Case: GEORGE R. CRAPO v. THE UNITED STATES
Abbreviation: Crapo v. United States
Decision Date: 1915-05-24
Docket Number: No. 32956
Citation: 50 Ct. Cl. 337
Volume: 50
Reporter: United States Court of Claims Reports
Court: United States Court of Claims
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: GEORGE R. CRAPO v. THE UNITED STATES.
Judges: All concur.
Pages: 337–344

Head Matter:
GEORGE R. CRAPO v. THE UNITED STATES.
[No. 32956.
Decided May 24, 1915.]
On the Proofs.
Tliis suit is to recover the difference between the pay and allowances of an assistant paymaster with the rank of lieutenant of the junior grade and that of a passed assistant paymaster with the rank of lieutenant, which had been collected from the plaintiff and covered into the United States Treasury.
I. An officer’s commission determines the date it was intended he should take rank, and he is entitled to the pay and allowances fixed therefor by law from said date.
II. When the President, acting in pursuance of law, nominates and appoints an officer and the Senate confirms the appointment, his commission thereafter issued is his warrant of authority, and the date thereof can not be changed, eliminated, or substituted by an administrative officer of the Government.
The Reporter’s statement of the case:
Mr. Geo. A. King for the plaintiff. King x& King were on the briefs.
Mr. Harvey D. Jacob, with whom was Mr. Assistant At-> torney General Huston Thompson, for the defendants.
That independent of the act of March 4, 1913, plaintiff is not entitled to increased pay from October 23, 1907, to Feb- ruarv 21, 1908, has been held by this court. Adee v. The United States, No. 31730, decided November 11,1912. Plaintiff in that case was promoted at the same time and to fill one of the same vacancies as was plaintiff here. He made claim for the increased compensation from October 23, 1907, to July 17, 1908, but the court in its .findings allowed him the increased pay only from February 21,1908, to July 17, 1908, thereby sustaining the contention in defendant’s brief that—
“ This court having held in the Williams case that the act of 1903, supra, in conjunction with the direction of the President and the order of the Secretary of the Navy, above quoted, created twenty-six offices of passed assistant paymasters, it necessarily follows that no vacancy existed in that grade prior to February 21, 1908, to which Mr. Adee could have been appointed, hence that he is entitled to the pay of the higher grade only from the latter date and not from October 23, 1907, the date upon which he completed three years’ service in the lower grade.” Eec.,p. 14, Adee case.
This contention was sustained notwithstanding the fact that the court had before it in the Adee case the same statement from the Chief, Bureau of Navigation, that certain officers, among whom was Adee, “ take rank as passed assistant paymasters in the Navy from the 23d day of October, 1907, and that they were promoted in course to fill vacancies existing in that grade on that date.”
And properly did the court so hold, for previously it had held in Adamson v. The United States, 19 C. Cis., 623, that under the act of June 27, 1874, 18 Stat. L., 191, an officer of the Navy who is promoted is only entitled to the pay of the higher grade after vacancy occurs in the office to which he is promoted, which 'holding the court reannounces in Williams v. The United States, sufra. See also Burnt v. The United States, 116 TJ. S., 394, 396.
In the Williams case the court held that the vacancies, to one of which plaintiff was promoted, did not exist until February 21, 1908, the date on which the President directed, upon advice of the Attorney General, that the 26 additional passed assistant and assistant paymasters provided for by act of March 3,1903, 32 Stat. L., 1197, be added to the higher grade, and Williams recovered because he became qualified for promotion and his commission stated that he took rank from a date subsequent to February 21, 1908, namely, July 8,1908. It was under the Williams decision that plaintiff in the Adee case, sufra, was allowed the increased pay only from February 21, 1908, regardless of the fact that he claimed, as does plaintiff here, the pay of the higher grade from the date stated in his commission as the date he took rank, viz, October 23, 1907.
Unless, therefore, plaintiff can invoke the aid of the act of March 4, 1913, his case must fall, and it is clear that that act, both by specific terms and by inference, precludes a recovery. The act provides as officers entitled to the pay of the higher grade from the dates stated in their commissions only those advanced in grade or rank pursuant to law. If no vacancy existed in the grade of passed assistant paymaster prior to February 21, 1908, as held in the Williams and Adee cases, then there could not lawfully be an advancement in either grade or rank prior to that date.
