['displaytext'] = displaytext,
 --		  } otherwise.
 --Used by all nav_*().
 local function catlinkfollowr( frame, cat, displaytext, displayend )
 	cat         = mw.text.trim(cat or '')
 	displaytext = mw.text.trim(displaytext or '')
 	displayend  = displayend or false --bool flag to override displaytext IIF the cat/target is terminal (e.g. &quot;2021–present&quot; or &quot;2021–&quot;)
 	
 	local grey = '#888'
 	local disp = cat
 	if displaytext ~= '' then --use 'displaytext' parameter if present
 		disp = mw.ustring.gsub(displaytext, '%s+%(.+$', ''); --strip any trailing disambiguator
 	end
 	
 	local link, nilorR
 	local exists = catexists(cat)
 	if exists then
 		nexistingcats = nexistingcats + 1
 		if followRs then
 			local R = rtarget(frame, cat) --find &amp; follow #R
 			if R ~= cat then --#R followed
 				nilorR = R
 			end
 			
 			if displayend then
 				local y, hyph, ending = mw.ustring.match(R, '^.-(%d+)([–-])(.*)$')
 				if ending == 'present' then
 					disp = y..hyph..ending
 				elseif ending == '' then
 					disp = y..hyph..'&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..y..'&lt;/span&gt;' --hidden y to match spacing
 				end
 			end
 			
 			link = '[[:பகுப்பு:'..R..'|'..disp..']]'
 		else
 			link = '[[:பகுப்பு:'..cat..'|'..disp..']]'
 		end
 	else
 		link = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:'..grey..'&quot;&gt;'..disp..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 	end
 	
 	if listall then
 		if nilorR then --#R followed
 			table.insert( tlistall, '[[:பகுப்பு:'..cat..']] → '..'[[:பகுப்பு:'..nilorR..']] ('..link..')' )
 		else --no #R
 			table.insert( tlistall, '[[:பகுப்பு:'..cat..']] ('..link..')' )
 		end
 	end
 	
 	return {
 		['cat'] = cat,
 		['catexists'] = exists,
 		['rtarget'] = nilorR,
 		['navelement'] = link,
 		['displaytext'] = disp,
 	}
 end
 
 --Returns a numbered list of all {{Category redirect}}s followed by catlinkfollowr() -&gt; rtarget().
 --For a nav_hyphen() cat, also returns a formatted list of all cats searched for &amp; found, &amp; all loop indices.
 --Used by all nav_*().
 local function listalllinks()
 	local nl = '\n# '
 	local out = ''
 	if currtitle.nsText == 'Category' then
 		errors = p.errorclass('The &lt;b&gt;&lt;code&gt;|list-all-links=yes&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/b&gt; parameter/utility '..
 							'should not be saved in category space, only previewed.')
 		out = p.failedcat(errors, 'Z')
 	end
 	
 	local bwd, fwd = '', ''
 	if tlistallbwd[1] then
 		bwd = '\n\nbackward search:\n# '..table.concat(tlistallbwd, nl)
 	end
 	if tlistallfwd[1] then
 		fwd = '\n\nforward search:\n# '..table.concat(tlistallfwd, nl)
 	end
 	
 	if tlistall[1] then
 		return out..nl..table.concat(tlistall, nl)..bwd..fwd
 	else
 		return out..nl..'No links found!?'..bwd..fwd
 	end
 end
 
 --Returns the difference b/w 2 ints separated by endash|hyphen, nil if error.
 --Used by nav_hyphen() only.
 local function find_duration( cat )
 	local from, to = mw.ustring.match(cat, '(%d+)[–-](%d+)')
 	if from and to then
 		if to == '00' then return nil end --doesn't follow MOS:DATERANGE
 		if (#from == 4) and (#to == 2) then             --1900-01
 			to = string.match(from, '(%d%d)%d%d')..to   --1900-1901
 		elseif (#from == 2) and (#to == 4) then         --  01-1902
 			from = string.match(to, '(%d%d)%d%d')..from --1901-1902
 		end
 		return (tonumber(to) - tonumber(from))
 	end
 	return 0
 end
 
 --Returns the ending of a terminal cat, and sets the appropriate tracking cat, else nil.
 --Used by nav_hyphen() only.
 local function find_terminaltxt( cat )
 	local terminaltxt = nil
 	if mw.ustring.match(cat, '%d+[–-]present$') then
 		terminaltxt = 'present'
 		trackcat(14, 'Navseasoncats range ends (present)')
 	elseif mw.ustring.match(cat, '%d+[–-]$') then
 		terminaltxt = ''
 		trackcat(15, 'Navseasoncats range ends (blank, MOS)')
 	end
 	return terminaltxt
 end
 
 --Returns an unsigned string of the 1-4 digit decade ending in &quot;0&quot;, else nil.
 --Used by nav_decade() only.
 local function sterilizedec( decade )
 	if decade == nil or decade == '' then
 		return nil
 	end
 	
 	local dec = string.match(decade, '^[-%+]?(%d?%d?%d?0)$') or
 				string.match(decade, '^[-%+]?(%d?%d?%d?0)%D')
 	if dec then
 		return dec
 	else
 		--fix 2-4 digit decade
 		local decade_fixed234 = string.match(decade, '^[-%+]?(%d%d?%d?)%d$') or
 								string.match(decade, '^[-%+]?(%d%d?%d?)%d%D')
 		if decade_fixed234 then
 			return decade_fixed234..'0'
 		end
 		
 		--fix 1-digit decade
 		local decade_fixed1   = string.match(decade, '^[-%+]?(%d)$') or
 								string.match(decade, '^[-%+]?(%d)%D')
 		if decade_fixed1 then
 			return '0'
 		end
 		
 		--unfixable
 		return nil
 	end
 end
 
 --Check for nav_hyphen default gap size + isolatedcat() (not necessarily an error).
 --Used by nav_hyphen() only.
 local function defaultgapcat( bool )
 	if bool and nexistingcats == 0 then
 		--using &quot;nexistingcats &gt; 0&quot; isn't as useful, since the default gap size obviously worked
 		trackcat(17, 'Navseasoncats default season gap size')
 	end
 end
 
 --12 -&gt; 12th, etc.
 --Used by nav_nordinal() &amp; nav_wordinal().
 function p.addord( i )
 	if tonumber(i) then
 		local s = tostring(i)
 		
 		local tens = string.match(s, '1%d$')
 		if    tens then return s..'-ஆம்' end
 		
 		local  ones = string.match(s, '%d$')
 		if     ones == '1' then return s..'-ஆம்'
 		elseif ones == '2' then return s..'-ஆம்'
 		elseif ones == '3' then return s..'-ஆம்' end
 		
 		return s..'-ஆம்'
 	end
 	return i
 end
 
 --Returns the properly formatted central nav element.
 --Expects an integer i, and a catlinkfollowr() table.
 --Used by nav_decade() &amp; nav_ordinal() only.
 local function navcenter( i, catlink )
 	if i == 0 then --center nav element
 		if navborder == true then
 			return '*&lt;b&gt;'..catlink.displaytext..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 		else
 			return '*&lt;b&gt;'..catlink.navelement..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 		end
 	else
 		return '*'..catlink.navelement..'\n'
 	end
 end
 
 --Return conditionally aligned stacked navs.
 --Used by main only.
 local function nav1nav2( nav1, nav2 )
 	if avoidself then
 		local forcealign = '&lt;div style=&quot;display:block !important; max-width: calc(100% - 25em);&quot;&gt;'
 		return forcealign..'\n'..nav1..'\n'..nav2..'\n&lt;/div&gt;'
 	else
 		return nav1..'\n'..nav2
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 --[[                  Formerly separated templates/modules                    ]]
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 
 
 --[[==========================={{  nav_hyphen  }}=============================]]
 
 local function nav_hyphen( frame, start, hyph, finish, firstpart, lastpart, minseas, maxseas, testgap )
 	--Expects a PAGENAME of the form &quot;Some sequential 2015–16 example cat&quot;, where
 	--	start     = 2015
 	--	hyph      = –
 	--	finish    = 16 (sequential years can be abbreviated, but others should be full year, e.g. &quot;2001–2005&quot;)
 	--	firstpart = Some sequential
 	--	lastpart  = example cat
 	--	minseas   = 1800 ('min' starting season shown; optional; defaults to -9999)
 	--	maxseas   = 2000 ('max' starting season shown; optional; defaults to 9999; 2000 will show 2000-01)
 	--	testgap   = 0 (testcasegap parameter for easier testing; optional)
 	
 	--sterilize start
 	if string.match(start or '', '^%d%d?%d?%d?$') == nil then --1-4 digits, AD only
 		local start_fixed = mw.ustring.match(start or '', '^%s*(%d%d?%d?%d?)%D')
 		if start_fixed then
 			start = start_fixed
 		else
 			errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_hyphen can\'t recognize the number &quot;'..(start or '')..'&quot; '..
 								  'in the first part of the &quot;season&quot; that was passed to it. '..
 								  'For e.g. &quot;2015–16&quot;, &quot;2015&quot; is expected via &quot;|2015|–|16|&quot;.')
 			return p.failedcat(errors, 'H')
 		end
 	end
 	local nstart = tonumber(start)
 	
 	--en dash check
 	if hyph ~= '–' then
 		trackcat(4, 'Navseasoncats range not using en dash') --nav still processable, but track
 	end
 	
 	--sterilize finish &amp; check for weird parents
 	local tgaps   = {} --table of gap sizes found b/w terms    { [&lt;gap size found&gt;]    = 1 }
 	local ttlens  = {} --table of term lengths found w/i terms { [&lt;term length found&gt;] = 1 }
 	local tirregs = {} --table of ir/regular-term-length cats' &quot;from&quot;s &amp; &quot;to&quot;s found
 	local regularparent = true
 	if (finish == -1) or --&quot;Members of the Scottish Parliament 2021–present&quot;
 	   (finish == 0)	 --&quot;Members of the Scottish Parliament 2021–&quot;
 	then
 		regularparent = false
 		if maxseas == nil or maxseas == '' then
 			maxseas = start --hide subsequent ranges
 		end
 		if finish == -1 then trackcat(14, 'Navseasoncats range ends (present)')
 		else				 trackcat(15, 'Navseasoncats range ends (blank, MOS)') end
 	elseif (start == finish) and
 		   (ttrackingcats[16] ~= '') --nav_year found isolated; check for surrounding hyphenated terms (e.g. UK MPs 1974)
 	then
 		trackcat(16, '') --reset for another check later
 		trackcat(13, 'Navseasoncats range irregular, 0-length')
 		ttlens[0] = 1 --calc ttlens for std cases below
 		regularparent = 'isolated'
 	end
 	if (string.match(finish or '', '^%d+$') == nil) and
 	   (string.match(finish or '', '^%-%d+$') == nil)
 	then
 		local finish_fixed = mw.ustring.match(finish or '', '^%s*(%d%d?%d?%d?)%D')
 		if finish_fixed then
 			finish = finish_fixed
 		else
 			errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_hyphen can\'t recognize &quot;'..(finish or '')..'&quot; '..
 								  'in the second part of the &quot;season&quot; that was passed to it. '..
 								  'For e.g. &quot;2015–16&quot;, &quot;16&quot; is expected via &quot;|2015|–|16|&quot;.')
 			return p.failedcat(errors, 'I')
 		end
 	else
 		if string.len(finish) &gt;= 5 then
 			errors = p.errorclass('The second part of the season passed to function nav_hyphen should only be four or fewer digits, not &quot;'..(finish or '')..'&quot;. '..
 								  'See [[MOS:DATERANGE]] for details.')
 			return p.failedcat(errors, 'J')
 		end
 	end
 	local nfinish = tonumber(finish)
 	
