Case: Brown et al. v. Piper
Abbreviation: Brown v. Piper
Decision Date: 1875-10
Docket Number: 
Citation: 91 U.S. 37
Volume: 91
Reporter: United States Reports
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: Brown et al. v. Piper.
Judges: 
Pages: 37–44

Head Matter:
Brown et al. v. Piper.
1. The application by the patentee of an old process to a new subject, without •any exercise of the inventive faculty,-and without the development of any idea which can be deemed new or original- in the sense of the patent laws, is not the subject of a' patent.
2. Evidence of what is old and in general use at the time of an alleged inven.tion is admissible in actions at law under the-general issue, and in equity cases, without any averment in the answer touching the same.
3. The court can take judicial notice'of a thing in the common knowledge and use of-the people throughout the country. ,
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the ' District of Massachusetts.
Piper filed a bill to enjoin Brown and Seavey from infringing two patents, one of which, not being insisted on at the hearing, need not be considered. . The other — No. 732, dated March 19,1861 — makes claim as follows: —
“ Preserving fish and other articles in a close chamber by means of a freezing mixture, having ño contact with the atmosphere of the preserving chamber.”
The defendants by their answer, among other objections not necessary to be mentioned, deñied the novelty of the alleged invention.
The court below rendered a decree sustaining the validity, of-the patent, and perpetually enjoined the defendants from using or employing the invention therein described. They bring this appeal.
Mr. George Gifford and Mr. Edward Avery for appellants.
Mr. Oausten Browne for appellee..

Opinion:
Mr. Justice Swathe
delivered the opinion of the court.
The bill is founded upon two patents granted by the United States to the appellee, — one numbered 732, of the 19th of March, 1861; the other numbered 36,107, and dated Aug. 5, 1862. The second and later patent was not relied upon in the argument here-, and may, therefore, be laid out of view. Our attention will be confined to the prior one. It is declared in the specification to be " for a new and improved method of preserving fish and meats." The invention is alleged to consist " in a method of preserving fish and other articles in a chamber, and cooling the latter by means of a freezing mixture, so applied that no communication shall exist between the interior of the preserving chamber and that of the vessels in which the freezing mixture is placed." The specification continues: " I do not profess to have invented the means of artificial congelation, nor to have discovered the fact that no decay takes place in animal substances so long as they are kept a few degrees below the freezing-point of water; but the practical application of them to the art of preserving fish and meats, as above described, is a new and very valuable improvement. The apparatus for freezing fish and keeping them in a frozen state may be constructed in various ways and of different shapes. The apparatus shown in the drawing, however, will. suffice to illustrate the principle and mode of operation."
The process and apparatus are then described as follows: A box of wood or other suitable material, surrounded by a packing of charcoal or other non-conducting substance, is to be provided, and the fish in small quantities laid in it on a rack. Metallic pans filled with a freezing mixture, such as salt and ice, are then to be .set over them, and a cover shut over the pans. " In about twenty-four hours, the freezing mixture having been changed once in twelve hours, the fish will be frozen completely through."
After being frozen, the fish or meat may, if desired, be covered with a thin coating of ice; and this coating may be preserved by applying the substances named, which will exclude the air, and prevent the juices from escaping by evaporation. " The fish are then to be packed closely in a large preserving box, which is enclosed in a still larger box; the space between the boxes being filled with charcoal or other non-conducting material, to exclude the heat." Other minor details are described, which it is not deemed material to repeat. The patentee then declares: " I do not desire to be understood as confining myself to the specific apparatus above described, nor to the use of either or both the preliminary processes of freezing and cooling; but I have described the mode of operation, which, by experience, I have'found best for preserving the most delicate varieties of fish." The summation and claim are: " Having described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by letters- ' patent, is, preserving fish or other articles in a close chamber by means of a freezing mixture, having no contact with the atmosphere of the preserving chamber, substantially as set forth."
The patent is not for the principle long and well known to physicists, that a low degree of cold, like a high degree of heat, prevents the decay of animal matter; nor is it for the freezing of the articles to be preserved before or after they are placed in the preserving chamber; nor is it for applying, by means of an apparatus with any particular details of construction, cold to the articles to be preserved; nor is it for the frigorific effect of the freezing mixture upon the atmosphere of the inner chamber; but it is for the application to such articles of the degree of cold necessary to preserve them, by means of " a close chamber," in which they are to be placed, and " a freezing mixture, having no communication with the atmosphere of the preserving chamber."
