Case: Benjamin Buck & Thomas Herrick vs. The Chesapeake Insurance Company
Abbreviation: Buck v. Chesapeake Insurance
Decision Date: 1828-01
Docket Number: 
Citation: 1 Pet. 151
Volume: 26
Reporter: United States Reports
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: Benjamin Buck & Thomas Herrick vs. The Chesapeake Insurance Company.
Judges: 
Pages: 151–164

Head Matter:
Benjamin Buck & Thomas Herrick vs. The Chesapeake Insurance Company.
Insurance.. To affirm, that “ in policies for whom it may concern,” there can be no undue concealment as to the parties interested in the property to be insured,” is obviously going much too far; since the underwriter has an unquestionable right to be informed, if he malees the inquiry. The assured may be silent, it is true, if he will; and let the premium be charged accordingly; but if the mquiiy, when made, should be responded to by information contrary to the verity of the case, this obviously gives a conventional signification to the terms of the policy, which may differ from the known and received signification in ordinary cases. {159}
A policy “for whom' it may concern,” will, in ordinary cases, cover belligerent property. {150}
A knowledge' of the state of the world — of the allegiance of particular countries — of the risks and embarrassments affecting their commerce — oí the course and incidents of 'the trade on which they insure, and of the established import of the terms used m their contracts, must necessarily be imputed to underwriters. {160}
The term interest, as used in application to the right to insure, does not necessarily imply property, in the subject of insurance. {163}
The master of a vessel, to whom property shipped on board.the. vessel under his command is to be consigned, in the absence of proof that the owner of the property had not given authority to order insurance, has an insurable interest in the property on board his vessel; andthis-interes*' is sufficient to authorize the recovery of a loss on the policy. {163}
As to the effect of certain instructions in a letter relative to insurance, and circumstances' connected-with the same, constituting a representation to vitiate a policy, made under the authority and directions of the letter. {163}
THIS case came before the Court, upon a division of opinion of the Judges of the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Maryland. The action was brought upon two policies of insurance, upon a cargo of sugar, on board the. brig Columbia, in the naine of the plaintiffs, for the use of Daniel Fitch ; who was an American citizen, a sea captain, sailing out of the port of Baltimore, and[ the owner and commander of the Columbia; and of Gregorio Medina, of Ponce, in the island of Porto Rico.
The plaintiffs were the agents of Daniel Fitch; and, by two distinct orders, under different dates, had policies effected upon their application, by the Chesapeake Insurance Company.
The ■ amount of the .separate interests of captain Fitch anti G. Medina, was shown-by the following statement, which was admitted to be correct:
The entire cargo embraced in the'two policies, was— 8 8413 75
All marked F. in the .bill of .lading, belonging to captain-Fiteh, viz: — thirteen hogsheads,five tierces, and ninety-two barrels of sugar,' amounting.-to->— 2076 75
-Add-charges— 198
Amount of the absolute and legal’or equitable? property of captain Fitch, 5
§2275 25
' The residué belonged to G. Medina,'the legal title to. which, was in captain Fitch, amounting to— 8 5610 65
Add charges— 5.27 .85
8413 -75
Amo nt of this -two policies-—
8000 00
. Not covered— .8 413. 75
The Columbia, with her cargo, sailed from Porto Rico for Baltimore; the cargo, consigned to captain Fitch, and documented as such; G. Medina being on. board of the vessel, on a visit to the United States. Both'vesseif and cargo were totally lost, near Norfolk, by the perils of the sea.
The circumstances attending the insurance, and the facts out .of which the controversy arose, were as-follows: — .
On the. .6th of May 1832, the plaintiff presented to the office the following order—
Insurance is wanted against all risks, for account of whom it may concern ;•■-3000 dollars on the brig Columbia, Daniel Fitch master, and on cargo, 6000 dollars, as interest may appear,, at and from Ponce, Porto Rico, to Baltimore; by a letter from captain Fitch, dated 19th- April, he says he expects to sail about 5th to 10th of May, that the brig is in good order, perfectly tight and seaworthy — what premium?”
1? per cent., (written on the order by the office.)
Accepted, Buck & Hedrick-
A policy was executed- on the same day, on cargo, 6000 dollars, insuring Buck & Hedrick, u for whom it may concern.” The peril's insured against are, “ óf the seas, men of .war, fire, enemies, pirates, rovers, tliieves, letters of marque, arrests, taking at sea; restraints of princes; and all other perils, losses, and misfortunes, for which assurers are legally accountable.
