Module:Citation/CS1/sandbox
require ('Module:No globals');
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; F O R W A R D   D E C L A R A T I O N S &gt;--------------------------------------
 
 each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit
 
 ]]
 
 local validation;																-- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation
 
 local utilities;																-- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
 local z ={};																	-- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
 
 local identifiers;																-- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers
 local metadata;																	-- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS
 local cfg = {};																	-- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration
 local whitelist = {};															-- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist
 
 
 --[[------------------&lt; P A G E   S C O P E   V A R I A B L E S &gt;---------------
 
 declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from
 other modules; that are created here and used here
 
 ]]
 
 local added_deprecated_cat;														-- Boolean flag so that the category is added only once
 local added_vanc_errs;															-- Boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category
 local added_generic_name_errs;													-- Boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered
 local Frame;																	-- holds the module's frame table
 local is_preview_mode;															-- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module)
 local is_sandbox;																-- true when using sandbox modules to render citation
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; F I R S T _ S E T &gt;------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table,
 left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated.  Returns nil if none are set.
 
 This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs.  With the pairs
 version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed.  With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate
 the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list.
 
 ]]
 
 local function first_set (list, count)
 	local i = 1;
 	while i &lt;= count do															-- loop through all items in list
 		if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then
 			return list[i];														-- return the first set list member
 		end
 		i = i + 1;																-- point to next
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R &gt;----------------------------------------------------
 
 Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist.
 To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted.
 
 added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above
 
 ]]
 
 local function add_vanc_error (source, position)
 	if added_vanc_errs then return end
 		
 	added_vanc_errs = true;														-- note that we've added this category
 	utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position});
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ S C H E M E &gt;------------------------------------------------------------
 
 does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme?  The scheme is checked to see if it
 is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says:
 	Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a
    letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus
    (&quot;+&quot;), period (&quot;.&quot;), or hyphen (&quot;-&quot;).
 
 returns true if it does, else false
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_scheme (scheme)
 	return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:');						-- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E &gt;--------------------------------------------------
 
 Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name?
 
 Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5
 BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234
 Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15;
 	see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]]
 list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
 
 RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit.  Between
 the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen.
 
 Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported
 
 domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD.  tld
 is two or more alpha characters.  Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped
 here.  Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal.
 
 There are several tests:
 	the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit
 	internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490
 	single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs
 	q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD
 	i and q SL domains in the .net TLD
 	single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters)
 	two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters)
 	three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters)
 	IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed
 
 returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false
 
 ]=]
 
 local function is_domain_name (domain)
 	if not domain then
 		return false;															-- if not set, abandon
 	end
 	
 	domain = domain:gsub ('^//', '');											-- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once
 	
 	if not domain:match ('^[%w]') then											-- first character must be letter or digit
 		return false;
 	end
 
 	if domain:match ('^%a+:') then												-- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource
 		return false;
 	end
 
 	local patterns = {															-- patterns that look like URLs
 		'%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$',										-- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld
 		'%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$',									-- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix
 		'%f[%a][qxz]%.com$',													-- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10)
 		'%f[%a][iq]%.net$',														-- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10)
 		'%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$',													-- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars)
 		'%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$',												-- two character hostname and TLD
 		'^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?',								-- IPv4 address
 		}
 
 	for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do										-- loop through the patterns list
 		if domain:match (pattern) then
 			return true;														-- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL
 		end
 	end
 
 	for _, d in ipairs ({'cash', 'company', 'today', 'org'}) do					-- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains
 		if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then
 			return true
 		end
 	end
 	return false;																-- no matches, we don't know what this thing is
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ U R L &gt;------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false.
 
 This function is the last step in the validation process.  This function is separate because there are cases that
 are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external
 wikilinks.
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_url (scheme, domain)
 	if utilities.is_set (scheme) then											-- if scheme is set check it and domain
 		return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain);
 	else
 		return is_domain_name (domain);											-- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S P L I T _ U R L &gt;------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain.
 
 First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#).
 
 If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain.
 
 When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain.  If there is an authority indicator (one
 or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2.
 
 Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//).  TODO: are there other common schemes
 like news: that don't use authority indicator?
 
 Strip off any port and path;
 
 ]]
 
 local function split_url (url_str)
 	local scheme, authority, domain;
 	
 	url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1');						-- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//')
 
 	if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then											-- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL
 		domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)')
 	elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then										-- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name
 		scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)');			-- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions
 		if utilities.is_set (authority) then
 			authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1);							-- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing;
 			if utilities.is_set(authority) then									-- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then
 				return scheme;													-- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message
 			end
 		else
 			if not scheme:match ('^news:') then									-- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test?
 				return scheme;													-- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message
 			end
 		end
 		domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1');								-- strip port number if present
 	end
 	
 	return scheme, domain;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K &gt;---------------------------------------------------
 
 checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs
 
 Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed:
 	# &lt; &gt; [ ] | { } _
 except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links
 
 returns false when the value contains any of these characters.
 
 When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the
 |&lt;param&gt;-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |&lt;param&gt;-link= parameter is NOT ok).
 
 ]]
 
 local function link_param_ok (value)
 	local scheme, domain;
 	if value:find ('[&lt;&gt;%[%]|{}]') then											-- if any prohibited characters
 		return false;
 	end
 
 	scheme, domain = split_url (value);											-- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; 
 	return not is_url (scheme, domain);											-- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K &gt;---------------------------------------------------
 
 Use link_param_ok() to validate |&lt;param&gt;-link= value and its matching |&lt;title&gt;= value.
 
 |&lt;title&gt;= may be wiki-linked but not when |&lt;param&gt;-link= has a value.  This function emits an error message when
 that condition exists
 
 check &lt;link&gt; for inter-language interwiki-link prefix.  prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language
 code and must begin with a colon.
 
 ]]
 
 local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig)
 local orig;
 	if utilities.is_set (link) then 											-- don't bother if &lt;param&gt;-link doesn't have a value
 		if not link_param_ok (link) then										-- check |&lt;param&gt;-link= markup
 			orig = lorig;														-- identify the failing link parameter
 		elseif title:find ('%[%[') then											-- check |title= for wikilink markup
 			orig = torig;														-- identify the failing |title= parameter
 		elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then										-- if the link is what looks like an interwiki
 			local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower();						-- get the interwiki prefix
 
 			if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then									-- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon
 				orig = lorig;													-- flag as error
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (orig) then
 		link = '';																-- unset
 		utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig);						-- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=;
 	end
 	
 	return link;																-- link if ok, empty string else
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; C H E C K _ U R L &gt;------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid.
 
 First we test for space characters.  If any are found, return false.  Then split the URL into scheme and domain
 portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain.  Use is_url() to validate the two
 portions of the URL.  If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false.
 
 Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links
 that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here.  The specification for a newsgroup name
 is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4
 
 ]]
 
 local function check_url( url_str )
 	if nil == url_str:match (&quot;^%S+$&quot;) then										-- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL
 		return false;
 	end
 	local scheme, domain;
 
 	scheme, domain = split_url (url_str);										-- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL;
 	
 	if 'news:' == scheme then													-- special case for newsgroups
 		return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$');
 	end
 	
 	return is_url (scheme, domain);												-- return true if value appears to be a valid URL
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K &gt;----------------------------
 
 Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first
 non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL.  The test will also find external wikilinks
 that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs.
 
 The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs.  The tests that
 find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=,
 and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]]
 is possible as might be [[en://Hus]].
 
 ]=]
 
 local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value)
 local scheme, domain;
 
 	if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then								-- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz]
 		scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]'));
 	elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then								-- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz]
 		scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]'));
 	elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then										-- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text
 		scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)'));
 	elseif value:match ('//%S+') then											-- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; may have leading or trailing plain text
 		scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)'));					-- what is left should be the domain
 	else
 		return false;															-- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL
 	end
 
 	return is_url (scheme, domain);												-- return true if value appears to be a valid URL
 end
 
 
 --[[-------------------------&lt; C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L &gt;-----------------------------------------------------
 
 loop through a list of parameters and their values.  Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message.
 
 ]]
 
 local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list)
 	for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do										-- for each parameter in the list
 		if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then									-- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message
 			table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k));
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S A F E _ F O R _ U R L &gt;------------------------------------------------------
 
 Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions
 
 ]]
 
 local function safe_for_url( str )
 	if str:match( &quot;%[%[.-%]%]&quot; ) ~= nil then 
 		utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {});
 	end
 	
 	return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', {	
 		['['] = '&amp;#91;',
 		[']'] = '&amp;#93;',
 		['\n'] = ' ' } );
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; E X T E R N A L _ L I N K &gt;----------------------------------------------------
 
 Format an external link with error checking
 
 ]]
 
 local function external_link (URL, label, source, access)
 	local err_msg = '';
 	local domain;
 	local path;
 	local base_url;
 
 	if not utilities.is_set (label) then
 		label = URL;
 		if utilities.is_set (source) then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)});
 		else
 			error (cfg.messages[&quot;bare_url_no_origin&quot;]);
 		end			
 	end
 	if not check_url (URL) then
 		utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)});
 	end
 	
 	domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$');					-- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path
 	if path then																-- if there is a path portion
 		path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'});			-- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values
 		URL = table.concat ({domain, path});									-- and reassemble
 	end
 
 	base_url = table.concat ({ &quot;[&quot;, URL, &quot; &quot;, safe_for_url (label), &quot;]&quot; });		-- assemble a wiki-markup URL
 
 	if utilities.is_set (access) then											-- access level (subscription, registration, limited)
 		base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url});	-- add the appropriate icon
 	end
 
 	return base_url;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R &gt;--------------------------------------
 
 Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters.  The function includes the
 offending parameter name to the error message.  Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated
 parameters in the citation.
 
 added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above
 
 ]]
 
 local function deprecated_parameter(name)
 	if not added_deprecated_cat then
 		added_deprecated_cat = true;											-- note that we've added this category
 		utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name});				-- add error message
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; K E R N _ Q U O T E S &gt;--------------------------------------------------------
 
 Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote
 mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value.
 
 This function will positive kern either single or double quotes:
 	&quot;'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'&quot;
 	&quot; 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' &quot; (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example)
 Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned.
 
 Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter
 quote marks regardless of the need for kerning.  Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks.
 
 Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles.
 
 ]=]
 
 local function kern_quotes (str)
 	local cap = '';
 	local wl_type, label, link;
 
 	wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str);							-- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]]
 	
 	if 1 == wl_type then														-- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks
 		if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\&quot;“”\'‘’].+[\&quot;“”\'‘’]%]%]') then		-- leading and trailing quote marks
 			str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str);
 			str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str);
 		elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\&quot;“”\'‘’].+%]%]')	then			-- leading quote marks
 			str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str);
 		elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\&quot;“”\'‘’]%]%]') then				-- trailing quote marks
 			str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str);
 		end
 
 	else																		-- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable
 		label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\&quot;');							-- replace “” (U+201C &amp; U+201D) with &quot; (typewriter double quote mark)
 		label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\'');							-- replace ‘’ (U+2018 &amp; U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark)
 
 		cap = mw.ustring.match (label, &quot;^([\&quot;\'][^\'].+)&quot;);						-- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup)
 		if utilities.is_set (cap) then
 			label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap);
 		end
 	
 		cap = mw.ustring.match (label, &quot;^(.+[^\'][\&quot;\'])$&quot;)						-- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup)
 		if utilities.is_set (cap) then
 			label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap);
 		end
 		
 		if 2 == wl_type then
 			str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label);						-- reassemble the wikilink
 		else
 			str = label;
 		end
 	end
 	return str;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E &gt;----------------------------------------
 
 |script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should
 not be italicized and may be written right-to-left.  The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped
 in italic markup.
 
 Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in &lt;bdi&gt;...&lt;/bdi&gt; tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right.
 
 |script-title= provides a unique feature.  The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon:
 	|script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character)
 Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed:
 	|script-title=ja : *** ***
 	|script-title=ja: *** ***
 	|script-title=ja :*** ***
 Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** ***
 
 The prefix is checked for validity.  If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang=&quot;ja&quot;) is added to the &lt;bdi&gt; tag so that browsers can
 know the language the tag contains.  This may help the browser render the script more correctly.  If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute
 is not added.  At this time there is no error message for this condition.
 
 Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-&lt;periodical&gt;=
 
 ]]
 
 local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param)
 	local lang='';																-- initialize to empty string
 	local name;
 	if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then									-- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix
 		lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*');						-- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script
 		if not utilities.is_set (lang) then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']});		-- prefix without 'title'; add error message
 			return '';															-- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string
 		end
 																				-- if we get this far we have prefix and script
 		name = cfg.lang_code_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code );	-- get language name so that we can use it to categorize
 		if utilities.is_set (name) then											-- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code?
 			script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', '');				-- strip prefix from script
 																				-- is prefix one of these language codes?
 			if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then
 				utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang})
 			else
 				utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']});	-- unknown script-language; add error message
 			end
 			lang = ' lang=&quot;' .. lang .. '&quot; ';									-- convert prefix into a lang attribute
 		else
 			utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']});		-- invalid language code; add error message
 			lang = '';															-- invalid so set lang to empty string
 		end
 	else
 		utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']});				-- no language code prefix; add error message
 	end
 	script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value});	-- isolate in case script is RTL
 
 	return script_value;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E &gt;------------------------------------------
 
 Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script
 value has been wrapped in &lt;bdi&gt; tags.
 
 ]]
 
 local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param)
 	if utilities.is_set (script) then
 		script = format_script_value (script, script_param);					-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error
 		if utilities.is_set (script) then
 			title = title .. ' ' .. script;										-- concatenate title and script title
 		end
 	end
 	return title;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; W R A P _ M S G &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list
 configuration taking one argument.  Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates.  Additional text taken
 from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style().
 
