ஜான்ஸ்டன் பவளத்தீவு
{{Infobox settlement
 | name = Johnston Atoll
 | official_name =
 | native_name = &lt;small&gt;Kalama Atoll ([[ஹவாய் மொழி|Hawaiian]])&lt;/small&gt;
 | native_name_lang = 
 | other_name =
 | settlement_type = [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]
 &lt;!-- transliteration(s) --&gt;
 | translit_lang1 =
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 | translit_lang2_info2 = &lt;!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --&gt;
 &lt;!-- images, nickname, motto --&gt;
 | image_skyline =
 | imagesize =
 | image_alt =
 | image_caption =
 | image = &lt;!-- other image (specify File: or File: namespace) --&gt;
 | image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg
 | flag_size =
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 | flag_border =
 | flag_link =
 | image_seal =
 | seal_size =
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 | image_shield =
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 | image_blank_emblem =
 | blank_emblem_type = [[Unofficial flags|Unofficial Flag]]
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 | etymology = 
 | nickname =
 | motto =
 | anthem=&quot;[[த ஸ்டார்-ஸ்பாங்கிள்ட் பானர்]]&quot;
 &lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;
 | image_map = Johnston Atoll satellite map.jpg
 | mapsize =
 | map_alt =
 | map_caption = Map of Johnston Atoll
 | image_map1 =
 | mapsize1 =
 | map_alt1 =
 | map_caption1 =
 | pushpin_map = Pacific Ocean
 | pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;
 | pushpin_label = &lt;!-- only necessary if &quot;name&quot; or &quot;official_name&quot; are too long --&gt;
 | pushpin_map_alt =
 | pushpin_mapsize =
 | pushpin_relief =
 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Pacific Ocean
 | pushpin_map1 =
 | pushpin_label_position1 =
 | pushpin_label1 = &lt;!-- only necessary if &quot;name&quot; or &quot;official_name&quot; are too long --&gt;
 | pushpin_map_alt1 =
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 | pushpin_map_caption1 =
 | latd = 16 |latm = 44 |lats = 13  |latNS = N
 | longd = 169  |longm = 31 |longs = 26 |longEW = W
 | coor_pinpoint = &lt;!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --&gt;
 | coordinates_region = &lt;!-- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or ISO 3166-2 code for country/region containing the coordinates --&gt;
 | coordinates_type = &lt;!-- parameter list passed to Coord template, overrides coordinates_region --&gt;
 | coordinates_display = inline,title
 | coordinates_wikidata = yes
 | coordinates_format = dms
 | coordinates_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | grid_name = &lt;!-- name of a regional grid system --&gt;
 | grid_position = &lt;!-- position on the regional grid system --&gt;
 &lt;!-- location --&gt;
 | subdivision_type = Country
 | subdivision_name = United States
 | subdivision_type1 = Status
 | subdivision_name1 = [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unorganized, unincorporated territory]]
 | subdivision_type2 = 
 | subdivision_name2 = 
 | subdivision_type3 =
 | subdivision_name3 =
 &lt;!-- established --&gt;
 | established_title = Claimed by U.S.
 | established_date = March 19, 1858
 | established_title1 = &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
 | established_date1 =
 | established_title2 = &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
 | established_date2 =
 | established_title3 =
 | established_date3 =
 | established_title4 =
 | established_date4 =
 | extinct_title =
 | extinct_date =
 | founder =
 | named_for = Captain Charles J. Johnston, [[HMS Cornwallis (1805)|HMS ''Cornwallis'']]
 &lt;!-- seat, smaller parts --&gt;
 | seat_type = &lt;!-- defaults to: Seat --&gt;
 | seat =
 | seat1_type = &lt;!-- defaults to: Former seat --&gt;
 | seat1 =
 | parts_type = &lt;!-- defaults to: Boroughs --&gt;
 | parts_style = &lt;!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --&gt;
 | parts = &lt;!-- parts text, or header for parts list --&gt;
 | p1 =
 | p2 = &lt;!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--&gt;
 &lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
 | government_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | government_type = administered as a [[National Wildlife Refuge]]
 | governing_body = [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]
 | leader_party =
 | leader_title = 
 | leader_name = 
 | leader_title1 = Superintendent
 | leader_name1 = Susan White, [[Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument]]
 &lt;!-- display settings --&gt;
 | total_type = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
 | unit_pref = &lt;!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --&gt;
 &lt;!-- area --&gt;
 | area_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | area_magnitude = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt;
 | dunam_link = &lt;!-- If dunams are used, this specifies which dunam to link. --&gt;
 
