Case: FRITZ COUTZEN v. THE UNITED STATES AND APACHE INDIANS
Abbreviation: Coutzen v. United States
Decision Date: 1898-05-31
Docket Number: Indian Depredations, 3358
Citation: 33 Ct. Cl. 475
Volume: 33
Reporter: United States Court of Claims Reports
Court: United States Court of Claims
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: FRITZ COUTZEN v. THE UNITED STATES AND APACHE INDIANS.
Judges: 
Pages: 475–476

Head Matter:
FRITZ COUTZEN v. THE UNITED STATES AND APACHE INDIANS.
[Indian Depredations, 3358.
Decided May 31, 1898.]
On the defendants’ Plea.
A native of Germany goes to Texas in July, 184.5, shortly before its admission into the Union. He-makes a declaration of intent to become a citizen of the United States in 1854. No further evidence as to his naturalization is given, hut evidence is introduced by the defendants tending to show the absence of record of naturalization where such record should be found.
I. The constitution of Texas provided, “All persons (Africans, the descendants of Africans, and Indians excepted■) who were residing in Texas on the day of the declaration of independence shall he considered citizens of the liepuhlicThe date of the declaration of independence was March 2, 1836.
II. It is not to be assumed that Texas intended through a general statute that all aliens should become citizens without the right or opportunity to exorcise volition. Therefore a resident alien did not become a citizen of the United States by virtue of annexation.
The Reporters’ statement of tbe case:
Tbe ground of tbe defendants’ plea appears in tbe opinion of tbe court.
Mr. Lincoln, B. Smith (witb whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney-General Thompson) for tbe plea.
Mr. John W. Douglass opposed.

Opinion:
Davis, J.,
delivered the opinion of tbe court:
Defendants plead that plaintiff was not a citizen of tbe United States in 1861, when tbe alleged loss at tbe bands of Indians in Texas was sustained, and therefore tbe court is without jurisdiction to consider tbe case.
Plaintiff, a native of Germany, went to Texas in July, 1845, shortly before tbe admission of Texas as a State into tbe Union, He says be made a preliminary declaration of intent to become a citizen in San Antonio in 1854. No further evidence as to bis naturalization is given, but evidence is introduced by tbe defendants tending to show the absence of any record of naturalization, from 1847, of anyone of plaintiff's name in tbe courts of San Antonio, Tex., where such record should appear if it exist.
Plaintiff urges that by the admission of Texas to the Union, as then an "inhabitant" of the State, he became a citizen of the United States. When the State was admitted, December 29,1845 (9 S. L., 108), plaintiff was not a citizen, but aG-erman subject lately arrived in Texas. He was on that date an inhabitant of the State, but he was not a citizen of the State.
the descendants of Africans, and Indians excepted) who were residing in Texas on the day of the declaration of independence shall be considered citizens of the Republic." (Sec. 10.) The date of the declaration of independence was March 2, 1836.
Plaintiff went to Texas in July, 1845, less than six months before December 29, 1845, the date when the State was admitted to the Union. At the date of this admission of the State, then, he was a German subject residing- in Texas.
It is not to be assumed that Texas intended that through a general statute all aliens within their territorial jurisdiction should become citizens without the opportunity or right on their part to exercise any volition.
The statute purports to naturalize all inhabitants of Texas who were such March 2, 1836, the day of the declaration of independence. Plaintiff, however, was not then an inhabitant of Texas, as he first went there in July, 1845. It is incumbent upon plaintiff to prove affirmatively that he has been naturalized as a citizen of the United States. This he has not done, and the petition is dismissed.