 	--save sterilized parent range for easier lookup later
 	tirregs['from0'] = nstart
 	tirregs['to0']   = nfinish
 	
 	--sterilize min/max
 	local nminseas_default = -9999
 	local nmaxseas_default =  9999
 	local nminseas = tonumber(minseas) or nminseas_default --same behavior as nav_year
 	local nmaxseas = tonumber(maxseas) or nmaxseas_default --same behavior as nav_year
 	if nminseas &gt; nstart then nminseas = nstart end
 	if nmaxseas &lt; nstart then nmaxseas = nstart end
 	
 	local lspace = ' ' --assume a leading space (most common)
 	local tspace = ' ' --assume a trailing space (most common)
 	if string.match(firstpart, '%($') then lspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;Madrid city councillors (2007–2011)&quot;-type cats
 	if string.match(lastpart,  '^%)') then tspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;Madrid city councillors (2007–2011)&quot;-type cats
 	
 	--calculate term length/intRAseason size &amp; finishing year
 	local term_limit = 10
 	local t = 1
 	while t &lt;= term_limit and regularparent == true do
 		local nish = nstart + t --use switchADBC to flip this sign to work for years BC, if/when the time comes
 		if (nish == nfinish) or (string.match(nish, '%d?%d$') == finish) then
 			ttlens[t] = 1
 			break
 		end
 		if t == term_limit then
 			errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_hyphen can\'t determine a reasonable term length for &quot;'..start..hyph..finish..'&quot;.')
 			return p.failedcat(errors, 'K')
 		end
 		t = t + 1
 	end
 	
 	--apply MOS:DATERANGE to parent
 	local lenstart = string.len(start)
 	local lenfinish = string.len(finish)
 	if lenstart == 4 and regularparent == true then --&quot;2001–...&quot;
 		if t == 1 then --&quot;2001–02&quot; &amp; &quot;2001–2002&quot; both allowed
 			if lenfinish ~= 2 and lenfinish ~= 4 then
 				errors = p.errorclass('The second part of the season passed to function nav_hyphen should be two or four digits, not &quot;'..finish..'&quot;.')
 				return p.failedcat(errors, 'L')
 			end
 		else --&quot;2001–2005&quot; is required for t &gt; 1; track &quot;2001–05&quot;; anything else = error
 			if lenfinish == 2 then
 				trackcat(5, 'Navseasoncats range abbreviated (MOS)')
 			elseif lenfinish ~= 4 then
 				errors = p.errorclass('The second part of the season passed to function nav_hyphen should be four digits, not &quot;'..finish..'&quot;.')
 				return p.failedcat(errors, 'M')
 			end
 		end
 		if finish == '00' then --full year required regardless of term length
 			trackcat(5, 'Navseasoncats range abbreviated (MOS)')
 		end
 	end
 	
 	--calculate intERseason gap size
 	local hgap_default     = 0 --assume &amp; start at the most common case: 2001–02 -&gt; 2002–03, etc.
 	local hgap_limit_reg   = 6 --less expensive per-increment (inc x 4)
 	local hgap_limit_irreg = 6 --more expensive per-increment (inc x 23: inc x (k_bwd + k_fwd) = inc x (12 + 11))
 	local hgap_success = false
 	local hgap = hgap_default
 	while hgap &lt;= hgap_limit_reg and regularparent == true do --verify
 		local prevseason2 = firstpart..lspace..(nstart-t-hgap)..hyph..string.match(nstart-hgap, '%d?%d$')    ..tspace..lastpart
 		local nextseason2 = firstpart..lspace..(nstart+t+hgap)..hyph..string.match(nstart+2*t+hgap, '%d?%d$')..tspace..lastpart
 		local prevseason4 = firstpart..lspace..(nstart-t-hgap)..hyph..(nstart-hgap)    ..tspace..lastpart
 		local nextseason4 = firstpart..lspace..(nstart+t+hgap)..hyph..(nstart+2*t+hgap)..tspace..lastpart
 		if t == 1 then --test abbreviated range first, then full range, to be frugal with expensive functions
 			if catexists(prevseason2) or --use 'or', in case we're at the edge of the cat structure,
 			   catexists(nextseason2) or --or we hit a &quot;–00&quot;/&quot;–2000&quot; situation on one side
 			   catexists(prevseason4) or
 			   catexists(nextseason4)
 			then
 				hgap_success = true
 				break
 			end
 		elseif t &gt; 1 then --test full range first, then abbreviated range, to be frugal with expensive functions
 			if catexists(prevseason4) or --use 'or', in case we're at the edge of the cat structure,
 			   catexists(nextseason4) or --or we hit a &quot;–00&quot;/&quot;–2000&quot; situation on one side
 			   catexists(prevseason2) or
 			   catexists(nextseason2)
 			then
 				hgap_success = true
 				break
 			end
 		end
 		hgap = hgap + 1
 	end
 	if hgap_success == false then
 		hgap = tonumber(testgap) or hgap_default --tracked via defaultgapcat()
 	end
 	
 	--preliminary scan to determine ir/regular spacing of nearby cats;
 	--to limit expensive function calls, MOS:DATERANGE-violating cats are ignored;
 	--an irregular-term-length series should follow &quot;YYYY..hyph..YYYY&quot; throughout
 	if hgap &lt;= hgap_limit_reg then --also to isolate temp vars
 		--find # of nav-visible ir/regular-term-length cats
 		local bwanchor = nstart       --backward anchor/common year
 		local fwanchor = bwanchor + t --forward anchor/common year
 		if regularparent == 'isolated' then
 			fwanchor = bwanchor
 		end
 		local spangreen = '[&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;j, g, k = ' --used for/when debugging via list-all-links=yes
 		local spanblue = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;'
 		local spanred = ' (&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'
 		local span = '&lt;/span&gt;'
 		local lastg = nil --to check for run-on searches
 		local lastk = nil --to check for run-on searches
 		local endfound = false --switch used to stop searching forward
 		local iirregs = 0 --index of tirregs[] for j &lt; 0, since search starts from parent
 		local j = -3 --index of tirregs[] for j &gt; 0 &amp; pseudo nav position
 		while j &lt;= 3 do
 			
 			if j &lt; 0 then --search backward from parent
 				local gbreak = false --switch used to break out of g-loop
 				local g = 0 --gap size
 				while g &lt;= hgap_limit_irreg do
 					local k = 0 --term length: 0 = &quot;0-length&quot;, 1+ = normal
 					while k &lt;= term_limit do
 						local from = bwanchor - k - g
 						local to   = bwanchor - g
 						local full = mw.text.trim( firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..to..tspace..lastpart )
 						if k == 0 then
 							if regularparent ~= 'isolated' then --+restrict to g == 0 if repeating year problems arise
 								to = '0-length'
 								full = mw.text.trim( firstpart..lspace..from..tspace..lastpart )
 								if catlinkfollowr( frame, full ).rtarget ~= nil then --#R followed
 									table.insert( tlistallbwd, spangreen..j..', '..g..', '..k..span..'] '..full..spanred..'#R ignored'..span..')' )
 									full, to = '', '' --don't use/follow 0-length cat #Rs from nav_hyphen(); otherwise gets messy
 								end
 							end
 						end
 						if (k &gt;= 1) or		  --the normal case; only continue k = 0 if 0-length found
 						   (to == '0-length') --ghetto &quot;continue&quot; (thx Lua) to avoid expensive searches for &quot;UK MPs 1974-1974&quot;, etc.
 						then
 							table.insert( tlistallbwd, spangreen..j..', '..g..', '..k..span..'] '..full )
 							if (k == 1) and
 							   (g == 0 or g == 1) and
 							   (catexists(full) == false)
 							then --allow bare-bones MOS:DATERANGE alternation, in case we're on a 0|1-gap, 1-year term series
 								local to2 = string.match(to, '%d%d$')
 								if to2 and to2 ~= '00' then --and not at a century transition (i.e. 1999–2000)
 									to = to2
 									full = mw.text.trim( firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..to..tspace..lastpart )
 									table.insert( tlistallbwd, spangreen..j..', '..g..', '..k..span..'] '..full )
 								end
 							end
 							if catexists(full) then
 								if to == '0-length' then
 									trackcat(13, 'Navseasoncats range irregular, 0-length')
 								end
 								tlistallbwd[#tlistallbwd] = spanblue..tlistallbwd[#tlistallbwd]..span..' (found)'
 								ttlens[ find_duration(full) ] = 1
 								tgaps[g] = 1
 								iirregs = iirregs + 1
 								tirregs['from-'..iirregs] = from
 								tirregs['to-'..iirregs] = to
 								bwanchor = from --ratchet down
 								if to ~= '0-length' then
 									gbreak = true
 									break
 								else
 									g = 0 --soft-reset g, to keep stepping thru k
 									j = j + 1 --save, but keep searching thru k
 									if j &gt; 3 then --lest we keep searching &amp; finding 0-length cats (&quot;MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 1973&quot; &amp; down)
 										gbreak = true
 										break
 									end
 								end
 							end
 						end --ghetto &quot;continue&quot;
 						k = k + 1
 						lastk = k
 					end --while k
 					if gbreak == true then break end
 					g = g + 1
 					lastg = g
 				end --while g
 			end --if j &lt; 0
 			
