Case: UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Francis J. SLEDJESKI, Petitioner-Appellant, v. COMMANDING OFFICER, ARMED FORCES or the Secretary of the Navy, or his Agents or Servants or the Commandant of the Marine Corps or his Agents and/or Servants, Commanding General Fourth Marine Division or his designee, Respondents-Appellees
Abbreviation: United States ex rel. Sledjeski v. Commanding Officer
Decision Date: 1973-05-03
Docket Number: No. 474, Docket 72-1407
Citation: 478 F.2d 1147
Volume: 478
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Parties: UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Francis J. SLEDJESKI, Petitioner-Appellant, v. COMMANDING OFFICER, ARMED FORCES or the Secretary of the Navy, or his Agents or Servants or the Commandant of the Marine Corps or his Agents and/or Servants, Commanding General Fourth Marine Division or his designee, Respondents-Appellees.
Judges: 
Pages: 1147–1152

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Francis J. SLEDJESKI, Petitioner-Appellant, v. COMMANDING OFFICER, ARMED FORCES or the Secretary of the Navy, or his Agents or Servants or the Commandant of the Marine Corps or his Agents and/or Servants, Commanding General Fourth Marine Division or his designee, Respondents-Appellees.
No. 474, Docket 72-1407.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued Feb. 22, 1973.
Decided May 3, 1973.
Stephen M. Seelig, Stamford, Conn., for petitioner-appellant.
Peter A. Clark, Asst. U. S. Atty., D. of Conn., New Haven, Conn. (Stewart H. Jones, U. S. Atty., D. Conn., New Haven, Conn., of counsel), for respondents-appellees.
Before FEINBERG, MULLIGAN and TIMBERS, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
MULLIGAN, Circuit Judge:
This is an appeal from the denial of a petition for habeas corpus and for in-junctive relief from an order assigning Private Francis Sledjeski, a Marine Corps Reservist, to involuntary active duty. Petitioner's motion for an order to show cause was filed on December 27, 1971 and amendments to the petition were filed on December 31, 1971 and January 12,1972. After hearings held on January 3 and 4, the Hon. Robert C. Zampano, District Court Judge for the District of Connecticut, denied injunctive and ha-beas corpus relief on January 27, 1972 in a memorandum decision (336 F.Supp. 987, as supplemented by order of May 17, 1972) and judgment was entered dismissing the action on the merits. At a hearing in Judge Zampano's chambers on March 6, 1972, both sides agreed to a stay pending appeal and an order to that effect was entered on May 17, 1972. Remanded.
Sledjeski is a member of the Marine Corps Reserve in Hartford, Connecticut. He enlisted on January 3, 1966 and had served about five and one-half years of his six-year enlistment at the time of the incidents to be related. Sledjeski missed his annual training duty in the summer of 1971 and further skipped drills in September and October 1971, proffering a bogus phone call and forged letters from a physician, as a medical excuse for the missed drills. Sledjeski does not deny these contentions. On November 2, 1971 his Commanding Officer notified him by letter that due to his deliberate and planned non-participation, he was being processed for involuntary assignment for 18 months active duty. The third paragraph of the letter provided:
3. You are advised that you have a right to make a statement for inclusion in these proceedings. If you wish to make a statement, do so in the space provided on the enclosed endorsement form. If you do not wish to do so, check the appropriate block on the enclosed form, sign it and return it to me at First Muster on 6 November 1971.
Sledjeski did not complete the form and made no statement. The letter of November 2, 1971 made specific reference to the Marine Corps regulation authorizing his activation (Marine Corps Order P 1001 R. 43 (R.E.S.S.O.P.), Chapter 2). On November 6, 1971 Captain Cormier, appellant's Commanding Officer, who had signed the November 2 letter, interviewed him at his office in the drill hall. Sledjeski was again advised that he was being processed for involuntary active duty and was asked if he understood his rights in the matter. Sledjeski answered in the affirmative. He was advised that the letters from the doctor were forged, that he would not be permitted to make up the missed drills and that instead he would be recommended for active duty. Sledjeski testified that Captain Cormier asked if he could "review my rights or go over the rights — explain them to me. • And I said no, because I wanted — I didn't want to say anything because I wanted counsel with me present when he did all of this." Captain Cormier testified that Sled-jeski said that on advice of counsel he refused to say anything. He stood mute for the rest of the interview.
After the interview Captain Cormier conferred with Major McDonough, the unit's Inspector-Instructor, and reviewed the appellant's service record which contained a personal data card filled out by Sledjeski reciting that as of July 10, 1971, he was married but without children. The two officers discussed what hardship problems a married man in this situation would face in service and concluded that if he were reduced in rank from Lance Corporal to Private First Class, his base salary would be in excess of $400 per month which they considered not to be a hardship greater than that incurred by any citizen brought into the Armed Forces. On November 7, 1971 Major McDonough forwarded a letter to the Commandant of the Marine Corps recommending that the appellant be assigned to active duty and orders to that effect were issued on December 17, 1971.
