சேர்க்காசிய இனப்படுகொலை
{{Infobox civilian attack
 | title = சேர்க்காசிய இனப்படுகொலை
 | location =உருசிய படையெடுப்பின் கீழ் சர்க்காசியா
 | date = 1863–1878{{sfn|Richmond|2013|pp=8, 79–83, 91–92}}
 | partof =உருசிய-சேர்க்காசிய போர்
 | image = 
 | image_size = 300px
 | caption = 
 | map = CircassianinRu.png
 | map_size = 300px
 | map_caption = இனப்படுகொலைக்குப் பிறகு சேர்க்காசியாவில் எஞ்சியிருக்கும் சேர்க்காசி மக்கள். இனப்படுகொலைக்குப் பிறகு, நாடுகடத்தப்பட்டவர்கள், சதுப்பு நிலங்கள் மற்றும் குகைகளில் மறைந்தவர்கள் மற்றும் அரிதான சந்தர்ப்பங்களில், உருசியர்களுடன் ஒப்பந்தங்களைச் செய்யக்கூடியவர்கள் மட்டுமே தப்பிப்பிழைத்தனர்.
 | native_name = {{Lang-uby|ЦӀыцӀэкӀун}}
 | time-end = Mostly by 1864
 | target = சேர்க்காசியர்கள், [[காக்கேசியா]] முஸ்லீம் மக்கள்
 | type = இனப்படுகொலை, [[இனவழிப்பு வன்கலவி]], நாடு கடத்தல், [[சித்திரவதை]], மரண அணிவகுப்பு, [[இனக்கருவறுப்பு]]
 | victims = {{ubl|Minimum 1,000,000–1,500,000 [[deportation|forced deportations]] and expulsions{{sfn|Karpat|1985|pp=68, 69}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Levene |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Levene |isbn= 1-84511-057-9 | title=Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State Volume II: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide |year=2005 |page=300 |chapter=6: Declining Powers |publisher=175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Shenfield|1999|pp=153–154}}|(95–97% of the total Circassian population killed or expelled from the [[காக்கேசியா]])}}
 | fatalities = {{ubl|உருசிய படுகொலைகளில் கொல்லப்பட்டோர்: 1,000,000 to 1,500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary |url=https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |website=Human Rights Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Karpat|1985|p=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Levene |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Levene |isbn=1-84511-057-9 |title=Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State |volume=II: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide |year=2005 |page=301 |chapter=6: Declining Powers |publisher=175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010|quote= anything between 1 and 1.5 million Circassians perished either directly, or indirectly, as a result of the Russian military campaign}}&lt;/ref&gt;|மரண அணிவகுப்பு மற்றும் தப்பி ஓடிய போது இழந்த உயிர்கள்: 500,000&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Karpat|1985|p=69}}}}
 | perps = [[உருசியப் பேரரசு]]
 | motive = [[பேரரசுவாதம்]], [[இஸ்லாமிய வெறுப்பு மனநிலை]], உருசியமயமாக்கல், கிறிஸ்தவமயமாக்கல்
 | module = 
 }}
 
 '''சேர்க்காசிய இனப்படுகொலை''' (''Circassian genocide''&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Richmond|2013|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Shenfield|1999|p=154}}; {{harvnb|King|2008|p={{pn|date=July 2024}}}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2016|p=109}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;* {{Cite web |title=UNPO: The Circassian Genocide |url=https://unpo.org/article/1639 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=unpo.org }}
 * {{cite web |url=http://justicefornorthcaucasus.info/?p=1251662239 |title=Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century) |first=Niko |last=Javakhishvili |website=justicefornorthcaucasus.info |publisher=[[Tbilisi State University]] |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=1 June 2015}}
 * {{cite web |url=http://www.elot.ru/main/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1699&amp;Itemid=5 |script-title=ru:Постановление Верховного Совета К-БССР об осуждении геноцида черкесов от 7 февраля 1992 г. N° 977-XII-B |title=Postanovleniye Verkhovnogo Soveta K-BSSR ob osuzhdenii genotsida cherkesov ot 7 fevralya 1992&amp;nbsp;g. N° 977-XII-B |trans-title=Decree of the Supreme Council of the K-BSSR on the condemnation of the genocide of the Circassians of February 7, 1992 N ° 977-XII-B |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=elot.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715173723/http://www.elot.ru/main/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1699&amp;Itemid=5 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}