 ]]
 
 local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower)
 	if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then
 		return &quot;&quot;;
 	end
 	if true == lower then
 		local msg;
 		msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower();										-- set the message to lower case before 
 		return utilities.substitute ( msg, str );								-- including template text
 	else
 		return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str );
 	end		
 end
 
 
 --[[----------------&lt; W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E &gt;-------------------
 
 Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link.  Returns the URL and appropriate
 label; nil else.
 
 str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link=
 
 ]]
 
 local function wikisource_url_make (str)
 	local wl_type, D, L;
 	local ws_url, ws_label;
 	local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'});
 
 	wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str);								-- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink)
 
 	if 0 == wl_type then														-- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link=
 		str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)');		-- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace
 		if utilities.is_set (str) then
 			ws_url = table.concat ({											-- build a Wikisource URL
 				wikisource_prefix,												-- prefix
 				str,															-- article title
 				});
 			ws_label = str;														-- label for the URL
 		end
 	elseif 1 == wl_type then													-- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]]
 		str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)');		-- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace
 		if utilities.is_set (str) then
 			ws_url = table.concat ({											-- build a Wikisource URL
 				wikisource_prefix,												-- prefix
 				str,															-- article title
 				});
 			ws_label = str;														-- label for the URL
 		end
 	elseif 2 == wl_type then													-- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]])
 		str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)');		-- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace
 		if utilities.is_set (str) then
 			ws_label = D;														-- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link
 			ws_url = table.concat ({											-- build a Wikisource URL
 				wikisource_prefix,												-- prefix
 				str,															-- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink
 				});
 		end
 	end
 
 	if ws_url then
 		ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI');								-- make a usable URL
 		ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#');										-- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker
 	end
 
 	return ws_url, ws_label, L or D;											-- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil
 end
 
 
 --[[----------------&lt; F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L &gt;-----------------------
 
 Format the three periodical parameters: |script-&lt;periodical&gt;=, |&lt;periodical&gt;=,
 and |trans-&lt;periodical&gt;= into a single Periodical meta-parameter.
 
 ]]
 
 local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical)
 
 	if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then
 		periodical = '';														-- to be safe for concatenation
 	else
 		periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical);			-- style 
 	end
 
 	periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source);	-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
 
 	if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then
 		trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical);
 		if utilities.is_set (periodical) then
 			periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical;
 		else																	-- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical
 			periodical = trans_periodical;
 			utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'});
 		end
 	end
 
 	return periodical;
 end
 
 
 --[[------------------&lt; F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E &gt;---------------
 
 Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=,
 and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used
 for error messages).
 
 ]]
 
 local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, chapter_source, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access)
 	local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter);					-- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link
 	if ws_url then
 		ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' ');									-- replace underscore separators with space characters
 		chapter = ws_label;
 	end
 
 	if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then
 		chapter = '';															-- to be safe for concatenation
 	else
 		if false == no_quotes then
 			chapter = kern_quotes (chapter);									-- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks
 			chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter);
 		end
 	end
 
 	chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source);	-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
 
 	if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then
 		chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access);	-- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate
 	elseif ws_url then
 		chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. '&amp;nbsp;', 'ws link in chapter');	-- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this?
 		chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter});				
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then
 		trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter);
 		if utilities.is_set (chapter) then
 			chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter;
 		else																	-- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter
 			chapter = trans_chapter;
 			chapter_source = trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)');		-- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-&lt;param&gt;
 			utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {chapter_source});
 		end
 	end
 
 	return chapter;
 end
 
 
 --[[----------------&lt; H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S &gt;-------------------
 
 This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters.
 The search stops at the first match.
 
 This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource.
 
 Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers.  Also detects other named stripmarkers
 (gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message.
 See also coins_cleanup().
 
 Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the
 Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or,
 for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value.
 
 ]]
 
 local function has_invisible_chars (param, v)
 	local position = '';														-- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker
 	local capture;																-- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker
 	local stripmarker;															-- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found
 
 	capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*');										-- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true
 	if capture == v then														-- if same there are no Unicode characters
 		return;
 	end
 
 	for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do
 		local char_name = invisible_char[1];									-- the character or group name
 		local pattern = invisible_char[2];										-- the pattern used to find it
 		position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern);					-- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern
 		
 		if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then				-- if we found a zero-width joiner character
 			if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then						-- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts
 				position = nil;													-- unset position
 			elseif cfg.emoji[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then			-- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}?
 				position = nil;													-- unset position
 			end
 		end
 		
 		if position then
 			if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or						-- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition)
 				('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then	-- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters
 					stripmarker = true;											-- set a flag
 			elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then	-- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker
 				position = nil;													-- unset
 			else
 				local err_msg;
 				if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then
 					err_msg = capture .. ' ' .. char_name;
 				else
 					err_msg = char_name .. ' ' .. 'character';
 				end
 
 				utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position});	-- add error message
 				return;															-- and done with this parameter
 			end
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[-------------------&lt; A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R &gt;----------------------
 
 Argument wrapper.  This function provides support for argument mapping defined
 in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to
 single internal variable.
 
 ]]
 
 local function argument_wrapper ( args )
 	local origin = {};
 	
 	return setmetatable({
 		ORIGIN = function ( self, k )
 			local dummy = self[k];												-- force the variable to be loaded.
 			return origin[k];
 		end
 	},
 	{
 		__index = function ( tbl, k )
 			if origin[k] ~= nil then
 				return nil;
 			end
 			
 			local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k];
 			
 			if type( list ) == 'table' then
 				v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' );
 				if origin[k] == nil then
 					origin[k] = '';												-- Empty string, not nil
 				end
 			elseif list ~= nil then
 				v, origin[k] = args[list], list;
 			else
 				-- maybe let through instead of raising an error?
 				-- v, origin[k] = args[k], k;
 				error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k);
 			end
 			
 			-- Empty strings, not nil;
 			if v == nil then
 				v = '';
 				origin[k] = '';
 			end
 			
 			tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v );
 			return v;
 		end,
 	});
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; N O W R A P _ D A T E &gt;-------------------------
 
 When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: &lt;span ...&gt;YYYY-MM-DD&lt;/span&gt;.
 When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span:
 &lt;span ...&gt;DD MMMM&lt;/span&gt; YYYY or &lt;span ...&gt;MMMM DD,&lt;/span&gt; YYYY
 
 DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges.
 
 ]]
 
 local function nowrap_date (date)
 	local cap = '';
 	local cap2 = '';
 
 	if date:match(&quot;^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$&quot;) then
 		date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date);
 	
 	elseif date:match(&quot;^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$&quot;) or date:match (&quot;^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$&quot;) then
 		cap, cap2 = string.match (date, &quot;^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$&quot;);
 		date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2});
 	end
 	
 	return date;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E &gt;---------------------
 
 This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including
 |type=&lt;default value&gt;) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the
 special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation
 (|type=none).
 
 ]]
 
 local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type)
 	if utilities.is_set (title_type) then
 		if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then
 			title_type = '';													-- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed
 		end
 		return title_type;														-- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value
 	end
 
 	return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or '';									-- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S A F E _ J O I N &gt;-----------------------------
 
 Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters.
 
 ]]
 
 local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char )
 	local f = {};																-- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character'
 		if 1 == #duplicate_char then											-- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions
 			f.gsub = string.gsub
 			f.match = string.match
 			f.sub = string.sub
 		else																	-- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions
 			f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
 			f.match = mw.ustring.match
 			f.sub = mw.ustring.sub
 		end
 
 	local str = '';																-- the output string
 	local comp = '';															-- what does 'comp' mean?
 	local end_chr = '';
 	local trim;
 	for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do
 		if value == nil then value = ''; end
 		
 		if str == '' then														-- if output string is empty
 			str = value;														-- assign value to it (first time through the loop)
 		elseif value ~= '' then
 			if value:sub(1, 1) == '&lt;' then										-- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup.
 				comp = value:gsub( &quot;%b&lt;&gt;&quot;, &quot;&quot; );								-- remove HTML markup (&lt;span&gt;string&lt;/span&gt; -&gt; string)
 			else
 				comp = value;
 			end
 																				-- typically duplicate_char is sepc
 			if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then							-- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character?
 																				--   Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the
 																				--   preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.?
 				trim = false;
 				end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1);									-- get the last character of the output string
 				-- str = str .. &quot;&lt;HERE(enchr=&quot; .. end_chr .. &quot;)&quot;				-- debug stuff?
 				if end_chr == duplicate_char then								-- if same as separator
 					str = f.sub(str, 1, -2);									-- remove it
 				elseif end_chr == &quot;'&quot; then										-- if it might be wiki-markup
 					if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot;''&quot; then		-- if last three chars of str are sepc'' 
 						str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. &quot;''&quot;;						-- remove them and add back ''
 					elseif  f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot;]]''&quot; then	-- if last five chars of str are sepc]]'' 
 						trim = true;											-- why? why do this and next differently from previous?
 					elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot;]''&quot; then	-- if last four chars of str are sepc]'' 
 						trim = true;											-- same question
 					end
 				elseif end_chr == &quot;]&quot; then										-- if it might be wiki-markup
 					if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot;]]&quot; then		-- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink 
 						trim = true;
 					elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '&quot;]' then	-- if last three chars of str are sepc&quot;] quoted external link 
 						trim = true;
 					elseif  f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot;]&quot; then	-- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link
 						trim = true;
 					elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot;'']&quot; then	-- normal case when |url=something &amp; |title=Title.
 						trim = true;
 					end
 				elseif end_chr == &quot; &quot; then										-- if last char of output string is a space
 					if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. &quot; &quot; then			-- if last two chars of str are &lt;sepc&gt;&lt;space&gt;
 						str = f.sub(str, 1, -3);								-- remove them both
 					end
 				end
 
 				if trim then
 					if value ~= comp then 										-- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup
 						local dup2 = duplicate_char;
 						if f.match(dup2, &quot;%A&quot; ) then dup2 = &quot;%&quot; .. dup2; end	-- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it
 						
 						value = f.gsub(value, &quot;(%b&lt;&gt;)&quot; .. dup2, &quot;%1&quot;, 1 )		-- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup
 					else
 						value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 );							-- remove duplicate_char when it is first character
 					end
 				end
 			end
 			str = str .. value; 												-- add it to the output string
 		end
 	end
 	return str;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ S U F F I X &gt;-----------------------------
 
 returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9.
 Puncutation not allowed.
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_suffix (suffix)
 	if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then
 		return true;
 	end
 	return false;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------&lt; I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E &gt;-------------------
 
 For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin
 (read ASCII) characters.  When a name uses characters that contain diacritical
 marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin
 character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that
 name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this
 so editors may/must.
 
 This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined
 in the four Unicode Latin character sets
 	[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A
 	[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF
 	[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F
 	[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F
 
 |lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes.
 	(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/)
 |firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods
 
 This original test:
 	if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, &quot;^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿǄ-ɏ%-%s%']*$&quot;)
 	or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, &quot;^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿǄ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$&quot;) then
 was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor
 gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has
 been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes
 of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor
 to maintain this code.
 
 	\195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls)
 	\195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls)
 	\195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A &amp; B)
 	\199\132-\201\143 – Ǆ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B)
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position)
 	if not suffix then
 		if first:find ('[,%s]') then											-- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix
 			first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+');									-- get name/initials
 			suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$');								-- get generational suffix
 		end
 	end
 	if utilities.is_set (suffix) then
 		if not is_suffix (suffix) then
 			add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position);
 			return false;														-- not a name with an appropriate suffix
 		end
 	end
 	if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, &quot;^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143%-%s%']*$&quot;) or
 		nil == mw.ustring.find (first, &quot;^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143%-%s%'%.]*$&quot;) then
 			add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position);
 			return false;														-- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization
 	end;
 	return true;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S &gt;------------------------------------------
 
 Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc.  
 
 Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period.
 See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/.
 
 Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered
 as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc.  See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/.
 This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format
 because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials.
 
 This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the
 Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name ().
 
