ஐரோப்பிய மரபியல் வரலாறு
'''ஐரோப்பிய மரபியல் வரலாறு''' ''(genetic history of Europe)''  சிக்கலானதாகும். ஏனெனில், ஐரோப்பிய மக்கள்தொகையினர் காலந்தோறும் புலம்பெயர்ந்த சிக்கலான மக்கள்தொகையியல் வரலாற்றைக் கொண்டுள்ளனர். இவ்வரலாற்றைக் காலஞ்சார்ந்தும் கண்டங்களிடையிலான மரபியல் பன்மை சார்ந்தும் ஊகித்தறிய வேண்டியுள்ளது. இதற்கான முதன்மையான தகவல்கள், த்ற்கால மக்கள்தொகைகளில் இருந்தோ தொல்பழங்கால மரபன்களில் இருந்தோ ஊன்குருத்து மரபன்வரிசைகள், ஒய்-மரபன்வரிசைகள், நிகரிணை குறுமவக வரிசைகள், ஒற்றைக் கருவன் பல்லுருவாக்கங்கள் ஆகியவற்றில் இருந்து பெறப்பட வேண்டியுள்ளது.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/genomicresearch/snp |title=What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? |date=May 6, 2013 |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |accessdate=11 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==மரபியல் ஆய்வுகளின் வரலாறும் குறைபாடுகளும்==
 ==செவ்வியல்நிலை மரபியல் குறிப்பான்கள் ===
 ===நேரடி மரபன் பகுப்பாய்வு===
 
 
 
 ==காவல்லி சுப்பிரோசா மரபியல் ஆய்வுகள்==
 ===ஐரோப்பியர்களுக்கும் பிற மக்கள்தொகைகளுக்கும் இடையிலான உறவுகள்===
 {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; width:280px; margin-left:2em;&quot;
 |+''' 120 செவ்வியல் பல்லுருவாக்கங்கள் அடிப்படையிலான பெருங்கண்டங்களிடையிலான நூற்றன் விழுக்காட்டு மரபியல் தொலைவுகள்'''
 !	                           !!            [[ஐரோப்பா]]  !!             [[அமெரிக்கா]]!!    [[கிழக்காசியா]]!!        ஓசியானா
 |-								
 |[[அமெரிக்கா]]	||	9.5		||			||			||
 |-								
 |[[கிழக்காசியா]]	||	9.7		||	8.9		||			||
 |-								
 |ஓசியானா    	||	13.5		||	14.6		||	10		||	
 |-								
 |[[ஆப்பிரிக்கா]]	||	16.6		||	22.6		||	20.6		||	24.7	
 |}
 காவல்லி சுப்பிரோசாவின் ஆய்வின்படி, ஆப்பிரிக்காவைச் சாராத மக்கள்தொகைகள் தம்முள் ஆப்பிரிக்கர்களோடு ஒப்பிடும்போது மிக நெருக்கமாக உள்ளனர்; இது அனைத்து ஆப்பிரிக்காவைச் சாராத மக்கள்தொகைகளும் ஒற்றைத் தனித் தொல்நிலை ஆப்பிரிக்க மக்கள்தகையில் இருந்து தோன்றியுள்ளன எனும் கருதுகோளை ஏற்க வழிவகுக்கிறது. ஆப்பிரிக்காவுக்கும் இரோப்பாவுக்கும் இடையிலான மர்பியல் தொலைவு(16.6) ஆப்பிரிக்காவுக்கும் கிழக்காசியாவுக்கும் இடையிலான மர்பியல் தொலைவு(20.6) குறுகியதாக அமைகிறது. இது ஆப்பிரிக்காவுக்கும் ஆத்திரேலியாவுக்கும் இடையிலான மர்பியல் தொலைவை(24.7) விட மிகவும் குறுகியதாக உள்ளது. அவர் பின்வருமாறு விளக்குகிறார்: {{Quote|... ஆப்பிரிக்கரும் ஆசியரும் ஐரோப்பாவின் குடியேற்றத்தில் பேரளவு பங்க்ளிப்பு செய்துள்ளனர். இந்தக் குடியேற்றம் 40,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு தொடங்கியுள்ளது. ஐரோப்பாவுக்கு மிக அருகில் அமைந்த இந்த இருகண்டங்களும் ஐரோப்பாவின் குடியேற்றத்துக்குப் பங்களித்துள்ளன எனக்கொள்வது மிகவும் அறிவார்ந்த கருதுகோளே எனத் தெரியவருகிறது. இந்தக் குடியேற்றங்கள் பல காலங்களிலும் பல முறைகளில் திரும்பத் திரும்ப நிகழ்ந்திருக்கலாம். மரபியல் குறிப்பான்களின் பகுப்பாய்வும் இதே முடிவுகளையே உறுதிபடுத்துகின்றன. ஆசியாவினதும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவினதுமான ஒட்டுமொத்தப் பங்களிப்புகள் முறையே முன்றில் இருபங்காகவும் மூன்றில் ஒருபங்காகவும் அமைகிறது&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). ''The History and Geography of Human Genes''. Princeton University Press, p. 272&lt;/ref&gt;|Cavalli-Sforza|1997&quot;/&gt;}}
 