 			if j &gt; 0 and endfound == false then --search forward from parent
 				local gbreak = false --switch used to break out of g-loop
 				local g = 0 --gap size
 				while g &lt;= hgap_limit_irreg do
 					local k = -2 --term length: -2 = &quot;0-length&quot;, -1 = &quot;2020–present&quot;, 0 = &quot;2020–&quot;, 1+ = normal
 					while k &lt;= term_limit do
 						local from = fwanchor + g
 						local to4  = fwanchor + k + g	--override carefully
 						local to2  = nil				--last 2 digits of to4, IIF exists
 						if k == -1 then to4 = 'present'	--see if end-cat exists (present)
 						elseif k == 0 then to4 = '' end	--see if end-cat exists (blank)
 						local full = mw.text.trim( firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..to4..tspace..lastpart )
 						if k == -2 then
 							if regularparent ~= 'isolated' then --+restrict to g == 0 if repeating year problems arise
 								to4 = '0-length' --see if 0-length cat exists
 								full = mw.text.trim( firstpart..lspace..from..tspace..lastpart )
 								if catlinkfollowr( frame, full ).rtarget ~= nil then --#R followed
 									table.insert( tlistallfwd, spangreen..j..', '..g..', '..k..span..'] '..full..spanred..'#R ignored'..span..')' )
 									full, to4 = '', '' --don't use/follow 0-length cat #Rs from nav_hyphen(); otherwise gets messy
 								end
 							end
 						end
 						if (k &gt;= -1) or		   --only continue k = -2 if 0-length found
 						   (to4 == '0-length') --ghetto &quot;continue&quot; (thx Lua) to avoid expensive searches for &quot;UK MPs 1974-1974&quot;, etc.
 						then
 							table.insert( tlistallfwd, spangreen..j..', '..g..', '..k..span..'] '..full )
 							if (k == 1) and
 							   (g == 0 or g == 1) and
 							   (catexists(full) == false)
 							then --allow bare-bones MOS:DATERANGE alternation, in case we're on a 0|1-gap, 1-year term series
 								to2 = string.match(to4, '%d%d$')
 								if to2 and to2 ~= '00' then --and not at a century transition (i.e. 1999–2000)
 									full = mw.text.trim( firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..to2..tspace..lastpart )
 									table.insert( tlistallfwd, spangreen..j..', '..g..', '..k..span..'] '..full )
 								end
 							end
 							if catexists(full) then
 								if to4 == '0-length' then
 									if rtarget(frame, full) == full then --only use 0-length cats that don't #R
 										trackcat(13, 'Navseasoncats range irregular, 0-length')
 									end
 								end
 								tirregs['from'..j] = from
 								tirregs['to'..j] = (to2 or to4)
 								if (k == -1) or (k == 0) then
 									endfound = true --tentative
 								else --k == { -2, &gt; 0 }
 									tlistallfwd[#tlistallfwd] = spanblue..tlistallfwd[#tlistallfwd]..span..' (found)'
 									ttlens[ find_duration(full) ] = 1
 									tgaps[g] = 1
 									endfound = false
 									if to4 ~= '0-length' then --k &gt; 0
 										fwanchor = to4 --ratchet up
 										gbreak = true
 										break --only break on k &gt; 0 b/c old end-cat #Rs still exist like &quot;Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–&quot;
 									else --k == -2
 										j = j + 1 --save, but keep searching k's, in case &quot;1974&quot; → &quot;1974-1979&quot;
 										if j &gt; 3 then --lest we keep searching &amp; finding 0-length cats (&quot;2018 CONCACAF Champions League&quot; &amp; up)
 											gbreak = true
 											break
 										end
 									end
 								end
 							end
 						end --ghetto &quot;continue&quot;
 						k = k + 1
 						lastk = k
 					end --while k
 					if gbreak == true then break end
 					g = g + 1
 					lastg = g
 				end --while g
 			end --if j &gt; 0
 			
 			if (lastg == (hgap_limit_irreg + 1)) and
 			   (lastk == (term_limit + 1))
 			then --search exhausted
 				if j &lt; 0 then j = 0 --bwd search exhausted; continue fwd
 				elseif j &gt; 0 then break end --fwd search exhausted
 			end
 			
 			j = j + 1
 		end --while j &lt;= 3
 	end --if hgap &lt;= hgap_limit_reg
 	
 	--begin navhyphen
 	local navh = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local terminalcat = false --switch used to hide future cats
 	local terminaltxt = nil
 	local i = -3 --nav position
 	while i &lt;= 3 do
 		local from = nstart + i*(t+hgap) --the logical, but not necessarily correct, 'from'
 		if tirregs['from'..i] then from = tonumber(tirregs['from'..i]) end --prefer irregular term table
 		local from2 = string.match(from, '%d?%d$')
 		
 		local to = tostring(from+t)	--the logical, naive range, but
 		if tirregs['to'..i] then	--prefer irregular term table
 			to = tirregs['to'..i]
 		elseif regularparent == false and tirregs and i &gt; 0 then
 			to = tirregs['to-1']	--special treatment for parent terminal cats, since they have no natural 'to'
 		end
 		local to2 = string.match(to, '%d?%d$')
 		local tofinal = (to2 or '')    --assume t=1 and abbreviated 'to' (the most common case)
 		if t &gt; 1 or                    --per MOS:DATERANGE (e.g. 1999-2004)
 		  (from2 - (to2 or from2)) &gt; 0 --century transition exception (e.g. 1999–2000)
 		then
 			tofinal = (to or '')       --default to the MOS-correct format, in case no fallbacks found
 		end
 		if to == '0-length' then
 			tofinal = to
 		end
 		
 		--check existance of 4-digit, MOS-correct range, with abbreviation fallback
 		if tofinal ~= '0-length' then
 			if t &gt; 1 and string.len(from) == 4 then --e.g. 1999-2004
 				--determine which link exists (full or abbr)
 				local full = firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..tofinal..tspace..lastpart
 				if not catexists(full) then
 					local abbr = firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..to2..tspace..lastpart
 					if catexists(abbr) then
 						tofinal = (to2 or '') --rv to MOS-incorrect format; if full AND abbr DNE, then tofinal is still in its MOS-correct format
 					end
 				end
 			elseif t == 1 then --full-year consecutive ranges are also allowed
 				local abbr = firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..tofinal..tspace..lastpart --assume tofinal is in abbr format
 				if not catexists(abbr) and tofinal ~= to then
 					local full = firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..to..tspace..lastpart
 					if catexists(full) then
 						tofinal = (to or '') --if abbr AND full DNE, then tofinal is still in its abbr format (unless it's a century transition)
 		end	end	end	end
 		
 		--populate navh
 		if i ~= 0 then --left/right navh
 			local orig = firstpart..lspace..from..hyph..tofinal..tspace..lastpart
 			local disp = from..hyph..tofinal
 			if tofinal == '0-length' then
 				orig = firstpart..lspace..from..tspace..lastpart
 				disp = from
 			end
 			local catlink = catlinkfollowr(frame, orig, disp, true) --force terminal cat display
 			
 			if terminalcat == false then
 				terminaltxt = find_terminaltxt( disp ) --also sets tracking cats
 				terminalcat = (terminaltxt ~= nil)
 			end
 			if catlink.rtarget and avoidself then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed, figure out why
 				--determine new term length &amp; gap size
 				ttlens[ find_duration( catlink.rtarget ) ] = 1
 				if i &gt; -3 then
 					local lastto = tirregs['to'..(i-1)]
 					if lastto == nil then
 						local lastfrom = nstart + (i-1)*(t+hgap)
 						lastto = lastfrom+t --use last logical 'from' to calc lastto
 					end
 					if lastto then
 						local gapcat = lastto..'-'..from --dummy cat to calc with
 						local gap = find_duration(gapcat) or -1	--in case of nil,
 						tgaps[ gap ] = 1						--tgaps[-1] is ignored
 					end
 				end
 				
 				--display/tracking handling
 				local base_regex = '%d+[–-]%d+'
 				local origbase = mw.ustring.gsub(orig, base_regex, '')
 				local rtarbase, rtarbase_success = mw.ustring.gsub(catlink.rtarget, base_regex, '')
 				if rtarbase_success == 0 then
 					local base_regex_lax = '%d%d%d%d' --in case rtarget is a year cat
 					rtarbase, rtarbase_success = mw.ustring.gsub(catlink.rtarget, base_regex_lax, '')
 				end
 				local terminal_regex = '%d+[–-]'..(terminaltxt or '')..'$' --more manual ORs bc Lua regex sux
 				if mw.ustring.match(orig, terminal_regex) then
 					origbase = mw.ustring.gsub(orig, terminal_regex, '')
 				end
 				if mw.ustring.match(catlink.rtarget, terminal_regex) then
 					--finagle/overload terminalcat type to set nmaxseas on 1st occurence only
 					if terminalcat == false then terminalcat = 1 end
 					local dummy = find_terminaltxt( catlink.rtarget ) --also sets tracking cats
 					rtarbase = mw.ustring.gsub(catlink.rtarget, terminal_regex, '')
 				end
 				origbase = mw.text.trim(origbase)
 				rtarbase = mw.text.trim(rtarbase)
 				if origbase ~= rtarbase then
 					trackcat(6, 'Navseasoncats range redirected (base change)')
 				elseif terminalcat == 1 then
 					trackcat(8, 'Navseasoncats range redirected (end)')
 				else --origbase == rtarbase
 					local all4s_regex = '%d%d%d%d[–-]%d%d%d%d'
 					local orig_all4s = mw.ustring.match(orig, all4s_regex)
 					local rtar_all4s = mw.ustring.match(catlink.rtarget, all4s_regex)
 					if orig_all4s and rtar_all4s then
 						trackcat(10, 'Navseasoncats range redirected (other)')
 					else
 						local year_regex1 = '%d%d%d%d$'
 						local year_regex2 = '%d%d%d%d[%s%)]'
 						local year_rtar = mw.ustring.match(catlink.rtarget, year_regex1) or
 										  mw.ustring.match(catlink.rtarget, year_regex2)
 						if orig_all4s and year_rtar then
 							trackcat(7, 'Navseasoncats range redirected (var change)')
 						else
 							trackcat(9, 'Navseasoncats range redirected (MOS)')
 						end
 					end
 				end
 			end
 			
 			if terminalcat then --true or 1
 				if type(terminalcat) ~= 'boolean' then nmaxseas = from end --only want to do this once
 				terminalcat = true --done finagling/overloading
 			end
 			if (from &gt;= 0) and (nminseas &lt;= from) and (from &lt;= nmaxseas) then
 				navh = navh..'*'..catlink.navelement..'\n'
 				if terminalcat then nmaxseas = nminseas_default end --prevent display of future ranges
 			else
 				local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..disp..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 				navh = navh..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 				if listall then
 					tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 				end
 			end
 		else --center navh
 			if finish == -1 then finish = 'present'
 			elseif finish == 0 then finish = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..start..'&lt;/span&gt;' end
 			local disp = start..hyph..finish
 			if regularparent == 'isolated' then disp = start end
 			navh = navh..'*&lt;b&gt;'..disp..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	
 	--tracking cats &amp; finalize
 	if avoidself then
 		local igaps  = 0 --# of diff gap sizes &gt; 0 found
 		local itlens = 0 --# of diff term lengths found
 		for s = 1, hgap_limit_reg do --must loop; #tgaps, #ttlens unreliable
 			igaps = igaps + (tgaps[s] or 0)
 		end
 		for s = 0, term_limit do
 			itlens = itlens + (ttlens[s] or 0)
 		end
 		if igaps  &gt; 0 then trackcat(11, 'Navseasoncats range gaps') end
 		if itlens &gt; 1 and ttrackingcats[13] == '' then --avoid duplication in &quot;Navseasoncats range irregular, 0-length&quot;
 			trackcat(12, 'Navseasoncats range irregular')
 		end
 	end
 	isolatedcat()
 	defaultgapcat(not hgap_success)
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navh..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[=========================={{  nav_tvseason  }}============================]]
 
 local function nav_tvseason( frame, firstpart, tv, lastpart, maximumtv )
 	--Expects a PAGENAME of the form &quot;Futurama (season 1) episodes&quot;, where
 	--	firstpart = Futurama (season
 	--	tv        = 1
 	--	lastpart  = ) episodes
 	--	maximumtv = 7 ('max' tv season parameter; optional; defaults to 9999)
 	tv = tonumber(tv)
 	if tv == nil then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_tvseason can\'t recognize the TV season number sent to its 2nd parameter.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'T')
 	end
 	
 	local maxtv = tonumber(maximumtv) or 9999 --allow +/- qualifier
 	if maxtv &lt; tv then maxtv = tv end --input error; maxtv should be &gt;= parent
 	