No inquiry was made by the office for the letter of 19th April, alluded to in the above order;, nor was any warranty or representation of any.hind made or asked for, in regard to said cargo, but the officé executed said policy on said order.
On the 24th May, Buck and Hedrick made application for further insurance on cargo; and the following letter from Captain Fitch, dated 27th April, was presented to the office,' with, an order written on the back of said letter; and a iike policy was executed for .“ whom it may concern,” without any inquiry for the said letter, of. 19th April, and for the same premium.
“Ponce, April 27th, T822.
“ Messrs. Buck & Hedrick—
Gentlemen — I wrote you a few days ago, by the brig Ospray, Captain Perkins, direct for Baltimore, requesting you to have insurance done’for me, on the brig Columbia and her cargo, owned and commanded by me;' to' sail from this for Baltimore, about-5th to. 10th May, with a cargo of sugar. When I wrote to you by the' Ospray, I could hot say What amount- of cargo to. have insured for me; I now think I shall have on board about 130,000 lbs. valued at' 8,000 dollars', which amount I wish you to. have insured for me, at as low .a premium as you can. ■ I wish you to understand, that the above sum of 8,000 dollars, is' not-in addition to that mentioned in my last. The whole amount I want insured, is 8,000 dollars on cargo, and 3,000 dollars on the vessel and freight. She is'in perfect good order, tight in every part, built in New-Jersey in 1814, and well found.
Your attention to the above, will oblige
Your obedient servant,
■ Daniel. Fitch.”
On the back of this letter was written the following: “ What will 2,000 dollars be insured at, agreeable to within letter, on cargo, of which you have 6,000 dollars insured some time since-
Buck & JHedrick.
1* per cent, (agreed as interest may appear.)
Buck & Hedrick, .
Buck and Hedrick applied to the defendant for payment on said policies, and all the papers to prove the distinct interests of Medina and Fitch were shown; but-the office declined to.pay either, on the gromuj that said policy covered no one but Fitch, and that the letter of 27th April, was a representation that the whole-cargo was Captain Fitch’s, and therefore affected both policies.
The plaintiff, on the trial, prayed'the Court to charge the Jury.—
1st. That as the policies of insurance in this case, purport to ■insure the plaintiff “for whom it might concern;” they are not bound to prove, that at the time of effecting said insurance, or anv other time, they disclosed to the defendants, that Spanish prpperty was intended to be covered by said insurance; anil that in policies of such .description, there can be no undue concealment as tó the parties interested in the property to be insured.
2d. That if the jury believed the policy of 6th May 1822, was founded on the order of the samé date, the said policy being ■ “for whom it may concern,” does cover belligerent as well as neutral property.
3d. That if the jury believed that the policy dated 24th May 1822, was founded on the letter of 27th April 1822,. and the 'order written therein, the policy being “for whom it may concern,” does cover belligerent as well as neutral property.
4th. That if the-said Daniel Fitch, at the date of said policies, was legal and. equitable owner of a part of the Cargo insured, and the legal, though not equitable owner of the residue; the policies “ for whom it may concern,” do cover the entire cargo; and said Daniel Fitch is competent in law to recover the whole in his own name, though the belligerent character of a •part of the said cargo, was not disclosed at the time of effecting said policies of insurance. •
5th. That the Court instruct the jury, that the letter of 27th April 1822, with the order written thereon, do not in law amount to a representation, that the property to be insured, was the sole property of Daniel Fitch, dr that the whole, or any part thereof, was not belligerent.
Upon these several prayers, numbered in the’ record, 1; 2, 3, 5 and 6, the Judges of the Circuit Court, .differed in opinion, and certified the same to this Court.
The cause was argued by Mr. Hoffman and Mr. Mayer, for the plaintiffs — and by Mr, Wirt, Attorney General, and Mr. Meredith, for the defendants.
The plaintiffs’, counsel contended; 1st, a policy .for whom it may concern, covers all possible persons and all possible interests, belligerent as well as neutral. Hodgson vs. Marine Insurance Company. 5 Cran. 100.
■ The doctrine has been so settled in France, England, New York, Massachusetts, &c. Phil. on Ins., 57 to 63. 107, 2 Mag. 211. 2 Emeri., 460. Ordi.Hans T. Tit. 1. § 4. 1 Emeri. ch. 2, § 4. ch. 11, § 4. 2 Dane’s Abr. 127. 1 Mar. on Ins. 306. 215, in notes. Norris’s Peake, 346-7-8. John. Dig. 274, § 41. 43. 280, § 108.