 === ஐரோப்பிய மக்கள்தொகை உட்கட்டமைப்பு===
 ==காவல்லி சுப்பிரோசவுக்குப் பிறகான மரபியல் ஆய்வுகள்==
 
 ===மாந்த ஒய் குறுமவக மரபன் ஒருமைப் பண்புக் குழுக்கள்===
 
 ===மாந்த ஊன்குருத்து மரபன் ஒருமைப் பண்புக் குழுக்கள்===
 
 ===தொல் மரபன்===
 
 ====பனியூழி====
 
 ====பின்னைப் பனியூழி====
 
 =====யமுனா உட்கூறு=====
 
 ====மரபியல் தகவமைவுகள்====
 
 ====தொல் மூதாதைவழி====
 
 
 ===ஐரோப்பியரும் பிற மக்கள்தொகைகளும்===
 
 {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:80%;&quot;
 |+ Autosomal genetic distances between 3 intercontinental populations based on SNPs (See below for explanation of autosomal genetic distances (Fst) based on SNPs)&lt;ref name=&quot;nelis&quot;&gt;{{Citation
 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424496
 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472
 |volume=4
 |issue=5
 |pmc=2675054
 |pages=e5472
 |last1=Nelis
 |pmid=19424496
 |first1=Mari
 |author2=et al
 |editor1-last=Fleischer
 |editor1-first=Robert C.
 |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East
 |journal=PLoS ONE
 |accessdate=2014-01-06
 |date=2009-05-08
 |postscript=.
 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N
 |last3=Mägi
 |first3=Reedik
 |last4=Zimprich
 |first4=Fritz
 |last5=Zimprich
 |first5=Alexander
 |last6=Toncheva
 |first6=Draga
 |last7=Karachanak
 |first7=Sena
 |last8=Piskáčková
 |first8=Tereza
 |last9=Balaščák
 |first9=Ivan
 |last10=Peltonen
 |first10=Leena
 |last11=Jakkula
 |first11=Eveliina
 |last12=Rehnström
 |first12=Karola
 |last13=Lathrop
 |first13=Mark
 |last14=Heath
 |first14=Simon
 |last15=Galan
 |first15=Pilar
 |last16=Schreiber
 |first16=Stefan
 |last17=Meitinger
 |first17=Thomas
 |last18=Pfeufer
 |first18=Arne
 |last19=Wichmann
 |first19=H.-Erich
 |last20=Melegh
 |first20=Béla
 |last21=Polgár
 |first21=Noémi
 |last22=Toniolo
 |first22=Daniela
 |last23=Gasparini
 |first23=Paolo
 |last24=d'Adamo
 |first24=Pio
 |last25=Klovins
 |first25=Janis
 |last26=Nikitina-Zake
 |first26=Liene
 |last27=Kučinskas
 |first27=Vaidutis
 |last28=Kasnauskienė
 |first28=Jūratė
 |last29=Lubinski
 |first29=Jan
 |last30=Debniak
 |first30=Tadeusz
 |display-authors=29
 }}, [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchSingleRepresentation.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005472.s003 see table]&lt;/ref&gt; 
 |-
 ! scope=col |
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |[[Northwestern Europe]] (CEU)
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |[[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]
 ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |[[Han Chinese]]
 |-
 ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |
 NorthwesternEurope (CEU)
 |
 |0.1530
 |0.1100
 |-
 ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yoruba
 |0.1530
 |
 |0.1900
 |-
 ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Han Chinese
 |0.1100
 |0.1900
 |
 |}
 
