Simplify the following text for a Grade 12 native English-speaking person.
Original: Castration ( also referred to as gelding , spaying , neutering , fixing , orchiectomy , oophorectomy ) is any action , surgical , chemical , or otherwise , by which a male loses the functions of the testicles or a female loses the functions of the ovaries .
Simplified: Castration is any action , surgical , chemical , or otherwise , by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries .