Case: The Anna Maria
Abbreviation: The Anna Maria
Decision Date: 1817-03-11
Docket Number: 
Citation: 2 Wheat. 327
Volume: 15
Reporter: United States Reports
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: The Anna Maria.
Judges: 
Pages: 327–335

Head Matter:
(PRIZE.)
The Anna Maria.
A suit by the owners of captured property, lost through the fault and negligence of the captors, for compensation in damages.
The right of visitation and search is a belligerant right which cannot be drawn, into question ; but must be conducted with as much regard to the safety of the vessel detained, as is consistent with a thorough examination of her character and voyage.
Detention, after search, pronounced to be unjustifiable, under the circumstances of the case.
The value of the captured vessel, and the prime cost of the cargo, with all charges, and the premium of insurance, where it .has been paid, allowed in ascertaining the damages.
March 11th.
Appeal from the 'circuit court for the district of Maryland,
This cause was argued, by Mr. Harper and Mr* Swartn, for the' appellants; and by Mr. Winder ah,d Mr. Jones,, for the respondents.
- The schooner Anna Maria, belonging to citizens of the United States, sailed from Alexandria, on the 27th of September-, 1812, laden with a cargo also belonging to American citizens, and bound to St. Bartholomews, a neutral island. On the 16th of October, the schooner made the Virgin islands, where she,continued, it being palm, until the 19th. About mid-day, on the 19th light breezes sprung up froto the eastward, and the Anna Maria, as stated by her.master, Was using her utmost endeavours to make St. Bartholomews. It appears, however, that the vessel headed towards St. Thomas’s, an island in possession of the British, In this situation a sail, which proved to be the Nonsuch privateer, of Baltimore, was discovered bearing east northeast, from them, which gave chase under English colours, and soon overtook them. The Anna Maria was boarded about four in the afternoon, and her mastery with all her papers, sent on board the Nonsuch. A search for other papers was commenced and continued for about two hours. The boarding officer, who had appeared in the disguise of a British officer, then returned to the Nonsuch, being succeeded by another. officer, who kept possession of the Anna Mana'with two men, and was ordered to continue under the lee Of the Nonsuch till the succeeding day, when it was intended, as alleged, to continue the search. The whole 'Crew ot the Anna Maria were taken out, and, with her- master, put in irons. The next morning, about nine, two other vessels were descried, and, as stated by the master of the Anna Maria, and by one of the officers of the privateer, were chased by the Nonsuch. In the chase she lost sight of the Anna Maria, and soon afterwards fell in with her. The officer,. with the two men on board her, attempted, as they say, to bring her into the United States; but, being in want of water, wood, and candles, they went into St. Jago del Cuba, and sold a part of the cargo to enable them to purchase these necessaries. In attempting to bring thé vessel out of port, she Was run aground and injured; after which she was sold With the residue of her cargo, and the proceeds remained in the hands of the American consul for those who may be entitled to them.
The Nonsuch soon afterwards returned to the United States, and a libel was filed by the owners of the Anna Maria and cárgo, against the owners of the Nonsuch, in the district court of Maryland, claiming compensation in damages for the injury they had sustained. This libel was dismissed by the district court, and the decree affirmed-by the circuit court on which the cause was brought, by appeal, to this court.
Mr. Swann and Mr. Harper, for the appellants,
admitted, that the owners of the captured property could not come into a court of prize, unless with clean hands, to claim restitution in damages. If the original seizure was justifiable, and there was no subsequent misconduct on the part of the captors they could not be compelled to make restitution But it js the duty of captors to send in the captured vessel immediately for adjudication before the propeí tribunal, and to the most convenient port. This they had not done; and were, therefore, responsible to the owners in damages. Even if the commander of the privateeer acted bona fide, he. acted with grosa negligence and unskilfulness, and the authority of the case of the Der Mohr is enough to charge him with restitution in value.
Mr. Winder and Mr. Jones, for the respondents,
argued, upon the facts of the case, that the real destination of f he captured vessel was to supply the enemy, and that there was probable cause of seizure. If so, damages could not be recovered. There was. sufficient ground for carrying in for adjudication, or ground of condemnation as prize; either would be sufficient to justify the captors in the seizure; the Only question is, whether the right of seizure was properly exercised. The. prize law does not prescribe any particular mode of exercising the right of visitation and search, nor when, nor into what particular port the prize is to bé sent for adjudication. It is the exercise of a military discretion; and the case of the Der Mohr shows that the. captors are not responsible for an accidental loss after the capture, if there is probable cause of seizure and carrying in for adjudication.
March 13th.
3 Rob. 129. 4 Rot. 314.

Opinion:
Mr. Chief Justice Marshall
delivered the opinion of the courts and after stating the facts proceeded as follows:
To sustain the claim of the libellants, {the first point to be established is, the fairness of the voyage. It being admitted 'that the vessel and cargo were American, the only inquiry is, was the Anna Maria really destined for a neutral port ?