 === ஐரோப்பிய மக்கள்தொகை உட்கட்டமைப்பு===
 ====நிகரிணை குறுமவகம்====
 
 ==== தகப (தனிக்கருவன் பல்லுருவாக்கம்) சார்ந்த நிகரிணை மரபனின் மரபியல் தொலைவுகள் (2009)====
 {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:80%;&quot;
 
 |+ Intra-European/Mediterranean [[Fixation index|Autosomal genetic distances (Fst)]] based on 3,500 [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNPs]] using the Weir and Cockerham algorithm&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=PubMed Central, Table 1: Mol Med. | pmc=2730349 | pmid=19707526 | doi=10.2119/molmed.2009.00094 | volume=15 | year=2009 | journal=Mol. Med. | pages=371–83 | last1 = Tian | first1 = C | last2 = Kosoy | first2 = R | last3 = Nassir | first3 = R | display-authors = etal  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |-
 ! scope=col |
 ! scope=col |[[Italian Americans]]
 ! scope=col |[[Palestinians]]
 ! scope=col |[[Swedes]]
 ! scope=col |[[Druzes]]
 ! scope=col |[[Spaniards]]
 ! scope=col |[[Germans]]
 ! scope=col |[[Russians]]
 ! scope=col |[[Irish people|Irish]]
 ! scope=col |[[Greek Americans]]
 ! scope=col |[[Ashkenazi Jews]]
 ! scope=col |[[Circassians]]
 |-
 ! scope=row |Italian Americans
 |
 |0.0064
 |0.0064
 |0.0057
 |0.0010
 |0.0029
 |0.0088
 |0.0048
 |0.0000
 |0.0040
 |0.0067	
 |-
 ! scope=row |Palestinians
 |0.0064
 |
 |0.0191
 |0.0064
 |0.0101
 |0.0136
 |0.0202
 |0.0170
 |0.0057
 |0.0093
 |0.0108
 |-
 ! scope=row |Swedes
 |0.0064
 |0.0191
 |
 |0.0167
 |0.0040
 |0.0007
 |0.0030
 |0.0020
 |0.0084
 |0.0120
 |0.0117	
 |-
 ! scope=row |Druzes
 |0.0057
 |0.0064
 |0.0167
 |
 |0.0096
 |0.0121
 |0.0194
 |0.0154
 |0.0052
 |0.0088
 |0.0092
 |-
 ! scope=row |Spaniards
 |0.0010
 |0.0101
 |0.0040
 |0.0096
 |
 |0.0015
 |0.0070
 |0.0037
 |0.0035
 |0.0056
 |0.0090	
 |-
 ! scope=row |Germans
 |0.0029
 |0.0136
 |0.0007
 |0.0121
 |0.0015
 |
 |0.0030
 |0.0010
 |0.0039
 |0.0072
 |0.0089
 |-
 ! scope=row |Russians
 |0.0088
 |0.0202
 |0.0030
 |0.0194
 |0.0070
 |0.0030
 |
 |0.0038
 |0.0108
 |0.0137
 |0.0120
 |-
 ! scope=row |Irish
 |0.0048
 |0.0170
 |0.0020
 |0.0154
 |0.0037
 |0.0010
 |0.0038
 |
 |0.0067
 |0.0109
 |0.0110
 |-
 ! scope=row |Greek Americans
 |0.0000
 |0.0057
 |0.0084
 |0.0052
 |0.0035
 |0.0039
 |0.0108
 |0.0067
 |
 |0.0042
 |0.0054
 |-
 ! scope=row |Ashkenazi Jews
 |0.0040
 |0.0093
 |0.0120
 |0.0088
 |0.0056
 |0.0072
 |0.0137
 |0.0109
 |0.0042
 |
 |0.0107
 |-
 ! scope=row |Circassians
 |0.0067
 |0.0108
 |0.0117
 |0.0092
 |0.0090
 |0.0089
 |0.0120
 |0.0110
 |0.0054
 |0.0107
 |
 |}
 