 ]]
 
 local function reduce_to_initials(first, position)
 	local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match(first, &quot;^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$&quot;);
 
 	if not name then															-- if not initials and a suffix
 		name = mw.ustring.match(first, &quot;^(%u+)$&quot;);								-- is it just initials?
 	end
 
 	if name then																-- if first is initials with or without suffix
 		if 3 &gt; mw.ustring.len (name) then										-- if one or two initials
 			if suffix then														-- if there is a suffix
 				if is_suffix (suffix) then										-- is it legitimate?
 					return first;												-- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do
 				else
 					add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position);			-- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message
 					return first;												-- and return first unmolested
 				end
 			else
 				return first;													-- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do
 			end
 		end
 	end																			-- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word
 
 	local initials, names = {}, {};												-- tables to hold name parts and initials
 	local i = 1;																-- counter for number of initials
 
 	names = mw.text.split (first, '[%s,]+');									-- split into a table of names and possible suffix
 
 	while names[i] do															-- loop through the table
 		if 1 &lt; i and names[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then				-- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot)
 			names[i] = names[i]:gsub ('%.', '');								-- remove terminal dot if present
 			if is_suffix (names[i]) then										-- if a legitimate suffix
 				table.insert (initials, ' ' .. names[i]);						-- add a separator space, insert at end of initials table
 				break;															-- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name
 			end																	-- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization
 		end
 		if 3 &gt; i then
 			table.insert (initials, mw.ustring.sub(names[i], 1, 1));			-- insert the initial at end of initials table
 		end
 		i = i + 1;																-- bump the counter
 	end
 			
 	return table.concat(initials)												-- Vancouver format does not include spaces.
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; L I S T _ P E O P L E &gt;--------------------------
 
 Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators) 
 
 names in the list will be linked when
 	|&lt;name&gt;-link= has a value
 	|&lt;name&gt;-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been
 		rendered previously so should have been linked there
 
 when |&lt;name&gt;-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered
 
 ]]
 
 local function list_people (control, people, etal)
 	local sep;
 	local namesep;
 	local format = control.format;
 	local maximum = control.maximum;
 	local name_list = {};
 
 	if 'vanc' == format then													-- Vancouver-like name styling?
 		sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc'];									-- name-list separator between names is a comma
 		namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc'];							-- last/first separator is a space
 	else
 		sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl'];										-- name-list separator between names is a semicolon
 		namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name'];									-- last/first separator is &lt;comma&gt;&lt;space&gt;
 	end
 	
 	if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= &quot; &quot; then sep = sep .. &quot; &quot; end
 	if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum &lt; 1 then return &quot;&quot;, 0; end		-- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names
 	
 	for i, person in ipairs (people) do
 		if utilities.is_set (person.last) then
 			local mask = person.mask;
 			local one;
 			local sep_one = sep;
 
 			if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i &gt; maximum then
 				etal = true;
 				break;
 			end
 			
 			if mask then
 				local n = tonumber (mask);										-- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else
 				if n then
 					one = 0 ~= n and string.rep(&quot;&amp;mdash;&quot;, n) or nil;			-- make a string of (n &gt; 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name
 					person.link = nil;											-- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil
 				else
 					one = mask;													-- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator)
 					sep_one = &quot; &quot;;												-- modify name-list separator
 				end
 			else
 				one = person.last;												-- get surname
 				local first = person.first										-- get given name
 				if utilities.is_set (first) then
 					if (&quot;vanc&quot; == format) then									-- if Vancouver format
 						one = one:gsub ('%.', '');								-- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/)
 						if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then		-- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested
 							first = reduce_to_initials (first, i);				-- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials
 						end
 					end
 					one = one .. namesep .. first;
 				end
 			end
 			if utilities.is_set (person.link) then
 				one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one);				-- link author/editor
 			end
 			if one then															-- if &lt;one&gt; has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement)
 				table.insert (name_list, one);									-- add it to the list of names
 				table.insert (name_list, sep_one);								-- add the proper name-list separator
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	local count = #name_list / 2;												-- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2
 	if 0 &lt; count then 
 		if 1 &lt; count and not etal then
 			if 'amp' == format then
 				name_list[#name_list-2] = &quot; &amp; &quot;;								-- replace last separator with ampersand text
 			elseif 'and' == format then
 				if 2 == count then
 					name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and;		-- replace last separator with 'and' text
 				else
 					name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end;		-- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text
 				end
 			end
 		end
 		name_list[#name_list] = nil;											-- erase the last separator
 	end
 
 	local result = table.concat (name_list);									-- construct list
 	if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then									-- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list
 		result = result .. sep .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al'];					-- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al.
 	end
 	
 	return result, count;														-- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only)
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------&lt; M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D &gt;-----------------------
 
 Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date.  Otherwise
 returns an empty string.
 
 namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that
 order.  year is Year or anchor_year.
 
 ]]
 
 local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year)
 	local names={};							-- a table for the one to four names and year
 	for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do			-- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names
 		names[i] = v.last
 		if i == 4 then break end			-- if four then done
 	end
 	table.insert (names, year);				-- add the year at the end
 	local id = table.concat(names);			-- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id
 	if utilities.is_set (id) then			-- if concatenation is not an empty string
 		return &quot;CITEREF&quot; .. id;				-- add the CITEREF portion
 	else
 		return '';							-- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E &gt;------------------------------
 
 construct &lt;cite&gt; tag class attribute for this citation.
 
 &lt;cite_class&gt; – config.CitationClass from calling template
 &lt;mode&gt; – value from |mode= parameter
 
 ]]
 
 local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode)
 	local class_t = {};
 	table.insert (class_t, 'citation');											-- required for blue highlight
 	if 'citation' ~= cite_class then
 		table.insert (class_t, cite_class);										-- identify this template for user css
 		table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1');		-- identify the citation style for user css or javascript
 	else
 		table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2');		-- identify the citation style for user css or javascript
 	end
 	for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do
 		table.insert (class_t, prop_key);										-- identify various properties for user css or javascript
 	end
 
 	return table.concat (class_t, ' ');											-- make a big string and done
 end
 
 
 --[[---------------------&lt; N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L &gt;--------------------------
 
 Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on
 the theme of et al.  If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and
 the function returns the modified name and the flag.
 
 This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because
 it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated
 |display-&lt;names&gt;=etal parameter
 
 ]]
 
 local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param)
 
 	if utilities.is_set (name) then												-- name can be nil in which case just return
 		local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; 									-- get patterns from configuration
 		
 		for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do									-- loop through all of the patterns
 			if name:match (pattern) then										-- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name
 				name = name:gsub (pattern, '');									-- remove the offending text
 				etal = true;													-- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-&lt;names&gt;=etal)
 				if not nocat then												-- no categorization for |vauthors=
 					utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param});				-- and set an error if not added
 				end
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	return name, etal;
 end
 
 
 --[[---------------------&lt; N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C &gt;----------------------
 
 Add maint cat when name parameter value does not contain letters.  Does not catch
 mixed alphanumeric names so |last=A. Green (1922-1987) does not get caught in the
 current version of this test but |first=(1888) is caught.
 
 returns nothing
 
 ]]
 
 local function name_is_numeric (name, list_name)
 	if utilities.is_set (name) then
 		if mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then								-- when name does not contain any letters
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]);	-- add a maint cat for this template
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[-----------------&lt; N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S &gt;------------------
 
 Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names.
 Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any &quot;unescaped&quot;
 semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities.
 If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category.
 
 returns nothing
 
 ]]
 
 local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name)
 	local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps;
 	if utilities.is_set (name) then
 		_, commas = name:gsub (',', '');										-- count the number of commas
 		_, semicolons = name:gsub (';', '');									-- count the number of semicolons
 		-- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in
 		-- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the
 		-- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add
 		-- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new
 		-- entities
 		_, nbsps = name:gsub ('&amp;nbsp;','');										-- count nbsps
 		
 		-- There is exactly 1 semicolon per &amp;nbsp; entity, so subtract nbsps
 		-- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added,
 		-- they also can be subtracted.
 		if 1 &lt; commas or 0 &lt; (semicolons - nbsps) then
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]);	-- add a maint message
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; I S _ G E N E R I C &gt;----------------------------------------------------------
 
 Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as &lt;item&gt; in the function call.
 &lt;item&gt; can have on of two values:
 	'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc
 	'generic_titles' – for |title=
 
 There are two types of generic tests.  The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the
 'reject' test.  For example,
 	|author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]]
 would be rejected by the 'author' reject test.  But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be
 rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening.  Accept tests are always performed before reject
 tests.
 
 Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local'])
 that each can hold a test sequence table  The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index
 [2], a boolean control value.  The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true)
 or a pattern search (false).  The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so
 that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles.
 
 Returns
 	true when a reject test finds the pattern or string
 	false when an accept test finds the pattern or string
 	nil else
 
 ]=]
 
 local function is_generic (item, value, wiki)
 	local test_val;
 	local str_lower = {															-- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local'])
 		['en'] = string.lower,
 		['local'] = mw.ustring.lower,
 		}
 	local str_find = {															-- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local'])
 		['en'] = string.find,
 		['local'] = mw.ustring.find,
 		}
 
 	local function test (val, test_t, wiki)										-- local function to do the testing; &lt;wiki&gt; selects lower() and find() functions
 		val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val;						-- when &lt;test_t[2]&gt; set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value
 		return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]);					-- return nil when not found or matched
 	end
 		
 	local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'};									-- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns
 	local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'};											-- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second
 
 	for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do								-- for each test type
 		for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do	-- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject
 			for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do
 				if generic_value[wiki] then
 					if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then				-- go do the test
 						return ('reject' == test_type);							-- param value rejected, return true; false else
 					end
 				end
 			end
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C &gt;------------------------------------------------
 
 calls is_generic() to determine if &lt;name&gt; is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; &lt;name_alias&gt; is the
 parameter name used in error messaging
 
 ]]
 
 local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias)
 	if not added_generic_name_errs  and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then
 		utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias);					-- set an error message
 		added_generic_name_errs = true;
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; N A M E _ C H E C K S &gt;--------------------------------------------------------
 
 This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters.
 
 ]]
 
 local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias)
 	local accept_name;
 
 	if utilities.is_set (last) then
 		last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last);				-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of &lt;last&gt;
 
 		if not accept_name then													-- &lt;last&gt; not wrapped in accept-as-written markup
 			name_has_mult_names (last, list_name);								-- check for multiple names in the parameter (last only)
 			name_is_numeric (last, list_name);									-- check for names that are composed of digits and punctuation
 			name_is_generic (last, last_alias);									-- check for names found in the generic names list
 		end
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (first) then
 		first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first);			-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of &lt;first&gt;
 
 		if not accept_name then													-- &lt;first&gt; not wrapped in accept-as-written markup
 			name_is_numeric (first, list_name);									-- check for names that are composed of digits and punctuation
 			name_is_generic (first, first_alias);								-- check for names found in the generic names list
 		end
 		local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first);
 		if 0 ~= wl_type then
 			first = D;
 			utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias);
 		end
 	end
 
 	return last, first;															-- done
 end
 
 
 --[[----------------------&lt; E X T R A C T _ N A M E S &gt;-------------------------
 
 Gets name list from the input arguments
 
 Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters
 (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching
 when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts:
 found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the
 search is done.
 
 This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching
 |lastn=.  When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3=
 are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not
 required to have a matching |firstn=.
 
 When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.'
 is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people()
 to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration.  This keeps
 'et al.' out of the template's metadata.  When this occurs, an error is emitted.
 
 ]]
 
 local function extract_names(args, list_name)
 	local names = {};															-- table of names
 	local last;																	-- individual name components
 	local first;
 	local link;
 	local mask;
 	local i = 1;																-- loop counter/indexer
 	local n = 1;																-- output table indexer
 	local count = 0;															-- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors)
 	local etal = false;															-- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter
 
 	local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias;									-- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging
 	while true do
 		last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );		-- search through args for name components beginning at 1
 		first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
 		link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
 		mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
 
 		last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias);				-- find and remove variations on et al.
 		first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias);			-- find and remove variations on et al.
 		last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias);						-- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks
 
 		if first and not last then												-- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn
 			local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first';	-- get first or given form of the alias
 			utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', {
 				first_alias,													-- param name of alias missing its mate
 				first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}),	-- make param name appropriate to the alias form
 				});																-- add this error message
 		elseif not first and not last then										-- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done?
 			count = count + 1;													-- number of times we haven't found last and first
 			if 2 &lt;= count then													-- two missing names and we give up
 				break;															-- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which
 			end
 		else																	-- we have last with or without a first
 			local result;
 			link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias);			-- check for improper wiki-markup
 
 			if first then
 				link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias);	-- check for improper wiki-markup
 			end
 
 			names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false};	-- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only)
 			n = n + 1;															-- point to next location in the names table
 			if 1 == count then													-- if the previous name was missing
 				utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match (&quot;(%w+)List&quot;):lower(), i - 1});	-- add this error message
 			end
 			count = 0;															-- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names
 		end
 		i = i + 1;																-- point to next args location
 	end
 	
 	return names, etal;															-- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; N A M E _ T A G _ G E T &gt;------------------------------------------------------
 
 attempt to decode |language=&lt;lang_param&gt; and return language name and matching tag; nil else.
 
 This function looks for:
 	&lt;lang_param&gt; as a tag in cfg.lang_code_remap{}
 	&lt;lang_param&gt; as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{}
 	
 	&lt;lang_param&gt; as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t
 	&lt;lang_param&gt; as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t
 when those fail, presume that &lt;lang_param&gt; is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize.  Strip all
 script, region, variant, whatever subtags from &lt;lang_param&gt; to leave just a two or three character language tag
 and look for the new &lt;lang_param&gt; in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{}
 
 on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil
 
 ]]
 
 local function name_tag_get (lang_param)
 	local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param);						-- use lowercase as an index into the various tables
 	local name;
 	local tag;
 
 	name = cfg.lang_code_remap[lang_param_lc];									-- assume &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name 
 	if name then																-- when &lt;name&gt;, &lt;lang_param&gt; is a tag for a remapped language name
 		return name, lang_param_lc;												-- so return &lt;name&gt; from remap and &lt;lang_param_lc&gt;
 	end
 
 	tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*');								-- still assuming that &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags
 	name = cfg.lang_code_remap[tag];											-- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only
 	if name then																-- when &lt;name&gt;, &lt;tag&gt; is a tag for a remapped language name
 		return name, tag;														-- so return &lt;name&gt; from remap and &lt;tag&gt;
 	end
 
 	if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then									-- not a tag, assume &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag 
 		return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2];	-- for this &lt;lang_param_lc&gt;, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag
 	end
 
 	tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc];							-- assume that &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag
 	
 	if tag then
 		return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag;								-- &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a name so return the name from the table and &lt;tag&gt;
 	end
 
 	name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc];							-- assume that &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name
 	
 	if name then
 		return name, lang_param_lc;												-- &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is a tag so return it and &lt;name&gt;
 	end
 	
 	tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*');								-- is &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? &lt;tag&gt; gets the language subtag; nil else
 
 	if tag then
 		name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag];									-- attempt to get a language name using the shortened &lt;tag&gt;
 		if name then
 			return name, tag;													-- &lt;lang_param_lc&gt; is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return &lt;name&gt; and language subtag
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[-------------------&lt; L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R &gt;------------------
 
 Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code.  If a code
 is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that
 was provided with the language parameter.
 
 When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is
 assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no).
 For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category
 for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources.
 
 Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized.  MediaWiki does
 not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is
 recognized but code 'ara' is not.
 
 This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th
 where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with
 optional space characters.
 
 ]]
 
 local function language_parameter (lang)
 	local tag;																	-- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags
 	local lang_subtag;															-- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags the MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag
 	local name;																	-- the language name
 	local language_list = {};													-- table of language names to be rendered
 	local names_t = {};															-- table made from the value assigned to |language=
 
 	local this_wiki_name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (cfg.this_wiki_code, cfg.this_wiki_code);	-- get this wiki's language name
 
 	names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*');									-- names should be a comma separated list
 
 	for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do											-- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag
 		name, tag = name_tag_get (lang);										-- attempt to get name/tag pair for &lt;lang&gt;; &lt;name&gt; has proper capitalization; &lt;tag&gt; is lowercase
 
 		if utilities.is_set (tag) then
 			lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1');					-- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag
 
 			if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then							-- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language
 				if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then									-- and is a two-character tag
 --					utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}, lang_subtag);		-- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization
 					utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag);		-- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization
 				else															-- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag)
 					utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag);			-- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template?
 				end
 			elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then								-- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled
 				utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag});		-- categorize it
 			end
 		else
 			name = lang;														-- return whatever &lt;lang&gt; has so that we show something
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang');						-- add maint category if not already added
 		end
 		
 		table.insert (language_list, name);
 		name = '';																-- so we can reuse it
 	end
  
 	name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list);
 	if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then		-- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English'
 		return '';																-- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation)
 	end
 	return (&quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('language', name));								-- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)'
 	--[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list
 	so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format
 	]]
 end
 
 
 --[[-----------------------&lt; S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E &gt;--------------------------
 
 Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode.
 Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default.
 In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'.
 In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','.
 
 ]]
 
 local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode)
 	if utilities.is_set(postscript) then
 		-- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript
 		-- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style
 		if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript');
 		end
 	else
 		postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode];
 	end
 	return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript;
 end
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S E T _ S T Y L E &gt;-----------------------------
 
 Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the
 #invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none.
 
 ]]
 
 local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class)
 	local sep;
 	if 'cs2' == mode then
 		sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2');
 	elseif 'cs1' == mode then
 		sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1');
 	elseif 'citation' == cite_class	then
 		sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2');
 	else
 		sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1');
 	end
 
 	if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then
 		-- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript
 		-- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style
 		if 'cs2' == mode or 'citation' == cite_class then
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript');
 		end
 		postscript = '';
 	end
 	
 	return sep, postscript
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; I S _ P D F &gt;-----------------------------------
 
 Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions
 used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links.
 
 returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false
 
 ]=]
 
 local function is_pdf (url)
 	return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or
 		url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or
 		url:match ('%.PDF&amp;#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&amp;#035');
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S T Y L E _ F O R M A T &gt;-----------------------
 
 Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc.  Also emits an error message
 if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter.  If the format parameter
 is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document
 by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with
 the appropriate styling.
 
 ]]
 
 local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param)
 	if utilities.is_set (format) then
 		format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format);						-- add leading space, parentheses, resize
 		if not utilities.is_set (url) then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param});	-- add an error message
 		end
 	elseif is_pdf (url) then													-- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then
 		format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF');						-- set format to PDF
 	else
 		format = '';															-- empty string for concatenation
 	end
 	return format;
 end
 
 
 --[[---------------------&lt; G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S &gt;------------------
 
 Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor
 name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list.
 
 When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero,
 return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default
 but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.').
 
 When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number
 that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true.
 This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.'
 
 In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag.
 
 inputs:
 	max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors']; a number or some flavor of etal
 	count: #a or #e
 	list_name: 'authors' or 'editors'
 	etal: author_etal or editor_etal
 
 ]]
 
 local function get_display_names (max, count, list_name, etal, param)
 	if utilities.is_set (max) then
 		if 'etal' == max:lower():gsub(&quot;[ '%.]&quot;, '') then						-- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings
 			max = count + 1;													-- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al.
 			etal = true;														-- overrides value set by extract_names()
 		elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then											-- if is a string of numbers
 			max = tonumber (max);												-- make it a number
 			if max &gt;= count then												-- if |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of authors/editors
 				utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max});			-- add error message
 				max = nil;
 			end
 		else																	-- not a valid keyword or number
 			utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max});		-- add error message
 			max = nil;															-- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set
 		end
 	end
 	
 	return max, etal;
 end
 
 
 --[[----------&lt; E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K &gt;---------------
 
 Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be
 some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content.
 
 check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value:
 	good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px
 		      where x and X are letters and # is a digit
 	bad pattern:  '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG
 
 ]]
 
 local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name)
 	if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then
 		for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do		-- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns
 			if val:match (pattern) then											-- when a match, error so
 				utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name);	 		-- add error message
 				return;															-- and done
 			end
 		end
 	end		
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K &gt;------------------------
 
 Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator.
 
 For |volume=:
 	'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter
 	content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so
 	are allowed.
 
 For |issue=:
 	'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the
 	parameter content (all case insensitive).
 	
 Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or
 whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module.
 	
 &lt;val&gt; is |volume= or |issue= parameter value
 &lt;name&gt; is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message
 &lt;selector&gt; is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue=
 
 sets error message on failure; returns nothing
 
 ]]
 
 local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector)
 	if not utilities.is_set (val) then
 		return;
 	end
 	
 	local patterns = 'v' == selector and cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vpatterns or cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.ipatterns;
 
 	local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue';
 	val = val:lower();															-- force parameter value to lower case
 	for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do										-- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns
 		if val:match (pattern) then												-- when a match, error so
 			utilities.set_message (handler, name);								-- add error message
 			return;																-- and done
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E &gt;----------------------------------------------
 
 split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter.  This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled
 parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the
 rendered citation and in the metadata.  Individual author names may be wikilinked
 
 	|vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.))
 
 ]=]
 
 local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table)
 	local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, &quot;%s*,%s*&quot;);						-- names are separated by commas
 	local wl_type, label, link;													-- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder
 	
 	local i = 1;
 	
 	while name_table[i] do
 		if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then						-- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses
 			local name = name_table[i];
 			i = i + 1;															-- bump indexer to next segment
 			while name_table[i] do
 				name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i];							-- concatenate with previous segments
 				if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then						-- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses
 					break;														-- and done reassembling so
 				end
 				i = i + 1;														-- bump indexer
 			end
 			table.insert (output_table, name);									-- and add corporate name to the output table
 			table.insert (output_link_table, '');								-- no wikilink
 		else
 			wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]);		-- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]]
 			table.insert (output_table, label);									-- add this name
 			if 1 == wl_type then
 				table.insert (output_link_table, label);						-- simple wikilink [[D]]
 			else
 				table.insert (output_link_table, link);							-- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string
 			end
 		end
 		i = i + 1;
 	end	
 	return output_table;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S &gt;--------------------------------
 
 This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and
 |xxxxor-linkn= in args.  It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does.
 
 Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names
 may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance
 tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests.
 
 Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th.
 
 This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials.
 
 ]]
 
 local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name)
 	local names = {};															-- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn=
 	local v_name_table = {};
 	local v_link_table = {};													-- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table
 	local etal = false;															-- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter
 	local last, first, link, mask, suffix;
 	local corporate = false;
 
 	vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true);							-- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period)
 	v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table);		-- names are separated by commas
 
 	for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do
 		first = '';																-- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor
 		local accept_name;
 		v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name);			-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of &lt;v_name&gt;
 
 		if accept_name then
 			last = v_name;
 			corporate = true;													-- flag used in list_people()
 		elseif string.find(v_name, &quot;%s&quot;) then
 			if v_name:find('[;%.]') then										-- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters; 
 				add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i);
 			end
 			local lastfirstTable = {}
 			lastfirstTable = mw.text.split(v_name, &quot;%s+&quot;)
 			first = table.remove(lastfirstTable);								-- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix
 
 			if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then						-- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters
 				suffix = first;													-- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix
 				first = table.remove(lastfirstTable);							-- get what should be the initials from the table
 			end
 			last = table.concat(lastfirstTable, ' ')							-- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix
 			if not utilities.is_set (last) then
 				first = '';														-- unset
 				last = v_name;													-- last empty because something wrong with first
 				add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i);
 			end
 			if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then
 				add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i);			-- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing
 			end
 			if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then						-- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test
 				add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i);					-- matches a space between two initials
 			end
 		else
 			last = v_name;														-- last name or single corporate name?  Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this?
 		end
 		
 		if utilities.is_set (first) then
 			if not mw.ustring.match (first, &quot;^%u?%u$&quot;) then						-- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else
 				add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i);					-- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials
 			end
 			is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i);							-- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit
 			if utilities.is_set (suffix) then
 				first = first .. ' ' .. suffix;									-- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials
 				suffix = '';													-- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names
 			end
 		else
 			if not corporate then
 				is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i);
 			end
 		end
 
 		link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i];
 		mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
 		names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate};		-- add this assembled name to our names list
 	end
 	return names, etal;															-- all done, return our list of names
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E &gt;------------------------
 
 Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or
 select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list.
 
 Only one of these appropriate three will be used.  The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest;
 |editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn)
 
 When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second
 test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list.  There may be a better
 way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is.
 
 Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided.
 
 In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate.
 
 ]]
 
 local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name)
 	local lastfirst = false;
 	if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or		-- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ...
 		utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or		-- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors=
 		utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or
 		utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then
 			lastfirst = true;
 	end
 
 	if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or					-- these are the three error conditions
 		(utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or
 		(true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then
 			local err_name;
 			if 'AuthorList' == list_name then									-- figure out which name should be used in error message
 				err_name = 'author';
 			else
 				err_name = 'editor';
 			end
 			utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', err_name .. '-name-list parameters');	-- add error message
 	end
 
 	if true == lastfirst then return 1 end;										-- return a number indicating which author name source to use
 	if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end;
 	if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end;
 	return 1;																	-- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last 
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E &gt;------------------------------
 
 This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number
 of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.).  When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing
 or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val.  If the parameter value is one
 of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value
 specified by ret_val.
 
 TODO: explain &lt;invert&gt;
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert)
 	if not utilities.is_set (value) then
 		return ret_val;															-- an empty parameter is ok
 	end
 
 	if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then				-- normal; &lt;value&gt; is in &lt;possible&gt; table
 		return cfg.keywords_xlate[value];										-- return translation of parameter keyword
 	elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then				-- invert; &lt;value&gt; is not in &lt;possible&gt; table
 		return value;															-- return &lt;value&gt; as it is
 	else
 		utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value});			-- not an allowed value so add error message
 		return ret_val;
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T &gt;----------------------------------------
 
 This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space
 when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two
 closing square brackets (close of a wikilink).  When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a
 single space character.
 
 ]]
 
 local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc)
 	if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then					-- if already properly terminated
 		return name_list;														-- just return the name list
 	elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then	-- if last name in list ends with sepc char
 		return name_list .. &quot; &quot;;												-- don't add another
 	else
 		return name_list .. sepc .. ' ';										-- otherwise terminate the name list
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[-------------------------&lt; F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E &gt;----------------------------------------
 
 returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue parameters as a single string; or formatted volume
 or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set.
 
 ]]
 	
 local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower)
 	if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) then
 		return '';
 	end
 
 	-- same condition as in format_pages_sheets()
 	local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin);
 
 	local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$'));	-- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits?
 	local is_long_vol = volume and (4 &lt; mw.ustring.len(volume));				-- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters?
 	
 	if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then						-- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters?
 		utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol');									-- yes, add properties cat
 	end
 
 	if is_journal then															-- journal-style formatting
 		local vol = '';
 		
 		if utilities.is_set (volume) then
 			if is_numeric_vol then												-- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals?
 				vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume});	-- render in bold face
 			elseif is_long_vol then												-- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters?
 				vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)});	-- not bold
 			else																-- four or fewer characters
 				vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)});	-- bold
 			end
 		end
 		if utilities.is_set (issue) then
 			return vol .. utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue);
 		end
 		return vol;
 	end
 	
 	if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then
 		return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower);
 	end
 
 	-- all other types of citation
 	if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then
 		return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower);
 	elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then
 		return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower);
 	else
 		return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower);
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[-------------------------&lt; F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S &gt;-----------------------------------------
 
 adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings.
 The return order is:
 	page, pages, sheet, sheets
 
 Singular has priority over plural when both are provided.
 
 ]]
 
 local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower)
 	if 'map' == cite_class then													-- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators
 		if utilities.is_set (sheet) then
 			if 'journal' == origin then
 				return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), '';
 			else
 				return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), '';
 			end
 		elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then
 			if 'journal' == origin then
 				return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower);
 			else
 				return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower);
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin);
 	
 	if utilities.is_set (page) then
 		if is_journal then
 			return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', '';
 		elseif not nopp then
 			return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', '';
 		else
 			return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', '';
 		end
 	elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then
 		if is_journal then
 			return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', '';
 		elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then							-- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number
 			return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', '';
 		elseif not nopp then
 			return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', '';
 		else
 			return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', '';
 		end
 	end
 	
 	return '', '', '', '';														-- return empty strings
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T &gt;----------------------------------------------
 
 returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at. 
 
 If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text
 for use in COinS.  This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and
 add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span.  TODO: should it?  
 
 TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline;
 
 TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned
 to a new name)?
 