 	--begin navtvseason
 	local navt = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local i = -5 --nav position
 	while i &lt;= 5 do
 		local t = tv + i
 		if i ~= 0 then --left/right navt
 			local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..' '..t..lastpart, t )
 			if (t &gt;= 1 and t &lt;= maxtv) then --hardcode mintv
 				if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 					trackcat(25, 'Navseasoncats TV season redirected')
 				end
 				navt = navt..'*'..catlink.navelement..'\n'
 			else
 				local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..'0'..'&lt;/span&gt;' --'0' to maintain dot spacing
 				navt = navt..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 				if listall then
 					tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 				end
 			end
 		else --center navt
 			navt = navt..'*&lt;b&gt;'..tv..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navt..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[==========================={{  nav_decade  }}=============================]]
 
 local function nav_decade( frame, firstpart, decade, lastpart, mindecade, maxdecade )
 	--Expects a PAGENAME of the form &quot;Some sequential 2000 example cat&quot;, where
 	--	firstpart = Some sequential
 	--	decade    = 2000
 	--	lastpart  = example cat
 	--	mindecade = 1800 ('min' decade parameter; optional; defaults to -9999)
 	--	maxdecade = 2020 ('max' decade parameter; optional; defaults to 9999)
 	
 	--sterilize dec
 	local dec = sterilizedec(decade)
 	if dec == nil then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_decade was sent &quot;'..(decade or '')..'&quot; as its 2nd parameter, '..
 							'but expects a 1 to 4-digit year ending in &quot;0&quot;.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'D')
 	end
 	local ndec = tonumber(dec)
 	
 	--sterilize mindecade &amp; determine AD/BC
 	local mindefault = '-9999'
 	local mindec = sterilizedec(mindecade) --returns a tostring(unsigned int), or nil
 	if mindec then
 		if string.match(mindecade, '-%d') or
 		   string.match(mindecade, 'கிமு')
 		then
 			mindec = '-'..mindec --better +/-0 behavior with strings (0-initialized int == &quot;-0&quot; string...)
 		end
 	elseif mindec == nil and mindecade and mindecade ~= '' then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_decade was sent &quot;'..(mindecade or '')..'&quot; as its 4th parameter, '..
 							'but expects a 1 to 4-digit year ending in &quot;0&quot;, the earliest decade to be shown.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'E')
 	else --mindec == nil
 		mindec = mindefault --tonumber() later, after error checks
 	end
 	
 	--sterilize maxdecade &amp; determine AD/BC
 	local maxdefault = '9999'
 	local maxdec = sterilizedec(maxdecade) --returns a tostring(unsigned int), or nil + error
 	if maxdec then
 		if string.match(maxdecade, '-%d') or
 		   string.match(maxdecade, 'கிமு')
 		then                     --better +/-0 behavior with strings (0-initialized int == &quot;-0&quot; string...),
 			maxdec = '-'..maxdec --but a &quot;-0&quot; string -&gt; tonumber() -&gt; tostring() = &quot;-0&quot;,
 		end                      --and a  &quot;0&quot; string -&gt; tonumber() -&gt; tostring() =  &quot;0&quot;
 	elseif maxdec == nil and maxdecade and maxdecade ~= '' then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_decade was sent &quot;'..(maxdecade or '')..'&quot; as its 5th parameter, '..
 							'but expects a 1 to 4-digit year ending in &quot;0&quot;, the highest decade to be shown.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'F')
 	else --maxdec == nil
 		maxdec = maxdefault
 	end
 	
 	local tspace = ' ' --assume trailing space for &quot;1950s in X&quot;-type cats
 	if string.match(lastpart, '^-') then tspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;1970s-related&quot;-type cats
 	
 	--AD/BC switches &amp; vars
 	
 	local parentBC = string.match(lastpart, '^கிமு') --following the &quot;0s BC&quot; convention for all years BC
 	lastpart = mw.ustring.gsub(lastpart, '^கிமு%s*', '') --handle BC separately; AD never used
 	--TODO?: handle BCE, but only if it exists in the wild
 	
 	local dec0to40AD = (ndec &gt;= 0 and ndec &lt;= 40 and not parentBC) --special behavior in this range
 	local switchADBC = 1                 --  1=AD parent
 	if parentBC then switchADBC = -1 end -- -1=BC parent; possibly adjusted later
 	local BCdisp = ''
 	local D = -math.huge --secondary switch &amp; iterator for AD/BC transition
 	
 	--check non-default min/max more carefully
 	if mindec ~= mindefault then
 		if tonumber(mindec) &gt; ndec*switchADBC then
 			mindec = tostring(ndec*switchADBC) --input error; mindec should be &lt;= parent
 		end
 	end
 	if maxdec ~= maxdefault then
 		if tonumber(maxdec) &lt; ndec*switchADBC then
 			maxdec = tostring(ndec*switchADBC) --input error; maxdec should be &gt;= parent
 		end
 	end
 	local nmindec = tonumber(mindec) --similar behavior to nav_year &amp; nav_nordinal
 	local nmaxdec = tonumber(maxdec) --similar behavior to nav_nordinal
 	
 	--begin navdecade
 	local bnb = '' --border/no border
 	if navborder == false then --for Navseasoncats year and decade
 		bnb = ' border-style: none; background-color: transparent;'
 	end
 	local navd = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;'..bnb..'&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local i = -50 --nav position x 10
 	while i &lt;= 50 do
 		local d = ndec + i*switchADBC
 		
 		local BC = ''
 		BCdisp = ''
 		if dec0to40AD then
 			if D &lt; -10 then
 				d = math.abs(d + 10) --b/c 2 &quot;0கள்&quot; decades exist: &quot;கிமு 0கள்&quot; &amp; &quot;0கள்&quot; (கிபி)
 				BC = 'கிமு '
 				if d == 0 then
 					D = -10 --track 1st d = 0 use (கிமு)
 				end
 			elseif D &gt;= -10 then
 				D = D + 10 --now iterate from கிபி 0கள்
 				d = D      --2nd d = 0 use
 			end
 		elseif parentBC then
 			if switchADBC == -1 then --parentBC looking at the BC side (the common case)
 				BC = 'கிமு '
 				if d == 0 then     --prepare to switch to the AD side on the next iteration
 					switchADBC = 1 --1st d = 0 use (BC)
 					D = -10        --prep
 				end
 			elseif switchADBC == 1 then --switched to the AD side
 				D = D + 10 --now iterate from 0s AD
 				d = D      --2nd d = 0 use (on first use)
 			end
 		end
 		if BC ~= '' and ndec &lt;= 50 then
 			BCdisp = 'கிமு ' --show BC for all BC decades whenever a &quot;0s&quot; is displayed on the nav
 		end
 		
 		--determine target cat
 		local disp = BCdisp..d..'கள்'
 		local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..' '..d..'கள்'..tspace..BC..lastpart, disp )
 		if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 			trackcat(18, 'Navseasoncats decade redirected')
 		end
 		
 		--populate left/right navd
 		local shown = navcenter(i, catlink)
 		local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..disp..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 		local dsign = d --use d for display &amp; dsign for logic
 		if BC ~= '' then dsign = -dsign end
 		if (nmindec &lt;= dsign) and (dsign &lt;= nmaxdec) then
 			if dsign == 0 and (nmindec == 0 or nmaxdec == 0) then --distinguish b/w -0 (BC) &amp; 0 (AD)
 				--&quot;zoom in&quot; on +/- 0 and turn dsign/min/max temporarily into +/- 1 for easier processing
 				local zsign, zmin, zmax = 1, nmindec, nmaxdec
 				if BC ~= '' then zsign = -1 end
 				if     mindec == '-0' then zmin = -1
 				elseif mindec ==  '0' then zmin =  1 end
 				if     maxdec == '-0' then zmax = -1
 				elseif maxdec ==  '0' then zmax =  1 end
 				
 				if (zmin &lt;= zsign) and (zsign &lt;= zmax) then
 					navd = navd..shown
 					hidden = nil
 				else
 					navd = navd..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 				end
 			else
 				navd = navd..shown --the common case
 				hidden = nil
 			end
 		else
 			navd = navd..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 		end
 		if listall and hidden then
 			tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 10
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navd..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 --[[==========================={{  nav_decadeta1  }}=============================]]
 
 local function nav_decade_ta1( frame, firstpart, decade, lastpart, mindecade, maxdecade )
 	--Expects a PAGENAME of the form &quot;Some sequential 2000 example cat&quot;, where
 	--	firstpart = Some sequential
 	--	decade    = 2000
 	--	lastpart  = example cat
 	--	mindecade = 1800 ('min' decade parameter; optional; defaults to -9999)
 	--	maxdecade = 2020 ('max' decade parameter; optional; defaults to 9999)
 	
 	--sterilize dec
 	local dec = sterilizedec(decade)
 	if dec == nil then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_decade was sent &quot;'..(decade or '')..'&quot; as its 2nd parameter, '..
 							'but expects a 1 to 4-digit year ending in &quot;0&quot;.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'D')
 	end
 	local ndec = tonumber(dec)
 	
 	--sterilize mindecade &amp; determine AD/BC
 	local mindefault = '-9999'
 	local mindec = sterilizedec(mindecade) --returns a tostring(unsigned int), or nil
 	if mindec then
 		if string.match(mindecade, '-%d') or
 		   string.match(mindecade, 'கிமு')
 		then
 			mindec = '-'..mindec --better +/-0 behavior with strings (0-initialized int == &quot;-0&quot; string...)
 		end
 	elseif mindec == nil and mindecade and mindecade ~= '' then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_decade was sent &quot;'..(mindecade or '')..'&quot; as its 4th parameter, '..
 							'but expects a 1 to 4-digit year ending in &quot;0&quot;, the earliest decade to be shown.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'E')
 	else --mindec == nil
 		mindec = mindefault --tonumber() later, after error checks
 	end
 	
 	--sterilize maxdecade &amp; determine AD/BC
 	local maxdefault = '9999'
 	local maxdec = sterilizedec(maxdecade) --returns a tostring(unsigned int), or nil + error
 	if maxdec then
 		if string.match(maxdecade, '-%d') or
 		   string.match(maxdecade, 'கிமு')
 		then                     --better +/-0 behavior with strings (0-initialized int == &quot;-0&quot; string...),
 			maxdec = '-'..maxdec --but a &quot;-0&quot; string -&gt; tonumber() -&gt; tostring() = &quot;-0&quot;,
 		end                      --and a  &quot;0&quot; string -&gt; tonumber() -&gt; tostring() =  &quot;0&quot;
 	elseif maxdec == nil and maxdecade and maxdecade ~= '' then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_decade was sent &quot;'..(maxdecade or '')..'&quot; as its 5th parameter, '..
 							'but expects a 1 to 4-digit year ending in &quot;0&quot;, the highest decade to be shown.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'F')
 	else --maxdec == nil
 		maxdec = maxdefault
 	end
 	
 	local tspace = ' ' --assume trailing space for &quot;1950s in X&quot;-type cats
 	if string.match(lastpart, '^-') then tspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;1970s-related&quot;-type cats
 	