 {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:80%;&quot;
 |+ European Population Genetic Substructure based on SNPs&lt;ref name=&quot;nelis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472
 |pmc=2675054
 |volume=4
 |issue=5
 |pages=e5472, table 2
 |title=European Population Genetic Substructure: Further Definition of Ancestry Informative Markers for Distinguishing among Diverse European Ethnic Groups
 |journal=PLoS ONE
 |year=2009
 |pmid=19424496
 |bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.5472N |author1=Nelis
 |first1=M
 |last2=Esko
 |first2=T
 |last3=Mägi
 |first3=R
 |last4=Zimprich
 |first4=F
 |last5=Zimprich
 |first5=A
 |last6=Toncheva
 |first6=D
 |last7=Karachanak
 |first7=S
 |last8=Piskácková
 |first8=T
 |last9=Balascák
 |first9=I
 |last10=Peltonen
 |first10=L
 |last11=Jakkula
 |first11=E
 |last12=Rehnström
 |first12=K
 |last13=Lathrop
 |first13=M
 |last14=Heath
 |first14=S
 |last15=Galan
 |first15=P
 |last16=Schreiber
 |first16=S
 |last17=Meitinger
 |first17=T
 |last18=Pfeufer
 |first18=A
 |last19=Wichmann
 |first19=H. E.
 |last20=Melegh
 |first20=B
 |last21=Polgár
 |first21=N
 |last22=Toniolo
 |first22=D
 |last23=Gasparini
 |first23=P
 |last24=d'Adamo
 |first24=P
 |last25=Klovins
 |first25=J
 |last26=Nikitina-Zake
 |first26=L
 |last27=Kucinskas
 |first27=V
 |last28=Kasnauskiene
 |first28=J
 |last29=Lubinski
 |first29=J
 |last30=Debniak
 |first30=T
 |display-authors=29
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |-
 ! scope=col |
 ! scope=col |[[Austria]]
 ! scope=col |[[Bulgaria]]
 ! scope=col |[[Czech Republic]]
 ! scope=col |[[Estonia]]
 ! scope=col |[[Finland]] ([[Helsinki]])
 ! scope=col |[[Finland]] ([[Kuusamo]])
 ! scope=col |[[France]]
 ! scope=col |[[Northern Germany]]
 ! scope=col |[[Southern Germany]]
 ! scope=col |[[Hungary]]
 ! scope=col |[[Northern Italy]]
 ! scope=col |[[Southern Italy]]
 ! scope=col |[[Latvia]]
 ! scope=col |[[Lithuania]]
 ! scope=col |[[Poland]]
 ! scope=col |[[Russia]]
 ! scope=col |[[Spain]]
 ! scope=col |[[Sweden]]
 ! scope=col |[[Switzerland]]
 ! scope=col |CEU
 |-
 ! scope=row |Austria
 |
 |1.14
 |1.08
 |1.58