After the decision by this court in the Adee case, the plain-' tiff there sought, before the comptroller, to avail himself of this act of March 4, 1913, and the decision against his contention is found in 20 Gomp. Dee., 58, where all the questions here involved are raised.

Opinion:
Booth, Judge,
reviewing the facts found to be established, delivered the opinion of the court:
The claimant, George R. Crapo, was on October 23, 1907, appointed and commissioned by the President a passed assistant paymaster in the Navy with the rank of lieutenant. The appointment was an advancement, claimant having theretofore been appointed an assistant paymaster from civil life, and served as such until the above date. Claimant was paid as of the rank of lieutenant from October 23, 1907, the date stated in his commission, to February 23, 1908. On January 17, 1913, the Auditor for the Navy Department charged claimant with the sum of $227.48, which amount was subsequently checked against his pay. The justification for the charge was predicated upon the alleged fact that no vacancy existed in the grade of passed assistant paymasters on October 28, 1907, tbe date stated in claimant's commission, to which he could be appointed, and that no such vacancy occurred until February 21, 1908. The Auditor for the Navy Department, and the Comptroller of the Treasury as well, in sustaining the auditor, rested their decision on two cases decided by this court, viz, Adee v. United States, No. 31780, and Williams v. United States, 47 C. Cls., 316. This suit is brought to recover the pay and allowances of a passed assistant paymaster in the Navy from October 27, 1907, to February 21, 1908.
The act of March 4, 1913, 37 Stat. L., 892, provides as follows:
" That all officers of the Navy who since the third day of March, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, have been advanced or may hereafter be advanced in grade or rank pursuant to law shall be allowed the pay and allowances of the higher grade or rank from the dates stated in their commissions."
The defendants concede the applicability of the act of March 4, 1913, to claimant's contention, and resist payment wholly upon the theory that no vacancy existed in the higher grade to which claimant was elevated, and hence he was not advanced pursuant to law.
The ineffectiveness of the defense is apparent, due to a misconstruction of the decision of this court in the Adee and Williams cases, supra. The Adee case was decided in 1912, and the act of March 4, 1913, was, of course, not before the court. The Williams decision is extended over a wider latitude than the decision warrants. Williams was appointed passed assistant paymaster, his appointment confirmed by the United States Senate, and his commission duly issued as of July 8, 1908. The question of his eligibility to take rank and receive the pay and allowances of the same depended upon the act of June 27, 1874, 18 Stat. L., 191, and the question of a vacancy was the sole issue in the case, arising because of the legislation contained in the act of March 3,1903, 32 Stat. L., 1197, which created 26 additional passed assistant and assistant paymasters in the Navy. The court was alone concerned in deciding the question whether an office created by act of law and never filled constituted a vacancy. Williams stood first on the list of assistant paymasters and was entitled to advancement on July 8, 1908, .the only impediment to his advancement being the alleged fact that the full quota of passed assistant paymasters had previously been appointed and qualified, but the court found, and the findings so state, that one of the 56 passed assistant paymasters failed in his professional examination, and hence, under section 1505, Revised Statutes, was suspended from promotion for one year with corresponding loss of date, thus leaving one vacancy to which Williams could be elevated and to which he was elevated on July 8, 1908. Williams received the pay and allowances of a passed assistant paymaster in the Navy from the date stated in his commission. On page 319 of the opinion the court said:
" It will thus be seen that the question in this case for decision is whether there was a vacancy in the office of passed assistant paymaster in the Navy July 8,1908, the date when the plaintiff completed his three years' service as assistant paymaster, and from which date he took rank as passed assistant paymaster by the terms of his commission. This involves the question whether an office although created, has never been filled, can be said to be vacant within the meaning of the act of June 27, 1874, supra. It also involves the further question as to whether the act of March 3, 1903, supra, in conjunction with the direction of the President and the order of the Secretary of the Navy to the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation above quoted, created twenty-six offices of passed assistant paymasters. It seems to us beyond question that if the President had the authority to make the direction he did as to the administration of said act (and we believe he did), then on the 8th day of July, 1908, there were in existence a certain number of offices of passed assistant paymasters without incumbents, to one of which the plaintiff was eligible upon passing examination, and that all of said offices were created by law."