 	--AD/BC switches &amp; vars
 	
 	local parentBC = string.match(lastpart, '^கிமு') --following the &quot;0s BC&quot; convention for all years BC
 	lastpart = mw.ustring.gsub(lastpart, '^கிமு%s*', '') --handle BC separately; AD never used
 	--TODO?: handle BCE, but only if it exists in the wild
 	
 	local dec0to40AD = (ndec &gt;= 0 and ndec &lt;= 40 and not parentBC) --special behavior in this range
 	local switchADBC = 1                 --  1=AD parent
 	if parentBC then switchADBC = -1 end -- -1=BC parent; possibly adjusted later
 	local BCdisp = ''
 	local D = -math.huge --secondary switch &amp; iterator for AD/BC transition
 	
 	--check non-default min/max more carefully
 	if mindec ~= mindefault then
 		if tonumber(mindec) &gt; ndec*switchADBC then
 			mindec = tostring(ndec*switchADBC) --input error; mindec should be &lt;= parent
 		end
 	end
 	if maxdec ~= maxdefault then
 		if tonumber(maxdec) &lt; ndec*switchADBC then
 			maxdec = tostring(ndec*switchADBC) --input error; maxdec should be &gt;= parent
 		end
 	end
 	local nmindec = tonumber(mindec) --similar behavior to nav_year &amp; nav_nordinal
 	local nmaxdec = tonumber(maxdec) --similar behavior to nav_nordinal
 	
 	--begin navdecade
 	local bnb = '' --border/no border
 	if navborder == false then --for Navseasoncats year and decade
 		bnb = ' border-style: none; background-color: transparent;'
 	end
 	local navd = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;'..bnb..'&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local i = -50 --nav position x 10
 	while i &lt;= 50 do
 		local d = ndec + i*switchADBC
 		
 		local BC = ''
 		BCdisp = ''
 		if dec0to40AD then
 			if D &lt; -10 then
 				d = math.abs(d + 10) --b/c 2 &quot;0கள்&quot; decades exist: &quot;கிமு 0கள்&quot; &amp; &quot;0கள்&quot; (கிபி)
 				BC = 'கிமு '
 				if d == 0 then
 					D = -10 --track 1st d = 0 use (கிமு)
 				end
 			elseif D &gt;= -10 then
 				D = D + 10 --now iterate from கிபி 0கள்
 				d = D      --2nd d = 0 use
 			end
 		elseif parentBC then
 			if switchADBC == -1 then --parentBC looking at the BC side (the common case)
 				BC = 'கிமு '
 				if d == 0 then     --prepare to switch to the AD side on the next iteration
 					switchADBC = 1 --1st d = 0 use (BC)
 					D = -10        --prep
 				end
 			elseif switchADBC == 1 then --switched to the AD side
 				D = D + 10 --now iterate from 0s AD
 				d = D      --2nd d = 0 use (on first use)
 			end
 		end
 		if BC ~= '' and ndec &lt;= 50 then
 			BCdisp = 'கிமு ' --show BC for all BC decades whenever a &quot;0s&quot; is displayed on the nav
 		end
 		
 		--determine target cat
 		local disp = BCdisp..d..'கள்'
 		local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..' '..d..'களில்'..tspace..BC..lastpart, disp )
 		if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 			trackcat(18, 'Navseasoncats decade redirected')
 		end
 		
 		--populate left/right navd
 		local shown = navcenter(i, catlink)
 		local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..disp..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 		local dsign = d --use d for display &amp; dsign for logic
 		if BC ~= '' then dsign = -dsign end
 		if (nmindec &lt;= dsign) and (dsign &lt;= nmaxdec) then
 			if dsign == 0 and (nmindec == 0 or nmaxdec == 0) then --distinguish b/w -0 (BC) &amp; 0 (AD)
 				--&quot;zoom in&quot; on +/- 0 and turn dsign/min/max temporarily into +/- 1 for easier processing
 				local zsign, zmin, zmax = 1, nmindec, nmaxdec
 				if BC ~= '' then zsign = -1 end
 				if     mindec == '-0' then zmin = -1
 				elseif mindec ==  '0' then zmin =  1 end
 				if     maxdec == '-0' then zmax = -1
 				elseif maxdec ==  '0' then zmax =  1 end
 				
 				if (zmin &lt;= zsign) and (zsign &lt;= zmax) then
 					navd = navd..shown
 					hidden = nil
 				else
 					navd = navd..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 				end
 			else
 				navd = navd..shown --the common case
 				hidden = nil
 			end
 		else
 			navd = navd..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 		end
 		if listall and hidden then
 			tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 10
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navd..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[============================{{  nav_year  }}==============================]]
 
 local function nav_year( frame, firstpart, year, lastpart, minimumyear, maximumyear )
 	--Expects a PAGENAME of the form &quot;Some sequential 1760 example cat&quot;, where
 	--	firstpart   = Some sequential
 	--	year        = 1760
 	--	lastpart    = example cat
 	--	minimumyear = 1758 ('min' year parameter; optional)
 	--	maximumyear = 1800 ('max' year parameter; optional)
 	local minyear_default = -9999
 	local maxyear_default =  9999
 	year = tonumber(year) or tonumber(mw.ustring.match(year or '', '^%s*(%d*)'))
 	local minyear = tonumber(string.match(minimumyear or '', '-?%d+')) or minyear_default --allow +/- qualifier
 	local maxyear = tonumber(string.match(maximumyear or '', '-?%d+')) or maxyear_default --allow +/- qualifier
 	if string.match(minimumyear or '', 'கிமு') then minyear = -math.abs(minyear) end --allow BC qualifier (AD otherwise assumed)
 	if string.match(maximumyear or '', 'கிமு') then maxyear = -math.abs(maxyear) end --allow BC qualifier (AD otherwise assumed)
 	
 	if year == nil then
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_year can\'t recognize the year sent to its 2nd parameter.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'Y')
 	end
 	
 	--AD/BC switches &amp; vars
 	
 	local yearBCElastparts = { --needed for parent = AD 1-5, when the BC/E format is unknown
 		--&quot;BCE&quot; removed to match both AD &amp; BCE cats; easier &amp; faster than multiple string.match()s
 		['example_Hebrew people_example'] = 'BCE', --example entry format; add to &amp; adjust as needed
 	}
 	local parentAD = string.match(firstpart, 'AD$')  --following the &quot;AD 1&quot; convention from AD 1 to AD 10
 	local parentBC = string.match(lastpart, '^BCE?') --following the &quot;1 BC&quot; convention for all years BC
 	firstpart = mw.ustring.gsub(firstpart, '%s*AD$', '') --handle AD/BC separately for easier &amp; faster accounting
 	lastpart  = mw.ustring.gsub(lastpart,  '^BCE?%s*', '')
 	local BCe = parentBC or yearBCElastparts[lastpart] or 'கிமு' --&quot;BC&quot; default
 	
 	local year1to10 = (year &gt;= 1 and year &lt;= 10)
 	local year1to10ADBC = year1to10 and (parentBC or parentAD) --special behavior 1-10 for low-# non-year series
 	local year1to15AD = (year &gt;= 1 and year &lt;= 15 and not parentBC) --special behavior 1-15 for AD/BC display
 	local switchADBC = 1                 --  1=AD parent
 	if parentBC then switchADBC = -1 end -- -1=BC parent; possibly adjusted later
 	local Y = 0 --secondary iterator for AD-on-a-BC-parent
 	
 	if minyear &gt; year*switchADBC then minyear = year*switchADBC end --input error; minyear should be &lt;= parent
 	if maxyear &lt; year*switchADBC then maxyear = year*switchADBC end --input error; maxyear should be &gt;= parent
 	
 	local lspace = ' ' --leading space before year, after firstpart
 	if string.match(firstpart, '[%-VW]$') then
 		lspace = '' --e.g. &quot;Straight-8 engines&quot;
 	end
 	
 	local tspace = ' ' --trailing space after year, before lastpart
 	if string.match(lastpart, '^-') then
 		tspace = '' --e.g. &quot;2018-related timelines&quot;
 	end
 	
 	--determine interyear gap size to condense special category types, if possible
 	local ygapdefault = 1 --assume/start at the most common case: 2001, 2002, etc.
 	local ygap = ygapdefault
 	if string.match(lastpart, 'presidential') then
 		local ygap1, ygap2 = ygapdefault, ygapdefault --need to determine previous &amp; next year gaps indepedently
 		local ygap1_success, ygap2_success = false, false
 		
 		local prevseason = nil
 		while ygap1 &lt;= 5 do --Czech Republic, Poland, Sri Lanka, etc. have 5-year terms
 			prevseason = firstpart..lspace..(year-ygap1)..tspace..lastpart
 			if catexists(prevseason) then
 				ygap1_success = true
 				break
 			end
 			ygap1 = ygap1 + 1
 		end
 		
 		local nextseason = nil
 		while ygap2 &lt;= 5 do --Czech Republic, Poland, Sri Lanka, etc. have 5-year terms
 			nextseason = firstpart..lspace..(year+ygap2)..tspace..lastpart
 			if catexists(nextseason) then
 				ygap2_success = true
 				break
 			end
 			ygap2 = ygap2 + 1
 		end
 		
 		if ygap1_success and ygap2_success then
 			if ygap1 == ygap2 then ygap = ygap1 end
 		elseif ygap1_success then  ygap = ygap1
 		elseif ygap2_success then  ygap = ygap2
 		end
 	end
 	
 	--skip non-existing years, if requested
 	local ynogaps = {} --populate with existing years in the range, at most, [year - (skipgaps_limit * 5), year + (skipgaps_limit * 5)]
 	local skipgaps_limit = 25
 	if skipgaps then
 		if minyear == minyear_default then
 			minyear = 0 --automatically set minyear to 0, as AD/BC not supported anyway
 		end
 		if (year &gt; 70) or --add support for AD/BC (&lt;= AD 10) if/when needed
 		   (minyear &gt;= 0 and --must be a non-year series like &quot;AC with 0 elements&quot;
 		   	not parentAD and not parentBC)
 		then
 			local yskipped = {} --track skipped y's to avoid double-checking
 			local cat, found, Yeary
 			
