ஆங்கிலேய-முகலாயப் போர், 1686
{{Infobox military conflict
 | conflict    =ஆங்கிலேய-முகலாயப் போர் 
 | image       = The English ask pardon of Aurangzeb.jpg
 | caption     = [[ஆங்கிலேய]]ப் படை வீரர் ஒருவர் [[இசுலாம்|இசுலாமிய]] [[முகலாயப் பேரரசர்]] [[அவுரங்கசீப்]]பிடம் மன்னிப்புக் கோரும் [[பிரான்சு|பிரெஞ்சு]] வரைபடம்.
 | date        = 1686–1690
 | partof      = [[ஆங்கிலேய-இந்தியப் போர்கள்]]
 | place       = [[வங்காளம்]]
 | result      = [[முகலாயப் பேரரசு]]க்கு வெற்றி  
 * [[பிரித்தானிய கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம்|பிரித்தானிய கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பெனியின்]] மேலாதிக்கம் தடை செய்யப்பட்டது.  
 | territory   = 
 | combatant1  = {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of England}}
 * {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[பிரித்தானிய கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம்]]
 | combatant2  = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[முகலாயப் பேரரசு]]
 | commander1  ={{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} சர் ஜோசையா சைல்டு&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}}தாமஸ் பிட்&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}}அட்மிரல் நிக்கல்சன்&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}}கேப்டன் ஹீத்&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}}ஜாப் சார்னோக்
 | commander2  ={{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[அவுரங்கசீப்]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[சயிஸ்ட கான்]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Janjira.svg}} சித்திக் யாகூப்
 | strength1   =[[கொல்கத்தா]]வில்  308
 | strength2   =அறியப்படவில்லை, ஆனால் பெரியது 
 | casualties1 = [[மும்பை]]யிலும், [[கொல்கத்தா]]விலும் அதிக உயிரிழப்புகள் 
 | casualties2 = பல கப்பல்கள் கைப்பற்றப்பட்டு, அழிக்கப்பட்டது. மேலும் குடிமக்கள் பலர் கொல்லப்பட்டனர். 
 }}
 [[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|1702-இல் முகலாயப் பேரரசின் கர்நாடகா ஆளுநர் தாவுத் கான் [[சென்னை]]யில் உள்ள [[புனித ஜார்ஜ் கோட்டை]]யை கைப்பற்றினார்.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A Miscellany of Mutinies and Massacres in India|author=Blackburn, T.R.|date=2007|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788131301692|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yQgt5SYepi8C|page=11|accessdate=2015-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ஆளுநர் தாமஸ் பிட் முகலாயர்களுடன் அமைதி உடன்படிக்கை மேற்கொண்டார்]]
 
 '''ஆங்கிலேய-முகலாயப் போர்''' ('''Anglo-Mughal war''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb&quot;|first=Farhat|last=Hasan|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=34|issue=4|date=1991|pages=351–360|doi=10.1163/156852091X00058|jstor=3632456}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690|first=James|last=Vaugn|journal=Britain and the World|volume=11|issue=1|date=September 2017|url=}}
 &lt;/ref&gt; popularly known as '''Child's war''',  was the first [[Anglo-Indian Wars|Anglo-Indian war]] and the earliest British attempt of colonization in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] that lasted from 1686 to 1690.
 
 The [[British East India Company]] had been given a monopoly and numerous fortified bases on western and south-eastern coast of the [[Mughal India]] by the [[British Crown]], permitted by the local governors.
 
 In 1682 [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)]] was sent on the behalf of the Company to negotiate the Governor of the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] [[Bengal Subah]], [[Shaista Khan]] and to obtain a firman, an imperial directive that would allow the English Company regular trading privileges across the Mughal provinces.
 
 In 1685, after some breaking of negotiations by [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child, Bt]], the Governor of Bengal reacted by increasing the tributaries of the trade with the north-east from 2% to 3.5%. The company refused the newly introduced taxes and began to force the province of Bengal to accept new terms in the favour its trading power and expressed to capture [[Chittagong]], establish a fortified enclave throughout the region, and attain independence of the surrounding [[subah]] from the Mughal territory by bringing the local governors and the [[Hooghly River]] to their control, which will later allow to form relationships with the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] based in [[Arakan]] (today's [[Myanmar]]) and hold substantial power in the [[Bay of Bengal]].
 
