Case: LORD & HEWLETT v. UNITED STATES
Abbreviation: Lord & Hewlett v. United States
Decision Date: 1910-05-02
Docket Number: No. 162
Citation: 217 U.S. 340
Volume: 217
Reporter: United States Reports
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: LORD & HEWLETT v. UNITED STATES.
Judges: 
Pages: 340–348

Head Matter:
LORD & HEWLETT v. UNITED STATES.
APPEAL PROM THE COURT OP CLAIMS.
No. 162.
Argued April 20, 1910.
Decided May 2, 1910.
An act of Congress appropriating for a competition for plans of a proposed building, the successful ones to be transmitted to Congress, and which does not appropriate for the building itself creates no obligation on the part of the United States to use the plans of the successful competitor, and so held in regard to the act of March 2, 1901, c. 805; 31 Stat. 922, 938, providing.for competition for building' for Department of Agriculture.
Under the act of February 9, 1903, c. 528, 32 Stat. 806, providing for plans for a building for the Department of Agriculture not to exceed $1,500,000, the Secretary of Agriculture was not obliged to use the successful plans under the competition provided in the act of March 2, 1901, and in the absence of a contract to use such plans the architects submitting them have no claim for fees against the United < States.
There is no contract unless the minds of the parties meet; and although there were negotiations in this case the architects, having declined to accept a contract submitted by the Department of Agriculture, have no contractual claim against the United States.
43 C. Cl. 282, affirmed.
The appellants, doing business as architects under the name of Lord & Hewlett, brought this action to recover from the United States the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars as due them on account of certain transactions relating to a public building which the United States proposed to have constructed and used by the Department of Agriculture.
The Court of Claims adjudged, upon the facts found, that the plaintiffs had no cause of action against the United States and dismissed the claimants’ petition.
The material facts are as will be now stated: By the act of March 2d, 1901, c. 805,31 Stat. 922, 938, Congress appropriated the sum of five thousand dollars, to be immediately available, “to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to have prepared, under his direction, plans for a fireproof administrative building, to be erected on the grounds of the Department of Agriculture, in the city of Washington, said plans, and such recommendations thereon as the Secretary of Agriculture may deem necessary, to be transmitted to Congress at it next regular session.”
Thereafter, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department prepared.what is described in the record as a “Pro-gramme and conditions of a competition for a building for the Department of Agriculture in Washington, D. C.” That Programme was approved by the Secretary of Agriculture. It recited the purpose to obtain designs for the proposed building by- competition between ten architects of good professional standing and citizens of the United States, to be designated by a special commission, and consisting of the Secretary of Agriculture, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, and three named persons not in the service of the Government, who should report as to the relative merits of the designs submitted. The Programme contained, among other provisions, the following: “It must be understood, however, that while the ultimate purpose of the competition is the selection of an architect, the act does not 'provide for a building, but simply for a design to be approved by Congress at the next session; and, therefore, while it is to be supposed that the architect or firm of architects whose design shall be placed first in this competition will receive the commission to carry out the work when the building is authorized, it must understood that the Secretary of Agriculture has no authority at this time to enter into any contract further thorn is provided for by this programme. The programme sets forth, approximately, the conditions and location of the building, modifications of which -may become necessary. If Congress provides for the erection of the building the selected architect is then to prepare such design or designs m may, in the judgment of the Supervising Architect of tfie Treasury, be necessary to meet the conditions finally adopted by him. . . . The three members of this commission, not in Government service, shall receive in full compensation for their services, including traveling and subsistence expenses, the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars ($250). ... A uniform sum of three hundred and fifty dollars ($350) will be paid to each of the competitors invited, with the understanding and agreement that unless otherwise provided for by act of Congress, the architect or architects whose design shall be placed first will be awarded the commission for .carrying out the work, at a fee computed on the basis of the schedule of charges adopted by the American Institute of Architects. It must be understood that no claim shall be made upon the United States by any competitor for any fee, percentage, or payment whatever, or for any expense incident to or growing out of his participation in this competition; other than is expressly provided for by the terms mentioned herein.’'
On the twenty-fourth of October, 1901, the appellants— who were among the ten architects selected to furnish necessary designs in competition — received notice from the Secretary of Agriculture that their plans for the building were selected by the commission, and they received and accepted the compensation ($350) which had been fixed by the Pro-gramme of competition as full compensation for this preliminary work. Subsequently,' October 28th, 1901, the Secretary of Agriculture notified Congress that the award had been made to the appellants.'