 |2.24
 |3.30
 |1.16
 |1.10
 |1.04
 |1.04
 |1.49
 |1.79
 |1.85
 |1.70
 |1.19
 |1.47
 |1.41
 |1.21
 |1.19
 |1.12
 |Austria
 |-
 ! scope=row |Bulgaria
 |1.14
 |
 |1.21
 |1.70
 |2.19
 |2.91
 |1.22
 |1.32
 |1.19
 |1.10
 |1.32
 |1.38
 |1.86
 |1.73
 |1.29
 |1.53
 |1.30
 |1.47
 |1.13
 |1.29
 |Bulgaria
 |-
 ! scope=row |Czech Republic
 |1.08	
 |1.21
 |
 |1.42
 |2.20
 |3.26
 |1.35
 |1.15
 |1.16
 |1.06
 |1.69
 |2.04
 |1.62
 |1.48
 |1.09
 |1.27
 |1.63
 |1.26
 |1.37
 |1.21
 |Czech Republic
 |-
 ! scope=row |Estonia
 |1.58	
 |1.70	
 |1.42
 |
 |1.71
 |2.80
 |2.08
 |1.53
 |1.70
 |1.41
 |2.42
 |2.93
 |1.24
 |1.28
 |1.17
 |1.21
 |2.54
 |1.49
 |2.16
 |1.59
 |Estonia
 |-
 ! scope=row |Finland (Helsinki)
 |2.24	
 |2.19	
 |2.20	
 |1.71
 |
 |1.86
 |2.69
 |2.17
 |2.35
 |1.87
 |2.82
 |3.37
 |2.31
 |2.33
 |1.75
 |2.10
 |3.14
 |1.89
 |2.77
 |1.99
 |Finland (Helsinki)
 |-
 ! scope=row |Finland (Kuusamo)
 |3.30	
 |2.91	
 |3.26	
 |2.80	
 |1.86
 |
 |3.72
 |3.27
 |3.46
 |2.68
 |3.64
 |4.18
 |3.33
 |3.37
 |2.49
 |3.16
 |4.21
 |2.87
 |3.83
 |2.89
 |Finland (Kuusamo)
 |-
 ! scope=row |France
 |1.16	
 |1.22	
 |1.35	
 |2.08	
 |2.69	
 |3.72
 |	
 |1.25
 |1.12
 |1.16
 |1.38
 |1.68
 |2.40
 |2.20
 |1.44
 |1.94
 |1.13
 |1.38
 |1.10
 |1.13
 |France
 |-
 ! scope=row |Northern Germany
 |1.10	
 |1.32	
 |1.15	
 |1.53	
 |2.17	
 |3.27	
 |1.25
 |
 |1.08
 |1.11
 |1.72
 |2.14
 |1.84
 |1.66
 |1.18
 |1.49
 |1.62
 |1.12
 |1.36
 |1.06
 |Northern Germany
 |-
 ! scope=row |Southern Germany
 |1.04	
 |1.19	
 |1.16	
 |1.70	
 |2.35	
 |3.46	
 |1.12	
 |1.08
 |
 |1.08
 |1.53
 |1.85
 |1.20
 |1.84
 |1.23
 |1.58
 |1.40
 |1.21
 |1.17
 |1.07
 |Southern Germany
 |-
 ! scope=row |Hungary
 |1.04	
 |1.10	
 |1.06	
 |1.41	
 |1.87	
 |2.68	
 |1.16	
 |1.11	
 |1.08
 |
 |1.42
 |1.63
 |1.58
 |1.46
 |1.14
 |1.28
 |1.32
 |1.22
 |1.16
 |1.13
 |Hungary
 |-
 ! scope=row |Northern Italy
 |1.49	
 |1.32	
 |1.69	
 |2.42	
 |2.82	
 |3.64	
 |1.38	
 |1.72	
 |1.53	
 |1.42
 |
 |1.54
 |2.64
 |2.48
 |1.75
 |2.24
 |1.42
 |1.86
 |1.36
 |1.56
 |Northern Italy
 |-
 ! scope=row |Southern Italy
 |1.79	
 |1.38	
 |2.04	
 |2.93	
 |3.37	
 |4.18	
 |1.68	
 |2.14	
 |1.85	
 |1.63	
 |1.54
 |
 |3.14
