Case: LEWIS J. F. JAEGER v. THE UNITED STATES AND THE YUMA INDIANS
Abbreviation: Jaeger v. United States
Decision Date: 1898-02-07
Docket Number: Indian Depredations, 1108
Citation: 33 Ct. Cl. 214
Volume: 33
Reporter: United States Court of Claims Reports
Court: United States Court of Claims
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: LEWIS J. F. JAEGER v. THE UNITED STATES AND THE YUMA INDIANS.
Judges: 
Pages: 214–218

Head Matter:
LEWIS J. F. JAEGER v. THE UNITED STATES AND THE YUMA INDIANS.
[Indian Depredations, 1108.
Decided February 7, 1898.]
On the claimant’s Motion.
On tbe trial it appeared tbat a steamboat stranded in tbe Colorado River, took fire from fires on tbe bank presumably kindled by Yuma Indians living in an adjacent village. Tbe defendants maintained tbat it did not appear tbat tbe Indians bad kindled tbe fires maliciously or tbat they were guilty of negligence. Tbe claimant insisted tbat it was not essential to show either malice nor negligence; tbat if proimrty was taken or destroyed by Indians it was a sufficient cause of action under tbe Indian depredation act. Judgment for tbe defendants. Tbe claimant moves l'or a new trial and offers to show that tbe fires were maliciously kindled witb intent to destroy tbe boat.
I.Where issues were fairly and clearly raised by tbe defendants on tbe trial and were fully argued and submitted without reservation by either party, the court will not reopen tbe case to allow tbe same issues to be again tried upon new evidence.
II.Where there was neither malicious intent nor gross negligence on tbe part of tbo Indian defendants, they are not liable under tbe Indian intercourse acts.
III.Where new evidence produced on a motion for a new. trial will authorize a modification of tbe findings without affecting the result in this court, they may be amended so as to present tbe case more fully or clearly to tbe Supreme Court. .
The Reporters’ statement of tbe case:
Tbe defendants on the trial requested tbe court to find as follows
The defendant Yuma Indians were not in tribal relation at tbe time of tbe alleged offense.
The Yuma Indians were formerly Mexican citizens and became citizens of tbe United States by virtue of tbe provisions of tbe treaty between tbe United States and Mexico, known as tbe treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The loss sued for in this, action was not tbe result of a depredation committed by Indians belonging to any band, tribe, or nation, but of an accident, and therefore is not such as is contemplated by the act of March 3,1891.
Tbe loss charged in said action was tbe result of tbe carelessness of claimant’s agents, who were certain Yuma Indians employed by claimant to care for tbe property destroyed.
The place where tbe loss and alleged depredation occurred was not within the territorial jurisdiction of tbe United States.
And in tbeir argument, among other things, the defendants said:
Every part of the evidence shows this case not to be based upon an Indian depredation in any sense of the word. We are led to but one conclusion, that the loss complained of was but one of those unforeseen and unintentional events that can not be charged as a depredation, and is doubtless the act of a careless servant rather than the plundering, despoiling, or pillaging of members of a band of Indians contemplated in the remedies given by the act of March 3, 1891. It was not a wanton destruction of property. It has not even the element of incendi-arism in it. The boat was stranded when the water was high.' The waters of the river subsided, leaving the boat embedded in the brush and tall grasses on the river bank. The Indians started fires carelessly, probably for purposes of cooking. These fires spread to the boat, which caught fire. The Indians, having no means of putting it out, were frightened and fled, leaving the boat to be totally destroyed. The burning was the result of carelessness and accident, not of hostility, malice; or selfishness. The claimant himself contributed to his own loss by employing incompetent agents to guard his property, for whose acts the Government is in no sense liable.
To which the claimant replied as follows:
This objection is without any legal foundation, as there is no evidence in the case showing that the burning of claimant’s boat was accidental, and it matters not if such was the case; if it was destroyed by the act of the Indians, that is enough to entitle the claimant to relief.
It is not under the phraseology of the act of March 3,1891, material whether its destruction was intentional or accidental, it being enough if the property was taken and destroyed by a band, tribe, or nation of Indians in amity with the United’ States.
Upon which the court decided as follows:
Where the evidence does not establish a malicious intent on the part of Indians charged with committing a depredation, and does not show such a condition of negligence as would establish a liability at common law for the destruction of property, they are not liable under the Indian depredation act.
Mr. W. H. Hobson for the motion.
Mr. Lincoln B. Smith (with whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney-Gene,ral Thompson) opposed.