Barnwell vs. Church. 1 Caines’ Rep., 217. 229. 237. 238. 243. Murray vs. Uni. In. Com. 2, John. Cas. 168. Skidmore vs. Desdoity, 2 John. Cas., 77. Etting vs. Scott, 2 John. Rep. 157. 163. Goix vs. Knox, 1 John. Cas., 337. 1 Mar. on Ins., 306. 310. Lawrence vs. Sebor, 2 Caines’ Rep. 203. Hagedorn vs. Oliverson, 2 Maul and Selw., 485. Sleinback vs. Rhinelander, 3 John. Cas., 269. Vanderheuvel vs. Uni. In. Com., 2 New-York Cas. in Error, 217. 269, and 2 John. Cas., 127. 451. Cranch, 100. 109. Seamans vs. Loring, 1 Mason. 128. 125. 136.
.Was there a concealment of belligerent interest? Concealment can only have reference to the contract between the parties; nondisclosure is not concealment; and the party charging it must show fraudulent intention. As to the words, • “lawful goods and merchandise,” the, parties refer to municipal Sanctions only, and not to foreign circumstances. 1 Johnson’s Cases, 77. 120. 487.
Upon the doctrine of concealment, non-disclosure, or misrepresentation ; the following positions were assumed, and claimed- to be sustained by the authorities cited.
1. That no disclosure of any thing within the essenlial.ita-tureof the policy, could be necessary — and,consequently; that no undue'concealment can be predicated, either as to the-per- . sons interested, or their country.
2. That there has been ñeither a representation, nor a.mis-' representation, in regard to the cargo insured!.
3. That the first policy stands. upon nothing but the order of 6th May, in which order no one feature óf a representation of neutrality is -to be found, but the very reverse.
4. That .the letter, and. on which the second policy, viz. for 2000-dollars, was effected, contains no such representation,' in regard to the cárgo .then to be insured — and if it did, it w;as strictly true, as Daniel Fitch’s absolute- interest amounted to 2,275 dollars 25 cents.
5. That this letter, if a- representation at’ all, as to the neutrality of the cargo covered-by this second policy, ¿an in no way affect, by a retroactive energy, the antecedently executed policy.
6. That the office, having neglected to make those inquiries, which, under the circumstances of the case, the law iiiipósed on it, cannot now transfer to the insured, the effect of- án obligation to disclose voluntarily, wh'at would have' been- willingly-communicated, had the office, at that time; deemed it of' consequence tp. inquire.after.
7- That Daniel Fitch, being the consignee - and trustee of the whole of Medina’s interest, with full author ity to - insure, and having the Custody of the entire cargo, laden on board of his vessel, -had. an. insurable interest in the-whole; and might,' had he seen fit so to do, have truly represented- the whole as his' own, for the,purpose of effectihg insurance.
. Phill. on Ins. and Authorities, 64. 94. Phill. on Ins., 86. 89. John. Dig., page 284, § 143, 144. 146, 147 to 153. Wharton’s Dig., 319, § 23. 30. 32. Phill. On Ins., 87. 7 Cranch, 506. 1 Caines, 75. 492. 2 John. Cas., 487. 1 John. Cas., 1. 2 John. Cas., 77. 120. 1 New-York Cases in Error, XXV. 2 John. Rep., 130. Anthon’s N. P. Cases, 83. Phill., 69. 90. 4 East, 590. Dennis vs. Ludlow, Caines, 111. 217. Long vs. Bolton, 2 Bos. and Pull., 209, Boyd vs. Dubois, 3 Camp., 133. 312. 13 Rep., 61. 267. 9 East, 283. 292. 1 Camp., 116, 117, 118. 1 Maul and Selw., 35. Long vs. Duff, 2 Bos. and Pull., 209. Phill., 101. Marshall, 473, note. Brown vs. Shaw, 1 Caines, 489. Depeyster vs. Gardiner, 1 Caines, 492. Fort vs. Lee, 3 Taunt., 381.
2. It was the duty of the insurers- to inquire into- the state of things at the time of the contract, and there was no representation of a sole neutral interest
The insured asks to -be- insured, against “ all risksand it was therefore the duty of the office to inquire what-risks were intended to be covered..
