Module:String2
local p = {}
 
 p.trim = function(frame)
 	return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
 end
 
 p.sentence = function (frame)
 	-- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not.
 	frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1])
 	return p.ucfirst(frame)
 end
 
 p.ucfirst = function (frame )
 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot; )
 	local s1 = &quot;&quot;
 	-- if it's a list chop off and (store as s1) everything up to the first &lt;li&gt;
 	local lipos = mw.ustring.find(s, &quot;&lt;li&gt;&quot; )
 	if lipos then
 		s1 = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, lipos + 3)
 		s = mw.ustring.sub(s, lipos + 4)
 	end
 	-- s1 is either &quot;&quot; or the first part of the list markup, so we can continue
 	-- and prepend s1 to the returned string
 	local letterpos
 	if mw.ustring.find(s, &quot;^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]&quot;) then
 		-- this is a piped wikilink, so we capitalise the text, not the pipe
 		local _
 		_, letterpos = mw.ustring.find(s, &quot;|%W*%w&quot;) -- find the first letter after the pipe
 	else
 		letterpos = mw.ustring.find(s, '%w')
 	end
 	if letterpos then
 		local first = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, letterpos - 1)
 		local letter = mw.ustring.sub(s, letterpos, letterpos)
 		local rest = mw.ustring.sub(s, letterpos + 1)
 		return s1 .. first .. mw.ustring.upper(letter) .. rest
 	else
 		return s1 .. s
 	end
 end
 
 p.title = function (frame )
 	-- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html
 	-- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual:
 	-- &quot;Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents,
 	-- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor.&quot;
 	local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1,
 		['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1,
 		['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1,
 		['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 }
 	local res = ''
 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot; )
 	local words = mw.text.split( s, &quot; &quot;)
 	for i, s in ipairs(words) do
 		-- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not.
 		s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s)
 		if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then
 			s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s)
 		end
 		words[i] = s
 	end
 	return table.concat(words, &quot; &quot;)
 end
 
 -- findlast finds the last item in a list
 -- the first unnamed parameter is the list
 -- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space)
 -- returns the whole list if separator not found
 p.findlast = function(frame)
 	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot; )
 	local sep = frame.args[2] or &quot;&quot;
 	if sep == &quot;&quot; then sep = &quot;, &quot; end
 	local pattern = &quot;.*&quot; .. sep .. &quot;(.*)&quot;
 	local a, b, last = s:find(pattern)
 	if a then
 		return last
 	else
 		return s
 	end
 end
 
 -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units)
 -- e.g &quot;0940&quot; -&gt; &quot;940&quot;; &quot;Year: 0023&quot; -&gt; &quot;Year: 23&quot;; &quot;00.12&quot; -&gt; &quot;0.12&quot;
 p.stripZeros = function(frame)
 	local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
 	local n = tonumber( string.match( s, &quot;%d+&quot; ) ) or &quot;&quot;
 	s = string.gsub( s, &quot;%d+&quot;, n, 1 )
 	return s
 end
 
 -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string
 -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode
 p.nowiki = function(frame)
 	local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
 	return mw.text.nowiki(str)
 end
 
 -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator
 -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1)
 -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false
 -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false
 -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true
 p.split = function(frame)
 	local args = frame.args
 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
 	local txt = args[1] or args.txt or &quot;&quot;
 	if txt == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
 	local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or &quot;&quot;):gsub('&quot;', '')
 	local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1
 	local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or &quot;true&quot;):sub(1,1)
 	plain = (plain ~= &quot;f&quot; and plain ~= &quot;n&quot; and plain ~= &quot;0&quot;)
 	local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain )
 	if idx &lt; 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end
 	return splittbl[idx]
 end
 
 -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt=
 -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string.
 p.val2percent = function(frame)
 	local args = frame.args
 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
 	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or &quot;&quot;)
 	if txt == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
 	local function v2p (x)
 		x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100
 		if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end
 		return x .. &quot;%&quot;
 	end
 	txt = txt:gsub(&quot;%d[%d%.]*&quot;, v2p) -- store just the string
 	return txt
 end
 
 -- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt=
 -- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string.
 p.one2a = function(frame)
 	local args = frame.args
 	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
 	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or &quot;&quot;)
 	if txt == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
 	txt = txt:gsub(&quot; one &quot;, &quot; a &quot;):gsub(&quot;^one&quot;, &quot;a&quot;):gsub(&quot;One &quot;, &quot;A &quot;):gsub(&quot;a ([aeiou])&quot;, &quot;an %1&quot;):gsub(&quot;A ([aeiou])&quot;, &quot;An %1&quot;)
 	return txt
 end
 