 | area_total_km2 =
 | area_total_sq_mi = 2.67
 | area_total_ha =
 | area_total_acre =
 | area_total_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_land_km2 =
 | area_land_sq_mi =
 | area_land_ha =
 | area_land_acre =
 | area_land_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_water_km2 =
 | area_water_sq_mi =
 | area_water_ha =
 | area_water_acre =
 | area_water_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_water_percent =
 | area_urban_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | area_urban_km2 =
 | area_urban_sq_mi =
 | area_urban_ha =
 | area_urban_acre =
 | area_urban_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_rural_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | area_rural_km2 =
 | area_rural_sq_mi =
 | area_rural_ha =
 | area_rural_acre =
 | area_rural_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_metro_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | area_metro_km2 =
 | area_metro_sq_mi =
 | area_metro_ha =
 | area_metro_acre =
 | area_metro_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_rank =
 | area_blank1_title =
 | area_blank1_km2 =
 | area_blank1_sq_mi =
 | area_blank1_ha =
 | area_blank1_acre =
 | area_blank1_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_blank2_title = [[பொருளாதாரத் தனியுரிமைப் பகுதி|EEZ]]
 | area_blank2_km2 = 407,635
 | area_blank2_sq_mi =
 | area_blank2_ha =
 | area_blank2_acre =
 | area_blank2_dunam = &lt;!-- used in Middle East articles only --&gt;
 | area_note =
 &lt;!-- dimensions --&gt;
 | dimensions_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | length_km =
 | length_mi =
 | width_km =
 | width_mi =
 &lt;!-- elevation --&gt;
 | elevation_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | elevation_m = 
 | elevation_ft =
 | elevation_point = &lt;!-- for denoting the measurement point --&gt;
 | elevation_max_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | elevation_max_m = 10
 | elevation_max_ft = 
 | elevation_max_point = Sand Island
 | elevation_max_rank =
 | elevation_min_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | elevation_min_m = 0
 | elevation_min_ft =
 | elevation_min_point = Pacific Ocean
 | elevation_min_rank =
 &lt;!-- population --&gt;
 | population_as_of = 
 | population_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | population_total = 
 | pop_est_as_of =
 | pop_est_footnotes =
 | population_est = 
 | population_rank =
 | population_density_km2 = &lt;!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --&gt;
 | population_density_sq_mi=
 | population_urban_footnotes =
 | population_urban =
 | population_density_urban_km2 =
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 | population_rural_footnotes =
 | population_rural =
 | population_density_rural_km2 =
 | population_density_rural_sq_mi =
 | population_metro_footnotes =
 | population_metro =
 | population_density_metro_km2 =
 | population_density_metro_sq_mi =
 | population_density =
 | population_density_rank =
 | population_blank1_title =
 | population_blank1 =
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 | population_blank2_title =
 | population_blank2 =
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 | population_density_blank2_sq_mi=
 | population_demonym = 
 | population_note =
 &lt;!-- demographics (section 1) --&gt;
 | demographics_type1 =
 | demographics1_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | demographics1_title1 =
 | demographics1_info1 = &lt;!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --&gt;
 &lt;!-- demographics (section 2) --&gt;
 | demographics_type2 =
 | demographics2_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;
 | demographics2_title1 =
 | demographics2_info1 = &lt;!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --&gt;
 &lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;
 | timezone1 = [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone]]
 | utc_offset1 = -10
 | timezone1_DST =
 | utc_offset1_DST =
 | timezone2 =
 | utc_offset2 =
 | timezone2_DST =
 | utc_offset2_DST =
 &lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;
 | postal_code_type = 
 | postal_code = 
 | postal2_code_type = &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
 | postal2_code =
 | area_code_type = &lt;!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --&gt;
 | area_code =
 | geocode = 127
 | iso_code = UM
 | registration_plate =
 &lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;
 | blank_name_sec1 = Currency
 | blank_info_sec1 = [[அமெரிக்க டாலர்|US dollar]] (USD)
 | blank1_name_sec1 =
 | blank1_info_sec1 =
 | blank2_name_sec1 =
 | blank2_info_sec1 = &lt;!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec1 / blank7_info_sec1 --&gt;
 &lt;!-- blank fields (section 2) --&gt;
 | blank_name_sec2 =
 | blank_info_sec2 =
 | blank1_name_sec2 =
 | blank1_info_sec2 =
 | blank2_name_sec2 =
 | blank2_info_sec2 = &lt;!-- etc., up to blank7_name_sec2 / blank7_info_sec2 --&gt;
 &lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;
 | website = {{URL|http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Johnston_Atoll/}}
 | footnotes =
 }}
 '''ஜான்ஸ்டன் பவளத்தீவு''' (''Johnston Atoll'') [[பசிபிக் பெருங்கடல்|வடக்கு பசிபிக் பெருங்கடலில்]] [[ஹவாய்]] தீவுகளிலிருந்து ஏறத்தாழ 1400&amp;nbsp;கிமீ(750&amp;nbsp;[[கடல்வழி மைல்]]கள்) தொலைவில் {{convert|50|sqmi|adj=on}} பரப்பு கொண்ட பவளப்பாறையாகும்.&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/um.html United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716211953/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/um.html |date=2017-07-16 }} from [[த வேர்ல்டு ஃபக்ட்புக்]]&lt;/ref&gt; இந்த பவளப்பாறை திட்டை மையப்படுத்தி நான்கு தீவுகள் அமைந்துள்ளன. இவற்றில் இரண்டு இயற்கையான ஜான்ஸ்டன் தீவு மற்றும் மணல் தீவு, பவளப்பாறை [[அகழ்தல்]] மூலம் விரிவாக்கப்பட்டிருக்கின்றன. வடக்கு தீவு (அகௌ)மற்றும் மிழக்குத் தீவு (இகினா) இரண்டும் முற்றிலும் பவளப்பாறை அகழ்வினால் உருவாக்கப்பட்டிருக்கின்றன.&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot; /&gt;
 
