Case: PRATT, and others, Original Complainants, v. THOMAS LAW, and WILLIAM CAMPBELL, Original Defendants; THOMAS LAW, Original Complainant, v. PRATT, and others, Original Defendants; PRATT, and others, Original Complainants, v. WM. M. DUNCANSON, and SAMUEL WARD, Original Defendants; and WILLIAM. CAMPBELL, Original Complainant, v. PRATT, and others; and DUNCANSON and WARD, Original Defendants
Abbreviation: Pratt v. Law
Decision Date: 1815-03-11
Docket Number: 
Citation: 9 Cranch 456
Volume: 13
Reporter: United States Reports
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: PRATT, and others, Original Complainants, v. THOMAS LAW, and WILLIAM CAMPBELL, Original Defendants. THOMAS LAW, Original Complainant, v. PRATT, and others, Original Defendants. PRATT, and others, Original Complainants, v. WM. M. DUNCANSON, and SAMUEL WARD, Original Defendants. and WILLIAM. CAMPBELL, Original Complainant, v. PRATT, and others; and DUNCANSON and WARD, Original Defendants.
Judges: 
Pages: 456–502

Head Matter:
PRATT, and others, Original Complainants, v. THOMAS LAW, and WILLIAM CAMPBELL, Original Defendants. THOMAS LAW, Original Complainant, v. PRATT, and others, Original Defendants. PRATT, and others, Original Complainants, v. WM. M. DUNCANSON, and SAMUEL WARD, Original Defendants. and WILLIAM. CAMPBELL, Original Complainant, v. PRATT, and others; and DUNCANSON and WARD, Original Defendants.
In the sales •io;s, mtbccUy Hn^be’IS" aro not chargeable-''-for their ti™i°tema!°aijey laid out for {rencfitofihose lots,* although todrar^tfthem has bora toforo uníveroil in by pursa.,j aeqmescehasura; and hS^iScd inibatpractioo e¡ia coMve°e-V' anc/aeconfin^iy, without hcdoeTrioT1 thereby ac- * quire a fee p^^Uon of* the alley, and the purchase money which theretorf'1
■ THESE several suits in'chancery in the Circuit Court for the county of Washington, in tiie district of Columbia, being involved in each oilier and relating to the same property, were heard and- argued as one cause.-,
The first of these suits, in the order of time, was that 0f prutt OAid others-v. Duncanson and Ward, which was instituted on the 24th of March, 1801. Tlie hill prayed that Bun cansón and Ward might be enjoined from sell-big c.ertain squares in the city of Washington, which been mortgaged by Morris, Nicholson and Gre.cnjeaf? ¿0 Duncanson, to indemnify him against the return ccj.^.£ljn j,jj]s of exchange which he had. drawn for their accommodation, to the amount of 112,000 sterling, a part whereof; viz: 17,600, it was alleged, had been taken up by Ward, who claimed payment from Duncanson, and persuaded him to advertize the mortgaged property for sale. ' The bill alleged' that although the bills had been firt]i(.n Up by Ward, he had done it as the agent of Grcenleaf, one of the mortgagors, and with liis funds ; and. prayed for general relief. The squares which were thus mortgaged to Duncanson, were included in a previous mortgage to Thomas Law.
if a purchaser ofwíthinViimíted time, a rythirdiot6" purchased, or in that propontion^andreeeives convey-an“?efor ^ ^thetosjhe ¡s not bound to portion to the lots conveyed, Plenum her be com-eyed- -
In a case where it would be dif-. ficujt to ascerJieSVtinJ^om the breach oft contract, or-m^es'by0 a" y,)Ml t,ieiníom^Snsat^ this court will ascmainTh?3 injury nor the damages, nor S nifieatus. Where-a contractfor the htóbeenTn part executed aLeofpart’of the land, and unabiTtocoL vey the residue, a eourfc of cree'there-6" payment of a part oftheate purchase mo’•estWhh mte" If/iiree per- ' sons mortgage pertyJtoDin-r°" demnify tte •opexdsangtf18 agrecs to take of *hr'biiisPupon their return under protest, them ncSect to take up thrds^vhereby the. other ’OT'^cifedto e*«Pup7he° ■whole of the “s;-re‘ which he requests the drawn for the>r accommodation, in case of protest ; and if feach of the mortgagors drawer not to release the mortgage but to hold ¡t for. is thereby, created upon ¡¿o;™rtySto‘ the amount of y™bmíum &- vor of that whowolcup the whole.
The next suit in order of time, was that of Pratt and others v. Thomas Law and William Campbell. The bill was fiied on the 14th of December, 1804.
Its objects were to .compel Law to release to the Complainants, who were assignees of Morris, Nicholson and Greeuleaf, certain squares in the city of Washington which had been mortgaged by them to secure to .him the conveyance of certain lots and squares, in the same city, which they had contracted to convey to him, and which lie was to select from a larger number which they had purchased of the commissioners of the city ; to compel Law to complete,his selection j and to vacate certain releases made by him, at the solicitation Campbell, who liad attached the equity of redemption of some of the squares, which were included in the mortgage to Law.
■ , . . . The third suit, in the order of time, was that of Thomas Law v, Pratt'and others. : The bill was filed on the 4th of October, 1805, and its object was -'to foreclose the mortgage given to secure to Law the conveyance'of 2,400,000 square feet of land in the city of Washington, agreeably to a certain contract between him and Morris, Nicholson and Grcenleaf; because abou.t 400,000 square feet, which Law contended he had selected agreeably to his contract, had not been conveyed to him.
Tlie last of these, suits, in the order of time, was that of William Campbell v. Pratt and others, (assignees of Morris, Nicholson and Grcenleaf,) and W. M. Duncan-son and Samuel Ward. The bill Was filed iii June, 1806, aiid was in the nature of a bill of interpleader. Its object was to obtain a release, .from Duncanson, of.the mortgage .given to him by Morris, Nicholson and Green-leaf, to indemnify him against the return of certain hills of exchange drawn by him for their accommodation, and which Campbell alleged had been taken .up by them, or some of them; which’release, if made, would'enure to the benefit of Campbell, in as much as he had attached, and under the. proceedings upon the .attachment, had purchased Morris and Nicholson’s equity of redeinpturn.
In order to understand the argument of counsel, and the opinion of the Court, it may be necessary to state more minutely the allegations of the parties.
The bill of Fratt and others against Law and Campbell, stated that.Morris, Nicholson and. Greenleaf, on the 3d of December, 1794, gave to the Defendant, Thomas Law, their bond with condition to, convey to him in simple within'90 days from that date, “ 2,400,000 “ square feet of land in the city of Washington, the said “ Uaw having })aid them the sum of five pence Pcnnsyl- “ vania. currency per square foot, for the same.”
That on the 4th of December, 1794, (the day after the date of the bond) a written agreement was executed betwePa ihe 'same parties, by. which, (after reciting the bond) Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, covenanted ff Law should, wiíliín 18 months, be displeased with bis purchase, they would return him the purchase money, with interest, at the expiration of that term. And Law covenanted that if, within the same term he should final-]y determine to keep the land, lie would, within 4 years from'tjie time of such determination, cause to be'built on every third lot, or in that proportion, one brick dwelling house, or other brick building, at least two stories high j the lots were supposed to average 5,265 square feet each. The bill further charges that Law .did, within the limited time, elect to keep the land, and thereby became liable to build the houses mentioned in the agreeaient °f *th of December, 1794, but had not built them. That on the 10th of March, 1795, the parties entered into another agreement, by which Law was “ to “ have his selection under his contract of the 4th of De«comber last, in all squares in which the said Jllorris *■* an(l Ghreeideaf \mv& a right of selection, excepting water ’« property, and excepting such squares as are now ap“propriated, or respecting which the said Morris, “ Nicholson and Greenleaf liave made arrangements, a a list.of which squares- is hereunto annexed.” By the samé agreoment Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf envenanted to mertgage tp Law other squares and lots which werc then in their possession, until they could give him u good title to such property as. he might select; JLaw agreed to give up his right to return the property, and thereby made the purchase absolute. He also agreed'to select by squares and not by lots, and to close his selection within 90 days from the date of the agreement, and stipulated that the houses which he was to buiid.shonld be such houses as Morris and Greenleaf were obliged build by contract with the commissioners.
Q.uere? Whether a subsequent incumbrancer can compel a pri- or incumbrancer to disclose the .consideration which he gave for the notes of the debtor upon which his incumbrance was founded? An equity of redumption of real estate in Maryland • is liable to attachment. .
The hill further states that Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, agreeably to that contract, on the 4th of September, 1795, mortgaged to Law 857 lots, and 8,333 square feet of land, the condition of, which mortgage was, that Morris Nicholson and Greenleaf should pay the penalty of the bond, or, agreeably to its condition and to the contract of the 10th of March, 1795, convey to Lav/, in fee simple, with general warranty, 2,400,000 square feet in the city of Washington.
. That Law selected about 2,000,000 square feet, but in making his selections violated his agreement, of the 10th ef March, 1795, by selecting lots in squares from which he was excluded by that agreement, to the injury of. Greenleaf who never assented to such seleótion.
-That Law had obtained titles to about 2,000,000 of square feet, and that there remain to be conveyed to him about 400,000 square feet, when he shall have complied with his contract of selection, and when he shall have built the stipulated number of houses.
That on the ISth of,May, 4796, Greenleaf conveyed to Robert Morris and John Nicholson, all his interest in the city of Washington, excepting three squares, « and “ excepting all such lots, lands or tenements as mere either “ conveyed or sold, or agreed to be conveyed by ail or either “ of them, the said Greenleaf, Morris and Nicholson, or “ any of their agents or attornies to any person prior to the “ 10 th of July, 1795.”
■That on the 26th of June, 1797, Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf conveyed all their interest in the city of , Washington to l’ratl and others, the present Complainants.
That Law, knowing the Complainant’s interest in the property, and with intent to injure the Complainants. and to benefit the Defendant, Campbell, on > the 4th of September, and 5th of October, 1797, executed two deeds. releasing to Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, part of the mortgaged property,. which had been attached by Campbell; which releases were executed by Law with a full knowledge of the interest of the Complainants in the mortgaged property; in defiance of their express prohibition; and with a fraudulent intent to vest the legal estate in Morris and Nicholson so as to give effect to the attachment of Campbell. That Campbell had engaged to indemnify Law for that act. That, the releases were executed without the' knowledge or consent of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, or either of them, and were never delivered to them or either of them, but were put on record by Law'. The Complainants pray that those deeds of release may be vacated and annulled. They state that they are ready, able, and willing, to carry into effect the contracts between Law and Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, and to do every thing that in justice and equity ought to be done on their part; but that Law has refused and neglected to build the houses, and to make his selection within the time limited, and out of the squares prescribed ; has violated his contract in setting up a claim and keeping the property mortgaged as a. collateral -security for making him titles to property, which titles he has prevented by refusing to select the property, &c.