Authorities cited as to the general- nature of -representation: Mar. on Ins. 450, 451. Phill. on Ins. 80. 6 Cranch, 274 to 281. 7 Cran. 507, 535, 536, 541. Phill.on Ins. 84. 14 Mass. Rep. 152. 1 Mar. on Ins. 459. Phill.on Ins. 109, 110. Pawson vs. Watson, Cowp. 785, or Mar. on. Ins. 459. Bize vs. Fletcher, Doug. 271, or Mar. on Ins. 459. Phill. on Ins. 106. Alsop vs. Coit, 12 Mass. Rep. 40, or Phill.on Ins. 110. Ross vs. Bradshaw, 1 Black. Rep. 312, or Phill. on Ins. 110. Wharton’s Digest, p. 380. § 28, 30, 31, 32. Hubbard vs. Glover, 3 Camp. 312. Clapham vs. Colozare, 3 Camp. 382. Dawson vs. Atty, 7 East., 357. Hodgson vs. Marine Insurance Co., 5 Cran. 100. Livingston and Gilchrist vs. Marine Insurance Co., 6 Cranch, 274. 7 Cran. 507. Vandanheuvel vs. Uni. Insurance Co., 2 Caines’ Cases in Error, 257, 267 to 282. Doug. 305.
Authorities cited as to -the-duty of underwriters,.to make inquiries: 1 Mar. on Ins. 397, 474, 475. Phill. on Ins. 84, 108, 109. 2 Dall. 274. 2 Yates, 178. Fort vs. Lee, 3. Taunt. 381. Phill. on Ins. 105. 14 East, 479. Wharton’s Dig. 319 § 23. 1 Camp. 383. Phill. on Ins. 63, or Davis vs Boardman, 12 Mass. Rep, 80. Boyd vs. Dubois, 3 Camp. 133. Duplanty vs. Com. Ins. Co., Anthon’s Rep. 83. Livingston and Gilchrist vs. Mary. Ins. Co., 7 Cran. 508, 536, 538, 547.
3d. That'even if-the letter' of. 27th April, had asserted that' Daniel Fitch owned- tlie cargo, it was (as far. as the-doctrine of representation is concerned,) substantially truehe being the. legal owner as trustee,.and consignee-6f Medina’s part,-and as such, -competent to, sustain any action for that part of the cargo, and also to represent,, thbugh perhaps not to-warrant it; as his. Phill. on Ins. 41, 42, 60. Rind vs. Wilkinson, 2 Taunt. 237. Joseph vs. Knox, 3. Camp. 320 3 Wheat. Selw. 774, 775, and note. M’Andrew vs. Bell, 1 Cas. N. P. C. 373. Lucena vs. Crow, 2 New, Rep. 323. 3 Bos. & Pull. 75. Phill. on Ins. 58. Mar. on Ins. 104 to 118. Routh vs. Thompson, 11 East, 428. Ludlow vs. Browne, 1 John. Rep. 15. Caruthers vs. Sheddon, 6 Taunt. 14, or 1 Serg. and Lowb. 293.
4th. That even. admitting the letter of 27th- April", to he a gross misrepresentation, it cad, in noway, affect either policy.
Npt the-first policy, because that policy was founded solely on the order of 6th May,- and 'was executed! several weeks before'the-letter of 27th April was in the country. .
•Not the second policy,-because, as respects that portion of the cargo, covered by. the 2,000 dollars policy, the letter was strictly true, Fitch’s interest éxceeding that'ampunt. 1 Mar. on Ins. 455, 456. 2 Wheat. Selw. 750, note (41.) Phill. on Ins. 80, 81, 84, 85. Marsden vs. Reid, 3 East, 572. Dawson vs. Atty, 7 East, 367. Bell vs. Carstairs, 2 Camp. 543. Forrester vs. Pigou, 1 Maul and Sel. 13. Brine vs. Featherstone, 4 Taunt. 871. Etting vs. Scott, 2 John. Rep. 157, 162.
'.'On the part of the plaintiff,-it was-also urged, that the'policy of'the 6th of May. is not to be connected witlvthat of the 24th May; no representation was'made whatever,, when the first policy was entered into.
The insurance oa the property on. board the Columbia, was properly made under the authority and order of Daniel Fitch; who, as master of the brig, and in the relation's which existed between him-and Mr. Medina; had a right to order the same'.
Even gratuitous insurances* are not void, -but voidable. ' The tests .of such insurances.are, was the premium secure, and had-the party a right to abandon ? The cases cited'by the defend- . ánts’ counsel, do hot impugn these principles, but sustain them.
.Mr. 'Meredith, and Mr. -Wirt, Attorney General, for the defendants.