 ]]
 
 local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at)
 	local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L;										-- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?)
 
 	if utilities.is_set (page) then
 		if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then
 			pages = '';															-- unset the others
 			at = '';
 		end
 		extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig);								-- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.
 
 		ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page);						-- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label
 		if ws_url then
 			page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&amp;nbsp;', 'ws link in page');	-- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this?
 			page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page});
 			coins_pages = ws_label;
 		end
 	elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then
 		if utilities.is_set (at) then
 			at = '';															-- unset
 		end
 		extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig);							-- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.
 
 		ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages);						-- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label
 		if ws_url then
 			pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&amp;nbsp;', 'ws link in pages');	-- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this?
 			pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages});
 			coins_pages = ws_label;
 		end
 	elseif utilities.is_set (at) then
 		ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at);							-- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label
 		if ws_url then
 			at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&amp;nbsp;', 'ws link in at');	-- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this?
 			at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at});
 			coins_pages = ws_label;
 		end
 	end
 	
 	return page, pages, at, coins_pages;
 end
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L &gt;------------------------------------
 
 add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date)
 	if utilities.is_set (archive) then
 		if archive == url or archive == c_url then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)});	-- add error message
 			return '', '';														-- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url=
 		end
 	end
 
 	return archive, date;
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K &gt;--------------------------------------------
 
 Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the 
 save snapshot URL or to calendar pages.  When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...)
 archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL.  That is something that Wikipedia should not allow
 unwitting readers to do.
 
 When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own
 algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result.  [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results.
 
 This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and
 |archive-date= and an error message when:
 	|archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL
 	|archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the
 		correct place
 otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date=
 
 There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs:
 	//web.archive.org/&lt;timestamp&gt;...		-- the old form
 	//web.archive.org/web/&lt;timestamp&gt;...	-- the new form
 
 The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag.  There are four identified flags
 ('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore)
 we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form.
 
 This function supports a preview mode.  When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified
 archive URL:
 	for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/)
 	for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified
 	for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/)
 
 ]=]
 
 local function archive_url_check (url, date)
 	local err_msg = '';															-- start with the error message empty
 	local path, timestamp, flag;												-- portions of the archive.org URL
 	
 	if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then		-- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL
 		return url, date;														-- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate
 	end
 
 	if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then								-- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page 
 		err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save;
 		url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1);				-- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL
 	elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then
 		err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb;
 	else
 		path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/');	-- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation
 		if not path then														-- malformed in some way; pattern did not match
 			err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp;
 		elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then										-- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here
 			err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp;
 			if '*' ~= flag then
 				local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d');	-- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY)
 				if replacement then												-- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year)
 					replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len());	-- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp
 					url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1)	-- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display
 				end
 			end
 		elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then					-- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element
 			err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path;
 		elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then		-- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element)
 			err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag;
 		elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then		-- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element)
 			err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag;
 		else
 			return url, date;													-- return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate
 		end
 	end
 																				-- if here, something not right so
 	utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg});						-- add error message and
 
 	if is_preview_mode then
 		return url, date;														-- preview mode so return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate
 	else
 		return '', '';															-- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; P L A C E _ C H E C K &gt;--------------------------------------------------------
 
 check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits.  This function added because
 many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that)
 
 returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits
 
 ]]
 
 local function place_check (param_val)
 	if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then									-- parameter empty or omitted
 		return param_val;														-- return that empty state
 	end
 	
 	if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then									-- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value
 		utilities.set_message ('maint_location');								-- yep, add maint cat
 	end
 	
 	return param_val;															-- and done
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y &gt;----------------------------------------------
 
 compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else
 
 ]]
 
 local function is_archived_copy (title)
 	title = mw.ustring.lower(title);											-- switch title to lower case
 	if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then			-- if title is 'Archived copy'
 		return true;
 	elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then
 		if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then	-- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script
 			return true;
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; C I T A T I O N 0 &gt;------------------------------------------------------------
 
 This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting.
 
 ]]
 
 local function citation0( config, args )
 	--[[ 
 	Load Input Parameters
 	The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable.
 	]]
 	local A = argument_wrapper ( args );
 	local i 
 
 	-- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments.  Different citation templates
 	-- define different field names for the same underlying things.	
 
 	local author_etal;
 	local a	= {};																-- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors=
 	local Authors;
 	local NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], '');
 	local Collaboration = A['Collaboration'];
 
 	do																			-- to limit scope of selected
 		local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList');
 		if 1 == selected then
 			a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList');				-- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn=
 		elseif 2 == selected then
 			NameListStyle = 'vanc';												-- override whatever |name-list-style= might be
 			a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.vauthors, 'AuthorList');	-- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn=
 		elseif 3 == selected then
 			Authors = A['Authors'];												-- use content of |authors=
 			if 'authors' == A:ORIGIN('Authors') then							-- but add a maint cat if the parameter is |authors=
 				utilities.set_message ('maint_authors');						-- because use of this parameter is discouraged; what to do about the aliases is a TODO:
 			end
 		end
 		if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then
 			author_etal = true;													-- so that |display-authors=etal not required
 		end
 	end
 
 	local editor_etal;
 	local e	= {};																-- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors=
 
 	do																			-- to limit scope of selected
 		local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList');	-- support for |editors= withdrawn
 		if 1 == selected then
 			e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList');				-- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn=
 		elseif 2 == selected then
 			NameListStyle = 'vanc';												-- override whatever |name-list-style= might be
 			e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList');	-- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn=
 		end
 	end
 							
 	local Chapter = A['Chapter'];												-- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= aliases
 	local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter');
 	local Contribution;															-- because contribution is required for contributor(s)
 		if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then
 			Contribution = Chapter;												-- get the name of the contribution
 		end
 	local c = {};																-- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs
 	
 	if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {&quot;book&quot;, &quot;citation&quot;}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then	-- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites
 		c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList');							-- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn=
 		
 		if 0 &lt; #c then
 			if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then							-- |contributor= requires |contribution=
 				utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution');	-- add missing contribution error message
 				c = {};															-- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later
 			end
 			if 0 == #a then														-- |contributor= requires |author=
 				utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author');	-- add missing author error message
 				c = {};															-- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later
 			end
 		end
 	else																		-- if not a book cite
 		if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then	-- are there contributor name list parameters?
 			utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored');					-- add contributor ignored error message
 		end
 		Contribution = nil;														-- unset
 	end
 
 	local Title = A['Title'];
 	local TitleLink = A['TitleLink'];
 
 	local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto
 	local accept_link;
 	TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true);	-- test for accept-this-as-written markup
 	if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords
 		auto_select = TitleLink;												-- remember selection for later
 		TitleLink = '';															-- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty
 	end
 
 	TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title');	-- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set
 
 	local Section = '';															-- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used
 	if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then
 		Section = A['Chapter'];													-- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}}
 		Chapter = '';															-- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present
 	end
 
 	local Periodical = A['Periodical'];
 	local Periodical_origin = '';
 	if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
 		Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical');								-- get the name of the periodical parameter
 		local i;
 		Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical);			-- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated 
 		if i then																-- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message
 			utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin});
 		end
 	end
 
 	if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then								-- special case for {{cite mailing list}}
 		if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then	-- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar?
 			utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')});
 		end
 
 		Periodical = A ['MailingList'];											-- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}}
 		Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList');
 	end
 
 	local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical'];
 
 	-- web and news not tested for now because of 
 	-- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_&quot;Cite_Web&quot;_errors?
 	if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then	-- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter
 	--	local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'};	-- for error message
 		local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'};			-- for error message
 		if p[config.CitationClass]  then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]});
 		end
 	end
 	
 	local Volume;
 	local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical');
 	if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then
 		if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
 			if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then	-- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used
 				Volume = A['Volume'];											-- but does for all other 'periodicals'
 			end
 		elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then
 			if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then					-- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website=
 				Volume = A['Volume'];											-- but does for all other 'periodicals'
 			end
 		else
 			Volume = A['Volume'];												-- and does for non-'periodical' cites
 		end
 	elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then	-- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings
 		Volume = A['Volume'];
 	end	
 	extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v');	
 
 	local Issue;
 	if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then
 		if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then	-- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used
 			Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']);
 		end
 	elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then	-- conference &amp; map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table
 		if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then
 			Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']);
 		end
 	end
 	extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i');	
 
 	local Page;
 	local Pages;
 	local At;
 	if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then
 		Page = A['Page'];
 		Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']);	
 		At = A['At'];
 	end
 
 	local Edition = A['Edition'];
 	local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace'));
 	local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place'));
 	
 	local PublisherName = A['PublisherName'];
 	local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName');
 	if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then
 		local i = 0;
 		PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName);	-- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized
 		if i then																-- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message
 			utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin});
 		end
 	end
 
 	local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup'];											-- TODO: strip apostrophe markup?
 	local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup');	
 
 	if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then
 		if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then								-- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup
 			utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin});
 		end
 
 		PublisherName = nil;													-- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS
 	end
 
 	local URL = A['URL'];														-- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL?
 	local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil);
 	
 	if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then
 		UrlAccess = nil;
 		utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url');
 	end
 	
 	local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL'];
 	local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil);
 	if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then
 		ChapterUrlAccess = nil;
 		utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')});
 	end
 
 	local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil);
 	if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then
 		MapUrlAccess = nil;
 		utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'});
 	end
 
 	local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle();								-- also used for COinS and for language
 	local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil);
 
 	-- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories
 	if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then								-- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page
 		if utilities.in_array (this_page.nsText, cfg.uncategorized_namespaces) then
 			no_tracking_cats = &quot;true&quot;;											-- set no_tracking_cats
 		end
 		for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do						-- cycle through page name patterns
 			if this_page.text:match (v) then									-- test page name against each pattern
 				no_tracking_cats = &quot;true&quot;;										-- set no_tracking_cats
 				break;															-- bail out if one is found
 			end
 		end
 	end
 																				-- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it)
 	utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters');	-- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category
 
 	local coins_pages;
 	
 	Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At);
 
 	local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil);
 
 	if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then	-- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different
 		utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test');								-- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together
 		if PublicationPlace == Place then
 			Place = '';															-- unset; don't need both if they are the same
 		end
 	elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then	-- when only |place= (|location=) is set ...
 		PublicationPlace = Place;												-- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place
 	end
 
 	if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end							-- don't need both if they are the same
 	
 	local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL');											-- get name of parameter that holds URL
 	local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL');							-- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL
 	local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter'];
 	local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter');
 	local Format = A['Format'];
 	local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat'];
 	local TransChapter = A['TransChapter'];
 	local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter');
 	local TransTitle = A['TransTitle'];
 	local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle'];
 	
 	--[[
 	Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia:
 	When the citation has these parameters:
 		|encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title=
 		|encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title=
 
 		|trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped
 		|url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped
 	
 	All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified
 	
 	]]
 
 	local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia'];										-- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS
 
 	if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then										-- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}}
 		if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')});
 			Encyclopedia = nil;													-- unset because not supported by this template
 		end
 	end
 
 	if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then	-- when both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar?
 			utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')) .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin)});
 		end
 
 		if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then
 			Periodical = Encyclopedia;											-- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia; allow periodical without encyclopedia
 			Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia');
 		end
 
 		if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then									-- Periodical is set when |encyclopedia= is set
 			if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then
 				if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then
 					Chapter = Title;											-- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title=
 					ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle;
 					ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle')
 					TransChapter = TransTitle;
 					ChapterURL = URL;
 					ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin;
 
 					ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess;
 
 					if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then
 						Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter);
 					end
 					Title = Periodical;
 					ChapterFormat = Format;
 					Periodical = '';											-- redundant so unset
 					TransTitle = '';
 					URL = '';
 					Format = '';
 					TitleLink = '';
 					ScriptTitle = '';
 				end
 			elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then								-- |title= not set
 				Title = Periodical;												-- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title=
 				Periodical = '';												-- redundant so unset
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- special case for cite techreport.
 	local ID = A['ID'];
 	if (config.CitationClass == &quot;techreport&quot;) then								-- special case for cite techreport
 		if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then									-- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue'
 			if not utilities.is_set (ID) then									-- can we use ID for the &quot;number&quot;?
 				ID = A['Number'];												-- yes, use it
 			else																-- ID has a value so emit error message
 				utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')});
 			end
 		end	
 	end
 
 	-- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data.
 	local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink'];									-- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode
 	local Conference = A['Conference'];
 	local BookTitle = A['BookTitle'];
 	local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle');
 	if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then
 		if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then
 			Chapter = Title;
 			Chapter_origin = 'title';
 	--		ChapterLink = TitleLink;											-- |chapter-link= is deprecated
 			ChapterURL = URL;
 			ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess;
 			ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin;
 			URL_origin = '';
 			ChapterFormat = Format;
 			TransChapter = TransTitle;
 			TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin;
 			Title = BookTitle;
 			Format = '';
 	--		TitleLink = '';
 			TransTitle = '';
 			URL = '';
 		end
 	elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then
 		Conference = '';														-- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string
 	end
 	
 	-- CS1/2 mode
 	local Mode = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode'), cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], '');
 	-- separator character and postscript
 	local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass);
 	-- controls capitalization of certain static text
 	local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' );
 	
 	-- cite map oddities
 	local Cartography = &quot;&quot;;
 	local Scale = &quot;&quot;;
 	local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or '';
 	local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or '';
 	if config.CitationClass == &quot;map&quot; then
 		if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then										--TODO: make a function for this and similar?
 			utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)});	-- add error message
 		end
 		Chapter = A['Map'];
 		Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map');
 		ChapterURL = A['MapURL'];
 		ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL');
 		TransChapter = A['TransMap'];
 		ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap']
 		ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap')
 
 		ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess;
 		ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat'];
 