The bill requires Campbell to state when, from whom, and at what price he obtained the notes of Morris and Nicholson, upon which his attachment was issued ; and prays, for general relief.
The answer of Law admits that he had received conveyances for « about 2,000,000 of square feet of ground under the contract, hut not within the time stipulated ;” it states the number and kind of houses which he had built; denies that he was bound to receive conveyances with a condition to build; the building contract being independent of the contract to convey the land. It states that he was induced to enter into the building contract, by ihé contract which Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf had entered into with the commissioners, and others to build a large number of houses, which contract it avers, they never complied with.
It states, also, that Morris and Nicholson assigned Law’s building contract to the commissioners of the,city, and that the present Complainants are not the assignees thereof, nor have any interest thereiny and that if they had, their l’emedy is at law and not in equity.
With' regard to the releases of September and October, 1797, he says that the mortgaged property was more than ample security ; that Morris and Nicholson, were in .1797, generally deemed' bankrupts, that their creditors were suing out attachments, and he thought it unjust to keep covered, by his mortgage, from fair creditors, a property so much more than enough to secure his demands, and therefore executed those releases. He admits that Campbell gave him a bond of indemnity, but denies that he received any compensation. He admits also' that one of the Complainants desired him not to execute them y but he disregarded the request.
Exceptions having been taken to this answer, Mr. Law filed an amended answer, in which he insists that he was released from his building contract because he had not received titles for all the lots he had purchased j or that, as he had originally four years from the date of the contract, to complete his buildings, and was. to have had his titles in 90 days, he ought to 'be allowed four years from the' time of receiving hi§ titles. He affirms . that he made his selection within the time limited by his contráct, and exhibits a copy thereof. He avers that by the contract of March 10th, 1795, he had a right to select as well from the property which Greenleaf had contracted to purchase in his own name from D. Carroll, as fromvthat which Morns and Greenleaf had contracted to purchasé from the commissioners of the city. That on the 14th of March, 1796, after much trouble arid' vexation he received his first conveyance of a part of his lots, amounting to 773¿l22J square feet; to obtain which he had to release to Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf a part of the mortgaged property, viz., squares No. 465,468,469,470,495, and 498. fie avers that any variation which may appear between his original selection and the squares afterwards conveyed to him, was occasioned by the slow compliance on the part of Moiris, Nicholson and ■ Greenleaf, with their contracts with Carroll and the commissioners. lie states that they gave him full liberty to make another selection of any lots within their purchases or contracts! and refers . to Morris and Nicholson’s letter to him of the 17th of 1796, in which they say, “ you may select “ by squares out of any that are within our selection, al“though not chosen by you already, except water proís perty, or where w.c have since your selection, or before improved on, or contracted for the sale of that « which you desire ; and we wish you now to name the « squares, as the selection and titles shall be completed “ for you without delay.”
That in consequence of that letter he made another selection including other squares, and on the 20th of July, 1797, received another conveyance of lots from the commissioners containing 1,14)2,068J square feet.. That lie also received a deed dated January 28th, 1797, di- • rectly from Morris and Nicholson, for 128,223 square feet, the title to which has since been decided by the chancellor of Maryland, not to have been in them but the commissioners of the city.
He also states that after recéiving these three conveyances “'he had selected to have the residue of what was “ due conveyed to him out of the half of square 74i3, “square699, and square 696, containing 314),829§ square “ feet, which, if the deed of January 28th, 1797, had “remained good would have been near the quota to “ which he,was entitled; but the said squares, or the “ proper portion thereof never were conveyed, though “ the said Morris and Nicholson frequently promised so tó do. That the said squares were a part of the proís perty which they had contracted to purchase of the “ said Carroll according to their contract of tile 26th of .« September, 1793/’ (a copy of which is exhibited and appears to be a contract by Greenleaf aloné, with Car-poll.) He refers to a letter from Morris and Nicholson to him of the 19th of March, 1797, in which they say “,we are equally anxious with you'to get Mr. Carroll “ .paid on his (Mr. Carroll’s) account, upon our account, “and upon yoúr own account; and yet with all this anx- “ iety we do not agree to siga .the articles, which were «.handed us yesterday; our objections thereto will be « filed. But to make your mind at, ease on the subject « of the property to be conveyed to you by Mr. Carroll, and « ours at ease aboüt getting our property reteaáed from « your mortgage, which it then ought to be, we propose «.to enter into a contract, with penaltyÍ with you, to fix « a limited time within which the money shall be tendered « Mr. Carroll, say in six weeks, and.on your part to cove- « nánt therein, that upon so doing you will release to us our mortgageyphen Mr. Carroll makes the titles.” He refers also to a letter from Mr. Morris to him of the 21st of June, 1797, in which Mr. .Morris says, « I am in « pursuit of money7 for Mr. Carroll and expect success, « but I hope, when it comes, he will not plague himself « and embarrass us by a refusal of it. ■ He ought to « have hud his money, and I have glways lamented that « we could not pay it when due, but certainly we will « pay as soon as we can.”
The answer then avers that Morris and Nicholson never'paid the purchase monejy due to Mr. Carroll, nor. in any other respect complied with the contract with him, whereby they forfeited all right to the purchase of the property therein mentioned, and disabled themselves from conveying to the' Defendant, I,aw, the property he had so selected. That one of the purposes of the deed of assignment under which the Complainants claim title, was to pay Mr. Carroll 13,600 dollars due upon that contract, whereby it became their duty, to pay that sum so as to obtain titles for the Defendant, Law ; but they never did pay that sum to Mr. Carroll, and it is not now7 in their pow7er to comply specifically7 with the contract between the Defendant,' Law, and Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf.
To this answer-exceptions were also takemyand the Complainants, Pratt and others, filed an amended bill, in which they contend that the Defendant, Law, had not made Ins selection in due time and manner according to the original contract; that, therefore, the Complainants might now satisfy the balance of the contract'by a conveyance of such lots as they should deem proper; and under that idea had'tendered to-Mr. Law a conveyance for the quantity of, land which he had a right to cláim. ' ■’ • That by the original contract Mr. Law had a right to select only out of the property which Morris and.Green-leaf had contracted to purchase from the commissioners; foi* that was the only contract which gave them a right of selection.
The Complainants also contended that, if, upon Mr. Law’s failure to select his lots within the time limited, the right of selection did not revert to Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, yet he was bound to close his selection in a reasonable time, and before Morris and Nicholson had completed their selection under the contract of Morris and Greenleaf with the commissioners; and that, after closing their selection, they were not hound to convey to Mr. Law, any lots not selected by them, or not before that time selected by him and notified to them. They admit that although Mr. Law had forfeited his right of selection, yet Morris and Nicholson, being desirous of gratifying him, and of stimulating him to make the stipulated improvements, caused to be conveyed to him, by deeds dated the 14th of March, 1796-, and the 20th of July, 1797, 1,935,008 square feet of land, without annexing thereto the condition of building which they had a right to insist upon, including therein sundry lots, not within his right of selection, whereby he obtained more valuable lots, and on better terms than he was entitled to under his contracts.
They aver that they are the bona fide purchasers, for a valuable consideration, of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf’s equity of redemption in the mortgaged property, without notice of any agreements or transactions between them and the said Law, other than those which appear on the face of the bond of the 3d of December, 1794, the agreement of the 4th of December, 1794, that of Maróh 10th, 1795,' and the mortgage of the 4th of September, 1795; and are not in equity bound by any other agreement,' if any such exist.
They further state that the legal estate of the mortgaged premises, never was in Morris and Nicholson, or either of them, but was in Greenleaf alone. That after Greenleaf had sold to Morris and Nicholson his interest .n the Washington lots, being largely their creditor, he caused all their property in the city to be attached by process, issued under the laws of Maryland, on the 21st of April, 1797, which attachment was for the benefit of the Complainants, and was laid on the same property which on the following day was attached at the suit of the Defendant, Campbell, which attachment, in favor pf Greenleaf, was continued until and after the 26th of June, 1797, when Morris and Nicholson assigned and transferred to the Complainants for a valuable consideration all the attached property ; whereupon Green-leaf’s attachment was dismissed by consent of the parties, inasmuch as. the Complainants had, by the assignment, obtained all the benefit which they could have obtained by prosecuting the attachment, to judgment of condemnation. They aver,,therefore, that if the Defendant, Campbell, had any equitable claim to the property by virtue of his attachment, the Complainants have a prior equitable claim,by virtue of their prior attachment.
But they aver also that neither Morris nor Nicholson ever had such an estate in the mortgaged premises as could be the subject of an attachment at law;, or as could be condemned at law, or as could be seized and sold under a fieri facias ; and that the Defendant, Campbell, had notice of the Complainant’s legal and equitable title when he purchased the property,
That if Morris and Nicholson had any equitable interest therein, it was subject to the duty'of dbing’justice to Greenleaf,. the legal proprietor, by paying all they ow'cd him, before the trust ns to them would be decreed to be performed; and if they had an equity of redemption in the mortgaged lots, and if any thing was seized, condemned ánd sold, under (he said Campbell’s attachment, it could be only the right which Morris, and Nicholson had to redeem the said lots, by conveying to Mr. Law the balance of property due to him, and by satisfying all equitable claims which Greenleaf had upon them. And that if the Complainants should be compelled to convey to Mr. Law the balance of property which he claims, the Defendant, Campbell, can have no right to the lots as against the Complainants until he shall have satisfied them for all the property which they shall have been so compelled to convey to the De icndant, Law, and shall also have satisfied all equitable claims of Greenleaf upon Motris and Nicholson.
The Claimants further state, that they have been informed and believe that the attachments of the Defendant, Campbell, were founded upon notes of Morris and Nicholson, purchased upon speculation at market, and at a price far below tlieir nominal value,* and they contend that Campbell could not, in equity, recover, even if he had a prior lien upon the lots, more than the, bona file actual value which he gave for the notes, with legal interest thereon. They call upon him to state what consideration he gave for the notes ; and at what price he purchased in the mortgaged lots at the sale under the Ji.fa. issued npou the judgment, on his attachments.