The .letter of the 27th April, was a representation of néutral property; and it is insisted, that the terms “for whom.it .may concern,” may be limited by a representation, and the case before' the Court; the representation was not true.’
It is admitted that the stipulations • in a policy, may- be -en • larged by a representation, and if enlarged, why-not-restricted? Earquart vs. Bernard, 1 Taunt. 450.
As to a "representation and'its effect, the following-cases were ■cited: — 1 Seam vs. Lowry, 1 Mason’s Rep. 136. 2 Johns. Rep. 157, 163. 2 Caines, 203. 2 Johns. Cas. 451. 173.
- The representation having been made by a resident owner, was in effect, a'warranty of-neutrality.- Phill. on Ins. 82. 6 Mass. 220. Johns. Cas. 451. 173.
- A-representation must correspond' with the facts represented, and -must- bé as- favourable to the insurers,' as .if it ' had’, beéh literally, true. Phill. on Ins. 102. 2 Johns. Cas. 168. 6 Mass. Rep. 212. No case has been cited by the counsel for.the plaintiffs',' where the cover of property- by .fraud was protected. ■ Here,- , the cover was false* and, intended to .protect the property of Medina, a belligerent. . .
Captain Fitch had not an insurable interest.in the'property of Medina, and as an agent, he. was guilty of a misrepresenta-' tion. Lucena vs. Crawford, 2 New. Rep. 323. 11 East. 434.
The first policy, exhausted the whole'of Captain Fitch’s interest in the property, and left nothing for the second policy; and. the second could not operate, there being a- claim against prior insurances in the policy;
False lights were held out tó. the underwriters by the letter, and while they , supposed they undertook a peace risk, they had assumed a war risk.
The insured are bound to show; that the property insured was intended to be insured by the policy; and there is'no evidence of any authority given by, Medina to Fitch, to.cause the insurance to be made, or that the -same was made for him. Phill. on Ins. 57, 58, 61. 3 Johns, Cas. 269.
As to an adoption of a policy, it must be done by the person for whom the insurance was intended. 2 Maul and Selw. 485, 1 Mason’s Rep. 136.

Opinion:
Mr. Justice Johnson delivered
the opinion of the Court—
This cause comes up from the Circuit Court, for the Mary-, land District, on a difference of opinion.
The suit below; - was instituted on two policies .of insurance, the one .for 6000 dollars, the. other for 2000 dollars, upon the brig Columbia,'Dániel-Fitch master,, at and from the Spanish island of Porto Rico to Baltimore, for whom it may concern. Buck & • Hedrick were the agents' of. Fitch, and the policies were made ;in .their name. The first policy was executed on the 6th of May, 1.822, and stands unimpeached by any circumstances occurring at the. time of its execution.' But, when application was made for the. second policy, which was on the 24th.of May, the agents laid before,the underwriters á letter, dated Ponee, April 27th 1822, to this effect-:—
Messrs. Buck & Hedrick—
. "I wrote, you a few days ago by the brig Ospray, Captain Perkins, direct'for Baltimore, requesting you to have-insurance doné for wieon the brig Columbia, arid'her cargb,. owned ánd " commanded by me, to sail from- this for Baltimore,, about 5th to 10th of May, with a cargó of sugar. When I wrote you hy the.Ospray,, I could not say what'amount of cargo to have insured fojr me, I now think I shall have on board about 130,000 pounds, . Valued, at 8000 dollars, which, airiotiht I wish you to. have insured for me,'' &c.
Ther-gsthas no material bearing upon the cauée. On the back of this letter. was. written. the. following inquiry:
« What-will,2000 dollars he insured ait, agreeable to within letter, on cargo, of which yoii have 6000 dollars insured some .time since ? Bijok &' Hedrick."
The-vessel . and' cargo were totally lost by-the perils of the sea;.;and the interest proved at the trial', consisted-.of-ahove 200Q dollars, the property .of Fitch,' and aboye- 6000 dollars,' the property of G. Medina, a Spanish subject, of P.ortoRico,-at that time affected wit-h the character of-a belligérent.
• The' whole cargo was consigned'to Daniel Fitch, and- documented as his — -Medina himself being-on board,; on the voyage.
