Case: BARTON v. PETIT AND BAYARD
Abbreviation: Barton v. Petit
Decision Date: 1812-03-14
Docket Number: 
Citation: 7 Cranch 194
Volume: 11
Reporter: United States Reports
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: BARTON v. PETIT AND BAYARD.
Judges: Present....Ml the Judges.
Pages: 194–202

Head Matter:
BARTON v. PETIT AND BAYARD.
Present....Ml the Judges.
wnu. 11115 UK-dared jomjiy against two Defendants, as dyfewh™Síín fact ouiv one 'dams6 Paslen" taken on' the not'abate his o«n'1 actioh against the t*ed unless authorized so return of the process against of Virginia return that the so^nhahUa'it of the district the ^uif'sháii abaté as to wch Defcn■The’ Plaintiff !« Virginia is no,t bound to declare until ail the i)i f< n* peared,aór wit be’abated A Plamtiftj as to such as beared'01 at’
ERROR to the Cii’cuit Court for the District of li/;.7, • •
The transeripl of the record which was sent up, began by staling that “ Heretofore to wit, at rules held in the. clerk’s office of the said Court in the month of December, in the year 1807, Andrew Petit and Andrew Bayard, by Philip N. .Nicholas, gent, their attorney aPPeaved and filed their certain bill against Seth Barton and Tilomas Fisher, which bill is in the following words, to wit: United States, fifth Circuit, district of Virginia, to wit: Andrew Petit and Andrew Bayard, citizens and inhabitants of the state of Pennsylvania, mel‘chants and partners, trading under the firm of Petit and Bayard, Plaintiffs, complain of Seth Barton Thomas Fisher, ciliaens and inhabitants of the state °f Virginia, late merchants and partners trading-under thei_ linn of Barton and Fisher, Defendants in custody, °" a .ph’-athat the said Defendants render unto the said Plaintiffs the sum of four thousand dollars, also one ^ousand and four pounds of tobacco ¿t twelve slalftigs and six pence the hundred weight, being of the value of mptniy dollars and ninety-two cents, which to the. said Plaintiffs the said Defendants owe, &c.; staling a judgment of the General Court of Maryland.
The record then states, that the Defendant, Seth Bar-baring been arrested upon the capias.,ad respondendim, and being called, but not appearings it- was order ed that rhe appear at the next rulés and give, special bail, &c. which he did and pleaded payment, upon which .the issue vvas joined, and verdict for the Plaintiffs, Whereupon the Defendant, Barton, moved in arrest of judgment; because, •
1: Thé declaration states a joint cause of action against this Defendant and a certain Thomas Fisher, therefore a judgment ought not to be rendered against this Defendant alone.
2. Because the Plaintiff has not in and by his declaration made a, prqfert of the judgment stated in the declaration, under the seal of the General Court of Maryland, where the said judgment, is stated to have .been rendered.
3. Because the said Thomas Fisher ought, upon.a joint judgment against him and this Defendant, .(the said Thomas being stated to be in life and a citizen and inhabitant of the district of Virginia) to be a party jo the judgment, if one is rendered against the said Defendant; and v
4. Because the verdict is insufficient, uncertain, and wants form.
This motion was overruled, and judgment entered upon the verdict against the Defendant, Barton, alone, « ftm 4,000 dollars, also one. thousand and four pound» *•' of Tobacco at twelve shillings and six pence the hun- “ dred weight, of the value of twenty dollars and nine~ « ty-two cents, and their costs, -&C.” Whereupoh the Defendant brought his writ of error.'
P. B. Key, for the Plaintiff in. error.
i. The suit being-yoimf, upon a joint delft, and tne declaration being against both, averring both to be,in. custody, the judgment against, one alone is erroneous.
- The writ of capias, not being considered as part of the record, according to the practice in Virginia, does not appear in the transcript. The record states, that Barton was-.arrested, but says, nothing as to Fisher. Ño. reason appears upon the record why lie was not a party to the judgment. . The declaration avers them both to be in custody, and complains against both. That is an averment of a fact upon record which the Plaintiffs cannot contradict.
If it appears on. the declaration, or in any of the proceedings on the part of the Plaintiff, that another was jointly bound with the Defendant, and is still living, judgment against one is error and must be reversed. 1 Sand. 291, (C.J note 4. 5 Bur. 2614.
It is a rule in good pleading that the count must conform to the writ, and the bar and judgment to the count. Co. Lit. 203,.a.
If this count conforms to the writ, which in good pleading it, ought to do, then loth were taken-, and the judgment is erroneous.
But if both were not taken upon this joint writ for a joint debt, yet there is error. At common law, if there be process against two on a joint cause of -action, and one only be taken, the other must be outlawed before there" can be .any other proceeding^ Strange 473, Edwards v. Carter. But if you could proceed against one, you must, upon the return of the writ, count against one, stating that the other was not taken, according to the truth of the case, and this must appear upon the .record to justify a judgment against one. To authorise a judgment againt one, upon a joint suit agalnt two, thdre must bé a discontinuance, abatement, or outlawry, orN death suggested upon the record. You cannot aver any thing out of the record to support the judgment. Every thing necessary to justify the judgment must be affirmatively shewn in the record by the Plaintiff.