Opinion:
Davis, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court:
March 5, 1894, the opinion of the court was delivered in this case and judgment entered dismissing the petition. (29 C. Cls. R., 172.) Plaintiff:' now moves for a new trial upon several grounds of alleged error of fact and law.
This case was fully argued by most competent counsel and submitted upon evidence which it must be assumed they deemed then sufficient, and the conclusion of the court was reached after mature deliberation.
It has been said as to motions for new trials that they "are to be received with great caution, because there are few cases tried in which something new may not be hunted up, and because it tends very much to the introduction of perjury to admit new evidence after the party who has lost the verdict has had an opportunity of discovering the point both of his adversary's strength and his own weakness." (Hilliard on New Trials, 493.)
In Arnold v. Skaggs (35 Cal., 684) it was held:
" The applicant must make a strong case, both in the respect of diligence in preparing for the trial and the truth and materiality of the new evidence and by the best evidence that can be obtained."
This court held in Nance, administrator, v. The United States (23 C. Cls. R., 463):
"A departure from the strict rules of the common law on the subject of new trials upon the ground of 'newly discovered evidence' might lead to serious abuses against the rights of the Government in cases like the one at bar. If parties were permitted to take their chances in the submission of a case and then be allowed to introduce further evidence in case of failure upon a question of loyalty, a door would be opened through which many frauds might enter, to the great prejudice of the right of the defendant."
The present plaintiff, who is the son and executor of the person who sustained the alleged loss, in an affidavit filed in support of this motion, states that since the trial " he has discovered evidence to prove the fact that the ferryboat or scow mentioned in claimant's petition was maliciously set on fire by Indians belonging to the Yuma tribe or band of Indians in an incendiary manner" without just cause, and he adds in substance that the place of burning was in California; that the boat was properly guarded by Yuma Indians, serving with the consent of the Indian agent; that no village or dwelling was nearer than one-half mile from the place of alleged depredation, and that this place was not on an Indian reservation, nor was any fire near the boat, but fire was maliciously set to the boat by the Indians, who afterwards boasted of the fact, that " it was generally believed and conceded that it had been maliciously set on fire by Yuma Indians," and the fire could not have been accidental.
The petition was filed April 29, 1891; in the following February argument occupying some three days took place in relation to the jurisdiction of the court; June 30,1892, the case was submitted, but decision was reserved until March 5,1894, when finding of fact and conclusion of law were filed, an opinion was read, and the case was dismissed; June 20, 1894, a motion for a new trial was filed, and January 24, 1898, this motion was argued. The case, therefore, has proceeded with unusual care; the plaintiffs have not been pressed, certainly no undue haste has surprised them; they were in full possession of all the facts; they had time and opportunity to develop them fully and they should have done so at the proper time.
All issues were fairly and clearly raised by defendants; they have been fully argued and were submitted to the court without any reservation by either party. It is now too late to reopen the case to again try the same issues upon new evidence.
Upon the legal question whether the Indian defendants can be held liable for the consequences of an act which was neither tortious nor grossly negligent, it is sufficient to refer to the decisions in Welch v. The Cherokee Nation (32 C. Cls. R., 106) and Price v. The Osage Indians (ante, p. 106). The liability of a tribe was not created by the Indian depredation act of 1891, which is jurisdictional, but by earlier statutes. The words of the act of 1834 (4 Stat. L., p. 729, sec. 17) are that if any Indian shall "take, steal, or destroy." Whether anything short of intentional destruction was intended by the statute we need not now inquire. It is sufficient to say that the plaintiff submitted the case on evidence which indicated neither malicious intent nor gross negligence, and he then contended that neither was essential to a recovery. The court remain of the opinion that where the facts and circumstances shown by the evidence were such that an ordinary defendant would not be deemed guilty of a tortious act, it can not be held that Indians are liable within the intent and meaning of the statutes.
As, however, the new evidence authorizes a modification of the findings, which, in the opinion of this court, does not affect the result, the second finding is amended so as to read as follows :
"The fires above referred to were those of the Yuma Indians, dwelling in a village adjacent to and near by the place where (¡be boat stranded. It does not appear that the fires were kindled from any malicious intent or design to destroy the boat. It does not appear how near to the boat the Indian village was situated, nor what was the purpose and character of the fires —i. e., whether they were ordinary fires for cooking .food or fires for burning grass or brushwood; nor whether they were kindled before or after the boat stranded; nor that the Indians who kindled them had been notified of the stranding of the boat and that she could not be removed; nor that they were guilty of negligence."
With this exception the motion is overruled.