 			 --populate nav element queue outwards positively from the parent
 			local Year = year --to save/ratchet progression
 			local i = 1
 			while i &lt;= 5 do
 				local y = 1
 				while y &lt;= skipgaps_limit do
 					found = false
 					Yeary = Year + y
 					if yskipped[Yeary] == nil then
 						yskipped[Yeary] = Yeary
 						cat = firstpart..lspace..Yeary..tspace..lastpart
 						found = catexists(cat)
 						if found then break end
 					end
 					y = y + 1
 				end
 				if found then Year = Yeary
 				else          Year = Year + 1 end
 				ynogaps[i] =  Year
 				i = i + 1
 			end
 			
 			ynogaps[0] = year --the parent
 			
 			--populate nav element queue outwards negatively from the parent
 			Year = year --reset ratchet
 			i = -1
 			while i &gt;= -5 do
 				local y = -1
 				while y &gt;= -skipgaps_limit do
 					found = false
 					Yeary = Year + y
 					if yskipped[Yeary] == nil then
 						yskipped[Yeary] = Yeary
 						cat = firstpart..lspace..Yeary..tspace..lastpart
 						found = catexists(cat)
 						if found then break end
 					end
 					y = y - 1
 				end
 				if found then Year = Yeary
 				else          Year = Year - 1 end
 				ynogaps[i] =  Year
 				i = i - 1
 			end
 		else
 			skipgaps = false --AD/BC not supported
 		end
 	end
 	
 	--begin navyears
 	local navy = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local y
 	local i = -5 --nav position
 	while i &lt;= 5 do
 		if skipgaps then
 			y = ynogaps[i]
 		else
 			y = year + i*ygap*switchADBC
 		end
 		local BCdisp = ''
 		if i ~= 0 then --left/right navy
 			
 			local AD = ''
 			local BC = ''
 			if year1to15AD and not
 			   (year1to10 and not year1to10ADBC) --don't AD/BC 1-10's if parents don't contain AD/BC
 			then
 				if year &gt;= 11 then --parent = AD 11-15
 					if y &lt;= 10 then --prepend AD on y = 1-10 cats only, per existing cats
 						AD = 'AD '
 					end
 					
 				elseif year &gt;= 1 then --parent = AD 1-10
 					if y &lt;= 0 then
 						BC = BCe..' '
 						y = math.abs(y - 1) --skip y = 0 (DNE)
 					elseif y &gt;= 1 and y &lt;= 10 then --prepend AD on y = 1-10 cats only, per existing cats
 						AD = 'AD '
 					end
 				end
 				
 			elseif parentBC then
 				if switchADBC == -1 then --displayed y is in the BC regime
 					if y &gt;= 1 then     --the common case
 						BC = BCe..' '
 					elseif y == 0 then --switch from BC to AD regime
 						switchADBC = 1
 					end
 				end
 				if switchADBC == 1 then --displayed y is now in the AD regime
 					Y = Y + 1 --skip y = 0 (DNE)
 					y = Y     --easiest solution: start another iterator for these AD y's displayed on a BC year parent
 					AD = 'AD '
 				end
 			end
 			if BC ~= '' and year &lt;= 5 then --only show 'BC' for parent years &lt;= 5: saves room, easier to read,
 				BCdisp = ' '..BCe          --and 6 is the first/last nav year that doesn't need a disambiguator;
 			end                            --the center/parent year will always show BC, so no need to show it another 10x
 			
 			--populate left/right navy
 			local ysign = y --use y for display &amp; ysign for logic
 			local disp = y..BCdisp
 			if BC ~= '' then ysign = -ysign end
 			local firsttry = firstpart..lspace..AD..y..tspace..BC..lastpart
 			if (minyear &lt;= ysign) and (ysign &lt;= maxyear) then
 				local catlinkAD = catlinkfollowr( frame, firsttry, disp ) --try AD
 				local catlink = catlinkAD --tentative winner
 				if AD ~= '' then --for &quot;ACArt with 5 suppressed elements&quot;-type cats
 					local catlinkNoAD = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..lspace..y..tspace..BC..lastpart, disp ) --try !AD
 					if catlinkNoAD.catexists == true then
 						catlink = catlinkNoAD --usurp
 					elseif listall then
 						tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' (tried; not displayed)'
 					end
 				end
 				if (AD..BC == '') and (catlink.catexists == false) and (y &gt;= 1000) then --!ADBC &amp; DNE; 4-digit only, to be frugal
 					--try basic hyphenated cats: 1-year, endash, MOS-correct only, no #Rs
 					local yHyph_4 = y..'–'..(y+1) --try 2010–2011 type cats
 					local catlinkHyph_4 = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..lspace..yHyph_4..tspace..BC..lastpart, yHyph_4 )
 					if catlinkHyph_4.catexists and catlinkHyph_4.rtarget == nil then --exists &amp; no #Rs
 						catlink = catlinkHyph_4 --usurp
 						trackcat(27, 'Navseasoncats year and range')
 					else
 						if listall then
 							tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' (tried; not displayed)'
 						end
 						local yHyph_2 = y..'–'..string.match(y+1, '%d%d$') --try 2010–11 type cats
 						local catlinkHyph_2 = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..lspace..yHyph_2..tspace..BC..lastpart, yHyph_2 )
 						if catlinkHyph_2.catexists and catlinkHyph_2.rtarget == nil then --exists &amp; no #Rs
 							catlink = catlinkHyph_2 --usurp
 							trackcat(27, 'Navseasoncats year and range')
 						elseif listall then
 							tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' (tried; not displayed)'
 						end
 					end
 				end
 				if catlink.rtarget then --#R followed; determine why
 					local r = catlink.rtarget
 					local c = catlink.cat
 					local regex_year  = '%d%d%d%d[–-]?%d?%d?%d?%d?' --prioritize year/range stripping, e.g. for &quot;2006 Super 14 season&quot;
 					local regex_hyph  = '%d%d%d%d[–-]%d+'
 					local regex_num   = '%d+' --strip any number otherwise
 					local regex_final = nil   --best choice goes here
 					if mw.ustring.match(r, regex_year) and mw.ustring.match(c, regex_year) then
 						regex_final = regex_year
 					elseif mw.ustring.match(r, regex_num) and mw.ustring.match(c, regex_num) then
 						regex_final = regex_num
 					end
 					if regex_final then
 						local r_base = mw.ustring.gsub(r, regex_final, '')
 						local c_base = mw.ustring.gsub(c, regex_final, '')
 						if r_base ~= c_base then
 							trackcat(19, 'Navseasoncats year redirected (base change)') --acceptable #R target
 						elseif mw.ustring.match(r, regex_hyph) then
 							trackcat(20, 'Navseasoncats year redirected (var change)') --e.g. &quot;2008 in Scottish women's football&quot; to &quot;2008–09&quot;
 						else
 							trackcat(21, 'Navseasoncats year redirected (other)') --exceptions go here
 						end
 					else
 						trackcat(20, 'Navseasoncats year redirected (var change)') --e.g. &quot;V2 engines&quot; to &quot;V-twin engines&quot;
 					end
 				end
 				navy = navy..'*'..catlink.navelement..'\n'
 			else --OOB vs min/max
 				local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..disp..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 				navy = navy..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 				if listall then
 					local dummy = catlinkfollowr( frame, firsttry, disp )
 					tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 				end
 			end
 		else --center navy
 			if parentBC then BCdisp = ' '..BCe end
 			navy = navy..'*&lt;b&gt;'..year..BCdisp..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navy..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[==========================={{  nav_roman  }}==============================]]
 
 local function nav_roman( frame, firstpart, roman, lastpart, minimumrom, maximumrom )
 	local toarabic = require('Module:ConvertNumeric').roman_to_numeral
 	local toroman  = require('Module:Roman').main
 	
 	--sterilize/convert rom/num
 	local num = tonumber(toarabic(roman))
 	local rom = toroman({ [1] = num })
 	if num == nil or rom == nil then --out of range or some other error
 		errors = p.errorclass('Function nav_roman can\'t recognize one or more of &quot;'..(num or 'nil')..'&quot; &amp; &quot;'..
 							(rom or 'nil')..'&quot; in category &quot;'..firstpart..' '..roman..' '..lastpart..'&quot;.')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'R')
 	end
 	
 	--sterilize min/max
 	local minrom = tonumber(minimumrom or '') or tonumber(toarabic(minimumrom or ''))
 	local maxrom = tonumber(maximumrom or '') or tonumber(toarabic(maximumrom or ''))
 	if minrom &lt; 1 then minrom = 1 end    --toarabic() returns -1 on error
 	if maxrom &lt; 1 then maxrom = 9999 end --toarabic() returns -1 on error
 	if minrom &gt; num then minrom = num end
 	if maxrom &lt; num then maxrom = num end
 	
 	--begin navroman
 	local navr = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local i = -5 --nav position
 	while i &lt;= 5 do
 		local n = num + i
 		
 		if n &gt;= 1 then
 			local r = toroman({ [1] = n })
 			if i ~= 0 then --left/right navr
 				local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..' '..r..' '..lastpart, r )
 				if minrom &lt;= n and n &lt;= maxrom then
 					if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 						trackcat(22, 'Navseasoncats roman numeral redirected')
 					end
 					navr = navr..'*'..catlink.navelement..'\n'
 				else
 					local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..r..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 					navr = navr..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 					if listall then
 						tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 					end
 				end
 			else --center navr
 				navr = navr..'*&lt;b&gt;'..r..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 			end
 		else
 			navr = navr..'*&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..'I'..'&lt;/span&gt;\n'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navr..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[=========================={{  nav_nordinal  }}============================]]
 
 local function nav_nordinal( frame, firstpart, ord, lastpart, minimumord, maximumord )
 	local nord = tonumber(ord)
 	local minord = tonumber(string.match(minimumord or '', '(-?%d+)')) or -9999 --allow full ord &amp; +/- qualifier
 	local maxord = tonumber(string.match(maximumord or '', '(-?%d+)')) or  9999 --allow full ord &amp; +/- qualifier
 	if string.match(minimumord or '', 'கிமு') then minord = -math.abs(minord) end --allow BC qualifier (AD otherwise assumed)
 	if string.match(maximumord or '', 'கிமு') then maxord = -math.abs(maxord) end --allow BC qualifier (AD otherwise assumed)
 	local th = '-ஆம்' --adding for tawiki 
 
 	local temporal = string.match(lastpart, 'நூற்றாண்டு') or
 					 string.match(lastpart, 'ஆயிரமாண்டு')
 	
 	local tspace = ' ' --assume a trailing space after ordinal
 	if string.match(lastpart, '^(- )') then tspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;19th-century&quot;-type cats
 	
 	--AD/BC switches &amp; vars
 	
 	local ordBCElastparts = { --needed for parent = AD 1-5, when the BC/E format is unknown
 		--lists the lastpart of valid BCE cats
 		--&quot;BCE&quot; removed to match both AD &amp; BCE cats; easier &amp; faster than multiple string.match()s
 		['-century Hebrew people'] = 'BCE', --WP:CFD/Log/2016 June 21#Category:11th-century BC Hebrew people
 		['-century Jews']          = 'BCE', --co-nominated
 		['-century Judaism']       = 'BCE', --co-nominated
 		['-century rabbis']        = 'BCE', --co-nominated
 		['-century High Priests of Israel'] = 'BCE',
 	}
 	local parentBC = mw.ustring.match(lastpart, '%s(BCE?)')       --&quot;1st-century BC&quot; format
 	local lastpartNoBC = mw.ustring.gsub(lastpart, '%sBCE?', '')  --easier than splitting lastpart up in 2; AD never used
 	local BCe = parentBC or ordBCElastparts[lastpartNoBC] or 'கிமு' --&quot;BC&quot; default
 	
 	local switchADBC = 1                 --  1=AD parent
 	if parentBC then switchADBC = -1 end -- -1=BC parent; possibly adjusted later
 	local O = 0 --secondary iterator for AD-on-a-BC-parent
 	
 	if not temporal and minord &lt; 1 then minord = 1 end --nothing before &quot;1st parliament&quot;, etc.
 	if minord &gt; nord*switchADBC then minord = nord*switchADBC end --input error; minord should be &lt;= parent
 	if maxord &lt; nord*switchADBC then maxord = nord*switchADBC end --input error; maxord should be &gt;= parent
 	