 		Cartography = A['Cartography'];
 		if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then
 			Cartography = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase);
 		end		
 		Scale = A['Scale'];
 		if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then
 			Scale = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. Scale;
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data.
 	local Series = A['Series'];
 	if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then
 		local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink'];
 
 		SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series');	-- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set
 
 		local Network = A['Network'];
 		local Station = A['Station'];
 		local s, n = {}, {};
 																				-- do common parameters first
 		if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end
 		if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end
 		ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' ');
 		
 		if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then								-- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}}
 			local Season = A['Season'];
 			local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber'];
 
 			if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then	-- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar?
 				utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')});		-- add error message
 				SeriesNumber = '';												-- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno=
 			end
 																				-- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series
 			if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end
 			if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end
 			if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end
 			Issue = '';															-- unset because this is not a unique parameter
 	
 			Chapter = Title;													-- promote title parameters to chapter
 			ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle;
 			ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle');
 			ChapterLink = TitleLink;											-- alias |episode-link=
 			TransChapter = TransTitle;
 			ChapterURL = URL;
 			ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess;
 			ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin;
 			ChapterFormat = Format;
 
 			Title = Series;														-- promote series to title
 			TitleLink = SeriesLink;
 			Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' ');								-- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number
 
 			if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then	-- link but not URL
 				Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter);
 			elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then	-- if both are set, URL links episode;
 				Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series);
 			end
 			URL = '';															-- unset
 			TransTitle = '';
 			ScriptTitle = '';
 			Format = '';
 			
 		else																	-- now oddities that are cite serial
 			Issue = '';															-- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial
 			Chapter = A['Episode'];												-- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday?
 			if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then
 				Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series);
 			end
 			Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series);				-- series is italicized
 		end	
 	end
 	-- end of {{cite episode}} stuff
 
 	-- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values
 	local TitleType = A['TitleType'];
 	local Degree = A['Degree'];
 	if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then
 		TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType);
 		if utilities.is_set (Degree) and &quot;Thesis&quot; == TitleType then				-- special case for cite thesis
 			TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower();
 		end
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then										-- if type parameter is specified
 		TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType);	-- display it in parentheses
 	-- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem
 	end
 
 	-- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set.
 	local Date = A['Date'];
  	local Date_origin;															-- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging
 	local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate'];
 	local Year = A['Year'];
 
 	if not utilities.is_set (Date) then
 		Date = Year;															-- promote Year to Date
 		Year = nil;																-- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF
 		if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then	-- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set
 			Date = PublicationDate;												-- promote PublicationDate to Date
 			PublicationDate = '';												-- unset, no longer needed
 			Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate');							-- save the name of the promoted parameter
 		else
 			Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year');										-- save the name of the promoted parameter
 		end
 	else
 		Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date');											-- not a promotion; name required for error messaging
 	end
 
 	if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end					-- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation
 
 	--[[
 	Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where
 	we get the date used in the metadata.
 	
 	Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation
 	]]
 
 	local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], '');
 	if not utilities.is_set (DF) then
 		DF = cfg.global_df;														-- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template
 	end
 
 	local ArchiveURL;
 	local ArchiveDate;
 	local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat'];
 
 	ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate'])
 	ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url');
 	
 	ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate);		-- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL
 
 	
 	local AccessDate = A['AccessDate'];
 	local LayDate = A['LayDate'];
 	local COinS_date = {};														-- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification
 	local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken'];
 	local Embargo = A['Embargo'];
 	local anchor_year;															-- used in the CITEREF identifier
 	do	-- create defined block to contain local variables error_message, date_parameters_list, mismatch
 		local error_message = '';
 																				-- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it
 		local date_parameters_list = {
 			['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')},
 			['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')},
 			['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin},
 			['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')},
 			['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')},
 			['lay-date'] = {val = LayDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('LayDate')},
 			['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')},
 			['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')},
 			};
 
 		local error_list = {};
 		anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list);
 
 -- start temporary Julian / Gregorian calendar uncertainty categorization
 		if COinS_date.inter_cal_cat then
 			utilities.add_prop_cat ('jul-greg-uncertainty');
 		end
 -- end temporary Julian / Gregorian calendar uncertainty categorization
 
 		if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then				-- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; 
 			validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list);
 		end
 		
 		if 0 == #error_list then												-- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty
 			local modified = false;												-- flag
 			
 			if utilities.is_set (DF) then										-- if we need to reformat dates
 				modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF);	-- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate
 			end
 
 			if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then	-- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate
 				modified = true;
 				utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format');					-- hyphens were converted so add maint category
 			end
 			
 	-- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki
 			if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then
 				utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated');				-- add maint cat
 				modified = true;
 			end
 
 			if modified then													-- if the date_parameters_list values were modified
 				AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val;			-- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values
 				ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val;
 				Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val;
 				DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val;
 				LayDate = date_parameters_list['lay-date'].val;
 				PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val;
 			end
 		else
 			utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)});	-- add this error message
 		end
 	end	-- end of do
 
 	local ID_list = {};															-- sequence table of rendered identifiers
 	local ID_list_coins = {};													-- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key
 	local Class = A['Class'];													-- arxiv class identifier
 	
 	local ID_support = {
 		{A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')},				
 		{DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')},
 		{Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')},
 		}
 
 	ID_list, ID_list_coins = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], Embargo = Embargo, Class = Class}, ID_support);
 
 	-- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data.
 	if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list) then
 		if not utilities.is_set (ID_list_coins[config.CitationClass:upper()]) then 	-- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv= &amp; |citeseerx= required for their templates
 			utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing');	-- add error message
 		end
 
 		Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass];
 	end
 
 	-- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free
 
 	if config.CitationClass == &quot;journal&quot; and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for &quot;no title&quot; instead
 		if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then						-- if auto-linking not disabled
  	 		if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then						-- manual selection
 		 		URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select];					-- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link
  				URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1];	-- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title=
 			elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then						-- auto-select PMC
 				URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'];						-- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed
 				URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1];				-- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title=
 			elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then						-- auto-select DOI
 				URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'];
 				URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1];
 			end
  	 	end
 
 		if utilities.is_set (URL) then											-- set when using an identifier-created URL
 			if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then								-- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url=
 				utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url');			-- add an error message
 				AccessDate = '';												-- unset
 			end
 
 			if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then								-- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url=
 				utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url');				-- add an error message
 				ArchiveURL = '';												-- unset
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use.  We can use that fact.
 	-- Test if citation has no title
 	if	not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then	-- has special case for cite episode
 		utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'});
 	end
 
 	if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and
 			utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and
 			(utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and
 			('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then	-- special case for journal cites
 				Title = '';														-- set title to empty string
 				utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled');						-- add maint cat
 	end
 
 	-- COinS metadata (see &lt;http://ocoins.info/&gt;) for automated parsing of citation information.
 	-- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that
 	-- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title
 	-- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article.  So, we remap 
 	
 	local coins_chapter = Chapter;												-- default assuming that remapping not required
 	local coins_title = Title;													-- et tu
 	if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then		-- if all are used then
 			coins_chapter = Title;												-- remap
 			coins_title = Periodical;
 		end
 	end
 	local coins_author = a;														-- default for coins rft.au 
 	if 0 &lt; #c then																-- but if contributor list
 		coins_author = c;														-- use that instead
 	end
 	
 	local QuotePage = A['QuotePage'];
 	local QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']);
 
 	-- this is the function call to COinS()
 	local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({
 		['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical),		-- no markup in the metadata
 		['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia,										-- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS
 		['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter),	-- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup
 		['Degree'] = Degree;													-- cite thesis only
 		['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle),		-- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup
 		['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace,
 		['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate,											-- COinS_date has correctly formatted date if Date is valid;
 		['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn,
 		['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter,
 		['Chron'] =  COinS_date.rftchron or (not COinS_date.rftdate and Date) or '',	-- chron but if not set and invalid date format use Date; keep this last bit?
 		['Series'] = Series,
 		['Volume'] = Volume,
 		['Issue'] = Issue,
 		['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)),	-- pages stripped of external links
 		['Edition'] = Edition,
 		['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup,							-- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName
 		['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2),
 		['Authors'] = coins_author,
 		['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins,
 		['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText,
 	}, config.CitationClass);
 
 	-- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data.
 	if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list) then	-- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed
 		Periodical = '';														-- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal
 	end
 
 	-- special case for cite newsgroup.  Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text
 	if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then
 		PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil ));
 	end
 
 	local Editors;
 	local EditorCount;															-- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list
 	local Contributors;															-- assembled contributors name list
 	local contributor_etal;
 	local Translators;															-- assembled translators name list
 	local translator_etal;
 	local t = {};																-- translators list from |translator-lastn= / translator-firstn= pairs
 	t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList');									-- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn=
 	local Interviewers;															
 	local interviewers_list = {};					
 	interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList');				-- process preferred interviewers parameters
 	local interviewer_etal;
 	
 	-- Now perform various field substitutions.
 	-- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the
 	-- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil.
 	do
 		local last_first_list;
 		local control = { 
 			format = NameListStyle,												-- empty string or 'vanc'
 			maximum = nil,														-- as if display-authors or display-editors not set
 			mode = Mode
 		};
 
 		do																		-- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table
 			control.maximum , editor_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayEditors'], #e, 'editors', editor_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors'));
 			Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal);
 
 			if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 &lt; #e) then		-- only one editor displayed but includes etal then 
 				EditorCount = 2;												-- spoof to display (eds.) annotation
 			end
 		end
 		do																		-- now do interviewers
 			control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayInterviewers'], #interviewers_list, 'interviewers', interviewer_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers'));
 			Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal);
 		end
 		do																		-- now do translators
 			control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayTranslators'], #t, 'translators', translator_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators'));
 			Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal);
 		end
 		do																		-- now do contributors
 			control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayContributors'], #c, 'contributors', contributor_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors'));
 			Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal);
 		end
 		do																		-- now do authors
 			control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (A['DisplayAuthors'], #a, 'authors', author_etal, A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors'));
 
 			last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal);
 
 			if utilities.is_set (Authors) then
 				Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors');	-- find and remove variations on et al.
 				if author_etal then
 					Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al'];			-- add et al. to authors parameter
 				end
 			else
 				Authors = last_first_list;										-- either an author name list or an empty string
 			end
 		end																		-- end of do
 	
 		if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then
 			Authors = Authors .. ' (' .. Collaboration .. ')';					-- add collaboration after et al.
 		end
 
 	end
 
 	local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat'];
 	local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL'];
 	ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url');
 	Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url');
 
 	-- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported
 	if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or
 		('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then
 			ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url');
 	end
 
 	if not utilities.is_set (URL) then
 		if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {&quot;web&quot;, &quot;podcast&quot;, &quot;mailinglist&quot;}) or		-- |url= required for cite web, cite podcast, and cite mailinglist
 			('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then	-- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website=
 				utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url');
 		end
 		
 		-- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=?
 		if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then		-- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set;
 			utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url');
 			AccessDate = '';
 		end
 	end
 
 	local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], '');
 	local OriginalURL
 	local OriginalURL_origin
 	local OriginalFormat
 	local OriginalAccess;
 	UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower();												-- used later when assembling archived text
 	if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then
 		if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then 									-- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it
 			OriginalURL = ChapterURL;											-- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text
 			OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin;								-- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages
 			OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat;										-- and original |chapter-format=
 
 			if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then
 				ChapterURL = ArchiveURL											-- swap-in the archive's URL
 				ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL')						-- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages
 				ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or '';							-- swap in archive's format
 				ChapterUrlAccess = nil;											-- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs
 			end
 		elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then
 			OriginalURL = URL;													-- save copy of original source URL
 			OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin;									-- name of URL parameter for error messages
 			OriginalFormat = Format; 											-- and original |format=
 			OriginalAccess = UrlAccess;
 
 			if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then											-- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it
 				URL = ArchiveURL												-- swap-in the archive's URL
 				URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL')								-- name of archive URL parameter for error messages
 				Format = ArchiveFormat or '';									-- swap in archive's format
 				UrlAccess = nil;												-- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs
 			end
 		end
 	elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then									-- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set
  		utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status');								-- add maint cat
 	end
 
 	if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or	-- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia
 		('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then
 			local chap_param;
 			if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then									-- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters
 				chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter')
 			elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then
 				chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter')
 			elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then
 				chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL')
 			elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then
 				chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin;
 			else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat)
 				chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat')
 			end
 
 			if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then								-- if we found one
 				utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param});	-- add error message
 				Chapter = '';													-- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation
 				TransChapter = '';
 				ChapterURL = '';
 				ScriptChapter = '';
 				ChapterFormat = '';
 			end
 	else																		-- otherwise, format chapter / article title
 		local no_quotes = false;												-- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value
 		if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 &lt; #c then						-- if this is a contribution with contributor(s)
 			if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then	-- and a generic contribution title
 				no_quotes = true;												-- then render it unquoted
 			end
 		end
 