 -- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page
 -- First positional parameter or |text is the search text
 -- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page
 -- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search
 -- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil
 p._findpagetext = function(args)
 	-- process parameters
 	local nomatch = args.nomatch or &quot;&quot;
 	if nomatch == &quot;&quot; then nomatch = nil end
 	--
 	local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or &quot;&quot;)
 	if text == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
 	--
 	local title = args.title or &quot;&quot;
 	local titleobj
 	if title == &quot;&quot; then
 		titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
 	else
 		titleobj = mw.title.new(title)
 	end
 	--
 	local plain = args.plain or &quot;&quot;
 	if plain:sub(1, 1) == &quot;f&quot; then plain = false else plain = true end
 	-- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch
 	local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent()
 	return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch
 end
 p.findpagetext = function(frame)
 	local args = frame.args
 	local pargs = frame:getParent().args
 	for k, v in pairs(pargs) do
 		args[k] = v
 	end
 	if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end
 	-- just the first value
 	return (p._findpagetext(args))
 end
 
 -- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}}
 -- Type is:
 -- QUERY decodes + to space (default)
 -- PATH does no extra decoding
 -- WIKI decodes _ to space
 p._urldecode = function(url, type)
 	url = url or &quot;&quot;
 	type = (type == &quot;PATH&quot; or type == &quot;WIKI&quot;) and type
 	return mw.uri.decode( url, type )
 end
 -- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}}
 p.urldecode = function(frame)
 	return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type )
 end
 
 -- what follows was merged from Module:StringFunc
 
 -- helper functions
 p._GetParameters = require('Module:GetParameters')
 
 -- Argument list helper function, as per Module:String
 p._getParameters = p._GetParameters.getParameters
 
 -- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per Module:String
 function p._escapePattern( pattern_str)
 	return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, &quot;([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot; )
 end
 
 -- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per Module:String
 p._getBoolean = p._GetParameters.getBoolean
 
 --[[
 Strip
 
 This function Strips characters from string
 
 Usage:
 {{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}}
 
 Parameters
 	source: The string to strip
 	chars:  The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with ''
 	plain:  A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.
 
 Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string.
 ]]
 function p.strip( frame )
 	local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args,  {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} )
 	local source_str = new_args['source'] or ''
 	local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters'
 	source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str)
 	if source_str == '' or chars == '' then
 		return source_str
 	end
 	local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true )
 	if l_plain then
 		chars = p._escapePattern( chars )
 	end
 	local result
 	result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, &quot;[&quot;..chars..&quot;]&quot;, '')
 	return result
 end
 
 --[[
 Match any
 Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered.
 Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in {{#if:}}
 
 Usage:
 	{{#invoke:String2|matchAll|source=123 abc|456|abc}} returns '2'.
 
 Parameters:
 	source: the string to search
 	plain:  A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.
 	1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for
 ]]
 function p.matchAny(frame)
 	local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.')
 	local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true )
 	for i = 1, math.huge do
 		local pattern = frame.args[i]
 		if not pattern then return '' end
 		if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then
 			return tostring(i)
 		end
 	end
 end
 
 --[[--------------------------&lt; H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H &gt;--------------------------------------------------
 
 Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions.  The hyphen must separate
 like items; unlike items are returned unmodified.  These forms are modified:
 	letter - letter (A - B)
 	digit - digit (4-5)
 	digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5)
 	letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and
 		digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5)
 	digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and
 		digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d)
 
 any other forms are returned unmodified.
 
 str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list
 
 ]]
 function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing )
 	if (str == nil or str == '') then
 		return str
 	end
 
 	local accept
 
 	str = mw.text.decode(str, true )											-- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split
 
 	local out = {}
 	local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*')								-- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any
 
 	for _, item in ipairs (list) do												-- for each item in the list
 		item = mw.text.trim(item)												-- trim whitespace
 		item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')
 		if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then	-- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators
 			if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or			-- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit)
 				item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or			-- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter)
 				item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or			-- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit
 				item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or								-- digit hyphen digit
 				item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then							-- letter hyphen letter
 					item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2')	-- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters
 			else
 				item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–')				-- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace
 			end
 		end
 		table.insert (out, item)												-- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table
 	end
 
 	local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing)							-- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string
 	temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')					-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out
 	if accept ~= 0 then
 		temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')							-- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value
 	end
 	return temp_str
 end
 
 function p.hyphen2dash( frame )
 	local str = frame.args[1] or ''
 	local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing
 
 	return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing)
 end
 
 -- Similar to [[Module:String#endswith]]
 function p.startswith(frame)
 	return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or ''
 end