- The order-'for-.insurance, on;-Which the policy of 6tn May was effected, was in the following words: Insurance is wasted' against all risks,; for account of wkoyn it' may coricem, 30t)0 dollars; on thebrig 'Columbia,' Daniel Fitch-mastery apd on' cargo, 6000 dollars, as -interest may appear; at and from Ponce* Porto Rico, to - Baltimore'; a letter from -Captain Fitch,.'dated 19th April, says, he-expects to. añil/about 5th tb 10th.. of May — that the .brig is iff good older, perfectly tight and seat worthy., What premium ? -
Both policiés, it appears, were.'done at a premium of Tj, apd on neither occasion v/as the letter of -the - 19th April called'for- by the", office', nor .was any warranty or representa1 tion of any'kind-made or .asked, fór, respecting-the cargo; beyond what was voluntarily made, Uhd has been-Stated.
The first-instruction on which' the Court below divided,' was prayed for by the plaintiffs, in, these words:.
^' That as tfie policies of insurance in this case purport tb insure the plaintiffs "fot whom.it might concern," they are not bound to prove, that at the time of effecting the iñsuráhce* órany other time, , they disclosed to the defendants thát Spanish properly yvas intended to be[ covered by. the insuranceand that -in policies of such- description, there can be*no,undue concealment as'to . the parties interested in-the property.to be insured-.
Dangerous as it-always' is, in- a-Coiirt of Justice, to generalize in the propositions-whiph it decides, it is peculiarly so, in questions arising on policies of insurance.
The'present proposition is obviously couched in-terms tori general to admit of án answer in-the affirmative, without restriction oi; modification.. And as Courts of Justice are;ridt bound ' to modify or fashion the instructions moved;for by counsel, spas, to bring them -within the rulés, of law, if-this cause had come, up on a writ of error to the judgment,of the Court, below, for refusing,the instruction as prayéd; it would be difficult to say, that in the trims in which it is preséntéd, the Court was bound tó give this-instruction..
1 To affirm,That dn policies of such, description, there can be no undue concealment as to the parties interested in the .property to be insured," is.obviously, going- much .too far; since the. underwriter has an 'unquestionable right to be informed,. if he makes inquiry — the assured may be .'silent, it is true,.if he. will, and let the premium be. charged accordingly —but if the inquiry then made should.be responded to, with information Contrary to- the verity of the' case, this obviously • gives a.conventional signification to the terms of the policy; which may differ materially .from the known and received' signification in ordinary Cases., tie, for..instance, who. should insure 'for. wham it may concern".'under an express assurance, that there is-no, belligerent, interest in the cargoy could not, upon any principle,, be held to have made assurance- upon belligerent interest.'
This is no more than the ipplioation of- the general principle, that insurance- is. a. contract of .good- faith, and is. void, whenever imposition is practised.
That a policy ' 'forwhom it. may -concern, ' will, in ordinary' .case$,..cover-belligerent property,, has been' fully conceded in argument. Nor is-it contested,-that previous representation will be sunk or absorbed; or-put .out .of the. Contract,, where the-policy is executed- in obvious inconsistency. w.ith' those representations-. But' the 'ground here- insisted, on for defendants, is, that the letter of April 27th,. was a representation that the wliole cargo was" Captain Fitch's, and that it. thereby- operated as an imposition upon the underwriters, and as such, aVoids both ,policies;-or that it affixes ,a conventional meaning to-the ohrase, in .these policies; Which limits its ordinary import.
Is there any thipg. in the casé sufficient-to. except these policies from the ordinary-import and effect of.the phrase F for Whom it1 may concern !"
We.are of opinion-there,is -not.
Whatever turn; of- expression may be given to the question, or in whatever aspect it may be-presented, it.is obviously, at last, .nq-..more than- the', simple question,'have these under,-writers been entrapped, of iiftposed upon, or .seduced into a contract, of the force, extent, or.incidents of which,.a competent understanding cannot be imputed, to- them?..
A knowledge of the state of.tire world, of the. allegiance 'of particular countries, of- the risks and .embarrassments affecting their commerce, of the course and incideiits.of the trade on which they insure, and the established import of the terms, used'in their contract; must necessarily be imputed, to underwriters. According to a'distinguished English jurist, Lord Mansfield, in Pelly vs. The Royal Exchange, &c. (1 Bur. 341,) "the insurer, at the time of underwriting, hás under h.is' consideration'the nature of the voyage, and. the usualmanner. of conducting it; And What is usually done bysuch-a ship, with such a. cargo, ihs.uch a voyage. is understood to be referred to'by, every policy. Hence, when a neutral, carrying on a trade from a belligerent to a neutral country, asks for insurance "for whom it may concern," it is an awakening circumstance. No Underwriter can be ignorant of the practice of neutrals to cover belligerent property, under neutral names, or of the precautions ordinarily resorted to, that the cover may escápe detection. The cloak must be thrown over the whole transaction, and. in no part is it more necessary, than in the correspondence by other vessels, so often overhauled by an . enemy, for the very purpose of detecting covers on other cargoes. Letters, thus intercepted, have often been the ground-work of condemnation in Admiralty Courts; and underwriters, to whom the, extension of trade is always beneficial, must and do connive at the practice in silence. They ask no questions, propose their premiums, and1 the contract is as. well understood, as the-most thorough explanation can make it.