It is true the court adverted in positive language to the act of March 3, 1903, stating the case as the point involved required, i. e., whether this act " in conjunction with the direction of the President and the order of the Secretary of the Navy to the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation above quoted created twenty-six offices of passed assistant paymasters," and therefrom deduced the conclusion that the offices were vacant on July 8, 1908. The court did not and never intended to hold that vacancies had not and could not occur in the office of passed assistant paymasters in the Navy prior to that' date, nor to positively fix the date of February 21, 1908, as the precise date when such offices were created. It was only necessary to ascertain the fact of a vacancy on July 8, 1908, and reference was made to February 21, 1908, because on that date the President exercised his discretion under the act of March 3, 1903. The court was not called upon to decide the precise date when the offices were created and vacancies arose or to ascertain more than claimant Williams's eligibility to the office on the date stated in his commission.
In this case we have an altogether different situation. Here the claimant was nominated and confirmed an assistant paymaster in the Navy and subsequently commissioned as such on October 23, 1907, to fill one of the very vacancies created by the act of March 3,1903. The claimant's commission determines the date it was intended he should take rank, and it is difficult to understand by what authority in law this date may be eliminated and another substituted. The President, acting in pursuance of law, nominates and appoints the officer; the Senate confirms the appointment; his commission thereafter issued is his warrant of authority, and the date thereof can not be changed, eliminated, or substituted by an administrative officer of the Government. If the ap- • pointment is illegal, it can not be legalized by substituting a changed and different date in the officer's commission so as to make it legal when a future contingency happens by the action of the accounting officers of the defendants. The law fixes the officer's status, and if the appointing power errs in meeting the requirements of the law, it can only be corrected by appeal to the courts, not by changing what the legally constituted authorities are authorized to do. So that in this case the inquiry is limited to the one issue, and that is, Was the claimant eligible to the office of passed assistant paymaster on the date stated in his commission? If he was, he is entitled to his pay and allowances; if he was not, neither this court nor any administrative officer of the Government has a right to alter the date of his commission or change the essential proceedings followed by the President in doing what we may presume he thought he had a right to do.
The act of March 4, 1918, is especially free from ambiguity and was intended to fix a date from which officers coming within its term should be paid. It is designed to establish uniformity and set at rest disputations with respect to its subject matter by bringing the whole subject of pay within fixed, definite, and certain limitations. The court can not disregard its plain import or give it effect in a manner directly opposed to the obvious intention of its plain language. The provisions of the statute having been' invoked in behalf of the claimant, the case resolves itself into the single issue, and that is, Was the claimant's status such as to entitle him to pay from the date stated in his commission ?
We are not called upon in the face of the record to determine whether the claimant would be entitled to the benefits of the act of March 4, 1913, if there had been no vacancy to which he could have been advanced, because in our view of the case there was a vacancy in the rank and grade to which he was advanced. The act of March 3, 1.903, created 26 vacancies, as held in the Williams case. These offices were created by the law itself and not by the subsequent appointments of the President or his official instructions to the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation with respect to filling the same. The President was empowered by the act, with discretion, to appoint either assistant or passed assistant paymasters to the full extent allowed by law as he might see fit. Having exercised his discretion and made the appointments, it relates back to the date of the authority to appoint at all. The President could well have done exactly as he did do on the day succeeding the approval of the act. The mere fact that he delayed in issuing his order to the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation until February 21, 1908, did not hold in abeyance the existence of an office provided for by the express terms of the statute or nullify what he had previously and legally done. The claimant having been appointed in pursuance of law to the office for which he was commissioned, it follows that under the act of March 4, 1913, he is entitled to the pay and allowances of the same from the date stated in his commission.
Judgment is accordingly awarded the claimant in the sum of $242.86. It is so ordered.
All concur.