 Upon request, [[James II of England|King James II of England]] sent warships to the company based in [[இந்தியா]], but the expedition failed.&lt;ref&gt;From Plassey to Partition, Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, p39,{{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=plassey+to+partition&amp;lr=#PPA39,M1 Google book]&lt;/ref&gt; 
 Following the dispatch of 12 warships with the British troops, a number of battles took place and led to Siege of Mumbai and burning of the city of [[Balasore]]. New peaceful treaties were negotiated, but the East India Company failed to reach an agreement. The British naval forces caused the blockage of the Mughal ports on the western coast and attacked the Mughal Army, and vessels containing pilgrims to [[Mecca]] were also captured.
 
 The conflicts heavily affected major cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Madras]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chittagong]], which resulted the intervention of [[Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], who seized all the factories of the company and arrested members of the [[British Army]], while the company forces commanded by [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child, Bt]] captured further Mughal trading ships and set the houses on fire of many [[faujdar]]s.
 
 Ultimately the [[British East India Company]] was defeated by the [[army of the Mughal Empire]] and the company was fined 150.000 rupees (roughly equivalent to today's $4.4 million). The company's apology was accepted and the old firman was granted by Emperor Aurangzeb.&lt;ref&gt;Keay, John. India: A History. New York: HarperCollins. 200. pg 372&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==பின்னணி==
 In 1682 the English East India Company sent [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]] to [[Shaista Khan]], the Mughal governor of [[Bengal Subah]], in order to obtain a [[firman]]: an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] Mughal Empire, the world's largest economy of that time. After the intervention of the company's governor in [[London]], [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child]], with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] to break off the negotiations. After that Child started a war with the Mughals.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Asia.aspx# |title=Asia Facts, information, pictures &amp;#124; Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia &amp;#124; Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World |publisher=encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2015-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 ==போரின் நிகழ்வுகள்==
 In 1685 Admiral Nicholson was sent out with twelve ships of war, carrying 200 pieces of cannon and a body of 600 men, to be reinforced by 400 from [[Madras]]. His instructions were to seize and fortify [[Chittagong]], for which purpose 200 additional guns were placed on board, to demand the cession of the encompassing territory, to conciliate the [[Zamindar]]s and [[Taluqdar]]s, to establish a mint, and to enter into a treaty with the ruler of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]. But the fleet was dispersed during the voyage, and several of the vessels, instead of steering for Chittagong, entered the [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]], and being joined by the Madras troops, anchored off the Company's factory.
 
 The arrival of so formidable an expedition alarmed Shaista Khan, and he offered to compromise his differences with the English; but an unforeseen event brought the negotiation to an abrupt close. Three English soldiers, strolling through the marketplace of Hooghly, quarrelled with Mughal officials, and were severely beaten. After that the English admiral opened fire on the town and burnt down 500 houses.
 
 In 1686, new negotiations started in Chuttanutty which the Mughals prolonged till their troops could be assembled to attack the English encampment, and English commander Job Charnock retired with his soldiers and establishments to the island of Ingelee, at the mouth of the [[Hooghly River]]. It was a low and deadly swamp, covered with long grass, without any fresh water. In three months one half of the English troops had died from disease.
 
 In 1688, an English fleet was employed for blocking the Mughal harbours in the [[Arabian Sea]] on the western coast of India and ships with pilgrims to [[Mecca]] were captured. After that Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir decided to resume negotiations with the English. However, the Company sent out reinforcements commanded by Captain Heath who on his arrival disallowed the treaty then pending and proceeded to [[Balasore]] which he bombarded and burnt. He then sailed to Chittagong; but finding the fortifications stronger than he had anticipated, landed at Madras.
 
 After that Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the British possessions all over the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and [[Bombay]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Marshman1/Chapter08.html ''The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration''] by [[John Clark Marshman]], 1867.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 In 1689, the strong Mughal fleet from [[Janjira State|Janjira]] commanded by the [[Sidi Yaqub]] and manned by [[Mappila]] from [[Ethiopian Empire]] besieged the British fort of Bombay.&lt;ref name=&quot;google2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb &amp; his times|author=Faruki, Z.|date=1935|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyāt-i Delli|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vvNtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2015-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a year of resistance, a famine broke out which caused hundreds of deaths, the British surrendered, and in 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 1,50,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future. [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] then ordered [[Sidi Yaqub]] to lift the [[Siege of Bombay]] and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in [[கொல்கத்தா]].&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;/&gt;
 
 ==இதனையும் காண்க==
 * [[ஆங்கிலேய-இந்தியப் போர்கள்]]
 *[[சயிஸ்ட கான்]]
 * [[அவுரங்கசீப்]]
 
 ==மேற்கோள்கள்==
 &lt;references/&gt;
 
 {{முகலாயப் பேரரசு}}