However, the parties, after discussion, concurred in the view that as the Department proposed a building of increased size and of more expensive materials, the cost would probably amount to $2,500;000, and a bill appropriating that amount was sent to Congress for its consideration and action. But Congress took no action on. the general subject of a public building for the Agricultural Department until February 9th, 1903, when, without the knowledge of the Secretary of Agriculture, it passed an act entitled “An act for the erection of a building for the use and accommodation of'the Department of Agriculture.” That act, it may be observed, did not refer to the above act of 1901, or to anything done under it. It yet provided for a commodious fireproof building on the grounds of the Department of Agriculture for the use of that Department and its Bureaus, “to be constructed in accordance with plans, to be procured, based on accurate estimates, providing for the erection of said building, complete in all of its details, as herein described, and within the total cost of not exceeding the sum herein stipulated, and he is hereby authorized, after procuring such plans, and after due advertisement for proposals, to enter into contracts within the limit of cost hereby fixed and subject to appropriations to be made by Congress, for the erection of said building complete, including heating and ventilating apparatus, elevators, and approaches, and the removal of the present building or buildings of the Department of Agriculture on said grounds. Sec. 2. That the supervision of the construction of said building shall be placed in charge of an officer of the Government éspeciálly qualified for the duty,* to be appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture, subject to the approval of the head of the department in which such officer is employed, who shall receive for his additional services an increase of twenty-five per centum of his present salary, such increase to be paid out of the appropriation for the building herein authorized. Sec. 3. That the limit of cost for the construction of said building complete, including heating and ventilating apparatus, elevators, and approaches, and the cost for removal of the present building or buildings of the Department of Agriculture, is hereby fixed at one million five hundred thousand dollars, and no contract shall be entered into or expenditure authorized in excess of said amount.” February 9, 1903, c. 528, 32 Stat. 806.
The Sundry Civil Appropriation Act of March 3d, 1903, contained this additional provision: “To commence the erection of a new building for the Department of Agriculture, authorized by the Act approved February ninth, nineteen hundred and three, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, of which sum one hundred thousand dollars shall be immediately available; and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to enter into a contract or contracts for the completion of said building within the limit of cost of one million five hundred thousand dollars, fixed by said Act.” March 3d,T903, c. 1007, 32 Stat. 1139.
Shortly after the passage of the act of March 2d, 1901, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Mr. James Knox Taylor, was designated by the Secretary of Agriculture as expert adviser, and an advisory building committee, of which B. T. Galloway was chairman, was also formed. It was found by the Court of Claims that “neither Mr. Taylor nor any of the members of this committee had authority to enter into any contract or agreement with the claimants, which arrangement was continued under the act of 1903 until May 4, 1903, when Taylor was superseded as expert adviser to the Secretary of Agriculture by the appointment of Capt. John S. Sewell in his stead.
After the passage of the act of February 9th, 1903, negotiations were had with the claimants, in relation to the detail of plans and specifications for the erection of a building provided for in that act. But it is foux-xi that at no time prior to May 4th, 1903, when Sowell su'.n«eded Taylor as expert adviser, ‘'had the elaima rfs and the. ¿Secretary of Agriculture or any person or committee appointed by him to act for Mm, agreed upon or aocepuxi any ¿nonSc plans or sy*r;fication8 theretofore prepared «net submitted by claimants for the erection of said b" dhiltig.'' O.x the c onirary, they coul, not agree, and their relations were terminated by the letter from the Advisory Committee., addressed to the appellants under date of April 15th, 1903. Subsequently, negotiations between the parties were resumed, Capt. Sewell representing the Department a® expert adviser. The findings state: “On May 4, 1903, and subsequent thereto, the negotiations between claimants and Captain Sewell, superintendent as aforesaid, had to do exclusively with the preparation and execution of a written contract providing for their employment as architects for said building. Captain Sewell had prepared and submitted to claimants two forms of contract wherein claimants’ compensation for services as architects for said building was fixed at 3£ per cent of contract price. After much lengthy correspondence, discussing the propriety of such a fee, and likewise the respective duties of the architects and superintendent of construction provided for by the act of February 9, 1903, claimants declined to accept the terms of the said agreement, at the same time insisting that the compensation provided for in the original programme of the Secretary, to wit, 5 per cent, should obtain; that they were employed under and by virtue of said programme, and subsequent proceedings thereto.”
The findings further show that on February 16th, 1903, Taylor, who was then expert adviser to the Secretary, had submitted to claimants for their examination and approval a form of contract looking toward their employment as architects for the construction of said building, in which contract the compensation set forth was 5 per cent of the sum expended in the erection of the same. Claimants do not appear to have examined, approved, executed, or returned said contract. What disposition was ever made of it is not shown, Finally, on Mcy 13th, 1903, the Secretary of' Agriculture addressed a letter to the claimants, in which he referred to the failure of the claimants to accept the above contracts -míh-íAí d to -.hem by the Department, and -.«oounced his pi>rpo.c ¿:. looi iiewheo than to them for aiohl, mee.