 |2.96
 |1.99
 |2.68
 |1.67
 |2.28
 |1.54
 |1.84
 |Southern Italy
 |-
 ! scope=row |Latvia
 |1.85	
 |1.86	
 |1.62	
 |1.24	
 |2.31	
 |3.33	
 |2.40	
 |1.84	
 |1.20	
 |1.58	
 |2.64	
 |3.14
 |
 |1.20
 |1.26
 |1.32
 |2.82
 |1.89
 |2.52
 |1.87
 |Latvia
 |-
 ! scope=row |Lithuania
 |1.70	
 |1.73	
 |1.48	
 |1.28	
 |2.33	
 |3.37	
 |2.20	
 |1.66	
 |1.84	
 |1.46	
 |2.48	
 |2.96	
 |1.20
 |
 |1.20
 |1.26
 |2.62
 |1.74
 |2.29
 |1.74
 |Lithuania
 |-
 ! scope=row |Poland
 |1.19	
 |1.29	
 |1.09	
 |1.17	
 |1.75	
 |2.49	
 |1.44	
 |1.18	
 |1.23	
 |1.14	
 |1.75	
 |1.99	
 |1.26	
 |1.20
 |
 |1.18
 |1.66
 |1.30
 |1.46
 |1.28
 |Poland
 |-
 ! scope=row |Russia
 |1.47	
 |1.53	
 |1.27	
 |1.21	
 |2.10	
 |3.16	
 |1.94	
 |1.49	
 |1.58	
 |1.28	
 |2.24	
 |2.68	
 |1.32	
 |1.26	
 |1.18
 |
 |2.32
 |1.59
 |1.20
 |1.56
 |Russia
 |-
 ! scope=row |Spain
 |1.41	
 |1.30	
 |1.63	
 |2.54	
 |3.14	
 |4.21	
 |1.13	
 |1.62	
 |1.40	
 |1.32	
 |1.42	
 |1.67	
 |2.82	
 |2.62	
 |1.66	
 |2.32
 |
 |1.73
 |1.16
 |1.34
 |Spain
 |-
 ! scope=row |Sweden
 |1.21	
 |1.47	
 |1.26	
 |1.49	
 |1.89	
 |2.87	
 |1.38	
 |1.12	
 |1.21	
 |1.22	
 |1.86	
 |2.28	
 |1.89	
 |1.74	
 |1.30	
 |1.59	
 |1.73
 |
 |1.50
 |1.09
 |Sweden
 |-
 ! scope=row |Switzerland
 |1.19
 |1.13
 |1.37
 |2.16
 |2.77
 |3.83
 |1.10
 |1.36
 |1.17
 |1.16
 |1.36
 |1.54
 |2.52
 |2.29
 |1.46
 |1.20
 |1.16
 |1.50
 |
 |1.21
 |Switzerland
 |-
 ! scope=row |CEU
 |1.12	
 |1.29	
 |1.21	
 |1.59	
 |1.99	
 |2.89	
 |1.13	
 |1.06	
 |1.07	
 |1.13	
 |1.56	
 |1.84	
 |1.87	
 |1.74	
 |1.28	
 |1.56	
 |1.34	
 |1.09	
 |1.21
 |
 |CEU
 |-
 ! scope=col |
 ! scope=col |Austria
 ! scope=col |Bulgaria
 ! scope=col |Czech Republic
 ! scope=col |Estonia
 ! scope=col |Finland (Helsinki)
 ! scope=col |Finland (Kuusamo)
 ! scope=col |France
 ! scope=col |Northern Germany
 ! scope=col |Southern Germany
 ! scope=col |Hungary
 ! scope=col |Northern Italy
 ! scope=col |Southern Italy
 ! scope=col |Latvia
 ! scope=col |Lithuania
 ! scope=col |Poland
 ! scope=col |Russia
 ! scope=col |Spain
 ! scope=col |Sweden
 ! scope=col |Switzerland
 ! scope=col |CEU
 |-
 CEU – Utah residents with ancestry from Northern and Western Europe.
 |}
 