There is nothing in the letter, in evidence, calculated to mislead .an insurer .of ordinary-vigilance, but what was fully expláinéd away, by concomitant circumstances. It is true, that in the letter Fitch writes, to have insurance done for him, on "the.brig Columbia arid' her cargo;" that he cannot say, what amount of cargo to have- irsUred./i)!' him. Yet, when the offer was submitted, it-was'endorsed on .the back of this letter, and expressly declared to be upon the same cargo, of " which you have 6,000 dollars insured,.-some tirite since."
The insurance alluded to,, was;'made 'f for whom it may concern," and this second policy is expressed in the same terms.
Here, then, was a neutral, professing.himself to be owner of a cargo, consisting of produce .of the hostile .islánd, on a voyage, having for its object, to find a market for. that produce — most unnecessarily, if himself the réal owner, or if there were no owners, but neutrals — most unwisely,' subjecting himself, or them, to ari irferease of premium, which could not but result from such an offer:
. This \yas a circumstance calculated to induce inquiry. The defendants had a right to make what- inquiries they pleased, as.to the real character of the cargó; and if theydid not make-those inquiries, the law imputes to theip the use of the phrase, "for whom it may concern," in its ordinary effect ánd signification. We are*-therefore,-of opinion, thai this instruction, if s.o.. modified as to be confined to the case before the Court, ought to have been given. - . ' '
. The second prayer, amounting'only to an affirmance of the general proposition, as relates to.-the policy of the 6th May, we are of opinion, ought to have been given. .
The third prayer, having the same'bearing.upon the policv of the.24th May, we are-of opinion, for the reasons expressed in the first, prayer, ought also to have been given.
'By the fifth- prayer, the plaintiffs ask-of the Court to instruct the .jury, " That if the said Daniel Fitch, at the time of said policies, was..legal and equitable owner of part of the cargo insured; and'the legal, though not. equitable,owner of the residue, policies, "for whom'it may concern," do cover the entire cargo; and said Fitch is competent, in law, to recover the whole, in his own name — 'though the belligerent cha-, racter of a part of. said cargo, was not disclosed, "at the time of effecting said-policies."
The language in which this .prayer is couched, obviously imports two. propositions; 1st.'That,a policy, "for whom it may concern," will cover the whole cargo — though the assured had-only the legal, without the-equitable interest in part, and a legal and. equitable.interest in the residue; and, 2d: ThatDa-niel'Fitch is competent, in law, to recover the whole, in his owii name — though the belligerent character of part was not disclosed, when the policies were executed.
. It is a very, great objection 'to-this prayer, that the language used, is too general and abstracted;-and not adapted'to the case, with that studied precision which the law requires-r-therc-by rendering it scarcely possible for the Court to m'eet it .with a simple, positive, or. affirmative answer.
To the first of the two propositions,it.may be.further objected, that- it is difficult to perceive, how it came to be. introduced, into the cause. Abstracted from the effect of belligerent interest in the cargo, the.defence admits, that the policy covers all other .interests, whether legal, or equitable.
And, with regard .to the second, it is not easy to perceive, -why the Courtshould be called upon, to charge the jury, that .Daniel Fitch was competent, in law, to recover the whole in his own' name, when the suit is, In fact,, prosecuted iti the name of the agents; and they count upon the interests of both-Medina and Fitch.
But the cause- has been argued, upon the assumption, that this, prayer brings up the -question of insurable interest, in Fitch, by whose instructions, Buck & Hedrick éffected this insurance; and, as'i( is better to.follow out-the concessions of counsel, than to let the cause come up here again, upon this point, we will consider that"question.-as being raised by this,, in, conn exion with the other prayers.
And here,.we think, the facts make up a clear-case of in-.-suráble interest. The only doubt, probably, arises from one of the most prolific' ground's 'of uncertainty on many subjects, viz., the use of terms, originally unaptly selected,, but now rendered legitimate,- by-use. - It is only necessary-to inspect a few cases oii this doctrine," to be satisfied, that the term- interest, as used in application "to the right'to insure, doés not' necessarily imply property, in the subject of insurance.