Mr C ’ arhs Ftdiwith whom -VV. Benjamín F. >'!wy and N P Fulhr worn on the briei', for appellants;
The programme of competition, with its comSdoosj, offered the claimants by the Secretary of Agriculture under the act cf March 2, 1901; the acceptance by the claimants of its terms; the selection thereunder by the Secretary of Agriculture of' the claimants’ plans, and- the subsequent act of February 9, 1903, authorizing the building, constitute a binding contract between claimants and the United States.
The nominal sum of $350 was named in the programme of competition as compensation for the efforts of the competitors, and the additional inducement of permanent employment was expressly proffered the successful architect in the event of subsequent legislation authorizing the construction of the building in accordance with the said pro-gramme.
The “additional inducement” was the real consideration offered by the defendant to the claimants, subject to a future negative condition; namely, that -no adverse action should be taken by Congress, and unless such adverse action were taken, the agreement was final and complete.
Appellants, at request of defendant, undertook to make plans for the building,, to use their professional knowledge, skill and labor, things which prior to the • agreement they were not bound to do. This consideration is sufficient: Newell v. Page et al., 10 Gray, 366; Devecmon v. Shaw, 69 Maryland, 199; Hamer v. Sidway, 124 N. Y. 538.
For cases similar to this see Walsh v. St. Louis Exposition &c. Assn., 16 Mr. App. 502; affirmed, 90 Missouri, 459; Palmer v. Board of Education, 220 Pa. St. 568, 575: Molyneaux v. Collier, 17 Georgia, 46.
Admitting that the offer of the Secretary was-ultra vires Congress could, of course, ratify it. The act of 1903, passed by Congress, as above indicated with the proceedings of the Secretary before it and without negativing his course in any way was clearly such a ratification.
It was so recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture, who upon the passage of the act of February 9, 1903, called upon the claimants for its performance. Claimants performed fully under such contract so far as permitted by the Secretary of Agriculture, and without default on their part and without just cause, were prevented from completing the performance.
The compensation had been fixed by the programme of competition, and any change in this matter was a violation of the claimants' rights and a breach of the agreement. Smithmeyer v. United States, 147 U. S. 342.
The measure of the damages which the claimants are entitled to recover for the breach of their contract, is the compensation which the contract awarded them, and which they would have received had they been permitted to complete their performance of it. 8 Amer. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 633; Wicker v. Hoppock, 6 Wall. 94, 99; Thompson v. Wood, 1 Hilton (N. Y.), 93; 2 Sedgwick on Damages, 8th ed., 272, citing Hunt v. Test, 8 Alabama, 713; Baldwin v. Bennett, 4 California, 392; Lake Shore Railway Co. v. Richards, 126 Illinois, 448.
In this case the architect’s office must continue and be maintained at the same expense, though part of the anticipated and agreed compensation fails.
No successful or serious attempt has been made to in any way justify the arbitrary and unjustifiable action of the defendant in discharging the claimants without cause, and preventing their completing the contract.
Mr. John Q. Thompson, Assistant Attorney General, with whom Mr. George M. Anderson was on the brief, for the United States.

Opinion:
Mr. Justice Harlan,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
This statement of the controlling facts is quite sufficient to show that the judgment below was right. We perceive no ground whatever for a judgment against the United States. Nothing done under the act of March 2d, 1901 created any obligation upon the part of the Secretary of Agriculture,. as representing the United States, to proceed under the plans made by the appellants for the.construction of the building i at erred to in that act. The "Programme" of competition. devised, under that act, by the Architect of the Treasury, under the direction of the Secretary, contemplated the payment of 1350 to each of the ten competing architects, in full compensation for their services in preparing and submitting designs. That amount was paid to the appellants. And they were expressly informed by the above act that the. plans and recommendations of the Secretary were to be transmitted to Congress. Besides, the Programme of competition explicitly stated that the act did not provide for a building, but only for designs to be approved by Congress. The Secretary was without authority under the act of 1901 to make any binding contract for the erection of the proposed building; and Congress, it seems, took no action in reference to the designs prepared by the appellants under that act. Nothing more was done by either side until Congress, by the act of February 9th, 1903, made independent provisions for the erection of a building for the use of the Department of Agriculture, at a cost not exceeding $1,500,000. But no contract was made under that act with the appellants. On the contrary, the minds of the parties never met as to the terms of any contract in execution of the provisions of the act of February 9th, 1903. The appellants declined to accept the contract prepared and submitted by the Department. Clearly, the appellants were not entitled, simply because of the acceptance of their plans, prepared under the act of 1901, to construct the building provided for in the separare, independent act of February 9th, 1903; and as no contract was made with them by the Secretary under the latter act, they have no cause of action against the United states.
Judgment affirmed.