The answer of the Defendant, Campbell, disclaims ail benefit and title under or by virtue of the releases executed by the Defendant, Law, at his request; but claims to hold entirely under the judgment of the Court of appeals of Maryland upon 1ns attachments ; and refers to his bill of interpleader, (as he terms it) and the transcript of the record of the Court of appeals of Maryland exhibited therewith; by which transcript. it appears that the attachments were issued on the 2isf of April, 1797, by virtue of the act of assembly of Maryland, of 1795, ch. 56, entitled “ a supplement to the act, entitled an act directing the manner of suing out attachments in tláÉ province and limiting the extent of them and commanded' the sheriff “ to attach, seize, take and “ safekeep all the lands, tenements, goods, chattels and “ credits,” of Robert Morris, which should be found in his bailiwick, “ to the value of, as well the damages “aforesaid, as,” &c.; and to have the same before the judges of the general Court, &c.then and there to be condemned; according to the act of assembly aforesaid, to the use of the said W. Campbell, unless the said Robert Morris should appear and answer to the said William Campbell in a plea of tresspass on the case, &c. according to law. The sheriff was also commanded to make known to the garnishees that they appear, &c. to show cause why the lands, tenements, &c. should not be condemned, and execution thereof had and made as in other cases of recoveries and judgments given1 in -Courts ofrecord according to the directions of the act of asset» bly aforesaid, &c.. The like process was issued against the property of Mr. Nicholson.
On the 22d of April, 1797, the sheriff levied these attachments on part of the property included in the mortmage to Law, and particularly set forth in the sheriff’s return.
On the return of these attachments, Morris and Nich-olson appeared by attorney, and upon argument, the general Court quashed the sheriff’s return ,• whereupon Campbell took a bill of exceptions which stated that the Plaintiff,' Campbell, offered in evidence the deed of the 13th of May, 1796, from Greenleaf lo Monis and Nicholson; whereby Greenleaf conveyed to them all his property in the city of Washington, excepting 3 squares, « and. excepting all such squares, lots, lands, and tene- « ments, as were either conveyed or sold, or agreed to « be conveyed either by" ail or cither of them, the said « Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, or any of .their « agents prior to the 10th of J uly, 1795.” That Campbell prayed condemnation of one moiety of certain squares, particularly described, as the property of Morris, and the other moiety as the property of Mr. Nicholson. That Morris and Nicholson offered in evidence the mortgage to Mr. Law of the 4th of September, 1795, which included those squares j and that Campbell offered in evidence, one of the releases of Mr. Law,. dated the 5th of October, 1797, to Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, which are mentioned in the bill of Pratt sprul others v. Law and Campbell, Morris and Nicholson then offered in evidence the deed qf trust from Morris, Nicholson and Grcenleát w> the Complainants,1 Pratt and others, of the 26th of June, 1797, conveying to them all the right and interest of Morris, Nicholson and Green-leaf iñ the city of Washington; and proved that the aforesaid deed of release from Mr. Law, to Morris Nicholson and Greenleaf, lodged by Mr. Law alone, in the proper office to be recorded; and that it was executed by Mr. Law with a knowledge of the aforesaid deed of trust to the Complainants, against their will and express prohibition, and without the knowledge or assent of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, or either of them j whereupon the general Court of Maryland was of opinion that neither Morris and Nicholson, nor either of them, had “such an estate in those .squares, a whereof the Plaintiff could have judgment of con- “ damnation,’'
Upon this bill of exceptions the cause was carried to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, who reversed the judgment of the General Court « as to the land contained “ in the return of the sheriff of Prince George’s Coun- .« tyand adjudged “that the lands and tenements so « as aforesaid attached, that is to say¿” (&c. describing them).“ be condemned towards satisfying unto the said .« William Campbell, as well the said sum of,” &c. a and that the said W. Campbell have thereof execution,” Sec. “ Whereupón execution issued froth the Court of Ap- “ peals, returnable to the General Court.” This execution was a special fieri jadas, which after reciting the attachment, the sheriff’s return, the judgment of the General Court, the writ of error,'and the judgment of the Court of Appeals, commands the sheriff of Prince George’s County, that of the lands and tenements attached, (describing the squares, &c.) he cause to he made the damages and costs, &c.
Upon this execution the sheriff sold the attached properly to W. Campbell the Plaintiff, for a comparatively small sum.
Under these proceedings the Defendant, Campbell, in his answer contends that, by the laws and constitution of Maryland, bis title and interest in the said lots is conclusive upon all the world, and that the. judgment of the Court of Appeals of Maryland cannot be opened. ,He admits, however, that he acquired by those proceedings, no more interest or title than Morris arid Nicholson had in the property at the time of the attachment, and that Mr. Law’s mortgage was a prior incumbrance; but denies that there is any other lien or incumbrance thereon. He contends that he has a right to redeem the lots from that mortgage on any terms which should lie agreed upon between him and Mr. Law. He affirms that the Complainants .knew of his attachment when they took their deed of assignment of the property. He denies that the Complainants had any valid attachment prior to his. He admits that Morris and Nicholson had only an equitable title in the lots at the time of his attachment, He admits that he knew of the assignment to the Complainants when Mr.-Law executed his release, and at the time he purchased the property under his attachment.
He demurred to so much of the bill as charged that lie purchased the notes of Morris ánd Nicholson, which the attachment issued) on speculation, at a low price, and to so much as required him to state what con-’ sideration he paid therefor. To this answer the Com-’ plainants excepted^ because the Defendant, Campbell, did not answer that part of the bill to which he demurred.
The hill of Law agamst Pratt and others, stated the bond of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf of the 3d December, 1794, to convey to him 2,400,000 square feet of ground in the City of Washington ; the agreement of. the 10th of March, 1795; and the mortgage of the 4th of September, 1795. That he had received conveyances for 7.73,121 square feet on the 14th of March, 1796 ; for 1,142,0681 square feet on the 20th July 1797 ; and. for 128,223 square feet by a subsequent conveyance, the title of which last mentioned quantify was defective. That Morris and Nicholson, having obtained all the right, title, and interest of all the joint property of M. N. & G. in the city of Washington, in the year 1797 became insolvent, and conveyed the same to the Defendants, Pratt and others'. That neither M. N. & G. nor the Defendants, Pratt and others, did procure from the Commissioners of the City of Washington, a good, clear, and sufficient title to the property, out of winch the Complainant, Law, had. the the right of selection; so that although .he made his selection, and requested a conveyance of the remaining 400,000 square feet, the Defendants refused to •convey'the same, and arc unable to comply with the engagements of M. N. & G. with him. Wherefore he prays a decree that they should pay him the original purchase-money of five pence, Pennsylvania currency, per square foot for the amount of square feet unconveyed, with interest, from the 3d December 1794, by' a certain day ; and in default thereof, that they should be foreclosed of their equity of redemption ,* and for general relief.
. The joint and several answer of the Defendants, Pratt and others, admits the bond of 3d December, 1794, the agreement of the 10th of March, 1795, and the mortgage of the 4th of September, 1795, which, it is averred,' was executed to remedy a defect in a former mortgage of the 11th May, 1795. The Defendants also produce the agreemcnt of the 4th of December, 1794. They admit that the Complainant, Law, had received good titles to l,915,189f square feet in part compliance with tile condition of the bond; and 'that the title to the 128,223 square feet was defective. They admit that M. N. & G. became insolvent and conveyed all the,ir interest to these Defendants as trustees for certain creditors.
They do not'admit that either they, or M. N. & G. were ever bound to procure a good title to all the propertyjfouf of which the Complainant had a right to select; nor that he made his selection within the time limited by the contract of the 10th of March, 1795 ; nor that they, or M. N. & G. ever refused to convey7 to him any 3>roperty which he had a right to demand under those agreements.
They say that they have been informed and believe that the Complainant, Law, never made a definite and final selection of lots to satisfy the condition of the bond; but, without authority or limitation of time, assumed the right of varying his choice from time to time according as circumstances indicated a prospect of increasing value, and did not confine himself to the property, nor to the terms contained in the contract of the 10th of March, 1795. They admit, however, that Morris and Nicholson, as a matter of indulgence, acquiesced in the selections thus made, as far as they had the ability to convey the lots so selected.
They7 contend that upon the Complainants having failed to make his selection within the limited time, the right to select reverted to M. N. & G. and that the Com plainants, as their assignees, had a right to select and tender a conveyance for the balance remaining unconveyed ; and that they had done so, but the Complainant refused to accept the same.
They contend also that the Complainant is not entitled to relief in equity, until he shall have complied with his agreement to build sertain houses according to the agreements of the 4th of December, 1794, and 10th of March, 1795 ; and they aver that -the damage they have sustained by reason of his not having built the houses, exceeds the value of the property remaining to be conveyed to him.
They claim the benefit of his releases of certain parts of the mortgáged property, dated March 11th, 1796 — September 4th and October. 5th, 1797, copies of which they exhibit, and
They deny, in general terms, that the mortgage is forfeited or the condition thereof broken.
After replication to this answer, the Complainant, Law, filed an amended bill stating in substance the same matters which are contained in his answers to the hill of Pratt and others against him. •
To this amended bill, the Defendants, Pratt and others, filed their answer referring to the proceedings in all the causes before mentioned, and praying that the whole may be considered as one cause. They aver that the building contract constituted a material part of the consideration in the sale of lots to the Complainant; that the assignment of that contract to the commissioners of the city, by Morris and Nicholson, was not valid,, and did not exonerate the Complainant from his obligation in equity to perform it. They proceed to state with more minuteness the facts and transactions stated in their original and amended bills against Law and Campbell.
They deny that Morris and Nicholson could authorise the Complainant to make a new selection so as to embarrass the mortgaged property, or to disable .themselves from complying with the terms of the mortgage, whereby subsequent incumbrancers, whose rights accrued before such new selection, could ho defeated.
They deny also, that they, are bound by any agreements between the Complainant and M. & N. of which they had not notice at the time of the assignment to these Defendants.