 		Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, Chapter_origin, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess);		-- Contribution is also in Chapter
 		if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then
 			Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ;
 			if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then
 				Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType;							-- map annotation here; not after title
 			end
 			Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' ';
 		elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then							-- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ...
 			Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' ';								-- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- Format main title
 	local plain_title = false;
 	local accept_title;
 	Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true);		-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of &lt;Title&gt;
 	if accept_title and ('' == Title) then										-- only support forced empty for now &quot;(())&quot;
 		Title = cfg.messages['notitle'];										-- replace by predefined &quot;No title&quot; message
 			-- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...);	-- issue proper error message instead of muting	 
 			ScriptTitle = '';													-- just mute for now	 
 			TransTitle = '';													-- just mute for now
  		plain_title = true;														-- suppress text decoration for descriptive title
 		utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled');								-- add maint cat
 	end
 
 	if not accept_title then													-- &lt;Title&gt; not wrapped in accept-as-written markup
 		if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then											-- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title=
 			Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1');							-- limit the number of dots to three
 		elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and					-- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ...
 			not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then						-- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.)
 				Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', '');			-- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters
 		end
 
 		if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy');						-- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title
 		end
 
 		if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title');						-- set an error message
 		end
 	end
 
 	if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}) or
 		('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or
 		('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then		-- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article
 			Title = kern_quotes (Title);										-- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks
 			Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title);
 			Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title');	-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
 			TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle );
 	elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then				-- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above)
 		Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title');		-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
 		TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle );	-- for cite report, use this form for trans-title
 	else
 		Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title);
 		Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title');		-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
 		TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle);
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Title) then
 			TransTitle = &quot; &quot; .. TransTitle;
 		else
 			utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'});
 		end
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (Title) then											-- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs?
 		if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url');						-- set an error message because we can't have both
 			TitleLink = '';														-- unset
 		end
 	
 		if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then
 			Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format;
 			URL = '';															-- unset these because no longer needed
 			Format = &quot;&quot;;
 		elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then
 			local ws_url;
 			ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink);							-- ignore ws_label return; not used here
 			if ws_url then
 				Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&amp;nbsp;', 'ws link in title-link');	-- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this?
 				Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title});				
 				Title = Title .. TransTitle;
 			else
 				Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle;
 			end
 		else
 			local ws_url, ws_label, L;											-- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink)
 			ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'&quot;]*(.-)[\'&quot;]*$', '%1'));	-- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label
 			if ws_url then
 				Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label);							-- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup
 				Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&amp;nbsp;', 'ws link in title');	-- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this?
 				Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title});				
 				Title = Title .. TransTitle;
 			else
 				Title = Title .. TransTitle;
 			end
 		end
 	else
 		Title = TransTitle;
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (Place) then
 		Place = &quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. &quot; &quot;;
 	end
 
 	local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL');						-- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL
 	if utilities.is_set (Conference) then
 		if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then
 			Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil );
 		end
 		Conference = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat;
 	elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then
 		Conference = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil );
 	end
 
 	local Position = '';
 	if not utilities.is_set (Position) then
 		local Minutes = A['Minutes'];
 		local Time = A['Time'];
 
 		if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then
 			if utilities.is_set (Time) then		--TODO: make a function for this and similar?
 				utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. ' and ' .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')});
 			end
 			Position = &quot; &quot; .. Minutes .. &quot; &quot; .. cfg.messages['minutes'];
 		else
 			if utilities.is_set (Time) then
 				local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption']
 				if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then
 					TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event'];
 					if sepc ~= '.' then
 						TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower();
 					end
 				end
 				Position = &quot; &quot; .. TimeCaption .. &quot; &quot; .. Time;
 			end
 		end
 	else
 		Position = &quot; &quot; .. Position;
 		At = '';
 	end
 
 	Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase);
 
 	At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. At) or &quot;&quot;;
 	Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. Position) or &quot;&quot;;
 	if config.CitationClass == 'map' then
 		local Sections = A['Sections'];											-- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier
 		local Inset = A['Inset'];
 		
 		if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then
 			Inset = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase);
 		end			
 
 		if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then
 			Section = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase);
 		elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then
 			Section = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase);
 		end
 		At = At .. Inset .. Section;		
 	end	
 
 	local Others = A['Others'];
 	if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then					-- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor=
 		if config.CitationClass == &quot;AV-media-notes&quot;
 		or config.CitationClass == &quot;audio-visual&quot; then							-- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm')
 		else
 			utilities.set_message ('maint_others');
 		end
 	end
 	Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. Others) or &quot;&quot;;
 	
 	if utilities.is_set (Translators) then
 		Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc);
 	end
 	if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then
 		Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc);
 	end
 	
 	local TitleNote = A['TitleNote'];
 	TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. TitleNote) or &quot;&quot;;
 	if utilities.is_set (Edition) then
 		if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn.
 			utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition');					 -- add error message
 		end
 		Edition = &quot; &quot; .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition);
 	else
 		Edition = '';
 	end
 
 	Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or &quot;&quot;;	-- not the same as SeriesNum
 	local Agency = A['Agency'];
 	Agency = utilities.is_set (Agency) and wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}) or &quot;&quot;;
 	Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase);
 
 	if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then
 		local retrv_text = &quot; &quot; .. cfg.messages['retrieved']
 
 		AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate);									-- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format
 		if (sepc ~= &quot;.&quot;) then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end				-- if mode is cs2, lower case
 		AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate);				-- add retrieved text
 
 		AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate});	-- allow editors to hide accessdates
 	end
 	
 	if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. ID; end
 	
 	local Docket = A['Docket'];
    	if &quot;thesis&quot; == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then
 		ID = sepc .. &quot; Docket &quot; .. Docket .. ID;
 	end
    	if &quot;report&quot; == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then		-- for cite report when |docket= is set
 		ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket;												-- overwrite ID even if |id= is set
 	end
 
 	if utilities.is_set (URL) then
 		URL = &quot; &quot; .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess );
 	end
 
 	local Quote = A['Quote'];
 	local TransQuote = A['TransQuote'];
 	local ScriptQuote = A['ScriptQuote'];
 	if utilities.is_set (Quote) or utilities.is_set (TransQuote) or utilities.is_set (ScriptQuote) then
 
 		if utilities.is_set (Quote) then
 			if Quote:sub(1, 1) == '&quot;' and Quote:sub(-1, -1) == '&quot;' then			-- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks
 				Quote = Quote:sub(2, -2);										-- strip them off
 			end
 		end
 
 		Quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', Quote );					-- wrap in &lt;q&gt;...&lt;/q&gt; tags
 	
 		if utilities.is_set (ScriptQuote) then
 			Quote = script_concatenate (Quote, ScriptQuote, 'script-quote');	-- &lt;bdi&gt; tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped
 		end
 
 		if utilities.is_set (TransQuote) then
 			if TransQuote:sub(1, 1) == '&quot;' and TransQuote:sub(-1, -1) == '&quot;' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks
 				TransQuote = TransQuote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off
 			end
 			Quote = Quote .. &quot; &quot; .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransQuote );
 		end
 
 		if utilities.is_set (QuotePage) or utilities.is_set (QuotePages) then	-- add page prefix
 			local quote_prefix = '';
 			if utilities.is_set (QuotePage) then
 				extra_text_in_page_check (QuotePage, 'quote-page');				-- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.
 				if not NoPP then
 					quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePage}), '', '', '';
 				else
 					quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, QuotePage}), '', '', '';
 				end
 			elseif utilities.is_set (QuotePages) then
 				extra_text_in_page_check (QuotePages, 'quote-pages');			-- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.
 				if tonumber(QuotePages) ~= nil and not NoPP then				-- if only digits, assume single page
 					quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', '';
 				elseif not NoPP then
 					quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', '';
 				else
 					quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, QuotePages}), '', '';
 				end
 			end
                         
 			Quote = quote_prefix .. &quot;: &quot; .. Quote;
 		else
 			Quote = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. Quote;
 		end
 
 		PostScript = &quot;&quot;;														-- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set
 	end
 	
 	-- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by
 	-- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't
 	-- a displayed postscript.
 	-- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable?
 	-- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern?
 	if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) &gt; 1 then
 		utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript')
 	end
 	
 	local Archived;
 	if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then
 		local arch_text;
 		if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then
 			utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date');
 			ArchiveDate = '';													-- empty string for concatenation
 		end
 		if &quot;live&quot; == UrlStatus then
 			arch_text = cfg.messages['archived'];
 			if sepc ~= &quot;.&quot; then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
 			if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then
 				Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'],
 					{external_link( ArchiveURL, arch_text, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } );
 			else
 				Archived = '';
 			end
 			if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then
 				utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url');
 				Archived = '';													-- empty string for concatenation
 			end
 		elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then								-- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'
 			if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then
 				arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-unfit'];
 				if sepc ~= &quot;.&quot; then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
 				Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. arch_text .. ArchiveDate;				-- format already styled
 				if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then
 					utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown');				-- and add a category if not already added
 				else
 					utilities.set_message ('maint_unfit');						-- and add a category if not already added
 				end
 			else																-- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead'
 				arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead'];
 				if sepc ~= &quot;.&quot; then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
 				if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then
 					Archived = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. utilities.substitute ( arch_text,
 						{ external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } );	-- format already styled
 				else
 					Archived = '';												-- unset for concatenation
 				end
 			end	
 		else																	-- OriginalUrl not set
 			arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-missing'];
 			if sepc ~= &quot;.&quot; then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
 			utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url');
 			Archived = '';														-- empty string for concatenation
 		end
 	elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then
 		Archived = ArchiveFormat;												-- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message
 	else
 		Archived = '';
 	end
 	
 	local Lay = '';
 	local LaySource = A['LaySource'];
 	local LayURL = A['LayURL'];
 	local LayFormat = A['LayFormat'];
 	LayFormat = style_format (LayFormat, LayURL, 'lay-format', 'lay-url');
 	if utilities.is_set (LayURL) then
 		if utilities.is_set (LayDate) then LayDate = &quot; (&quot; .. LayDate .. &quot;)&quot; end
 		if utilities.is_set (LaySource) then 
 			LaySource = &quot; &amp;ndash; ''&quot; .. utilities.safe_for_italics (LaySource) .. &quot;''&quot;;
 		else
 			LaySource = &quot;&quot;;
 		end
 		if sepc == '.' then
 			Lay = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. external_link( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary'], A:ORIGIN('LayURL'), nil ) .. LayFormat .. LaySource .. LayDate
 		else
 			Lay = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. external_link( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary']:lower(), A:ORIGIN('LayURL'), nil ) .. LayFormat .. LaySource .. LayDate
 		end			
 	elseif utilities.is_set (LayFormat) then									-- Test if |lay-format= is given without giving a |lay-url=
 		Lay = sepc .. LayFormat;												-- if set and LayURL not set, then LayFormat has error message
 	end
 
 	local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL']
 	local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat'];
 	TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl');
 	local Transcript = A['Transcript'];
 	local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL');						-- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL
 	if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then
 		if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then
 			Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil );
 		end
 		Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat;
 	elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then
 		Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil );
 	end
 
 	local Publisher;
 	if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then
 		PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate);
 	end
 	if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then
 		if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then
 			Publisher = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. PublicationPlace .. &quot;: &quot; .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate;
 		else
 			Publisher = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate;  
 		end			
 	elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then 
 		Publisher= sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate;
 	else 
 		Publisher = PublicationDate;
 	end
 	
 	local TransPeriodical =  A['TransPeriodical'];
 	local TransPeriodical_origin =  A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical');
 	-- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last.
 	if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then 
 			Periodical = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin);
 		else 
 			Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin);
 		end
 	end
 	
 	local Language = A['Language'];
 	if utilities.is_set (Language) then
 		Language = language_parameter (Language);								-- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc.
 	else
 		Language='';															-- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string;
 	--[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter
 	so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType
 	]]
 	end
 
 	--[[
 	Handle the oddity that is cite speech.  This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be &quot; (Speech)&quot; so that
 	the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided).
 	]]
 	if &quot;speech&quot; == config.CitationClass then									-- cite speech only
 		TitleNote = TitleType;													-- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event=
 		TitleType = '';															-- and unset
 
 		if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then									-- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter 
 			if utilities.is_set (Conference) then								-- and if |event= is set
 				Conference = Conference .. sepc .. &quot; &quot;;							-- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- Piece all bits together at last.  Here, all should be non-nil.
 	-- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA
 	-- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over.
 
 	local tcommon;
 	local tcommon2;																-- used for book cite when |contributor= is set
 	
 	if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {&quot;journal&quot;, &quot;citation&quot;}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Others) then Others = safe_join ({Others, sepc .. &quot; &quot;}, sepc) end		-- add terminal punctuation &amp; space; check for dup sepc; TODO why do we need to do this here?
 		tcommon = safe_join( {Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Volume}, sepc );
 	elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {&quot;book&quot;, &quot;citation&quot;}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then		-- special cases for book cites
 		if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then									-- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc.
 			tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote}, sepc );					-- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2
 			tcommon2 = safe_join( {Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc );
 		else
 			tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc );
 		end
 
 	elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then									-- special cases for cite map
 		if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then										-- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter
 			tcommon = safe_join( {Title, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc );
 		elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then								-- map in a periodical
 			tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleType, Format, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc );
 		else																	-- a sheet or stand-alone map
 			tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleType, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc );
 		end
 		
 	elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then								-- special case for cite episode
 		tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc );
 
 	else																		-- all other CS1 templates
 		tcommon = safe_join( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Language, 
 			Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc );
 	end
 	
 	if #ID_list &gt; 0 then
 		ID_list = safe_join( { sepc .. &quot; &quot;,  table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. &quot; &quot; ), ID }, sepc );
 	else
 		ID_list = ID;
 	end
 	
 	local Via = A['Via'];
 	Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and  wrap_msg ('via', Via) or '';
 	local idcommon;
 	if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then	-- special case for cite AV media &amp; cite episode position transcript
 		idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Lay, Quote }, sepc );
 	else
 		idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Lay, Quote }, sepc );
 	end
 	
 	local text;
 	local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At;
 