 ஜான்ஸ்டன் [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா]]வின் ஆளுமைக்குட்பட்ட ஆட்சிப்பகுதியாகும். 1958-1975 காலப்பிரிவில் இங்கு பல அணு ஆயுத சோதனைகள் நடத்தப்பட்டன. பின்னர் இங்கு அமெரிக்காவின் வேதியியல் ஆயுதங்கள் சேமிப்புக் கிடங்கு செயல்பட்டது. தற்போது அவை அழிக்கப்பட்டு இராணுவ பொறுப்பிலிருந்து உள்துறை பொறுப்பில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
 
 == மேற்கோள்கள் ==
 &lt;references /&gt;
 
 == வெளியிணைப்புகள் ==
 {{Commons category|Johnston Atoll}}
 * [http://www.johnstonmemories.com/ Johnston Island Memories Site], the personal website of an [[Armed Forces Radio and Television Service|AFRTS]] serviceman stationed there in 1975-6
 * [http://www.uscghawaii.com/go/doc/800/185723 Coast Guard Medevac from Johnston Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175533/http://www.uscghawaii.com/go/doc/800/185723 |date=2011-07-17 }}, photo from December 2007 medevac operation.
 * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/johnston_atoll.htm JACADS – Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System], history of nuclear testing, and JACADS Sarin and VX nerve agent disposal.
 * [http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/index.html U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503213746/http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/index.html |date=2012-05-03 }} Contains additional information on wildlife and clean-up efforts.
 {{ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் ஆட்சி பகுதிகள்}}
 
 [[பகுப்பு:குடியிருப்பற்ற தீவுகள்]]