2. The Court below erred in rendering judgment for more, money than was authorized by the Maryland judgment, which was filed and declared upon as a judgment of record.
. This is not án action of. debt upon a simple contract, but technically upon a judgment on record.
'The act of Congress of May, 1790, declares the mode Of authenticating a judgment; and when so authen ticatcd, it is to Have the same faith and'credit in every Court within the United States as in the Courts of that state in which it was rendered.
It tnay be declared upon m the same manner as if it were a judgment of a Court of the state in which the suit upon it is brought. 2 Dal. 303, Armstrong v. Carson.
Whenever a judgment or matter of record is the gist of the action, it must be certainly and truly alleged, .Any variance is fatal.
The Maryland judgment is for 4,000 dollars, and 1,004 lbs. of tobacco at 12 shillings and 0 pence per hundred. This 12 shillings and 6 pence must be Maryland currency, as the judgment was rendered in Maryland, where the dollar is 7 shillings and 6 pence. The value of the tobacco was only 16 dollars and 73 cents, whereas the judgment of the Court below fixes its value at 20 dollars and 92 cents, which was at the rate of 12 Shillings and 6 pence, Virginia currency, per hundred.
The Court was bound to take notice of the Maryland currency. It was matter of law; and if they have mistaken it, it is error.
But if it was matter of fact, it ought to have been found by the jury; and their not having found it is error. Cro. Eliz, 536, Bagshaw v. Playn.
If it is an error, it is not amendable. 1 Cranch 283, Thompson v. Jameson. And in such a case there can be no remittitur. 2 Salk. 658, Incledon v. Crips.
E. I. Lee and Swann, contra.
1, Tliero is no evidence in the record that will authorize the Court to take notice of the Maryland currency. Upon the plea of payment it was not nécessary for the Plaintiffs to produce the record of the judgment in Maryland. Besides, it was a matter for the jury to ascertain, and they have found it. Their verdict was “ that the Defendant hath not paid the debt in the deelaif ration mentioned
Tlie debt, in the declaration mentioned was “ the sum “ of four thousand dollars, also one thousand and four “ pounds of tobacco at twelve shillings and six pence “ the hundred weight, “ being of the value of twenty <• dollars aiid ninety'■ two cents .” This was the debt which the Defendant pleaded that he had paid, and which the'jury found that lie had not paid. % Wash. 149, Strode v. Head.
%. The averment in the declaration that the Defendants are in custody is only matter of form, and is always made in cases where the Defendants are not in custody, and cannot be holden to bail. In this very case, (it being /debt on a judgment) according to the decisions in Virginia, the Defendant cannot be holden to bail. It is an immaterial averment, and if it appear by the record that onp of the Defendants never Was taken, a judgment against the other is not erroneous. 1. Wash. 9, Brown v. Belches.
The omission of the clerk, at the rules, to enter the suit abated as to Fisher, is not error.
By the statute of Virginia respecting the District Courts of that state it is enacted “ that where the sheriff Or other officer, shall return on any writ of. capias to answer in any ciyil action, that the Defendant is not found within his bailiwick, the Plaintiff may either sue out aii alias or a pimías capias,t until the Defendant shall be arrested, or a testatum capias where he shall be removed into another county; or may at his election sue out an attachment against the estate of the Defendant to force an appearance.” Rev. Code, p. 86, § 33. • And “ on the return of the pluries, that tlje Defendant is not found, the Court, instead' of tlie process óf outlawry formerly used, may order a proclamation to issue, warning the Defendant to appear at a certain day therein named, or that judgment will be rendered against him, which proclamation shall be published,” &c.^-“ and if the Defendant fails to appear pursuant to such proclamation, the same proceedings shall be had, ánd the same judgment given, as in ot)ier cases of.' default.” --Rev, Cove,p. 87, § 41.
By the statute of Virginia- respecting the County Counts, “ for the better ascertaining what process, may be sued' out, where tlié sheriff or other officer returns that the Dfefendant is not to be found in his bailiwick, it is enacted that where any sheriff or other officer shall make such return the Plaintiff or Plaintiffs in any civil actifen, shall and may sue an attachment, &c. to force an appearance, or an alias or phiries capias, at the election of the Plaintiff or Plaintiffs:” “ and where any Defendant shall be a known inhabitant of another county, and not,of the county of that Sheriff to whom the process shall he directed, such sheriff shall return the truth of the case, but not that the person is not found in his county, and thereupon-such process issued from any County Court derk\s office, as to such Defendant, shall abate and be dismissed.” Rev. Code, 95, § 32.
By the former act, Rev. Code, p. 86, § 35,- rules are to he holden' monthly at the clerk’s office, and “ the “ Plaintiff shall file his declaration in the clerk’s office « at the succeeding rule;day after the Defendant shall “ have entered his appearance, or the. Defendant may “ then enter a rule for the Plaintiff to declare, which if « he fails or neglects, to do,, at the succeeding rule day, «< he shall be non-suited” and pay costs, &c.