If this result be' reached by the means designated in any way substantially the same with that described, having the feature of the non-contact of the freezing mixture with the air of the preserving chamber, there is a clear invasion of the territory which the patentee has marked out and seeks to appropriate to himself.
It was earnestly maintained by the learned counsel for the appellee that the essence of the invention is the creation of " a freezing atmosphere " in the preserving chamber.
To this there are several answers. There is nothing in the specification or claim to warrant the preposition. Tbe direction is, tbat " the fisb are to be packed closely." Tbis implies clearly tbat as many fisb are tp be put into the preserving chamber as it can be made to contain.
Atmospheric air is itself an agent of decay; and in all such cases it is important to preclude as far as possible its presence and contact. "If air be absolutely excluded, putrefaction ceases; and tbe result is tbe preservation of tbe substance in some circumstances, perhaps in all." 3 Ure's Diet, of Arts, 548. " On tbis principle is founded Appert's process, by which easily decomposable articles of food and drink, such as meat, fisb, -vegetables, milk, &c., are preserved for years; viz., by packing them in air-tight bottles or soldered tin cans, beating tbe vessels for several hours in boiling water, and keeping them carefully closed." 2 Watts's Diet, of Cbem. 625. Tbe patentee is to be presumed to have known tbis property of air;
The patent is for " a new and useful improvement " in tbe art to which it relates. It was issued under, tbe act of July 4, 1836. Tbe rights of tbe parties are to be considered in tbe light of tbat act. Tbe defence relied upon in tbe answer is tbe want of novelty; and several instances of-prior use and knowledge, with tbe requisite circumstances of time, place, and persons, are alleged.
We deem it sufficient to consider one of them. . On tbe 17th of August, 1842, a patent was issued-to John Good "for a corpse preserver." Tbe apparatus, as described, was an outer case with a close-fitting lid; Tbe case was made double; there being a partition to within four or five inches, more or less, of tbe top of tbe outer one, leaving a space between tbe two of several inches, which was to be filled-with ice. There was a false bottom with boles in it in tbe inner compartment. It rested upon ledges, which kept it four or five inches above tbe bottom. Tbe intervening space was a receptacle for ice. Tbe corpse was deposited upon.tbe false bottom. -A tray was placed over it, and under tbe lid. • Tbe tray was .four or five inches deep, used to contain tbe freezing mixture, and bad a flange to prevent tbe mixture from escaping. Proper outlets were provided for tbe passage of tbe water from tbe melting ice. There was no communication between tbe tray containing tbe freezing mixture and the inner compartment containing the body. Swartz, an intelligent and unimpeached witness, was examined on the 15th of October, 1869. He testified -that he was an undertaker, and had used the apparatus for about twenty years, sometimes with ice under the false' bottom, and sometimes without it. In either case, he applied a sufficient degree of cold to prevent putrefaction before interment. He thought the bodies were sometimes frozen, but was not certain. The material point in his business was the prevention of decay for the time being; and that was always accomplished.
Here was the application of the requisite degree of cold exactly in the manner called for in the specification of the appellee.
This is hardly, denied ; but it is insisted that the process was never applied by the witness to the preservation of fish and meats.
The answer is, that' this was simply the application by the patentee of an old process to a new subject, without any exercise of the inventive faculty, and without the development of any idea which can be deemed new or original in the sense of the patent law. The thing was within the circle of what was well known before, and belonged to the public. No one could lawfully appropriate it to himself, and exclude others from using it in any usual way for any purpose to which it may be desired to apply it.
This is fatal to the patent. Ames v. Howard, 1 Sumner, 487; Howe v. Abbot, 2 Story, 194; Bean v. Smalwood, id. 411; Winans v. B. & P. R. R., id. 412; Hotchkiss et al. v. Greenwood et al., 11 How. 248.
There is another view of the case that may properly be taken.
Evidence of the'state of the art is admissible in actions at •law under the general.issue without a special notice, and in equity cases without any averment in the answer touching the subject.' It consists of proof of what was' old and in' general use at the timé of the alleged invention. It is received for' three purposes, and none other, — to show what was then old,, to distinguish what was new, and to aid the court , in the construction of the patent.