The Complainant having in his amended bill stated that he had solicited to have the residue of what was due to him conveyed out of half of square 743, square 699, square 696, square 730, and the square north of 697, the Defendants in their answer deny his right to select either of those squares. , As to the square 743 which is the one in which Morris and Greenleaf ever held any definite interest, they aver that all their interest therein, consisting of one moiety thereof has been conveyed to him. That as to the square 696 and 730, the Complainant was expressly prohibited from selecting them by the Contract of the 10th of March, 1795 ; and that neither of the squares 699, 730, 696, and north of 697 are mentioned in the Complainant’s selection of December 6th, 1795, nor in any former selection pretended to have been made by him j that neither of those squares ever belonged to M. N. & G. or either of them, nor are included in the -6000 lots bought by Morris and Greenleaf of the Commissioners, or have been apportioned to them or either of them, or can of right be claimed by them, or either of them, under any contract.
To this answer there was a general replication.
The bill of Pratt and others, against Duncanson and Ward, was originally filed to obtain an injunction to prevent Duncanson from selling certain squares which he had advertised for sale under a mortgage dated the 12th of September, 1795, given to him by Morris, Nicholson, and Greenleaf to indemnify him against the return of certain bills of exchange which he had drawn for their accommodation for 12,000i. sterling, 7,600i. sterling, of which had been taken up by the Defendant, Ward, with the funds of Greenleaf, and the residue by Greenleaf himself; and to obtain a conveyance of those squares to the Complainants' who were the assignees of Morris, Nicholson and .Greenieaf’s equity of redemption. Those squares were all included in the prior mo'rlgagc to Thomas Law.
• After. Duncanson' and Ward had filed their ahswcrs. and testimony had been taken in the cause, by which it appeared that the facts stated in the bill-, were true, William Campbell filed a bill against all the parties to the cause, viz : Pratt and others, assignees of Morris. Nicholson aiid Greenleaf, ami Duncanson and Ward, in which bill, (which he coils a bill of interpleader,) he sets forth his attachment of the squares included in the mortgage, to Duncauson, the condemnation, thereof by the judgment of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, (while the city of Washington was under the jurisdicof Maryland,) tlm fieri facias issued upon that and his purchase of the squares at the sheriff’s sale; whereby he avers he acquired the equity of redemption of those squares. He states that the bills, mentioned in the mortgage had ali been discharged by Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf or one of them, or with their funds, and the property thereby exonerated $' and prays for a conveyance thereof to him; and for general relief.
The Defendants, Pratt and others, in their answer, admit that they have heard that the Complainant, Campbell, claims the lots mentioned in his bill, by virtue of a pretended judgment of condemnation upon certáin pretended attachments issued upon certain pretended claims against Morris and Nicholson j but they deny the validity ofthoseclaims andofallproceedings founded thereon; and aver that if any such judgments of condemnation have been obtained, they were obtained, as they believe, by fraud and imposition practised upon the Court rendering such judgments, fay producing to such Court certain pretended deeds of release fraudulently executed by Thomas Haw, (meaning the releases mentioned in the bill of Pratt and others v. Law and Campbell.') They aver that they were not parties to such júdgments, and can not be hound thereby. That the proceedings exhibited- by the Complainant appear to be proceedings at law¡> and •not in equity j'.ancl therefore, that if the Complainant has any title under those proceedings, it must be a title at law, and his'remedy is at law and-not in equity j and that no proceeding by these Defendants against Duncauson and Ward in equity, can injure the -Complainant’s title at law, if any ho has. They therefore deny his right to relief in equity, and contend that the Court, as a Court of equity, has not jurisdiction in the case stated by- the Complainant in .his bill. They do not admit that any valid attachment was laid on' the property jbeiore the assignment from M. N. & G. to them. They aver that oil the day before the date of Campbell’s attachment.' Greenleaf, being a large credi tor of Morris and Nicholson, caused attachments in his name, but for .the use of these Defendants, to be laid on the same property j which attachments remained in full force (if the property was liable to attachment for the debts of Morris and Nicholson) until and after their assignment of their interest therein to these Defendants, when they, having by the assignment obtained all the benefit which they could have obtained by prosecuting the attachments to judgment of condemnation and sale, caused the. attachments to be dismissed. And therefore that if Campbell could claim any title in equity under his attachments/ these Defendants have a prior claim in equity by virtue of their prior attachments, and the assignment from. Morris, Nicholson & Greenleaf. They deny that the legal title was ever in Morris and Nicholson, or cither of them, but was in Greenleaf alone, until conveyed to Thomas Law by the mortgage of the 4th of September, 1795, in whom it remained until his releases of the 4th of September, and 5th of October, 1797, which releases, if valid, enured to the benefit of these Defendants.
As,to certain squares contained in the mortgage to Doncanson, viz. the square cast of 5 ¿6, the- square east of 547, tlie squares 549 and 596, the square east of 596, and the square 597, they aver that long before Campbell’s pretended attachment, viz. on the 20th of June, 1796, Morris and Nicholson conveyed to the said Greenleaf all their interest therein for a valuable consideration, since which time M. & N. have, never had any interest therein.
They aver that the Complainant, had notice of ail these facts at the time of his purchase at the sheriff’s sale under his attachment.
They contend also that if the Complainant could, by any process at law, attach the fequity of redemption, yet he can have no remedy in equity, unless he has offered and can show himself able to redeem the property by a compliance with the contract between Law and M. N. & G. which he has not done.
They say they have heard, and believe that the. Complainant’s pretended attachments were founded on notes of M. & N. purchased in market at a great .discount as an object of speculation, -with a view to take the chance of such an attachment; and they are advised that if the Complainant should in equity have a prior lien on the property, he could not claim, in equity, (as against these Defcndants who are bona fide creditor's of Morris and Nicholson, and purchasers of their eqiiity of for a valuable consideration, arid who are seeking for satisfaction out of the same fund) more than the amount of money actually paid by the Complainant; for the said notes and bills, with lawful interest thereon.
One of the Defendants, John Miller, junior, assignee of Greenieaf, under the Bankrupt law of the United States, answering separately, for himself, states that the bills for 112,000 sterling, in the bill mentioned were sold and the proceeds thereof equally divided between Morris, Nicholson and Greenh af, each of whom were bound in equity, as well as by agreement to take us one third of the amount, if they should come back1 protested. That tin y did come back’ protested; that Morris and Nicholson wholly failed to take up any part the of, but the whole was paid by Greenieaf with Ills own separate funds, and that Morris and Nicholson are still indebted to him for two thirds of the amount of the 112,000 sterling, with interest, charges, damages and costs of protest, and were also otherwise largely indebted to him at the time of the attachment. That upon taking up the bills, Greenieaf informed Duncanson •thereof and forbade him to release the mortgage, on his intimating a design so to do, and requested him to retain the same as a security to him, (Greenieaf) for the two thirds of the amount of the said hills, which Duncanson agreed to do; and thereby became in equity a trustee of the mortgage for the benefit of Gceenlcf; and this Defendant as bis assignee claims a right to stand on the same equitable ground as Duncanson would have stood upon if the bills had not been taken up, so far as respects two thirds of the amount of the bills, with damages, Ac.; and therefore to have a prior equity to that of the Complainant, if any he has.
There was evidence' tending to show that Mr. Law made a selection of squares withiiqtlie time stipulated. And that the public property in those squares, which Morris and Greenleaf had contracted to purchase of the commissioners, was more than sufficient to satisfy Mr. Law’s contract. That the commissioners had conveyed to, him about 2,000,000 of square feet; and that it was ptobablethey would have conveyed the remaining400,000 square feet, also at the same time, if Mr. Law would have taken them out of the squares contained in his first selection. No tender however was made to him of tbebalance out of those squares, and there was evidence that Morris, Nicholson and Grecnlcaf, had acquiesced in Mr. Law’s claim to have part of the property which Green-leaf had contracted to purchase of Mr. Carroll, although neither Greenleaf nor Morris and Greenleaf,,ever had any any right of selection in that property. There was also evidence that it was the universal practice of the commissioners, in selling lots, to charge each lot with its proportion of the alley laid out for the general benefit of the lots in the squares ,* and that such practice had been universally acquiesced in.
With regard to the opinion of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, upon the subject of Campbell’s attachment, there was evidence that the counsel for Morris and Nicholson had written a letter to judge Rumsey, the chief judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, requesting to know the extent and ground of the opinion of the Court upon which the judgment was rendered ; and received from him the following answer:
The Court of Appeals signed a regular judgment. *c under their hands. It does not contain the point up- “ on which they gave it; but my brethren thought the cove- “ nantfor a quiet enjoyment was a lease for years, which ** was an interest subject to attachment, and this influenced “ their judgment and they gave it accordingly. The opi- « nibn, (whether a fee simple, or an estate for years) “ will not alter the nature of the judgment, which, in ff my opinion, will be only of such interest as the party “ had in the estate, and, if tried in ejectment, can only “ operate so far. I own, privately I was. of opinion “ that an attachment ought to lie agaiiist a mortgagor’s “ interest, because he, is considered, in -chancery, as the « owner; because I would not send a man to chancery « in so plain a case where there ought to have been « conformity in law; and because all meh would secure « themselves under this artifice. This also was agre- « able to the practice of the city of London, where an « equitable interest is attachable. But on this the judges « gave no opinion. Sufficient to them was it, that in « opinion any interest was attachable, and upon eject- « ment this would have leen disclosed.
« In conformity to my opinion I pointed out a case or « two, that was in my common place book, to Mr. « Shaaff, that indicated an equitable interest attachable.
« But this was done as an individual, not as a judge; «but, being at the time of judgment, he might have « mistaken. At the same time I remarked, and do so « now7, that the distresses of my family and my own « state of health, were such that I could not be so much « master of the subject as I wished.
« You were wrong in delaying opening the points so « long, in'which you obliged the Court to give a jüdg- « ment so late in the cause. And wherein is their judg«'ment, (hastily obtained) better than that ,of other « Courts ? It quité destroys the use of a Court of the « last resort.
« I have opposed, I shall hereafter oppose, this prac«tice totis vhibus, ergo caveto.
« There is no impropriety in, asking the Courts opi- « nion; they always wdsh their sentiments to be known; « and will, I hope, in a land'of law and liberty, always « be willing to disclose them, when required.
«1 am, &c.
«1st March, 1801.”
These causes having been heard together as one cause, the Court below decreed as follows :
In the case of Pratt and others v. Lavo and Campbell, « That tfie Complainants’ bill ibe dismissed.”-
In the case of Law v. Pratt and others, that the Dcfendants should pay to the Complainant on or before the 1st of April, 4814, $25,832 88, being the original purchase money for the part not conveyed, with interest from the 3d of December, 1794, and in default thcreof, that the mortgaged property should be sold to raise same, &c.