 	local OrigDate = A['OrigDate'];
 	OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or '';
 	if utilities.is_set (Date) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then		-- date follows authors or editors when authors not set
 			Date = &quot; (&quot; .. Date .. &quot;)&quot; .. OrigDate .. sepc .. &quot; &quot;;				-- in parentheses
 		else																	-- neither of authors and editors set
 			if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then						-- if the last character of tcommon is sepc
 				Date = &quot; &quot; .. Date .. OrigDate;									-- Date does not begin with sepc
 			else
 				Date = sepc .. &quot; &quot; .. Date .. OrigDate;							-- Date begins with sepc
 			end
 		end
 	end	
 	if utilities.is_set (Authors) then
 		if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then									-- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination
 			Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc);						-- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
 		end
 		if utilities.is_set (Editors) then
 			local in_text = &quot; &quot;;
 			local post_text = &quot;&quot;;
 			if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then
 				in_text = in_text .. cfg.messages['in'] .. &quot; &quot;
 				if (sepc ~= '.') then
 					in_text = in_text:lower()									-- lowercase for cs2
 				end
 			end
 			if EditorCount &lt;= 1 then
 				post_text = &quot; (&quot; .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. &quot;)&quot;;				-- be consistent with no-author, no-date case
 			else
 				post_text = &quot; (&quot; .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. &quot;)&quot;;
 			end
 			Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc);	-- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
 		end
 		if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then									-- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc.
 			local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' ';
 			if (sepc ~= '.') then by_text = by_text:lower() end					-- lowercase for cs2
 			Authors = by_text .. Authors;										-- author follows title so tweak it here
 			if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then		-- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated
 				Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc);					-- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
 			end
 			if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then								-- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination
 				Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc);		-- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
 			end
 			text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc );
 		else
 			text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc );
 		end
 	elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then
 		if utilities.is_set (Date) then
 			if EditorCount &lt;= 1 then
 				Editors = Editors .. &quot;, &quot; .. cfg.messages['editor'];
 			else
 				Editors = Editors .. &quot;, &quot; .. cfg.messages['editors'];
 			end
 		else
 			if EditorCount &lt;= 1 then
 				Editors = Editors .. &quot; (&quot; .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. &quot;)&quot; .. sepc .. &quot; &quot;
 			else
 				Editors = Editors .. &quot; (&quot; .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. &quot;)&quot; .. sepc .. &quot; &quot;
 			end
 		end
 		text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc );
 	else
 		if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {&quot;journal&quot;, &quot;citation&quot;}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
 			text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc );
 		else
 			text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc );
 		end
 	end
 	
 	if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then
 		text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); 								-- Deals with italics, spaces, etc.
 		text = text:sub(1, -sepc:len() - 1);
 	end	
 	
 	text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc );
 
 	-- Now enclose the whole thing in a &lt;cite&gt; element
 	local options_t = {};
 	options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode);
 
 	local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true);	-- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else
 
 	if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then
 		local namelist_t = {};													-- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list
 		local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2);						-- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation
 
 		if #c &gt; 0 then															-- if there is a contributor list
 			namelist_t = c;														-- select it
 		elseif #a &gt; 0 then														-- or an author list
 			namelist_t = a;
 		elseif #e &gt; 0 then														-- or an editor list
 			namelist_t = e;
 		end
 		local citeref_id;
 		if #namelist_t &gt; 0 then													-- if there are names in namelist_t
 			citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year);					-- go make the CITEREF anchor
 			if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then	-- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison
 				utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default');
 			end
 		else
 			citeref_id = '';													-- unset
 		end
 		options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id;
 	end
 
 	if string.len (text:gsub('%b&lt;&gt;', '')) &lt;= 2 then								-- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains; 
 		z.error_cats_t = {};													-- blank the categories list
 		z.error_msgs_t = {};													-- blank the error messages list
 		OCinSoutput = nil;														-- blank the metadata string
 		text = '';																-- blank the the citation
 		utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation');							-- set empty citation message and category
 	end
 	
 	local render_t = {};														-- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation
 
 	if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then										-- here we wrap the rendered citation in &lt;cite ...&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt; tags
 		table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id), mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text}));	-- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist
 	else
 		table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text}));	-- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty
 	end		
 
 	if OCinSoutput then															-- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span
 		table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput));	-- format and append metadata to the citation
 	end
 
 	local template_name = ('citation' == config.CitationClass) and 'citation' or 'cite ' .. (cfg.citation_class_map_t[config.CitationClass] or config.CitationClass);
 	local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]';
 	local msg_prefix = '&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;{{' .. template_link .. '}}&lt;/code&gt;: ';
 
 	if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then
 		mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, template_link));
 
 		table.insert (render_t, ' ');											-- insert a space between citation and its error messages
 		table.sort (z.error_msgs_t);											-- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping &lt;span&gt; and &lt;code&gt; tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error
 
 		local hidden = true;													-- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden
 		for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do									-- spin through the list of error messages
 			if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then						-- look for the visible error class name
 				hidden = false;													-- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix
 				break;															-- and done because no need to look further
 			end
 		end
 
 		z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]});	-- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation
 		table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; '));			-- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering
 	end
 
 	if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then
 		mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, template_link));
 
 		table.sort (z.maint_cats_t);											-- sort the maintenance messages list
 
 		local maint_msgs_t = {};												-- here we collect all of the maint messages
 
 		if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then											-- if no error messages
 			table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix);							-- insert message prefix in maint message livery
 		end
 		
 		for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do									-- append maintenance categories
 			table.insert (maint_msgs_t, 										-- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table
 				table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'})
 				);
 		end
 		table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' ')));	-- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save
 	end
 
 	if not no_tracking_cats then
 		for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do									-- append error categories
 			table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v));
 		end
 		for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do									-- append maintenance categories
 			table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v));
 		end
 		for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do									-- append properties categories
 			table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v));
 		end
 	end
 
 	return table.concat (render_t);												-- make a big string and done
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; V A L I D A T E &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists.
 
 Parameters in the whitelist can have three values:
 	true - active, supported parameters
 	false - deprecated, supported parameters
 	nil - unsupported parameters
 	
 ]]
 
 local function validate (name, cite_class, empty)
 	local name = tostring (name);
 	local enum_name;															-- for enumerated parameters, is name with enumerator replaced with '#'
 	local state;
 	local function state_test (state, name)										-- local function to do testing of state values
 		if true == state then return true; end									-- valid actively supported parameter
 		if false == state then
 			if empty then return nil; end										-- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns
 			deprecated_parameter (name);										-- parameter is deprecated but still supported
 			return true;
 		end
 		if 'tracked' == state then
 			local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', '');								-- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name
 			utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name);	-- add a properties category; &lt;base_name&gt; modifies &lt;key&gt;
 			return true;
 		end
 		return nil;
 	end		
 
 	if name:find ('#') then														-- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted
 		return nil;
 	end
 
 	if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list ) then	-- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates
 		state = whitelist.limited_basic_arguments[name];
 		if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
 
 		state = whitelist.preprint_arguments[cite_class][name];					-- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class
 		if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
 
 																				-- limited enumerated parameters list
 		enum_name = name:gsub(&quot;%d+&quot;, &quot;#&quot; );										-- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last#) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits)
 		state = whitelist.limited_numbered_arguments[enum_name];
 		if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
 
 		return false;															-- not supported because not found or name is set to nil
 	end																			-- end limited parameter-set templates
 
 	if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list) then 	-- experiment for template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list
 		state = whitelist.unique_arguments[cite_class][name];					-- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class
 		if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
 	end																			-- if here, fall into general validation
 		
 	state = whitelist.basic_arguments[name];									-- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed
 	if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
 
 																				-- all enumerated parameters allowed
 	enum_name = name:gsub(&quot;%d+&quot;, &quot;#&quot; );											-- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last#) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits)
 	state = whitelist.numbered_arguments[enum_name];
 	if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
 
 	return false;																-- not supported because not found or name is set to nil
 end
 
 
 --[=[-------------------------&lt; I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K &gt;----------------------------------------------
 
 check &lt;value&gt; for inter-language interwiki-link markup.  &lt;prefix&gt; must be a MediaWiki-recognized language
 code.  when these values have the form (without leading colon):
 	[[&lt;prefix&gt;:link|label]] return label as plain-text
 	[[&lt;prefix&gt;:link]] return &lt;prefix&gt;:link as plain-text
 
 return value as is else
 
 ]=]
 
 local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value)
 	local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):');									-- get an interwiki prefix if one exists
 	local _;
 	
 	if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then						-- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so
 		utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter);					-- emit an error message
 		_, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value);							-- extract label portion from wikilink
 	end
 	return value;
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K &gt;------------------------------------------
 
 Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal
 sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters.  If found, then the string is possibly a
 parameter that is missing its pipe.  There are two tests made:
 	{{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}}	-- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name
 	{{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}}			-- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki)
 cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc.  To prevent false positives XML/HTML
 tags are removed before the search.
 
 If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category.
 
 ]]
 
 local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value)
 	local capture;
 	value = value:gsub ('%b&lt;&gt;', '');											-- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc.
 
 	capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=');	-- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes
 	if capture and validate (capture) then										-- if the capture is a valid parameter name
 		utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter);
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T &gt;--------------------------------------
 
 look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked
 
 ]]
 
 local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value)
 	if 'number' == type (param) then
 		return;
 	end
 	
 	param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#');											-- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize 
 	if cfg.punct_skip[param] then
 		return;																	-- parameter name found in the skip table so done
 	end
 	
 	if value:match ('[,;:]$') then
 		utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct');							-- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat
 	end
 	if value:match ('^=') then													-- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ...
 		utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct');							-- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L &gt;------------------------------------------
 
 look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked
 
 ]]
 
 local function has_extraneous_url (url_param_t)
 	local url_error_t = {};
 	
 	check_for_url (url_param_t, url_error_t);									-- extraneous url check
 	if 0 ~= #url_error_t then													-- non-zero when there are errors
 		table.sort (url_error_t);
 		utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)});	-- add this error message
 	end
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; C I T A T I O N &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------
 
 This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text.
 
 ]]
 
 local function citation(frame)
 	Frame = frame;																-- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode
 	local sandbox = '/sandbox'													-- i18n: replace this rvalue with the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages
 	is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true);		-- is this invoke the sandbox module?
 	sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or '';										-- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else
 
 	local pframe = frame:getParent()
 	local styles;
 	
 	cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox);			-- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else
 	whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox);
 	utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox);
 	validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox);
 	identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox);
 	metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox);
 	styles = 'Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css';
 
 	utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg);										-- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables
 	identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities);							-- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module
 	validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities);							-- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module
 	metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities);								-- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module
 
 	z = utilities.z;															-- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
 
 	is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}'));
 
 	local args = {};															-- table where we store all of the template's arguments
 	local suggestions = {};														-- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them
 	local error_text;															-- used as a flag
 
 	local config = {};															-- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}}
 	for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do											-- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame
 		config[k] = v;
 	--	args[k] = v;															-- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep?
 	end	
 
 	local capture;																-- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns
 	local empty_unknowns = {};													-- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing
 	for k, v in pairs( pframe.args ) do											-- get parameters from the parent (template) frame
 		v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1');							-- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string
 		if v ~= '' then
 			if ('string' == type (k)) then
 				k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits);		-- for enumerated parameters, translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9
 			end
 			if not validate( k, config.CitationClass ) then			
 				if type (k) ~= 'string' then									-- exclude empty numbered parameters
 					if v:match(&quot;%S+&quot;) ~= nil then
 						error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v});
 					end
 				elseif validate (k:lower(), config.CitationClass) then 
 					error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()});	-- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter
 				else
 					if nil == suggestions.suggestions then						-- if this table is nil then we need to load it
 						if is_sandbox then										-- did the {{#invoke:}} use sandbox version?
 							suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions/sandbox' );	-- use the sandbox version
 						else
 							suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' );			-- use the live version
 						end
 					end
 					for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do		-- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter
 						capture = k:match (pattern);							-- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match
 						if capture then											-- if the pattern matches 
 							param = utilities.substitute (param, capture);		-- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator)
 							if validate (param, config.CitationClass) then		-- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists)
 								error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param});	-- set the suggestion error message
 							else
 								error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k});	-- suggested param not supported by this template
 								v = '';											-- unset
 							end
 						end
 					end
 					if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then					-- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion?						
 						if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config.CitationClass) then
 							utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]});
 						else
 							utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k});
 							v = '';												-- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists)
 						end
 					end
 				end				  
 			end
 
 			args[k] = v;														-- save this parameter and its value
 
 		elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then									-- for empty parameters
 			if not validate (k, config.CitationClass, true) then				-- is this empty parameter a valid parameter
 				k = ('' == k) and '(empty string)' or k;						-- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text
 				table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k));	-- format for error message and add to the list
 			end
 																				-- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}} TODO: keep?
 	--	elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then						-- when args[k] has a value from {{#invoke}} frame (we don't normally do that)
 	--		args[k] = v;														-- overwrite args[k] with empty string from pframe.args[k] (template frame); v is empty string here
 		end																		-- not sure about the postscript bit; that gets handled in parameter validation; historical artifact?
 	end	
 
 	if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then												-- create empty unknown error message
 		utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', {
 			1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's',
 			utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns)
 			});
 	end
 
 	local url_param_t = {};
 
 	for k, v in pairs( args ) do
 		if 'string' == type (k) then											-- don't evaluate positional parameters
 			has_invisible_chars (k, v);											-- look for invisible characters
 		end
 		has_extraneous_punc (k, v);												-- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values
 		missing_pipe_check (k, v);												-- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe?
 		args[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v);										-- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label
 
 		if 'string' == type (k) and not cfg.url_skip[k] then					-- when parameter k is not positional and not in url skip table
 			url_param_t[k] = v;													-- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check
 		end
 	end
 
 	has_extraneous_url (url_param_t);											-- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong
 
 	return table.concat ({
 		frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src=styles}),
 		citation0( config, args)
 	});
 end
 
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; E X P O R T E D   F U N C T I O N S &gt;------------------------------------------
 ]]