Of private and special facts, in trials in equity and at law, the court or jury, as the case may be, is bound carefully to exclude the influence of all previous knowledge. But there are many things of which judicial cognizance may be taken. " To require proof of every fact, as that Calais is heyond the jurisdiction of the court, would be- utterly and absolutély absurd." Gresley's Ev. in Eq. 294. Facts of universal notoriety need not be proved. See Taylor's Ev., § 4, note 2. Among the 'things of which judicial notice is taken are the law of nations; the general customs and usages of merchants; the notary's seal; things which must happen according to the laws of nature; the coincidences of the days of the week with those of the month; the meaning of words in the vernacular language; the customary abbreviations of Christian names; the accession of the Chief Magistrate to office, and his leaving it. In this country, such notice is taken of the appointment of members of the cabinet, the election and resignations of senators, and of the appointment of marshals and sheriffs, but not of the.ir deputies. The courts of the United States' take judicial notice of the ports and waters of the United States where the tide ebbs and flows, of the boundaries of the several States and judicial districts, and of the laws and jurisprudence of the several States in which they exercise jurisdiction. Courts will take notice of whatever is generally known within the limits of their jurisdiction; and, if the judge's memory is at fault, he may refresh it by resorting to any means for that purpose which he may deem safe and proper. This extends to such matters of science as are involved in the cases brought before him. See 1 Greenleaf's Ev. 11; Gresley's Ev., supra; and Taylor's Ev., § 4, and post.
In the Ohio L. & T. Co. v. Debolt, 16 How. 435, it was said to be "a matter of public history, which-this court cannot refuse to notice, that almost every bill for the incorporation of companies " of the classes named is prepared and passed under the circumstances stated.- In Hoare v. Silverlock, 12 Ad. & Ell. n. s. 624, it was held that where a libel charged that the friends of the plaintiff-had "realized the fable of the frozen snake," the court would take notice that the knowledge of that fable existed generally in society. This power is to be exer cised by courts witb caution. Care must be taken that tbe requisite notoriety exists. Every reasonable doubt upon tbe subject should be resolved promptly in tbe negative. .
Tbe pleadings and proofs in tbe case under consideration are silent as to tbe ice-cream freezer. But it is . a thing in tbe common knowledge and use of tbe people throughout tbe country. Notice and proof were, therefore, unnecessary. Tbe statute requiring notice was not intended to apply in such cases. Tbe court can take judicial notice of it, and give it tbe same effect as if it bad been set up as a defence in tbe answer and tbe proof were plenary. See M. & A. Glue Co. v. Upton, 6 Patent Office Gazette, 843, and Needham v. Washburn, 7 id. 651, — both decided by Mr. Justice Clifford upon tbe circuit. We can see no substantial diversity'between that apparatus and tbe alleged invention of tbe appellee. In tbe former, as in tbe apparatus of tbe appellee, "tbe freezing mixture" has " no contact witb tbe atmosphere " of tbe chamber where tbe work is to be done. If'the freezer be full, and tbe preserving chamber be full, there would be room for but little air in either. If either were only partially full, tbe vacuum would be filled witb that substance. The cold is generated by the same materials, and applied under tbe same circumstances. If tbe cream were tak«n out of tbe freezer, and fish put in, there would be, in all substantial respects, tbe same apparatus, process, and result. If tbe preserving chamber were as tight as tbe freezer, either might be convertibly used for the. purpose óf tbe other.
" The preservative effect of cold, and especially of dry cold, is well known and exemplified in the keeping of meat and fruit in ice-houses. Animals have been found undecomposed in the ice of Siberia which belong to extinct species, and which must have been embalmed .in ice for ages." Tit. " Antiseptic," 1 Amer. Eneyclo. 570.
Artificial freezing is usually applied to water, and articles of food.
" There are two general methods of effecting itviz., by liquefication and by vaporization and expansion. The method by liquefication is performed'-by freezing mixtures, which are formed by mixing together two or more bodies, one or all of which may be solid. They are used together 'in .vessels having three or more concentric apartments, — an inner one, containing the article to be frozen ; one eccentric to this, containing the freezing mixture, provided with some contrivance for agitation ; one, again, outside of this, filled with a non-conductor of heat, as powdered charcoal, gypsum, or cotton wool; and sometimes one between them for holding water." Tit. "Freezing," 7 Amer. Encyclo. 474.
Here the principle and substance of the appellee's claim are set forth as belonging to the general domain of knowledge and science. It is known that Lord Bacon applied snow to poultry to preserve it. He said the process succeeded "excellently well." The experiment was made in his old age, imprudently, and brought on his last illness.
Examined by the light of these considerations, we think this patent was void on its face, and that the court might have stopped short at that instrument, and without looking beyond it into the answers and testimony, sua sponte, if the. objection were not taken by counsel, well have adjudged in favor of the defendant.
These views render it unnecessary to consider the exceptions to the master's report.
The decree of the Circuit Court is reversed; and the^ cause will he remanded, with directions to dismiss the hill.