 	--begin navnordinal
 	local bnb = '' --border/no border
 	if navborder == false then --for Navseasoncats decade and century
 		bnb = ' border-style: none; background-color: transparent;'
 	end
 	local navo = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;'..bnb..'&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local i = -5 --nav position
 	while i &lt;= 5 do
 		local o = nord + i*switchADBC
 		local BC = ''
 		local BCdisp = ''
 		if parentBC then
 			if switchADBC == -1 then --parentBC looking at the BC side
 				if o &gt;= 1 then     --the common case
 					BC = BCe..' '
 				elseif o == 0 then --switch to the AD side
 					BC = ''
 					switchADBC = 1
 				end
 			end
 			if switchADBC == 1 then --displayed o is now in the AD regime
 				O = O + 1 --skip o = 0 (DNE)
 				o = O     --easiest solution: start another iterator for these AD o's displayed on a BC year parent
 			end
 		elseif o &lt;= 0 then --parentAD looking at BC side
 			BC = BCe..' '
 			o = math.abs(o - 1) --skip o = 0 (DNE)
 		end
 		if BC ~= '' and nord &lt;= 5 then --only show 'BC' for parent ords &lt;= 5: saves room, easier to read,
 			BCdisp = BCe..' '          --and 6 is the first/last nav ord that doesn't need a disambiguator;
 		end                            --the center/parent ord will always show BC, so no need to show it another 10x
 		
 		--populate left/right navo
 		local oth = p.addord(o)
 		local osign = o --use o for display &amp; osign for logic
 		if BC ~= '' then osign = -osign end
 		local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..oth..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 		if temporal then --e.g. &quot;3rd-century BC&quot;
 			local lastpart = lastpartNoBC --lest we recursively add multiple &quot;BC&quot;s
 			if BC ~= '' then
 				lastpart = string.gsub(lastpart, temporal, temporal..BC) --replace BC if needed
 			end
   			lastpart = string.gsub(lastpart, th..' '..temporal, temporal) --replace '-ஆம் ' in century or millenium categories
 			local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..' '..oth..tspace..lastpart, BCdisp..oth)
 			if (minord &lt;= osign) and (osign &lt;= maxord) then
 				if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 					trackcat(23, 'Navseasoncats nordinal redirected')
 				end
 				navo = navo..navcenter(i, catlink)
 			else
 				navo = navo..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 				if listall then
 					tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 				end
 			end
 		elseif BC == '' and minord &lt;= osign and osign &lt;= maxord then --e.g. &gt;= &quot;1st parliament&quot;
 			local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..' '..oth..tspace..lastpart, oth )
 			if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 				trackcat(23, 'Navseasoncats nordinal redirected')
 			end
 			navo = navo..navcenter(i, catlink)
 		else --either out-of-range (hide), or non-temporal + BC = something might be wrong (2nd X parliament BC?); handle exceptions if/as they arise
 			navo = navo..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navo..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[========================={{  nav_wordinal  }}=============================]]
 
 local function nav_wordinal( frame, firstpart, word, lastpart, minimumword, maximumword, ordinal, frame )
 	--Module:ConvertNumeric.numeral_to_english() flags:
 	--   ordinal == 'on': 'second' is output instead of 'two'
 	--   ordinal ~= 'on': 'two' is output instead of 'second'
 	local ord2eng = require('Module:ConvertNumeric').numeral_to_english
 	local eng2ord = require('Module:ConvertNumeric').english_to_ordinal
 	local th = 'ஆம்'
 	if ordinal ~= 'on' then
 		th = ''
 		eng2ord = require('Module:ConvertNumeric').english_to_numeral
 	end
 	local sc = string.match(word, '^%u') --sentence-case check
 	local lc = string.lower(word) --operate on/with lc, and restore any sc later
 	local nord = eng2ord(lc)
 	local case = nil
 	if sc then case = 'U' end
 	
 	local lspace = ' ' --assume a leading space (most common)
 	local tspace = ' ' --assume a trailing space (most common)
 	if string.match(firstpart, '[%-%(]$') then lspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;Straight-eight engines&quot;-type cats
 	if string.match(lastpart, '^[%-%)]' ) then tspace = '' end --DNE for &quot;Nine-cylinder engines&quot;-type cats
 	
 	--sterilize min/max
 	local minword = 1
 	local maxword = 99
 	if minimumword then
 		local num = tonumber(minimumword)
 		if num and 0 &lt; num and num &lt; maxword then
 			minword = num
 		else
 			local ord = eng2ord(minimumword)
 			if 0 &lt; ord and ord &lt; maxword then
 				minword = ord
 			end
 		end
 	end
 	if maximumword then
 		local num = tonumber(maximumword)
 		if num and 0 &lt; num and num &lt; maxword then
 			maxword = num
 		else
 			local ord = eng2ord(maximumword)
 			if 0 &lt; ord and ord &lt; maxword then
 				maxword = ord
 			end
 		end
 	end
 	if minword &gt; nord then minword = nord end
 	if maxword &lt; nord then maxword = nord end
 	
 	--begin navwordinal
 	local navw = '{| class=&quot;toccolours hlist&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto;&quot;\n'..'|\n'
 	
 	local i = -5 --nav position
 	while i &lt;= 5 do
 		local n = nord + i
 		
 		if n &gt;= 1 then
 			local nth = p.addord(n)
 			if ordinal ~= 'on' then nth = n end
 			if i ~= 0 then --left/right navw
 				local frame_args = frame:newChild{ args = { n, ord = ordinal, case = case } } --easier to do this than modify Module:ConvertNumeric
 				local w = ord2eng( frame_args )
 				local catlink = catlinkfollowr( frame, firstpart..lspace..w..tspace..lastpart, nth )
 				if minword &lt;= n and n &lt;= maxword then
 					if catlink.rtarget then --a {{Category redirect}} was followed
 						trackcat(24, 'Navseasoncats wordinal redirected')
 					end
 					navw = navw..'*'..catlink.navelement..'\n'
 				else
 					local hidden = '&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..nth..'&lt;/span&gt;'
 					navw = navw..'*'..hidden..'\n'
 					if listall then
 						tlistall[#tlistall] = tlistall[#tlistall]..' ('..hidden..')'
 					end
 				end
 			else --center navw
 				navw = navw..'*&lt;b&gt;'..nth..'&lt;/b&gt;\n'
 			end
 		else
 			navw = navw..'*&lt;span style=&quot;visibility:hidden&quot;&gt;'..'0'..th..'&lt;/span&gt;\n'
 		end
 		
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	
 	isolatedcat()
 	if listall then
 		return listalllinks()
 	else
 		return navw..'|}'
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[==========================={{  find_var  }}===============================]]
 
 local function find_var( pn )
 	--Extracts the variable text (e.g. 2015, 2015–16, 2000s, 3rd, III, etc.) from a string,
 	--and returns { ['vtype'] = &lt;'year'|'season'|etc.&gt;, &lt;v&gt; = &lt;2015|2015–16|etc.&gt; }
 	local pagename = currtitle.text
 	if pn and pn ~= '' then
 		pagename = pn
 	end
 	
 	local cpagename = 'பகுப்பு:'..pagename --limited-Lua-regex workaround
 	
 	local d_season = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, ':(%d+s).+%(%d+[–-]%d+%)') --i.e. &quot;1760s in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)&quot;
 
 	local y_season = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, ':(%d+) .+%(%d+[–-]%d+%)') --i.e. &quot;1763 establishments in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)&quot;
 	
 	local e_season = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '%s(%d+[–-])$') or --irreg; ending unknown, e.g. &quot;Members of the Scottish Parliament 2021–&quot;
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '%s(%d+[–-]present)$') or--e.g. &quot;UK MPs 2019–present&quot;
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '%s(%d+[–-]தற்போது)$') --e.g. &quot;UK MPs 2019–தற்போது&quot;
 	
 	local season   = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s%(](%d+[–-]%d+)[%)%s]') or --split in 2 b/c you can't frontier '$'/eos?
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+[–-]%d+)$')
 	
 	local tvseason = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, 'season (%d+)') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, 'series (%d+)') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, 'பருவம் (%d+)') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, 'தொடர் (%d+)')
 	
 	local nordinal = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+[snrt][tdh])[-%s]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+[snrt][tdh])$') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)[-ஆம்]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+ ஆம்)$') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+-ஆவது)$') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+ ஆவது)$') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+வது)$')
 	
 	local decade   = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+s)[%s-]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+s)$') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+கள்)[%s]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+கள்)[%s-]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+கள்)$')
 	
 	local decade_ta1   = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+களில்)[%s]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+களில்)[%s-]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+களில்)$')
 	
 	local year     = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d%d%d%d)%s') or --prioritize 4-digit years
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d%d%d%d)$') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)%s') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)$') or
 					 --expand/combine exceptions below as needed
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)[இல்]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)[-இல்]') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)-related') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%s](%d+)-cylinder') or
 					 mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '[:%-VW](%d+)%s') --e.g. &quot;Straight-8 engines&quot;
 	
 	local roman    = mw.ustring.match(cpagename, '%s([IVXLCDM]+)%s')
 	
 	local found    = d_season or y_season or e_season or season or tvseason or
 					 nordinal or decade or decade_ta1 or year or roman
 	
 	if found then
 		if string.match(found, '%d%d%d%d%d') == nil then
 			--return in order of decreasing complexity/least chance for duplication
 			if nordinal and season --i.e. &quot;18th-century establishments in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)&quot;
 						then return { ['vtype'] = 'nordinal', ['v'] = nordinal } end
 			if d_season then return { ['vtype'] = 'decade',   ['v'] = d_season } end
 			if y_season then return { ['vtype'] = 'year',     ['v'] = y_season } end
 			if e_season then return { ['vtype'] = 'ending',   ['v'] = e_season } end
 			if season   then return { ['vtype'] = 'season',   ['v'] = season   } end
 			if tvseason then return { ['vtype'] = 'tvseason', ['v'] = tvseason } end
 			if nordinal then return { ['vtype'] = 'nordinal', ['v'] = nordinal } end
 			if decade   then return { ['vtype'] = 'decade',   ['v'] = decade   } end
 			if decade_ta1   then return { ['vtype'] = 'decade_ta1',   ['v'] = decade_ta1   } end
 			if year     then return { ['vtype'] = 'year',     ['v'] = year     } end
 			if roman    then return { ['vtype'] = 'roman',    ['v'] = roman    } end
 		end
 	else
 		--try wordinals ('zeroth' to 'ninety-ninth' only)
 		local eng2ord = require('Module:ConvertNumeric').english_to_ordinal
 		local split = mw.text.split(pagename, ' ')
 		for i=1, #split do
 			if eng2ord(split[i]) &gt; -1 then
 				return { ['vtype'] = 'wordinal', ['v'] = split[i] }
 			end
 		end
 		