The practice, under these statutes ip Virginia, is to enter the suit abated against ¡a" Defendant who is returned by the sheriff « no inhabitant of His county,” and to proceed against the other; and the declaration is always joint, and in the same form as if both had been taken.
After one Defendant has appeared, the Plaintiff is bound by law to declare against him or to suffer á non-suit.
So if one suffers judgment to be rendered against him by default, you-proceed against the other and file your declaration against Loth. So bne Defendant in custo.dy may confess judgment, and you proceed against the other. In the case of Brown v. Belches, cited from Washington^ Reports, the declaration was against both, and stated them both to be in custody; and such has been the uniform practice for more than 20 years.
Afterwards, E. I. Lee obtained a certiorari upon a suggestion that the transcript of the record did not contain the writ 'oí.capias ad' respondendum against Barton and Fisher and the marshal’s return thereupon.
Upon the return of the certiorari,' the clei'k sent up a copy of the capias, which was in tlie usual form, against both Defendants, and of the marshal’s return,/which was.f* executed on Seth Barton only, and bailed by Thomas R. Rootes.”
The clerk also certified “ that the said ,capias not “ having been executed upon the said Thomas Fisher, “ an alias capias was awarded against him, which has (t not beén returned; and the attorney for the Plaintiffs “ having information that that Defendant wás no inha- “ bitant of the Virginia district, at rules hejd at. the “ clerk’s office in the month of June, in the year 1809, “ caused the said suit to be abated as to' the said Thomas “Fisher”
This was stated by E. I. Lee to be conformable to tlie practice in Virginia.
March 14th....
the Judges being present,

Opinion:
Washington, J.
delivered the opinion of the Court as foliows:
This was an action of debt brought in the Circuit Court for the district of Virginia by Petit and Bayard against Seth Barton and Tl.tomas Fisher, upon a judgment rendered in the General Court of Maryland. Tlie declaration is against the said Barton and Fisher, late merchants and partners, trading under the firm of Barton and Fisher, citizens and inhabitants of the state of Virginia, both of whom are alleged to be in the custody of the marshal. The record states that Barton, who had been arrested upon the capias, gave bail and put in the plea of payment, on which an issue was joined, and a verdict was rendered against him. He after-wards moved in arrest of judgment, and, amongst other reasons, assigned the following, viz. That the declaration states a joint cause of action against the said Barton and one Thomas Fisher, and that, therefore, a judgment ought not to be rendered against him alone.. The motion, in arrest of judgment having been argued and overruled, judgment was rendered against Barton, and the record has been removed into this Court by writ of error.
The general rule certainly is, that if two or moré persons are sued in a joint action; the Plaintiff cannot proceed to obtain a judgment against one alone, but must wait, until the others have been served with process, or until the other Defendants have been proceeded against as far as the law authorizes for the purpose of forcing an appearance. In England the Plaintiff must proceed to outlaw the Defendants who have not been served, before he can proceed against those who appear. In Virginia, where this suit was brought, the Plaintiff might have taken out an alias and. a- plwries capias, or testatum capias, or, at his election, an attachment against the estate of such' Defendant; or, upon the return of a pluries not found, the Court may order a proclamation to issue, warning the Defendant to appear on a certain day, and, if he fail to do so, judgment by default may be entered against him.
But, whatever may be the Diode provided by law for forcing an appearance, the Plaintiff cannot proceed to obtain a judgment against one Defendant in a joint ac tion against two, until he has proceeded against the other as far as the law will authorize, unless the law dispenses with the necessity of proceeding against the other Defendant beyond a certain point to force an appearance. Thus, in Pennsylvania, (as is known to one of the judges of this court) if the sheriff return non esi as to one Defendant, the Plaintiff may proceed against the other on whom the writ was served, stating, in his declaration, the return of the writ as to his companion.
To remove the objection which arises in this ease, the Plaintiff obtained a certiorari to tire Circuit Court of Virginia on a suggestion of diminution, and it now appears, by the certificate of the clerk of that court, that an alias capias issued against Thomas Fisher, which was not returned, but the Plaintiff's attorney caused the suit to be abated as to the said Fisher, .upon information which lie had received that the said Fisher was no inhabitant of the district of Virginia. Had the ' marshal returned the writ and stated this fact,, the law would have abated it as to Fisher ; in. which case the objection to the subsequent proceedings against Barton would have been removed. But since the Plaintiff could haye supported his action originally against one Defendant on a joint .cause of action wliere it appeared by his own showing, or by a plea in abatement, that there was another, person who. was jointly bound, and might be sued, he ought not to be permitted, after stating a joint cause of action, to abate or discontinue his action against one, unless authorized to do so by the return of the process against that Defendant. If he does so, it furnishes a good ground for arresting the judgment.
It is contended, in support of this judgment, that, as,, by the law of Virginia, the Plaintiff must file his declaration at the next succeeding rule day after the Defendant shall have entered his appearance, or that the Defendant may rule Mm to do so, which if he fails- to do, he shall be non-suit, the Plaintiff not only may, but is bound to proceed against one Defendant alone, after he has appeared. But the Court understands this law as applying to a single Defendant, or, if there be more, to the appearance of all the Defendants.
Judgment reversed.