. In the case of Crawford et al. vs. Hunter, 8 D. &. E. 13, the plaintiffs were commissioners appointed by the Crown, under an Act of Parliament,' to superintend the transportation, See. of Dutch vessels,' seized in time of peace, without any present designation for whom- — whether to be held in trust, for the original owners, the Crown, or the captor. The-vessel had been carried into St; Helena; and the policy wáseffected, with a view to her safe transportation, from that island, to England; and, after much consideration, it was adjudged, that this was a góod'insurable interest, .and the plain tiffs recovered.
The samépoint was afterwards decided, in Lucena vs. Crawford et al. 3 Bos. § Pul. 75, on a writ.of error, to the Exchequer, after three arguments, and great deliberation — -yet the seizures' •were made before declaration of. war; and the interest of the plaintiffs, amounted to nothing but a power over the subject, with a claim by.quantum meruit,- for their services.
Putting, down the present case, therefore, to its lowest grade of insurable interest, it' is equal to that of the" plaintiffs, in the two cases alluded to- — for Daniel. Fitch'was, at least, the agent ór trustee of Medina, .to"transport his goods from Porto'Rico, to a market, and to secure them from the chances of capture • and losá. >•
But this' case is stronger than the English cases cited; for, by .the act óf Medina himself, Fitch was exhibited to the world, clothed with all the national-documents, which evidence an absolute property; and; for many purposes, the real owner would have been estopped to. deny it.
We will instance the. payment of duties'; for which, either as owner, or consignee, our laws held Fitch absolutely liable. We have, therefore, no doubt of the sufficiency of the insurable interest, in this case..
The last prayer,, on which the-Court bélow divided, is in these terms'
" That the Court instruct the jury, that the letter of'the 27th April 1822, with the order written thereon, do not; in "law, amount to a representation; that the property to be insured, was the sole property of Daniel'Fitch; or that the whole,.or any part thereof, was not'belligerent.5'
We have already expressed our opinion, on the proposition here presented.- It is to be regretted, that this prayer also, is so defective, in precision. But, it was obviously intended, and-so argued, to be. confined to-a representation, which would vitiate the policy. With relation, tó _the 'first policy, we are all-of opinion; that it was-"unaffected..by .the letter, specified;- and, with regard.to the second policy, whatever might have been the effect of this letter, had it stood" alone — yet, taken in coin nexiori with the concomitant circumstances, it was not fatal to the contract.
On this point, a majority of the Court would be. understood to express the opinion, that this letter connected with the order endorsed upon it, the previous insurance referred to, and, considered in relation to the state of the. world, and the nature, character, and ordinary conduct of the voyage insured, was not such a representation, as, per se, vitiated the policy.
And this opinion will be certified tá.the Court below.
This cause came on, &c., on consideration whereof, This Court is of opinion — l. That as the policies of insurance in this cause, purport to insure the plaintiffs "for whom it may concern," they are not bound to prove, that, at the time of effecting the said insurance,'or any other time, they disclosed to the defendant that Spanish property was intended to be covered by the said insurance, unless' inquiries- on the subject were propounded by the insurer, prior to the ins irance. 2. That if the jury believe the policy of the 6th of May 1822, was founded on the order of the same date, the said policy being "for whom it may concern," does cover belligerent,.as well as neutral interest. 3. That if the jury believe, that the policy dated 24th of May 1822, wras founded on the letter of the 27th of April 1822, and the order written thereon, the policy being, "for whom it may concern," does cover neutral, as well as belligerent property. 4. .That if the said Daniel Fitch, at the time of the date' of the said policies, was legal and equitable owner of part of the cargo insured, and .legal, though not equitable owner of the residue; the policies being "for whom it may-concern," do cover the entire cárgo; and that the said Fitch had a good insurable interest in the whole cargo.; and the plaintiffs, as his agents, are competent to recover the .whole sum insured thereon,, on proof of such legal and equitatable interest in the said Fitch. 5, That the letter of the 27th of April 1824, whatever might be its effect if taken alone, yet", takeh in connexion with the endorsement thereon, with the previous policy to which it refers, the actual state of the world, &c., and the nature of such transactions, is not such a representation as vitiates the policy. v All which is ordered and adjudged by this Court, to. be certified to the said Circuit Court.