 		--try English numerics ('one'/'single' to 'ninety-nine' only)
 		local eng2num = require('Module:ConvertNumeric').english_to_numeral
 		local split = mw.text.split(pagename, '[%s%-]') --e.g. &quot;Nine-cylinder engines&quot;
 		for i=1, #split do
 			if eng2num(split[i]) &gt; -1 then
 				return { ['vtype'] = 'enumeric', ['v'] = split[i] }
 			end
 		end
 	end
 	
 	errors = p.errorclass('Function find_var can\'t find the variable text in category &quot;'..pagename..'&quot;.')
 	return { ['vtype'] = 'error', ['v'] = p.failedcat(errors, 'V') }
 end
 
 
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 --[[                                  Main                                    ]]
 --[[==========================================================================]]
 
 function p.navseasoncats( frame )
 	--arg checks &amp; handling
 	local args = frame:getParent().args
 	checkforunknownparams(args)       --for template args
 	checkforunknownparams(frame.args) --for #invoke'd args
 	local cat  = args['cat']                --'testcase' alias for catspace
 	local list = args['list-all-links']     --debugging utility to output all links &amp; followed #Rs
 	local follow = args['follow-redirects'] --default 'yes'
 	local testcase    = args['testcase']
 	local testcasegap = args['testcasegap']
 	local minimum = args['min']
 	local maximum = args['max']
 	local skip_gaps = args['skip-gaps']
 	
 	--apply args
 	local pagename = testcase or cat or currtitle.text
 	local testcaseindent = ''
 	if testcasecolon == ':' then testcaseindent = '\n::' end
 	if follow and follow == 'no' then followRs = false end
 	if list and list == 'yes' then listall = true end
 	if skip_gaps and skip_gaps == 'yes' then
 		skipgaps = true
 		trackcat(26, 'Navseasoncats using skip-gaps parameter')
 	end
 	
 	--ns checks
 	if currtitle.nsText == 'Category' then
 		if cat and cat ~= '' then
 			trackcat(1, 'Navseasoncats using cat parameter')
 		end
 		if testcase and testcase ~= '' then
 			trackcat(2, 'Navseasoncats using testcase parameter')
 		end
 	elseif currtitle.nsText == '' then
 		trackcat(30, 'Navseasoncats in mainspace')
 	end
 	
 	--find the variable parts of pagename
 	local findvar = find_var(pagename)
 	if findvar.vtype == 'error' then --basic format error checking in find_var()
 		return findvar.v..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 	end
 	local start = string.match(findvar.v, '^%d+')
 	
 	--the rest is static
 	local findvar_escaped = string.gsub( findvar.v, '%-', '%%%-')
 	local firstpart, lastpart = string.match(pagename, '^(.-)'..findvar_escaped..'(.*)$')
 	if findvar.vtype == 'tvseason' then --double check for cases like '30 Rock (season 3) episodes'
 		firstpart, lastpart = string.match(pagename, '^(.-season )'..findvar_escaped..'(.*)$')
 		if firstpart == nil then
 			firstpart, lastpart = string.match(pagename, '^(.-series )'..findvar_escaped..'(.*)$')
 		end
 	end
 	firstpart = mw.text.trim(firstpart or '')
 	lastpart  = mw.text.trim(lastpart or '')
 	
 	--call the appropriate nav function, in order of decreasing popularity
 	if findvar.vtype == 'year' then     --e.g. &quot;500&quot;, &quot;2001&quot;; nav_year..nav_decade; ~75% of cats
 		local nav1 = nav_year( frame, firstpart, start, lastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 		local dec = math.floor(findvar.v/10)
 		local decadecat = nil
 		local firstpart_dec = firstpart
 		if firstpart_dec ~= '' then
 			firstpart_dec = firstpart_dec..' the'
 		elseif firstpart_dec == 'AD' and dec &lt;= 1 then
 			firstpart_dec = ''
 			if dec == 0 then dec = '' end
 		end
 		local decade = dec..'0கள் '
 		decadecat = mw.text.trim( firstpart_dec..' '..decade..lastpart )
 		local exists = catexists(decadecat)
 		if exists then
 			navborder = false
 			trackcat(28, 'Navseasoncats year and decade')
 			local nav2 = nav_decade( frame, firstpart_dec, decade, lastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 			return nav1nav2( nav1, nav2 )
 		elseif ttrackingcats[16] ~= '' then --nav_year isolated; check nav_hyphen (e.g. UK MPs 1974, Moldovan MPs 2009, etc.)
 			local hyphen = '–'
 			local finish = start
 			local nav2 = nav_hyphen( frame, start, hyphen, finish, firstpart, lastpart, minimum, maximum, testcasegap )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 			if ttrackingcats[16] ~= '' then return nav1 --still isolated; rv to nav_year
 			else return nav2 end
 		else --regular nav_year
 			return nav1
 		end
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'decade' then   --e.g. &quot;0கள்&quot;, &quot;2010கள்&quot;; nav_decade..nav_nordinal; ~12% of cats
 		local nav1 = nav_decade( frame, firstpart, start, lastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 		local decade = tonumber(string.match(findvar.v, '^(%d+)கள்'))
 		local century = math.floor( ((decade-1)/100) + 1 ) --from {{CENTURY}}
 		if century == 0 then century = 1 end --no 0th century
 		if string.match(decade, '00$') then
 			century = century + 1 --'2000' is in the 20th, but the rest of the 2000s is in the 21st
 		end
 		local clastpart = ' நூற்றாண்டு '..lastpart
 		local centurycat = mw.text.trim( firstpart..' '..p.addord(century)..clastpart )
 		local exists = catexists(centurycat)
 		if not exists then --check for hyphenated century
 			clastpart = ' நூற்றாண்டுப் '..lastpart
 			centurycat = mw.text.trim( firstpart..' '..p.addord(century)..clastpart )
 			exists = catexists(centurycat)
 			if not exists then --check for hyphenated century
 				clastpart = ' நூற்றாண்டுக் '..lastpart
 				centurycat = mw.text.trim( firstpart..' '..p.addord(century)..clastpart )
 				exists = catexists(centurycat)
 			end
 		end
 		if exists then
 			navborder = false
 			trackcat(29, 'Navseasoncats decade and century')
 			local nav2 = nav_nordinal( frame, firstpart, century, clastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 			return nav1nav2( nav1, nav2 )
 		else
 			return nav1
 		end
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'decade_ta1' then   --e.g. &quot;0களில்&quot;, &quot;2010களில்&quot;; nav_decade..nav_nordinal; ~12% of cats
 		local nav1 = nav_decade_ta1( frame, firstpart, start, lastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 		local decade = tonumber(string.match(findvar.v, '^(%d+)களில்'))
 		local century = math.floor( ((decade-1)/100) + 1 ) --from {{CENTURY}}
 		if century == 0 then century = 1 end --no 0th century
 		if string.match(decade, '00$') then
 			century = century + 1 --'2000' is in the 20th, but the rest of the 2000s is in the 21st
 		end
 		local clastpart = ' நூற்றாண்டு '..lastpart
 		local centurycat = mw.text.trim( firstpart..' '..p.addord(century)..clastpart )
 		local exists = catexists(centurycat)
 		if not exists then --check for hyphenated century
 			clastpart = ' நூற்றாண்டுப் '..lastpart -- for நூற்றாண்டுப் படைப்புகள்
 			centurycat = mw.text.trim( firstpart..' '..p.addord(century)..clastpart )
 			exists = catexists(centurycat)
 			if not exists then --check for hyphenated century
 				clastpart = ' நூற்றாண்டுக் '..lastpart -- for நூற்றாண்டுக் கோட்டைகள்
 				centurycat = mw.text.trim( firstpart..' '..p.addord(century)..clastpart )
 				exists = catexists(centurycat)
 			end
 		end
 		if exists then
 			navborder = false
 			trackcat(29, 'Navseasoncats decade and century')
 			local nav2 = nav_nordinal( frame, firstpart, century, clastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 			return nav1nav2( nav1, nav2 )
 		else
 			return nav1
 		end
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'nordinal' then --e.g. &quot;1st&quot;, &quot;99th&quot;; ~7.5% of cats
 		return nav_nordinal( frame, firstpart, start, lastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'season' then   --e.g. &quot;1–4&quot;, &quot;1999–2000&quot;, &quot;2001–02&quot;, &quot;2001–2002&quot;, &quot;2005–2010&quot;, etc.; ~5.25%
 		local hyphen, finish = mw.ustring.match(findvar.v, '%d([–-])(%d+)') --ascii 150 &amp; 45 (ndash &amp; keyboard hyphen); mw req'd
 		return nav_hyphen( frame, start, hyphen, finish, firstpart, lastpart, minimum, maximum, testcasegap )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'tvseason' then --e.g. &quot;1&quot;, &quot;15&quot; but preceded with &quot;season&quot; or &quot;series&quot;; &lt;1% of cats
 		return nav_tvseason( frame, firstpart, start, lastpart, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats) --&quot;minimum&quot; defaults to 1
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'wordinal' then --e.g. &quot;first&quot;, &quot;ninety-ninth&quot;; &lt;&lt;1% of cats
 		local ordinal = 'on'
 		return nav_wordinal( frame, firstpart, findvar.v, lastpart, minimum, maximum, ordinal, frame )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'enumeric' then --e.g. &quot;one&quot;, &quot;ninety-nine&quot;; &lt;&lt;1% of cats
 		local ordinal = 'off'
 		return nav_wordinal( frame, firstpart, findvar.v, lastpart, minimum, maximum, ordinal, frame )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'roman' then    --e.g. &quot;I&quot;, &quot;XXVIII&quot;; &lt;&lt;1% of cats
 		return nav_roman( frame, firstpart, findvar.v, lastpart, minimum, maximum )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 	elseif findvar.vtype == 'ending' then   --e.g. &quot;2021–&quot; (irregular; ending unknown); &lt;&lt;&lt;1% of cats
 		local hyphen, finish = mw.ustring.match(findvar.v, '%d([–-])present$'), -1 --ascii 150 &amp; 45 (ndash &amp; keyboard hyphen); mw req'd
 		if hyphen == nil then
 			hyphen, finish = mw.ustring.match(findvar.v, '%d([–-])$'), 0 --0/-1 are hardcoded switches for nav_hyphen()
 		end
 		return nav_hyphen( frame, start, hyphen, finish, firstpart, lastpart, minimum, maximum, testcasegap )..testcaseindent..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 		
 	else                                 --malformed
 		errors = p.errorclass('Failed to determine the appropriate nav function from malformed season &quot;'..findvar.v..'&quot;. ')
 		return p.failedcat(errors, 'N')..table.concat(ttrackingcats)
 	end
 end