 ==ஐரோப்பா நோக்கிய நகர்வுகள்==
 
 ===பழைய கற்காலம்===
 
 ===கடைசிப் பனியூழிப் பெருமம்===
 
 ===புதிய கற்கால நகர்வுகள்===
 
 ==== புதிய கற்காலத் தொழில்நுட்பப் பரவல் ====
 
 ===வெண்கல, இரும்புக் கால நகர்வுகள்===
 
 ===உரோமானிய, பின்னை உரோமானியக் காலம்===
 உரோமானியப் பேரரசு காலத்தில், ஐரோப்பாவைச் சூழ்ந்து அதற்குள்ளாகவும் வெளியாகவும் மக்களின் பல நகர்வுகள் நிகழ்ந்தமையை வரலாற்று நூல்கள் காட்டுகின்றன. போர்க்குணம் மிக்கத் தாயகப் பழங்குடிகளை உரோமசனியர் இன அழிப்பு செய்துள்ளமையையும் பல வரலாற்று நூல்கள் காட்டுகின்றன. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pannonia and [[Moesia|Upper Moesia]]. A History of the Middle Danube [[Roman province|Provinces of the Roman Empire]]. Andras Mocsy. London and Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7714-9&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 பண்டைய உரோமானியக் காலத்தில் எஞ்சிய ஐரோப்பியப் பகுதிக்கு E1b1b1a குறிப்பான் அமைந்த மக்கள் பால்க்கனில் இருந்து திரேசிய, தாசிய மக்கள்தொகைகளின் ஊடாக புலம்பெயர்ந்துள்ளனர் எனச் சுட்டீவன் பருடு கருதுகிறார்.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bird S | title = Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin | journal = Journal of Genetic Genealogy | year = 2007 | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | url = http://www.jogg.info/32/bird.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 பின்னை உரோமானியக் காலத்தில், பிரித்தனியாவைப் பொறுத்தவரையில்,  ஒய் ஒருமைப் பண்புக்குழுசார் எல்1ஏ குறிப்பான் அமைந்த ஆங்கிலோ சாக்சானியரோடு உறவுள்ள செருமானியர்  கிழக்கு இங்கிலாதுக்குப் புலம்பெயர்ந்துள்ளமையை சிலர் முன்மொழிகின்றனர். ஆர்1ஏ குறிப்பன் அமைந்த நார்சு மக்கள் வட இசுகாட்லாந்துக்குப் புலம்பெயர்ந்துள்ளனர்.&lt;ref&gt;Capelli et al. (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==மேலும் காண்க==
 *ஐரோப்பிய இனக்குழுக்களில் ஒய்-மரபன் ஒருமைப் பண்புக்குழுக்கள்
 *ஐரோப்பாவில் ஆப்பிரிக்கக் கலப்பினங்கள்
 *ஐரோப்பிய இனக்குழுக்கள்
 
 '''வட்டார வாரியாக:'''
 *[[அண்மைக் கிழக்கு நாடுகளின் தொல்மரபியல்]]
 *[[அமெரிக்கப் பழங்குடி மக்கள் மரபியல் வரலாறு]]
 *[[தெற்காசியத் தொல்மரபியல்]]
 
 '''பொது:'''
 *[[தொல்மரபியல்]]
 
 ==மேற்கோள்கள்==
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 ==வெளி இணைப்புகள்==
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100207194521/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html Atlas of the Human Journey]
 *[http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf World Haplogroups Maps]
 *[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2002_v299_2381-2385.pdf Genetic Structure of Human Populations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224211524/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2002_v299_2381-2385.pdf |date=2006-02-24 }}.
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060326221905/https://www9.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my050 Haplogroup R1b]
 
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