Sledjeski's position below and on appeal is that he was never told and did not know that he had the right to make a hardship claim for personal considerations until after he had received his papers ordering him to active duty. He urges further that had he known, he would have advised his Commanding Officer that his wife had been discharged from a hospital after leg surgery in December, 1971; that they had a 16 month old child; that his wife could do no heavy work and that she could not support herself if he were called into active military service.
The first question raised on appeal is whether Sledjeski was denied due process of law because of the failure of the Marine Corps to consider and review his hardship claim in accordance with its regulations.
The statute authorizing the involuntary assignment of Reservists to active duty where their participation in the program has been unsatisfactory is 10 U.S.C. § 673a which in subsection (c) provides:
To achieve fair treatment among members of the Ready Reserve who are being considered for active duty under this section, appropriate consideration will be given to—
(1) family responsibilities; and
(2) employment necessary to maintain national health, safety or interest.
The implementing regulation is Marine Corps Order P 1001 R.43, para. 2102(2) (d), which provides:
Commanding officers will carefully investigate all personal hardship problems or physical defects claimed by mandatory participants prior to submission of a recommendation for involuntary active duty. (emphasis added).
Sledjeski is a liquor salesman and there is no claim that his employment is related to the national health, safety or interest.
Sledjeski argues that he was never told that he could make a hardship claim and therefore made none. He states that the November 2 letter which provided him with the opportunity to make a statement was reasonably interpreted by him to mean a statement directed to the incident of the forged letter from the doctor which precipitated his activation. He claims that he also interpreted the questions of his Commanding Officer in the personal interview, to refer only to any statements which would explain or mitigate his behavior in escaping drills and annual training by deceitful means.
The appellant here is hardly a sympathetic figure. His attempts to avoid the service for which he volunteered, were undeniably fraudulent. His "mute act" would further frustrate and discourage questioning as to possible family problems. His contention that his Commanding Officer's recommendation of November 7 contained an inaccurate statement, to wit, that he had no children, is also unappealing since the personnel file was based on information given by the Reservist and he apparently never advised the Marine Corps of the birth of his child. Moreover, Company Order 1571 R.1C, dated August 16, 1971, posted on the company bulletin board, distributed to available Reservists and read at the August drill, explicitly advised Reservists of their drill obligations and the alternative of active duty in the event of unexcused absence. Reservists were advised of specific grounds for excuse including hardship. We need not reach the question as to whether or not a Reservist must in all cases be advised of his right to make a hardship claim because of a factor here which in our view in any event mandates remand.
The court below made a supplemental finding of fact on May 17, 1972 which it incorporated in the memorandum of decision :
At no time during the call-up procedure did respondents orally advise petitioner that he had a right to make a hardship claim.
In the decision is the further finding:
At no time during this session [Nov. 6, 1971] did Captain Cormier specifically request information with respect to the petitioner's family, job, or any hardship he might suffer if activated.
336 F.Supp. at 989.
Paragraph 1 of the letter of November 7, 1971 from Captain Cormier and Major McDonough to the Marine Corps Commandant on the other hand states:
As far as can be determined, no personal, family or economic hardship would exist if he is ordered to active duty. When questioned in this regard on 6 November 1971 SLEDJESKI refused to answer questions.
This paragraph is at odds with the findings of fact which indicate that he was never questioned as to hardship. Whether or not appellant's alleged hardship was significant enough to warrant total or partial relief from involuntary active service is of course a matter for the Marine Corps to decide and not the federal judiciary. All that we can determine is that in the absence of any questioning on the subject, the report of the Marine Corps officers to the Commandant was misleading. The Commandant could have assumed that Sledjeski was questioned explicitly on the subject but this did not occur. We do not believe that "appropriate" consideration was given to his claim.
It is well established that where the Armed Services have failed to follow their own regulations, federal courts have jurisdiction to review. Friedberg v. Resor, 453 F.2d 935 (2d Cir. 1971); Smith v. Resor, 406 F.2d 141 (2d Cir. 1969); Hammond v. Lenfest, 398 F.2d 705 (2d Cir. 1968). The court believes, however, that a proper respect for the rights of the petitioner as well as the prerogatives of the military dictate that we treat this habeas corpus petition as one for mandamus (28 U.S.C. § 1361). Smith v. Resor, supra; United States ex rel. Schonbrun v. Commanding Officer, 403 F.2d 371 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 929, 89 S.Ct. 1195, 22 L.Ed.2d 460 (1969). See also Schatten v. United States, 419 F.2d 187 (6th Cir. 1969). We therefore remand this matter to the District Court to direct the Marine Corps to permit the appellant here to make whatever hardship claim he may have so that it can be given ap propriate consideration under applicable Marine Corps Regulations. The stay issued by the District Court in its order of May 17, 1972 shall continue in effect until the foregoing action is completed.
The testimony of Captain Cormier lends some credence to the claim : I looked at him and I said, "Is there anything you can tell me that would make this look other than it is," meaning the fraudulent letters that we had before us, "Is there anything you want to say in your behalf," and he nodded his head and at that time I became a little curt with him and I said, "Okay, that's all. Get out."