 * {{cite web |url=http://zakon.parlament-kbr.ru/searchrun.phtml?idb=1&amp;tipdocu=&amp;ogu1=&amp;sbu1=&amp;dd1=&amp;dd2=&amp;nmu=&amp;nm=&amp;nmi=&amp;nstr=&amp;tx=%E3%E5%ED%EE%F6%E8%E4&amp;klu1=&amp;klu2=0&amp;kl=&amp;klid=&amp;rubu1=&amp;rubu2=0&amp;rub=&amp;txt=&amp;vs=&amp;cpage=1&amp;sort=2 |script-title=ru:Постановление Парламента Кабардино-Балкарской Республики от 12. மே 1994 № 21-П-П (об обращении в Госдуму с вопросом признания геноцида черкесов) Недоступная ссылка |title=Postanovleniye Parlamenta Kabardino-Balkarskoy Respubliki ot 12. மே 1994 № 21-P-P (ob obrashchenii v Gosdumu s voprosom priznaniya genotsida cherkesov) Nedostupnaya ssylka |language=ru |trans-title=Decree of the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic of May 12, 1994 No. 21-P-P (on applying to the State Duma with the issue of recognizing the genocide of the Circassians) Unavailable link |website=parlament-kbr.ru |date=September 2021 }}{{dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 * {{cite web |url=http://www.pravoteka.ru/docs/adygeya_respublika/10470.html |title=Постановление ГС — Хасэ Республики Адыгея от 29. ஏப்பிரல் 1996 № 64-1 «Об обращении к Государственной Думе Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации» |trans-title=Decree of the State Council – Khase of the Republic of Adygea dated April 29, 1996 No. 64-1 &quot;On Appeal to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation&quot; |website=pravoteka.ru |language=ru }}&lt;/ref&gt; / ''Tsitsekun''),{{efn|[[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]: tsʼətsʼakʷʼən, цӀыцӀэкӀун.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Зумысыжмэ, ущхьэхуитщ! |url=https://jinepsgazetesi.com/2020/05/зумысыжмэ-ущхьэхуитщ/ |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=Жьынэпс Гъазэтэ |language=kbd}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|This word is used by the Circassians to refer to the events and originates from [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]. When asked the full meaning, [[Tevfik Esenç]], the last speaker of Ubykh, stated that it means &quot;a massacre so evil that only Satan could think of it&quot;. The word comes from &quot;tsʼətsʼa&quot; (people) and &quot;kʷʼə-&quot; (to kill). According to a theory it comes from the surname of [[Pavel Tsitsianov]], one of the first Russian generals in the [[Russo-Circassian War]] who used methods of massacre. However this theory seems like a folk etymology.}} என்பது [[உருசியப் பேரரசு|உருசியப் பேரரசின்]] திட்டமிடப்பட்ட படுகொலை, [[இனக்கருவறுப்பு]] மற்றும் சேர்க்காசிய மக்களில் 95-97% மக்களை வெளியேற்றியது ஆகியவையாகும்.{{Efn|&quot;between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported&quot;{{sfn|Richmond|2013|page=132}}}}{{Efn|Ninety-five to 97 percent of the entire Circassian population had been killed or deported in what contemporary Russian field reports referred to as an {{alng|ru-latn|ochishchenie}} (&quot;cleansing&quot;)&quot;{{sfn|Jones|2016|p=110}}}} இதன் விளைவாக உருசிய-சேர்க்காசிய போரின் இறுதிக் கட்டங்களில் 1 முதல் 1.5 மில்லியன் பேர் இறந்தனர்.&lt;ref&gt;Sources:
 * {{harvnb|Shenfield|1999|pp=149–162}}: &quot;The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million&quot;
 * {{harvnb|Richmond|2013|pp=91–92}}: &quot;This would mean that a minimum of between 726,000 and 907,500 Circassians were sent down the mountains. If we add to that another 10 percent who died hiding and fleeing from the Russians, the figure rises to between 798,600 and 998,225.&quot;
 * {{Cite web |last=Cataliotti |first=Joseph |date=22 October 2023 |title=Circassian Genocide: Overview &amp; History |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320101348/https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html |archive-date=20 March 2023 |website=Study.com}}
 * {{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary |url=https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |website=Human Rights Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|&quot;In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands.&quot; {{harvnb|Ahmed|2013|p=357}}}}{{sfn|Richmond|2013|loc=back cover}}&lt;ref name=&quot;csurvey&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Yemelianova |first=Galina |date=April 2014 |title=Islam, nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus |journal=Caucasus Survey |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=3 |doi=10.1080/23761199.2014.11417291 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulyXMQAACAAJ |title=Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005 |trans-title=The tragedy of the Caucasus from past to present: international conference, 21 May 2005 |date=2006 |publisher=Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları |isbn=978-975-00909-0-5 |language=tr |via=[[கூகுள் புத்தகங்கள்]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; அழிப்பதற்கு திட்டமிடப்பட்ட மக்கள் முக்கியமாக முஸ்லீம் சேர்க்காசியர்கள் ஆவர். ஆனால் காக்கேசியாவின்  பிற முஸ்லிம் மக்களும் பாதிக்கப்பட்டனர்.&lt;ref name=&quot;csurvey&quot; /&gt; இனப்படுகொலையின் போது உருசியப் படைகளால் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட கொலை முறைகளில் சேர்க்காசிய மக்களை அச்சுறுத்தும் வழிமுறையாக கர்ப்பிணிப் பெண்களின் வயிற்றைக் கிழிப்பதும் அடங்கும்.{{sfn|Richmond|2013|loc=back cover}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gazetesi |first=Aziz Üstel |title=Soykırım mı; işte Çerkes soykırımı - Yazarlar - Aziz ÜSTEL |trans-title=Is it genocide; here is the Circassian genocide - Authors - Aziz ÜSTEL |language=tr |url=https://www.star.com.tr/yazar/soykirim-mi-3b-iste-cerkes-soykirimi-yazi-724367/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=star.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