Her papers show that she was destined for St, Bartholomews; her master swears that he intended to reach.that port, .and no other; and that he was using his best endeavours to. make it when he was stopped by the Nonsuch.
The circumstances which might create doubt respecting the truth of this testimony, are, his situation and course when descried by the Nonsuch. He was within six or eight leagues of St. Thomas's, and steering a course which brought him nearer to that island. But his place is accounted for by the current and the calm which had preceded his capture; and his course, is stated by himself, - and his testi mony is not contradicted, to have been calculated to enable him to gain St. Bartholomew's, to the leeward of which he had fallen. This representation is supported .by the fact, that being .at the Virgin Islands, on the 16th, he might, by availing himself of .the current, have reached St. Thomas's before lie was descried by the Nonsuch. It is also supported by the great improbability of his attempting to en* ter an enemy's port without obtaining a license, which would have protected him from hostile capture in that port, as well as oh his voyage to it. That he had not a license is proved, not only by his own oath, but by the fact that, although the master and crew, as well as the vessel, have remained in possession of the captors, no license has been found, and there is no reason to believe that it could have been secreted, and it is not probable that it would have been destroyed on the appearance of the Nonsuch, since she chased and boarded under British colours,
The voyage,..thep, must be considered as entirely fair. The next subject of inquiry is, the right to visit and to detain for search, This is a belligerant right, which cannot be drawn into question. As little can it be questioned that the situation of the Anna Maria justified a full and rigorous search, But this search ought to have been, conducted with as much regard to the rights and safety of the vessel detained as was consistent with a thorough examination óf her character and voyage. All that was necessary to this object was lawful; all that transcended it was unlawful.
When the Anna Maria was boarded, her master gave a plain and true account of the character of the vessel and cargo, which was verified by the ship's papers, and which does not appear to have been doubted. But although the vessel and cargo were American, the trade might be hostile; and the right to examine fully into this fact was complete.
There was no prevarication in the statements of the master which could excite suspicion, and the search for other papérs was continued for two hours without intermission. Although the character of British officers was maintained,. nothing indicating British connection in the voyage was discovered; and, although the trunks were broken open and searched, no additional papers were found. It was pressing the right of search as far as it could bear, to determine on repeating it the next day; and an inattention to the safety of the Anna Maria, which only her neighbourhood to the island of St. Thomas could excuse, longer to detain her. But there is some reason to doubt whether further search was the real object of this detention. It does not appear to have been recommenced at nine the next morning; and this leads to the opinion that the vessel was detained, not so much to make farther search as in the hope of drawing from, the master, or some of the crew, who were all in irons, something which might lead to the condemnation of the vessel and Cargo. This conduct must be viewed with much lenity to be pardoned. But whatever excuse may be made for the detention thus far, none can be given for the transactions which remain to be noticed.
Before the captain of *the Nonsuch left the Anna Maria, in pursuit of other objects, he ought to have decided either to seize her as prize or to restore her. Had he seized her as prize, her master, at least, ought to have been returned to her, and her papers should have been sealed and put in possession of a prize master. If he determined not to seize her as prize, her master and crew Ought to have been restored, that she might have prosecuted her voyage. No apology can be made for leaving her in the condition in which she was placed. Stripped of her crew and of her papers, left in possession of an officer and two men, without orders whither tb proceed, she was exposed to dangers ; for the loss resulting from Which, those who placed her in this situation müst be responsible. Had she been regularly captured, many of the difficulties encountered in St, Jago del Cuba might have been avoided; had she been restored, she might, and probably would, have. reached her port of destination in safety.
The proceedings of the Nonsuch, after a search, converted the Whole transaction into a wanton marine trespass, for which no sufficient excuse has been given.
However meritorious may have been the services of the private armed vessels of the United States, m the aggregate, those individuals who have acted with this culpable disregard to the rights of others ought not to escape the animadversion of the law. The conduct of the officers of the Nonsuch on board the Anna Maria was unjustifiably licentious. Break- mg open trunks when keys were offered them, taking out the crew and putting them in irons, and leaving her,in this situation, were acta not to be excused. The honor aud the character of the nation are concernr ed in .repressing such irregular ties; and the justice of the court requires that compensation should be made for the injury which the libellants have sustained.
TThe sentence of the. circuit court must be reversed, and the cause remanded to the circuit, with directions to . reverse the sentence, of the district court,, and to direct commissioners to ascertain the amount of damages sustained by thé libellants; in doing which, the value of the vessel, and the prime cost of. the cargo, with ail charges, and the premium of insurance, where it has been paid, with interest, are to be allowed. Out of this decree must be deducted the amount of the proceeds of" the Anna Maria and cargo, unless the, libellants shall choose to abandon those proceeds to the defendants.
Sentence reversed.
Vide Appendix, Note I.