In the case of Pratt and others v. Bvncanson and Ward, no decree appears to have been made.
In tire case of Campbell v. Pralt and 'others, (assignees of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleqf, J and Buncanson and Ward, the Defendants, Buncanson and Ward, never answered the’bill, nor was it taken for confessed against them, nor was the bill dismissed or abated as to them, but tlie. Court, below decreed « that the Defendants,” Pratt and others,« and William M. Buncanson, « and Samuel Ward, release, convey and transfer to the «.Complainant, William - Campbell, all their interest « and estate in the squares and lots of land sold under «the Complainant’s attachment, as mentioned and set «forth in his bill; and that the said Complainant; his « heirs and assigns, be forever qdibtéd, in the title, pos«session, and enjoyment of said squares and 'lots, « against all the claims, interest and estate of the said' ■« Defendants.”
From these decrees, Pratt and others appealed to this Court.
The cases were argued at great length by Jokes and P. B. Kr.y, for the Appellants, and by J. Law, P. S. Key and Pinkket, for the Appellees, Law and Campbell.
,In the case of Law v. Pralt and others, the argument t.urned alih ost entirely upon questions of fact.
In. the cases'of Pratt and others v. Law and Campbell, . and Campbell v. Pratt and others, and Ward and Buncanson, the following questions were made:
1. Whether Campbell, by the judgment of condemnation, in the Court of Appeals of Maryland, and the pro ceedings under it, acquired Morris and Nicholson’s equity of redemption in the squares attached ?
%. Whether J. Miller, the assignee of Greenleaf, had aprio? equitable lien upon the squares mortgaged to Duncanson, to the extent of the two, thirds of the amount of ' the bills of exchange secured by that mortgage ?
3. Whether Campbell was bound to disclose the consideration he gave for Morris and Nicholson’s notes, upou which ho obtained the attachments ?
P. B. Key, for the Appellants, contended,
1. As to the first point, that nothing was condemned under those attachments, but the legal estate of Morris and Nicholson, if they had any.
An equitable estate is not liable to attachment or execution under the laws of Maryland.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, jn this case, does not purport to condemn the equity of redemption, nor to designate what interest in the land Morris and Nicholson had.
It appears, by the letter from Judge Rumsey, the Chief Judge of that Court, that the majority of the Court was of opinion that, the covenant in the mortgage to Mr. Law, that Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf should quietly enjoy the land until default made, gave them a legal estate, in the nature of an estate for years* which was liable to condemnation $ and that the Court intended to condemn nothing more than the legal estate, whatever it might be, which Mcrris and Nicholson had in the land at the time of the attachment. That it was the legal, and not the'equitable estate, which they considered liable to condemnation, appears from the language of the judge, “ But mi this” says he, (meaning,1 on the question whether an attachment ought tó be against a mortgagor’s interest) « the judges gave'no opi- “ nion. Sufficient to them was it, that, in their opinion,1 <( any interest was attachable, and upon- ejectment, this “ would have been disclosed ” Now no interest could, in Maryland, have been maintained upon ejectment, but a legal estate $ which shows that the Court of Appeals contemplated the condemnation of. a legal interest only. This is sufficient to show that the judgment of the Court of Appeals is not conclusive evidence that the equity of redemption of Morris and Nicholson was affected by the attachment.
By the construction which 'the Courts of Maryland have uniformly given to the British- Statute of 5 G. 2, making lands in the colonies liable for debts, nothing but the legal estate is liable to execution at law. The rule is the same in England, 2 Mk. 292, Plunket v. Pen-son. 3 Mk. 200,. Shirley v. Watts. 3 Mk. 739, Burden v. Kennedy.- The-act of assembly of Maryland, 1794, eh. 60, sec. 10, is founded upon this known antj acknowledged rule of law. It. recites that, « whereas it often « occurs that persons against whom judgments or decrees « are obtained, hold and possessor claim lands,tenements, « or hereditaments, by equitable title only, and the credi- « tor or creditors of such persons are often without remece dy, either at law, or iq equity;” and then goes on to give the chancéllor power to decree á sale of the equitable title 5 and to give the purchaser all the remedies which the person had whose equitable title is thus sold.
That act of Maryland in 1810, (eh. 60) which, for the first time subjected equitable estates to legal process, was passed ten years after the judgment of the Court of Appeals in this case, and is strong, if not conclusive evidence, that such estates were not before that time liable to such process.
But if an equity of redemption be liable to attachment, yet the Complainant’s equity is prior to that of Camp-' bell, for théy hada prior attachment, in the name of Gretenleaf, against Morris and Nicholson, which was continued until they obtained an assignmént of that equity of redemption which was the object of their suit. If I attach the personal property of a man, and before condemnation he sell it to. me in satisfaction of my claim, 1. am under no obligation to proceed with my suit to judgment.' I have already obtained the fruit of my action. If he does voluntarily what the law would compel him to do, it is sufficient.
2. As to the prior equity of Miller, assignee of Green-, leaf, under the bankrupt law of the United States.
Greenleaf conveyed his rights in the Washington property, on the 13th of May, 1796, with certain exceptions, reservations, and conditions.
That conveyance was expressty made subject to this mortgage to Duncanson. AH the rights df Greenleaf, growing out of those exceptions, reservations and conditions were assigned, by the bankruptcy, to Miller, one of the Defendadts to Campbell’s bill, and one of the Complainants in the bill against Law and Campbell.
The' bills secured by the mortgage to Duncanson were sold, and the proceeds equally divided between Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, each of whom agreed to take up one third of the. amount thereof'if they should return protested. They returned protested, and Green-leaf was obliged to take up the whole. Upon doing this, he requested Duncanson not to release the mortgage, but to retain it as his security. This Duncanson agreed to do; and thereby became a' trustee, in equity, of the mortgage for the benefit of Greenleaf.
Ten of these squares, mortgaged to Duncanson, had been conveyed by Morris and Nr holson to Greenleaf^ in June, 1796, subject to Law’s and Duncanson’s mortgage: — Morris and Nicholson, therefore, at the lime of the attachment, had no equity of redemption in those ten squares. Four other squares are claimed by Ashley, another of these Defendants, to whom Morris, and Nicholson had assigned their equity Of redemption prior to Campbell’s attachment.
3. As against these Defendants, who are seekipg sátsfaction out of the same fund with Campbell, he ought not, even if he has a prior lien, to be permitted to enforce it beyond the amount of vvhat he paid for Morris and Nicholson’s notes,, with 'interest. Equity will not permit him to profit by our loss. (i Equality is equity”— 'Maxims in Equity, j). 9.J “ A stranger, if who bbys in a prior incumbrance, shall be allowed «.only what he really paid, as against other inc timbran- “ eérs.”-^-l Veril. 476. « But as the owner of « the estate, who made-the incumbrance, or his heir, he « shall be allowed the whole that is due upon it.”
Morris and Nicholson, it is true could not set up this defence; but we, who are their bona fide creditors, and assignees of their equity of redemption for a valuable consideration, have a right#to redeem Campbell’s incumbrance by paying him his purchase money and interest.
F. S. Rey, for Campbell, relinquished the claim as to the ten squares, conveyed to Greenleaf, and the four Squares assigned to Ashley.
As to Miller’s claim to a lien in consequence of Green-leaf’s payment of. the bills, he contended that no such lien was thereby created, or could be created, without an actual assignment of the mortgage. Tlie condition - of the mortgage was. that Morris, NicholsGn and Green-leaf, or one of them, should take up the hills. One of them did take up the. bills and thereby the mortgage was discharged. The lien no longer existed, and the property reverted to Morris and Nicholson.
As to the claim that Campbell should Dé compelled to take only what h^ gave for the notes, he contended that the judgment of the Court of Appeals had ascertained the amount of this debt, and that the judgment could not now be opened.
As to the question whether an equitable interest could be attached, he relied upon the judgment of the Court of Appeals as conclusivé.
As to the prior attachment by Greenleaf, for the use of Pratt and others, he contended that it created no lien in as much as it was not prosecuted tojudgment. That the attachment and the deed of assignment could not be connected together so as to preserve the inchoate lien which was commenced by the attachment.
Pinkney, on the same side.
Campbell contends, not only that fee has ah equitable» but a legal title. His -attachment gave him a legal title' to an equitable thing. If it did not, it gave him no t itle. Upon the great principles of justice, real property is as much liable for a man’s debts, as personal. Uses were never extended in England until'the statute of IL 8. And the Courts always refused to extend trust's until the statute of frauds authorized them so to do. Nor could ap equity of redemption be affected at law.
But this question here turns wholly upon the local law of Maryland, and the construction of the statute-under which these attachments, were issued. It is the act of 1795, ch. 56, which authorizes a justice of peace, &c. to issue his warrant to the clerk of the Court requiring him to issue an attachment « against the hinds, tenements, goods, chattels and credits” of the debtor.
The single question is, 'whether these were the lands of Morris and Nicholson at the time of the .attachment.
. From the time of the colonization of Maryland, its jurisprudence has been divided between Courts of .Law, and. Courts of Chancery. If the statute speaks the language of the Courts of Chancery, as well as of law,- the case is clear. In Chancery, the mortgagor, and not the mortgagee, is owner of the land. The equity of redemption descends. to the heir ; the testator may devise it: his wife is entitled to dower j the husband is tenent by courtesy j in short, the mortgagor is owner of the land, as*against all the world except the mortgagee. The legislature, by its acts,. speaks to the whole jurisprudence of the state, mot to one branch only.
A trust estate was liable to execution and attachment long before. Why should not an equity of redemption be equally liable ? The act cxpi’essly makes credits, liable to attachment, which was as contrary to the course of the common law as to subiect equitable interests in land to condemnation.
Lord Mansfield, in a case in Douglass’s repoi’ts . CDoug. 610,J says, it is an affront to common sense to say that the mortgagor is not the real owner. The equity of redemption is thp substantial ownership in the view of all the woi-ld.
The act of Maryland in 1810, applies to executions only, and riot to attachments, upon equitabje interests in lands. The legislature supposed the case of 'attach-merits already provided for.
The act of-1794, only shows that the legislature thought equitable interest in lands ought to be as. much liable debts, as legal interests.