 == குறிப்புகள் ==
 {{notelist}}
 
 == உசாத்துணை ==
 {{reflist}}
 
 === நூலியல் ===
 {{refbegin}}
 * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar |title=The Thistle and the Drone |year=2013 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_YMKlVfFLkC&amp;q=Circassian+genocide&amp;pg=PA163 |isbn=978-0-8157-2379-0}}
 * {{cite book |title=The Russian conquest of the Caucasus |publisher=London: Longmans, Green and Co. |last=Baddeley |first=John F. |year=1908 |isbn=0-7007-0634-8 |ol=3428695M}}
 * {{cite book |last1=Bugajski |first1=Janusz |author-link=Janusz Bugajski |date=2022 |title=Failed State: A Guide to Russia's Rupture |url=https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Russias-Rupture-MS-full-text-Final-web.pdf}}
 * {{cite book |last1=Burnaby |first1=Frederick |author-link=Frederick Burnaby |date=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmVCAAAAIAAJ |title=On Horseback Through Asia Minor |volume=2 |publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle &amp; Rivington |edition=2}}
 * {{cite book |last=Grassi |first=Fabio L. |title=A new homeland: The Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey |year=2018 |publisher=[[Istanbul Aydın University|Aydin University International]] |isbn=978-1-64226-134-9}}
 * {{cite book |last=Jersild |first=Austin |date=2002 |title=Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-67cnNNsG8C |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] |isbn=978-0-7735-2329-6 |jstor=j.ctt8018p |oclc=123470225}}
 * {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Adam |year=2016 |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8lDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Yevdokimov+circassian+deportations+deaths&amp;pg=PA110 |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |isbn=978-1-317-53386-3 |via=[[கூகுள் புத்தகங்கள்]]}}
 * {{cite book |last=Karpat |first=Kemal H. |date=1985 |title=Ottoman population 1830–1914: Demographic and social characteristics |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanpopulatio0000karp |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=0-299-09160-0 |location=USA}}
 * {{cite book |last=King |first=Charles |date=2008 |title=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king |publisher=[[ஒக்ஸ்போர்ட் பல்கலைக்கழகப் பதிப்பகம்]] |isbn=978-0-19-517775-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
 * {{Cite book |last1=Kulberg |first1=Anssi |title=The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries |publisher=East-West Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8135-6068-7 |editor-last=Tanner |editor-first=Arno |location=Helsinki, Finland |pages=18–21 |chapter=1: The Crimean Tatars}}
 * {{cite book |last=Natho |first=Kadir I |date=9 December 2009 |title=Circassian History |publisher=Xlibris Foundation}}
 * {{cite thesis |last=Rosser-Owen |first=Sarah A. S. Isla |date=1 October 2007 |publisher=[[இலண்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகம்]] |title=The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers}}
 * {{cite book |last=Richmond |first=Walter |title=The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future |year=2008 |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6Z5AgAAQBAJ&amp;q=circassian+genocide&amp;pg=PA172 |isbn=978-1-134-00249-8}}
 * {{cite book |last=Richmond |first=Walter |title=The Circassian Genocide |series=Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC |year=2013 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |access-date=3 May 2016 |isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4}}
 * {{cite book |last=Shenfield |first=Stephen D. |chapter=The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide? |pages=149–162 |editor1-last=Levene |editor1-first=Mark |editor1-link=Mark Levene |editor2-last=Roberts |editor2-first=Penny |title=The Massacre in History |year=1999 |location=New York |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-1-57181-935-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjPCmnzztfkC&amp;q=Circassian+genocide&amp;pg=PA149}}
 {{refend}}
 
 [[பகுப்பு:துருக்கியின் வரலாறு]]