They also thought it expedient to give the purchaser of an equitable interest under the decree of the Court* all the remedies legal as well as equitable which the . debtor formerly had.
The case of Waters v, Stewart, (1 Caine’s Cases in Error, 47) is precisely analagous to this. The statute of New York, upon whirl» that .case arose* subjected to execution, « fahids, tenements and real estate ' under which expressions, it was .decided that an equity of redemption’, of a mortgage in fee, was liable to be sold l»y-■virtue of a fieri facias.
It is said however that the Court, of Appeals in Ma, ryland was of opinion that the covenant for quiets enjoyment was equivalent to a lease for years, which is a legal estate, and that they did not mean to condemn any thing more than that legal interest. But that covenant created no legal estate. No specific term was mentioned during which Morris and Nicholson should hold it. It was not an estate foy years' If ajny thing was condemned by the judgment of the Court of Appeals, it must have been the equity of redemption ; for that was the only interest in Morris and Nicholson at the time of the attachment. To that equity of redemption, Campbell. acquired a legal right.
But it is said that Campbell purchased the notes of Morris and Nicholson at a discount, and ought to be permitted to enforce bis lien only to the extent of his purchase money and interest. There is no evidence of the fact; but if there was, yet if he was guilty, of no fraud, he became the creditor of Morris and Nicholson* .to the full amount of the notes; he was pari gradu with the other creditors, and he who got the first attachment was’in the be3t situation. Campbell obtained the first effective lien. That of Greenleaf was only incipient. It was abandoned before it was complete. The assign-merit cannot be connected with it. The claim under the attachment is a claim in the post; that under the assign-merit is á claim in the per. No two claims .can be more distinct. They cannot be amalgamated,. nor is the latter a continuation of the former. The deed doés not purport to be a continuation of the lien; nor could transfer what Morris and Nicholson did not possess, JVbre dat qui non habet.
But it has been objected that the'judgment cannot be executed by a fieri facias, which is applicable only to legal estates in possession. But if the condemnation of an equity of redemption is sanctioned by tfie act, the sale of that equity under a fen facias is equally sanctioned. The one is a necessary consequence of the other. An execution is as natural to a decree in equity as to a judgment at law. In both cases the thing is to be taken to satisfy the debt.
This is no longer a mere equitable lion. It is a right of property, derived from the attachment, the judgment, the execution, the sale, and the purchase, which it may be necessary for a Court of equity to effectuate ;■ but the right is a legal right.
This was a proceeding in rein, and the judgment of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, is conclusive against all the world.
As to the rule cited from, Maxims in Equity, p. 9, and found also in 1 Vern. 479, that «'a stranger who buys “ in a prior incumbrance shall be allowed only what he “ really paid, as against qíhér incumbrancers its authority is doubtful. It is questioned by two cases ; pne in Sulkicld, cited in the margin; and the other in % Mk. Sis, Mullet v. Park. And the doctrine applies only to agents, trustees, heirs- at law, or executors.
Campbell’s incumbrance was a legal one. He had a atute title.
P. B. Net, tn reply.
. There cannot be a legal title to an equitable thing. It is a solecism. No legal right can exist without a legal remedy. It is true there may be tenant by courtesy in an equity of redemption; but. he has no legal estate. He has a just title, but it is an equitable title. His re-. medy is in equity, and not .at law. A trust estate may be sold under a fieri facias, because such a proceeding is expressly authorized by the statute of frauds. The general rule is that equitable rights must be enforced by equitable means, and. legal rights' by legal means.
The case in New York was. decided upon the statute of that state, and a long previous practice under the statute of 6 G. 2, c. 7.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals of Maryland,' does not-purport to decide what sort of a title Morris and Nicholson had in the property attached. It was sufficient for them that Morris and Nicholson were in possession. They considered that possession under' a covenant for quiet enjoyment, as a legal estate; and that gave judgment of condemnation in order that Campbell might make out his title in ejectment So says the Chief Judge of that. Court in his letter, and that opinion is perfectly consistent with the terms of the judgment. No inference can be drawn, from the judgment, that the Court was of opinion that an equity of redemption was subject to attachment,* and the judge affirms'that on that point .the Court gave no opinión. The point is therefore entirely open for discussion. No case has been produced from Maryland in which an equity of redemption has been sold under ajfieri facias or attachment The want of such a case is strong evidence of the universal opinion of the Courts of judicature in Maryland upon that point % and the statutes of 1794, c, 60, and Í810, c. 160, seem conclusively to dhow what was-the opinion of the legislature.
March, 11.
The mortgage from Moitís, Nicholson and Grecnleáf to Mr. Law, contained a covenant that they should quietly enjoy the mortgaged property), until the condition of the mortgage should h¡e VoWen*

Opinion:
Johnson, J.
delivered the opinion of the Court as follows
In order to present ja distinct view of .the numerous questions which arise out of this intricate and voluminous case, we will pursue them through a history of the transactions iii which they originated, and consider them in order as they o&eur.
It is well known that at the founding of this city, the proprietors of the soil gratuitously relinquished a proportion of their property to commissioners appointed to receive it.
Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf purchased city. lands to the amount of fifty millions of square feet, to which quantity they were entitled on the 3d of December,. 1794. Of this quantity, 6,000 lots were purchased from the commissioners; 220' lots of Daniel .Carroll, and the residue of other persons not necessary to be specified in this case.
In the agreement with the commissioners they stipulate to chuse the lots by squares ; to build twenty houses per annum for seven years | and ur.fcii the year 1796, not to sell without the building stipulation.
In the agreement with Carroll, the division, was to take place by lots ¿ not by selection, but alternately in order $ and a variety of building and other stipulations were entered.into, which, not being complied, with, Carroll re-entered on his land, and the contract was finally abandoned.
On the 3d of December, 1794, Law entered into, a contract with Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf for the purchase of 2,400,000 square feet of city land at the rate of five pence, Pennsylvania currency, per foot, for which Law paid them Z.50.000, and took their bond to convey him that quantity of land, in the penalty of Z.100,000.
To secure this bond the mortgage was given which is the principal subject of these, suits.
On the 13th of May, 1796, Greenleaf conveyed all his estate and interest in the Washington lands to Morris and Nicholson, who on the ,26th of June, 4797, executed an assignment of all their interest to these Complainants,. (Pratt and others). Greenleaf afterwards becoming bankrupt, John Miller, one of these Complainants, was made his assignee
1 . In the several-bills and answers relative to these transactions, there are various contradictory assertions on the subject of fraud ; but as there is no evidence to sustain any charge of that kind, and all the various writ-frigs executed, between the parties appear fair, unimpeached and reconcilable, we shall wholly reject the consideration of that subject, and dispose of the case upon the unequivocal meaning of the contracts of the parties, and their various acts which have relation to the execution of those contracts.
By the bond to make titles, dated Dec. 3,1794, Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, are simply bound to make . titles to Law, for the specified quantity of land in the city of Washington, leaving the situation of it, and the mode of selection entirely undefined, and of course retaining it to themselves.
On the day following, the same parties entered into articles jof agreement, having relation to objects which appear hot to, have entered into their contemplation originally,, and which^on the face of them, bear the appearance of perfect reciprocity. An option is given to Law to decline his purchase ip eighteen months, and Law stipulates that if he should, not then decline it, he shall be bound to improve every third lot pursuant to the original contract of Morris and Greenleaf with the commissioners, in a specified time
On the 10th of March, 1795, Law purchases other concessions. By relinquishing his right of declining the purchase, he is allowed the right of selecting the property to be conveyed to him " excepting water property," « and excepting such squares as are now appropriated, * or, respecting which the said Morris, Nicholson and « Greenleaf have made arrangements." A list of the excepted squares is subjoined, numerically distinguished.
Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf also stipulate to secure Law in the. discharge of their contract by a mortgage of other lands in the city " which are now in their « possession, until they can give good and sufficient titles " to the said Law, of such property as he may select " and of which the titles are not already vested in them." but Law is to select by squares; to select in ninety days, and to build in conformity with Morris and GrcenlcaFs contract with thetommissioners.
From this contract emanated the mortgage of the 4th of September, 1795.
It was evidently incumbent on Law to make'his sejjfec-, lion in ninety days, or shew some adequate cause, to ex-cuso him from the discharge of that part of his agreement. The evidence that he did make his selection in the prescribed time is contained in his amended answer, drawn from him by express allegations in the bill, and an exception to his answer, in which he swears that his_selection was made in due time, and that a copy of his selection, thus made, was, in due time, communicated to the other parties. This fact, therefore, being uncontradieted by any evidence, and confirmed by the solicitude expressed by Law, in all his correspondence, to obtain Ills titles, must be considered ás established, and throws upon the opposite party an obligation to shew either, that he complied with the selection so made, or some sufficient reason why it was not complied with. For these purposes they contend that it was in part complied with, and that it was the fault of Law himself that it was not wholly complied with.
It appears that on the 14th of March, 1796, there were conveyed to Laiv, 792,989 square feet of ground j and on the 20th of July, 1797, 1,155,857 square feet.
In these conveyances Law acquiesces, with two exceptions
1. That 128,223 square feet contained in squares 727, 789, and 729 have since been recovered of him by-due course of law:
2. That in the computation of square feet supposed to he conveyed to him, are included the superficies of the alleys passing through those squares in which the entire squares were not conveyed.
To understand th'is objection it is necessary to remark that, in the division between the commissioners and the proprietors, it frequently happened that several lots in a square were assigned to the proprietor. In the selections made by Mi rris and Nicholson, and in those made bv Law, the of the agreement to chuse by squares was considered as gratified by the choice of all that part of a square which had been allotted to the commissioners. '
To the first exception, the assignees reply that Law was conusant of the defect of title in the squares alluded to; that he took them with his eyes open, and therefore cannot now claim indemnity.
But we do not subscribe to this opinion. There is no evidence, in the case* that- he did agree to take these squares cum outre,. The letter of the 1st' of September, 1799, proves nothing of the kind. The condition of the obligation is not complied with by a conveyance of a defective title.
The obligation to convey a good and sufficient title with a general warranty will carry with it the obligation to refund in case of eviction. Law's knowledge of the incumbered state of the title - is of no consequence whilst the opposite party was under an obligation to make that title good and sufficient The assignees are-, in this respect, in no better situation than the original parties. Their rights and interests are altogether subordinate to those of Law. They take the property in every respect incumbered with the obligation to make good ' the contracts of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf with him, not only on general principles, but by txpress exception in favor of existing liens and incumbrances.
With regard to the allowance for the superficies of the alleys, we remark, that if the alleys be comprized under the denomination of streets, the conveyance of the ground which- they cover would be void, and unquestionably will not amount to a gratification of the contract. But from the president's instructions of the 17th October, 1781, there is reason to think that they were rights of way appurtenant to the lots of each-square respectively. If this claim of Law's extended to the alleys in those squares of which the whole was conveyed to him, there would, be - some ground for disputing it. But as it is confined to those squares only in which the right could not be merged, because some one or more of the lots were the property of another, we think the allowance ought to be made ; for Law certainly has not acquired a title in fee simple in those alleys.
'2. It is contended that it was in Law"s power to have obtained a foil performance ", and they charge him with various acts to which alone they attribute the non-compiiance on their part.
1. His frequent varying cf his selections.
On this subject there is a great variety of evidence and many contradictory allegations. But upon the whole, it appears that alter acquiescing in a number of changes, the selections' about the last of the year 1796, settled down to 699, 696, and half of 743, and the deficiency, if any, to be supplied out of squares 730, and north of 697.
But Law's inclination to vary his selections furnishes no sufficient excuse; for a tender of a conveyance conformably to any one of those selections would have been a performance.
On the 5th of December, 1796, it appears a deed'was tendered and this is asserted to have been a legal performance of their part of the agreement. Law contends that it was not because it contained the building stipulation, a distinct; independent contract, and which ought not to have been made a part of this conveyance. This question appears at that time to have beep submitted to counsel and decided in favor of Law. Whether correctly or not, it is now too late to enquire; for it appears to have been acquiesced in, and conveyances executed for nearly the whole of the same land which was. contained in the tendered deed. The conveyance tendered cannot, even if in unexceptionable form, be now considered as a' performance fop the balance 'unconveyed, since the land contained in it constitutes a great part, of that for which, credit'is given upon the agreement; and after receiving conveyances in a different form it is surely too late now to contend for,the sufficiency of those tendered.
3. It is contended th,at the selection of.squares 69S 699, and 743 was úot sanctioned by the contract of March, 1795, and therefore Morris and .Nicholson were under no obligation to convey.
It appears that these squares were situated in Carroll's land, and, in the division'between Carroll and the Ccm~ missioners, were assigned to the former. They thus became a part of that land out of which-Morris and Nicholson were to be entitled to have conveyed to them their 230 lots, and it is contended that Law's right of selection Could not extend to these lots because they were to be assigned alternately; whereas Law's right of selection was to be made by squares out of those, in which Morris and Greenleaf, had the right of selection. It appears .however, that Morris and Nicholson acquiesced in Law's right tó select, from Carroll's land, and in a letter of March 19th, 1797, explicitly acknowledges it.
The solution pf this apparent -inconsistency is to be found in an observation previously made on another point in this case. A selection by squares was in practice considered by these parties as complied with when made of all those lots, contained in- any given square which were owned by the party botínd to convey. There could then be no reason for excluding Law from enjoying his right of selection from among the squares contained in Carroll's land. The objection certainly come® too late at this day. In Morris's letter to Mr. Crancb, of February 22(1,1796, is contained an express recogni- - tion of the correctness of that selection, or at least of his acceptance, of it in lien of one more correctly made.
This act with its attendant consequences must -be considered by this court as giving legitimacy to the selection though it had been otherwise indefensible.' Had Law beer, then informed that this selection was not authorised by con'vact he would have been thrown on his right to amend bis selection, at a time when he might have done it with little prejudice to his interest. But at this tim^ it is surely too late to retract an assent given nearly twenty year:-1 ago.
With regard to the two other squares selected, as it was only provisional, to make up any deficiency that might exist alter conveying the three positively selected ; until the three absolutely chosen were conveyed, nothing final could be done with thcsc.-
The last objection is founded'on Law's failure to comply with his building contract.
But to this we answer : Law was not restricted as to the specific lots on which the buildings were to be erected. This choice, therefore, extended over the whole, and the obligation was not complete until the whole land was conveyed to him. We are of opinion that the selection was sufficiently proved ; and that Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf were, in default with regard to the deficiency of land. On them, therefore, must fall the consequences, of a state of things produced by their own default.
But there are other reasons, furnishpd by the. case, in support of this opinion.
Law had advanced very considerably in the discharge of his building contract. He asserts (and if is hardly possible to believe otherwise) that he' was originally induced to enter m(o that stipulation in consideration of similar stipulations entered, into by Morris, Nicholson, and Greenleaf with the Commissioners and Carroll, and urges their failure as his excuse in part for desisting from building. But be this as it may, it is impossible for the ingenuity of man to devise any expedient by which a mean of comparison can be resorted to that would enable this Court, or a Jury to ascertain the injury resulting from this cause, or the sum in damages by which it may be compensated. We therefore put the building contract entirely out of the case.
It then only remains to decide what remedy Law is entitled to.
It is contended in behalf of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf that it should be by specific performance or by an issue quantum damnijicatus ; that, at any rate, it should not be by á decree to refund the purchase money with interest, as the value of the residue was necessarily diminished by the gratification of so largé a proportion of his right to select.
To obtain a specific performance is no object of Law's bill; it is incumbent on the opposite party therefore to shew some ground of right to force such a decree upon him. But considering, as we do, that Law is not in default, there can be no reason to decree a specific perlor manee when every thing shews Cnat it would be productive of nothing but loss. Besides, a specific performance, such as would answer the ends of justice befwcen these parties, has now become impossible; Carroll's property is resumed; a large proportion of the land, purchased of the Commissioners, sold under legal process, and thus the benefit of selection so diminished that if performance were to take placo, it must take place stripped of this its most valuable appendage; whilst the diminution of the value of property, and the change of circumstances, produced by a lapse of twenty years, would render it mockery to call any execution specific.
An issue quantum damnifeatns it is certainly competent to thi.s Court; to order in this case; but it is not consistent with the equity-practice to order it in any case in which the court, can lay hold of a simple, equitable, and precise rule to ascertain the amount which it ought to decree.
. In this case, the failure on the part of Morris, Nicholson and Grcenleaf, certainly was as early as December, 1796, at a time when there is no reason to suppose that any diminution in the value of property had taken place.
And as to the argument that the value of the right of selection diminished in proportion to the exercise of it; that each subsequent choice was of less value than the preceding, we think it i$ a sufficient answer that Law never appears to have enjoyed the full benefit of his right of selection in consequence of the difficulties which appear at all times to have obstructed his getting titles from the Commissioners or others. And finally when his choice settled- down upon the squares 727 789. and 729, and on Carroll's squares 696, 699, and half of 7*3, lié was evicted from the three former, and never could get the titles to the three latter. Now these 'squares nearly make up his deficiency and there is reason to believe they are among the most valuable of his choice. At anyirate they appear to have been the favorite objects of his choice. We are therefore of opinion that the rule of equity in this case is that adopted by the Court below; to wit, refunding at the rate of purchase according to the quantity actually deficient j but that interest is to be calculated only from the time when the selections were finallly made, which we fix at 1st of January, 1797.
With regard to the actual deficiency it is understood that there will he no difficulty in adjusting it as the measurement and calculations of Mr. King will be acquiesced in.
.We must next determine in what manner the money to be decreed to Law;, in pursuance of the foregoing principles, is to be raised iron: the mortgaged premises; and this leads us to the connexion between the interests of Law, and those of Campbell,- and Buncanson.
Campbell was holder of the negotiable paper of Morris and Nicholson to a considerable amount.
Greenleaf had conveyed to Morris and Nicholson all his interest in the mortgaged premises, so that each of them was entitled to an undivided half part of the equity of redemption. Campbell sued out an attachment against Momsand Nicholson severally, under the laws of Maryland, (as this part of the District was then under the jurisdiction of Maryland) and had it levied on sundry of these mortgaged squares, specifically designating them by their numbers. An issue was made up, and at , tlie trial before the Court to which the writ was.returnable, the question was distinctly made whether the equitable. interest of the Defendants in these squares was the subject of attachment.. That Court decided that they W'ere not; and the Plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeals to. have their judgment reversed.
On the hearing before the Court, of Appeals the decision of that Court is reversed and the squares attached are specifically and numerically condemned to satisfy the debt due to Campbell. And finally, process issues out of that Court, to the sheriff of the ctnmty, reciting the attachment and condemnation of these squares, describing them with equal precision, and commanding 'the sheriff to make, from the said lands, the money necessary to satisfy .the judgment. Under this writ, the squares, soajondemned, were sold ; Campbell becomes the purchaser 5 and Law, at the instance of Campbell, and without the privity of the assignees, executes a release, to Morris and Nicholson, which is put on record j at the samé time taking a bond of indemnity,, from Campbell, against, all,,consequences that might result from this act.
Much ability has been exhibited in argument on the question whether an equitable interest in lands and tenemenis be the subject of attachment under the laws of Maryland. But we arc of opinion that we are not now at liberty to enter into the consideration.of that question. The decision of the Court of Appeals is final and concluon this point. The question was fully brought before them ; and although it had not fixed the law, would have fixed the fate of these lands beyond reversal.
Some doubt is entertained, by one member of the Court, whether the laws of Maryland go farther than to authorise, the condemnation of this interest to satisfy the judgment so as to leavc'the Plaintiff still under the necessity of applying to an equitable tribunal to effect a sale..
But the majority arc of opinion thatthc attachment-act, in making this interest tangible, makes it subject to the ordinary process of the Law-Courts, and that in vesting, in the courts in which the condemnation takes place, the power to issue execution as in case of other judgments, it has left it with those Courts so to fashion its process as to meet the exigency of each case.. In this case, the very special nature of the execution shews that it. has been fashioned with -great care and learning. , We therefore hold the sale, under this execution, to be valid.
Some conclusions were attempted to be drawn, in favor of the assignees, from the inadequacy of the price at which the property sold, and from the following state of facts : Greenleaf had issued an attachment, to the use of the assignees, against this property of Morris and Nicholson, a day prior to7 that of Campbell. Subsequent to that of Campbell, Morris and Nicholson as-assign all their interest in this property to these assignees. GreenleaPs attachment was never prosecuted to judgment.
•It is contended that this union between the prior Reis and .the interest attached, defeats the immediate lien.
But.we qannot admit this conclusion.
Levying an attachment has the double effect of creating a lieu and instituting an action. But the lien is oniy inciioate ; it awaits the judgment of the Court for its consummation, and must fall with the suit. To decide otherwise would be to permit the Defendant, by collusipri, or iiis own act, to nullify the lien of the subsequent attachment.'
As to'the inadquacy of price, the evidence is full to shew that it ivas produced altogether by the steps taken by the agents of the assignees to embarrass or prevent the sale, and by the-supposed weight of the incumbrances resting upon the laud, in this respect, therefore^ there is no imputation to be cast upon Campbell.
With regard to the release, it is very evident that, as • it ivas never accepted by the assignees, it ought in no wise to operate to their prejudice ; nor ought Campbell to derive any benefit from it, as it ivas gratuitously proposed Jby him under an arrangement with Law. Give efficacy to this release, and consider how it will operate. Campbell purchases at a reduced price, subject to an Incumbrance , but give effect to this release and he holds an absolute fee absolved from all Encumbrance.
Again, the property, mortgaged to Law, is liable for the whole apxount to be raised for his indemnity ; but give efficacy to this release, and whilst Campbell acquires an unincumbered estate, on the one hand ; on the other, the residue of the mortgaged property, (that of which the assignees have not been deprived by sale of the sheriff,) must be sacrificed to raise the money due to - Law. From this it will follow, either that a rateable abatement should be made, by Law, proportionate to the squares by him released to Campbell, or that those squares should contribute their due proportion towards paying Law.
Before we proceed to apply these principles to the final disposal of the case, it is necessary ti> shew in what manner the interests of Duncanson and Ward become involved with those of these other parties.
Duncanson at the remtest of Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, and for their use, drew bills on- a variety of correspondents-!» the amouht of 42,000i.
On the 12th of September,. 1795, Morris, Nicholson and Greenleaf, executed a mortgage of eighteen squares in the city of Washington to indemnify Duncanson against the return of these bills. They were eighteen of the squares previously mortgaged to Law.
Of these bills about 7,6001. were returned under protest as the property of Ward; and that sum, together with the damages, was paid, on the 26th of D ember, 1796, to Ward by Greenleaf. No satisfaction was entered on the mortgage, nor any assignment demanded until a day long subsequent. The residue of the bills were also returned and paid by Greenleaf.
Thus circumstanced, whilst the mortgage appeared on record in full life, when in fact defunct, as the purpose, for which it was created, had been answered, the attachment of Campbell was levied on thirteen of these squares, and they were finally condemned, sold, and purchased by him. After the sale, notice was given to Duncanson, not to release, and thatan assignment to Miller, the assignee of Greenleaf, would be demanded of him. The demand of Greenleaf, on Morris and Nicholson, arising from taking up these bills, was contained in his assignment to Miller; and this .pay ment is among the items making up the debit side of the account stated between Greenleaf and Morris and Nicholson.
Miller, the assignee, contends that he Í3 entitled to such an assignment from Duncanson, and therefore to be considered in this Court as entitled to all the advantages which he would have derived from such an assignment if actually made.
On the one hand, Campbell had, at the sale, all tlic benefit of this sum as an existing incumbrance upon the land. It was, in fact, so much credited on the purchase money for which it sold; but on the other, it is contemned that it was a fraud upon the public to keep up the appearance of an existing, mortgage bn this property when it was in fact satisfied ; that the agents of the assignees alone knew this fact, and good faith demanded of them that they should have avowed it.
We are of opinion that the answer to this argument is complete. The assignees did not conceive it to be a satisfied mortgage; they then supposed, and now con-' tend, that an equitable interest in the security, giveh for the payment of the bills, resulted to Greenleaf for two thirds of the sum paid by him on the bills and passed to them on- the assignment. This reply, whether correct in point of law or not, certainly removes all imputation of fraud. But if it did not, what réason can be assigned, why Campbell should take to himself a benefit from it ? Had it been productive, in any mode, of injury or Joss to him, it might have been urged with some plausibility ; but' there is no reason to suppose that any such effect has resulted from it. It could only operate to reduce the sales of the squares j and in this respect all the effects produced by it resulted to his benefit altogether.
One thing-is indisputable; that if this mortgage be decreed satisfied, Campbell has acquired an interest which he never purchased, and acquired that interest in property which ought otherwise, to belong to the assignees. It might peidiaps be mude a question whetherthe whole amount, apparently secured by the mortgage ought not to be made the measure of compensation to the assignees; for to that amount it may reasonably be supposed the price of tiie property was reduced at the sale; to that amount''were-they damnified, and to that amount the purchaser was benefited. But it. would not be consistent with the nature, of these purchases to apply that rule to them with strictness. The uncertainty under which a purchase is made, when made subject to an unliquidated incumbrance, gives such a purchase somewhat the nature of a speculation which the purchaser ought, to a reasonable extent, to have the benefit of, if it prove lucrative. It is, therefore, only on the ground of an equitable existing lien upon the mortgaged premises, or equitable claim upon Campbell, that the Court can decree in favour of the assignees. And as Campbell has filed his bill of interpleader, in the nature of a hill to redeem, we think the Court at liberty, when dejreeing in his favour, to impose on him such equitable terms as the nature of tiie case suggests.
The foregoing reasoning proves that Campbell ought in conscience, to make compensation to the mortga gor, the former proprietor of the fee, for that part of the interest which the mortgage appeared to cóver. He did not purchase it, and therefore, although strict right may secure to him the whole, he ought to be charged with a sum in compensation for the interest so acquired above what was proposed to be sold.
Again, had these bills not been taken up, and the holder prosecuted all the drawers and indorsers to insolvency, there can be no doubt' that the holder would have been entitled, to charge the mortgaged premises, in equity, with the payment of the bills. .But what difference is there, ip equity, between the case of any other' holder ef these bills, and that of Greenleaf, who, when liable, equitably, only for one third, was compelled to take up the whale, and did it with his own funds ? St consists, only in this ; that the one becomes creditor for the whole; the other only for two thirds.
Upon the whole, we are of opinion that the thirteen squares purchased by Campbell should be rateahiy charged with the payment of the debt resulting, under these transactions, from Morris and Nicholson to Greenleaf.
Pratt and others, Plaintiffs below v. Thos. Law and Wm. Campbell,
. THIS cause came on to be heard, &c. Whereupon it is ordered, adjudged and decreed; that the decree of the Circuit Court for the district of Columbia, in this casó be reversed and annulled ; and this Court decrees, That the Complainants shall be permitted to redeem the mortgaged premises, exclusive :of those squares purchased by-the said William Campbell, upon paying and satisfying to the said Thomas Law, at the rate of five pence Pennsylvania currency, per square foot, for the actual difference between the imbiber of square feet conveyed to the said Law and the number of 2,400,000. square feet which Morrjs, Nicholson and. Greenleaf were bound to convey, deducting from the number of square feet, said to have-been conveyed to Law, the square ffeet covered by the alleys in those squares in which the entire square was liot conveyed to Law, with interest,' on .the siim so to be liquidated, calculated from the first day of January, 1797, at 6 per cent.
And it is further decreed, that towards paying and satisfying the sum so to be ascertained, the said William Campbell do pay and contribute a sum proportionate to the ratio, which the squares purchased by him bear to the residue of the premises mortgaged to Law, in quantity of square feet, with interest thereon from' the 1st of Jan-nary, 1797. ' '
That on payment of the said sum, the said Thomas Law shall re-convey to the Complainants all those squares, or other mortgaged' premises which were not sold as aforesaid: and to the said William Campbell all those squares which the said William Campbell attached and purchased as in bill and answer set forth.
And the Court further decrees, that if the said William Campbell shall not, in six months after the liquidation of the sum to be paid by him and notice thereof, with interest thereon as aforefaid, pay and satisfy to the said Complainants, the sum so liquidated, then the said squares, so purchased by him, shall be sold under order of the said Circuit Court, to pay and satisfy that sum ; and that this cause be remanded to the said Circuit Court for further proceedings necessary to carry into effect this decree.
Pratt and others, Defendants below v. Thomas Law.
DECREE.
THIS cause came on to be heard, &cWhereupon it is ordered, adjudged and decreed,that the decree of the Circuit Court be reversed, arid annulled ; and this Court decrees, that the said mortgaged premises, whereof the said Thomas Law prays foreclosure, shall be sold, under order'of the Circuit Court, for the district of Columbia, in the county of Washington, to pay and satisfy, to the said Thomas Law, so much of the sum adjudged to the said Law, in the case of these Defendants, against the said Law and W. Campbell, decided at this term, as will be proportionate to the ratio which the said portion of the said premises bears to that proportion of the said premises to which' the said Law executed a release in favor of Campbell, as in bill mentioned : unless the said Complainants shall, in. six months after liquidation of the ¡Said sum, and notice thereof, pay and satisfy to the said Law, so much of the sum as is, in this decree, ordered to be raised. Upmi payment of which sum the said. Law (shall) release to the said Complainants, his interest in the saiu premises.
It is further ordered, that this cause he remanded to the Circuit Court for the district of Columbia, in the county of Washington, for further proceedings to carry into effect this decree.
Pratt and others, Defendants below v. William Campbell.
DECREE
THIS cause came on to be heard, &c. Whereupon it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed, that the decree of the Circuit Court be reversed and annulled | and this Court decrees, that whenever William' Campbell shall pay and satisfy to John Miller, Junior assignee of James Greenleaf, so much of the two thirds of the sum paid by Groenleaf on the hills secured hv the mortgage to Duncanson as will be proportionate to the ratio which the squares bought by Campbell subject to the mortgage, to Duncanson, bear, in quantity, to the whole 18 squares mortgaged to Duncanson, then the said Campbell shall hold the said squares so purchased by him, free and discharged of the said mortgage; and the said Duncanson, and tlie Complainants shall thereupon convey and assign to the said Campbell all their right and interest in the said squares so purchased by him.
And it is further ordered and decreed, that if the said Campbell shall not within six months next after the liquidation of the sum to be- paid by him and notice thereof, pay and satisfy the said sum to the said Miller, then the said squares so purchased by Mm shall be sold under order of the Circuit Court, and the proceeds thereof applied to the payment thereof; having regard nevertheless, to any other existing prior lien upon the said squares ¡ and this causo is remanded to the Circuit Court for further proceedings thereon.to carry into effect this decree.